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On the topic of alternative energies, one of the most common arguments about why we ought to continue using natural gas, fossil fuels, and otherwise unclean energies is that we do not possess the resources or technology to “make the switch” to clean energy. This is an extremely popular argument by those who work in the industries that produce fossil fuels and natural gases, and thus has become the figurehead for why we ought not to jump right into this clean energy thing. Despite this, evidence to the contrary exists, and the only thing left in the way of swapping to clean energy is that there’s no reason. The impetus on the side favoring clean energy is primarily that global warming is becoming a problem, however if one refuses to believe in the idea that carbon emitters are damaging the environment, there are still reasons why we should switch to clean energy, and the arguments against this can be proven null and void.
The website EcoWatch proposes that we could entirely replace non-renewable energy in the course of three decades, and without delving into the specifics of the transition, that three decades is based on current technology, meaning that if we were to find a more efficient way to produce renewable energy, that time could be cut significantly. Three decades is a conservative estimate, but it is a perfect timeline for those not in favor of replacement. Maclean’s hypothesizes that the world could be out of oil within the next fifty-five years, meaning that without replacement of non-renewables with renewables, we could have an energy crisis in just half a century, which is during most of our lifetimes. That, again, is based on current usage trends, meaning that if we increase our oil usage, that number could significantly decrease.
In the end, the argument boils down to three things: we can, we should, and we have to. All three of these things are demonstrably clear, and the evidence to the contrary is becoming weaker and weaker in an age where there are myriad reasons to promote the switch. If one does believe in global warming, the contemporary evidence gives reason enough. If one does not believe in global warming, but they still want electricity in their homes in half a century, they ought to support the renewable energy switch.
CC BY-SA 4.0 Can alternative energy sources replace oil? by Hunter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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1. NIki 9 months ago
This is a really great post. I agree that this is the time to take action and start using clean energy. I don’t know too much about renewable energy, but we cant go on the way we are and so we need a solution. The information in this post sold me even more by showing just how much better and more efficient it would be. Many places are beginning to make the change and I truly hope we make the switch soon.
2. Noah 9 months ago
While I’m also very hopeful that renewable, clean energy becomes the norm sooner rather than later, realistically I also know that there are basic reasons why it’s growing at a relatively slow rate. The main expense of renewable energy is the up-front infrastructure investment. Wind turbines need to be manufactured, transported, and assembled. Efficient solar panels are much more expensive in the U.S. than other major solar energy producers such as Australia (but are becoming cheaper as technology improves). The electricity production industry is shifting from coal power natural gas, which is much cheaper per watt. While renewables are even cheaper, the up-front cost of creating a system to harness energy with them deters companies that seek to make a large amount of money in a short amount to time. The renewable energy takeover is coming eventually, it just unfortunately won’t happen until our technology improves enough to the point where massive corporations can spend billions to create ways to produce it and pay off those billions quick enough so that they’re better off than investing in natural gas.
• Author
Hunter 9 months ago
You are absolutely right! There is an enormous up-front cost, but do keep in mind that this cost is being paid not by the government, whose infrastructure budget is far too low to ever make an alternative energy takeover a reality, but by the energy corporations themselves, whose wallet is plenty thick for making this happen. I personally think a big reason they aren’t dishing out the cash is because it is very profitable to continue producing energy with foreign and domestic oil, and not quite as profitable to build solar and wind plants. What do you think?
3. Sean 9 months ago
I agree that we need to start the switch to clean energy very soon, there is no argument against clean energy because it is the perfect solution. im intrigued about the 30 year switch and I do want to look into that Ecowatch website and see what the transition would look like. I hope our world governments start the switch soon because it will be very bad if they wait till we have an energy crisis.
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The mammalian CNS contains a ubiquitous population of glial progenitors known
The mammalian CNS contains a ubiquitous population of glial progenitors known as NG2+ cells that have the ability to develop into oligodendrocytes and undergo dramatic changes in response to injury and demyelination. are oligodendrocyte precursors with limited family tree potential, and that cell reduction and gliosis are not really adequate to alter the family tree potential of these progenitors in ALS rodents. Intro The central anxious program (CNS) of mammals offers a limited capability to replace cells that possess been dropped as a outcome of age-related deterioration, damage, or neurological disease. However, there are specific organizations of sensory come cells (NSCs) that retain the capability to generate neurons throughout existence, suggesting that significant cell alternative can be feasible (Zhao et al., 2008). In addition to NSCs restricted to the subventricular area of horizontal ventricle and subgranular area of the dentate gyrus, the adult mind and vertebral wire consist of a distributed broadly, abundant course of progenitors known as NG2+ cells (also called oligodendrocyte precursor cells, OPCs), as they communicate the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 (Nishiyama et al., 2009); almost all (99%) of these glial cells also communicate the alpha dog receptor for platelet extracted development element (PDGFR) (Nishiyama et al., 1996; Streams et al., 2008). 944396-07-0 IC50 NG2+ cells are mitotically energetic and show improved expansion in response to severe CNS damage, ischemia and demyelination (Levine et al., 2001). Therefore, an accurate delineation of the destiny of these common NG2+ cells can be important for identifying whether they participate in cell alternative during regular CNS ageing, and start restoration subsequent disease or damage. Although NG2+ cells had been originally believed to serve just as oligodendrocyte (OL) precursors, latest research recommend that these progenitors may possess higher family tree potential (Guo et al., 2009; Streams et al., 2008; Zhu et al., 2008a; Zhu et al., 2008b). NG2+ cells can differentiate into OLs, astrocytes or neurons (Guo et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2008a; Zhu et al., 2008b). These results support the speculation that NG2+ cells stand for a broadly distributed inhabitants of multipotent progenitors that can regenerate main classes of neurons and glia. Nevertheless, this summary continues to be contentious, as NG2+ cells possess not really been noticed to regularly generate these different cell types using a fresh range of rodents that communicate tamoxifen-inducible Cre under control of the marketer, and record the 1st evaluation of NG2+ cell destiny in a major neurodegenerative disease. We display that citizen NG2+ cells develop into myelinating OLs in mind and vertebral wire during early postnatal and adult existence; nevertheless, in comparison to earlier outcomes, these cells did not generate astrocytes or neurons in any region of mind or spine 944396-07-0 IC50 cord. Although NG2+ cells in mature grey matter differentiated and divided much less regularly Rabbit Polyclonal to BAIAP2L1 than in white matter, clonal evaluation indicated that specific NG2+ cells in both areas keep the capability to expand and generate OLs, recommending that NG2+ cells are not really heterogeneous with respect to their capability to separate and differentiate intrinsically, as previously recommended (Bouslama-Oueghlani et al., 2005; Dimou et al., 2008; Streams et al., 2008). Furthermore, destiny mapping of NG2+ cells in the vertebral wire of a mouse model of ALS exposed that improved expansion of these progenitors was followed by caused difference, but that NG2+ cells continued to be 944396-07-0 IC50 limited to the OL family tree. These total outcomes recommend that NG2+ cells are not really multipotent progenitors, but OL precursors with limited family tree potential rather, which contribute to homeostatic regulation of OLs in the normal and diseased CNS. RESULTS Efficient induction of Cre activity in NG2+ cells NG2+ cells in the CNS express both NG2 and PDGFR (Nishiyama et al., 1996; Rivers et al., 2008), and both 944396-07-0 IC50 genes are rapidly downregulated upon differentiation. Although NG2 immunolabeling is most often used to identify this class of glial cells, and the NG2 promoter has been used to control transgene expression in NG2+ cells (Ziskin et 944396-07-0 IC50 al., 2007), this proteoglycan is also expressed by perivascular pericytes (Stallcup, 2002), and by some macrophage/microglial cells after CNS injury (Bu et al., 2001). In contrast, PDGFR is not expressed by activated microglia (Bu et al., 2001), suggesting that the PDGFR promoter may be more appropriate for restricting transgene expression to NG2+ cells in both normal and disease contexts. To determine the fate of NG2+ cells promoter (Figure S1A). After crossing to reporter mice, three lines exhibited widespread EGFP expression in small, stellate-shaped NG2+PDGFR+ cells in the brain. |
Half the human race lives in cities. So, if we're serious about promoting sustainable life, the city is the best place to start.
Ultimate Goal: To return our cities to the people
Every day, London, New York and Paris between them consume 3 supertanker loads of oil and 20,000 tons of food. At the same time, they spew out 100,000 tons of solid waste and FIVE TIMES that weight in carbon monoxide.
The Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions together gave birth to the cities. These cities have since grown up, and have become fat and sick. If they're to live, it's essential that they slim down and 'unclog their arteries'.
Another important Dismantlement will take place in our cities and will be the dismantlement of the cities themselves. This will be partly a natural process spread over a long time span. As certain other Dismantlements start to bite, many city dwellers will relocate to towns, villages and the countryside, gradually transforming today's megacities into large towns offering good quality of life to everyone.
Naturally, the countryside will not be able to absorb city populations without great damage. So, the most important Dismantlement of all - that of the human population - will have to be well underway first...
Dismantlement will create a new balance.
[computer chips] There will be good communications between the smaller cells comprising manageable towns and TELEVILLAGES. Everyone will have a meaningful life and there will be no desperately huge cities because there will be no need for them.
Remember, we're talking about a timescale of two hundred and fifty years, so it's not going to be as disruptive as it sounds. Dismantlement of the cities will happen gradually, but will require gentle prodding and direction so that they come apart in an orderly fashion, as opposed to a messy, painful way, which is what happens when we let natural disintegration rule. We're seeing it now with the decay of our inner cities. They didn't have to rot. We could have done it a different way if we'd had the resolve - if we'd had a PLAN.
Dismantlement gives us our plan.
On average 10% of a city is rebuilt and changed every generation. As long as we change in the right direction - to a plan - every city on Earth could be totally transformed by the end of our 250 year 'second lap'.
Toronto, Canada
The city of Toronto has stopped its outward growth and is building homes closer to where the jobs are. The city has intentions also to cut carbon dioxide creation by 3% a year, even though its population is growing. Not only that, but, in a sign of real global understanding, this city in North America is helping to finance the planting of new forests in South America to soak up some of the carbon dioxide which cities like Toronto create.
Milton Keynes, England
Britain's most energy-efficient town boasts an 'energy park' comprising hundreds of houses, all of which have fuel bills a third lower than the average city house. Other Milton Keynes innovations include partly 'burying' homes in the earth to reduce heat loss, and incorporating a huge sloping wall made of glass to make the most of the sun's heat - wise measures when you consider that half the earth's energy needs are for heat.
Schiedam, Holland
The new energy-saving homes of Schiedam in the Netherlands are knocking as much as 90% off the average price of heating a home. In these homes, central heating is not even needed, because the water heater alone provides all the warmth that's needed. A pump pulls fresh air into the house and warms it up with the old stale air it is ejecting.
Davis CA, U.S.A.
Davis, California, provides a model for all towns and cities to follow. For a start, it has put a ceiling on its population of 50,000. The town hopes to be getting HALF its energy from the sun by the year 2000, and the planting of 20,000 shade trees has significantly reduced the need for air-conditioning in the hot summer months. There are almost as many bikes in Davis as there are people (and 70km of bike lanes to accommodate them), and FOUR TIMES as many bikes as cars! Residents are also encouraged to grow their own food. If they don't have their own garden, they are given an allotment.
Curitiba, Brazil
Here is a city that has avoided the need to dismantle through forward planning and inspired transportation policies. Click here for details.
Of course, the problems aren't the same everywhere. We'd like to hear what yours are, and what's being done to solve them, if anything.
*Does pollution afflict your city? Do private cars take precedence over public transport? Is there sufficient green space? Is the inner city diseased or healthy? What plans does your city have for the future? If there are good things happening in your city, let's get them up here for others to follow.
This page is still under construction.
Please help build it with your ideas and suggestions.
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The Fundamental Laws Of Human Ecology
1. We're all in it together. Everything is connected to everything else. You can't do just one thing. <Law of Inter-relatedness>
2. The Earth and its resources are finite. or You can't get something for nothing. <Law of Conservation of Energy>
4. Everything must go somewhere-there is now away. <Law of Conservation of Matter>
6. Everything is becoming something else. <Law of Continuous Creation>
7. In most cases, the greater the diversity of a system, the greater its stability. <The Diversity Principle>
8. Nature frequently but not always "knows" best. Note: People use antibiotics to counter nature. <Nature knows best>
9. We shape our buildings <environment> and afterwards our buildings <environment> shape us. - Winston Churchill <Your Environment is You>
10. As human beings, one of our inalienable rights is the right to live in a clean environment. <The Environmental Bill of Rights>
11. Our environment does not belong to us alone. It was used by our forefathers, passed on to us, and we are charged with the responsibility of passing it undamaged to all future generations. <the Rights of the Unborn>
12. All persons must be held responsible for their own pollution. <the Responsibility of the Born>
14. Comfortable living, in harmony with nature, should be each society's goal. <the Goal of Society>
15. Our dependence on technology is, today, so strong and widespread, that we are compelled to use technology as a means for getting out of our environmental dilemma. <Technology-Part of the Problem, Part of the Solution>
16. No national purpose however urgent, no political or economic necessity however pressing can possibly justify the risk of bringing all human history to an end. <Give Earth a Chance>
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Vote for C'thulhu! Why support the Lesser of Evils?
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Teen Concurrent disorder treatment: eating disorders and adolescent depression
Feb 22, 2017 | | Say something
Teen Concurrent disorder treatment: eating disorders and adolescent depression ;
Although it is not always common for a psychological disease that occurs in conjunction occurs frequently. For example, adolescents may experience substance abuse and also depression, one that contributes to the other. In another scenario, research indicates that adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder often have additional mental illnesses to those without OCD. Depression, anxiety and trichotillomania (hair pulling or obsessive skin picking) are concurrent common disorders.
two mental disorders commonly seen diseases together are eating and depression. The two are inherently linked. What begins for some teens as a simple desire to lose weight, that desire becomes a dangerous compulsion to control behavior. Although it is still unclear what causes certain adolescents at risk for eating disorders, psychological studies performed indicate that depression is often a factor.
A study by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center found that 24% of adolescents with bipolar disorder (a disorder of depression and a form of mania ) met the criteria for eating disorders and about 44% of them had problems controlling their food. Other research indicates that half of all adolescents diagnosed with binge eating disorder also have a history of depression.
Related Post: Mental Health Applications and Technology based tools for teens
Binge eating is characterized by eating a lot of food in a specific time period, accompanied by a feeling of not being able to stop, or lack of control. Binge eating is also characterized by eating faster than usual, eating alone, eat a lot of food, even though not hungry, eat until the body feels uncomfortable, and the feeling of disgust or guilty after . This disorder affects 3% of adults in the US, so it is the most common eating disorder.
Depression also affects many adolescents with anorexia, another eating disorder common. Anorexia nervosa is a disorder in which a teenager has an intense need to be thin and so severely limit their food intake. It is a mental illness from eating too little. People with this disorder often begin with a desire to lose weight, which is transformed into a morbid fear of gaining weight, to the point of endangering his life. Being thin is a way to exert power and control, which becomes the most important and necessary for survival, despite the fact that they are damaging their body and lose their lives as a result. Adolescents with anorexia can not eat enough to maintain a healthy weight. Studies show that anorexics are 50 times more likely than the general population to die from suicide.
Related Post: Teen Eating Disorders: Disturbances in the image and the body's appetite
Research shows that there is a clear link between depression and eating disorders. Depression can lead to an eating disorder in adolescents, especially if the right circumstances are present. At the same time, there is also evidence that eating disorders can lead to depression. The latter is particularly true. “Being severely underweight and malnourished, which is common in anorexia, can cause physiological changes that are known to negatively affect moods,” said Lisa Lilenfeld, PhD, associate professor of clinical psychology professor who specializes in disorders food.
Treatment of co-occurring disorders as depression and eating disorders in adolescents requires each of the disorders being treated separately. The eating disorder, for example, require a physician and medical treatment. Depression requires psychological treatment, such as therapy and / or use of psychotropic medication. Moreover, psychological treatment can facilitate ease of compulsive to power trends, the inability to control food intake and use eating as a way of coping with the intense underlying psychological problems and emotions related.
Related Post: 10 in 100 young US Teenage girl suffers from anorexia or bulimia
If you think you or someone you know could use food as a way to manage depression or exhibiting disordered eating patterns, talk to a trusted adult. This could be a parent, a counselor, therapist, or even a teacher. The sought help sooner, those dealing with these concurrent disorders will be easier.
Jaret, P. (n.d.). Eating disorders Health Center: eating disorders and depression. WebMD obtained on July 23, 2014, compared :. Http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/features/eating-disorders
By Robert Hunt
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Tips And Tricks For Eating Nutritionally
Nutritional and healthy diets are popular concerns. But many people are not sure about what they should eat. Read this article to learn how to get started on a healthier lifestyle.
If you are trying to make your diet better, go slow at first. You can’t change everything in one night. Trying to eat too many unfamiliar foods will make it harder on yourself. Gradually adding in healthy foods over the course of a few weeks will work just as well in the end.
If you wish to have great nutrition, eat foods that are the closest to how they were naturally. Fresh, raw foods are not stripped of their nutrients the way that cooked and processed foods are.
Every sound dietary plan must incorporate riboflavin. Our body requires it to release energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat used in the body. The body also needs it for metabolic processing and iron distribution. Riboflavin is commonly found in foods such as dairy products or grain.
Eating oatmeal for breakfast is a great way to start the day. The nutrients that are in oatmeal will help fill you up. They will also keep you from feeling hungry too early.
Add Quinoa to your food intake to increase healthy protein in your diet. Quinoa contains a lot of the essential amino acids, which is rare to find in a non-meat food item. It contains no gluten and is packed with vitamins. Since it has a mild and nutty flavor, it tastes good while also being good for your body.
When constructing a healthy diet plan, make sure that a good breakfast is part of the plan. Breakfast is important because it boosts your metabolism, and gives you the nutrients and energy you need to start your day.
When you begin to feel full do not eat anymore. Doing this will help you avoid overeating. It will retrain your appetite to be satisfied with less food. If you stop eating when full, you put yourself in control of your choices.
Whenever your cooking options are between numerous types of nuts, select almonds. Of all the nuts, they are by far the most nutritious, help keep your cholesterol down, boost your protein levels and maintain healthy blood cells. They also tend to be less expensive than many other varieties.
For better health, bring your own lunch to school or work. When you pack your meals, you don’t have to eat unhealthy foods or fast food. This does not take a lot of time and can be very beneficial in the long run.
It is essential to use your daily caloric allotment to feed your body wholesome fuel. Calories are not created equal: 1,800 nutritious calories are not the same as 1,800 empty calories! The way you eat is as important as portion size.
If you have a hard time avoiding junk food, you must realize all the health benefits that come with healthy eating. They get used to eating certain things and find that they’ll crave them even more when they can’t have them. You may want to have these foods, even after a long time of not eating them. Make sure you are snacking on healthier alternatives, like nuts or fresh fruit.
Are you looking for a delicious, fast, and healthy snack? If so, then try pureeing pears, berries, and peaches. This sweet spread is great for dipping pretzels or pitas. Try experimenting with fruits and mixing them up to avoid tiring of these healthful snacks.
Make fruit smoothies yourself. Smoothies that you buy in stores or at stands are often full of too many calories. Making your own smoothies will let you know exactly what’s in it. It’s easy to eat, too. Try out ingredients like fresh fruit, Greek yogurt, and skim milk to ensure that your smoothie is both low in calories and delicious.
Give healthy recipes a try. It is possible to make protein bars at home by incorporating some basic ingredients including milk, protein powder and all-natural peanut butter. You can also make oatmeal pancakes.
Replacing the ground beef in your recipes with ground turkey creates a healthier meal, although some people think it is too dry. You can add some onions and olive oil to enhance the turkey’s juices. You will eat less fat and still get a delicious flavor in your meat.
Canned Salmon
Try eating canned salmon. This food has a lot of vitamins that the body needs without anything detrimental added. Eat a wide variety of foods to keep yourself from getting bored with healthy eating.
Canned salmon is a good choice for a tasty and nutritious meal. Canned salmon is loaded with minerals that your body needs to work properly, and it does not have much fat or too many carbs. Vary your diet as much as possible to enjoy what you eat on a daily basis.
If you have a hard time sleeping, adjusting your nutrition might help you. Some foods are great for an energizing boost, while others can help your mind and body relax. Eating right before bed is a bad idea, so avoid doing so whenever possible.
If you are a diabetic, it can be hard to meet your nutritional requirements. Eating well and regularly can keep blood sucrose levels within comfort. Specifically, diabetics should limit fat intake and fortify their diet with raw foods, whole grains and low-fat dairy foods. They have to eat about the same time each day.
For a healthy food that is low in calories, opt for fresh, canned, or frozen veggies. They fill you up and contain vitamins and minerals that you can’t go without. Try to consume multiple servings daily, by eating a wide variety of dishes.
A good way to get your whole family to eat their veggies is to make a pizza loaded with them. You can still add the pepperoni and cheese, but add lots of healthy veggies that make a pizza great. Make sure that your family does not pick these nutritious toppings off though.
Use whole-grain wheat flour in place of some or all of the refined white flour you use when you bake. Fiber and nutrients are higher in whole wheat flour and it is not as processed.
Pantothenic Acid
Try to avoid foods that contain saturated fats if you are worried about your nutrition and health. You probably know to avoid fatty meats, but foods that have vegetable oil in them also tend to be high in saturated fats. Vegetable oils often have higher levels of saturated fats than animal products do. Saturated fat can increase the amount of fat throughout your body. Even if items are cholesterol-free, they can boost cholesterol levels.
Pantothenic acid can be a wonderful addition to your diet. It is absolutely required for the metabolic process to work, called the Tricarboxylic acid cycle. It’s also important for enzymes and other important biological needs. Means and grains are the ideal sources containing pantothenic acid.
Changing the way one prepares their meals at home can have a big impact on one’s body. Boiling and steaming are much healthier ways to cook than using butter or oil, since they use much less fat. Learning to cook using health conscious methods can really turn any kitchen into a more nutritious place.
Try to reduce the whites in your diet, with the exception of cauliflower. This will help a lot in terms of nutrition. These processed foods are high in sugars and starches. As you eliminate these starches, you will begin to feel better.
If you are trying to increase your nutrition, eat foods that are natural. Processed food isn’t good for you. You should focus your eating on fresh produce and lean meat. If processed foods tempt you, don’t go to the aisles that contain them.
Most people tend to overeat three times daily–breakfast, lunch and dinner. A better option is to consume 4 or 5 smaller meals over the course of the day. Spacing smaller meals throughout the day keeps your metabolism active and keeps hunger at bay, which makes you less likely to snack. Try it out!
There are many easy diet trackers online; this is a simple way to keep up with your meals. If you happen to notice that you are going in the wrong direction, look back and see what foods you ate. Even if you eat just a little meals that have a lot of carbs can make you gain weight. If you track your meals, you will begin to make healthier choices since you have to see exactly what you eat and how much.
The best way to improve your eating habits is by evaluating your diet and finding out where your highest calorie counts are coming from. Do you add large amounts of salad dressings and sauces to healthy foods? If so, you may want to limit how often you use them.
If you want a healthier skin, eat some foods rich in zinc, selinium and L-Carnitine. L-Carnitine should be taken in pill form as it is hard to find in foods. Zinc can be found in eggs, whole grains, nuts and mushrooms. The majority of soil raised vegetables have selenium. However, vegetables grown hydroponically normally do not contain selenium. If your diet is balanced with organic foods and a supplement of L-Carnitine, you can get all the nutrition you need.
Fill your stomach up with natural fruits and vegetables before starting on proteins and carbohydrates. Carbs are an important part of your daily diet, but many people overeat them. If you concentrate on consuming vegetables, fruits and proteins first, there should be less temptation when it comes to loading up on carbs.
Prepare early for challenges you’re going to face during the day. Breakfast is pinnacle in establishing your energy level. You need foods that have plenty of carbohydrates and proteins. As your body processes these foods, valuable nutrients are fed to your system building energy reserves and balancing your hunger needs throughout the day.
One of the worst breakfast meals is a sugary cereal. Aside from sugar, these cereals contain added chemicals, trans fat and preservatives. Eating oatmeal for breakfast can make you feel fuller longer, instead of how you feel when you eat cereal.
Make sure that your diet is as balanced as possible, including foods from all different groups. As you think about each meal that you have, you should consider its nutrional content. Aim for 50% carbs, 20% protein and 30% fat for every meal you eat.
To make eating healthy easier, try to establish regular meal times every day. Having a regular schedule not only keeps your metabolism high, it also makes it easy for you to recognize when you are really hungry.
A food journal is a good place to begin when you want to improve your nutrition. A food diary online can monitor the foods in your diet, making a record of what you eat and the nutritional level of these foods. Keeping a diary allows you to track your eating habits and add more nutritional food where needed.
Seniors need at least 1200 mg of calcium throughout the day for healthy bones. Dairy products are great choices. Other sources of calcium are broccoli, tofu and almonds. Maintaining bone health and strength reduces risk of painful breaks and fractures.
Ground Turkey
If you are having a hard time cutting out sugary drinks try just cutting them in half. It is too easy to grab sugary drinks without a good idea of how much you are drinking overall. Monitoring how many you drink can help you see if you are drinking too much.
Look closely at the nutritional value of any ground meats, including turkey. As is the case with ground beef, it is possible to get ground turkey with various amounts of fat content, so if you aren’t careful, you may not be realizing any benefit from using ground turkey.
A great way to expose your child to different types of food is to take a cooking class together. Children who are exposed to a wide variety of foods are more likely to try a new dish.
People everywhere are becoming involved in coupon mania! We see individuals on TV receiving expensive groceries for pennies. Often, the things they are getting are extremely unhealthy. There are usually coupons available for snacks and processed foods that contain high amounts of fat.
Use mushrooms as filler in recipes that call for ground beef. There is scientific evidence that mushrooms are just as satisfying as meat. The texture probably has something to do with it. They are also healthy, fibrous and contain cancer-fighting qualities.
You don’t want your children to see junk food as something special. You can show love and affection with physical gestures, instead of unhealthy treats. Rewarding your child with sweets will lead to a certain conclusion: “Sweets are good food, and they create good relationships.”
Plan out future meals with your children. If they have a say in your meal choices, they’re more likely to enjoy what you make. When they are helping with shopping and cooking, it can be easy to get them eating healthier. Let your kids pick out some healthy ingredients themselves.
With the tips you just read, you should have sufficient information to implement an effective healthy eating plan. Use what you have learned in this article right away, and as frequently as you can. By doing so, you are certain to notice an incredible health difference in no time at all.
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Digestive system function
The digestive system is divided into two major parts: The digestive tract (alimentary canal) is a continuous tube with two openings: the mouth and the anus.How Your Digestive System Works. By taking steps to improve your digestive health, your digestive system will function more efficiently,.The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, small intestine, large intestine, colon and rectum.
Specialized Cell Functions of the Digestive System by
PIG DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. It. Use your text or other reference sources to list specific functions for the following organs or structures.Two important functions of the digestive system are digestion and absorption.Their digestive tracts, which are. functions similarly to human stomachs.Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Endocrine control over digestive functions is provided by the so-called enteric endocrine system,.
The nutrients that come from food are derived from proteins.Specialized Cell Functions of the Digestive System Stomach Cells Parietal Cells Break down contents of stomach Maintain neutral cytosolic pH Exocrine Cells.Large quantities of gas, mostly carbon dioxide and methane, are produced in the rumen.Saliva functions initially in the digestive system to moisten and soften food into the.
Because all of the blood leaving the digestive system passes through the.The submucosal nerve plexus controls the function of mucosal cells and digestive functions.
Function Human Digestive System - PDF documents
The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus.Learn more about the anatomy, function, and diseases of these organs.Not only do digestive problems result in gas, bloating, constipation.Digestive System of Goats Introduction Mature goats are herbivorous ruminant animals.
Digestive System - Cat Manuals / FrontPage
Begin the lesson by reviewing the major organs of the digestive system and the function of each.Function of a digestive system is a complicated digestion process involves a mechanical, enzymatic and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients.
These functions make the liver a vital organ without which the tissues of the.
What is the function of the digestive system - Answers.com
The Importance of Healthy Digestion
The Digestive System and How It Works National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse What is the digestive system.No kind of digestion or absorption takes place in oesophagus.
The pictures in this section are reprinted with permission by the.
The Gallbladder & Liver: Function & Role in Digestion
A detailed answer would probably require knowledge of at least some basic anatomy and physiology.List and define briefly the major processes occurring during digestive system activity. 2. Describe the tissue composition and the general function of.
Learn more about processes and functions of the digestive system in the Boundless open textbook.Learn more about the organs that make up this complex system.
Anatomy - Indiana University Bloomington |
Sunday, March 15, 2015
The Entire New Testament Makes Sense With This ONE Assumption ...
That the memorial 'Ten Commandment' plaques that were in the synagogues at the beginning of the Common Era contained the 'short form' known to Philo of Alexandria.
This is the answer to everything - and is inevitably missed in any discussion of those, mentioned in the early rabbinic literature - who said 'only the Ten Utterances came from heaven' - in other words the Pentateuch was of subordinate authority.
We still have memorials in the synagogues with the 'short form' commandments. Why does it matter:
1. making the Pentateuch 'less than holy' is significant in itself. The position could be described as 'antinomian' in the strictest sense - but importantly 'antinomian' without being necessary anti-Jewish or anti-Yahwehist or anti-Israelite.
2. it finally explains why Jesus was healing on the Sabbath and doing all sorts of other 'offensive' things on the Sabbath
Just think about it. Healing on the Sabbath can be argued to be contradicting the ordinance as preserved in Exodus 20 or Deuteronomy 5:
This is all very clear cut - or so it would seem. You can't do anything on the Sabbath that would constitute work. But let's be honest with ourselves - the original 'utterance' (one of ten) wasn't not this long. There is no way that this was all squeezed into a space on the tablet carried (or alleged to be carried) by Moses. The original 'short' utterance was simply 'guard the Sabbath' so the clash in the gospel is clearly 'the true commandment' from heaven displayed in the synagogues and the 'false' retread written down in the Pentateuch.
The same applies for the original utterance 'do not lust' versus “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor" as is evidenced from Clement of Alexandria's treatment (and Philo before him). In Clement's commentary it is absolutely clear that Jesus uses 'do not lust' to justify asceticism.
But once again the evidence is clear - echoed in Paul's statement to the same effect - Christianity developed from a pre-existent understanding that the Pentateuch came from man and what was given by God - the ten utterances - were preserved in the gathering places of Hebrews but not in the written page of that text.
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Stephan Huller's Observations by Stephan Huller
is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. |
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The role of terminal velocity in paddy cleaner
Joined: 2018-06-06
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*Posted: Submitted by ricepolisher (0) on Thu, 2018-06-14 06:25. | Subject: The role of terminal velocity in paddy cleaner
Designing of the air conveying systems and the equipment for
cleaning, handling, aeration, storing, and processing requires the
knowledge of terminal velocity, which is equal to the air velocity at
which particle remains in suspended state in vertical pipe. The role of
terminal velocity in paddy cleaner
is important in grain cleaning by removing impurities like chaff,
dockage, immature, and hollow grains. The separation process by an air
stream in grain mix depends on the ratio between terminal and air
velocity of particles, and their entrained particle quantity in unit
volume of air flow.
To determine and recognize a database of physical and engineering
properties of grains of some main and popular feed, industrial crops
which play an important role in designing and developing of specific
machines and their operations such as planting, harvesting and grading
.The studied crops namely fennel flower, rice (Giza101), rice (Giza
177), broad bean, corn (hyb. 310), corn (hyb. 352), wheat (Giza9) and
wheat (Giza 168)and their selection based on their recent coverage area
and the expected future expansion of each variety. Various physical
properties including grain dimensions (length, width and thickness),
the weight of thous and grain, bulk density, percent of sphericity,
projected area , and the mechanical properties including angle of
repose and coefficient of friction, in addition to the aerodynamic
properties including terminal velocity, drag coefficient and Reynold's
number, were determined at storage moisture content 7-12%(wb).
Aerodynamic properties of wheat are important factors in pneumatic
conveying, separating and cleaning machines. Among the properties,
terminal velocity is very important. Terminal velocity of wheat
measured with a designed vertical wind column. Three different
varieties of wheat as Pishtaz, Mahdavi and Marvdasht were tested. The
wheat's verities were tested at different moisture contents of around
8%, 12%, 14%, 18%, to 22%. Wheat samples selected randomly and placed
on the column screen. A "hot wire" anemometer at the local point
measured the air velocity. The highest terminal velocity was 6.9 m/ s
for Mahdavi variety and the lowest terminal velocity was 6.0 m/ s for
Marvdasht variety. By increasing moisture content, the terminal
velocity of all wheat varieties increased. Linear regression modeling
for different varieties of wheat was determined.
rice destoner
was equipped with a blower (blast fan) which supplied air stream
across the flowing grains. This caused the mixture of grains and stones
to move at different velocities in different projectile directions. The
machine was operated with a single phase 3hp (2.250 kW, 1440 rpm)
electric motor and loaded.
China-zjlg has a strong R&D team and independently design and develop all the equipment, welcome to leave a message.
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10 Ways to use solar power and save a fortune
Updated April 17, 2017
Solar power has been around since the eighties, but for decades it laboured under the fossil-fueled suspicion that it was an ineffectual fairy tale liberals whispered about at weekend ashrams. The sun was good for growing plants, and making a day at the beach more enjoyable, but it was never going to compete with coal or oil as a power source. Now a combination of technological advances and sobering environmental factors has pushed alternative fuel sources to the forefront of the public consciousness, with solar power leading the way. No longer strictly a commercial venture, solar power can take your home virtually off the grid, and lead you to a cleaner, greener way of life. The sun has always been your friend, just think of it now as your own personal power plant -- one that happens to be 93 million miles away.
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Heat your home with passive solar power
Before you start attaching solar panels to your roof, realise that the sun is already heating your home. Call it a freebie, and take advantage of it by designing your windows, walls and floors to collect, store and distribute solar energy. Expand Southern-facing windows and use darker, more heat-absorbent masonry in walls and floors that will take in the sun's rays during the day, and radiate heat as the room cools at night.
Cool your home with passive solar power
When you think of the sun, you likely associate it with heat, but passive solar power can also be used to cool your home. The best way to cool is not to heat in the first place, but you can also use heat to cool by taking advantage of natural forces. A solar chimney works on the principal that hot air rises, and in doing so creates a vacuum that is filled by cooler air. The hotter air is pushed out through a vent on the upper floor (or ceiling), and cooler air is continually pulled in to replace it. If you live in a dryer, hotter climate, also look into a solar-powered evaporative cooler, which cools by evaporating water into the air.
Solar panels
Those dark-faced, square panels are what most often leap to mind when someone mentions solar power. Photovoltaic panels convert energy from direct sunlight into electricity that can either be used immediately or stored in batteries. With the cost of electricity continuing it's steady climb, and more efficient and affordable solar panels coming into the market, you don't have to be Ed Begley Jr. or Al Gore to appreciate what solar panels can do for your home. Systems can be standalone or grid-tied, with the former supplying all of your home's electrical needs, and the latter working in conjunction with your existing utility system lines.
Simple, maybe even a bit prosaic, the idea of stringing up your wet clothes for the sun to dry and the world to see seems to have gone the way of the dodo. This is solar power in its most natural form, and you don't have to hang out your unmentionables; instead, try line drying your towels and linens.
Solar powered water heater
Heating water is energy consuming and expensive, accounting for almost 30 percent of household energy consumption, but no one wants to live without hot water. Solar powered water heaters range in price form £800 to £2,500 and some are simple enough for do-it-yourself installation. You'll easily recoup your investment in less than five years (even sooner if you have teenagers living at home).
Solar powered outdoor lighting
Several companies offer full lines of solar powered outdoor and garden lighting that doesn't require wiring. Installation involves sticking the lights in a spot where they can fully appreciate the daytime rays, and the soft hues they emit are reminiscent of the sun at dusk. Beautiful, practical and easy to install, solar-powered outdoor lighting is a can't-miss option.
Solar powered water pump
Your water is heated, now you need a method to get it from point A to point B. Solar powered water pumps serve the same purpose as AC pumps, but without using the power grid or combustible fuels. You're existing water pump can even be converted into one that is solar powered, but for true efficiency install one that was originally designed to work off the sun's energy.
Heat your jacuzzi with solar power
If you're lucky enough to have a jacuzzi in the UK then you should be using the little sun we get to heat it. More than just the sun beating down on the water, a solar pool heater is actually one of the most cost-effective uses of solar energy. Pool water is pumped through a filter and then into the solar collectors, where it's circulated and heated by the energy that the sun has provided. Not only does it save you money, but what's better than having Apollo as your personal pool boy?
Solar power for smaller electronics
Not ready to convert your rooftop into a photovoltaic playground? Dip your toe into the solar power waters by using portable devices to run your smaller electronics. On the market now are the "Juicebag" and the "Powerpocket," which both use photovoltaic energy conversion on a smaller scale, making them a perfect way to juice up your mobile phone or laptop and get acquainted with solar power.
Solar power your garden
Your garden is already dependent on the sun, but now instead of just growing the plants, the sun can play an active part in turning your garden into the Eden it deserves to be. Solar powered garden lights, fountains and even solar powered wind chimes (for when the wind isn't doing it's job) can all be found at your local hardware mecca. Just be glad that there's no need for a solar powered garden gnome.
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About the Author
Reagan Alexander has been writing professionally since 2006. He is a Los Angeles-based writer for "People" magazine. Alexander graduated from Boston College with a Bachelor of Arts in English literature.
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Wednesday, September 26
CTE and the Birthday Paradox
An interesting query has been twitted by Will Leinweber from Postgres Open:
-- this returns a different result each time it is ran
with recursive s as (
select random()
select random() from s
) select count(*) from s;
I like this example: a surprising result, which can be explained by (and indeed helps to explain) CTE behaviour.
Unexpected truths are denoted with the word “paradox”, and in fact this is a manifestation (an “instance”, in programmers’ jargon) of what is known as the Birthday Paradox.
Its simplest formulation is probably this: if you randomly choose 23 persons, the probability that two of them share the same birthday is greater than 50%.
The result is unexpected, because there are 366 different birthdays, and the number 23 seems very small compared to 366.
However it is correct, as it can be shown with a direct computation. In PostgreSQL we can run another recursive CTE:
SELECT 1, 1 :: double precision
SELECT i + 1,
acc * (((366 - i) :: double precision) / 366)
FROM r WHERE acc > 0.5
) SELECT count(1) FROM r;
producing 23 as the result.
A recursive CTE stops when the recursive step does not add any new rows. In the last query, acc represents the probability that the first i birthdays are distinct, so recursion stops when that number is not above 50%.
In the query mentioned at the beginning, which we’ll call the “random query” for short, the recursive CTE terminates when random() does not add a new row. That is, when the randomly-computed value has already been computed in a previous iteration; that’s because the recursive CTE is using UNION instead of UNION ALL.
This is indeed the Birthday paradox, with 366 replaced by the maximum possible number of distinct values that random() can produce. What exactly is that number?
The random() function returns a double precision value, whose exact definition depends on the system. Not all the double precision values can be produced, though; the underlying C function can produce 2^31 different results, regardless of the bit size of a double precision value. This is good enough in practice, and at the same time compatibility with all the various architectures and library implementations is ensured.
So we can replace 366 with 2^31 in our query, and instead of 23 we get 54563 as the answer.
Does it come near to the actual output of the random query? Let us run it a few times, collect the result, and compute the average:
gianni=# create table t(n int);
gianni=# with recursive s as (
select random()
select random() from s
) insert into t select count(1) from s;
/* repeat the last query 49 times */
gianni=# select count(1), avg(n) from t;
count | avg
50 | 54712.060000000000
(1 row)
The average of the actual results is quite close to the expected threshold of 54563; the difference is less than 0.3%, quite orthodoxically, we might say!
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distributed team
1. Members of the same development team that are not co-located. For example, a single team with members in San Francisco, New York, London, and Bangalore would be a distributed team. 2. On a larger (scaled) development effort, the term distributed teams often refers to multiple collaborating teams that are not co-located at one physical site. For example, one large project might require a team in Chicago, another in Shanghai, and a third in Sydney. These teams would be considered distributed teams (from the overarching perspective of the project) because each is located in a different city. Now, if the members of a particular geographic team are physically co-located, then that team itself is a co-located team (not a distributed team). Contrast with co-located team. See also remote team member. |
Araucana Crosses: What colour will eggs be?
Discussion in 'General breed discussions & FAQ' started by Norman, Aug 14, 2008.
1. Norman
Norman In the Brooder
Aug 10, 2008
I have 2 Araucana Cross pullets (1 with Jersey Giant, 1 with Sussex) and my question is will their eggs be blue/green or a muted olive or brown/cream? I jut need to wait and see? I dont really know how the genetics work for egg colour. Is the green/blue a dominant or recessive gene?
2. MaransGuy
MaransGuy Songster
Oct 25, 2007
Greenfield, MA
You are dealing with two different egg color types here. The blue EE egg shells are pigmented all the way through while typical brown egg layers only have the outer layer of shell pigmented. When crossed you typically get a blue base color and then the depth of brown from the other bird will determine the shade of olive on the surface.
3. tadkerson
tadkerson Songster
Jul 19, 2008
White shell color is recessive and is o+/o+. It takes two white shell genes for a bird to lay white eggs. They can not have any other genes for egg color.
Brown egg shell color is polygenic. There are several genes that cause brown egg shell color. These genes are dominant. They could also be recessive. No body knows very much about the genes that cause brown egg shell color because it is complex.
When a bird has two white shell genes and a number of brown egg shell genes the eggs will be brown.
Brown tinted eggs are produced by a bird that has two recessive white shell genes and a few of the brown egg shell genes.
Blue egg shell color is caused by a dominant trait so a bird can have one or two blue shell genes. O/o+ or O/O
Green egg color is codominant. The brown egg shell genes and the blue egg shell genes are both being expressed so you get a green egg.
As Marans Guy stated, the blue pigment is added to the shell and the brown pigment is placed on the outside of the shell- bingo a green egg shell.
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Viral Pathogens - Cashdollar Flashcards Preview
M2 Renal/Respiratory > Viral Pathogens - Cashdollar > Flashcards
Flashcards in Viral Pathogens - Cashdollar Deck (43):
1. Infections of what parts of the respiratory system are considered "upper respiratory infections"?
2. Lower respiratory infections?
Following list is in order from proximal to distal
• Upper
• Sinusitis
• Common cold
• Pharyngitis
• Epiglottitis
• Laryngotracheitis
• Lower
• Bronchitis
• Bronchiolitis
• Pneumonia
Many respiratory viruses begin in the upper respiratory tract and some migrate to lower areas from there. Some viruses, however, can also spread into the blood, causing viremia and leading to systemic symptoms.
Name three types of respiratory viruses that are known to cause viremia.
1. Measles virus
2. Adenovirus
3. Enteroviruses
Influenza Virus
• How many known subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) are there?
• How many known subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) are there?
Influenza Virus
• 16 subtypes of HA
• 9 subtypes of NA
Influenza Virus
Describe the difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift
Influenza Virus
• Antigenic drift: Small changes in the "recognizability" (serologic relatendess) of the virus over several years. Mediated by point mutations.
• Antigenic shiftLarge changes in serologic relatedness within a single year. Mediated by reassortment of HA and NA subtypes between two viral strains within a doubly-infected host.
What are some important species of animal hosts of influenza?
• Aquatic Birds
• Pigs
• Poultry
• Cats
• Horses
• Dogs
• Aquatic Mammals
Name three influenza strains that have historically been repsonsible for major pandemics
• H1N1 (Spanish flu, Russian flu, Swine flu)
• H2N2 (Asian flu)
• H3N2 (Hong Kong flu)
What are two strains of avian influenza viruses that have been of recent concern regarding a possible pandemic in the future? Why are they a concern?
• H5N1
• H7N9
These two strains appear to cause severe symptoms and have a high mortality rate, although the limited data is skewed towards the severe cases, as they show up in hospitals.
Although these strains do not yet transmit easily between people, a future mutation could change allow for rapid transmission.
1. What cells does the influenza virus infect?
2. How does the virus cause cellular damage?
3. What is this celluar damage a risk for?
4. Is viremia a major concern?
1. Ciliated epithelial cells lining the URT
2. Lytic viral replication and the cytotoxic T-cell response cause epithelial destruction
3. Epithelial destruction (both ciliated and mucus-secreting cells) disrupts the normal barrier and decreases clearance via the mucociliary escalator, increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infection
4. Viremia does not play a major role in pathogenesis
If viremia is rare for influenza, how does it cause systemic symptoms beyond the respiratory tract?
The interferon and cytokine response to the virus cause the systemic symptoms.
Name three bacterial infections that occur secondary to influenza infection.
Of what concern are these secondary infections?
1. Strep pneumo
2. Staph aureus
3. Haemophilus influenzae (HiB)
Secondary bacterial infections are the major cause of death in influenza
Name four rare complications of influenza.
1. Myositis & cardiac involvement
2. Guillain-Barré syndrome
3. Encephalitis
4. Reye's syndrome
What two major forms of prevention and control of influenza infection? Name some specific examples
1. Vaccines
• Formalin inactivated
• Attenuated infectious virus
• Intranasal
• Quadrivalent
2. Antiviral drugs
• Amantadine & Rimantadine
• Zanamivir & Oseltamivir
Describe the mechanisms of action of:
1. Amantadine & Rimantadine
2. Zanamivir & Oseltamivir
Which set of drugs is not currently often used?
1. A&R: Inhibit uncoating by blocking the M2 protein
• Not used - high degree of antiviral resistance
2. Z&O: Neuraminidase inhibitors (inhibit release of progeny virus)
1. What % of common colds are attributed to rhinovirus?
2. How many major subtypes are there? How many individual serotypes?
3. What other species act as a reservoir for rhinovirus?
1. 50%
2. 3 major, ~150 serotypes:
• RV-A (75 serotypes)
• RV-B (25)
• RV-C (51)
3. Humans are the only natural host!
1. How is rhinovirus transmitted?
2. What is the course of the infection like?
3. How can RV infection be prevented and controlled?
1. Respiratory secretions
• Directly between individuals
• Fomites
2. Mild, self-limiting infection
3. Prevention:
• No antivirals or vaccines available
• Handwashing
• Disinfectants
1. When do these viruses often cause common colds?
2. What preventative measures are available?
1. Responsible for Summer colds and flu
2. No vaccines or antivirals available - clean hands!
1. Over just this past summer & fall, what specific strain of enterovirus has been of concern in the USA, including Wisconsin?
2. How does this virus spread?
3. Beyond mild to severe respiratory illness ,what are possible complications of this virus?
1. EV-D68
2. Respiratory secretions
3. Complications:
• Flaccid paralysis
• Several members of the EV family have been known to be a risk for paralytic disease in the past
• Difficulty breathing & wheezing
1. What % of common colds are attributed to coronaviruses?
2. What part of the respiratory tract is infected?
3. What preventative measures are there?
1. 10-15% (second most common cause)
2. Limited to upper RT
• Exception has been seen with severe cases of MERS-CoV - Lower RT affected
3. No vaccines or antivirals available - containment measures (containment of animal reservoirs, hygiene, etc.)
What two types of coronavirus have been responsible for serious illnesses over the past decade? What important animal reservoirs are there for these viruses?
1. SARS outbreak: SARS-CoV
• Animal: bats
2. Acute pneumonia & renal failure: MERS-CoV
• Animals: bats & camels
N.B. Currently, MERS-CoV does not appear to readily transmit from person to person. A mutation resulting in a more transmissable strain is a major concern.
Parainfluenza Viruses
1. When do infections typically occur?
2. What is a major concern in infants and young children?
3. Is a vaccine available?
Parainfluenza Viruses
1. Fall & Winter
2. Croup (subglottal swelling may close airway)
3. No vaccine
Parainfluenza Viruses
Describe the diseases caused by Types 1-4 of parainfluenza virus.
Parainfluenza Viruses
• Types 1 & 2: Common cause of croup
• Type 3: Similar to RSV, as it causes bronchiolitis in infants
• Type 4: Usually mild disease
1. What is croup?
2. Describe the typical presentation of croup.
1. Croup: aka laryngotracheobronchitis. Inflammation around the larynx & vocal cords. Can cause respiratory distress.
2. Presentation:
• Poor appetite
• Sore throat
• Fever
• Hoarse voice
• Barking seal cough
• Stridor (high-pitched noise with inspiration)
• Respiratory distress symptoms
• e.g. nasal flaring
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
1. How does it get its name?
2. How prevalent is it?
3. When and where are outbreaks seen?
4. Are reinfections common?
5. Is there a vaccine? Antivirals?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
1. Virus causes fusion of infected cells into multinucleated syncytia
2. Infects virtually everyone by age 2
3. Outbreak during winter months in temperate climates (assumably from close quarters/indoors)
4. No - infections possible throughout life. Can be severe in the elderly
5. No vaccine, but antivirals helpful in cases where required
How does an active RSV infection present in each of the following age groups?
1. Children < 1 yr
2. Children
3. "Older children" & adults
1. <1 yr: Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or both
2. Children: Febrile rhinitis & pharyngitis
3. Older Child / Adult: Common cold
(Milder with age)
How is symptomatic RSV infection treated in each of the following cases?
1. Otherwise healthy infant
2. Premature infant
3. Immunocompromised infant
1. Healthy:
• Supportive treatment
• O2
• IV fluids
• nebulized cold steam
2. Premature:
• Aerosolized ribavirin
• Passive immunization with anti-RSV Ig & human mAbs
3. Immunocompromised:
• Aerosolized ribavirin
• anti-RSV Ig / mAbs will not work - deficient immune system cannot use the Abs
1. How does it present?
2. In what populations is severe disease seen?
3. How is it diagnosed?
4. How prevalent is it?
5. Are vaccines or antivirals available?
1. Similar to RSV but milder
2. Infants, elderly, & immunocompromised
3. Use RT-PCR to definitely diagnose
4. Almost all children seropositive by age 5
5. No vaccine, no antivirals
Hendra and Nipah Viruses
1. Why are these two emerging respiratory viruses a concern?
2. Where have human cases occured?
3. What are the important animal sources?
Hendra and Nipah Viruses
1. High mortality rates!
2. Australia & Asia
3. Bats originally, Pigs as intermediate
1. What types of disease does it cause?
2. What three adenoviruses have been associated with particularly severe respiratory symptoms?
3. What is seen in these cases?
1. Wide spectrum of diseases (single virus does not usually cause all diseases - they have varying tissue tropism):
• Respiratory infection
• Conjunctivitis
• GI infections
• Hemorrhagic cystitis
2. Severe types: Adenoviruses 4, 7, and 14
3. Acute & sometimes serious respiratory disease. Pneumonia in severe cases.
• What types of respiratory infection are caused by adenoviruses in reference to viral life cycle?
• When is systemic disease seen?
Can cause:
• Acute
• Persistent (w/ viral shedding)
• Latent
Systemic disease in the immunocompromised
1. Is a vaccine available?
2. Antiviral therapy?
1. Live attenuated vaccine available for military recruits
• None available for general public
2. Cidofovir can be used to treat severe infections in the immunocompromised
Name and describe the presentation of the four groups of clinical consequences due to measles virus infection.
1. Measles
• Characteristic Maculopapular rash
• Cough, Conjunctivites, Coryza (inflammation of nose mucus membrane)
2. Atypical Measles
• More intense rash (esp. distal areas of body)
• Possible vesicles, petechiae, purpura, urticaria (hives)
3. Postmeasles Encephalitis
• Headache, confusion, vomiting, possible coma
• After rash dissipates
4. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
• CNS sxs
• Personality, behavior, memory changes
• Myoclonic jerks, spasticity
• Blindness
What is the most common cause of death in young children with measles?
What types of Herpesviruses are involved in human respiratory disease?
• EBV
• HHV-6
• CMV
• HSV
Name two types of DNA viruses that cause human respiratory disease. Is their capsid enveloped or naked?
1. Adenoviridae - naked
2. Herpesviridae - enveloped
What virus family contains:
• rhinovirus
• coxsackie virus
• echovirus
• enterovirus
What virus family contains:
• coronavirus
• SARS-CoV
• MERS-VoC
What virus family contains:
• Influenza A, B, and C viruses
What virus family contains:
• Parainfluenza virus
• RSV
• Metapneumovirus
• Measles virus
(Note: this is simplified from the actual classification scheme to represent what was written in lecture.)
Within the family paramyxoviridae, there are several genera. Name the four genera that contain each of the following four groups of viral species.
1. Contains measles virus
2. Contains parainfluenza viruses (1-4) & mumps virus
3. Contains RSV & metapneumovirus
4. Contains Hendra & Nipah viruses
The genera are:
1. Morbillivirus
2. Paramyxovirus
• (Yes, it sounds just like the name of the viral family)
3. Pneumovirus
4. Henipavirus
• (Hendra + Nipah = Henipa)
Name 4 respiratory viruses within the picornaviridae family.
1. rhinovirus
2. coxsackie virus
3. echovirus
4. enterovirus
Name the respiratory viruses within the coronaviridae family.
Coronaviruses, including:
• SARS-CoV
• MERS-CoV
Name the respiratory viruses within the orthomyxoviridae family.
Influenza viruses A, B, and C
Name 4 respiratory viruses within the paramyxoviridae family.
• Parainfluenza virus
• RSV
• Metapneumovirus
• Measles virus
Decks in M2 Renal/Respiratory Class (50): |
What is vision inspection? And what problems can it address?
Matthews Australasia Pty Ltd
Thursday, 01 March, 2018
What is vision inspection? And what problems can it address?
Vision inspection can be an important QA/QC tool on production lines. This quick Q&A outlines how it can help you.
Q. Firstly, what is vision inspection?
A. “Vision inspection” or “machine inspection” is an automated system inspecting product quality, rather than doing it manually, resulting in objective QA.
Q. What problems can it address?
A. A wide variety of checks: code validation, item count, label inspection and validation, line monitoring, closure and seal validation, pick and place, packaging QA, matching components, empty container inspection and metal detection.
Let’s look at the top 5…
Q. What’s basic flaw detection?
A. Detecting flaws is vital to QC because manufacturers of food and beverages — from bottled water to wine — dairy products, snack foods, meat and smallgoods, baked goods, frozen food and so on can find blemishes, scratches, cracks, discoloration, pitting, etc., through empty container inspection and packaging QA.
Q. How does pick and place and robotic guidance work?
A. The vision system detects a part using shape-based object identification, then sends that part’s position and angle to the robot. The robot picks the part then places it in the correct orientation. This process can include quality assessment.
Q. And identification and validation?
A. Vision inspection can verify a code (such as a barcode, date or batch code, or 2D code) is present, properly positioned and formed correctly. It automatically identifies and rejects items with missing, incorrect or unreadable codes. Via system integration, codes can be validated to check they are correct for that product. Machine vision ID can be used in production-part traceability, WIP inventory management, verifying product lots and grading print codes.
Q. What about verifying parts, assemblies and packaged goods?
A. Verification can be combined with measuring part dimensions or reading product barcodes, to give a full product inspection, inline; e.g.: for blister packs, moulded parts, bottle cap and safety seals, print, and features such as threads, holes and notches. Packaging components (lids, containers, bases, shrink labels, outer packaging) can also be verified as correct for that product.
Q. And highly precise dimension and tolerance measurements?
A. Vision inspection is also very well used to accurately check dimensions and tolerances that need to be highly precise e.g. fill-level measurement.
Vision inspection provides precise, repeatable QC to ensure manufacturing accuracy.
Image credit: ©stock.adobe.com/au/Péter Mács
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The research laboratory often serves as a window to the future of medicine. Despite the cutting-edge capabilities of the modern laboratory, engineers who design these facilities sometimes use methodologies that are scientifically unsound. While most engineering design methodologies are founded on scientific methods, there are at least two that are not: piped utilities and HVAC systems.
Laboratory piped-utility systems encompass the central equipment and distribution systems needed to deliver such services as compressed air, natural gas, vacuum, pure water, and process cooling to each laboratory work area. HVAC systems include the central equipment and distribution systems needed to provide comfort, ventilation, and the required offset pressurization conditions for each laboratory relative to their adjacent work areas.
Together, these systems are responsible for approximately 25% of initial construction costs and 50% of annual energy costs for all laboratory facilities. With such a staggering amount of money at stake, the design of these systems should be subjected to a high degree of scientific analysis to ensure that their sizing is as precise as possible, and the load forecasts are accurate. Unfortunately, this could not be further from reality.
For the past 20 years, the methods associated with sizing these systems were handled using unverified benchmarking tables to estimate internal heat gains, as well as simultaneous-use-factor tables to size piped utilities-methods founded largely on speculation and conjecture. While virtually every aspect of engineering is supported by solid scientific principle, unverified benchmarking takes a mere 30 seconds to achieve and has no scientific underpinning. Rather than determining the specific design needs for a certain facility, this type of benchmarking draws from a database of previous jobs, assuming that if something was applied previously without mishap, it must be suitable for the next project.
What unfortunately follows is a building infrastructure that is grossly oversized from approximately 40% to as much as 300%. The end result is a staggering increase in construction costs, averaging $30 per square foot. This is calculated as a result in a few different factors: inconsistency from benchmarking table to table and inherent problems in the way the tables themselves were put together, among others. Oversizing also leads to excessive long-term energy costs from operating inefficient building systems-costs that are, at a minimum, equal to the unnecessary construction costs expended in the first place. This is money that could be better spent on the procurement of cutting-edge scientific equipment or additional research personnel.
While many in the design community are aware of this dilemma, the ability to accurately estimate loads to appropriately size systems has eluded engineers for decades. Our firm employs a unique solution using probability theory, a scientifically proven method that uses a methodology dating back to the 17th century. The probability theory has already been successfully implemented in an array of scientific and engineering applications, ranging from projecting traffic flows to manufacturing controls, to the Hunter's curve (figure) used in plumbing system design.
We have successfully applied this method in laboratory design and named it Outcome PBA™. Outcome PBA can be applied effectively to the design of both new laboratory facilities or during the renovation of existing laboratories. In our experience, it has led to an average savings of $30 per square foot and has reduced operational costs.
Outcome PBA has been applied to a variety of projects, including the University of California, Riverside Geology and Physics Building renovation and UCLA's Life Sciences Research Building. The cost associated with it is approximately $0.50 per square foot.
Probability theory is used on every project by every mechanical engineer in, for example, the sizing of plumbing water supply and drainage systems and determining peak water-flow demands. For example, the Hunter's curve is employed to determine peak water demand flow under the principle that the size of plumbing systems should not depend on the premise that all toilets will flush simultaneously, and that simultaneous flushing of the correct number of toilets can be calculated. By using probability theory in lab design, which is based on the same principles as the Hunter's curve, we have been able to predict the simultaneous use of piped utilities and the simultaneous internal heat gains from laboratory equipment.
Figure. Hunter's curve for estimating domestic water demand. Courtesy of Syska Hennessy Group
This prediction is accomplished by applying a mathematical equation that takes into account the total number of fixtures that are installed in a laboratory space. Then the total number of fixtures that are likely to be used simultaneously is calculated based on usage factors that are quantitatively established during lab programming. The calculation is performed for each service, the type of lab, lab function, operating hours, and several other variables, to ascertain the factor to be applied for the particular lab.
The result is a properly sized system that saves construction, operating, and maintenance costs and better meets the lab's energy demands in an affordable and efficient manner. As healthcare systems continue to endeavor to improve the operations of their laboratories, probability-based analysis represents the most efficient and cost-effective way to ensure that the least amount of money necessary is expended on building and maintaining medical labs, and that funds overall are used appropriately to finance research and advancement. HD
John (Jay) Martin, PE, is Vice-President of Science & Technology at Syska Hennessy Group, based in San Diego. With 14 offices throughout the United States, Syska Hennessy Group has provided engineering consulting to a variety of corporate, educational, and healthcare projects. |
Law Parenting
How Guardianship Works – All You Need to Know
Guardianship of a child is a very complex matter, laden with many formalities and checks. It is usually the next step in the process of taking care of the needy child.
Caretakers can adopt this route and become legal guardians, provided they fulfil certain requirements. Additionally, they need to know about the duties of a guardian and the accompanying legal issues.
How Guardianships Work
Assuming legal guardianship of a child also places a huge responsibility on the person electing to do so. This is why an informed decision needs to be made.
In this article, we will see a brief overview of guardianship, with additional helpful information for anyone wishing to become a legal guardian or appoint one.
1] What is guardianship?
A guardian is a person who takes certain decisions on behalf of a person who is unable to do so on his or her own, also known as a ward. These decisions usually concern the affected person’s life in a major way, such as food, shelter, health, finances. Education is also included if the ward is a minor.
What Is Guardianship?
Guardianship just extends that definition and is the process of being a guardian of a ward. It only affects people or minors who can not take care of themselves.
The duration of guardianship varies according to different cases. In case of minors, guardianship exists until the minor grows up and becomes an adult.
For people with disabilities, addictions to alcohol/drugs or diseases, it exists until the individual is treated completely, and is proven to take care of him/herself.
Guardianship is a complex issue, which should be dealt with appropriate seriousness. Consulting a family law attorney should be the first step in this direction.
They are experts in this field and can provide guidance as well as file petitions on your behalf and take care of all the documentation. Click for more information about legal guidance for guardianship of a minor child.
2] How are guardians appointed?
Guardians can be appointed in many different ways. Most decisions in this regard are made on a case by case basis. The process of appointing a guardian for minors is a bit different from that of an adult.
For children, it starts with the intent of appointing a guardian in the first place. A legal document needs to be prepared in advance, which clearly states the preference of the ward or the ward’s parents.
The parents of a child can decide to appoint a guardian for it at a very early stage. It is considered good planning, in case the inevitable happens.
Your choice of a guardian should be a person whom you trust implicitly, and who has the capability to bond with your child. The best way to do this is to create a will and name that person as a guardian in it with a proper clause.
It is good sense to have a backup; so appoint an alternate one in case the first guardian is unable to fulfil the role. This has to be done for every child you have. You can appoint anyone as the guardian, but a married couple closest in relation is the best possible choice.
Since this is a legal process, a court is involved in the final decisions. A petition needs to be filed, after which the court starts the application procedure.
Standard process involves an inspection of home premises and a criminal record check. For your child, the court reviews all the presented documents to check for any irregularities or discrepancies.
If all goes well, the next step is to decide whether the appointment of a guardian is ‘in the best interest of the child’. This is done on a case by case basis and a number of factors are involved.
If the judge finds that the documentation is in order, all checks are completed and there are no objections, he or she grants the guardianship of the child to the appropriate person(s).
Additional information
Legal guardianship
A letter of explanation which states the reason for your particular choice of a guardian is a good bonus and should be added to the list of documents in the petition. Although not always necessary, the judge may question your choice and factor it in the decision.
Most states provide subsidies to caregivers who give out-of-home care for such children. They need to be appointed as legal guardians, and this usually happens without the termination of parental rights, if any.
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Harshil Barot
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Relative value
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Once, society traded in food, then standardised weights of commodities and property. The cash economy that followed thousands of years later in the Middle East—fuelled a boom in commerce as the abstracted value of these real things was traded in its own right. Bankers preceded banks, and stock markets developed in 12th-century France to regulate the debt of agricultural communities. Then there were shares, options, derivatives, futures, hedge funds, junk bonds and sub-prime mortgages—each of these a fluctuating measure of value, each could be traded, and each was a degree divorced from the intrinsically valuable stuff still critical to our survival.
Now, the world’s economy is like a house of cards, so high above its foundations that it’s swaying perilously between stimulus packages and austerity measures, traders and politicians rushing to prop up the structure with quantitative easing and lines of credit running into trillions of dollars.
In times of uncertainty, markets return to commodities of real and known value, and despite recent economic woes, countries producing stuff you can eat tend to fare better. New Zealand’s buoyant, productive and efficient primary sector may be a case in point, though we are hardly isolated from the machinations of international markets.
On another level, however, New Zealand boasts natural assets of a different kind: those crown jewels that New Zealanders have set beyond the boundaries of what can be exploited commercially, assets too rare and valuable to trade or risk. When New Zealand Geographic photographer Richard Robinson travelled to the Kermadec Islands with a team of scientists led by Auckland Museum, they found an ecosystem in perfect health—what conservationist Wade Doak calls a “wet library” —a full reference section for what an intact environment should look like.
The team found species not previously known to exist in New Zealand, and others not previously known to exist anywhere. Beyond the commercial relevance of bio-prospecting, an economy that fails to recognise the value of an intact environment such as this doesn’t have a future, argues Marilyn Waring, profiled by Vaughan Yarwood on page 26.
“The system recognises no value other than money, regardless of how that money is made. This means there is no value to peace. This means there is no preservation of natural resources for future generations,” she said in a 1995 National Film Board of Canada documentary, a transcript which resonates 16 years later as if it were penned for the present.
“This system cannot respond to values it fails to recognise,” she said. “This is an economic system that will eventually kill us all.”
How can a market economy place value on an intact ecosystem when the fish are worth more out of the water than in it? How do we value the ongoing biological contribution of a wetland over the price per kilogram of milksolids if it was drained and converted to dairy production? How can a system which values only cash place any importance on essential, life-giving services that will never be sold?
How we answer these questions may define our future.
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In early vertebrate embryos, the outer surface is covered by a sheath of cells called ectoderm, while the inner lining of the primitive gut is made from endoderm. As the embryo develops, the ectoderm gives rise to the skin, nervous system and most parts of the skull, whereas the endoderm is confined to the inner parts of digestive tract. There are only two locations within the head where these two primary layers meet each other - the mouth, and the pharynx. The endoderm first forms a series of pouches, which subsequently fuse with outer ectoderm to form gill slits. Mouth later opens at the very tip of the endodermal tube by a process of ectodermal deepening, pushing the endoderm even deeper inside the mouth cavity. Thus, although the endodermal pouches are critical for setting the initial developmental plan, the ectoderm soon prevails and dominates the entire formation of head and skull.
John Samuel Budgett, a Cambridge naturalist, suggested that in African fish bichir an early pouching exists in front of the mouth, forming adhesive glands on head surface of young larvae. This would actually mean that gut contributes to the face, which is in a sharp contrast with what we learn from other animals. Despite its potential to change our understanding of vertebrate head evolution, this gut pouching passed almost unnoticed for more than a century.
In the study, the researchers conclusively demonstrate the endodermal origin of bichir adhesive glands as suggested by Budgett. Moreover, using embryos of two other fish lineages, sturgeons and gars, they were able to show that rather than being a bichir-specific rarity, this pouching reflects a more general process once present in the common ancestor of all fishes. 3D micro-CT models of endoderm, and specialized fluorescent labelling show that instead of being pushed inwards by the ectoderm, the gut actually expands in front of the future mouth contributing to large part of the face, which has never been described in any other vertebrate group.
These findings change our understanding of endodermal contribution to vertebrate head. Not only it indicates that preoral gut was present in the common ancestor of all ray-finned fishes. They also show striking similarities between vestigial preoral gut in other vertebrates and preoral endoderm in invertebrate lancelets and acorn worms. Thus, what we see in bichirs, sturgeons, and gars might actually represent an ancient heritage from our pre-vertebrate ancestors - reminder of the time when the endoderm still dominated the head development.
Reference: Martin Minarik, Jan Stundl, Peter Fabian, David Jandzik, Brian D. Metscher, Martin Psenicka, David Gela, Adriana Osorio-Pérez, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez, Ivan Horácek, Robert Cerny, (2017), Pre-oral gut contributes to facial structures in non-teleost fishes, Nature, 547, 209–212 (13 July 2017) doi:10.1038/nature23008
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What are they?
Aliens are basically creatures( life forms ) from other planets. They come around to earth in awkward flying things called 'U.F.O.s' ( unidentified flying objects ). Many scientists say they are science-fiction (sci-fi) which means not true in the ways of science. In the last 30 years over 15 millions of sightings have been reported. Can 15 million people be wrong?
the doctor
the doctor is alian from a t.v. show called Doctor Who. he is a thing called a time lord which can go through time..and space. the most important thing you should know about him is that he battles many other alians like Daleks, Cybermen, weaping angles, gas masked zombies and much, much more.
the moon
the moon is our closest moon to us. since it is so close many people think Aliens are on it! People think that there is a real face on the moon... Well it looks like it. But my opinion is, if there is a face on the moon who or what is looking down on us...?
if you want to read a book go read:
Higgens D.S. UFOs Macmillan Publishing Co. Ink. c Cassell Ltd., 1981 |
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Naval signal boxes.
Despite its combat debut during the Second World War, the radar is still a relatively young technology. However, in almost seven decades, it has revolutionised naval warfare, providing an ability to see far beyond a ship's horizon, and a means by which missiles can be directed against maritime and land targets. It is, therefore, no surprise that defence contractors throughout the world have worked to design signals intelligence (or sigint as it now has become known) systems for detecting and identifying hostile radars. In some cases, these sigint systems can activate a collocated electronic countermeasure to jam the radar.
The rationale is to prevent the hostile radar from seeing one's vessel from long range, thus denying it a possible firing solution for an anti-ship missile. Should such a missile be launched, naval sigint equipment has an important role to play, particularly if these missiles are radar-guided, such as the MBDA MM40 Exocet, as the same equipment can be used to identify and classify the missile's radar. The targeted vessel can then take the appropriate action by launching countermeasures and taking defensive manoeuvring.
Furthermore, the ability to identify and track multiple threats is important for naval signals intelligence. Any missile attack on a ship using radar-guided weapons is unlikely to comprise a single round. Instead several weapons will probably be launched to saturate defences and ensure multiple hits. Thus the ability to track multiple radar threats, and initiate electronic countermeasures, becomes a matter of survival.
Pearls of Wisdom
The marketplace for naval self-defence sensors is a crowded one, with several products available to all naval combatants. For example, Rafael of Israel has developed the C-Pearl electronic support measure family to detect and classify hostile radar emissions. This system has been sold to the Israeli Sea Corps and the Royal Australian Navy to equip the latter's Adelaide class frigates. The company notes that one of the attractions of the C-Pearl is that it can be used by vessels of all sizes, from small patrol craft to aircraft carriers.
Joining Rafael, Israel Aerospace Industries' Elta, which produces the EL-8382N 3D. Elta has leveraged technology that it developed for a land-based radar detection system into this sea-based derivative. Like all of the systems surveyed in this article, the EL-8382N includes a threat library of radar emissions that is included in the equipment's mission planning system. New radar signals can be stored in a separate memory to be analysed at a later date, for example when the vessel is back in port. Once analysed, these signals can be loaded into the threat library, allowing the same signals to be monitored in the future as a possible threat. The EL-8382N also comes loaded with a simulation system allowing the operator to be trained in signal analysis using computer-generated scenarios, either when the ship is underway or portside.
Israel's other major electronic systems provider, Elbit, is thought to have sold its Timnex 4 electronic intelligence system to equip some of China's submarines, along with other unidentified surface combatants, and Israel's Dolphin class diesel electric boats. The Timnex 4 covers a frequency range of 2 to 18 GHz. This encompasses S-band, C-band, X-band, and Ku-band radar such as BAE Systems' Sampson (S-band), EADS TRS-3D (C-band) and Terma's Scanter-6000 (X-band). An option is offered to extend coverage to 0.5 to 40 GHz to cover one to two-GHz L-band systems such as the BAE Systems Type-1022 radar as well as systems covering the K-band (18 to 27 GHz) and Ka-band (27 to 40 GHz). In terms of performance, the Timnex 4 can track up to 256 emitters in real time. Elbit has also configured the product to work in a dense electromagnetic environment.
Born in the USA
Meanwhile, ITT has the responsibility for a number of naval electronic self-protection systems. These include the ES-3701, which can detect radar emissions between 2 and 18 GHz, and can be programmed to monitor specific predefined hostile signals, alerting the crew upon detection. The system comprises a pair of omni-directional aerials and direction-finding sensors that cover the two to six-GHz and 6 to 18-GHz frequencies, along with a GPS antenna. The ES-3701 is used on the Hellenic Navy's Elli class frigates and on the Absalon class flexible support ships of the Kongelige Danske Marine (Royal Danish Navy).
Supplementing the ES-3701, ITT also builds the ES-3601 tactical radar electronic support measure and surveillance system, providing a 2 to 18 GHz frequency range coverage over 360[degrees], with the option to extend to wideband coverage between 1 and 40 GHz. The ES-3601 boasts a reaction time of less than one second and can track up to 500 emissions simultaneously, with a library large enough to store over 10,000 emitter records. The company notes that, as well as equipping surface vessels, the ES-3601 makes an ideal fit for submarines and even for land application and uses a Windows-based man-machine interface, with option of a Unix-based system if preferred by the customer. In order to ease training, ITT has added a built-in synthetic simulator allowing prospective ES-3601 operators to be trained directly on the equipment.
ITT's ES-5080 set, of which 55 are on order, is on the other hand particularly well suited for the detection of low-probability-of-intercept radar. Its man-machine interface also uses a Windows-based architecture and can be used as a stand-alone system, or is integrated into a ship's combat management system.
The ES-5060 Electronic Support Measure/Electronic Intelligence system, also from ITT, can listen for radar signals across 0.5 to 18 GHz, although it has the option to be increased to 40 GHz in order to cover the K-band and Ka-bands. Once the CS-5080 has detected a radar emission, its integral SP-103 classification system will measure the emission's frequency, azimuth and amplitude. This will provide the crew with an idea of the type of radar painting their vessel and whether this radar is friendly. The SP-103 achieves this by comparing the emission with a library of radar characteristics. Should that radar be classified as hostile, the crew can then decide what sort of countermeasure to deploy or which evasive action should be taken.
Beneath the waves, one can find ITT's electronic intelligence equipment on a number of submarines. The AR-900 covers the 2 to 18 GHz segment of the spectrum and comprises an antenna array, processing unit and workstation. In total, the AR-900 can monitor up to 500 signals and has a library that can hold over 10,000 radar threat records. For customers requiring extensions to the L and K/Ka-bands, the AR-900 can undergo an optional frequency extension. Vessels outfitted with the AR-900 include the Armada de Chile (Chilean Navy's) Scorpene class diesel electric submarines.
As with the CS-5080, Raytheon's AN/SLQ-32(V) electronic support measure can be linked to a ship's combat management and electronic countermeasures systems. This has been optimised to detect ship-based surveillance radar and radar emissions from anti-ship missiles. Development of the AN/SLQ-32(V) ostensibly began in the early 1970s, reportedly resulting from concerns regarding Soviet anti-ship missile development. In 1967, during the Six Day War, the Israeli Sea Corps' Eilat destroyer was sunk by an MKB Raduga Design Bureau P-15 Termit (or SS-N-2 Styx in Nato parlance) radar-guided anti-ship missile.
The AN/SLQ-32(V), which provides threat direction finding, early warning and target identification for multiple threats, has been produced in several variants over the years. These have included the AN/SLQ-32(V)2, which added improvements to the system's abilities to perform accurate direction finding for radar-guided anti-ship missiles. The third version, the AN/SLQ-32(V)3, had an integral jamming capability for missile radar, while a forth variant, the AN/SLQ-32(V)4 was specifically configured for aircraft carriers. Customising the AN/SLQ-32(V) for specific vessels has continued with the AN/SLQ-32(V)5 being designed to equip the US Navy's Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates.
Several other American companies are providing electronic intelligence sensors for naval vessels. They include Lockheed Martin, which has designed the AN/ALQ-210, scheduled to equip the US Navy's new Sikorsky MH-60R naval helicopters. Outfitting the MH-60R with the AN/ALQ-210 allows a ship to extend its organic sensor range well over the horizon. Like ITT's CS-5080, the AN/ALQ-210 has been designed with a library that can be updated with details of new radar emissions as and when they are discovered.
As well as flying its systems on helicopters, Lockheed Martin has developed electronic support measures for surface ships. These include the company's AN/ALQ-501 Canadian Electronic Warfare System. Its name derives from its selection to outfit the Canadian Halifax class frigates and Iroquois class destroyers. The AN/ALQ-501 is designed to detect L-, C-, S- and X-band ship-based radar and missile emissions and, as now is the norm, features an updateable threat library.
Also part of Lockheed Martin's naval sigint catalogue is the company's AN/BLQ-10(V). This electronic support measure kit was designed to provide both the Los Angeles and Virginia class nuclear-powered attack submarines of the US Navy with a new radar and communication intelligence system. Here, Lockheed Martin has made a widespread use of commercial off-the-shelf technology and non-development items, reaching a proportion of over 90% in hardware and software.
As with many submarine subsystems, details regarding the exact capabilities of this product are sketchy. However, it is thought that the AN/BLQ-10 includes a wideband receiver plus two narrowband radar receivers, both sensors of which are installed on a modular mast. The installation of this equipment will allow these boats to not only detect radar signals, but also HF, VHF and UHF communication traffic, in addition to communication across cell phone networks. The latter capability will be very useful for these submarines when they are performing intelligence gathering in the littoral area. The full installation of the AN/BLQ-10 across both submarine classes is expected by 2012.
The US Navy is now planning the eventual replacement of the AN/SLQ-32(V) seen above as part of its Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement programme. General Dynamics has teamed with BAE Systems to fulfil the Block 2 segment of this requirement. The solution is based on the Sea Lightning surface electronic warfare system. Using open architecture and technology developed by BAE Systems for its Barracuda naval electronic warfare suite, the Sea Lightning will provide radar and missile threat information.
European Systems
BAE System's Passive Radar Identification System (better known as the Prism) has been optimised for smaller-sized vessels and to this end the Prism II was selected in 1994 to equip the Fremantle class offshore patrol craft and Hunt class (the Prism III for the latter) mine warfare ships belonging to the Australian Navy. Like many of the systems discussed in this article, the Prism II can be connected to a ship's electronic countermeasures and combat management systems to provide radar classification and information regarding the hostile emitter's location. Primarily, the Prism series is designed to detect radar emissions in the 2 to 18 GHz range.
Across the Channel Thales has developed electronic support measures optimised for medium and large surface combatants. The company is now responsible for the Sabre, which was developed by Racal in the late 1990s. The Sabre can automatically trigger a response from a vessel's electronic countermeasures, as well as detecting, analysing and classifying the radar threat. The Sabre comprises a mast-mounted electronic support measure antenna, which includes a microwave receiver to detect radar emissions, details of which are then fed to analytical equipment, which then performs the pulse measurement and direction-finding tasks.
The Sabre was sold to the Koninklijke Marine (Royal Dutch Navy) for installation on the De Zeven Provincien class frigates and has also been procured by the Marine Nationale (French Navy). The Sabre covers the 0.5 to 18 GHz frequency range allowing it to detect threats in the lower reaches of the L-band.
Indeed the range of naval electronic support measures produced by Thales is impressive to say the least. The company's DR3000S has been installed on the Barzan fast attack craft operated by the Royal Qatari Navy where it operates alongside the company's Salamandre ARBB-33 radar jammer. Meanwhile, modularity is the watchword for Thales's Vigile family of electronic support measures. The Vigile listens to radar emitting between 2 and 18 GHz (with an optional extension of 0.5 to 40 GHz) and can detect single pulses as well as perform accurate direction finding and, using its digital receiver, can detect low-probability-of-intercept radar. It has been installed on Oman's Khareef ships as well as on Morocco's and Indonesia's Sigma corvettes.
Although Thales dominates the European naval electronic support measures market, other suppliers manufacture similar products. Indra of Spain, for example, has developed the electronic intelligence gathering BLQ-355 used on the country's Galerna class hunter-killer submarines. The BLQ-355 has a so-called 'pop-up' design feature that allows the equipment to be momentarily activated to ascertain if the boat is being painted by hostile radar, before shutting down to avoid detection by hostile electronic counter-countermeasures. In total, the threat library for the BLQ-355 can include up to 3000 emitter modes and 256 different radar signals.
By definition, low-probability-of-intercept radar is of grave concern to the world's navies, particularly when those navies have to operate in today's dense electromagnetic environments. Elettronica of Italy produces the Seal electronic support measures line which is designed to detect exactly these types of threats using both omni-directional and directional aerials to locate the emission and define its frequency. This information is then passed on to the vessel's electronic countermeasures for deception and spoofing.
In Germany, EADS produces naval signals intelligence systems, which include the FL-1800U, outfitting Germany's Type 212 submarines. Comprising four spiral aerials and a radar-warning receiver, the FL-1800U can track radar in the 0.5 to 18 GHz band.
Future Proof?
The continuing development of naval surveillance radar and evolutions in radar-guided anti-ship missiles will ensure that the tireless work of naval signals intelligence sensor designers and engineers will continue. Electronic warfare has always been an exercise in cat-and-mouse development, with every new evolution in radar technology heralding a development in signals intelligence systems, and vice-versa. Looking toward the future, systems like the AN/BLQ-10(V) may be a portent for equipment that not only performs radar transmission intelligence gathering, but also gathers information on communications intelligence.
COPYRIGHT 2010 Armada International
Copyright 2010 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Title Annotation:Naval: electronic warfare
Author:Withington, Thomas
Publication:Armada International
Geographic Code:7ISRA
Date:Oct 1, 2010
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Soil Basics revisited
Understanding "the basics" of soil is no small matter. One of the most basic problems with soil is compaction. For many of my clients, the soil around their homes has been virtually ruined by what took place when their house was built or renovated. Many (all?!) builders/contractors think of soil as dirt and make no effort to protect it or renovate it after they're finished. Around here, most of the new development is infill development, so virtually the whole lot is disturbed - by tearing down the old house, by cutting down all the trees, by building an addition, by installing a pool. Their machines churn across what might have been relatively undisturbed soil, often when the soil is saturated after a hard rain, creating ruts that are virtually impossible to correct. They dig a new foundation and turn the existing soil-profile upside down in doing so. What used to be subsoil is now on top. When they're done, they flatten out the clay-ey subsoil, put back a couple inches of the "topsoil" that they allegedly scraped off at the beginning (is it full of weed seeds now?? has it been tested? what is its texture? has compost been added?), throw down some "contractor's mix" el-cheapo grass seed and poof - there's your new lawn! This is what we refer to as "urban soil".
Urban soils are typically inhospitable places for trees, other plants, and their oxygen breathing microorganisms. Human activities, such as those described above, as well as grading and even foot traffic leave urban soils much more compacted than natural soils. Typically 40-55% of the volume in a healthy forest soil consists of pore space. This pore space consists of varying proportions of air and water depending on the weather. With compaction, soil particles are pushed together and fill up pore spaces, so pore space in urban soils often goes down to 20-30%.
Soil compaction is generally estimated by measuring bulk density, which is the mass of dry soil divided by its volume, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (gms/cc). Compacted soil has less pore space and therefore higher bulk density. Surface bulk density of most undisturbed soils ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 gms/cc, depending on the soil texture (clay, sand and silt fractions). The bulk density of urban soils often ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 gms/cc, just slightly less than the bulk density of concrete (2.2 gms/cc)!
The reduced porosity of compacted soils results in a lower water-holding capacity and reduced infiltration rate, so compacted soils produce much more stormwater runoff than undisturbed soils. In many urban areas, pervious areas, like "lawns", produce almost as much runoff as impervious surfaces because they are so compacted. The reduced water holding capacity of compacted soils also renders plants more prone to drought and results in more extreme summer soil temperatures.
Compaction also drives oxygen out of these soils to suffocatingly low levels and oxygen-dependent soil microorganisms can no longer survive. Without adequate soil organisms, urban soils generally have a lower organic matter content and lower nutrient retention than natural soils. Soil compaction also limits root penetration and growth. Once soil bulk density exceeds 1.4-1.7 gms/cc (depending on soil texture), roots are no longer able to penetrate soil, and vegetation growth becomes limited.
That's one of the reasons that the "landscaping" your contractor installed before you bought your new house or moved into your renovated one has declined every year!
Sustainability in 2014
It's a word that everyone uses. But what does it mean? To me, for a long time it was the classic definition from the 1987 WECD conference - sustainable developments are those that "meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm
In the Sustainable Sites Intiative, their mission statement started with "First, do no harm."
But at this year's NYS Arborists meeting, I heard a different perspective from one of the speakers, Neil Hendrickson of Bartlett Tree Research, who made me start to "think differently".
He said - "do no harm" is not good enough at this point - so much "harm" has already been done that now we need to be active - we need to sequester carbon, clean the air and water and manage the soil.
Here are some of the points he made:
• 2012 was the hottest year on record in the US
• 2013 was the 4th warmest year in the world
• Temperature rise is associated with increases in both the minimum and maxiumum temperatures - both of these affect plants
• In 2012, 90% of the "record temps" were HIGH temperatures and the Plant Zone Heat Map shows more nights above 70 degrees F
• We are seeing warmer winters and warmer autumns - and fewer frigid nights
• Spring is arriving earlier
• There is a longer frost-free season
• There's been a 74% increase in heavy downpours
• Models say: expect more days above 95 degrees F in August
Climatologists predict that future climate shifts will include more frequent extreme heat and more frequent extreme cold, as well as more extreme hydrologic events like searing drought and flooding rains. High pressure systems are tending to intensify because dark water replaces white ice as the polar ice melts. Dark water absorbs more energy rather than reflecting it, and this energy evaporates more water into the atmosphere. Increased energy in the atmosphere leads to an unstable jet stream and unpredictable variability. Of course, the system is extremely complicated with tons of feedback loops and this is a gross over-simplification. But certain climate changes are irreversible on a time scale of 1000 years, even if no more CO2 is put into the atmosphere - we need to be aware of some of the changes and their consequences. And try to actively counteract them.
• When we disrupt ecosystems, we decrease species diversity. With less diversity there are fewer possibilities for adaptation - plants that can't adapt fast enough are likely to die off.
• Increases in the frequency of heat waves and drought increases stress on plants, which increases their susceptibility to pests and diseases.
• An increase in warm nights means that respiration goes up but photosythesis does not.
• Longer frost-free seasons mean that plants may not go through acclimitization to extreme cold events and may not be cold tolerant.
• Invasives can adapt more quickly (that's part of what makes them invasive) so they can out-compete natives.
Here are some of the effects of climate change on pests:
• allow northward expansion of warm-weather insects
• increase the number of generations per year in multi-generation insects
• favor pests over predators
• disrupt the timing between flowering and pollinators
• beneficial insects might "miss" their pest host, allowing a pest population to increase
• the polar vortex could kill the beneficial predator but not the invasive pest
• invasion of new habitats by pests - because insects can adapt faster than trees
• warmer winters and less snow can contribute to increased deer populations
His take home message : change is inevitable and unpredictable. His suggestions about what we should be doing above and beyond "do no harm" are a practical and practiceable definition of sustainability for 2014:
1. Take care of the soil.
2. Don't get hung up on native plants - that's looking backward and the environment is changing forward.
3. Look for plants that are better-adapted if your aren't doing well.
4. Increase diversity.
5. Capture rainwater
6. Preserve beneficial insects.
The next day, I attended a seminar at NYBG given by Jane Didona, a Landscape Architect, talking about LEED guidelines as they relate to Landscape Design. She had another perspective on the definition of sustainability, one that looks at the overall site, including the buildings - She showed three overlapping circles - Social Equitability, Economic Feasibility and Environmental Soundness - Sustainability is the intersection of all three of these qualities.
Ancient Native American Proverb:
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President Donald Trump promises the American people coal. More coal production, more coal jobs, more “clean coal.” Unfortunately for the coal miners of America, the odds are against Trump in keeping these promises.
Starting off with coal production, the U.S. Energy Information Administration has reported that coal production has been decreasing in the three major coal mining regions: Western, Appalachian and Interior. In fact, 2016 had the lowest production rate of coal in American history since 1978. It is false equivocation, however, to attribute the decline in coal production to increased regulations as Trump repeatedly does. Opponents of coal regulations only look at the Western mining region, noting that the coal mining region was producing strong rates of coal until 2008. Since 2008, the Western region has plummeted from producing 600 million short tons of coal to 400 million short tons in 2016.
Reviewing the other two major coal mining regions reveals that this trend does not carry. For example, the Appalachian mining region has been in steady decrease since as early as 2000. As for the Interior mining region, coal production has remained relatively stagnant (before and after 2008). It is then false to accuse Obama-era regulations on the coal industry for minimizing coal production when the effects are not evenly applied.
What is most likely affecting production and job growth is the marketplace. With the mechanization of the industry, more and more miners are being displaced by machinery — similar to other professions that involve manual labor. The work is done quickly, efficiently and at lower costs than the traditional hiring of blue collar workers to complete the job. Nearly 88 percent of job losses in manufacturing have been due to “productivity growth” i.e. mechanization. The same can be applied to the blue collar miners that find the mining industry is industrializing with the times.
The popularity of natural gas in the market is also a clear contributor. Natural gas consumption has been increasing over the decades. In 2015, natural gas surpassed coal as the lead source of electricity at 33 percent. While the price of natural gas fluctuates intermittently, the choice for natural gas is becoming increasingly popular due to its cleaner carbon footprint, industry growth and increased energy capacity.
Coal is one of the only energy industries collapsing on itself. Compared between 2015 and 2016, all energy industries (renewables, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear) had positive energy consumption rates except for coal. Coal companies are calling bankruptcy all over the nation. A report by SNL Financial states that between 2012 and 2015, 42 major coal companies declared bankruptcy. Peabody Energy Corp., the nation’s largest private sector coal producer, was over $8 million in debt and forced into bankruptcy in 2016. It is now returning in the coming months from bankruptcy with the promise of coal stock rising under Trump’s administration.
Lifting regulations and restrictions on the coal industry will not solve this downward spiral for the industry because the issues it faces are not regulatory — they are marketplace.
Trump’s final card is “clean coal” or Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Politicians, including Obama and Trump, have touted the importance of implementing clean coal technology such as CCS. CCS is the pollution mitigation system that drastically cuts carbon pollution by either condensing the carbon byproducts and selling it for industrial uses or burying the excess carbon underground. There are two significant drawbacks to this process. First, CCS is exceedingly expensive. The Obama administration had hoped to reinvigorate the coal industry with clean coal solutions. A prime example of this failing is the Kemper clean coal plant in Mississippi. The clean coal plant today is still not operational despite borrowing tax dollars and federal aid totaling approximately 7 billion dollars (with an initial budget of $2.4 billion) and lagging several years behind schedule. Second, CCS decreases coal efficacy. It is projected that the efficiency of coal plants after implementing clean coal technology would decrease by as much as 10 percent. Considering the decreasing production rates of coal, decreases in efficiency can be detrimental to the coal industry as well.
The most Trump can hope his regulation slashing will do for the coal industry is abate the inevitable. Instead of following Obama in propping an expensive clean coal technology with billions of tax dollars, Trump should focus his budgetary plans on alternative fuel sources like renewables and natural gas. Both energy industries are gaining momentum and recognition in the marketplace. As a business president, I am astonished he still has not recognized this. Coal is dying out. It is time to invest in bigger and better stock.
Broderick Sterrett
Broderick Sterrett is a new writer on the Opinion Desk. Pursuing an English BA at the University of Utah, he is ready to test and hone his writing on worthwhile topics to share.
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Durham e-Theses
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The feeding ecology and foraging behaviour of sanderling calidris alba and turnstone arenaria interpres at Teesmouth N. E. England
Brearey, David Michael (1982) The feeding ecology and foraging behaviour of sanderling calidris alba and turnstone arenaria interpres at Teesmouth N. E. England. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
The distributions of Sanderling and Turnstone were determined for the south side of the Tees Estuary. Location of roosting sites and the movement of the tide were the major factors affecting movement patterns of these two species. The invertebrate species Nerine, Bathyporeia and Eurydice, were observed to comprise virtually all of the Sanderling's open-beach diet. Extensive sampling of these three prey species showed a predictable occurrence along the beach with each species; most common at particular transect and distance below the High Water Mark, (e.g. Nerine was most abundant at 50 to 90 metres below the HWM). The times when these bands became available to 'foraging Sanderling helped to determine the movement patterns of the birds. Detailed studies of the feeding behaviour of Sanderling showed three main foraging techniques: probe feeding, water-column feeding and stitch feeding. The first two of these techniques have a visual component, (the Pause position). Switching occurred between these two techniques but was uncommon between the water column and stitch technique (which was a tactile feeding method). When feeding, Sanderling oriented themselves so that they could watch the progress of the waves. Colour-marked individuals of both Sanderling and Turnstone helped to determine movement, patterns, fidelity to site within a season and survival and fidelity between seasons. Mortality rates for Turnstone were especially low; fidelity was high for both species. Feeding observations on winter Turnstone showed both dispersed and concentrated situations. While aggression was seldom observed for Sanderling, it was common for Turnstone. Two main types of aggressive encounters were observed for the Turnstone and were determined mainly by the potential payoff of the encounter. The suggestion is advanced that aggressive patterns may help determine the dispersion of the Turnstone. Aggression may also help to determine the feeding location of the juveniles. Observations of breeding Turnstone (Finland) present, a picture of communal feeding (aiding in, predator awareness), high; nesting concentrations and numerous, interactions with the lafid species present. The latter include extensile robbing of larid eggs by Turnstone. Although the summer and winter Turnstone populations have different Wintering grounds, there are valuable comparisons to be made
Item Type:Thesis (Doctoral)
Award:Doctor of Philosophy
Thesis Date:1982
Copyright:Copyright of this thesis is held by the author
Deposited On:18 Sep 2013 10:27
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Operators In C++
Assignment (=):
The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.a=5;
This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a. The part at the left of the assignment operator (=) is known as the lvalue (left value) and the right one as the rvalue (right value). The lvalue has to be a variable whereas the rvalue can be a constant, a variable, the result of an operation or any combination of these. The most
important rule when assigning is the right-to-left rule:
The assignment operation always takes place from right to left, and never the other way:
a= b;
This statement assigns to variable a (the lvalue) the value contained in variable b (the rvalue). The value that was stored until this moment in a is not considered at all in this operation, and in fact that value is lost.
Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, % )
The five arithmetical operations supported by the C++ language are:
+ addition
* multiplication
/ division
% modulo
Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division literally correspond with
their respective mathematical operators. The only one that you might not be so used to see may be modulo; whose operator is the percentage sign (%). Modulo is the operation that gives the remainder of a division of two values. For example, if we write: a = 11 %3;
The variable a will contain the value 2, since 2 is the remainder from dividing 11 between 3.
Compound assignment (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)
When we want to modify the value of a variable by performing an operation on the value currently stored in that variable we can use compound assignment operators:
expression is equivalent to
value += increase; value = value + increase;
a -= 5; a = a – 5;
a /= b; a = a / b;
price *= units + 1; price = price * (units + 1);
Increase and decrease (++, –)
Shortening even more some expressions, the increase operator (++) and the decrease operator (–) increase or reduce by one the value stored in a variable. They are equivalent to +=1 and to -=1, respectively.
c++; c+=1; c=c+1;
are all equivalent in its functionality: the three of them increase by one the value of c.
A characteristic of this operator is that it can be used both as a prefix and as a suffix.That means that it can be written either before the variable identifier (++a) or after it (a++). Although in simple expressions like a++ or ++a both have exactly the same meaning, in other expressions in which the result of the increase or decrease operation is evaluated as a value in an outer expression they may have an important difference in
their meaning:
In the case that the increase operator is used as a prefix (++a) the value is increased before the result of the expression is evaluated and therefore the increased value is considered in the outer expression;
in case that it is used as a suffix (a++) the value stored in a is increased after being evaluated and therefore the value stored before the increase operation is evaluated in the outer expression.
Relational and equality operators ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= ):
In order to evaluate a comparison between two expressions we can use the relational and equality operators. The result of a relational operation is a Boolean value that can only be true or false, according to its Boolean result. We may want to compare two expressions, for example, to know if they are equal or if one is greater than the other is. Here is a list of the relational and equality operators that can be used in C++:
Operators Meaning
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than >= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to Here there are some examples: (7 == 5) // evaluates to false. (5 > 4) // evaluates to true.
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true.
(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true.
(5 < 5) // evaluates to false. Of course, instead of using only numeric constants, we can use any valid expression,including variables. Suppose that a=2, b=3 and c=6, (a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not equal to 5. (a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6) is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 > 2*6) is false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.
Be careful! The operator = (one equal sign) is not the same as the operator == (two equal signs), the first one is an assignment operator (assigns the value at its right to the variable at its left) and the other one (==) is the equality operator that compares whether both expressions in the two sides of it are equal to each other. Thus, in the last expression ((b=2) == a), we first assigned the value 2 to b and then we compared it to a, that also stores the value 2, so the result of the operation is true.
Logical operators ( !, &&, || ):
The Operator ! is the C++ operator to perform the Boolean operation NOT, it has only one operand, located at its right, and the only thing that it does is to inverse the value of it, producing false if its operand is true and true if its operand is false. Basically, it returns the opposite Boolean value of evaluating its operand.
For example:
!(5 == 5) // evaluates to false because the expression at its right (5 == 5) is true.
!(6 <= 4) // evaluates to true because (6 <= 4) would be false.
!true // evaluates to false
!false // evaluates to true.
The logical operators && and || are used when evaluating two expressions to obtain a single relational result. The operator && corresponds with Boolean logical operation AND. This operation results true if both its two operands are true, and false otherwise.
The following panel shows the result of operator && evaluating the expression a && b:
a b a && b
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false
The operator || corresponds with Boolean logical operation OR.
This operation results true if either one of its two operands is true, thus being false only
when both operands are false themselves. Here are the possible results of a || b:
a b a || b
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
For example:
( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to false ( true && false ).
( (5 == 5) || (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to true ( true || false ).
Conditional operator ( ? )
The conditional operator evaluates an expression returning a value if that expression is true and a different one if the expression is evaluated as false. Its format is:
condition ? result1 : result2
If condition is true the expression will return result1, if it is not it will return result2.
7==5 ? 4 : 3 // returns 3, since 7 is not equal to 5.
7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 // returns 4, since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b // returns the value of a, since 5 is greater than 3.
a>b ? a : b // returns whichever is greater, a or b.
Comma operator ( , ):
a = (b=3, b+2);
Would first assign the value 3 to b, and then assign b+2 to variable a. So, at the end, variable a would contain the value 5 while variable b would contain value 3
This operator accepts one parameter, which can be either atype or a variable itself and returns the size in bytes of that type or object:
a = sizeof (char);
This will assign the value 1 to a, because char is a one-byte long type. The value returned by sizeof is a constant, so it is always determined before program execution.
Some of the new operators in c++ are-
:: Scope resolution operators.
::* pointer to member decelerator.
* pointer to member operator.
.* pointer to member operator.
delete memory release operator.
endl Line feed operator
new Memory allocation operator.
stew Field width operator.
Scope resolution Operator.
1) C++ is a block – structured language. The scope of the variable extends from the point of its declaration till the end of the block containing the declaration.
Consider following program.
{ int x = 1;
{ int x = 2;
} ======
The two declaration of x refer to two different memory locations containing different values. Blocks in c++ are often nested. Declaration in a inner block hides a declaration of the same variable in an outer block.
3) In C, the global version of a variable cannot be accessed from within the inner block. C++ resolves this problem by using scope resolution operator (::), because this operator allows access to the global version of a variable.
5) A major application of the scope resolution operator is in the classes to identify the class to which a member functions belongs.
Member dereferencing operators .
C++ permits us to define a class containing various types of data & functions as members. C++ also permits us to access the class members through pointers. C++ provides a set of three pointer.
C++ provides a set of three pointers to member operators.
1) ::* – To access a pointer to a member of a class.
2) .* – To access a member using object name & a pointer to that member.
3) * – To access a member using a pointer in the object & a pointer to the member.
Memory management operators.
1) We use dynamic allocation techniques when it is not known in advance how much of memory space is needed. C++ supports two unary operators new and delete that perform the task of allocating & freeing the memory.
2) An object can be created by using new and destroyed by using delete. A data object created inside a block with new, will remain existence until it is explicitly destroyed by using delete.
3) It takes following form.
variable = new data type
The new operator allocated sufficient memory to hold a data object of type data-type & returns the address of the object.
EX p = new int.
Where p is a pointer of type int. Here p must have already been declared as pointer of appropriate types.
4) New can be used to create a memory space for any data type including user defined type such all array, classes etc.
Ex int * p = new int [10]; Creates a memory space for an array of 10 integers.
5) When a data object is no longer needed, it is destroyed to release the memory space for reuse. The general form is delete variable. If we want to free a dynamically allocated array, we must use following form. delete [size] variable; The size specifies the no of elements in the array to be freed.
6) The new operator has following advantages over the function malloc() in c -.
i) It automatically computes the size of the data object. No need to use sizeOf()
ii) If automatically returns the correct pointer type, so that there is no need to use a type cast.
iii) new and delete operators can be overloaded.
iv) It is possible to initialize the object while creating the memory space.
Manipulators are operators that are used to format the data display.
There are two important manipulators.
1) endl
2) stew
1) endl :
This manipulator is used to insert a linefeed into an output. It has same effect as using .\n. for newline.
2) Setw :
With the stew, we can specify a common field width for all the numbers and force them to print with right lignment.
EX cout<
The manipulator setw(5) specifies a field width of 5 for printing the value of variable sum the value is right justified.
3 5 6
Type cast operator.
C++ permits explicit type conversion of variables or expressions using the type cast operator.
Syntax . type name (expression)
Ex avg = sum/float(i)
Here a type name behaves as if it is a function for converting values to a designated type. |
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Submitted by Don Routley
Life in the 1500's
Next time you are showering and complain because the water temperature isn't just how you like it, think about how things used to be....Here are some facts about the 1500's:
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell; so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Baths consisted of a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children-last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it-hence the saying, "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water"
Houses had thatched roofs -- thick straw -- piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the dogs, cats and other small animals (mice, bugs) lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof-hence the saying "It's raining cats and dogs". There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house.
In those old days, they cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They ate mostly vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner, leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been there for quite awhile, hence the rhyme, "Peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old".
Sometimes they could obtain pork, which made them feel quite special. When visitors came over, they would hang up their bacon to show off. It was a sign of wealth that a man "Could bring home the bacon". They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat"
Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning and death. This happened most often with tomatoes, so for the next 400 years or so, tomatoes were considered poisonous. Most people did not have pewter plates, but had trenchers, a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like a bowl. Often trenchers were made from stale bread which was so old and hard that they could be used for quite some time. Trenchers were never washed and a lot of times worms and mold got into the wood and old bread. After eating off wormy, moldy trenchers, one would get "trench mouth". Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or "upper crust". Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a couple of days.
England is old and small and the local folks started running out of places to bury people. So, they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a "bone-house" and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, 1 out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside, and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night "the graveyard shift", to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be "saved by the bell"; or was considered a "dead ringer".
And that's the truth...(whoever said that History was boring?)
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20th February- UPSC Prelims Static+NCERT Syllabus Quiz
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Daily UPSC Prelims Current Affairs Quiz, Solve it here: https://goo.gl/1Ta2pj
(1) Why does the west coast of India have more ports than the east coast?
1. West coast is coast of submergence (except Malabar Coast) while east coast is an emergent coast.
2. Because of high tides on the west coast.
3. West Rivers form estuaries and eastern rivers form delta.
Which of the above statement are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3
(2) Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885:
1. The government was concerned about the formation of Irish type agitations
2. The nationalist demands in the initial days were like- reduction of military expenditure; Indianization of Government services and no reduction of import duties on textile products
3. Vernacular Press Act were also opposed by the INC in the early
days of its formation
a. 1 and 3 Only
b. 1 and 2 Only
c. 2 and 3 Only
d. All are correct
(3) Equator passes through which of the following capitals?
A. Brazzaville
B. Nairobi
C. Bogota
D. Quito
(4) Constitution empowers the Parliament to make laws on any matter enumerated in the State List in the following circumstances
a) When Rajya Sabha Passes a Resolution
b) During National Emergency
c) When States Make a Request
d) To Implement International Agreements
e) During President’s Rule
Which of the following are correct?
a. a, b, c and e
b. a, b and d
c. a, c and e
d. All
(5) Consider the following:
i. Vinaya Pitaka regulates monastic life and the daily affairs of monks and nuns according to rules attributed to the Buddha.
ii. Sutta Pitaka pleads for protection of cattle, declaring them to be
givers of Annada(food), Vannada (Beauty) and ukhada(happiness)
A. Only i is correct
B. Only ii is correct
C. Both i and ii are correct
D. Neither i nor ii is correct
(6) With reference to the natural vegetation of India, consider the following statements:
1. Deodar is a coniferous tree found in Himalaya.
2. Shola forests are found mainly on the upper reaches of Himalaya.
3. Teak and Sal are found in the moist deciduous forest.
4. The largest area of mangrove forest in the world is in Sundarbans in the west Bengal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 and 3 Only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 3 and 4
(7) Who is the the ex-officio chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union?
A. President
B. Vice President
C. Prime Minister
D. Speakers
(8) Which one of the following term describes the process of using microbes to treat areas of land or sea that have been contaminated by pesticides, oil or solvents?
a. Ammonification
b. Bioremediation
c. Eutrophication
d. Nitrification
(9) Ultrasound can be used in which of the following cases?
1. To measure speed of underwater objects in SONAR.
2. To detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.
3. To breakdown small stones in kidneys.
4. To clean parts located in hardto- reach places
Select the correct answer using the
code given below.
a. 1, 2 and 3 Only
b. 3 and 4 Only
c. 1 and 2 Only
d. 1, 2, 3 and 4
(10) Which one of the following deficits is used in the calculation of the twin/double deficit of an economy?
1. Current account deficit
2. Fiscal deficit
3. Primary deficit
Select the correct answer using the
codes given below
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) All of these
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Home | Mushrooms | DVD's. | N.S.Mushroom Foray's. | Wildflowers | What's That? | Geology of Nova Scotia. | N.S.Links.
There are over fifty species in the genus Hypomyces with most of them occuring in North America. They are actually parasitic fungi that attack mushrooms and disfigure them to the point where trying to determine the host is most often impossible. In my experience there are three species that are common in Nova Scotia and it is to these three species that I devote this page . The three species are dealt with below;
1. Hypomyces chrysospermus which attacks members of the family Boletaceae eventually turning the mushroom in to a brown mush.
2. Hypomyces hyalinus which attacks members of the Amanitaceae family turning them yellow or white and disfigureing them so that they look like "club" mushrooms.
3. Hypomyces lactifluorum,which turns usually white mushrooms from the genera Russula and Lactarius in to an orange or reddish lobster mushroom.
Hypomyces chrysospermus,or as it is commonly called the bolete mold or the golden hypomyces mold attacks only boletes. In it's first stage it is powdery white turning golden yellow and finally in to a brown mush. Very common after summer rains and it has ruined my patch of Boletus edulis,the King Bolete more than once.
A few prize specimens of the King bolete before the bugs or Hypomyces chrysospermus got to them.
We beat the bugs and H. chrysospermus,unfortunately that's not always the case.
One of the King boletes that H.chrysospermus succesfully attacked(and there were others). Seen in photograph is the yellow,or golden stage of decay.
The Blusher, Amanita rubescens.
Yellow Orange Fly Agaric, Amanita muscaria var formosa.
Hypomyces hyalinus attacks only species of the family Amanitaceae particularly Amanita rubescens.I have also seen it on Amanita muscaria var formosa. A.muscaria var formosa is by far the most common Amanita that I have seen in Nova Scotia so it's not really surprising to see it attacked so often.
The photographs above show A.rubescens and A.muscaria var formosa in their usual handsome form.
The photographs below show a group of what was probably A.rubescens after they had been attacked by H.hyalinus.
Amanita rubescens attacked by Hypomyces hyalinus.
Amanita rubescens attacked by Hypomyces hyalinus shown cut longitudinally.
Russula brevipes,Short stalked white russula.
Russula brevipes,Short stalked white russula.
Easily the most recognisable of the three Hypomyces species dealt with here is H.lactifluorum or as it is commonly known the Lobster mushroom. It turns usually white species of mushrooms from the genera Russula or Lactarius in to an orange or reddish colour and in the process disfigures the mushroom, especially the gills. H.lactifluorum commonly attacks Russula brevipes,the short stalked russula and also Lactarius piperatus,the peppery milky. Both of these mushrooms are white in colour before they are attacked and are very similar in appearance,it is very possible that you could mistake one from the other. It is also possible that H.lactifluorum could attack mushrooms other than the two given here as examples. All species from the genus Lactarius "bleed" a milky fluid (latex) when the gills are cut with a knife. It is the colour of the latex that is an identifying characteristic when attempting to identify to species. In some species the latex will actually change colour after a "short time",this is also a handy tool when identifying to species.
Species from the genus Russula, on the other hand, do not bleed.
Lactarius piperatus,Peppery milky.
Lactarius piperatus, Peppery milky.
If you should find H.lactifluorum and you have a hand lense with you,10x is adequate,take a close look at the flesh and you will see raised "pimples" or perithecium. Pictured below are examples of the lobster mushroom.
Hypomyces lactifluorum, Lobster mushroom.
Hypomyces lactifluorum, Lobster mushroom.
Hypomyces lactifluorum, Lobster mushroom.
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Why Children Need Community
Author // Peter Gray, Ph.D.
Our indigenous roots reveal that children want and need to move beyond attachment to their parents.
I’m all for natural parenting. The basic premise of such parenting, at least as I view it, is that you trust your children’s instincts and judgments. For example, you recognize that a baby who is crying is a baby who needs something, and you try to figure out what that need is and satisfy it. You don’t let a baby “cry it out.” You recognize that throughout our evolutionary history babies and young children have always slept with their mothers or other adults or older siblings, never alone, and that sleeping alone is terrifying for many young children. You recognize that babies and children—like all of us, really—crave physical contact, and you provide it. You don’t push it when it’s not wanted, but you provide it and welcome it when it is wanted.
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Attachment to the Group
The key concept here is sensitivity. To understand what a child wants and needs, and especially to understand what a nonverbal baby wants and needs, you have to be in tune with that person. You have to be able to see the world from the child’s point of view. That requires empathy. This isn’t really any different from the requirements for any other close relationship. To have a good marriage, you must be able to empathize with your spouse. To be a good friend, you must be able to empathize with your friend. Your spouse, your friend, and your child are not you; they have different needs and wishes than you do. But to have a good relationship with them, you must be sensitive to their needs and wishes.
Natural parenting is often equated with attachment parenting, and that is fine as long as we are careful about what we mean by “attachment.” Children are not designed, by nature, to attach just to the mother, or just to the mother and father. They are, for good biological reasons, designed to form multiple attachments, to many of the people in a community. It is important to recognize here that the private nuclear family, living in a house apart from others in the community, is, from an evolutionary perspective, an unnatural environment.
Throughout most of human history, prior to the development of agriculture, people lived not in houses but in what are best described as camps. The basic social unit was the band, which consisted typically of about 20 to 50 people who cooperated with one another and who moved from campsite to campsite as needed to follow the available game and edible vegetation. At each campsite they built small, temporary huts to sleep in, all clustered together. Except when they were asleep, people spent their time outdoors with all of the other band members. Marriages existed, and children had special relationships with their parents, but parents did not “own” their children in the way that people in our culture think of parents as owning their children. In many ways, the children were children of the entire band. Everyone took part in every child’s care. Everyone developed some kind of relationship with every child, and children, even babies, were active partners in forming those relationships.
From an evolutionary perspective, it makes perfect sense that children would want to form close relationships with many different people, not just their parents. For starters, during most of human history, parents often died before their children were grown. Losing a parent is always a very sad event, but it is not a fatal event for a child who has close relationships with others who are already involved in the child’s care. Perhaps even more important, the goal of childhood, in our culture as well as in hunter-gatherer cultures, is to become an independent being who can form relationships with lots of different people— relationships that are essential for survival and reproduction. You don’t learn to do that by paying attention just to your mother and father. You learn it by paying attention to lots of different people, who have different personalities and needs, and different things to offer. Another goal of childhood is to educate yourself— that is, to acquire the ideas, lore, knowledge, skills and values of the culture in which you are growing. If you were to try to do this by attending only to your parents, you would learn only a narrow slice of all that is out there and you would not prepare yourself well for the world.
A too-exclusive attachment of child and parent is not only unfair to the child but can also be burdensome to the mother (it usually is the mother, not the father). There is nothing natural about the idea that a woman should stop other activities and devote herself exclusively to children and domestic chores when she becomes a mother. Hunter-gatherer mothers continue their foraging activities, and continue to socialize fully with the other adults of the band and with neighboring bands. Motherhood does not isolate them; if anything, it ties them even more closely to everyone in the band, as they all enjoy relationships with the child.
Childhood Among the Efe
I recently had the pleasure of reviewing a chapter written by my Boston College colleague Gilda Morelli and her research colleagues, Paula Ivey Henry and Steffen Foerster. The chapter is based on a new analysis of data that they had collected some years ago during months of research among the Efe, who are huntergatherers living in the Ituri Forest in the Congo Basin in Africa. Their research focused on the social relationships of infants and toddlers in the bands that they observed. Here are a few of the findings:
• When an Efe baby is born, the first to hold it are the women and children who are in the mother’s hut assisting with the birth and providing emotional support to the mother. Then the baby is passed outside the hut and held by all of the other band members who have crowded around to greet this new arrival. The mother is the last to hold her baby.
• Efe babies are nursed not just by their mothers but also by other lactating women in the band, most of whom are not genetic relatives of the mother.
• Timed, systematic observations revealed that 4- to 6-month-old Efe infants are in close physical and social contact with an average of nine different partners every two hours, and 18- to 21-month-olds are in contact with an average of 14 different partners every two hours! These partners include men as well as women, and children as well as adults. On average, the researchers found that infants are in contact with a single person for only three minutes before moving on to another person, throughout the day.
• As infants grow older they play increasingly active roles in initiating contact with others, by reaching toward them, smiling, laughing, and in other ways inviting the interaction. Once they can toddle, they move on their own from person to person and begin to join other children in mixed-age play groups.
• Efe infants and toddlers of all ages are remarkably cheerful and non-fussy, perhaps because of all the attention they receive from so many different people. The researchers reported them to be in good moods—smiling, laughing, bright-eyed and attentive—on average about 90 percent of the time that they were awake.
Not all hunter-gatherers engage in communal nursing of infants, as the Efe do, but all such cultures are apparently far more communal than we are in their care of children. Child abuse is nearly impossible in hunter-gatherer bands. If a mother or father gets irritable and acts harshly toward a child, others in the band will immediately step in and calm the parent while also gently taking the child. Because childcare is public, every person, including young children, can witness all of the childcare in the band. Nobody becomes a parent without having had lots of experience holding and caring for others’ children and witnessing many others doing so. No adult is left alone to care for a child unassisted.
How different all this is from our society!
A Matter of Trust
What can we do, in the context of our social world today, to provide the kind of caring community that children need for healthy development, and that parents also need? Perhaps developing trustful parenting in our own family lives is our first and foremost step. Can we complete a historical circle by reviving trustful parenting?
Parenting, like essentially all human behaviors, must be understood in the context of the culture in which it exists. Parenting styles derive from broader cultural values, and they help to perpetuate those values. Trustful parents do not measure or try to guide children’s development, because they trust children to guide their own development. They support development, rather than guide it, by helping children achieve their own goals when such help is requested and needed. My aims in this essay are to explain why trustful parenting worked so well for hunter-gatherers, why it was replaced by directive parenting in agricultural and industrial societies, and why conditions may now be ripe for a rebirth of trustful parenting.
Trustful parenting was well suited to the hunting and gathering way of life. Hunter-gatherers held strongly to the values of individual freedom and equality, which fostered the cooperation, sharing, individual initiative and creativity required to sustain life in a world where there was no accumulation of property or long-term storage of food. Hunting and gathering themselves require much creativity and decision-making; they are not done well by people who feel compelled by others to do them. The hunting and gathering way of life also requires self-assertion. In a society where group decisions are made through long discussions leading to consensus, in which everyone has a say, it is essential that everyone feel free to assert their ideas and wishes, and be competent in doing so. Trustful parenting was the ideal means to create the ideal hunter-gatherer.
Trustful parenting sends messages to children consistent with the needs of hunter-gatherer bands: You are competent. You have eyes and a brain and can figure things out. You know your own abilities and limitations. Through your self-directed play and exploration, you will learn what you need to know. Your needs are valued. Your opinions count. You are responsible for your own mistakes and can be trusted to learn from them. Social life is not the pitting of will against will, but the helping of one another so that all can have what they need and most desire. We are with you, not against you.
The experience of hunter-gatherers was that people who grew up in this way usually became highly competent, cooperative, non-domineering, cheerful, valued members of their society. They contributed to their bands not because they felt forced to, but because they wanted to, and they did so with a playful spirit. One group of anthropologists, writing many years ago, summed all this up as follows: “The successful forager…should be assertive and independent and is so trained as a child.”
Parental Domination
With the rise of agriculture, parental styles shifted from trusting to directive and domineering. Agriculture, invented a mere 10,000 years ago, dramatically changed the conditions of human life. The value of agriculture, of course, was that it could produce more food and sustain more people in less space than could hunting and gathering. The costs, however, were severe constraints on human freedom.
With agriculture came land ownership and accumulation of property, and with that came the need to remain with one’s property and to protect it, sometimes by violent means. Also, and even more significantly, agriculture produced labor. While hunting and gathering required personal initiative, skill, intelligence, creativity and a playful spirit, much of the work of agriculture was routine and could be done by unskilled laborers.
Agriculture also resulted in larger families. With more mouths to feed, children had to work—in the fields and at childcare—to help support themselves and their siblings. With all this came the breakdown of the hunter-gatherer ideals of equality and freedom.
Agriculture set the conditions for dominance relationships and inequality. People who did not own land—including children and nearly all women— became dependent on the people who did. Landowners became lords and masters, and those without land became servants and slaves. Ultimately, throughout much of the world, this led to feudal societies in which few were lords and masters and the great majority were servants and slaves. Not surprisingly, such changes dramatically altered social values. Religions, for example, changed from being playful and egalitarian to being deadly serious and hierarchical, with messages of obedience rather than freedom. Clearly, in the context of all of this, the approach to parenting also had to change.
While hunter-gatherers needed to be independent and assertive in order to survive, most post-hunter-gatherers needed to be obedient in order to survive. And so, the goal of parenting for most people became that of producing obedient and subservient children. While hunter-gatherers parented in ways designed to enhance independence and willfulness, early agriculturalists and people in feudal times parented in ways designed to suppress these qualities. Physical beating of children was a regular and widely approved means of doing this. Children who did not work as much as they were told to work were beaten. Children who acted uppity toward their fathers or other masters were beaten. Adult women and servants were also commonly treated this way.
Many research studies have demonstrated this relationship between economic livelihood and style of parenting. For example, one large-scale statistical study published 50 years ago revealed a strong correlation between the degree to which a culture’s subsistence depended on agriculture, rather than hunting and gathering, and the degree to which its parenting practices were directed toward obedience rather than self-assertion. The rise of industry led, if anything, to even more suppression of children’s willfulness and independence. Early industry, even more so than agriculture, was labor intensive, and children provided a good share of the labor. Children as well as adults toiled long hours, under dismal conditions, and children were often beaten to keep them on task. Most people continued to depend on masters, but now the masters were lords of the factories rather than lords of the land.
It is reasonable to suppose that parents in early agricultural and industrial societies who attempted to beat their children into submission were acting for their children’s own good. To survive in conditions where survival requires obedience, you really do need to suppress your own will and learn to do, unquestioningly, what you are told. But such parenting was never fully successful. By nature, all people are willful, creative and playful. The hunter-gatherer way is the natural human way. It is impossible to beat that completely out of anyone. That is why there were always rebellions and uprisings, even at the risk of death. People cannot be trained to be ants.
Modern, Protective Parenting
Today most people are repelled by the idea of beating children into submission. Today initiative, creativity, and self-assertion are generally valued in children. In today’s world, we see that obedience is not enough. Demand for unskilled labor has declined, with those tasks being performed by machines. People must be creative and self-directed to figure out ways to support themselves. Many of the values of hunter-gatherers are espoused regularly by people today.
But we have not as a culture revived the hunter gatherers’ trustful style of parenting. Instead, we have replaced the directive-domineering parenting of feudal and early industrial forebears with a new kind of directive style, a directive-protective style. For a variety of reasons, we have come to see childhood as a highly fragile period of development. Experts are constantly telling us of the things we must protect our children from. We have come to believe that children lack the competence to make their own decisions; they must be nurtured carefully and brought along gradually to a stage at which, some day, they will have that competence.
We are told that we must protect children from all sorts of accidents, which means serious restrictions on their forms of play and exploration. We must protect them from diseases, which can be contracted from almost anything they do. We must protect them from predatory adults presumed to be lurking in every neighborhood, and from the harmful influences of peers and of older children or adolescents. We must protect them from their own foolishness; we read regularly of new data purported to prove that children — especially adolescents—are, for biological reasons, knuckleheads. We must protect children’s fragile self-esteem through constant, increasingly meaningless praise, by attending their games (which we arrange for them) and cheering for them, and by trying to arrange their lives so they never fail. And we must protect their futures, as we are told we can, by forcing them through more and more years and daily hours of an educational system that they do not embrace and does not speak to their real needs and concerns.
With all this, and with all good intentions, we deprive children today of freedom at least as much as did parents in feudal and early industrial societies. We don’t beat children, but we use all the other powers that we have as their providers to control their lives.
What would it take to revive the trustful parenting style?
Many parents would like to adopt a more trustful style, but find it hard to do so. The voices of fear are loud and incessant, and the fears are never completely unfounded. They can’t be completely dismissed. Terrible accidents do happen; adult predators do exist; delinquent peers can have harmful influences; children and adolescents (like people of all ages) do make mistakes; and failure can hurt. We are also, by nature, conformists. It is hard to swim against the current and risk the negative judgments of our parenting peers. Yet some do swim against the current, and a greater number swimming that way may change the river’s direction.
• You are competent.
• You have eyes and a brain and can figure things out.
• You know your own abilities and limitations.
• Your needs are valued.
• Your opinions count.
• You are responsible for your own mistakes and can be trusted to learn from them.
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The Hyperloop is Over 30% of the Way There!
This past December, Virgin Hyperloop One broke the hyperloop world speed record previously held by Elon Musk’s SpaceX competition with a run of 240 mph (387 km/h); this is over 30% of the proposed 700 mph from Elon Musk’s white papers back in 2013. Moreover, this new record is a significant increase from Hyperloop One’s previous personal best of 192 mph.
Using a new airlock mechanism on the DevLoop test track found in the Nevada desert, Hyperloop One was able to reduce drag in the tube and reach the aforementioned 240 mph. This feat of engineering was accomplished using a row of small pumps, typically reserved for steel factories or meat processing plants, to drop the inside pressure of the tube to 1/1000th of typical atmospheric pressure. A 12-foot steel disk also slides into the other side of the tube that is opposite to the pumps to create a tight seal and allow the tube to still be in a vacuum without needing to pump it back up again. Currently, to operate the door takes about four hours which in the future can be optimized to shorter times.
Of course, the golden 700 mph goal is still far off. However, a 240 mph speed was reached using only a 500 meter test track. With that in mind, Hyperloop One believes that 700 mph can be reached with an additional 2000 meter in track. To accommodate for this additional distance, the process in which pods are stopped and re-entered into the vacuum tube needs to be faster as one of the biggest hurdles in the hyperloop concept is maintaining the vacuum. With longer distances, it gets harder to keep the vacuum and this poses a large design challenge for Hyperloop One. Adding more stops helps remedy this issue, yet may not allow enough distance between these stops to reach and keep the pod’s max speed.
In the end, these are promising times for the hyperloop and has us step a bit closer to one day seeing a 700 mph pod speed across the desert in a tube!
By | 2018-01-16T20:19:57+00:00 January 16th, 2018| |
Jelle Jaspers
The year 1924 was a very good year for Anton Philips. He managed to team up his company Philips with the world’s largest light bulb manufacturers: General Electric, Osram and France’s Compagnie des Lampes, in the so-called Phoebus cartel. For years, the Phoebus cartel divided the global market for light bulbs and introduced production quotas. Phoebus is considered the first cartel with a truly global reach. However, the cartel did more than just fix prices and divide markets. Once manufacturers realised the quality and life span of light bulbs was improving, they identified a threat to their revenue model, based on the quantity of light bulbs sold. In response, they collectively hacked improvement and innovation in the light bulb’s lifespan.
Manufacturers collectively hacked improvement and innovation in the light bulb’s lifespan.
By installing the so-called ‘1,000 hours working group’, all manufacturers in the cartel were obliged to bring back the life span of incandescent lamps to a 1,000 hours. The participants of the cartel closely monitored this process and all firms were required to send their light bulbs to a central testing lab in Switzerland. A system with fines was in place to ensure everyone in the cartel complied with the agreement, to increase the costs of breaching the agreement and prevent opportunism by participants. The industry standard of 2,500 hours in 1924 eventually dropped to 1,000 hours by 1940. Historically significant, the Phoebus cartel is considered to have given birth to what is called ‘planned obsolescence’ of industrial products. Planned obsolescence is the structural and deliberate design of products to break down or decrease in quality after several years, which today is still present in products like IPhones, inkjet printers etc. In that sense, the principle of planned obsolescence is very much alive in contemporary business. An informative documentary on the history of planned obsolescence is ‘The Light Bulb Conspiracy’ by Cosima Dannoritzer from 2010.
Today, the context has changed. Nearly a century has passed since the Phoebus cartel and a transformed political and legal landscape sets the scene. The contemporary rise of the market economy and the European Single Market have changed the current perspective on cartel conduct. Politicians emphasize the damage cartels cause costumers and its detrimental effects for business innovation. Illustrated in the words of former European Commissioner Competition Mario Monti characterising cartels as: “cancers on the open market economy”. Legal scholars speak of global criminalisation of business cartels, with countries in virtually every region of the world prosecuting cartels (Shaffer, Nesbitt & Willer, 2011). Since the late 1990s, most countries increasingly introduced administrative penalties and some countries criminal penalties for serious cartel conduct (Harding, Beaton-Wells, and Edwards 2015). Clearly, authorities worldwide put forward an increasing enforcement and condemnation of cartel conduct. However, in these times of criminalisation and increased enforcement, recent cartel agreements still form today’s headlines (including the usual suspects): EU imposes record $1.9 billion cartel fine on Philips, five others and “Price-Fixing Truck Makers Get Record E.U. Fine: $3.2 Billion”. So context has changed, but has business as well? In the words of Harding and Joshua (2010), we should in fact speak of a cartel parallax: not the subject matter itself has changed but its environment has.[1]
Indeed, the wide range of recent examples of detected cartels demonstrates that conspiring with the competition is still an attractive business strategy in today’s markets. This poses questions as to how, why and under which circumstances corporate officials will succumb to fixing prices, rigging bids and allocating markets with others in the industry.
Why and under which circumstances will corporate officials succumb to fixing prices, rigging bids and allocating markets with others in the industry?
Moreover, in a global context of cartel criminalisation it poses the question: what makes cartels endure? What explanations are there for their longevity – which entails years, sometimes decades (Connor 2010, Connor & Helmers 2007, Levenstein & Suslow 2006)? For instance, the European price-fixing cartel by truck producers lasted for 14 years. Do cartels impose effective social control on their participants? For example the control and fining system in the Phoebus cartel. And if so, when will external legal control of cartels undermine the internal controls? Or, what forms of internal control make cartels impenetrable for legal control?
In my following blogs, I will discuss the social mechanisms of coordination, negotiation, social control, reciprocity etc. within these –often considered– ‘gentlemen’s agreements’. I will address the above-mentioned questions by discussing alternating examples and landmark cases to elaborate on some of the main findings of my (PhD) research.
This research is funded by NWO Research talent grant
[1] A parallax is a metaphor -drawn from photography and film- for when a subject matter does not change position, but those observing and dealing with the subject alter their stance.
Jelle Jaspers
About the author: Jelle Jaspers
Jelle Jaspers, BSc, MSc, PhD candidate in the department of Criminology.
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Dupuytren’s Disease
Dupuytren’s disease affects the hands and fingers and often leads to one or more fingers to bending into the palm of the hand.
Am I a Candidate?
It usually starts with a tiny lump, called a nodule, in the palm and eventually string like cords develop beneath the skin which begin to pull the affected fingers towards the palm and cannot be straightened anymore. This results in what is known as Dupuytren’s contracture tends to affect more men than women, and often occurs in later life. It can affect up to 20% of men above 60, and 20% of women who are over 80 years old.
The Surgery
Incisions are made in the palm of the hand and the diseased tissue is removed. Afterwards you will require hand therapy and a splint to worn at night to maintain the straightening of the fingers.
Depending on which hand was operated on and what your job involves, you will usually be able to return to work within a few weeks of surgery. |
Machine Learning
Though Artificial Intelligence is far away from matching the human intelligence, but the constant efforts of the scientists who are involved in this cutting-edge technology has proven it otherwise. The technology has still a long path as various issues and concerns are sprucing up. The scientist believes that making the machine that behaves like the humans is easy, but bringing on the ethics and social demeanor is bit difficult. Machine Learning is a part of AI process that provides the system to automatically learn and provide enhanced rich customer experience without being programmed. Machine learning focuses on the computer programs and how to develop it.
What is machine learning?
Machine Learning is an extension of artificial intelligence based on the fact that the systems understands the instructions from the data provided and try to replicate it without the human intervention.
Types of Machine Learning Methods
The machine learning methods are categorized into:
Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm-
This kind of learning is used to predict the future events using the past data. It actually means to analyse the data and predict the output values.
Unsupervised machine learning algorithm-
This kind of algorithm is used when the information is not labelled. The system is not able to draw the inference but it explores the hidden data structure to make the decision
Semi supervised machine learning
this kind of algorithm is found in between the supervised and unsupervised algorithm and it uses both labelled and unlabelled data to predict the event. The systems that use this method are considerably improving their learning accuracy.
Reinforcement machine learning algorithm-
this kind of learning method interacts with the outside environment to understand what needs to be done. Trial and search methods are employed for the reinforcement learning.
Which companies have adopted it massively?
Various big conglomerates have adopted this technology massively. We have mentioned some of them.
The leading e-commerce giant has leveraged several benefits out of this technology. So, whether you are shopping for the retail products or electronic products, chances are that you are engaging yourself with the machine learning programs. Starting from the product recommendation to supply chain to capacity building, Amazon has employed machine learning method at every step.
Net Fix
With this technology the company has been able to reduce the data that it needs to stream the video for the lower band width connections or on the mobile devices. The company has also reduced the chances of video buffering.
Unsurprisingly, Google has always been a forerunner when it comes to innovation. The search engine giant was the pioneer of machine learning algorithm and with its continuous efforts, it is striving to further this technology. The image enhancement is a prime example of it. Google machines are using this technology along with the artificial networks to make the dream come true.
Job Scenario
Contrary to the popular perception, artificial intelligence is not making the jobs redundant but assisting the people in honing the skills backed by the data insights. Definitely, this technology has offered a gateway of opportunities and will make a tremendous impact on the traditional careers.
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Part 3- The Anglo-German Hegemony
Intertwining – Part III
The Anglo-German Hegemony
At a fairly early point in the history of stamp collecting there was a split between the French school of ‘scientific’ collecting and the British school. Dr. Edward Gray, the zoologist whose stamp collecting began in 1840, first put the British view forth. He initially held that collectors should be concerned only with design and value, not with color, perforation, etc. J. H. Greenstreet, who wrote under the “Pendragon” pseudonym, also championed this view. He stated that the French “scientific” approach was “absurd, futile and pernicious.” By 1867 Dr. Gray had been converted to the French “scientific philately,” which had another strong English supporter in Edward Loines Pemberton, a leading English student and dealer. Nevertheless, an English, or rather Anglo-German, philatelic school did develop and became predominant in the 1870s.
The motivating forces of colorful, exotic souvenirs continued to play a basic role in attracting stamp collectors. Although the French surrender to the Germans at Sedan during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 marked the opening of a new world political order of the Anglo-German hegemony, it didn’t end the imperialistic impulses that motivated missionaries and colonizers. Both continued to write back home, and their stamped letters helped spread the philatelic hobby. The Germans became the leading land power, while England continued dominating the seas, but now was more challenged in its role as the leading colonizer. All the leading powers were under pressure to expand their territory or colonies.
The Russian Czars had taken the Amur basin from China by 1858. By 1864 their forces had reached the oil fields of Batum and were not halted except by the Caucasus Mountains. In the East, Turkomen fell to Russia by 1881, and by 1885 Merv and Kazakhstan were incorporated, with the khanates of Khiva and Bokhara becoming dependencies. Russia now extended to the Chinese border and the Pacific.
In India, Great Britain took over direct control from the old East India Company, following the 1858 Sepoy mutiny. In Africa, British and French financial interests had taken advantage of Egypt’s war with Ethiopia to gain control of Suez. In 1869 England was able to purchase the Khedive’s shares of the Suez Canal. The Burmese kingdom fell to Britain in 1886, while France turned Tunis and Algeria into protectorates by 1881, having already taken over Vietnam in 1863. Germany, racing to catch up, took over Southwest Africa in 1884 and German Kamerun the same year, while grabbing East Africa the following year. It entered Samoa in 1890.
The continued imperial expansions helped keep stamp collecting an exciting hobby as new stamps, missionary letters and reports returned from the new distant outposts of empire. Also helping was an expansion of the stamp distribution system. While stamp dealers had begun operating in the late 1850s, supplementing the earlier stamp swapping practices, the 1870s saw the introduction of public auctions. The auction of pioneer French stamp dealer J. W. Elb was held in Paris in December 1865, but there was no catalog issued. This situation changed on May 28, 1870, when J. W. Scott sold off his collection at public auction to raise funds to finance his New York business, (figure 69). Thereafter, the 1870s saw an explosion of auctions. Another new factor that stimulated stamp collecting at the beginning of the Anglo-German hegemony was the adoption of stamp collecting in an acceptable hobby for the mobility. The addition of stamps was a logical extension of the kunstkammer focus upon human artifacts. In this case, it represented the extension of graphic studies into the area of intaglio and lithographic miniatures called stamps. Within a decade, most of the major royal houses of Europe were involved.
In England the first royal collector of whom we have record was Victoria’s second son, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who took up collecting in the 1860s at age of 20. In 1874 he married the only daughter of Czar Alexander II, the reformer, Czar. Her father apparently began the Czarist stamp collection; and her younger brother, Prince Alexis Michailovich (1875-1895), (figure 70) attempted in 1893 to purchase the Breitfuss holdings to add to it, but died before completing the transaction.
Alfred was joined in his pursuit of stamps by his older brother, the Prince of Wales, who acquired Alfred’s collection shortly before 1900. It seems the future Edward VII was an avid collector in the late 1870s, for his second son, the Duke of York (later George V), noted with some despondency in 1879 his problems in competing with his father for better stamps.
By 1890 the future George V had a substantial holding. With the death of his older brother the Duke of Clarence in 1892, he was the one to inherit the Royal collection when his father gave up collecting around 1900. Prior to their marriage, George V’s wife, Mary of Teck, was also a stamp collector. As a wedding present she took a number of philatelic gems from her personal collection to add to the Royal collection, focusing her personal interests thenceforth on collecting porcelain.
Royal interest in stamps was not confined to England. As noted, both the Czars and the Hapsburgs incorporated stamps into their holdings. In Germany Kaiser William I made arrangements for a Reichsmuseum following the takeover of the Thurn and Taxis postal operations by his new North German Confederation.
This state museum was opened in 1872 (figure71). In Saxony a Dresden Postal Museum was founded in 1891 under the sponsorship of Prince Frederick Augustus, who became Saxony’s king in 1904.
In subsequent generations the interests of the nobility in stamps spread around the world. A few more modern cases of royal collecting that come readily to mind include the stamp holdings of Spain’s Alphonse XIII, Romania’s King Carol II (grandson of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh), Egypt’s “Palace collection” of King Farouk, and the Prince of Monaco. It is probable that Italy’s Victor Emmanuel III had a stamp collection for he was a respected numismatic authority.
Other members of the nobility who were drawn into stamp collecting during the Anglo-German hegemony included the Earl of Kingston, who specialized in Great Britain, and the Scottish Earl of Kintore, whose ancestor Lord Keith-Hall had preserved the Scottish royal regalia from Cromwell and one of whose ancestors took charge of Napoleon after his surrender. The Earl’s copy of the 1-penny Mauritius “Post Office” cover passed into the Royal collection. The Irish Duke of Leinster, descendant of the Irish royal family, was a collector in the 1860s; his collection went to the Dublin Museum to form the basis of the Irish state collection upon his death in 1897.
Another noble British collector (born 1845) was the Duke of Argyle (taking the title in 1900), who as the Marquis of Lorne married Queen Victoria’s daughter, Princess Louise, in 1871. He served as Postmaster General in 1855 and later was Governor General of Canada (1878-1883); which may be why he was the source of so many of the Canadian 12-pence rarities that reached the philatelic market. The Scottish Earl of Crawford is probably the best known of these nobles. He was already a well known curiosity collector, scientist and bibliophile before he became interested in stamps in the late 1890s. Baron Percy de Worms (1869-1938), an early member of the Royal, specialized in Ceylon where he held extensive estates, which enabled him to contact the locals and obtain a control over early Ceylonese material for years. Baron Nathaniel Rothschild (born 1840) was the first to induce governments to supply special imperforate printings for his collection. By 1870 France, Belgium and Holland had complied.
An early French pioneer collector was Baron Arthur Rothschild, who began his serious collecting during the Franco-Prussian War, although he was buying stamps as early as 1868. Rothschild authored what is probably the world’s first postal history in 1879. Baron Alphonse Rothschild, who followed in his footsteps, sold his collection in 1939. The most famous of the “nobility” collections was that of Philippe Ferrari, godson of France’s King Louis Philippe. Ferrari began collecting in 1858 at age 10; eventually he would form the world’s greatest stamp holding using monies he got from his extremely wealthy mother, the Duchess of Galliera. She was related both to the royal Italian house of Savoy and the royal Spanish Bourbon-Orleans family to which Ferrari’s title of Duke reverted once he rejected it.
Other famous members of the nobility who collected include Baron von Turkeheim of Germany, who found the Baden 9-kreutzer color error in 1894 among family papers; Baron Renault of France; and Baron Eric Leijonhufund of Sweden, who purchased the Swedish 3-skilling banco color error at the Ferrari sale to add to his major Swedish holding of stamps. Prince Doria Pamphilj-Landi, a descendant of Genoese condottiere Andrea Doria, was the proud owner of Sicily’s ½-grano cobalt stamp. His family’s villa in Rome was Garibaldi’s headquarters in 1849. The Belgian Comte de Ramaix purchased one of the Mauritius I-penny “Post Office” stamps around 1910.
The nobility was a land-holding class that sought neither commercial nor entrepreneurial careers. When the industrial revolution generated a newly wealthy entrepreneurial class, in a still very class-conscious society, it was logical that it would try to emulate the nobility. This was done in full “gilded age” lifestyle with opulent palace-like homes, yachts, 50-room Newport summer “cottages,” gargantuan feasts, numerous servants, and innumerable knick-knacks and collectables. Its activities gave the era its sobriquet.
It is true that some of the new industrial and financial barons like Frick and Carnegie in America would concentrate on collecting art, or like financier J. P. Morgan concentrate on building impressive libraries. But many took up stamp collecting, then recognized as the “hobby of kings,” which they could share with their recognized social leaders. In similar fashion our present era has seen the rise in celebrity magazines, celebrity autographs, sports cards, clothing collecting, and speech and dress modeled on the current cultural icons.
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Elementary school children learn the value of a job
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You're never too young to learn about the job market. Some elementary school kids are already going through the interview process to find work. (KFSN)
You're never too young to learn about the job market. Some elementary school kids are already going through the interview process to find work. Action News Anchor Dale Yurong tells us about a meaningful job program benefiting local students.
When Kari Tannous rolls out the ball cart during recess, she becomes one of the most popular kids at Malloch Elementary. Each class gets ball tokens.
Kari is a playground equipment associate. She worked hard to get this job and is enjoying herself because everyone's happy to see her. Whether it's tether ball or four square, kids like Kari play an important role.
"And then once the bell rings and they freeze. Once they're unfrozen they come back to us, return the ball and we give them back their ball token," said Kari Tannous, 4th Grader.
RELATED: ABC30 half-hour special focuses on transition to adulthood
The kids at Malloch are getting their first taste of meaningful employment. Job listings are posted in the cafeteria. Some positions are open, others have been filled. Special assignments teacher Suzanne Orr says the program keeps kids engaged.
"When they feel connected and part of the responsibility to the school, we see a decrease in behaviors and an increase in attendance," said Suzanne Orr, Malloch Teacher.
So kids who get into trouble begin to bloom with responsibility. So do the shy kids.
"They feel like they're part of our little community here and participating and feel like they're a wanted and needed piece of the school and that's important to have that sense of belonging," said Orr.
This year 28 jobs at Malloch Elementary are being filled by 155 students.
The job hunt is as real as can be, with kids filling out applications and dressing up for interviews at the beginning of the school year.
"They just kind of told you, 'Why do you want to do it?' I said I want to help out the people who got chosen for what they done," said Urijah Silva, Third Grader.
Urijah Silva was among the crew setting up the PRIDE Cafe. "P" is for pride, "R" is responsible, "I" for inquisitive, "D" is determined and "E" is ethical.
Urijah's impressive background landed him a job.
"At my house I mostly set up the table and stuff. Sometimes I do the dishes and stuff." said Urijah.
The kids aren't paid for their duties but often receive thank you gifts.
"Well things like pencils or little erasers or a trinket of some kind," said Orr.
Lanyards indicate a child's position. Sometimes teachers need a walkie-talkie. Someone has to write out the daily menu, and that art cart is mighty popular on the playground.
"The kids all want jobs, for sure."
Administrators and teachers from other schools have visited Malloch Elementary to see how the program works so they can bring it back to their own campuses.
ABC30 thanks its partners below for putting Children First in the Central Valley.
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The Pathan Unarmed
The Pathan Unarmed
Opposition and Memory in the Khudai Khidmatgar Movement
Mukulika Banerjee
James Currey
Examines the rise in the inter-war years of a Gandhian influenced non-violent movement in the North West Frontier.
The Pukhtun (Pathan) of the North West Frontier are regarded as a warrior people. Yet in the inter-war years there arose a Muslim movement, the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), which adopted military forms of organizations and dress, but which also drew its inspiration from Gandhian principles of non-violent action and was dedicated to an Indian nationalism rather than communal separatism.
Virtually erased from the national historiography of post-partition Pakistan, where they now reside, the ageing veterans of the movement are still highly respected by younger Pukhtun. This is an account of rank and file members of the Khudai Khidmatgar, describing why they joined, what they did, and how they perceived the ethics and aims of the movement. It attempts to answer the questions of how notoriously violent Pukhtun were converted to an ethic of non-violence. It finds the answer rooted in the transformation of older social structures, Islamic revisionism and the redefinition of the traditional code of honour.
South Asia excluding India: OUP
Series Editors: Wendy James & N.J. Allen
December 2000
256 pages
23.4x15.6 cm
World Anthropology
ISBN: 9780852552735
Format: Paperback
James Currey
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Mukulika Banerjee's extraordinarily timely study ... sets out to recover a story that has receded from the historical record as well as from popular memory. It is a story that disturbs orientalist stereotypes about the region and its people, and complicates the national narratives of Pakistan and of India. It should also give pause to the policy wonks shuttling between the Beltway and Downing Street, transmuted by the need of the hour into anthropologists and historians as they bone up on Islam and its ways, and on the martial traditions and factional culture of the Afghans. ... Badsha Khan was, for a time, able to make his people believe that the idea of the modern state could be made trustworthy. He was able to forge a movement that tapped the moral repertoire of Islam, and link it into local predispositions, weaving together a distinctive symbolic and practical cloth. This historical episode seems far indeed from the political imagination of Pathans today. But its memory may still have an effect: different futures need alternative pasts. As Haji Chairman Meherban Saha, a veteran Khudai Khidmatgar in his eighties, recalled when talking to Banerjee, 'Badsha Khan's words seemed sweet to us... Talk to a Pathan sweetly and he will do anything.' - Sunnil Khilnani in The TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT
... a valuable corrective to orientalist representations, which portray the Pathans as invariably hotheaded and unpredictable. Firmly grounded in anthropological research but with a keen eye for historical nuance, it provides a sober and illuminating insight into a complex society that has long beguiled Western observers and is once again the object of intense Western concern. - Faranza Shaikh in INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
This forgotten chapter suggests that Islam is more mutable than either its radical adherents or its Western detractors allow and that Pashtun history offers an extraordinary precedent for peace as well as a legacy of war. - Karl E. Meyer in the NEW YORK TIMES
Also in Series |
Building With the Basics
Industry experts agree: When building a road, a contractor’s best bet is to start from the ground up with the highest-quality materials and products.
Photo: Tensar
To begin with, the sub-base should be some type of compactable material that would produce at least a 95% Proctor compaction test, points out Brian Whitaker, P.E., technical manager of geosynthetics for Fiberweb.
The Proctor compaction test is a method of determining the optimal moisture content at which a soil type will become most dense and achieve maximum dry density.
In preparing a road base, contractors looks for consistency in the material they’re trying to compact, points out Tim Kowalski, the Hamm applications support manager for Wirtgen America.
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“If the material changes in any way or manner, they are probably going to have to run more than one Proctor to find out what the moisture content is,” he adds.
Credit: Hamm
Credit: Hamm
Hamm manufacturers various-sized rollers from pad foot to smooth drum, as well as one that offers vibration and oscillation.
“You can initially do the compaction with vibration and then finish up with oscillation to reduce the amount of water pumping to the surface,” notes Kowalski.
Contractors always should consider the need for “good, hard compactable soils,” says Whitaker.
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Road defects are usually soft spots that have to be removed and replaced, says Kowalski.
“Trying to compact them more and more is just going to make it worse, so lots of monitoring for consistent material with the proper moisture content is needed,” he adds.
Drainage is always a key factor in building a road, Kowalski points out, adding that if there are areas where water can’t drain off and is instead sitting, a contractor will have a difficult time obtaining the needed compaction.
The geosynthetic material used depends on the stability of material with which a contractor is working, says Kowalski.
Credit: Sakai
Credit: Sakai
“If it’s not very stable, they’ll put in some kind of polymer grid form to stabilize the material so it doesn’t slope, slide off, or lose its consistency,” he says.
Strata’s engineering department recommended a combination of StrataBase and StrataWeb. StrataBase is a rigid biaxial geogrid providing structural reinforcement for roads and parking areas. StrataWeb is a three-dimensional honeycomb geocell providing soil confinement throughout the full depth of the product.
In tandem, the products are designed to provide a stiff base course to withstand heavy loads without significant deformation. StrataBase provides sub-grade stabilization, spreading the weight of the heavy load over a large area, while StrataWeb provides confinement of the compacted base course, preventing future displacement and base course disturbance common with turning of loaded tractor-trailer trucks.
Whitaker points out there are different methods for testing the road after the aggregate gets laid in order to ensure a durable result.
“What we’ve seen is by using a nonwoven geotextile-causing that separation piece and the filtration piece-you elongate the life of a road and the life of pavement,” he says. “For a very small amount of money, you can elongate the life of these infrastructures that are being installed.”
A nonwoven geotextile, such as manufactured by Fiberweb and other companies, goes in between the sub-base and aggregate that is put within the road.
“It helps to separate these two layers in order to prevent what many contractors call “˜pumping’-the aggregate intermingles and mixes with the sub-bases and starts to cause pot-holing and asphalt deterioration,” says Whitaker. “A non-woven geotextile provides a separation and still allows water to permeate back and forth between the sub-base and the aggregate without causing any damage.”
When it comes to base material, Kowalski says, “we seem to lack the amount of testing before we put anything up on the surface. It seems we put everything on top before we do the testing. Unless you have a good base, you’re not going to get the good compaction and consistency up on top.”
Credit: BomagAs a general rule, double-drum rollers are most effective on asphalt.
Credit: Bomag
As a general rule, double-drum rollers are most effective on asphalt.
While geosynthetics will provide a proper road base preparation and compaction, equipment and machine control will also help ensure a superior roadbed.
According to Volvo, factors influencing equipment choice include total volume to be moved, material type (excavation class, density, water content, cohesiveness), excavation method (excavator, shovel, loader, need for blasting or hammer), transport method (hauler, rigid truck, on-road truck, scraper, conveyor, dozer), dumping method (in layers, into a crusher, over an edge), placement method (compact in layers, need for ground stabilization), project program (duration, key deadlines, critical path activities), project constraints (need to utilize existing fleet, production targets, the decision to buy, rent, or lease), transport distance (haul road, loading and dumping areas), terrain (gradients, curves, ground conditions), weather, and market tradition.
Stephane Machin, building and utility segment leader for Volvo Construction Equipment, outlines the steps taken to perform mass excavation-the removal of a large amount of top soil, dirt, clay, sand, or waste rocks from a job site-in order to get it in a desired condition for road construction, among other projects.
On most projects, ground conditions range from soft to hard, Machin points out. “In the desert, excavation has to be done with one large excavator, and other machines have to make a second pass to move the sand further away to avoid it floating back into the part being excavated,” he says.
The cut-and-fill method used in hard conditions optimizes the level and gradients on roads and should be examined by geo-experts, Machin says.
“Ideally, the cut material volume should match the compacted fill volume,” he adds. “Different machines can be used, depending on the nature of the material and transportation distances.”
Each part of the process-digging, loading, transporting, dozing, grading, and compacting-should be considered in order to optimize the overall process. The soil type will determine the attachments necessary to accomplish the task in the most productive way.
Soil grains are separated by size into four classifications. Soil types are grouped according to their firmness and deformation properties.
Cohesive soils include silt, which exhibits considerable plasticity and cohesion, and clay, sludge, and mud.
Noncohesive soil includes gravel, which has a rounded shape with no tendency to stick together when wet, and sand, which exhibits considerable variations between the grains and can be easily separated by shaking when dry.
Contractors must look at a machine configuration and understand density of material and material conditions, working conditions, and the sizes of the trucks a machine will be loading, Machin says, adding that digging conditions and mobility are the primary factors to consider for general productivity.
The task for the hydraulic excavator is mass excavation, with large amounts of earth excavated and loaded into trucks to be hauled away. Excavators are common in mass excavation because most of the time it requires digging below grade of material, whereas a wheel loader works above grade with a much wider bucket.
A major performance driver is machine configuration (boom and arm, bucket size, track shoe width, and counterweight). Digging performance considerations include break-out and tear-out forces; speed, boom down speed and two-pump flow for bucket, resulting in faster cycle times and higher productivity; five working modes to select the right mode and efficiency for the application at hand, and dumping height and digging depth.
Credit: VolvoThis Volvo motorgrader brings performance and precision to the job site.
Credit: Volvo
This Volvo motorgrader brings
performance and precision to the job site.
In choosing attachments, the selection of bucket size and type is key to increasing productivity for a higher fill factor and slightly faster cycle time. The bucket size has to be balanced with digging performance. The choice of teeth is also related to digging performance.
Characteristics entailed in using a wheel loader include side loading, with the wheel loader and truck typically on the same level; equipment size dependent on production needs; high demand on production and reliability; specification to be correct for conditions; and a road/floor of variable quality.
In sizing a wheel loader to match a truck fleet, one should consider truck loading height, maneuvering space, and bucket type and size. For use with sand, gravel or blasted rock, it can be beneficial to use wheel loaders, which offer advantages in mobility. They also are ideal for short haul and tight areas, and the buckets are designed to handle a wide range of material types.
Positioning an excavator on a bench above an articulated truck will facilitate faster, easier loading with a goal of maximizing total cycle time. The trick is to match the bucket capacity to the truck capacity so you can load in three to four passes, says Machin.
Loading in mass excavation in under three passes means an oversized bucket in proportion to the truck it is loading, adding more wear and tear on the truck. Under-sizing the excavator in excess of six passes per truck can result in long-term loss of productivity due to increased total cycle time, he adds.
In geotechnical engineering, bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground and not produce shear failure in the soil.
After the mass excavation is done, the ground will have to be compacted, dozed, and graded. Compaction is achieved by “stirring” or vibrating the soil, causing the trapped grains to loosen and fall down into the cavities. The best results are achieved through a combination of vibration and pressure, Machin says.
Any road is essentially a laminate, points out Jon Sjoblad, who handles marketing communications for Caterpillar Paving Products.
“You’re putting down multiple layers upon layers and this laminate adds strength and flexibility to the whole structure and also provides it with some sort of resistance to weather, which are two of the primary goals of any road,” he says. “The fabric is used in less than ideal engineering characteristics from a soil material or there are drainage issues or other types of erosion issues where it’s too expensive to bring in ideal engineering aggregate or it’s just advantageous to use this geo material to solve the problem.”
Once the preliminary earthworks have been created, the scrapers have gone through, and the dozers have leveled it all off to where there is a stripped-down sub-base, at that point there is an assessment made of the sub-base to determine if the soil needs improvement, says Sjoblad.
“One of the ways you can improve it is add soil cement or some sort of binder, or, if you have heavy clays, you can add lime or something like that to improve the suitability of the soil for being used in a foundation,” he says.
“From that point on, you’re trying to add the best aggregate you can afford to put in, and sometimes that’s using what’s nearby, which may not be completely suitable, but it could be something where you have good aggregate available and your laying that down that doesn’t require a lot of treatment,” says Sjoblad.
To treat the sub-base, a rotary mixer, also known as a reclaimer or a stabilizer, is used.
“This machine, the RM500, is like a giant rototiller. It will crawl along and till up the soil, and at that point you can introduce dry material like lime that you spread in front of it, and it will introduce the water to allow it to cure through an in-board spray system,” says Sjoblad.
“You pre-treat all of this less-than-ideal material to improve its engineering capability and its ability to support the layers above it and the load it will eventually carry.”
After a suitable sub-base is established, the base layer is put down.
“These are progressive layers from large to small aggregate designed for drainage purposes,” Sjoblad says. “Every road is designed different. Some of that is based on what is locally available for aggregate because it’s becoming more expensive to haul in ideal aggregate and it’s often a lot cheaper to just deal with what you’ve got and figure out how to do.”
That’s where geotextiles and any type of soil remediation come into play, he adds.
“The layers you put down are subsequently using smaller and smaller aggregate as you go up and that can be spread,” Sjoblad says. “If it’s something that is hauled in, you’re using a CT660 truck or possibly even a larger one depending on the size of the project.”
A larger highway job may call for the use of an articulated truck, he adds.
“You lay the aggregate down as near as possible to allow whatever is coming behind you,” Sjoblad says. “You might use a motor grader to spread the material on an even layer. Each layer is then compacted.
“If it’s something with a little bit of clay to it, it’s probably going to be a pad foot. If it’s more granular material-which is generally what gets laid because it has better drainage properties-you use something like a smooth drum vibratory compactor. They have varying weights, depending on how thick the layer is and the productivity goals.”
Once the contractor reaches the top of the soil layers, the size of the road will dictate how thick and how many layers there are, Sjoblad says.
“At the top, you’re laying a binder course or putting down tack, which is an asphalt spray designed to help create a bond between asphalt courses and aggregate courses. On top of that is a binder course or a leveling course. You’re taking that finished grade you’ve created on your base layers, creating as near to a flat or smooth surface as you can, and filling in any gaps using a wheeled or tracked asphalt paver to do that,” he says.
The AP1055E mobile track series is favored in North America for its ease of use and performance, says Sjoblad.
Once the mat is down, there is a balancing act between time and heat, he says.
“The aggregate comes from a plant,” says Sjoblad. “Typically they’ll have a mobile plant set up somewhere to make the asphalt mix nearby wherever it is they’re working. As they progressively go past that to a certain degree, they’ll set up a new plant down the road.
“The idea is that asphalt has a shelf life from the minute it’s made and it comes out of the plant at a certain temperature-somewhere between about 300 and 250 degrees for hot mix asphalt-and you have a limited amount of time you have to put that down. As you’re transporting it in your truck from the plant to the paver, you’re losing heat.”
As the heat dissipates, the contractor tries to lay it down as quickly as possible because the asphalt compactor that comes behind the screed of the paver has a limited amount of time it can work on break-down phase, which is where one gets the most of the compaction for the asphalt road service, Sjoblad says.
“It comes out of the paver at 75 to 85% compact to spec. You want to get the compactor in the breakdown phase up in the 90s somewhere,” he says. “There is a zone of heat called the tender zone and it’s creeping up behind you as the mat cools a little bit. You have to work on it before this range of temperature hits and when that particular range hits and it’s different for different mixes and aggregate sizes, you have to get off the mat or otherwise you risk damaging the mat.”
For example, damage can occur through fracturing the aggregate, which will affect the longevity of the road and the smoothness of the ride.
“Once the tender zone passes, then you can get on there and do some intermediate compaction and finish up with a final pass to smooth it out,” he adds.
Generally speaking, double drums are for asphalt. Single drums and vibratory soil compactors are for soil, and pneumatics can be used on either one, Sjoblad says.
A double drum is used on breakdown and intermediate compaction, Sjoblad says. Double drums vary in size and have front and back vibratory drums.
“The vibrations jostle around all of the particles of what you’re compacting, allowing them to realign themselves and naturally seek positions that are denser,” he says.
Pneumatic tire compactors provide a different type of compaction action akin to a kneading process and manipulate the material. It can be used on asphalt or soil, says Sjoblad. “They seal the surface up really well, which helps with keeping it weather-tight.”
Obtaining the ideal density comes through a Proctor test of the maximum dry density of a soil.
“There’s moisture content in that soil that makes it ideal for compaction and you’re trying to discover the ideal quantity of water,” says Sjoblad. “You try to compact this stuff to meet the spec based on that benchmark that if the moisture is perfect, this is how compact this can get.”
Cat AccuGrade Compaction Control System is used on vibratory soil compactors. There are two different ways of configuring the system to provide the contractor with measurement, essentially as an assessment or prediction of soil compaction.
The first is Compact Meter Value (CMV).
“The vibrating drum on the front of a soil compactor is like a hammer hitting the soil as you go along,” says Sjoblad. “The system puts an accelerometer on the drum, and it listens for the response of the soil. Anytime you hit something, there’s going to be a reaction, so it’s actually listening for the ring of the soil.”
A clean ring sound denotes that the soil is very dense and very compact; a “thunk” sound indicates otherwise.
“It’s trained to determine whether there is enough ring to meet compaction specification,” says Sjoblad, adding that all products on the market do so, with varying methods and measurements.
Another option is machine drive power (MDP), used on Cat’s new B-Series Vibratory Soil Compactors, designed to mitigate shortcomings of accelerometer-based systems.
MDP does not rely on an accelerometer, but rather measures the amount of soil-rolling resistance and the amount of energy it needs to produce in order to overcome that resistance.
“One of the features of accelerometer-based measurement is that, because you’re striking soil, you’re measuring quite a distance down into the soil,” notes Sjoblad, adding that it can yield results that show something is buried that might affect the strength of the road.
“All kinds of things get found: old tires, railroad ties, tree trunks or branches, clay balls, big boulders-things like that can have a way of eroding from underneath a completed road or transmuting through the road to damage the surface.”
That becomes an ideal time to do excavation to make the sub-base be as free of defects as possible, he says, adding “if you discover there’s a problem after the asphalt is down, it’s an expensive problem to fix.”
MDP, because it’s not striking the soil, offers less susceptibility to variability.
Credit: Wirtgen
Credit: Wirtgen
“When you get onto fines, silt, or cohesive materials like clay, these materials have a natural dampening tendency. You’re not really sure what you’re dealing with; this is called variability,” Sjoblad says. “It’s useful on all materials, so it’s got a wider application range than an accelerometer-based system and can also be used on pad foot or smooth drum machines equipped with pad foot shell kits.”
Another element that plays a role in the creation of a superior road is the application of prime coat material to the top of compacted granular road bases.
“These products have been tested and proven to be beneficial to pavement stability and life expectancy,” points out Chuck Johnson, president of PennzSuppress.
“For years, the most commonly used prime coat material was MC-30, a solvent cutback asphalt that releases volatile organic compounds [VOC’s] and creates ground-level ozone that is harmful to the environment,” he adds. “To significantly reduce VOC emissions, the Clean Air Act prompted regulation that limits the use of solvent cutback asphalt as prime coat and suggests the use of water-based emulsions which are relatively pollution free.”
Credit: PennzSuppresPennzSuppress D has been designed to be a safe, stable, water-based emulsion that contains no VOC solvents and requires no heating.
Credit: PennzSuppres
While water-based asphalt emulsions are readily available, many prime coat substitutes have been found to have shallow penetration potentials, which can reduce effectiveness and cause messy surface tracking, Johnson says.
Johnson says PennzSuppress D is designed to be a safe, stable, water-based emulsion that contains no VOC solvents and requires no heating. Tests show its performance features are comparable to and exceed solvent cutback asphalt, he says, and that it promotes adhesion and strengthens road base surfaces, penetrates deeper than solvent cutback asphalt or water-based emulsion, reduces moisture susceptibility, and migration, and suppresses dust.
Additionally, a gallon of PennzSuppress D covers five times more surface area than a gallon of solvent-cutback asphalt, garnering cost savings, he says.
“It provides road builders the opportunity to use an effective prime coat without compromising air quality,” Johnson adds. GX_bug_web
From the Bottom UpBryan Gee, P.E., likes to borrow a quote from the National Association of County Engineers: “A highway wears out from the top, but it falls apart from the bottom.”
To that end, Gee, who is product manager for Tensar International, says his company’s research with the US Army Corps of Engineers and the company’s products focus on four primary objectives for road construction projects: building on a firm foundation, ensuring good drainage, optimizing the pavement section for project requirements, and, after the road is built, maximizing the life of asphalt overlays.
“We believe and the research shows that making sure a road is built on a firm foundation
is the most important piece of making it last,” Gee says. “It’s also the most important piece of minimizing the road’s life cycle costs because it’s much more expensive to fix the bottom of a pavement section than it is to fix its surface.”
To achieve that, Tensar offers TriAx Geogrid, manufactured from a punched polypropylene sheet oriented in multiple, equilateral directions to form a triangular aperture and designed for high radial stiffness throughout the full 360 degrees.
TriAx Geogrid is used for subgrade stabilization and pavement optimization. Subgrade stabilization is accomplished with TriAx Geogrid by mechanically stabilizing aggregate placed over unstable soil, providing a mechanically stabilized layer (MSL), notes Gee.
“That MSL is stiffer than a comparable layer of aggregate only,” Gee adds. “Geogrid locks the aggregate off so that it stays together, allowing you to take full benefit from the compressive strength of the stone.”
Stone is strong in compression, but it’s a granular material and geogrid confines it in a
way that the stiffness of the layer is increased, Gee says.
“That’s important because the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials’ (AASHTO’s) pavement design methodology takes into account the strength of the subgrade in determining the lifespan of the road,”Gee says.
Achieving that is a two-stage process. The first stage is to get the subgrade stabilized to build on a firm foundation and the second stage is taking into account the requirements for the pavement section being constructed and optimizing the section with available technology, Gee says.
To optimize the pavement, TriAx Geogrid is used to increase the coefficient of the layer
within the AASHTO equation.
“We extend the life of the road because the total stiffness of the pavement is higher than it would be if you just use aggregate without the geogrid,” Gee points out. “The concept of the increasing layer coefficient applies, whether you’re talking about geogrid or not. It has a higher layer coefficient than aggregate.
Credit: TensarTriAx Geogrid’s multidirectional properties leverage triangular geometry to provide enhanced level of in-plane stiffness.
Credit: Tensar
TriAx Geogrid’s multidirectional properties leverage triangular geometry to provide enhanced level of in-plane stiffness.
“If you design your road with more asphalt in relation to aggregate, you’ll get a stiffer pavement, and it will show that it has more life. The geogrid allows you to stiffen the aggregate layer, which is more efficient than just adding asphalt.”
Once a contractor has achieved a stiffened aggregate layer, the overall pavement structure can be modified to achieve the required traffic capacity with the least expensive structure, he adds.
There are several options to optimizing pavement, Gee points out.
“You could create the thinnest possible pavement section to provide the required traffic capacity, or you could leave the pavement section the same, add the geogrid, and dramatically increase the road’s traffic capacity,” he says.
The middle ground: maintaining the same cost as in the original pavement structure that didn’t involve geogrid and removing only enough material from the structure, whether it’s asphalt or aggregate, to pay for the cost of adding the geogrid, Gee says.
“That typically delivers with TriAx Geogrid somewhere in the neighborhood of three times the life for the same cost,” he says. “If you simply add the TriAx and don’t reduce the pavement structure, a typical value would be five or six times the life, but you would be paying more for the pavement.”
The critical factor in terms of pavement optimization is to utilize test data to justify the layer coefficient being used and the trafficking, whether utilizing a geosynthetic product, a geogrid, geotextile, or a chemical stabilization of the aggregate, Gee says.
When it’s new, asphalt is close to impermeable, Gee says.
“But when it weathers and cracks, it becomes more permeable and, as the road ages, water can get into the structure,” he points out. “That’s where it’s important to get the water out of the structure.”
Although the proper design is not tied to any particular product in all cases, he says, in some cases it makes sense to use a geosynthetic that can help drain the road more effectively.
Tensar’s RoaDrain Roadway Drainage System is used for that purpose. The RoaDrain System is a synthetic subsurface drainage layer featuring nonwoven geotextile filters laminated to the top and bottom of a tri-planar geonet core. The RoaDrain System is designed to ensure a void maintaining structure with high compressive strength to resist deformation, with the geotextile material offering separation and filtration of fines and other materials. The RoaDrain product can be placed directly beneath the Portland cement concrete (PCC) surface to remove water rapidly, directly beneath PCC joints and joint repairs, beneath the aggregate base course to shorten the drainage path, and above the subgrade to act as a capillary break over frost-susceptible soils to help eliminate frost heave.
The product is designed to increase flow rate by 500% to quickly remove water and decrease overall drainage time, provide “excellent” drainage as defined by AASHTO (50% water removal from a pavement structure within two hours) to extend pavement life and reduce maintenance costs, and to lower material costs with the reduction of processed structural fill required, among other factors.
“Typical wisdom is that for every inch of asphalt they miss, the reflection of cracks from the underlying old asphalt will be deterred for one year,” says Gee. “A 3-inch thick asphalt overlay would be expected to last three years under typical conditions before the cracks in the underlying asphalt layer reflect to the surface.”
Products such as Tensar’s GlasGrid Pavement Reinforcement System or GlasPave Waterproofing Paving Mat arrest the stresses associated with the propagation of cracks and dissipate the stress so that the cracks don’t reflect to the surface and can extend the life of the overlay, depending on the product used, by three to five times, says Gee.
“Tying all of these concepts together is an overarching concept: You want the failure of your pavement section to occur as high and as close to the surface as possible, because the closer it is to the surface, the easier it is to fix,” Gee points out.
“That’s why we start with building on a firm foundation, then we want to optimize the pavement, and then we focus on the asphalt,” he adds. “If the foundation and the pavement design are done correctly, then you truly have the option to have a perpetual pavement…. As the surface layer of asphalt wears off, you mill it off and replace it with more asphalt. The underlying structure stays intact, and, in the life cycle of the road, that’s the most efficient way to extend the life. The alternative is if you have a failure lower down, you have to rebuild more of the road or the entire structure.”
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obsidian sphere
Rainbow Obsidian Sphere
$69.95 exc. GST
The first known archaeological evidence of usage was in Kariandusi and other sites of the Acheulian age (beginning 1.5 million years BP) dated 700,000 BC, although the number of objects found at these sites were very low relative to the Neolithic. The Ancient Egyptians used obsidian imported from the eastern Mediterranean and southern Red Sea regions.
Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans’ use of obsidian was extensive and sophisticated; including carved and worked obsidian for tools and decorative objects. To the Aztecs, obsidian was a divine stone, thought to be a form of blood originating from deep in the earth. It was sacred to the god Tezcatlipoca (“Smoking Mirror”), who presided over magic, divination, the night sky, and ancestral memory.
John Dee devoted most of his life to Hermetic Philosophy, Alchemy and Divination. It is believed that he would use black obsidian for scrying and divination.
Black obsidian is regarded by many as the superior tool for scrying practice.
Size: 7cm diameter.
In stock |
Social/Dominance Agression
Aggression: The number one reason why animals are given up to the shelter or euthanized. Aggression can be a very scary thing to see, but knowing the reason behind the aggression can give you a better understanding of why your pet acts the way it does and in most cases with time and consistency, the behavior can be modified.
There are several different types of aggression and we’ll focus on the number 1 type in this blog: Social/dominance aggression.
Dominance aggression is when there is social hierarchy. It is displayed when the social structure is challenged. This is usually displayed in a group of dogs and the Alpha dog (the “top dog”) is challenged by a dog lower in the hierarchy. This can happen over food, a comfortable place to rest, or a mate. This type of aggression needs to happen to avoid fights in the future. The challenges will happen for a couple of days until the hierarchy is established. But please, don’t let it get too far out of control. Challenges are more of a “show of aggression” such as growling or snarling and possibly a nip. Try to snap the dogs out of it if it starts to get too serious. However, it is important to remember NEVER to get between two dogs that are fighting. Your safety comes first! Once the hierarchy is established, it usually only takes a direct stare or threat of charging from the “Alpha” to diffuse any possible future confrontation. This type of aggression can also occur due to “scarce resources”, such as food, treats, the desired place to rest, and even your attention.
The fix: when bringing in a new puppy or new adult dog, have the new dog take a submissive position to the existing dog(s). If you know that you have an existing dog that is a dominant dog, it would be helpful if the first meeting was made in neutral territory- such as a park. Make the new dog lie on its back and allow the other dog to sniff it. If needed, use a leash on the existing dog to keep contact minimal. Once contact has been made, and no aggression occurs, rewarding each dog with praise helps avoid future rumbles. Treats are effective as well, but make sure the existing dog gets the treat first. You don’t want to start a fight over treats! In most aggressive dogs, a good start is to 1.) make sure the dog is getting plenty of exercise to spend any pent-up energy. 2.) solidify basic obedience with the dog. Making the dominant/aggressive dog perform a submissive behavior (such as “sit”, “down”, “stay”) before whatever the trigger for the aggression happens, takes them out of that aggressive mind set.
Social aggression in cats is most often seen in confined cats, since most feral cats are more solitary. Have you ever seen two cats walk past each other and then all of a sudden one pounces? They lay on their sides, belly-to-belly, clawing and biting until one jumps up and runs off. These cats are deciding who is going to be dominant. Much like dogs, confined cats will form a social hierarchy. Unlike dogs, however, the aggression may continue even after the hierarchy if formed. In the rare case that a feral group forms a hierarchy, it usually depends on size in females and age in males.
The Fix: when bringing in new cat, allow one room for the new cat to have all to itself and keep the door closed for a good 2-3 days. That way, the existing cat in the house has time to hear and smell the new cat without seeing it, thus reducing stress on both sides. After the first couple of days, swap the bedding and food dishes of the two cats. This gives the other even a better sniff. Finally, after about a week, leave the door to the new cat’s room slightly ajar and let the new cat wonder out on its own. If it does start to feel stressed or aggressed upon, the new cat has “safe place” to return to. For a funny telling of this first encounter, you can watch this video:
Adding a new cat by Dr. Andy Roark
Thanks for reading! If you have any questions, please feel free to leave them in a comment below, or email me at
Angela =^^=
Heritage Veterinary Hospital
Behavior Counselor
Domestic Animal Behavior by Katherine Houpt
Canine and Feline Behavior Problems by Dr. Stephanie Schwartz
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Climate Change Explained in 165 Words
The moon has no atmosphere so it is scorching hot (+100C) during the day and bitterly cold (-150C) at night. The Earth has an atmosphere made up of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. Over 150 years ago scientists proved that CO2 traps heat from the sun. We also know without any doubt that burning fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal emits CO2.
Measurements, not computer models or theories, measurements show that there is now 46% more CO2 in the atmosphere than 150 years ago before massive use of fossil fuels. That extra CO2 is like putting another blanket on at night even though you are already nice and warm.
The Earth is now 1.0 C hotter on average according to the latest measurements. Heat is a form of energy and with so much more energy in our atmosphere our weather system is becoming supercharged resulting in stronger storms, worse heat waves, major changes in when and where rain falls and more.
[For story behind this explanation – a Russian journalist and a bar are involved – click here. (only 320 words!)]
terrifying co2 graph
Graphic by Peter Gleick, President-Emeritus/Chief Scientist Pacific Institute
These climate experts publish studies in peer-reviewed journals like Nature or Science. There is a something called the ‘Oregon Petition’ that claims otherwise. However some of the signatories are fraudulent, such as Charles Darwin and members of the Spice Girls, and less than 1% of signatories have backgrounds in climate science.
3 thoughts on “Climate Change Explained in 165 Words
1. I’ll right away seize your rss as I can not in finding your e-mail subscription hyperlink or
e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Kindly allow me realize so that I may subscribe.
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Babbie Chapter 1 Flashcards Preview
Reflections On Academic Discourse > Babbie Chapter 1 > Flashcards
Flashcards in Babbie Chapter 1 Deck (21):
Define logical
It must make sense
Define empirical
It must not contradict actual observation
Define epistemology (and methodology)
The science of knowing (the science of finding out)
Explain probabilistic
The effects of an event occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are absent, but the effects do not always occur when the causes do.
Explain ordinary human inquiry
Aiming to answer "what" and "why" questions by observing and figuring out.
Difference between tradition and authority
Tradition is believing what everyone else believes, authority is believing an expert.
How do you avoid overgeneralization?
Use a sufficiently large sample of observations and repeating a study to receive the same results (replication). Then one can repeat the study under slightly different conditions, to get a greater understanding.
Explain selective observation
Having found a particular pattern and a general understanding, you then focus on future events that fit the pattern and not on those that don't.
Explain the gambler's fallacy (illogical reasoning)
A streak of good or bad luck is presumed to foreshadow the opposite, however this is not true, and thus is illogical reasoning.
Explain the premodern view
There is one point of view that all people in a society see as true and anyone who does not believe the same is wrong (e.g a tribe saying a spirit in a tree is evil will be that tribes belief, and anyone who says the spirit is good is wrong).
Explain the modern view
There are many different beliefs and they are not right or wrong, they are simply beliefs (there is a spirit in the tree, but he is not good or evil).
Explain the postmodern view
All that is "real" is just an image in each person's mind, nothing really exists.
Define attributes
Characteristics or qualities that describe an object.
Define variables
Logical groupings of attributes, attributes make up variables.
Difference between dependent and independent variables
Dependent variables is a variable that is caused by an independent variable. An independent variable is a variable with values that are not problematic in an analysis. A variable might be dependent in one analysis but independent in another.
Define idiographic
An approach to explanation that exhausts idiosyncratic (unique, distinct) causes of an event or condition. Looking at one specific event.
Define nomothetic
Seeking to identify a few causal factors that generally impact a class of conditions or events. A partial explanation for a group of events.
Define induction
The logical model in which general principles are developed from specific observations.
Define deduction
The logical model in which specific expectations are developed on the basis of general principles.
Define qualitative data
Nonnumerical data
Define quantitative data
Numerical data |
Unit 3B: Consciousness Flashcards Preview
AP Psychology > Unit 3B: Consciousness > Flashcards
Flashcards in Unit 3B: Consciousness Deck (73):
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. The process of evaluating the environment and filtering this information through the mind will being aware of this process.
William James
Introduce the stream of consciousness which refers to the float in the conscious mind. He believes the consciousness was a stream of thought.
Robert Sternberg
Team did a mental ability, created to help us adapt to the world and establish our personal identity. Mental reality that we create to adapt to the world. Consciousness is monitoring ourselves and how we respond to our environment
Levels of consciousness
The measurement of a person's arouse ability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment
Awareness or perception of an inward psychological or spiritual fact: intuitively perceive knowledge of something in one's inner self. Level that we are currently aware of.
Controlled by the mind; part of us is aware of it but we are not aware of it taking place. Consciousness of our body; heart beating, eating, peeing. It keeps us alive
Consists of information we are not currently aware of but have easy access to for example things in your memory.
Subconscious (subliminal)
Beneath the surface; deals with information we are not aware of the processes the information so fast we know it exists. Such as when you meet someone you subconsciously react to their gender, race, and appearance
Mere exposure effect
Our tendency to prefer previously seen people or things. A psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar to them
Associating things with things you already know. And increased sensitivity to certain stimuli due to prior experience. Because priming is believed took her outside conscious awareness it is different from memory that relies on the direct retrieval of information.
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
When information is available but difficult to access
Information that was stored but it's too difficult to deal with so we repress them. The Fradian slip: when you say something you didn't mean to but you really did.
Daydreams and walking fantasies
A constructive part of everybody's repertoire of behaviors. Daydreams can help us prepare for future events by keeping us aware of our unfinished business and giving us the chance to monthly rehearsed. Fantasies enhance creativity of scientists writers and artists. It also nurses social and cognitive development in children.
The irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb: the mantle that covers human thought: sweet, renewing, mysterious sleep
Biological rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations affecting human functioning. Annual cycles 28 day cycle's 24-hour cycles and 90 minutes cycles all are all biological rhythm
Circadian rhythm
Biological clock or a schedule of when we wake and when you sleep
Awake stage
More stressed=bigger alpha waves
Stage one
Consists of light sleep which lasts up to five minutes, you may experience fantastic images, resembling hallucinations. You may have a sensation of falling a floating weightless sleep. The waves fluctuate between alpha, beta, data; this is called sleep onset
Stage two
A more relaxed deep sleep, characterized by the periodic a period of sleep spindles-bursts of rapid rhythmic brainwave activity. Total lasts up to about 20 minutes and the skeletal muscles begin to relax
Stage III and four
A transitional stage in which the brain him it's large, slow delta waves stage III consists of deep sleep and it is difficult to wake people up during the stage. Both stages three and four last for about 30 minutes children tend to sleepwalker what the bed at the end of the stages in stage for the body begins to replenish itself and fortifies the immune system
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches but other body systems are active. Brain waves look like the awake stage the states left about 100 minutes throughout the night; 600 hours a year; 100,000 dreams in a lifetime
Reasons for sleep
Number one: protective role in evolution number two: recuperate and restore body tissue number three-the brain repairs and organize itself; consolidates memories number four-link to pituitary growth hormone for kids
Sleep debt
The cumulative amount of sleep lost from insufficient sleep, regardless of cause. Do you mount to sleep you know yourself from insufficient sleep
Reoccurring problems and falling or staying asleep. Exercise and regular sleep patterns may aid insomnia. 10 to 15% of adults complaining of insomnia. It is usually temporary but can because by stress alcohol and caffeine
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer many laps directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Only lasts a few minutes but can cause people to get their drivers licenses evoked due to danger.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Stops breathing for about half a minute, they wake up this morning and trying to breathe. Usually an older fat man. Can happen up to 100 times a night.
Sleepwalking AKA somnambulism
Walking while you're sleeping. Usually happens in stages three or four of sleep.
Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occurred during stage for sleep, within two or three hours falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Mostly ordinary events, but involve anxiety rather than try amp or achievement.
Lucid dreams
Any dream in which one is aware that they are dreaming.
A frightening or unpleasant dreams. Usually happen early morning ram sleep and are highly emotional. Nightmare as mature as you mature.
Manifest content
According to Freud, the remembered storyline of the dream (as distinct from its related content). It is the literal part of the dream.
Latent content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of the dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
Activation synthesis theory
Dreams are random brain activity that activate things like the limbic system and it makes a situation from it.
Information processing theory
The belief that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the days experiences in her memory. Help this process information and stored into memory
REM rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. When you sleep in class you go straight to rem sleep.
A social interaction in which one person suggest another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic amnesia
The suppose it inability to recall that one experience during hypnosis. Temporary memory loss after hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestion
Hey suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. Can treats chronic pain. Can reduce blood pressure, hope quit smoking, help with weight loss, help with stress related skin disorders
Very southern normally distributed curve. One: person has a rich fantasy life. Two: the ability to follow directions well. Three: focus intensely on a task for a long time.
Social influence theory
The change in behavior that one person causes another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the change person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people, and society in general. Hypnosis is the byproduct of the new normal and social cognitive process.
Role theory
When someone is not actually hypnotize but they take on the role of hypnotize person. They follow directions for fantastical effects.
Divided consciousness theory
A psychological state in which one's consciousness split into distinct components, possibly during hypnosis. The split an awareness
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hilgard and the hidden observer
The idea that one part of the person who's being hypnotized while being but is conscious of other things such as pain. Refer to ice bucket example.
Psychoactive drugs
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs affect
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an active drug; mental and physical pain are both present.
Physical dependence
If physiological need for a drunk, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. People have intense cravings for drugs.
Physiological dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. Stress drugs usually. Based on expectations.
Blood-brain barrier
Thick walls that surround the blood vessels and protects it from toxins. Drug molecules are small so they get through.
A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with the receptor. They mimic neurotransmitters.
A substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another. They block narrow transmitters and reuptake so it leaves an abundance in the brain. The brain becomes dependent
Synergistic effect
Enhancement of one subject more than another. Two or more substances in the liver in the liver can't handle it and it makes the substance more potent and it can't filter.
Drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They depress the CNX which means they slow down neural activity
Being mentally or emotionally exhilarated by a substance.
A volatile from the liquid that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks. Alcohol decreases dopamine levels, reduces peoples attention and motor ability, dizziness, slurred speech, impaired judgment, repaired reflexes, respiratory failure can be caused by an excess of alcohol. 10% of people are left with irreversible brain damage because of alcohol
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Richards can cause sleepiness. They can cause respiratory depression. They are highly addictive. They are also dangerous when mixed with alcohol or opiates.
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Coding-pain prescriptions. Heroin is the most physically addictive drug because it changes brain chemistry very quickly.
Drugs used to reduce anxiety. Also known as tranquilizers. They reduce anxiety without causing sleepiness.
Drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine, that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. It can cause euphoria.
Caffeine accelerated heart rate, constricts blood vessels and reduces adenosine which is a CNS regulator. Can cause irritability and anxiety. Insomnia and polyuria
A mixture of stimulant and a depressant. It's speed you up and calms you down as needed. It decreases appetite. Causes euphoria and dizziness.
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. Increases in body temperature are known to be associated with amphetamines. It stimulates the product of dopamine and adrenaline. High doses can cause problems and motor functions.
Extremely potent and concentrated. It increases the heart rate and blood pressure, boost self-confidence and makes you feel invincible, releases dopamine and serotonin and norepinephrine, causes aggression and is highly addictive. The high does not usually last long.
Ecstasy (MDMA)
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy. Short-term health risks consist of dehydration which can lead to heat stroke. Long-term health risks consist of impaired memory and cognitive functions which made and lead to heart problems.
A synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects than amphetamines, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure. Methamphetamine increases libido, is known to cause headaches, diarrhea, obsessive thoughts, and skin deterioration.
Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD also known as acid that distort perceptions and Eve Oak sensory images in the absence of sensory input. They distort judgment like time. They remain in the body for weeks. Peyote and sidenote Kaidon mushrooms are known as hallucinogens.
Known to distort reality, effects are not predictable, people lose their consciousness in their identity. Can cause sensory synesthesia would your senses overlap. Affects our serotonin levels. A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (list surgical acid diethylamide.
Also known as THC, the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. Marijuana can distort perceptions of reality, give the idea that you're good at things such as driving, lowers testosterone levels, affects memory retrieval
Near-death experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest) often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
Presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.
The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. |
Vulvar, Vaginal, and Cervical Pathology - Behmaram Flashcards Preview
M2 Endo/Repro > Vulvar, Vaginal, and Cervical Pathology - Behmaram > Flashcards
Flashcards in Vulvar, Vaginal, and Cervical Pathology - Behmaram Deck (20):
Describe the two epithelia found in the cervix.
What separates them?
Stratified (non-keratinizing) squamous and simple columnar.
Separated by the squamocolumnar junction in the transformation zone (in turn within the cervical os)
Besides squamous epithelium, what other cell types may be found in the cervix?
How does the stroma compare to that of the uterus?
Endocervical glands (this will comprise a subset of cervical cancers), leukocytes, vessels, muscles blahblah.
More fibrous, with fewer muscle fibers.
What can be found on a pap smear?
Primarily used to find cervical squamous dysplasia (not great for finding adenoid dysplasia) but can also identify infectious elements.
Describe the structure of an endocervical polyp.
What are its complications?
A mass of glandular or squamous tissue protruding through the cervix.
It may bleed. That's it--no malignant potential.
What is the single greatest risk factor for cervical (and vaginal, and vulvar) neoplasia?
What behaviors increase this risk?
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33).
Sexual exposure at a young age, promiscuity in general.
How common are HPV infections?
Where, specifically, does it infect?
Almost ubiquitous, 75-80% acquire it before age 50, about half of reproductive-age women (large spike in incidence in 20s-30s)
Infects the basal layer of the epithelium (stratum basale?)
HPV-related cervical (and vaginal, and vulvar) dysplasia is graded based on the thickness of epithelial involvement. Name 4 of these stages and distinguish between them.
How do they exchange with one another?
CIN I (involves less than the basal 1/3; "LSIL"), CIN II (less than 2/3), CIN III (almost all), CIS (full-thickness).
They may progress or regress. Note that more advanced dysplasia is less likely to regress.
What are the hallmarks seen on pap smear of HPV infection?
Name some immunostains that can ID HPV.
Koilocytes (in low-risk or in Condyloma acuminatum), increased N:C ratio, smaller cells, more atypia and mitoses.
HPV DNA, Ki-67, p16INK4.
Cervical cancer usually involves squamous epithelium, but may involve glandular tissue (adenocarcinoma).
How common is this?
What is the main risk factor?
What challenges does this present?
Only comprises about 15-20% of cervical cancers.
Still HPV infection!
Pap smears are of reduced sensitivity since adenoid tissue is not shed as readily.
What is the rarest subtype of cervical carcinoma?
How are they all treated?
Small cell carcinoma.
Radical hysterectomy!
Who should receive a pap smear? How often?
What should be done upon a positive pap result?
Anyone between 21 and 65 (except those with hysterectomies). Every 3-5 years.
Follow up with colposcopy and biopsy.
Describe the structure of an HPV vaccine.
Describe the two vaccine preparations.
What should women receive following their vaccines?
Recombinant L1 protein (capsid) with aluminum adjuvant.
Gardasil (quadrivalent) protects from 6/11/16/18, Cervarix (bivalent) protects from 16/18.
Continued pap smears! Not every serotype is covered.
What serovars of HPV are "high-risk"?
What makes them high risk?
16, 18, 31, 33.
These express the genes E6 and E7, which respectively inhibit p53 and Rb (important tumor-suppressors). They are also more likely to integrate into the host cell genome and persist.
What are Bartholin's glands? Where are they located?
What epithelium lines the vestibule?
Vestibular glands which produce mucus. Located at "4 and 8 o'clock".
Non-keratinizing stratified squamous.
The external vulva is essentially skin. Therefore, any skin condition can manifest there.
Name 3 besides squamous cell carcinoma.
Basal cell carcinoma
Contact dermatitis (and probably a thousand other dermatites)
Between lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus, which:
1. Is a secondary process?
2. Features thinning of the epidermis?
3. Appears with leukoplakia?
4. Feels like leather?
5. Occurs mainly in the premenarchal or post-menopausal?
6. Can develop into squamous cell carcinoma?
1. Lichen simplex chronicus
2. Lichen sclerosus
3. Both!
4. Lichen simplex chronicus
5. Lichen sclerosus
6. Lichen sclerosus
Both vulvar and vaginal dysplasia can result from infection with high-risk HPV serovars. Describe their classifications.
What are the long-term consequences?
Follows the same grading based on epithelial depth of involvement as in cervical dysplasia (CIN).
Abbreviated VIN, VAIN.
Both can progress to cancer or fully regress.
Describe the appearance of cells in extramammary paget's disease.
IHC hallmarks?
Red, scaly plaques with epidermal malignancy (usually no underlying mesenchymal cancer). Large and pale cells.
Mucin, cytokeratin (CK7)
Unlike in cervical cancer, adenocarcinomas of the vagina arise from a teratogen exposure.
What is the teratogen, and what is the condition (and cancer) called?
DES exposure in utero causes vaginal adenosis which predisposes for clear cell carcinoma!
A 4-year old boy presents to your clinic with a soft, polypoid mass on his penis. Histology reveals "primitive cells".
What is the diagnosis?
This is embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides). Note it can occur in either the vagina of young girls or the penis of young boys!
Decks in M2 Endo/Repro Class (57): |
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Picture This
How Pictures Work
by Molly Bang(ill.)
Picture This by Molly Bang
Buy this eBook
US$ 17.99
Molly Bang's brilliant, insightful, and accessible treatise is now revised and expanded for its 25th anniversary. Bang's powerful ideas—about how the visual composition of images works to engage the emotions, and how the elements of an artwork can give it the power to tell a story—remain unparalleled in their simplicity and genius. Why are diagonals dramatic? Why are curves calming? Why does red feel hot and blue feel cold? First published in 1991, Picture This has changed the way artists, illustrators, reviewers, critics, and readers look at and understand art.
Chronicle Books LLC; August 2016
152 pages; ISBN 9781452154220
Read online, or download in secure EPUB
Title: Picture This
Author: Molly Bang
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Interest in the lifestyles of the rich and famous varies with economic conditions. Just as someone who is seven feet, or two meters, tall may seem almost normal at a National Basketball Association practice session, the purchases of the wealthy typically attract little notice when inequality is low and stable. But when inequality is high and growing rapidly, luxury purchases are sometimes as hard to ignore as a seven- foot sixth grader.
When "The Great Gatsby" was first published in 1925, income and wealth disparities were at record levels. It is thus no mystery that F. Scott Fitzgerald's saga of wealthy Americans during the Jazz Age became an instant best-seller.
Inequality diminished rapidly during the Great Depression and remained low until the 1970s. But since then, it has again been rising sharply. Disparities today are once more at record levels, which may help explain the resurgence of interest in Gatsby. Fitzgerald's novel was recently selected, for example, for common reading programs at Cornell and other universities, programs in which students, faculty, alumni and staff are encouraged to read and discuss the same book as the academic year begins.
With my last literature course, taken in high school, just a dim memory, I was naturally apprehensive when Cornell administrators asked me to speak at the university's Gatsby convocation for incoming freshmen last week. In the process of preparing for that assignment, however, I was delighted to discover the extent to which my economics training actually seemed to illuminate important elements of the novel's story line.
Consider, for example, the link between wealth and personal attractiveness. Everyone wants a house in a safe neighborhood with good schools, but those with low incomes cannot be sure of getting one. So, economists are not surprised that women mention earning power at or near the top of the list when surveyed about traits they find attractive in men. Gatsby understood that his humble station in life made him an unlikely suitor for his coveted Daisy. And so he labored with singular focus and determination to achieve material success on the grandest scale possible.
Continue reading the main story
The theory of compensating wage differentials helps illuminate a particular detail of this quest. This theory holds that the more unpleasant and risky a job is, the more it pays. Some of the largest available pay premiums, it turns out, are those paid to highly qualified people who are willing to do morally questionable work. Tobacco industry consultants, for example, were once paid extremely high fees for their willingness to testify under oath that smoking had not been shown to cause serious illnesses. Gatsby realized that to have any chance of achieving his goal, he could not be cautious or squeamish.
Fitzgerald never reveals the precise details of how Gatsby amassed his fortune. But he leaves little doubt that Gatsby's work was not just morally suspect, but also well outside the law. Gatsby surely realized that if he were caught and punished, his dream would evaporate. But no matter. A less risky path would have meant certain failure.
The burgeoning literature on the determinants of human well-being also sheds light on events in Gatsby. Once the almost exclusive domain of psychologists, happiness studies began to attract the attention of economists after Richard Easterlin posed a timeless question in an influential 1974 paper. Does money buy happiness? Current research supports seemingly contradictory answers to this question.
One is that in any given country, the average level of measured happiness remains essentially unchanged over time, even in the face of substantial growth in average incomes. But if getting more money does not make us happier, why do people often struggle so hard to earn more? An answer is suggested by other studies showing that within any given country at a single point in time, people are happier, on average, the more money they have. To the extent money influences measured happiness levels, then, it is relative, not absolute, income that seems to matter.
But since Gatsby's income was enormous, in both relative and absolute terms, why wasn't he happy? Researchers have identified other factors that affect happiness levels far more than income does. For example, happiness levels rise substantially with the number of close friends someone has. One of the most striking scenes in the novel is of Gatsby's funeral, which almost no one bothered to attend. In his single-minded pursuit of material success, he appears to have developed no real friendships at all.
Gatsby's unhappiness may also be explained in part by the finding that those who focus most consciously and intensely on material success also tend to experience low levels of measured happiness. This is a singularly important finding for the many incoming freshmen whose only apparent goal is to become fabulously wealthy by age 25.
A far more promising strategy, according to the happiness literature, is to seek work you love. Those who find such a calling typically become deeply engaged in their professional lives. And engagement, in turn, leads to expertise, which in some fields, at least, leads to wealth. Finding work that you value for its own sake is thus not only a promising path to happiness, it may also increase your chances of becoming rich. But even if not, it will improve your odds of becoming an interesting person, someone who is attractive to both friends and potential mates alike.
F. Scott Fitzgerald probably would have appreciated this finding. For although the novelist himself married a wealthy woman, he advised others not to marry for money. "Go where the money is," he counseled, "then marry for love."
Robert H. Frank, an economist at the Johnson School of Management at Cornell University, is the co-author, with Ben Bernanke, of "Principles of Economics." E-mail:
Continue reading the main story |
Reducing Your Ecological Footprint
Seth Coe
What Is an Ecological Footprint
An ecological footprint is a measure of human impact on Earth's ecosystems. Its typically measured in area of wilderness or amount of natural capital consumed each year.
My Ecological Footprint
My ecological footprint Is that I would use about 5.4 earths and needs 24.2 acres.
My Ecological Calculator
I Chose this calculator because it made finding your footprint fun. Some of the questions were kind of hard but its still easy enough to figure out.
What Is A Carbon Market
A market that is created from the trading of carbon emission allowances to encourage or help countries and companies to limit their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
5 Ways To Reduce Your Ecological Footprint
1. Turn off light and other electronics when not in use.
2. Use florescent light bulbs instead of regular ones.
3. Don't mess with your thermostat a bunch leave It alone.
4. Only use electronics when needed
5. Hang up your clothes outside on a line and not use a dryer |
The Washington region, more than any other major U.S. urban area, draws immigrants from across Latin America. Unlike Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago or New York, no single nationality dominates the Hispanic population here. The creation of this multiethnic community can be traced to Washington's unique role as the nation's capital.
Hispanic migration to the city began in the years immediately after World War II, when Latin American embassies proliferated and international organizations were established here. Many of the professionals who staffed those organizations put down roots in Washington, bringing domestic workers who also remained--and sent word home that the city was a place of opportunity.
At the same time, particularly as President Lyndon B. Johnson began his "war on poverty," the growing federal government attracted significant numbers of educated, American-born workers of Puerto Rican and Mexican ancestry from other parts of the country.
But Washington soon became a primary destination for refugees who grew up in countries where the capital city served as the traditional center of commerce, culture and education.
In the 1950s and '60s, Caribbean revolutions brought Cubans and Dominicans. In the late '70s and early '80s, Andean drought spurred Peruvians and Bolivians. With the '80s and '90s came the largest wave, tens of thousands of Salvadorans, Guatemalans and Nicaraguans fleeing civil war in Central America.
A significant demographic divide exists between the newest arrivals and the more established Latinos. A survey conducted by The Washington Post, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University indicates that Latinos born in the United States are far more prosperous and better educated than the immigrants, and trace their ancestry to a different mix of countries. In fact, they are slightly better educated than the rest of the Washington region.
There are significant differences among immigrants, as well.
About one in four area Latino immigrants was born in South America, making Washington one of the few cities in the United States with a large concentration of residents from those nations.
Many of those families originated in the urban middle class, and the survey shows that they are better educated and more prosperous than the area's other Latino immigrants.
Jorge and Rocio Venegas are among them. University graduates and high school teachers in Bolivia, the couple first saw Washington in 1978. Now Jorge supervises a Sodexho Marriott housekeeping unit of 21 workers. One child is in college; the other is college bound.
The United States "gave my son and daughter their education and their opportunity to live a better life," said Venegas, 48, who purchased a house in Arlington 12 years ago. "I can return to my country with my wife, but in our country, they won't have the same opportunity they have here."
Nearly 60 percent of Latino immigrants in the Washington area identify themselves as natives of Central America, and two in five describe themselves as Salvadorans--the largest community in the region's Hispanic mosaic. Large portions of some Salvadoran villages--Chirilagua and Intipuca, among them--have resettled in Washington and its suburbs. Because so many of those immigrants fled rural areas during the civil wars, their education and income levels are particularly low, according to the survey.
The diversity and newness of the Hispanic population has complicated efforts to unite the community in a political bloc.
The survey suggests that the region's Latino immigrants have maintained particularly strong ties to their homelands. The vast majority remain legal citizens abroad, and more than a third have voted in their native country since coming to the United States.
Fewer than half of Washington area Latinos are U.S. citizens, and barely a third of the population is registered to vote.
"Only if they organize can they make things better here," said Francisco Pacheco, a Salvadoran activist and former guerrilla organizer now teaching community leadership classes to Latinos in suburban Maryland. "The idea is to wake up their interest in a common community. It is very difficult but not impossible."
Washington's Latinos: Rich Diversity
For all Latino adults, including immigrants
Washington Area The Nation
Central American 48% 10%
Salvadoran 31 6
Guatemalan 9 1
South American 24 6
Puerto Rican 8 10
Mexican 7 61
Cuban 2 5
Other 10 8
Note: The numbers don't add up to 100 percent due to rounding. |
Tuesday, January 28, 2014
Blog 7 Write about a genetic diseases that runs in your family include symptoms, treatment, a picture, genetics and reference
A genetic disease that runs in my family is anemia which a medical condition in which the red blood cell count or hemoglobin is less than normal. It's symptoms are easy fatigue and loss of energy, unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise, shortness of breath, dizziness, headache and pale skin. Anemia can be treated with taking iron supplement pills and getting enough iron in your food will correct most cases of iron deficiency anemia. Treatments may include dietary changes or supplements, medicines, procedures, and many others depending on your condition. My grandfather from my father'side had anemia and so did my great uncle but none of my parents have signs of it.
Blog 6 Write an explanation of dominant and recessive alelles appropriate for a jr high class
Dominant alleles are alleles that comes out to be the same outside appearance no matter what and recessive alleles are alleles that comes out to be the same as the original only when paired with an identical allele. For example when a dominant white rose pairs with a recessive pink rose the result will come out to be dominant white and not recessive pink but when a recessive pink pairs with recessive pink then the result will be recessive pink.
Blog 5- If animals were capable of regeneration like a planarian, how do you think it would affect the ecosystem?
If animals were capable of regeneration like a planarian, then more animals are able to found on the Earth and more plants can grow more with their decomposed fertilization of he soil however it can also lead to soil overuse and damage. The animals can also survive for a lot longer which also provides most of us in the world with more food and resources. With the increased food and resources comes an increase in the human population too. However then people would have to limit the amount of breeding can occur since having animals that can regenerate leads to a lesser need for more children. Animals can also be less extinct if they were able to regenerate.
Friday, January 24, 2014
Do You think a community like Gattaca is good or bad? Why? Blog #4
I think that a community like Gattaca is bad because the fact that everything is decided on your genes and if you had a disease or disorder then you would not get the job that you wanted to pursue. Having a community like Gattaca would ruin the equal order of society that we have in our society today. A community based on genes is one with unequality and disorder due to the fact that you have a gene that would benefit to put money into. A lot of revolts can also come from this kind of community due to fact that people with the wrong types of gene would be discriminated and put to work in lowly jobs just because there would money loss if anything would have happened to that person with the gene disorder.
Should we know our genome?? Blog#3 (Semester 2)
I believe that we should know our genome because then we would be able to change our life before anything fatal happens to us. Knowing our genome would allow us to plan out our life carefully and enable us to choose whether or not we want to be able to change our future or not. However our genome should be confidential and only known to the ones that we want known to since it would cause many difficulties in our lives since insurance would't be guaranteed or even given due to the fact that the gene is within you. Even though knowing our genome would cause us many difficulties in life such as in finding a job, getting insurance, and perhaps even getting married. Yet knowing that you have a harmful gene can also help you cure it allowing you to have a better future.
Sunday, January 19, 2014
Reproduction and Insights On Baby Lab Blog #2 (Semester 2)
Reproduction is the biological process by which new offspring or organisms are produced through their parents. There are two types of reproduction which are asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction can reproduce by itself and does not need another however a sexual needs both individuals or known as gametes. Meiosis is a way to create gametes which allows offspring are created. Life without reproduction would result in un-natural ways since life would not go on well with new people and life to support. Without reproduction, life would not sustain since no evolution and new life would take place. Sexual reproduction is kind of like a lottery since, for example, in meiosis there are different sets of chromosomes that the offspring would get in order to produce them just like a lottery draw where the possibilities are kind of endless.
In the baby lab, I realized that the offspring's genotype and phenotype depends on the parent's genotype and phenotype. Also that sometimes a trait could be prominent in the child but not in both the parents meaning that they have received from the grandparents since traits could be recessive in the parents but passed down to be dominant in the child. The baby lab showed me that traits could be passed down from any other descendant due to the fact that they could be dominant or recessive.
Wednesday, January 15, 2014
Career- Genetic Counselor Blog #1 (Semester 2)
The genetic counseling process helps people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. Genetic counselors are health professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling. They provide a critical service to individuals and families considering undergoing genetic testing by helping them identify their risks for certain disorders, investigate family health history, interpret information and determine if testing is needed.In order to become a genetic counselor you would have to first earn a bachelor degree in biology or health-care related field to enroll in a master's degree program. Course work that focuses on genetics,biochemistry, and statistics are needed in order to become a good counselor. You would also need a master's degree for positions and when you have achieved it then you would have to become certified and licensed in order to treat other patients. Usually a lot of work experience and volunteer work with helping elders or others are some training that is involved in order to understand and work well with the patients that would approach you. The average salary is estimated as $49,195 – 64,208 annually since they could also earn additional money. |
Purpose of an analysis essay
Purpose of an analysis essay, How to develop and write an analytic essay argument requires analysis remember also that your purpose in writing an essay is not merely to paraphrase or.
The purpose of a literary analysis essay is to carefully examine and sometimes evaluate a work of literature or an aspect of a work of literature. Clear instructions with outlines and sample essay forms for writing summary, analysis, and response essays. Now that we’ve declared the most common mistake among rhetorical analysis papers, let’s begin his or her goal or purpose of writing their piece. Claim or purpose thesis summary of the analysis explains though grose begins the essay by effectively persuading her readers of the. Essay final_comments addeddoc page 1 of 1 persuasive analytical essay the purpose of a persuasive analytical essay is to present and argue for a. What is the definition of textual analysis a: this includes taking into account the purpose of the what can be included in an essay about what thanksgiving.
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Need essay sample on analysis of “accidentally on purpose” - analysis of “accidentally on purpose” introduction we will write a cheap essay sample on. The thesis statement of a literary analysis essay - tells your reader what to expect: it is a restricted, precisely worded declarative sentence that states the purpose of your essay when given an assignment to analyze a work of fiction, poetry, or drama, you must first determine the requirements of the assignment.
Students repeatedly perceive and experience in their essay purpose of analysis compilation, through this process will you be courage the role of a plant as some call. A guide to writing the literary analysis essay i introduction: the first paragraph in your essay it begins creatively in order to catch your reader’s interest. purpose of a swot analysis 1 the purpose of a swot analysis charles anderson joyner iii grantham university.
Home academic resource center writing center writing tips crafting the critical analysis but the main purpose of the conclusion the essay can pose. Swot analysis is a structured model whose purpose is to evaluate the four elements of a business venture that determine the chances of the business’ success. The purpose of a cultural analysis essay (based on historical artifacts purpose: the purpose of a cultural analysis essay (based on historical artifacts) is.
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Purpose of an analysis essay
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Grade 5 - Mathematics
5.2 Types of Fractions
Directions: Answer the following questions. Also write at least 5 examples of each type of fractions.
Q 1: If the numerator is more than the denominator in a fraction, the fraction is called a _________.
proper fraction
mixed fraction
improper fraction
Q 2: An improper fraction is sometimes a mixed number or sometimes a whole number.
Q 3: When a products obtained by cross multiplication give the same number, then the fractions are ____(or equal).
Q 4: A number with a whole number and a proper fraction is a
proper number
mixed number
Q 5: Fraction with numerator 1 is called a unit fraction. Are all unit fractions proper?
Q 6: Fractions with same denominators are called
like fractions
unlike fractions
Q 7: If the numerator is less than the denominator in a fraction, the fraction is called a _______.
improper fraction
proper fraction
mixed fraction
Q 8: A fraction less than 1 is called a proper fraction. A fraction equal to one and more than 1 is called _________.
improper fraction
mixed fraction
proper fraction
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Epekto Ng Illegal Logging Essay Writing
For the computer science term, see Deforestation (computer science).
"Deforest" redirects here. For other uses, see DeForest (disambiguation).
Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[2] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests.[3] About 30 percent of Earth's land surface is covered by forests.[4]
Deforestation occurs for multiple reasons: trees are cut down to be used for building or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form of charcoal or timber), while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock and plantation. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in habitat damage, biodiversity loss, and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation has also been used in war to deprive the enemy of vital resources and cover for its forces. Modern examples of this were the use of Agent Orange by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and the United States military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As of 2005, net deforestation rates have ceased to increase in countries with a per capita GDP of at least US$4,600.[5][6] Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.
Disregard of ascribed value, lax forest management, and deficient environmental laws are some of the factors that allow deforestation to occur on a large scale. In many countries, deforestation–both naturally occurring and human-induced–is an ongoing issue.[7] Deforestation causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.[8] More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in tropical forests.[9]
Between 2000 and 2012, 2.3 million square kilometres (890,000 sq mi) of forests around the world were cut down.[10] As a result of deforestation, only 6.2 million square kilometres (2.4 million square miles) remain of the original 16 million square kilometres (6 million square miles) of forest that formerly covered the Earth.[10] An area the size of a soccer football pitch is cleared from the Amazon rainforest every minute, with 136 million acres (55 million hectares) of rainforest cleared for animal agriculture overall.[11]
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is agriculture. Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32%; logging is responsible for 14%, and fuel wood removals make up 5%.[12]
Experts do not agree on whether industrial logging is an important contributor to global deforestation.[13][14] Some argue that poor people are more likely to clear forest because they have no alternatives, others that the poor lack the ability to pay for the materials and labour needed to clear forest.[13] One study found that population increases due to high fertility rates were a primary driver of tropical deforestation in only 8% of cases.[15]
Other causes of contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions,[16][17] the inequitable distribution of wealth and power,[18]population growth[19] and overpopulation,[20][21] and urbanization.[22]Globalization is often viewed as another root cause of deforestation,[23][24] though there are cases in which the impacts of globalization (new flows of labor, capital, commodities, and ideas) have promoted localized forest recovery.[25]
The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.[26] Many important forest functions have no markets, and hence, no economic value that is readily apparent to the forests' owners or the communities that rely on forests for their well-being.[26] From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services. Developing countries feel that some countries in the developed world, such as the United States of America, cut down their forests centuries ago and benefited economically from this deforestation, and that it is hypocritical to deny developing countries the same opportunities, i.e. that the poor shouldn't have to bear the cost of preservation when the rich created the problem.[27]
Some commentators have noted a shift in the drivers of deforestation over the past 30 years.[28] Whereas deforestation was primarily driven by subsistence activities and government-sponsored development projects like transmigration in countries like Indonesia and colonization in Latin America, India, Java, and so on, during the late 19th century and the earlier half of the 20th century, by the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.[29]
Environmental effects[edit]
Further information: Deforestation and climate change
Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography.[30][31][32][33]
Deforestation is a contributor to global warming,[34][35] and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.[36] According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deforestation, mainly in tropical areas, could account for up to one-third of total anthropogeniccarbon dioxide emissions.[37] But recent calculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (excluding peatland emissions) contribute about 12% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions with a range from 6 to 17%.[38] Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better known as the greenhouse effect.[39] Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration. Only when actively growing can a tree or forest remove carbon, by storing it in plant tissues. Both the decay and burning of wood releases much of this stored carbon back to the atmosphere. In order for forests effectively to take up carbon, there must be a net accumulation of wood. One way is for the wood to be harvested and turned into long-lived products, with new young trees replacing them.[40] Deforestation may also cause carbon stores held in soil to be released. Forests can be either sinks or sources depending upon environmental circumstances. Mature forests alternate between being net sinks and net sources of carbon dioxide (see carbon dioxide sink and carbon cycle).
In deforested areas, the land heats up faster and reaches a higher temperature, leading to localized upward motions that enhance the formation of clouds and ultimately produce more rainfall.[41] However, according to the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, the models used to investigate remote responses to tropical deforestation showed a broad but mild temperature increase all through the tropical atmosphere. The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb. However, the model shows no significant changes in other areas besides the Tropics. Though the model showed no significant changes to the climate in areas other than the Tropics, this may not be the case since the model has possible errors and the results are never absolutely definite.[42] Deforestation affects wind flows, water vapour flows and absorption of solar energy thus clearly influencing local and global climate.[43]
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries has emerged as a new potential to complement ongoing climate policies. The idea consists in providing financial compensations for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation".[44]
Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of the world's oxygen,[45] although it is now accepted by scientists that rainforests contribute little net oxygen to the atmosphere and deforestation has only a minor effect on atmospheric oxygen levels.[46][47] However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.[35] Scientists also state that tropical deforestation releases 1.5 billion tons of carbon each year into the atmosphere.[48]
The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract.[49] Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.[50][51]
Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:[54]
• their canopies intercept a proportion of precipitation, which is then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception);
• their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff;
• their roots create macropores – large conduits – in the soil that increase infiltration of water;
• they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via transpiration;
• their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the capacity of soil to store water.
• their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired.[55]
Tropical rainforests produce about 30% of our planet's fresh water.[45]
Deforestation disrupts normal weather patterns creating hotter and drier weather thus increasing drought, desertification, crop failures, melting of the polar ice caps, coastal flooding and displacement of major vegetation regimes.[43]
Due to surface plant litter, forests that are undisturbed have a minimal rate of erosion. The rate of erosion occurs from deforestation, because it decreases the amount of litter cover, which provides protection from surface runoff.[56] The rate of erosion is around 2 metric tons per square kilometre.[57] This can be an advantage in excessively leached tropical rain forest soils. Forestry operations themselves also increase erosion through the development of (forest) roads and the use of mechanized equipment.
Deforestation in China's Loess Plateau many years ago has led to soil erosion; this erosion has led to valleys opening up. The increase of soil in the runoff causes the Yellow River to flood and makes it yellow colored.[57]
Greater erosion is not always a consequence of deforestation, as observed in the southwestern regions of the US. In these areas, the loss of grass due to the presence of trees and other shrubbery leads to more erosion than when trees are removed.[57]
Soils are reinforced by the presence of trees, which secure the soil by binding their roots to soil bedrock. Due to deforestation, the removal of trees causes sloped lands to be more susceptible to landslides.[54]
Deforestation on a human scale results in decline in biodiversity,[58] and on a natural global scale is known to cause the extinction of many species.[8] The removal or destruction of areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.[21] Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife;[59] moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.[60] With forest biotopes being irreplaceable source of new drugs (such as taxol), deforestation can destroy genetic variations (such as crop resistance) irretrievably.[61]
Since the tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth[62][63] and about 80% of the world's known biodiversity could be found in tropical rainforests,[64][65] removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded[66] environment with reduced biodiversity.[8][67] A study in Rondônia, Brazil, has shown that deforestation also removes the microbial community which is involved in the recycling of nutrients, the production of clean water and the removal of pollutants.[68]
It has been estimated that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation, which equates to 50,000 species a year.[69] Others state that tropical rainforest deforestation is contributing to the ongoing Holocene mass extinction.[70][71] The known extinction rates from deforestation rates are very low, approximately 1 species per year from mammals and birds which extrapolates to approximately 23,000 species per year for all species. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.[72] Such predictions were called into question by 1995 data that show that within regions of Southeast Asia much of the original forest has been converted to monospecific plantations, but that potentially endangered species are few and tree flora remains widespread and stable.[73]
Scientific understanding of the process of extinction is insufficient to accurately make predictions about the impact of deforestation on biodiversity.[74] Most predictions of forestry related biodiversity loss are based on species-area models, with an underlying assumption that as the forest declines species diversity will decline similarly.[75] However, many such models have been proven to be wrong and loss of habitat does not necessarily lead to large scale loss of species.[75] Species-area models are known to overpredict the number of species known to be threatened in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, and greatly overpredict the number of threatened species that are widespread.[73]
A recent study of the Brazilian Amazon predicts that despite a lack of extinctions thus far, up to 90 percent of predicted extinctions will finally occur in the next 40 years.[76]
Economic impact[edit]
Damage to forests and other aspects of nature could halve living standards for the world's poor and reduce global GDP by about 7% by 2050, a report concluded at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Bonn in 2008.[77] Historically, utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, has played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking.[78]
The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or over-exploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long-term biological productivity. West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of declining timber harvests. Illegal logging causes billions of dollars of losses to national economies annually.[79]
The new procedures to get amounts of wood are causing more harm to the economy and overpower the amount of money spent by people employed in logging.[80] According to a study, "in most areas studied, the various ventures that prompted deforestation rarely generated more than US$5 for every ton of carbon they released and frequently returned far less than US$1". The price on the European market for an offset tied to a one-ton reduction in carbon is 23 euro (about US$35).[81]
Rapidly growing economies also have an effect on deforestation. Most pressure will come from the world's developing countries, which have the fastest-growing populations and most rapid economic (industrial) growth.[82] In 1995, economic growth in developing countries reached nearly 6%, compared with the 2% growth rate for developed countries.”[82] As our human population grows, new homes, communities, and expansions of cities will occur. Connecting all of the new expansions will be roads, a very important part in our daily life. Rural roads promote economic development but also facilitate deforestation.[82] About 90% of the deforestation has occurred within 100 km of roads in most parts of the Amazon.[83]
The European Union is one of the largest importer of products made from illegal deforestation.[84]
Forest transition theory[edit]
The forest area change may follow a pattern suggested by the forest transition (FT) theory,[86] whereby at early stages in its development a country is characterized by high forest cover and low deforestation rates (HFLD countries).[29]
Then deforestation rates accelerate (HFHD, high forest cover – high deforestation rate), and forest cover is reduced (LFHD, low forest cover – high deforestation rate), before the deforestation rate slows (LFLD, low forest cover – low deforestation rate), after which forest cover stabilizes and eventually starts recovering. FT is not a “law of nature,” and the pattern is influenced by national context (for example, human population density, stage of development, structure of the economy), global economic forces, and government policies. A country may reach very low levels of forest cover before it stabilizes, or it might through good policies be able to “bridge” the forest transition.[87]
FT depicts a broad trend, and an extrapolation of historical rates therefore tends to underestimate future BAU deforestation for counties at the early stages in the transition (HFLD), while it tends to overestimate BAU deforestation for countries at the later stages (LFHD and LFLD).
Countries with high forest cover can be expected to be at early stages of the FT. GDP per capita captures the stage in a country’s economic development, which is linked to the pattern of natural resource use, including forests. The choice of forest cover and GDP per capita also fits well with the two key scenarios in the FT:
(i) a forest scarcity path, where forest scarcity triggers forces (for example, higher prices of forest products) that lead to forest cover stabilization; and
(ii) an economic development path, where new and better off-farm employment opportunities associated with economic growth (= increasing GDP per capita) reduce profitability of frontier agriculture and slows deforestation.[29]
Historical causes[edit]
Further information: Timeline of environmental history
The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse[8] was an event that occurred 300 million years ago. Climate change devastated tropical rainforests causing the extinction of many plant and animal species. The change was abrupt, specifically, at this time climate became cooler and drier, conditions that are not favourable to the growth of rainforests and much of the biodiversity within them. Rainforests were fragmented forming shrinking 'islands' further and further apart. Populations such as the sub class Lissamphibia were devastated, whereas Reptilia survived the collapse. The surviving organisms were better adapted to the drier environment left behind and served as legacies in succession after the collapse.[7]
Rainforests once covered 14% of the earth's land surface; now they cover a mere 6% and experts estimate that the last remaining rainforests could be consumed in less than 40 years.[88] Small scale deforestation was practiced by some societies for tens of thousands of years before the beginnings of civilization.[89] The first evidence of deforestation appears in the Mesolithic period.[90] It was probably used to convert closed forests into more open ecosystems favourable to game animals.[89] With the advent of agriculture, larger areas began to be deforested, and fire became the prime tool to clear land for crops. In Europe there is little solid evidence before 7000 BC. Mesolithic foragers used fire to create openings for red deer and wild boar. In Great Britain, shade-tolerant species such as oak and ash are replaced in the pollen record by hazels, brambles, grasses and nettles. Removal of the forests led to decreased transpiration, resulting in the formation of upland peat bogs. Widespread decrease in elmpollen across Europe between 8400–8300 BC and 7200–7000 BC, starting in southern Europe and gradually moving north to Great Britain, may represent land clearing by fire at the onset of Neolithic agriculture.
The Neolithic period saw extensive deforestation for farming land.[91][92] Stone axes were being made from about 3000 BC not just from flint, but from a wide variety of hard rocks from across Britain and North America as well. They include the noted Langdale axe industry in the English Lake District, quarries developed at Penmaenmawr in North Wales and numerous other locations. Rough-outs were made locally near the quarries, and some were polished locally to give a fine finish. This step not only increased the mechanical strength of the axe, but also made penetration of wood easier. Flint was still used from sources such as Grimes Graves but from many other mines across Europe.
Evidence of deforestation has been found in MinoanCrete; for example the environs of the Palace of Knossos were severely deforested in the Bronze Age.[93]
Pre-industrial history[edit]
Throughout prehistory, humans were hunter gatherers who hunted within forests. In most areas, such as the Amazon, the tropics, Central America, and the Caribbean,[95] only after shortages of wood and other forest products occur are policies implemented to ensure forest resources are used in a sustainable manner.
In ancient Greece, Tjeered van Andel and co-writers[96] summarized three regional studies of historic erosion and alluviation and found that, wherever adequate evidence exists, a major phase of erosion follows, by about 500-1,000 years the introduction of farming in the various regions of Greece, ranging from the later Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. The thousand years following the mid-first millennium BC saw serious, intermittent pulses of soil erosion in numerous places. The historic silting of ports along the southern coasts of Asia Minor (e.g.Clarus, and the examples of Ephesus, Priene and Miletus, where harbors had to be abandoned because of the silt deposited by the Meander) and in coastal Syria during the last centuries BC.
Easter Island has suffered from heavy soil erosion in recent centuries, aggravated by agriculture and deforestation.[97]Jared Diamond gives an extensive look into the collapse of the ancient Easter Islanders in his book Collapse. The disappearance of the island's trees seems to coincide with a decline of its civilization around the 17th and 18th century. He attributed the collapse to deforestation and over-exploitation of all resources.[98][99]
The famous silting up of the harbor for Bruges, which moved port commerce to Antwerp, also followed a period of increased settlement growth (and apparently of deforestation) in the upper river basins. In early medieval Riez in upper Provence, alluvial silt from two small rivers raised the riverbeds and widened the floodplain, which slowly buried the Roman settlement in alluvium and gradually moved new construction to higher ground; concurrently the headwater valleys above Riez were being opened to pasturage.[100]
A typical progress trap was that cities were often built in a forested area, which would provide wood for some industry (for example, construction, shipbuilding, pottery). When deforestation occurs without proper replanting, however; local wood supplies become difficult to obtain near enough to remain competitive, leading to the city's abandonment, as happened repeatedly in Ancient Asia Minor. Because of fuel needs, mining and metallurgy often led to deforestation and city abandonment.[101]
With most of the population remaining active in (or indirectly dependent on) the agricultural sector, the main pressure in most areas remained land clearing for crop and cattle farming. Enough wild green was usually left standing (and partially used, for example, to collect firewood, timber and fruits, or to graze pigs) for wildlife to remain viable. The elite's (nobility and higher clergy) protection of their own hunting privileges and game often protected significant woodland.[87]
Major parts in the spread (and thus more durable growth) of the population were played by monastical 'pioneering' (especially by the Benedictine and Commercial orders) and some feudal lords' recruiting farmers to settle (and become tax payers) by offering relatively good legal and fiscal conditions. Even when speculators sought to encourage towns, settlers needed an agricultural belt around or sometimes within defensive walls. When populations were quickly decreased by causes such as the Black Death or devastating warfare (for example, Genghis Khan's Mongol hordes in eastern and central Europe, Thirty Years' War in Germany), this could lead to settlements being abandoned. The land was reclaimed by nature, but the secondary forests usually lacked the original biodiversity.
From 1100 to 1500 AD, significant deforestation took place in Western Europe as a result of the expanding human population. The large-scale building of wooden sailing ships by European (coastal) naval owners since the 15th century for exploration, colonisation, slave trade–and other trade on the high seas consumed many forest resources. Piracy also contributed to the over harvesting of forests, as in Spain. This led to a weakening of the domestic economy after Columbus' discovery of America, as the economy became dependent on colonial activities (plundering, mining, cattle, plantations, trade, etc.)[102]
In Changes In the Land (1983), William Cronon analyzed and documented 17th-century English colonists' reports of increased seasonal flooding in New England during the period when new settlers initially cleared the forests for agriculture. They believed flooding was linked to widespread forest clearing upstream.
The massive use of charcoal on an industrial scale in Early Modern Europe was a new type of consumption of western forests; even in Stuart England, the relatively primitive production of charcoal has already reached an impressive level. Stuart England was so widely deforested that it depended on the Baltic trade for ship timbers, and looked to the untapped forests of New England to supply the need. Each of Nelson's Royal Navy war ships at Trafalgar (1805) required 6,000 mature oaks for its construction. In France, Colbert planted oak forests to supply the French navy in the future. When the oak plantations matured in the mid-19th century, the masts were no longer required because shipping had changed.
Norman F. Cantor's summary of the effects of late medieval deforestation applies equally well to Early Modern Europe:[103]
Europeans had lived in the midst of vast forests throughout the earlier medieval centuries. After 1250 they became so skilled at deforestation that by 1500 they were running short of wood for heating and cooking. They were faced with a nutritional decline because of the elimination of the generous supply of wild game that had inhabited the now-disappearing forests, which throughout medieval times had provided the staple of their carnivorous high-protein diet. By 1500 Europe was on the edge of a fuel and nutritional disaster [from] which it was saved in the sixteenth century only by the burning of soft coal and the cultivation of potatoes and maize.
Industrial era[edit]
In the 19th century, introduction of steamboats in the United States was the cause of deforestation of banks of major rivers, such as the Mississippi River, with increased and more severe flooding one of the environmental results. The steamboat crews cut wood every day from the riverbanks to fuel the steam engines. Between St. Louis and the confluence with the Ohio River to the south, the Mississippi became more wide and shallow, and changed its channel laterally. Attempts to improve navigation by the use of snag pullers often resulted in crews' clearing large trees 100 to 200 feet (61 m) back from the banks. Several French colonial towns of the Illinois Country, such as Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Philippe, Illinois were flooded and abandoned in the late 19th century, with a loss to the cultural record of their archeology.[104]
The wholescale clearance of woodland to create agricultural land can be seen in many parts of the world, such as the Central forest-grasslands transition and other areas of the Great Plains of the United States. Specific parallels are seen in the 20th-century deforestation occurring in many developing nations.
Rates of deforestation[edit]
Global deforestation[105] sharply accelerated around 1852.[106][107] It has been estimated that about half of the Earth's mature tropical forests—between 7.5 million and 8 million km2 (2.9 million to 3 million sq mi) of the original 15 million to 16 million km2 (5.8 million to 6.2 million sq mi) that until 1947 covered the planet[108]—have now been destroyed.[9][109] Some scientists have predicted that unless significant measures (such as seeking out and protecting old growth forests that have not been disturbed)[108] are taken on a worldwide basis, by 2030 there will only be 10% remaining,[106][109] with another 10% in a degraded condition.[106] 80% will have been lost, and with them hundreds of thousands of irreplaceable species.[106] Some cartographers have attempted to illustrate the sheer scale of deforestation by country using a cartogram.[110]
Estimates vary widely as to the extent of tropical deforestation.[111][112] Over a 50-year period, percentage of land cover by tropical rainforests has decreased by 50%. Where total land coverage by tropical rainforests decreased from 14% to 6%. A large contribution to this loss can be identified between 1960 and 1990, when 20% of all tropical rainforests were destroyed. At this rate, extinction of such forests is projected to occur by the mid 21st century.[7]
A 2002 analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the rate of deforestation in the humid tropics (approximately 5.8 million hectares per year) was roughly 23% lower than the most commonly quoted rates.[113] Conversely, a newer analysis of satellite images reveals that deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is twice as fast as scientists previously estimated.[114][115]
Some have argued that deforestation trends may follow a Kuznets curve,[116] which if true would nonetheless fail to eliminate the risk of irreversible loss of non-economic forest values (for example, the extinction of species).[117][118]
A 2005 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that although the Earth's total forest area continued to decrease at about 13 million hectares per year, the global rate of deforestation has recently been slowing.[119][120] The 2016 report by the FAO[121] reports from 2010 to 2015 there was a worldwide decrease in forest area of 3.3 million ha per year. During this five-year period, the biggest forest area loss occurred in the tropics, particularly in South America and Africa. Per capita forest area decline was also greatest in the tropics and subtropics but is occurring in every climatic domain (except in the temperate) as populations increase.
Others claim that rainforests are being destroyed at an ever-quickening pace.[122] The London-based Rainforest Foundation notes that "the UN figure is based on a definition of forest as being an area with as little as 10% actual tree cover, which would therefore include areas that are actually savannah-like ecosystems and badly damaged forests."[123] Other critics of the FAO data point out that they do not distinguish between forest types,[124] and that they are based largely on reporting from forestry departments of individual countries,[125] which do not take into account unofficial activities like illegal logging.[126]
Despite these uncertainties, there is agreement that destruction of rainforests remains a significant environmental problem. Up to 90% of West Africa's coastal rainforests have disappeared since 1900.[127] In South Asia, about 88% of the rainforests have been lost.[128] Much of what remains of the world's rainforests is in the Amazon basin, where the Amazon Rainforest covers approximately 4 million square kilometres.[129] The regions with the highest tropical deforestation rate between 2000 and 2005 were Central America—which lost 1.3% of its forests each year—and tropical Asia.[123] In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.[130]Brazil has lost 90–95% of its Mata Atlântica forest.[131]Paraguay was losing its natural semi humid forests in the country’s western regions at a rate of 15.000 hectares at a randomly studied 2-month period in 2010,[132] Paraguay’s parliament refused in 2009 to pass a law that would have stopped cutting of natural forests altogether.[133]
Madagascar has lost 90% of its eastern rainforests.[134][135] As of 2007, less than 50% of Haiti's forests remained.[136]Mexico, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, Laos, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, have lost large areas of their rainforest.[137][138] Several countries, notably Brazil, have declared their deforestation a national emergency.[139][140] The World Wildlife Fund's ecoregion project catalogues habitat types throughout the world, including habitat loss such as deforestation, showing for example that even in the rich forests of parts of Canada such as the Mid-Continental Canadian forests of the prairie provinces half of the forest cover has been lost or altered.
Main article: Deforestation by region
Rates of deforestation vary around the world.
In 2011 Conservation International listed the top 10 most endangered forests, characterized by having all lost 90% or more of their original habitat, and each harboring at least 1500 endemic plant species (species found nowhere else in the world).[141]
Endangered forestRegionRemaining habitatPredominate vegetation typeNotes
Indo-BurmaAsia-Pacific5%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsRivers, floodplain wetlands, mangrove forests. Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, India.[142]
New CaledoniaAsia-Pacific5%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsSee note for region covered.[143]
SundalandAsia-Pacific7%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsWestern half of the Indo-Malayan archipelago including southern Borneo and Sumatra.[144]
PhilippinesAsia-Pacific7%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsForests over the entire country including 7,100 islands.[145]
Atlantic ForestSouth America8%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsForests along Brazil's Atlantic coast, extends to parts of Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.[146]
Mountains of Southwest ChinaAsia-Pacific8%Temperate coniferous forestSee note for region covered.[147]
California Floristic ProvinceNorth America10%Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forestsSee note for region covered.[148]
Coastal Forests of Eastern AfricaAfrica10%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsMozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia.[149]
Madagascar & Indian Ocean IslandsAfrica10%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsMadagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, Comoros.[150]
Eastern AfromontaneAfrica11%Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Montane grasslands and shrublands
Forests scattered along the eastern edge of Africa, from Saudi Arabia in the north to Zimbabwe in the south.[151]
Table source:[141]
Reducing emissions[edit]
Main article: Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
Main international organizations including the United Nations and the World Bank, have begun to develop programs aimed at curbing deforestation. The blanket term Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) describes these sorts of programs, which use direct monetary or other incentives to encourage developing countries to limit and/or roll back deforestation. Funding has been an issue, but at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties-15 (COP-15) in Copenhagen in December 2009, an accord was reached with a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach USD 30 billion for the period 2010–2012.[152] Significant work is underway on tools for use in monitoring developing country adherence to their agreed REDD targets. These tools, which rely on remote forest monitoring using satellite imagery and other data sources, include the Center for Global Development's FORMA (Forest Monitoring for Action) initiative[153] and the Group on Earth Observations' Forest Carbon Tracking Portal.[154] Methodological guidance for forest monitoring was also emphasized at COP-15.[155] The environmental organization Avoided Deforestation Partners leads the campaign for development of REDD through funding from the U.S. government.[156] In 2014, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and partners launched Open Foris – a set of open-source software tools that assist countries in gathering, producing and disseminating information on the state of forest resources.[157] The tools support the inventory lifecycle, from needs assessment, design, planning, field data collection and management, estimation analysis, and dissemination. Remote sensing image processing tools are included, as well as tools for international reporting for Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) and MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification)[158] and FAO's Global Forest Resource Assessments.
A satellite image showing deforestation for a palm oil plantation in Malaysia
The forest transition and historical baselines.[85]
Easter Island, deforested. According to Jared Diamond: "Among past societies faced with the prospect of ruinous deforestation, Easter Island and Mangareva chiefs succumbed to their immediate concerns, but Tokugawa shoguns, Inca emperors, New Guinea highlanders, and 16th century German landowners adopted a long view and reafforested."[94]
Deforestation around Pakke Tiger Reserve, India
Ang kalikasan ang isa sa mga pinakamagandang regalo ng Diyos sa atin kaya dapat natin itong pangalagaan. Subalit sa halip na pangalagaan, kapabayaan ang aking nakikita. ‘Di ba kaya nga nilikha ang tao para pangalagaan ito?
Kaming mga Iskolar ng Philberth sa Taal, Batangas ay nagkaroon ng isang workshop/seminar nitong nakaraang June 1-3, 2012. Ang naging tema ng aming workshop ay tungkol sa kalikasan. Isa sa mga ipinaliwanag dito ang kung paano sinisira ang ating kalikasan. Sa loob ng tatlong araw, nagkaroon kami ng talakayan tungkol sa kalikasan upang magkaroon kami ng dagdag kaalaman ukol dito at bilang mga kabataan, ano ang aming magiging hakbang upang maprotektahan ang ating Inang kalikasan at paano namin ito sisimulan. At para magkaroon ng output ang workshop na ito, gumawa kami ng isang teatro na umiikot lamang sa problemang pangkalikasan ng Batangas at maganda naman ang kinalabasan nito.
Batay sa aming nakuhang kaalaman tungkol sa workshop, unti-unti na ngang nasisira ang ating kapaligiran bunga ito ng mga sakunang dumarating sa ating buhay. Marami nang tao ang nagkakasakit dahil na din sa maruming kapaligiran. Ang landslide, flashfloods, at iba pang mga sakuna na galing sa kalikasan ay epekto ng illegal logging sa kabundukan at maging sa kagubatan. Ang Ozone layer ay unti-unti na ring nabubutas dahil sa mga pagsusunog ng basura at sobrang paggamit ng carbon dioxide. Ito ang nagiging sanhi ng Climate Change.
Bilang isang mamamayan ng ating bayan, may magagawa pa tayo para mapigil pa ang mga masasamang epekto nito. Hindi pa huli ang lahat upang mapigil ito. Ngunit kung papairalin natin ang ating kapabayaan, patuloy na masisira ang ating kalikasan at wag tayong mabibigla kung may dumating sa ating ganti ng kalikasan. Laging Tandaan: Nasa Huli ang Pagsisisi.
Ikaw, bilang mamamayan, Ano ang magiging hakbang mo upang mapigilan ang ganitong sitwasyon? Paano mo ito sisimulan?
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Isang Kabataan na maraming pangarap sa buhay lalong lalo na sa kanyang pamilya..
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AbstractsBiology & Animal Science
Evolutionary Conservation in the Biogenesis of β-Barrel Proteins
by Thomas Ulrich
Institution: Universität Tübingen
Year: 2015
Record ID: 1114017
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/10900/59809
The vast majority of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria belong to the class of membrane-embedded β-barrel proteins. Besides Gram-negative bacteria, the presence of these proteins is restricted to the outer membranes (OM) of the eukaryotic organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts. This can be seen as evidence for the endosymbiotic theory, according to which these organelles derived from the engulfment of prokaryotic ancestors into a progenitor of the eukaryotic cell. The process of organellogenesis led to a major DNA transfer of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins to the host genome. As a consequence, more than 99% of the proteins in present-day mitochondria are encoded in the nucleus and thus have to contain all the information required for specific sorting to their target compartment within mitochondria. Although progress has been made in understanding the targeting signals in numerous mitochondrial proteins, the signal that ensures targeting of β-barrel proteins still remains elusive. It is remarkable that in all membranes harboring these proteins the assembly is facilitated by dedicated protein complexes that contain a highly conserved central β-barrel protein termed BamA/YaeT/Omp85 in Gram-negative bacteria and Tob55/Sam50 in mitochondria. In this context it is astonishing that in spite of a very long divergent evolution of pro- and eukaryotes, mitochondria retained the ability to recognize and assemble bacterial β-barrel proteins. Due to this evolutionary conservation, yeast mitochondria can provide us a useful model system to study the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins from different origin. Currently, little is known about the signal that ensures specific targeting of β-barrel proteins to either mitochondria or chloroplasts. To shed light on this topic, I investigated the targeting of the chloroplast β-barrel proteins Oep24 and Oep37 upon their expression in yeast cells. We could demonstrate their exclusive localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). Assembly of Oep37 partially complemented the growth phenotype of yeast cells lacking the general metabolite transporter Porin. Interestingly, both proteins followed in yeast cells a pathway similar to the one undertaken by bona fide mitochondrial β-barrel proteins. In another part of my studies I investigated targeting of the trimeric autotransporter protein Yersinia adhesin A (YadA). Specifically, I was interested in the mechanism by which precursors of such proteins cross the periplasm and assemble in the OM. To that goal, we took advantage of the evolutionary conservation in the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins between bacteria and mitochondria. Upon expression in yeast cells, both monomeric and trimeric forms of YadA were targeted to mitochondria, but solely the trimeric form was fully assembled into the MOM. Remarkably, the co-expression of YadA with a mitochondrially-targeted form of the bacterial periplasmic chaperone Skp, but not with SurA or SecB, resulted in elevated levels of YadA. Taken together, the results… |
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Experimental power plant in Kunigami dismantled
Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-POWER) has dismantled its Yanbaru experimental seawater pumped storage power station in Kunigami.
The plant, the first of its kind in the world, created electricity by pumping during the night seawater into a tank up on a hill 150 meters above the sea level, and then returning the water into the sea through a power-creating turbine during daytime when the electricity demand is at its peak.
The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry built the power station in 1999 to explore the possibility of oceanic renewable energy at a cost of ¥3.2 billion. J-POWER has used it as a testing facility, but they could not put it in practical use because the demand for electric power in Okinawa has not grown as predicted, and the plant was not profitable as a business.
J-POWER says that the station was originally built as a testing facility, and the company was able to obtain beneficial results from more than 10 years of study, before a decision to close the plant was made after considering every aspect of the operation.
• JonathanMaddox
This is a great shame. Okinawa gets its electricity almost entirely from burning imported fossil fuels, but it is a sunny place which could obtain much of its power from sunshine and sea breezes, which arrive free of charge. A pumped storage facility such as that at Yanbaru would usefully have complemented the variable contribution of solar and wind generation.
• https://scottishscientist.wordpress.com/ Scottish Scientist
Really? Well what’s the point of building a pumped-storage hydro scheme if there’s no supply / demand imbalance that needs balancing with an energy store?
I just assumed, like everyone else did, that Okinawa must have had unresponsive base-load, like from nuclear power, or intermittent renewable generation, like solar and wind, that needed balancing.
If they’ve got dispatchable fossil fuel power stations only, that never need balancing, then WHAT’S THE POINT?
What on Earth happened to the famed Japanese efficiency?
• https://scottishscientist.wordpress.com/ Scottish Scientist
* Double Tidal Lagoon Baseload Scheme
* Off-Shore Electricity from Wind, Solar and Hydrogen Power
* Modelling of wind and pumped-storage power
* Scotland Electricity Generation – my plan for 2020
* South America – GREAT for Renewable Energy
Scottish Scientist
Independent Scientific Adviser for Scotland
• JonathanMaddox
Alas no. Okinawa’s power supply is almost entirely generated by burning imported oil and liquid natural gas, mostly in modern and highly flexible facilities. There is an increasing penetration of solar power, which serves to reduce the existing daytime demand peak and the variation required from the existing generators, but only very little wind power.
Okinawa may find itself in a “duck curve” situation eventually as solar PV uptake increases, which would certainly present an opportunity for renewed storage investment, but it is not yet as affected by that as some paces like Hawaii and California. |
Evolution Probably Doesn't Work the Way You Think
In everyday language, the words "evolution," "progress," and "improvement" are used interchangeably. But when it comes to biological evolution, things don't always work that way. It's just as possible for an organism to evolve new features and abilities as it is for an organism to lose them. That's what some people call "devolution," or "reverse" or "regressive" evolution. You probably shouldn't, though.
There's No Such Thing as "Devolution"
Let's make one thing clear: regressive evolution, or "devolution," is a misnomer. "From a biological perspective, there is no such thing as devolution," biologist Michael J. Dougherty told Scientific American. By definition, any change in the genes of a group of organisms is evolution — for better or for worse. (Nature, for its part, doesn't distinguish one from the other). The idea that lungs are better than gills or opposable thumbs are better than paws comes from centuries-old beliefs about humans being the pinnacle of evolution. In fact, we're just one result of millions of adaptations that help organisms survive their environment to bear offspring. If circumstances make it so an organism with flippers produces more children than one with feet, that organism's population thrives. Match point, evolution.
Take It Back Now Y'all
Perhaps the most obvious example of so-called "regressive evolution" is the penguin. It's clear to anyone, but especially to biologists, that if you go back far enough in the penguin's evolutionary tree, you'll find a bird that can fly. Fossil evidence shows that penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, and recent studies point to why: As their wings became more efficient tools when diving for prey, they became less efficient at getting them off the ground. Evolution always comes at a cost — you can be good at swimming, you can be good at flying, but rarely can you be both. Still, the inability to fly opened the door to other adaptations. They got bigger, which made them better at withstanding the cold, and their bones got denser, which kept them from immediately floating to the water's surface. Penguins didn't "devolve." They just got really good at what they do best.
There are plenty of other examples — snakes once had legs, birds once had teeth — but most surprising might be the fact that the whale's ancestors started in the sea, evolved legs, and walked on land, then went back into the water and lost them again. At each step in the evolutionary chain, these unique adaptations helped the organisms eat more, live longer, and have more babies. Think about it this way: Whales share an evolutionary ancestor with the hippo, which kept its legs. Watching the way each lives in their respective environments, you'd never say the hippo is "more evolved" than the whale, would you? We hope not.
Is It Possible for Evolution to Reverse?
Written by Ashley Hamer January 5, 2017
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Coordinates: 41°54′38″N 12°28′35″E / 41.91056°N 12.47639°E / 41.91056; 12.47639
The Piazza del Popolo, looking west from the Pincio.
Piazza del Popolo is a large urban square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means "People's Square", but historically it derives from the poplars (populus in Latin, pioppo in Italian) after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name.
Valadier's designEdit
Porta del Popolo
An Egyptian obelisk of Sety I (later erected by Rameses II) from Heliopolis stands in the centre of the Piazza. Three sides of the obelisk were carved during the reign of Sety I and the fourth side, under Rameses II. The obelisk, known as the Flaminio Obelisk or the Popolo Obelisk, is the second oldest and one of the tallest obelisks in Rome (some 24 m high, or 36 m including its plinth). The obelisk was brought to Rome in 10 BC by order of Augustus and originally set up in the Circus Maximus. It was re-erected here in the piazza by the architect-engineer Domenico Fontana in 1589 as part of the urban plan of Sixtus V. The piazza also formerly contained a central fountain, which was moved to the Piazza Nicosia in 1818, when fountains, in the form of Egyptian-style lions, were added around the base of the obelisk.[3]
Looking from the north (illustration, right), three streets branch out from the piazza into the city, forming the so-called "trident" (il Tridente): the Via del Corso in the centre; the Via del Babuino to the left (opened in 1525 as the Via Paolina) and the Via di Ripetta (opened by Leo X in 1518 as the Via Leonina) to the right. The twin churches (the chiese gemelle) of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1681) and Santa Maria in Montesanto (1679), begun by Carlo Rainaldi and completed by Bernini and Carlo Fontana, define the junctions of the roads. Close scrutiny of the twin churches reveals that they are not mere copies of one another, as they would have been in a Neoclassical project, but vary in their details, offering variety within their symmetrical balance in Baroque fashion.
The central street, now known as the Via del Corso, was the ancient Via Lata, and to the north it links with the ancient Roman road, the Via Flaminia, beyond the city gate and southwards, to the Piazza Venezia (formerly the Piazza San Marco), the Capitol and the forum. The Via di Ripetta leads past the Mausoleum of Augustus to the River Tiber, where the Baroque riverside landing called the Porto di Ripetta was located until it was destroyed in the late 19th century. The Via del Babuino ("Baboon"), linking to Piazza di Spagna, takes its name from a grotesque sculpture of Silenus that gained the popular name of "the Baboon".
To the north of the piazza stands the Porta del Popolo, beyond which lies the Piazzale Flaminio and the start of the Via Flaminia. The gateway was reworked to give its current appearance by Bernini for Pope Alexander VII in 1655, to welcome Queen Christina of Sweden to Rome following her conversion to Roman Catholicism and her abdication.[4] Opposite Santa Maria del Popolo stands a Carabinieri station, with a dome reflecting that of the church.
Fontana del Nettuno.
In his urbanistic project, Valadier constructed the matching palazzi that provide a frame for the scenography of the twin churches and hold down two corners of his composition. He positioned a third palazzo to face these and matched a low structure screening the flank of Santa Maria del Popolo, with its fine Early Renaissance façade, together holding down the two northern corners. Valadier outlined this newly defined oval forecourt to the city of Rome with identical sweeps of wall, forming curving exedra-like spaces. Behind the western one, a screen of trees masks the unassorted fronts of buildings beyond.
One side of the Fontana dell'Obelisco.
The aqueduct carrying the Acqua Vergine Nuovo was completed in the 1820s, and its water provided the opportunity for fountains and their basins that offered the usual public water supply for the rioneor urban district. Ever since the Renaissance such terminal fountains also provided an occasion for the grand terminal water show called in Rome a mostra or a show. "What makes a fountain a mostra is not essentially its size or splendor, but its specific designation as the fountain that is a public memorial to the whole achievement of the aqueduct."[5] Valadier had planned fountains in the upper tier of the Pincio slope, but these were not carried out, in part for lack of water.[6]
Fountains by Giovanni Ceccarini (1822–23), with matching compositions of a central figure flanked by two attendant figures, stand on each side of the piazza to the east and west, flanked by neoclassical statues of The Seasons (1828).[7] The Fontana del Nettuno (Fountain of Neptune) [8] stands on the west side, Neptune with his trident is accompanied by two dolphins. Rome between the Tiber and the Aniene on the east side, against the steep slope of the Pincio, represents the terminal mostra of the aqueduct. Dea Roma armed with lance and helmet, and in front is the she-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus.[6]
At the center of the piazza is the Fontana dell' Obelisco: a group of four mini fountains, each comprising a lion on a stepped plinth, surround the obelisk.
Urbanisation in three dimensionsEdit
Valadier's masterstroke was in linking the piazza with the heights of the Pincio, the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome, which overlooked the space from the east. He swept away informally terraced gardens that belonged to the Augustinian monastery connected with Santa Maria del Popolo. In its place he created a carriage drive that doubled back upon itself and pedestrian steps leading up beside a waterfall to the Pincio park, where a balustraded lookout, supported by a triple-arched nymphaeum is backed by a wide gravelled opening set on axis with the piazza below; formally planted bosquets of trees flank the open space. The planted Pincio in turn provides a link to the Villa Borghese gardens.
2. ^ Della Porta's fontana dello trullo has been cleaned and re-erected in piazza Nicosia.
3. ^ This obelisk was originally a set of two but the 'mate' has not been found with a degree of certainty.
4. ^ Whereas such festive structures elsewhere were built of weather-resistant plaster, this structure was more permanently executed in stone. See the festive tradition of the royal entry.
See alsoEdit
External linksEdit |
The application of catalytic adsorptive striping voltammetry (CAdSV) for the determination of the trace elements in water is presented. The CAdSV, coupling of very efficient adsorptive accumulation of the electroactive species on the electrode surface with the catalytic reaction, provides a significant amplification of the analytical response, and consequently a considerable decrease of the detection limit, as well as an improvement of the selectivity of the determination. The course of the catalytic reactions occurring in catalytic systems, which is most frequently applied in CAdSV analysis, is given. The features and advantages of the CAdSV method and its exploitation in ultratrace analysis of water samples are discussed. Numerous examples of the CAdSV systems, which have found application in the determination of Co, Cr, U, Fe, Mo, Pt, Rh, Ti, W and V, as well as of some anions and organic substances in various kinds of water, are listed.
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Geothermal Around the US – Chattahoochee Hills, Georgia
In the Chattahoochee Hills region outside of Atlanta, Georgia, the Serenbe sustainable community offers connections between nature, culture, and the art of living.
The 1,000-acre mixed-use community is anchored by a 25-acre farm that provides produce for residents and restaurants throughout the Atlanta area. Reminiscent of old English villages, the community of hamlets connected by looping country roads and well-worn footpaths, links residents to each other, schools, shops, restaurants, cultural and recreational events as well as the natural environment.
The community of Serenbe requires all homes built there to be EarthCraft certified as part of its commitment to sustainability. The EarthCraft program was established in 1999 by the Greater Atlanta Home Builders Association and Southface Energy Institute, EarthCraft is a green building certification program that serves six Southeast states. EarthCraft certified homes demonstrate energy costs that are, on average, 30 percent below those of a typical new home.
A new home in Serenbe takes energy efficiency to the next level: net zero energy use. Net zero homes produce as much energy as they consume, through renewable energy sources. One of the keys to producing enough energy through solar panels is to reduce the overall demand for energy in the home.
One of the best ways to do that is to make geothermal heating and cooling a part of the home. Geothermal does not use fossil fuels. Instead, geothermal heating and cooling works because the earth absorbs about 48 percent of the sun’s energy, leaving a fairly constant underground temperature between 45° F (7° C) to 75° F (21° C). Geothermal technology uses this stable temperature to transfer heat to and from the earth, instead of using the air in the more common air-source heat pump systems. A home geothermal system includes a geothermal or ground source heat pump and a ground loop system made up of pipes buried in the ground. A water/antifreeze solution flows through the pipes, absorbing heat from the earth in the winter and moving it to the geothermal system inside the house. Once there, the heat is condensed and transferred to the air that is circulated throughout the home, providing warmth when needed. In the summer, the process is reversed as the system absorbs heat from the air inside the home, similar to how a refrigerator extracts heat from food to make it cool, and transfers that heat into the ground through the same ground loop.
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Andy Warhol began his career as an illustrator for advertisements and magazines, and by the 1960s had become one of the most prominent figures in pop art. Warhol experimented with a wide range of media—from filmmaking and video to painting, printmaking, and performance, often carried out in his vaunted Factory. Perhaps more than any other medium, he is known for his experimentation with screenprinting, a technique that, like the artist himself, challenged the boundaries between popular culture and fine art.
Warhol’s Electric Chair prints depict an unoccupied electric chair in an empty room. The image was appropriated from a press photograph from January 13, 1953, of the execution room at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in New York State. The room and chair, devoid of human presence and utterly still, convey a sense of death and absence. Warhol had already explored these themes in his Death and Disaster series of paintings and prints, which he began in the 1960s, screenprinting reproductions of car crashes, suicides, and other tragedies illustrated in newspapers. Unlike the subdued colors of silver, gray, and black he often used in these earlier images, the ten Electric Chair prints are rendered in the bright colors of pop: orange, purple, pink, red, and blue. The combination of jubilant colors and difficult subject matter registers Warhol’s notorious deadpan persona, which enabled him to avoid being pinned down.
These prints join another work by this canonical pop artist in the ICA/Boston collection—a photobook of Polaroids the artist took on Long Island (Red Book Prefix F158, 1972)—enabling the museum to better showcase Warhol’s pioneering appropriations.
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Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison
Twenty-Third President of the United States
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Benjamin Harrison was president when the reforms were beginning to become popular. During his time in office, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed. Even though it was of itself not that enforceable, it was an important first step towards reigning in monopolies who were taking advantage of the public. In 1890, Benjamin Harrison sponsored a tariff that required those wishing to import products to pay a 48% tax. This resulted in a rise of consumer prices. This was not a popular tariff.
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Heat Storage
Drain-back systems
Energy Storage - The Missing Link
Storage has been considered the “missing link in renewables; wind and solar have challenges, and geo-thermal can lose it’s charge during a long cold winter. The solution; meld solar with storage, add a modern heat pump and gain the multiplier advantage know as “Coefficient of Performance (COP). Heating and cooling costs suddenly drop by 2, 3, even 4 times, and the benefit is not just in dollars; the carbon footprint is proportionately reduced. A number of independent voices have openly stated that this link will make heating and cooling with heat pumps the new normal.
Energy Storage Many Shapes, Sizes, and Mechanisms
“Battery” is another name for “storage”. The name allows us to think of additional possible solutions and opportunities. Electrical power generated by wind turbines and photovoltaic cells can be stored in a relatively low voltage DC battery. The battery charge is later converted to usable power – normally AC; usually with some lost in the transforming stages. Solar thermal energy can also be stored in a “battery”; a battery filled with water, rocks, clay, or sand all have demonstrated that storage capacity. The advent of high efficiency heat pumps is a game changer; using some mechanical/electrical power, the stored heat energy can be used to provide sufficient heating and cooling for most applications. Even low grade heat can be converted, and solar can make all the difference! Free heat from the sun, stored, conditioned and distributed is what 24 HOUR SOLAR is all about. |
How To Make Math Fun For Kids
Maths is a subject that is stereotyped as something that is hard and only for the nerds. But what many fail to understand is that there is a certain beauty in maths that you don’t necessarily found in other subjects. So to avoid being stereotyped and struggle in class, it is essential that parents help their children develop a liking towards the subject from their early days. Here are some tips you could use.
Make it a game
This subject is actually more or less like a game. There is only one answer but many methods you could use to get to it. So teach your children this simple lesson and create an interest for this subject in their minds. There are also so many math games out there that you can introduce to your children to help them pick up on the subject rather than spending hours in maths tutoring Sydney. Let your child have fun while they learn and they would be more interested in the subject on their own without you having to constantly push them, and that is what education should all be about!
Find the root cause
If you have no confidence in certain areas in a particular subject, you are automatically inclined to giving up on it on the whole. This is the same logic that applies in these kids as well. It is not that they are bad at learning, it is just that they haven’t mastered a particular area properly for them to progress with the rest. As a result of that, they constantly fail with the sums they solve and the problems that they are presented with. So as a parent it is your duty to find the root cause and work from there onwards. In time your child would be much better at the subject without even needing maths and english tutors. Check out more information here –
Motivate them
To master math the only thing you need to be doing is constantly practicing. The more you are able to easily grasp the concept the faster you are able to solve a problem. So as a parent it is your duty to make sure that your child is motivated enough to constantly keep practicing. Design a progress system with rewards or let them play educative math games that have in build progress systems to measure your child’s standard, for this.
Incorporate it to reality
While some questions of ‘Jonny buying 100 watermelons and eating 10 of them’ presented in the books might sound silly, they actually do help the kids comprehend the situations better. So use this same concept and teach your child math in real situations. Ask them how much change they should be getting after spending on something or how much they need in total to buy a couple things and such, as all these would help them understand problems in a more logical sense rather than memorizing them off a book.Put the above tips to use and make math fun for your child! |
In the current 2016 election, Navajo voters in San Juan County are having their voting rights violated.
Prior to 2014 there were nine different polling locations all across northern Utah for Navajo voters to cast their votes. However, in the year 2014, San Juan County switched from in-person voting to mail-in only voting, and closed all nine polling locations. Thinking that was an easier way for Navajo voters to cast their vote, it actually ended up being a violation of their voting rights.
Navajo Nation of Human Rights says switching to mail-in only voting introduces a language barrier problem into the process. Not all, but some Native Americans do not understand the vote-by-mail system because all forms are sent in English. With no way of getting help from translators as they had when in person voting was available, they struggle with completing their ballots.
Shortly after Navajo voters made complaints of the mail-in-only voting system, three polling locations were opened and translators were brought into the locations in order to help the voters. Although three polling locations were opened, Navajo voters are still fighting the issue because there are still six less locations than there were in 2014. This means for some voters they have to travel double, sometimes even triple, the distance to get to a polling location. Due to lack of transportation, jobs, and in some cases money, some Navajo voters decided to not vote at all because it was too big of a hassle to get to these locations and even more of a hassle to try and understand the in mail voting forms.
In addition to the voting violation, voter ID laws are becoming more and more complicated for people. 33 out of the 50 states are currently asking voters for some sort of ID before voting. Certain states require specific ID’s which can make the process more difficult for voters who do not already have the correct ID in their possession. Due to this requirement, many voters have chosen not to vote due to the difficulty, cost, and time commitment required to get such an ID.
ID laws have continued to decrease the voting turnout among minorities. This is a problem because currently 16 or the 50 states have a higher percentage of non-white people than white people. Meaning that a large percentage of these 16 states are not being adequately represented in their state. White voters however, are the only race that stays the same and maintains the same voting turnout regardless of what ID is required. This makes non-white voters feel less valued, threatened, and unimportant in the voting polls, which can cause them to not vote at all.
The last concern this current election is facing that women are underrepresented. Although the majority of voters in the U.S. are women, that is not the case in positions of power. Women are recruited far less than men are. Studies have shown that the Republican Party is where the underrepresentation is the most apparent. Women comprise about 50 percent of the attendees but historically about 20-25 percent of elected delegates. However, it is believed that parties can change this issue. If parties begin to focus on recruiting women, there will be a significant increase in women’s representation.
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ASP command objects
ASP command objects
An ASP command object is a server object that performs some operation on a database. The object can contain any valid SQL statement, including one that returns a recordset, or one that inserts, updates, or deletes records in a database. A command object can alter the structure of a database if the SQL statement adds or deletes a column in a table. You can also use a command object to run a stored procedure in a database.
A command object can be reusable, in the sense that the application server can reuse a single compiled version of the object to execute the command a number of times. You make a command reusable by setting the Prepared property of the Command object to true, as in the following VBScript statement:
mycommand.Prepared = true
If you know the command will be executed more than a few times, having a single compiled version of the object can make database operations more efficient.
A command object is created by scripts on an ASP page, but Dreamweaver lets you create command objects without writing a line of ASP code. For more information, see Using ASP commands to modify a database.
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Proper nutrition is important for everyone. We all have to consider it. We can either pick good or bad eating habits. Here you can find some tips for building a nutritious lifestyle — but without only consuming lettuce and water.
Instead of eating products made with white flour, eat whole grain foods. Whole wheat and other whole grains contain more protein and fiber than their refined counterparts. Whole grains still leave you feeling satisfied and also lower your cholesterol. Check the ingredients list for the word “whole.” If it isn’t there, NEXT!
Quinoa can be a healthy alternative to red meat. It is one of the rare non-meat foods to contain many essential amino acids. Additionally, it contains no gluten and has lots of vitamins. Because Quinoa has a mild and nutty flavor, it also tastes great, so you’re certain to enjoy it.
Eat more salmon. Salmon has a healthy dose of niacin and omega-3 content. Omega-3s are known to help you avoid getting depression, cancer or even heart disease. Niacin may be able to help you to avoid Alzheimer’s. In order to reduce exposure to dangerous toxins, select wild salmon instead of farmed.
To ensure your diet is heart-healthy, incorporate lots of protein and very little fat. Turkey and chicken are healthy foods, but should only be eaten without the skin. You can bake, broil or roast them, but not fry. White meat is usually a healthier choice than dark meat.
Try not to put a lot of emphasis on dessert. Don’t eat dessert every day.
If you’re looking for the most nutritious way to prepare meat, look no further than baking, broiling, grilling and roasting. If you’re used to using butter when you prepare things, try a cooking spray in its place. Whenever you brown beef, be sure to strain and rinse with hot water. This will help remove the excess fat on the beef.
A homemade pizza with fresh vegetables is a great strategy to get your family to eat healthy. You can still add the pepperoni and cheese, but add lots of healthy veggies that make a pizza great. Make sure they eat it all.
Practicing in learning new recipes could encourage proper eating habits as well as participating in eating proper nutrition. The novelty and challenge of creating brand new meals encourages good habits and stops diets from being unappealing and repetitive. It also helps add excitement and adventure to the process.
Don’t go overboard, but don’t deprive yourself every day! Every month, allow yourself one or two “free” days. This gives you the flexibility that you need in your diet and in your social life. If you get invited to a party, you won’t have to feel bad about indulging.
Making big changes in your life such as going on a diet, should be accomplished with a helpful partner. This person can be a friend or mentor as long as they are capable of giving you positive and sound advice. Having someone around that you can talk to will help a lot.
When you are choosing the foods that will boost your nutrition, account for the fact that cooked or processed foods have less value than many raw foods. This is because when food is cooked, it tends to lose a good deal of nutrients. This is especially the case for fruits and veggies.
You don’t have to give up taste just to add nutrition to your diet and reduce your cholesterol count. If lasagna is one of your favorite foods, all you need to do is adjust the recipe a little. Use whole-grain noodles and low-fat cheese only. Add a little spinach and use ground turkey rather than beef. Minor adjustments such as these can make most dishes far more heart-healthy.
Think about what you drink. Drink beverages that are low in calories and free of chemicals. Pure filtered water and herbal teas are good choices. Pop and other high sugar drinks neither hydrate you nor provide any worthwhile nutrients.
No one want to deprive themselves of food. Adopting a healthy diet does not mean you should eat less, it means you should eat the right foods. With any luck, this piece has suggested the ease with which you can improve your nutrition on a daily basis. |
choc3Top 4 ingredients children believe are found in chocolate:
1. Eggs (20 per cent)
2. Flour (12 per cent)
3. Plants (9 per cent of four year olds)
4. Wheat (6 per cent of four year olds)
Do your little ones know where milk comes from?
69 thoughts on “One in Five Children DON’T KNOW That Milk Comes From Cows”
1. That’s crazy all parents should teach kids where food comes from. Admittedly when the boys got older and I told them the cute pigs were Bacon they were a bit upset at first!
2. That’s a bit worrying – 1 in 5 children don’t know where milk comes from.
Although my daughter believes money grows on trees!
3. I think my son (6) knows but my daughter is probably a bit young. But it’s a great conversation to have. We’ve been talking a lot recently about meat because we’re veggies but I want to allow my kids the freedom to choose if they want to eat meat when they understand where it comes from. But I also want to shelter them a bit from the brutality of it which is a bit of a dilemma! However, It’s very important that kids know the truth about food production. But i can definitely explain where chocolate, cocoa beans and milk come from! This post has made me want to run to the shops for a big bag of buttons! 😀
1. It’s good to give them the option with foods but also to make sure that hey know where the fruit and veg come from. I know I had a craving for chocolate when I wrote this lol 😉
4. Wow how scary is that! I guess we take some things so for granted these days we don’t think about where the originate from.
5. I don’t know how children are expected to be able to make healthy choices about their diet when they have no idea where food comes from! It’s so important to teach them things like this.
6. That’s pretty shocking and to be honest that’s the first question I’m going to ask my niece next time I see her! In regards to chocolate I guess it would depend on how much the child eats it.
7. My children know this as they are older, but it is a great ideas to learn them when they are young. I remember when I told my daughter as she seen them milking cows on the TV, she didn’t want to drink milk again after seeing it, but then she soon forgot. She loves milk 🙂
8. Wow what a shocking statistic! One of my closest friends growing up lived on a cow farm, so I might have been more informed than most x
9. That is quite shocking that not all children know where milk comes from – glad Dairy Milk are doing this campaign to educate people! x
10. Thats shocking, you would think that most children would know where milk come from seems it what the usually drink at that age
11. This is close to something I just said to my husband this morning. People these days are so detached from real like and I want our children (when we have them) to know that eggs come from chicken and milk comes from cows…
Great idea behind this concept!
12. I am surprised that 1 in 5 children don’t know where milk comes from! All of my children know, even the 2 year old! I think it is important to teach children where their food comes from, visiting farms and growing their own food are fantastic ways to do that.
13. surprising figures! my kids have been lucky enough to spend a lot of time on family members farms so there pretty aware of where food comes from.
14. That is quite surprising to hear. I remember visiting a farm when I was in school and seeing cows being milked.
15. It’s worrying, isn’t it? This is something that needs this sort of attention. I get that kids may not know the ingredients of chocolate, but the cow / milk thing is a head-scratcher.
16. Love this post it’s shocking children don’t know we’re milk comes from we go out walking and say hello to the Cows most weekends
1. That’s the problem though many children don’t get to go anywhere near the country side or a working farm so if they don’t see it in action and are not told they haven’t a clue.
17. CHILDREN THINK COWS EAT PIZZA!? I can’t get my head around that. You can’t blame children really but I think we all need to make sure our children understand food, nutrition and money (rather than always spending on a debit card!). Can’t wait to teach Pickle when he’s older!
18. Oh my goodness, I’m really quite shocked by this. My girls are pretty good when it comes to identifying food and knowing it’s provenance although It will be interesting to hear what they say when I ask them what chocolate is made from.
19. That is just one of the saddest statistics but really not surprising. I think a lot of children have no idea where any of their food comes from.
20. This upset and annoys me! How do parents not tell their child where things come from etc? A few weeks ago there was a lady collecting money for a nature charity and she stopped us so we were chatting and she was so impressed that my 4 year old knew what a hedgehog was. I know each parent does things differently but how can you skip talking to your children about things like this when most kids toys and books contain animals.
21. Quite shocking statistics – I do think we overprotect children these days from the reality of where food comes from.
22. I am absolutely stunned by those statistics!! I find it hard to understand why there is so little knowledge. I remember my children doing it at nursery School. More education Is definitely needed xx
23. How frightening is it that so many children don’t know where food comes from. It’s the same with many children and meat, which.
24. I just had to quiz my 7 year old to see what he thinks. Milk comes from cows, chocolate is made from cocoa beans and milk and cows eat grass and wheat. I guess I’m doing my job well! 😀
25. That’s shocking and actually really sad. It’s understandable when they are little but not when older. I hope this statistic changes.
26. Chatting with children when they are young while shopping, letting them know what the food is and where it is from would be a good start.
27. wow, that is both scary and shocking! I always knew where food came from and how it was brought about, since having family that owned their own farm.
28. It doesn’t surprise me to be honest that a lot of children didn’t know about milk…more saddens me. Then again a fully grown man on ‘Tipping Point’ the other day didn’t have a clue who Winston Churchill was because in his words ‘he was a bit before my time’?? Great excuse for being ignorant that one.
29. That’s crazy! I think part of it may be due to kids just not being educated enough whether that be at home or school in regards to where our food comes from…
30. We’re vegetarian and my granddaughter has inherited my lactose intolerance, so her milk comes from nuts or soya. I’m pretty shocked at such levels of ignorance though, it’s not just the fault of schools, surely parents have some responsibility to teach their children things.
31. Sad to say, but it doesn’t surprise me. My daughter is 26 now, but when she was little, we did move around a fair bit. And the difference in knowledge of nature and food was noticeably different between rural Northumberland and an ex council estate in Northampton.
32. I think it’s a shame in this day and age that children aren’t taught everyday things like this. I remember having milk from a bottle at school and having a lesson all about how the milk ended up in the bottle.
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Kalibari Temple Shimla
Kalibari Temple
History Kalibari Temple:
This majestic temple was built in the year 1845 and it is from the name of the Goddess Shyamala that Shimla derives its name. This religious spot is very famous in Shimla and people coming here make it a point to visit the temple. The Kali Bari temple of Shimla is a very well known religious place of India and people who come to Shimla never miss out on visiting this temple. The Kalibari temple was primarily located in Jakhu hill. It is set amidst the lush green forests of Shimla and offers a magnificent view of the Himalayas, and this is the reason why tourists love to explore this stunning hilltop. |
Ancient Indian History mcq Pdf
Ancient Indian History
Quiz 4
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31) “Chand Pradhyot” was the ruler of which Mahajanpada?
A. Avanti
B. Vatsa
C. Matsya
D. Ashmaka
Correct Answer: Avanti
32) Who wrote “Arthshastara?
A. Chanakya
B. Kalidas
C. Kumargupta
D. Kalhan
Correct Answer: Chanakya
33) Chandragupta’s migration to South with Bhadra Bhahu is mentioned in which of these scriptures?
A. Kalpasutra
B. Mudrarakshas
C. Parishist Parvn
D. Bhadrabhahu charitra
Correct Answer: Kalpasutra
34) Who has written Mudrarakshas?
A. Visharavdatta
B. Matta Mayur
C. Nagarjun
D. Bhavbhuti
Correct Answer: Visharavdatta
35) Who wrote Mrachakatikam?
A. Vishakhadatta
B. Shudrak
C. Banbhatt
D. Bhas
Correct Answer: Shudrak
36) In which Rock edicts the information of Ashok’s visit to Bouddhgaya is found?
A. Rock edicts – 1
B. Rock edicts 2
C. Rock edicts 8
D. Rock edicts13
Correct Answer: Rock edicts 8
37) How many parts of state has been described by Chanakya in ‘Arthashastra’?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
Correct Answer: 7
38) Which new post was created by Ashoka?
A. Sannidhata
B. Samahartta
C. Pradeshta
D. Dhammahamatra
Correct Answer: Dhammahamatra
39) Who was the wife of Ashoka ?
A. Tishyrakshita
B. Devi
C. Karuvaki
D. All of these
Correct Answer: All of these
40) Deepvansh Mahavansh Text is associated with which country?
A. Srilanka
B. Verma
C. Thailand
D. Kambodiya
Correct Answer: Srilanka
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Indian History, as almost all aspirants know, is an important area from which a
ancient indian history mcq pdf
Ancient Indian History
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This section has multiple choice questions on ancient Indian History useful for preparation of ancient history, culture and heritage of India and many topic such as Indus Valley civilization, Aryan Civilization, Religions movements (Jainism, Buddhism), The Mauryan Empire, tral Asian contacts and their results, South Indian History, Gupta Empire, Post-Gupta period, etc for 2017, 2018 competition examinations
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» » Wiki: Republicanism In The United States
Tag Wiki 'Republicanism In The United States'.
Modern As opposed to classical republicanism; see , The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke (1988), p. 35: is a guiding political of the United States that has been a major part of American civic thought since its founding.Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography," William and Mary Quarterly, 29 (January 1972), pp. 49–80. It stresses and unalienable individual rights as central values, making people as a whole; rejects , and inherited political power; expects citizens to be virtuous and faithful in their performance of civic duties, and vilifies corruption.Richard Buel, Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (1972) American republicanism was articulated and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century. For them, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy."Robert A. Divine, T. H. Breen, et al. The American Story (3rd ed. 2007) p. 147
Republicanism was based on Ancient Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and English models and ideas.Becker et al (2002), ch 1 It formed the basis for the American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787), and the Bill of Rights, as well as the Gettysburg Address (1863).Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (2011) pp. 95ff.
Republicanism is not the same as . Republicanism includes guarantees of rights that cannot be repealed by a majority vote.John Phillip Reid, Constitutional History of the American Revolution (2003) p. 76 Alexis de Tocqueville warned about the "tyranny of the majority" in a democracy, and suggested the courts should try to reverse the efforts of the majority of terminating the rights of an unpopular minority.Kyle G. Volk, "The Perils of 'Pure Democracy': Minority Rights, Liquor Politics, and Popular Sovereignty in Antebellum America," Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 29, No. 4, Winter 2009 ; Volk, Kyle G. (2014). Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
The term "republicanism" is derived from the term "republic", but the two words have different meanings. A "" is a form of government (one without a hereditary ruling class); "republicanism" refers to the values of the citizens in a republic.Hart, (2002), ch. 1
Https://< /ref> – the Republican Party of (founded in 1793, and often called the "Jeffersonian Republican Party"), and the current Republican Party, founded in 1854 and named after the Jeffersonian party.Robert Williams, Horace Greeley: champion of American freedom (2006) pp. 175–76
The American Revolution
Republican virtues
The colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments and their effectiveness of rule.Trevor Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution (1965) online version The Revolutionists were especially concerned with the history of liberty in England and were primarily influenced by the "country party" (which opposed the court party that held power). Country party philosophy relied heavily on the classical republicanism of Roman heritage; it celebrated the ideals of duty and virtuous citizenship in a republic. It drew heavily on ancient Greek city-state and Roman republican examples.H. T. Dickinson, ed., A companion to eighteenth-century Britain (2002) p. 300 The country party shared some of the political philosophy of as well as Tory critics in England which roundly denounced the corruption surrounding the “court party” in London centering on the royal court. This approach produced a political ideology Americans called "republicanism", which was widespread in colonial America by 1775.Mortimer N. S. Sellers, American republicanism (1994) p. 3 "Republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire Revolutionary generation."Robert Kelley, "Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon," American Historical Review, 82 (June 1977), p. 536 J.G.A. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America:J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment p. 507
American republicanism was centered on limiting corruption and greed. Virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives. Revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient Rome; they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the empire. A virtuous citizen was one who ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption. The republic was sacred; therefore, it was necessary to serve the state in a truly representative way, ignoring self-interest and individual will. Republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good. According to Bernard Bailyn, "The preservation of liberty rested on the ability of the people to maintain effective checks on wielders of power and hence in the last analysis rested on the vigilance and moral stamina of the people...." Virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government. The duty of the virtuous citizen became a foundation for the American Revolution.Zephyr Teachout, Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin's Snuff Box to Citizens United (2014)
Cause of revolution
The commitment of Patriots to republican values was a key intellectual foundation of the American Revolution. In particular, the key was Patriots' intense fear of political corruption and the threat it posed to liberty. states, "The fact that the ministerial conspiracy against liberty had risen from corruption was of the utmost importance to the colonists."Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967) p 138 online In 1768 to 1773 newspaper exposés such as 's series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" (1767-68) were widely reprinted and spread American disgust with British corruption. Exposés made Britain's power seem either maddening. The patriot press provided emphasized British corruption, mismanagement, and tyranny. Thomas C. Leonard, "News for a Revolution: The Expose in America, 1768-1773." Journal of American History 67.1 (1980): 26-40. online Britain was increasingly portrayed as corrupt and hostile and that of a threat to the very idea of democracy; a threat to the established liberties that colonists enjoyed and to colonial property rights. The greatest threat to liberty was thought by many to be corruption – not just in London but at home as well. The colonists associated it with luxury and, especially, inherited aristocracy, which they condemned. Historian J.G.A. Pocock argues that Republicanism explains the American Revolution in terms of virtuous Republican resistance to British imperial corruption.
Historian Sarah Purcell studied the sermons preached by the New England patriot clergy in 1774-1776. They stirred up a martial spirit justified war against England. The preachers cited New England's Puritan history in defense of freedom, blamed Britain's depravity and corruption for the necessity of armed conflict. The sermons called on soldiers to behave morally and in a "manly" disciplined fashion. The rhetoric not only encouraged heavy enlistment, but helped create the intellectual climate the Patriots needed to fight a civil war.Sarah J. Purcell, "`Spread this martial fire': The New England patriot clergy and civil military inspiration," Journal of Church & State (1996) 38#3 pp 621-38/ Historian Thomas Kidd argues that during the Revolution active Christians linked their religion to republicanism. He states, "With the onset of the revolutionary crisis, a major conceptual shift convinced Americans across the theological spectrum that God was raising up America for some special purpose."Thomas S. Kidd, God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution p. 9 Kidd further argues that "new blend of Christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue."Kidd, God of Liberty, p. 8
Founding Fathers
The "Founding Fathers" were strong advocates of republican values, especially , , George Washington, , Benjamin Franklin, , , and Alexander Hamilton.Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis," William and Mary Quarterly, 29 (January 1972), pp. 49–80
Thomas Jefferson defined a republic as:
The Founding Fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of "republicanism." John Adams in 1787 defined it as "a government, in which all men, rich and poor, magistrates and subjects, officers and people, masters and servants, the first citizen and the last, are equally subject to the laws." Republican Government. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
Virtue vs. commerce
The open question, as Pocock suggested,J.G.A. Pocock, "Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3#1 (1972), pp. 119–34. of the conflict between personal economic interest (grounded in Lockean liberalism) and classical republicanism, troubled Americans. and roundly denounced the Federalists for creating a national bank as tending to corruption and monarchism; Alexander Hamilton staunchly defended his program, arguing that national economic strength was necessary for the protection of liberty. Jefferson never relented but by 1815 Madison switched and announced in favor of a national bank, which he set up in 1816.
Other influences
A second stream of thought growing in significance was the classical liberalism of , including his theory of the "". This had a great influence on the revolution as it implied the inborn right of the people to overthrow their leaders should those leaders betray the agreements implicit in the sovereign-follower relationship. Historians find little trace of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influence in America."Rousseau, whose romantic and egalitarian tenets had practically no influence on the course of Jefferson's, or indeed any American, thought." Nathan Schachner, Thomas Jefferson: A Biography. (1957). p. 47. In terms of writing state and national constitutions, the Americans used Montesquieu's analysis of the ideally "balanced" British Constitution. But first and last came a commitment to republicanism, as shown by many historians such as and Gordon S. Wood.Craig Yirush, "Bailyn, the Republican Interpretation, and the Future of Revolutionary Scholarship." Eighteenth-Century Studies 50.3 (2017): 321-325.
For a century, historians have debated how important republicanism was to the Founding Fathers. The interpretation before 1960, following Progressive School historians such as Charles A. Beard, Vernon L. Parrington and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., downplayed rhetoric as superficial and looked for economic motivations. refined the position in the 1950s, arguing was the most important source because his property-oriented supported the materialistic goals of Americans.Gordon S. Wood, "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly 23#1 (1966), pp. 3–32 in JSTOR
In the 1960s and 1970s, two new schools emerged that emphasized the primacy of ideas as motivating forces in history (rather than material self-interest). , Gordon Wood from Harvard formed the "Cambridge School"; at Washington University the "St. Louis School" was led by J.G.A. Pocock. They emphasized slightly different approaches to republicanism.Rodgers (1992) However, some scholars, especially and the late , continue to emphasize Locke, arguing that Americans are fundamentally individualistic and not devoted to civic virtue. The relative importance of republicanism and liberalism remains a topic of strong debate among historians, as well as the politically active of present day.
New Nation: The Constitution
The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its principles guaranteed liberty, with opposing, limited powers offsetting one another. They thought change should occur slowly, as many were afraid that a "democracy" – by which they meant a – would allow a majority of voters at any time to trample rights and liberties. They believed the most formidable of these potential majorities was that of the poor against the rich.Gordon S. Wood, Empire of liberty: a history of the early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009) p. 214 They thought democracy could take the form of that could be shaped on the spot by a demagogue.Mark B. Brown, Science in democracy: expertise, institutions, and representation (2009) p. 83 Therefore, they devised a written Constitution that could be amended only by a super majority, preserved competing sovereignties in the constituent states,When Alexander Hamilton proposed at the Constitutional Convention to drastically reduce the power of the states, he won no support and dropped the idea. gave the control of the upper house (Senate) to the states, and created an Electoral College, comprising a small number of elites, to select the president. They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people. In practice the electoral college soon gave way to control by political parties. In 1776, most states required property ownership to vote, but most citizens owned farms in the 90% rural nation, so it was not a severe restriction. As the country urbanized and people took on different work, the property ownership requirement was gradually dropped by many states. Property requirements were gradually dismantled in state after state, so that all had been eliminated by 1850, so that few if any economic barriers remained to prevent white, adult males from voting.Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (2001)
"Republican" as party name
In 1792–93 Jefferson and Madison created a new "Democratic-Republican party" in order to promote their version of the doctrine. They wanted to suggest that Hamilton's version was illegitimate.Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson (1974) p. 267 According to Federalist , a political activist bitter at the defeat of the Federalist party in the White House and Congress, the choice of the name "Democratic-Republican" was "a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party.... The influence of names on the mass of mankind, was never more distinctly exhibited, than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States. The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party, was more than a match for the popularity of Washington's character and services, and contributed to overthrow his administration."quoted in John C. Miller, Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox (1959) p. 320; online edition of Webster p. 332 The party, which historians later called the Democratic-Republican Party, split into separate factions in the 1820s, one of which became the Democratic Party. After 1832, the Democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves "Whigs" after the Patriots of the 1770s who started the American Revolution. Both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the Second Party System.
Republican motherhood
Under the new government after the revolution, "republican motherhood" became an ideal, as exemplified by and Mercy Otis Warren. The first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children, and to avoid luxury and ostentation.Kerber 1997
National debt
His own fears of personal dependency and his small-shopkeeper's sense of integrity, both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier, convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils – corruption, legislative impotence, executive tyranny, social inequality, financial speculation, and personal indolence. Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible, he argued, but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures.Edwin G. Burrows. "Gallatin, Albert" in American National Biography Online (2000) Accessed Dec 03 2013
Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a "national curse" and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835. Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation's future.
Ellis and Nelson argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny." They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities."Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson, Debating the presidency (2009) p. 211 Madison, in particular, worried that a small localized majority might threaten inalienable rights, and in "Federalist #10" he argued that the larger the population of the republic, the more diverse it would be and the less liable to this threat.Paul F. Bourke, "The Pluralist Reading of James Madison's Tenth Federalist," Perspectives in American History (1975) 9:271–99 Jefferson warned that "an elective despotism is not the government we fought for."David Tucker, Enlightened republicanism: a study of Jefferson's Notes on the State if Virginia (2008) p. 109
As late as 1800, the word "democrat" was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party. Thus, George Washington in 1798 complained, "that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country." Transcript. The Federalist Papers are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous, because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority.Paul S. Boyer, et al. The Enduring Vision (2010) vol. 1 p. 191 Thus, in encouraging the states to participate in a strong centralized government under a new constitution and replace the relatively weak Articles of Confederation, Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that a special interest may take control of a small area, e.g. a state, but it could not easily take over a large nation. Therefore, the larger the nation, the safer is republicanism.Recently Martin has argued that Madison showed his commitment to the popular element of popular government in the "Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments" (1785); Robert W. T. Martin, "James Madison and Popular Government: The Neglected Case of the 'Memorial'" Polity, Apr 2010, Vol. 42 Iss. 2, pp. 185–209
By 1805, the "Old Republicans" or "", a minority faction among Southern Republicans, led by Johan Randolph, John Taylor of Caroline and , opposed Jefferson and Madison on the grounds that they had abandoned the true republican commitment to a weak central government.Garrett Ward Sheldon and C. William Hill Jr., The Liberal Republicanism of John Taylor of Caroline (2008)
Property rights
Supreme Court Justice (1779–1845), made the protection of property rights by the courts a major component of American republicanism. A precocious legal scholar, Story was appointed to the Court by James Madison in 1811. He and Chief Justice made the Court a bastion of nationalism (along the lines of Marshall's ) and a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy. Story opposed Jacksonian democracy because it was inclined to repudiate lawful debts and was too often guilty of what he called "oppression" of property rights by republican governments.David Brion Davis, Antebellum American culture (1997) pp. 14–15 Story held that, "the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property legally acquired" was "a great and fundamental principle of a republican government."Kermit L. Hall and Kevin T. McGuire, eds. Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch (2005) p. 404 Newmyer (1985) presents Story as a "Statesman of the Old Republic" who tried to rise above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story's heroes, Alexander Hamilton and , as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s, such as .R. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic (1985) Historians agree that Justice Story – as much or more than Marshall or anyone else – did indeed reshape American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights.Stephen B. Presser, "Resurrecting the Conservative Tradition in American Legal History," Reviews in American History, Vol. 13#4 (Dec. 1985), pp. 526–33 in JSTOR
Military service
Civic virtue required men to put civic goals ahead of their personal desires, and to volunteer to fight for their country. Military service thus was an integral duty of the citizen. As John Randolph of Roanoke put it, "When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms, then you will be safe."Randolph quoted in Banning (1978) p. 262. See Lawrence D. Cress, "Republican Liberty and National Security: American Military Policy as an Ideological Problem, 1783 to 1789." William and Mary Quarterly (1981) 38(1): 73–96. Fulltext at Jstor Scott (1984) notes that in both the American and French revolutions, distrust of foreign mercenaries led to the concept of a national, citizen army, and the definition of military service was changed from a choice of careers to a civic duty.Samuel F. Scott, "Foreign Mercenaries, Revolutionary War, and Citizen-soldiers in the Late Eighteenth Century." War & Society 1984 2(2): 41–58. Herrera (2001) explains that an appreciation of self-governance is essential to any understanding of the American military character before the Civil War. Military service was considered an important demonstration of patriotism and an essential component of citizenship. To soldiers, military service was a voluntary, negotiated, and temporary abeyance of self-governance by which they signaled their responsibility as citizens. In practice self-governance in military affairs came to include personal independence, enlistment negotiations, petitions to superior officials, militia constitutions, and negotiations regarding discipline. Together these affected all aspects of military order, discipline, and life.Ricardo A. Herrera, "Self-governance and the American Citizen as Soldier, 1775–1861." Journal of Military History 2001 65#1 pp. 21–52. onlineRicardo A. Herrera, For Liberty and the Republic: The American Citizen as Soldier, 1775–1861 (New York University Press, 2015) online review
Role of the South
In reaction to the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 that promoted democracy by saying new settlers could decide themselves whether or not to have slavery, antislavery forces across the North formed a new party. The party officially designated itself "Republican" because the name resonated with the struggle of 1776. "In view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government," resolved the Michigan state convention, "and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed, or man debased, we will co-operate and be known as Republicans."McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (1988) quote p. 126Lewis L. Gould, Grand Old Party (2003) p. 14 J. Mills Thornton argues that in the antebellum South the drive to preserve republican values was the most powerful force, and led Southerners to interpret Northern policies against slavery as a threat to their republican values.Thornton, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860 (1981)
After the war, the Republicans believed that the Constitutional guarantee of republicanism enabled Congress to Reconstruct the political system of the former Confederate states. The main legislation was explicitly designed to promote Republicanism. Radical Republicans push forward, to secure not only citizenship for freedmen through the 14th amendment, but to give them the vote through the 15th amendment. They held that the republicanism meant that true political knowledge was to be gained in exercising the right to vote and organizing for elections. Susan B. Anthony and other advocates of woman suffrage said republicanism covered them too, as they demanded the vote.
Progressive Era
Questions of performing civic duty were brought up in presidential campaigns and World War I. In the presidential election of 1888, Republicans emphasized that the Democratic candidate had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the Civil War, while his opponent General Benjamin Harrison had fought in numerous battles.Alyn Brodsky, Grover Cleveland: a study in character (2000) p. 96 In 1917, a great debate took place over 's proposal to draft men into the U.S. Army after war broke out in Europe. Many said it violated the republican notion of freely given civic duty to force people to serve.John Whiteclay II Chambers, To Raise An Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987) In the end, Wilson was successful and the Selective Service Act of 1917 was passed.
Legal terminology
The term republic does not appear in the Declaration of Independence, but does appear in Article IV of the Constitution which "guarantees to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government." What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain. The , in Luther v. Borden (1849), declared that the definition of republic was a "political question" in which it would not intervene. During Reconstruction the Constitutional clause was the legal foundation for the extensive Congressional control over the eleven former Confederate states; there was no such oversight over the border slave states that had remained in the Union.
"A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."Herman Belz, Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era (1998) p. 86
Over time, the pejorative connotations of "democracy" faded. By the 1830s, democracy was seen as an unmitigated positive and the term "Democratic" was assumed by the Democratic Party and the term "Democrat" was adopted by its members.William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary (2008) pp. 175–76 A common term for the party in the 19th century was "The Democracy."Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861 (2007) p. 27 In debates on Reconstruction, Radical Republicans, such as Senator , argued that the republican "guarantee clause" in Article IV supported the introduction by force of law of democratic suffrage in the defeated South.Charles O. Lerche, Jr., "Congressional Interpretations of the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government during Reconstruction," Journal of Southern History (1949), 15: 192–211 in JSTOR
After 1800 the limitations on democracy were systematically removed; property qualifications for state voters were largely eliminated in the 1820s."Suffrage" in Paul S. Boyer and Melvyn Dubofsky, The Oxford Companion to United States history (2001) p. 754 The initiative, referendum, recall, and other devices of direct democracy became widely accepted at the state and local level in the 1910s; and senators were made directly electable by the people in 1913. The last restrictions on black voting were made illegal in 1965.
See also
• Corruption in the United States
• First Party System
• Second Party System
• Third Party System
Further reading
• . Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (1992)
• . "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts," William & Mary Quarterly, 43 (January, 1986), pp. 3–34 online
• Clark, J. C. D.. The Language of Liberty 1660–1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World, 1660–1832
• Haakonssen, Knud. "Republicanism" in Robert E. Goodin et al. eds. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy Https://
• Morgan. Edmund. Inventing the People (1989)
• Nabors, Forrest A. From Oligarchy to Republicanism: The Great Task of Reconstruction (2017) the South in late 1860s excerpt
• Postell, Joseph. "Regulation during the American Founding: Achieving Liberalism and Republicanism." American Political Thought 5.1 (2016): 80-108.
• Ross, Steven J. "The Transformation of Republican Ideology," Journal of the Early Republic, 10#3 (1990), pp. 323–30 in JSTOR
• Sandoz , Ellis. Republicanism, Religion, and the Soul of America (2013).
• Shaffer, Arthur H. The Politics of History: Writing the History of the American Revolution, 1783-1815 (2017).
• Shields, David S., and Fredrika J. Teute. "The republican court and the historiography of a women's domain in the public sphere." Journal of the Early Republic 35.2 (2015): 169-183.
• Yirush, Craig. "Bailyn, the Republican Interpretation, and the Future of Revolutionary Scholarship." Eighteenth-Century Studies 50.3 (2017): 321-325.
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Memories - inside
Modern life is all about speed. In the movements in time, in the transmission of information, in almost everything.
We begin to hurry- in small things and large.
After waking up in the morning, we do not notice the beauty outside the window, the singing of the birds.
We look out of the window indifferently. We are only interested in the weather. Because it also affects our speed.
We forget that you can listen the coffee boiling. Or wait for the tea leaves to stain the boiling water, turning it into your favorite drink.
-Why do we need to become old in order not to think about time?
-Why are old people in no hurry?
They do not want to rush time. Because there is so little left.
Therefore, old people smile tenderly and why they try not to argue, why they are able to listen.
Of course, not because they have left the circle of life, stopped working, gave their business to their children or acquired dependence of any kind.
Old people have learned TO SEE TIME.
It turns out that time is material. With age, time becomes more obvious.
Old people begin to cherish it. They do not spend it on quarrels, grievances or anger.
They try to "stretch" time.
Because TIME is - moments of life.
They like to brew tea, without the convenience of tossing a teabag into a cup. Rather dropping scattered tea leaves into your favorite teapot. The process of tea drinking becomes a ritual that gives pleasure and a sense of time materiality. They feel that time does not run, it's with them now and it's so important.
When we come to visit them, we should try TO SEE time.
We must carefully look at our parents and remember them.
Because this time and its memories will return to warm you up.
Speed - heats your outer being.
Memories - inside.
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Type vs Fach
Type vs Fach
A suggestion from Rachel on Facebook for discussion, and a good one!
Fach is a word used in opera to determine vocal type - and in determining vocal type, determining operatic roles sung by that type or fach.
Type in theatre is very similar but is has a double edge in that it is not just voice type (music theatre) but also physical type.
Ironically, the physical type is becoming more and more prominent in opera too...ANOTHER blog!
Theatre/Music Theatre types can be some of the following: (the ideas are endless really)
Ingenue type
girl next door type
leading lady/man type
femme fatale type
quirky type
geeky type
young mother type
shy plain jane type
player type
villain type
and on and on - it is endless, and obviously has more variety and change than opera.
Some casting people will also associate your "type" with a performer that has defined themselves often with a specific role - "Kristin Chenoweth type" or "Bernadette Peters type"
Obviously these terms work for straight theatre as well as music theatre, thus the physical types and vocal types grouped together.
Ultimately, as a singer, it would be nice to be able to match your physical type with your voice type, (ingenue/soubrette voice) but it doesn't always work out that way. So, sometimes, we as performers have to create that type that best reflects us so casting people don't have to get creative. There is no time in the audition process to get creative anyway.
YOU must decide HOW you want to be seen, and how your voice reflects what is seen. We see you first - therefore whatever "type" you exude must be in that presentation. When you open your mouth sing, it needs to further convince them of that.
Types basically come from the mythical sense of archetype. Research that. You will find all theatrical types clearly develop from that. Voices are associated with archetypes, and thus the distinction. Don't dream of what you would like to be, but rather, BE what you ARE. Find an honesty in discovering your type and develop it. As I have said in an earlier missive, we need ALL KINDS of characters. Embrace yours! If you aren't sure, work with voice and acting teachers to discover fully what you have to offer.
Types in theatre have many variances and shades. Discover a primary one and create the shades and hues around that type. This will keep you from putting yourself in a box. Rather, when you walk into that audition room, you can present the type they need to see and hear in order to be hired for the job, or at least, given a second glance - and maybe a callback!
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Chilean Copper Mine Collapse
865 Words Jun 19th, 2018 4 Pages
On August 5, 2010, a gold and copper mine caved in trapping more then 30 miners. The collapse happened about 2,300 feet below the surface. They were trapped down there for 17 days before anyone was able to find out if they were still alive. They drilled a hole down into the cave that the miners had been trapped in to see if in fact anyone had survived the collapse.
The first communication for the miner’s families is done, most generally on a face to face communication before any names
…show more content…
After the message as been sent out to the employees and the families of the miners the company and the authorities would keep the families of the miners up to date with any type of news that would surface from the investigation. They would allow the families to come to the accident site to see if there were any leads on the collapse.
Through the 17 days that no one knew the fate of the miners, the only things that people had to go on was hope. The owners/relations and the authorities should keep the information they receive in a positive manner for the employees and the families to give the hope they are still alive.
Most of the information that needs to be given to the families is either going to be through a face to face communication or through the phone. There is no need to the information to be sent out through an email or a letter. The information needs to come as soon as they find out any new information regarding the case.
Written communication is going to be used for the media. They will write out newspaper articles about the incident as well as any statements from the people they talk to. News anchors use both written and oral communication to deliver the message across the area or the world. In this case, it was the world, it was transmitted world wide.
Communication to the Family This communication would be face to face communication through authorities.
The police would walk up to the door of the next of kin to one of the miners. They would
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Is an Electric Vehicle Right for You? - Carolina Country
Is an Electric Vehicle Right for You?
Weigh the pros and cons of owning an EV
By Pat Keegan and Christine Grant
Is an Electric Vehicle Right for You?
Let’s start with the basics: EVs are vehicles that plug into the electric grid for some or all of their power. There are two primary types of EVs. All-electric EVs (such as the Nissan LEAF) are powered entirely with electricity. Plug-in hybrid EVs (such as the Chevrolet Volt) are dual-fuel cars, meaning both the electric motor and the internal combustion engine can propel the car.
A key benefit of EVs is that a driver’s trips to the gas station are either vastly reduced or eliminated altogether. However, in lieu of gas refueling, EVs need to be recharged. At the lowest charging level, called Level One, an hour of charging typically provides three to five miles of range per hour. Because the average light-duty car is parked for 12 hours per day at a residence, many EV drivers can use Level One charging for most of their charging needs. The fastest charging level, called DC Fast-Charging, can provide an 80 percent charge in about 20 or 30 minutes (see Keep That EV Rolling).
EVs are also well-suited for many commercial applications (maybe even buses). Companies like Frito-Lay and FedEx are introducing EVs into their delivery fleets, and a growing number of municipalities are buying electric buses. One of the primary draws of EVs for commercial use is their minimal maintenance requirements.
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Having muscles is important whether you want to gain or lose weight. Aside from building them via regular exercise, you should also supply your body with protein and some other nutrients that can help build and maintain them.
Unfortunately, there are certain things that can cause you to lose muscle mass, and this article will focus on them. Knowing what they are is essential most especially if you want to stay in a great shape.
Without any more ado, the following are scientifically-proven to cause muscle mass loss:
Quitting Eating
Contrary to popular belief, it’s not just protein that you need to build, repair and maintain muscles, but also calories — you need to have your body provided with enough fuel that it may use for keeping your muscles intact.
It’s exactly for this reason why you should refrain from skipping meals. Actually, allowing those lean muscles to stay around is a good idea if you want to lose weight as muscles burn calories all the time.
Going on a Low-Carb Diet
Even if you are eating on a regular basis, it means nothing if you are turning your back on carbohydrates. Nutrition experts say that carbohydrates are necessary not only for maintaining muscles, but also keeping you energized.
Not all carbohydrates are the same. If you don’t want to ruin your health and figure, make sure that you opt for good ones such as brown rice, oatmeal, sweet potatoes, and breads and pastas out of whole wheat grains.
Having One Protein-Rich Meal Only
We all know that protein is very important for building muscles and also keeping them around. Throughout the day, make sure that you consume small frequent meals that supply your body with good amounts of protein.
It’s not really recommendable for you to have one meal that’s rich in protein and the rest low in the said nutrient. If you are watching your weight or you are a vegetarian, you can get protein from plant-based foods, too!
Not Drinking Enough Water
According to experts, muscles contain a lot of water. That is why failure to drink enough water can cause your muscles to shrink, robbing you not only of your fine-looking body contours but also physical strength.
See to it that you consume about 2 liters of water every single day — more if you sweat profusely due to exercising or the hot weather. It’s also a good idea to be familiar with the telltale signs of dehydration.
Enjoying Alcoholic Drinks Too Much
In moderation, drinking alcohol can actually provide you with some health benefits. However, it is a completely different tale if you are consuming lots of alcohol on most days or every day of the week.
You see, alcohol has diuretic properties, which means that it can leave your body dehydrated. Just like what’s mentioned above, dehydration is something that can make you lose some precious muscle mass.
Failure to Catch Some Z’s
Aside from allowing you to regain energy for the following day, having a good night’s sleep gives your body the chance to repair itself. It’s also while you’re in dreamland when your muscles grow.
No matter how much protein you eat or how often you hit the gym, it won’t make you grow lean muscles if you do not spend 7 to 9 hours of sleep every single night.
Spending Too Much Time in Bed
On the other hand, getting more sleep than needed or simply spending most of your waking hours in bed can also make you lose a lot of muscles since you are not engaging in activities that work them out.
Unfortunately, suffering from a physical injury or a medical condition that requires you to take plenty of bed rest can cause those muscles to go away. |
This article is part of a series. Read Part I here.
"It would appear then that there are two ways to be happy in consumption: to permanently escalate consumption (to reach the next unit of happiness, we need ever more consumption material) or to become aware that we have enough. The only thing we have a real shortage of is shortage itself."
- Tomas Sedlacek
There is a tragic paradox to the women’s movements of the past century, specifically when it comes to women in the workplace. What started out as liberation – the choice of whether or not to work and to have that labor valued and respected in the same way as a man – has evolved into something else. Today most women do not have a choice as to whether or not they work. Work is an economic necessity.
In a theoretical sense, women entering the workplace should have meant a number of positive things at the family level of finance. For a home that now had two breadwinners, it should have meant a higher standard of living. It should have provided the household with more capacity for leisure time. It should have given the other spouse the ability to work less or to choose a different job that perhaps was more fulfilling. In short, the sacrifice of extra labor should have provided the benefit of a better life for everyone.
It may have in the early years, but our insatiable lust for additional economic growth wore away those benefits. We've now reached a point where we have sucked all the productivity gains out of employing the other half of our workforce -- as economists like to call women -- and still we need more growth. To what end?
Czech economist Tomas Sedlacek, whose insights we are examining this week, observed the following in his book Economics of Good and Evil:
The United States could have devoted the technological development of the last twenty years to saving time. In other words, if the United States remained at the standard of living it had twenty years ago, and were to invest technological progress into free time, maintaining this standard would require 40 percent less work, or a three-day workweek.
Stated another way: Imagine how spartan and deprived your life was back in the 1990's (not). If you were to have sacrificed and simply maintained that standard of living -- house sizes, gadgets, automobiles, etc... -- today it would only take three days of your labor each week to sustain that quality of life. So, if we measured success in terms of....say....leisure time instead of growth, the path we've been on the last two decades has resulted in a vastly reduced standard of living.
We don't measure success in leisure time, however, which is actually an interesting observation when one stops to ponder it. Why do we work? Sedlacek puts forth some provocative challenges to the growth economy, such as an examination of the modern treatment of Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of abstinence from work recognized by Jewish and Christian religions. It's a time out. A day of rest. Not a day to work a few hours or get caught up on the yard.
Genesis describes God's labor of creating the heavens and earth and all that is as taking six days. On the seventh day, God rests. God doesn't rest because God needs to be back at the office Monday morning to create another universe. God rests because God is done.
As modern Americans, do we work for the weekend? Do we put in our toil and labor so that we can be done and then rest? Or do we, as modern economists who argue over the proper length of the work week put forth, need rest so that we can become more productive workers? Who serves whom?
The political right in this country often treats the growth economy as a religion, as if it in and of itself is a thing possessed with a higher morality. Growth is a good unto itself. This is why, in the wake of the financial crisis, some so-called conservatives had open discussions about the merits of the Beijing Consensus -- a little state capitalism with some authoritarianism thrown in -- if that is what was needed to get growth going again.
Again, do we have western democracy that can result in economic growth OR do we require economic growth in order to have western democracy? Which is the dependent and which is the independent variable for us?
The political left largely accepts the dogma of a growth economy but -- like the One Ring in Tolkien's trilogy -- tries to wield the power for good. Instead of changing the system to function differently, there is a lot more power to be had in letting it churn and then reallocating the spoils. And, of course, let's just take on huge amounts of debt if we have to -- of course we do, people are in need, after all -- in order to increase that (managed) growth.
The refreshing thing about Sedlacek is that, unlike his economist peers, who deny humanity and replace us with homo economicus, a totally rational being that cleanly fits their mathematical models, he starts with a deeper understanding of human motivation. We're not the utility-maximizing entities that our economic models count on us to be. There's a lot of good that comes from growth, but growth is not the only good. An economy based solely on growth is one that misses out on a lot, not to mention wreaks a lot of havoc.
This brings me to one last rhetorical question: What does the end look like? When the growth economy has provided everyone a house, two cars, clothes, food, two iphones, a driverless car and a robot maid, what then? Are we done? Does our model even contemplate a time when we have enough, or at least a time when our wants are insufficient to create a 3% annual rate of gdp growth?
Sadly, the answer is "no" and so tomorrow we will examine the problem caused by debt.
"If maximum growth is the imperative of our time, at any cost, then true rest and satisfaction are not possible."
-Tomas Sedlacek
Read the next article in this series.
(Top image from Wikimedia.)
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A Critical Analysis of George Orwell's 'A Hanging'
George Orwell
BBC/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain
This assignment offers guidelines on how to compose a critical analysis of "A Hanging," a classic narrative essay by George Orwell.
Carefully read George Orwell's narrative essay "A Hanging." Then, to test your understanding of the essay, take our multiple-choice reading quiz. (When you're done, be sure to compare your answers with those that follow the quiz.) Finally, reread Orwell's essay, jotting down any thoughts or questions that come to mind.
Following the guidelines below, compose a soundly supported critical essay of about 500 to 600 words on George Orwell's essay "A Hanging."
First, consider this brief commentary on the purpose of Orwell's essay:
"A Hanging" is not a polemical work. Orwell's essay is intended to express by example "what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man." The reader never finds out what crime was committed by the condemned man, and the narrative isn't primarily concerned with providing an abstract argument regarding the death penalty. Instead, through action, description, and dialogue, Orwell focuses on a single event that illustrates "the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide."
Now, with this observation in mind (an observation that you should feel free to either agree with or disagree with), identify, illustrate, and discuss the key elements in Orwell's essay that contribute to its dominant theme.
Keep in mind that you're composing your critical analysis for someone who has already read "A Hanging." That means you don't need to summarize the essay. Be sure, however, to support all your observations with specific references to Orwell's text. As a general rule, keep quotations brief. Never drop a quotation into your paper without commenting on the significance of that quotation.
To develop material for your body paragraphs, draw on your reading notes and on points suggested by the multiple-choice quiz questions. Consider, in particular, the importance of point of view, setting, and the roles served by particular characters (or character types).
Revision and Editing
After completing a first or second draft, rewrite your composition. Be sure to read your work aloud when you revise, edit, and proofread. You may hear problems in your writing that you can't see. |
Research methodology steps
research methodology steps
Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners this is a very good book for people who are unfamiliar with the research process it steps the student. Xiv research methodology 9 testing of hypotheses-i (parametric or 184 standard tests of hypotheses) what is a hypothesis 184 basic concepts concerning testing of. Academiaedu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Don’t know where to start with your university research project follow these six steps to success. Define and articulate a research question (formulate a research hypothesis)how to write a thesis statement (indiana university) 15 steps to good research. How to write a research methodology whether your research project has given important results and points of view or not, you can write a strong technically document.
Read an excerpt from the book applied research and evaluation methods in recreation, by diane c blankenship, and learn about the various steps of the scientific. In a series of steps in a planning guide, you will outline start planning and writing by clicking on each of the elements in research proposal's methodology. Chapter 4: research methodology and design 292 42 research paradigm according to terreblanche and durrheim (1999), the research process has three. Steps in experimental research the basic steps involved in conducting experimental research will be presented in this module learning objectives. Yeditepe university writing center wiki home guest the methodology of a research paper in the process of the data collection and the steps you took to. What is the basic methodology for a quantitative research design the overall structure for a quantitative design is based in the scientific method.
How to select a research methodology research methodology is the most vital part of a research study it can be called as the spine of a research a research. This is where your knowledge base of research methodology plays a crucial role steps in research process: 1 formulating the research problem 2. Improving your research methodology considerations in selecting a research problem steps in formulating a research problem the formulation of research objectives.
Define research methodology research methodology synonyms, research methodology pronunciation, research methodology translation (usually in steps. Module 1: preliminary research steps important resources this course is a brief overview about research design that is intended to cover the basics of designing and. Dissertation markers expect the explanation of research process to be included in methodology chapter a typical research process comprises the following. Get an answer for 'what are the steps involved in the research process' and find homework help for other essay lab questions at enotes.
research methodology steps
• Chapter 5: research design and methodology 299 chapter 5: research design and methodology 51 introduction in chapter one an orientation of the research was provided.
• Research methodology sample size next steps home qualitative research methodology research design and rationale is the how and why of data collection.
• What's the steps of the scientific method learn about the different phases in research.
• How to write a world class methodology paper •scientists publish to share with the research the methodology section should be the bulk of the paper and.
• Written specifically for students with no previous experience of research and research methodology, the third edition of research methodology breaks the process of.
Key concepts of the research methodology understanding the significance of the scientific method.
research methodology steps
Research methodology steps
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What’s Your Fat Type?
December 13, 2015 | By | Reply
There’s no one-size-fits-all solution to successful weight loss. We all have our own unique individual make-up, which means we’re prone to carrying pounds in different areas of our bodies. The causes of obesity are complex and multifaceted. Genetics certainly play a role, but the extent of this impact over other causes such as diet and lifestyle choices is difficult to assess.
What's your fat type?
1. Slim fat
What’s happening: Being slim on the outside doesn’t always equate to good health. These fatty deposits, known as visceral fat, accumulate around organs such as the heart, liver and pancreas. ‘Visceral fat is linked to an increased risk of many health complications, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. Scarily, you can be a slim size 8 but carry excess levels of this disease-causing fat.
What to do: Some of us are genetically more susceptible to visceral fat, but science shows that living a healthy lifestyle can actually manipulate the way the body stores the fat. Reduce levels of refined sugar (white bread, pasta and sweet treats) and increase a variety of veg, lean protein and good fats in your daily diet for a health boost.
2. Toxic fat
What’s happening: If you can’t seem to shift the flab around your middle, you may have a sluggish liver. This organ is the golden ticket to good health. It filters toxins like alcohol, medication etc. from your body, and keeps your digestive system working properly .The liver also aids absorption of certain vitamins and minerals and also regulates hormones like estrogen and insulin. When this multitasking organ becomes overworked, toxic by-products can build up, especially around the abdominal area, and no matter how much you cut back on calories, you won’t lose weight unless you get your liver health back on track.
What to do: Start your day with a cup of hot water and lemon to kick-start your liver first thing and incorporate cruciferous veggies like broccoli and cauliflower into meals. These contain special sulphur compounds that help to effectively eliminate toxins from your body. Cut back on alcohol, and avoid foods that contain any additives, such as high-fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils or artificial colours.
3. Stressed fat
What’s happening: Stress increases cravings, reduces digestive function and lowers the metabolic rate. Research published in the journal Biological Psychiatry demonstrated that women who were stressed burned 104 less calories after a high-fat meal than those who were more chilled out. Chronic stress raises levels of the hormone cortisol, which makes it harder to lose weight. This is because cortisol increases appetite, hence the reason many of us reach for sweet treats when we’re stressed out.
What to do: Overhaul your diet, cutting out processed foods and increasing levels of soothing foods. Kiwis and blueberries are high in vitamin C, which is depleted through stress, while omega 3-rich fish like sardines and salmon help to keep cortisol levels balanced, so it’s worth eating more of these. Finally, meditation, even if it’s for just a few minutes a day, can be a great way to avoid stress.
4. Sleepy fat
What’s happening: These days we tend to consider sleep more of a luxury rather than a necessity, but getting adequate time in the day is actually vital for keeping your figure in check. This is because the less people slept, the more they binged on unhealthy snacks. Insufficient rest increased levels of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin and lowered levels of the satiating hormone leptin.
What to do: Forget counting sheep and sort out your bedtime routine if you want to see the scales moving in the right direction. Try to go to bed around the same time every night, and get up at the same time each morning in order to regulate your body clock. ‘Avoid caffeine close to your bedtime to make sure your body is not too alert.
5. Fit but fat
What’s happening: Healthy diet? Check. Regular exercise? Check. If you can’t shed the excess pounds no matter how hard you seem to try, you might need to kick your workouts up a notch. ‘Many people believe that cardio exercise is the best way to burn calories, but research shows that although steady-state cardio might help improve your overall fitness, it isn’t actually that effective in changing your body shape for the better. Weight training, on the other hand, can be a more effective workout than traditional cardio activity, and the heavier you lift, the more impact this will have on fat loss.
What to do: Vary your routine in order to get the best results. Take a spinning class or try interval training on the treadmill along with a couple of weights sessions twice a week.
We at PhysioRehab work towards weight loss program combining diet and exercise regime making sure you’re on the right track and modify your routine when needed to boost result.
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A halibut is a type of flatfish from the family of the righteye flounders (Pleuronectidae). This name is derived from Dutch heilbot. Halibut live in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic Oceans, and are highly regarded food fish.
Giant Fish: The halibut is the largest of all flatfish; the Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, has been known to attain a weight of over 500 pounds (230 kg) and can be eight feet (2.4 m) or greater in length. A very large halibut is known as a "barn door". Females grow much larger than males with males only rarely reaching 100 pounds. Like the flounders, adult halibut typically have both eyes on the right side of the head. Halibut have speckled or brown top (right) sides and creamy white under (left) sides, and can be distinguished from other flatfish by the tail. Alantic and Pacific halibut have distinctly diffrent bone structures with that of Alantic halibut being eaiser to cut.
Easy to Please: Halibut feed on almost any animal they can fit in their mouths: animals found in their stomachs include sand lance, octopus, crab, salmon, hermit crabs, lamprey, sculpin, cod, pollack and flounder. Halibut can be found at depths as shallow as a few metres to hundreds of metres deep, and although they spend most of their time near the bottom, halibut will move up in the water column to feed. In most ecosystems the halibut is near the top of the marine food chain. In the North Pacific the only common predators on halibut are the sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the orca whale (Orcinus orca), and the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis).
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Pleuronectiformes
Family: Pleuronectidae
Genus: Hippoglossus |
Bad breath problems
Bad breath is the common name for the medical condition known as halitosis. There are many different things that can cause halitosis like it can be caused from not brushing your teeth to certain medical conditions. Sometimes, a person's bad breath can blow you away - and he or she may not realize there's a problem. There are tactful ways of letting a person know that he or she has bad breath. You could offer mints or sugarless gum without having to say anything.
Causes of bad breath
Here are three common causes of bad breath:
1. Foods and drinks, such as garlic, onions, cheese, orange juice, and soda
2. Poor dental hygiene, meaning you don't brush and floss as you should
3. Smoking and other tobacco use
Prevention of bad breathe
One should not smoke or use tobacco products, of course. And take care of your mouth by brushing your teeth at least twice a day and flossing once a day. One should brush the tongue, too, because bacteria can grow there. One should always do flossing once a day helps get rid of particles wedged between your teeth. Also, one should visit the dentist twice a year for regular checkups and cleanings. The way a person's breath smells can be a clue to what's wrong. For instance, if someone has uncontrolled diabetes, his or her breath might smell like acetone. If one has bad breath all the time and the reason can't be determined by your dentist, he or she may refer you to a doctor to make sure there is no other medical condition that could be causing it. Sometimes sinus problems, and rarely liver or kidney problems, can cause bad breath. Usually, there is a less complicated reason for a kid's bad breath like what one had for the lunch.
Bad breath in children
Unpleasant odor to the breath, technically halitosis, is a complaint we sometimes see in children. Contrary to popular belief, gastrointestinal disorders do not usually cause halitosis, so breath odor does not reflect the state of digestive system...
Dry Mouth Bad Breath -
Dry Mouth as a symptom of Bad Breath - Dry Mouth, also known as Xerostomia is a common symptom and one of the main causes of Bad Breath or Halitosis. Xerostomia is usually caused due to ageing, medications, reduction in the fluid intake, use of...
Tell someone they have bad breath
Bad breath is most often related to some aspect of oral hygiene. Specifically, it's commonly caused by putrified foods residing somewhere in your mouth, either the teeth or tongue. The food acts as a bacteria growth medium. The bacteria produce...
Bad Breathe
© bad-breathe.tdrbizl.com 2006 |
Home » Sewing Techniques » Trimming Corners
Trimming Corners
Trimming is when you cut the seam allowances smaller or on an angle to reduce bulk. You’ll need to trim to turn the piece right side out, if the seam allowances stop the piece from fully turning.
Trimmed seam allowance
Trimmed seam allowance
Trimmed corner
Trimmed corner
Notched curve
Notched curve
Trim anytime you are asked to trim the seam allowance in the pattern instructions. Trim inner and outer curves, and trim seam allowances on enclosed seams such as collars, tabs, pocket flaps and fabric belts. Corners must be trimmed to reduce lumps inside the point of the corner. Trim seam allowances on facings (page link) so the garment edge lies flat.
Tips + Notes
• Trim with pinking shears to quickly reduce bulk and finish the seams at the same time.
• Trimmed too close? If so, go back to the machine and resew the seam a couple of millimeters away from the original seam line, only in the area where you trimmed too far. Use a short stitch length. If you snipped too close to the seam line, you could also apply a small piece of fusible interfacing (page link) to reinforce the area and ensure it doesn’t fray through the stitching line.
With corners, you want to remove as much as bulk as possible. All of the seam allowance needs to fit inside the point of that corner.
Trimming Corners (1)
Trim diagonally across the corner first. Snip right across both sides of the seam. Get close to the point of the corner. Leave only about 1mm–2mm of space above the stitching.
Trimming Corners (2)
Trim two more diagonal cuts with the scissors at a sharper angle toward the corner. Turn the corner right side out, and if there is too much bulk inside the corner point, turn it back inside out and make another angled cut on each side of the point.
Trimming Seam Allowances
Generally seam allowances start at 5⁄8″ (1.5cm), and I trim them to ¼” (6mm). You can also aim to trim your seam allowances in half, which is easy to eyeball without having to use a tape measure. To reduce bulk even more, trim both seam allowances in half and then trim one of them in half again, so it’s half the width of the other. This creates a smoother transition and reduces the chance of seeing the outline of the seam allowances on the right side of the garment.
Grading Seam Allowances
This is one thing I never quite got the hang of in high school sewing class! If you angle the scissors, tilting the blades toward you as you trim, you’ll end up cutting one side of the seam allowance shorter than the other with a single cut. Grading takes practice, and the difference between the two sides is subtle. It ensures that there aren’t two thick seam allowances with blunt edges sitting right on top of each other. The more you angle your scissors, the greater the variance between the two layers. Grading is faster than trimming the two layers individually, but it creates less of an obvious difference.
Clipping Inner Curves
For inner curves, clip into the seam allowance, stopping about 1⁄8″ (3mm) before the stitching line. Make your snips about ½” (1.3cm) apart or closer together in very curved areas. The snips release the seam allowance so the piece can be turned and pressed flat. Clipping the seam allowance makes it easier to do. If you turn the piece and it won’t turn fully, turn it back inside out and make more snips.
Notching Outer Curves
For outer curves, cut pie-shaped notches from the seam allowance, stopping about 1⁄8″ (3mm) before the stitching line. Place these notches about ½” (1.3cm) apart from each other at the top edge. Make more notches around very curved edges. When the piece is turned right side out, the space between the notches closes as the seam allowance comes together. Without these pie-shaped notches, you would see lumps where the seam allowance bunches up inside the seam. If you turn the piece and there are lumps where the seam allowance overlaps, turn it back inside out and cut more notches.
Tips + Notes
• Don’t trim a seam that needs to be matched to another seam, because your trimmed seam will come up short. If you must, make sure the seam line is marked so you know where to line up the pieces.
• Clip and notch curves at different points on the top and bottom seam allowances so they don’t pull in the same spots. Doing so takes time, and it’s more important for thicker fabrics and less important for thinner ones because bulk isn’t as much of an issue.
• After trimming, understitch (page link) facings (page link) to help them roll to the inside and create crisp edges.
About the Author : Tasia ST. Germaine |
The Evolutionary AI Race is On
• 27th February, 2018
The Evolutionary AI Race is On
Autonomous vehicles, competing in strategic games, image recognition, online assistants, predictive maintenance, object detection and classification are just a few of the incredible, positive ways in which AI is shaping our future.
AI simulates human-like abilities such as hearing, seeing, reasoning and learning and has applications across almost every industry. AI includes multiple technologies, such as deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing and machine reasoning. Any process that perceives its environment and takes actions to maximise its chances of successfully achieving its goals is classified as AI.
For most, these goals would be things like improving efficiencies through predicting manufacturing faults, enhancing customer experience by employing behavioural adaptation to improve the emotional intelligence of customer support personnel, providing highly accurate film and music recommendations and helping to solve society’s toughest challenges. But for criminals, the goals are obviously more nefarious.
Let’s look at some likely use cases of cybercrime underpinned by AI:
Hacking personal accounts - through mining huge amounts of personal data that lie in the public domain such as our social network data, location, birth, gender, telephone numbers and email addresses
Personalised phishing emails - monitoring emails and text messages to generate highly personalised, and increasingly deceptive, emails
Impersonation through voice synthesis - gathering social network voice data and impersonating people to commit fraud
Automated hacking and cyberattacks - the use of AI to automate tasks involved in hacking or executing cyberattacks could mean attacks on a much larger scale than previously seen
Physical Interception - using AI to automate tasks involved in carrying out attacks and subverting cyber-physical systems like drones to cause crashes or alter targets
Manipulating public opinion and news through the use of highly believable fake videos and bots
There’s no doubt that AI will be used by those with malicious intent. As AI matures and becomes more of a commodity, criminals will become increasingly capable of targeting vulnerable users and systems. Security firms and agencies will likewise lean on AI in a continuous effort to keep up. Some feel that AI technology should be more regulated. Considering the broad range of technology that falls under the umbrella of AI, this could be tough. There’s also the risk that restricted access to AI technology would hinder the positive impacts and potential of AI to transform our lives.
A report titled The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence has just been published by 26 researchers from universities and organisations in the field of AI. Read it. Accept that AI “is a dual-use technology”. And seriously consider how we can put best practices in place to mitigate harmful applications of AI.
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About Author
Megan founded Ixio in 2012 after seeing a need for strong, data-led modelling and analytics in business. As Chief Scientist at Ixio Analytics, Megan leads our advanced modelling programs and coordinates the technical requirements for our clients. Her background in Evolutionary Biology allows her to bring a rigorous scientific approach to analytical problem solving. Megan is highly regarded in the industry and contributes regularly to data and analytics conferences, both locally and internationally. She takes a keen interest in environmental issues and is an avid surfer. |
France, officially the French Republic, is a member state of the European Union located in its western region, with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its main ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as L’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is bordered (clockwise from the north) by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Spain and Andorra. France's overseas departments and collectivities also share land borders with Brazil and Suriname (bordering French Guiana), and the Netherlands Antilles (bordering Saint-Martin). France is linked to the United Kingdom by the Channel Tunnel, which passes underneath the English Channel. France is the largest state in the European Union by area and the third largest in Europe behind Russia and Ukraine. It would be second if its extra-European territories like French Guiana were included. France has been a major power for many centuries with strong economic, cultural, military and political influence. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Pacific islands. France is one of the most developed countries and possesses the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP and seventh largest economy by purchasing power parity. France enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level, it's one of the most globalised nations, has 2009's second best international reputation and has also one of the world's highest life expectancy, with its healthcare system rated as the best in the world. It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually. France is one of the founding members of the European Union. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, the Latin Union, and the OSCE. - France is a participating State of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which makes its international commitments subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, possesses the third largest number of nuclear weapons in the world and the largest number of nuclear power plants in the European Union.
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Chef Hannah’s Blog
Building a food program around Food Justice means that we see the benefits of eating healthy, organic, good-for-the-earth meals to the same degree that we value the people involved in every stage of producing our food. It means understanding our food as part of a massive system of production that often hurts marginalized communities, but has the potential to benefit all people and landscapes. It is a movement built by migrant workers underpaid, overworked, and exposed to chemicals in farming fields; it is a movement built by Black and brown communities surviving in spite of neighborhoods lacking basic grocery stores; it is a movement built by guerilla gardeners.
How will Abeona House lift up this movement?
1. Through food buying. We won’t be able to replace everything we purchase with foods that we believe are humanely raised and sustainable. Because our current food system is not built around justice, it is too expensive. What we can do is replace specific foods (i.e. food that has been historically produced under poor conditions, food that is particularly high in chemicals when not raised organically) and use those as points of learning for our community. We can also seek out local growers we want to support and use the produce grown in our very own garden.
2. Through education. Making a dent on our food system will take big work and garnering the strength of many communities. Our work is to grow a new crop of youngsters who like their meals and appreciate how they got to them.
In the coming weeks, look out for more blogposts on what we’ve been eating and learning.
And finally… some people enjoy visuals. Here’s the drawing I made to get this all sorted out in my head:
Food Justice Map
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What is Sciatica?
Many people often wonder what sciatica is. Sciatica is a term used to refer to any symptoms or problems caused by the sciatic nerve in the lower back. Sciatica is a common cause of chronic pain, numbness, burning sensations in the back and severe back pain.
What is Sciatica? via doctony.org
Diagnosing the cause of your pain is a great way to find a solution that will meet your needs. If you have pains from being pregnant, then the solution you are going to require will be much different than one for poor posture. Trying to identify the stressors on your body on your own can seem impossible.
It is important to seek professional help when you need it most. When you want to know what are the best sciatica exercises and sciatica stretches for pain relief, then it becomes important to find a reliable source of information. Learning about your body can help you feel better in no time.
What is The Sciatic Nerve?
The sciatic nerve is part of a complex mechanism in the body. This specific nerve is also commonly referred to as the ischiadic nerves. These large fibers are found in humans from the lower back and run down through the rear into the legs. Because these types of nerves are so long, any damage that is done to them can cause pain that radiates throughout the whole body and causes people misery.
There are many ways that people can injure the many nerves that are in their bodies. During pregnancy, many women find that the extra weight they are carrying puts extreme amounts of pressure on the nerve and can cause damage.
Tumors from cancers or non-cancerous conditions also add pressure onto the nerves in the body. Being able to pin point the cause of your pain can help you determine the best program to start.
Symptoms of Sciatica
Symptoms of sciatica can range from irritation, burning, numbness, tingling or pain. The symptoms of sciatica may only occur when seated for a long time, when standing or persist throughout the day. The irritation or pain may reside in one part of the back or radiate down to the knee.
In some cases, the pain will shoot all the way down the leg to the calf or foot. It may affect one leg or both, one side of the back or the entire lower back. Sciatica may progress from irritation and tingling to numbness and agony. If your symptoms are getting progressively worse or gradually affecting more of your body, seek medical attention immediately.
Causes of Sciatica
Sciatica causes are varied. Sciatica is sometimes caused by nerve damage after an injury, a slipped disk or herniated disc in the spine. A lumbar herniated disc is one of the most common causes of sciatica.
Pinched nerves and irritation of the nerve after spinal injury can cause it. Infections like meningitis can cause it. A common cause is pregnancy, as the baby puts weight against the spine and pinches the nerve.
In rare cases, sciatica is caused by a tumor on the nerve trunk or in the spine. Continuing to pick up heavy loads or work after a spinal disk has slipped can cause sciatica. Sciatica can also occur when the sciatic nerve is pinched by the piriformis muscle. The nerve is thus pinched by the piriformis muscle every time it contracts.
Many individuals who are suffering find that they cannot live the lives that they once enjoyed. Simple joys like taking the dog for a walk or bending down to pick up your child can seem impossible because of the pain. With the advances in technology and the knowledge that doctors have, there is no longer any reason for a person to have to live their lives in chronic pain.
What Increases Your Risk of Sciatica?
If you have had sciatica in the past, pregnancy can cause it to return. The odds of a sciatica flare up and its intensity increase as the pregnancy progresses. For example, the baby will put more weight on your spine in the third trimester than the second, putting more pressure on the sciatic nerve.
Arthritis in the spine increases the odds of sciatica. Prior back injuries or severe trauma such as surviving a car crash increase your odds. Repeated heavy lifting will add stress to your back.
Osteoporosis in the back can cause slouching and stooping, increasing pressure on an already herniated disk.
Obesity increases your odds of sciatica, since each pound of weight increases the load on your back and legs.
Scoliosis can increase your odds of developing sciatica, as will poor back posture in someone who has a herniated disk, sacroiliac joint dysfunction or lumbar spinal stenosis. If you are part of the 15% of the population whose sciatic nerve runs through the piriformis nerve instead of by it, you are at increased risk for sciatica pain.
Short Term Sciatica Treatment Options
If you have a sciatica flare up, you can seek immediate relief through use of pain relievers, anti-inflammatory medication and alternating hot and cold packs. Doctors may prescribe muscle relaxants to stop the muscle spasms caused by sciatica or inject steroids into the back to reduce inflammation.
In rare cases, prescription pain relievers are given, though this introduces the risk of addiction.Bed rest can help relieve sciatica that worsens when you sit or stand, but long term bed rest will worsen the condition.
Steroid shots can provide immediate relief, while muscle relaxants will stop muscle spasms.Patients should be wary of anti-depressant drugs offered for sciatica, since physical therapy and surgery offer long term treatment for this disorder. For example, someone with a herniated disk could have part of the disk removed or spinal vertebrae fused.
In the rare cases of sciatica caused by a spinal fracture, treatment of the cracked or broken bone may offer permanent relief. If the sciatica is caused by a bone spur against the spine, back surgery may be in order. If surgery for a slipped or herniated spinal disk is not in order, the best long term cure for sciatica is strengthening the muscles in the back and “core” muscles to reduce the strain on the back and pressure on the piriformis.
Acupuncture can ease muscle pain, but it will not resolve the underlying cause of the disorder. Spinal decompression treatment, especially over many sessions, offers long term relief.
Massage is not yet proven to ease sciatica pain long term, though it can ease immediate back spasms and the stress caused by sciatic pain.
Hypnosis allows some people to manage their pain, but treatments should focus on permanent solutions and life style changes to prevent future sciatica flare ups.
When is Sciatica an Emergency?
What is initially dismissed as sciatica should be considered an emergency if the pain is so severe that you cannot stand it, cannot physically stand or cannot get out of bed. Always seek medical attention if you lose the ability to control your bladder or lose feeling in your legs.
You should seek medical attention immediately if the symptoms of sciatica appear in someone under the age of twenty.
If you are suffering from symptoms of sciatica and have an attendant fever, this could be the symptoms of a disease like meningitis.
If you thought you had sciatica and develop a high fever, get to an Emergency Room for treatment.
If the symptoms seem to be sciatica but have occurred after an injury like a fall down the stairs, get to the ER, since this is proof of a nerve injury or back injury.
Do not assume that a pain in your chest is sciatica; this could be a symptom of a heart attack. A severe pain in the lower back that doesn’t change with your physical position could be a sign of appendicitis or kidney infection; sharp pain that is inside the body cavity should drive you to the doctor, not a chiropractor.
Get to the hospital if the sciatica symptoms are accompanied by redness or swelling in the back; this is a sign of an infection or tissue damage, not a pinched nerve.
If you have a lumbar herniated disc and suddenly have trouble walking, get to the Emergency Room.
Call the doctor if the sciatica symptoms are accompanied by trouble urinating or have blood in the urine. This is a sign of a bladder infection kidney infection.
Contact a medical professional if the symptoms of sciatica are accompanied by unexplained weight loss or after using IV drugs, legally or illegally.
Always visit the doctor if self-care for your sciatica has not brought relief within four weeks or if the pain suddenly becomes much worse.
Sciatica and Pregnancy
If you suffered from severe sciatica while pregnant, you may want to reconsider subsequent pregnancies. Discuss these options with your doctor. The problem may be mitigated by limiting weight gain during pregnancy or preventing the buildup of fluid in the body that may have been a contributing factor.
However, if you are suffering from sciatica while pregnant, you should consult with a doctor before taking any other the counter medications, trying any herbal treatments or using a prescription medication you received prior to the pregnancy.
What Type of Tests Give You a Sciatica Diagnosis?
When you find that you cannot go on with your life because you do not know how to deal with your pain, then it is time to seek help. Doctors can help you identify where in your body the damage is coming from in a way that is safe and exact. Through professional diagnosis, you will be able to find a solution for the troubles you face every day.
Sciatica is not as simple to diagnose as strep or the flu. There isn’t a simple cheek swap or blood test that will say that you have sciatica. However, doctors have several diagnostic options available to them. Doctors will take X-rays, cat scans or an MRI to look for spinal damage or pinched disks.
Doctors may perform lab tests to find out if the symptoms arise from an infection. Urine tests can weed out other possible causes of back pain, such as a kidney stone or kidney infection. Blood counts will also help them diagnose an infection that could cause symptoms similar to sciatica.
A spinal tap will take a sample of spinal fluid, allowing doctors to look for signs of infection in the spinal cord and cancer cells. Doctors will often physically inspect the back for signs of external injury, like a lumbar herniated disc or bulging disc.
Doctors also use non-invasive tests to look for signs of sciatica. They will look for weak reflexes that accompany the pinched nerve or a loss of sensation. They will test your ability to move in all directions and trouble controlling your limbs. One tell tale symptom of sciatica is pain when lifting your leg from a seated position.
Another symptom of sciatica is pain or difficulty bending over to touch your toes. The doctor will check your medical history and possibly your family history. If you were injured on the job, you should tell the doctor so that your worker’s compensation records are combined with your medical records.Doctors will review your prescription history to ensure that the claims of sciatica back pain are not an excuse for medication to fuel a narcotic addiction.
How Sciatica Exercises and Stretches Can Help Sufferers?
When you need to know what types of stretches and exercises will be helpful, then you are probably suffering from pain. The painful effects of this condition may seem overwhelming, especially if you do not already have a care regimen in place.
Being able to begin learning new training, exercises and stretches that will help you is the best way to take care of yourself immediately.The exercise you choose should give you relief from the painful effects which you find yourself suffering from.
Relief can be found through a rehabilitation program or on your own. Working with a sciatica exercise ball or with a trainer are both powerful methods that many people are embracing all over the world. Start off slowly and build up to a pace that you can handle without making your body feel more painful.
What Are The Best Sciatica Exercises or Low Back Stretches to Relieve Sciatica?
It is important to know how often one should do exercises for sciatica. Over working an injured body is no way to increase recovery, no matter what method you are using for your rehabilitation. You will need to treat yourself with respect and know that a body in pain is limited to the amount of work it should do.
Bodies that are injured can only handle so much, so it is necessary that you do not overexert yourself while trying to get better.There is no magical set of low back stretches to perform. Instead, there are stretches that will loosen muscles that may make your sciatica worse and build up muscles that, when weak, worsen your condition.
One of the simplest exercises you should perform is hamstring stretches. If you have sciatic pain, try the Pilates single leg stretch. Calf stretches and quadriceps stretches are useful if they are not done to excess. Arm reaches and leg reaches are excellent stretches for those with sciatica.
You can perform the Hundred Pilates warm up if your sciatic pain is not caused by a pinched nerve at the base of the spine. If your sciatica causes tingling or pain in the knee, you may benefit from knee stretches.
Go slowly, gradually increasing the number of stretches performed in a set and the number of times you do them.
Do not add weights while you doing stretches until your doctor advises you to do so.
If your sciatica worsens after long periods of sitting, get up periodically and perform a few stretches before you sit back down. This will have the dual benefit of helping resolve the sciatica long term while reducing your discomfort now.
The stretches in yoga may help your sciatica or worsen it, depending on the muscles involved. Poses like the fire log and the cat are beneficial for sciatica sufferers. Contortions of the back and spine are not. Avoid spine stretches and spine twists.
Lower back stretching should be gentle, and never lean farther or add weight once tension starts or you become uncomfortable.
Walking is one of the best exercises for sciatica. If you cannot stand without pain, consider walking back and forth in a swimming pool to lighten the load on your legs while adding gentle resistance to the motions.
Speak with your doctor before taking up aerobic exercises or running. Running generates more stress with each foot fall than walking.
When you know how many sciatica exercises one should do per workout, then you will be well on your way to recovery. Patients who stick close to the regime that they have been suggested will see results faster than those who stray from advice.
Seeking an opinion from your doctor will help you to find relief in a way that best suits your needs.With constant repetition of the appropriate sciatica exercises, almost any person who is suffering from pain will be able to find the relief that they need to live their lives whole again.
When you experience numbness and tingling in the body, then that is a dangerous sign that there is something wrong going on and you should seek immediate medical attention. Taking care of all of the nerves in your body is essential to maintain proper health and make you feel your best.
Who Can Teach You Stretches to Relieve Sciatica?
If you do not feel comfortable trying stretches to relieve sciatica based on their names, descriptions or YouTube videos, you have the option of consulting with a medical professional to teach you how to do them correctly.
A physical therapist or certified athletic trainer can show you how to perform these lower back stretches as well as recognize the symptoms of over-exertion. A chiropractor, doctor or spinal specialist can also help.
When Should I Seek Medical Advice When Performing Stretches to Relieve Sciatica?
If the pain suddenly becomes much worse or if you lose control over your bladder, seek medical attention immediately.
If you are performing stretches and the symptoms shift from numbness to pain, stop the routine and see a doctor.
If your numbness worsens to the point that you have trouble feeling or controlling a limb, seek medical attention immediately.
If pain that was previously limited to one leg suddenly affects both legs, see your doctor. Lower back stretching may cause muscle tension and exhaustion, but it should never cause your pain level to increase or symptoms to worsen.
1. wikipedia.org
2. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. webmd.com
4. mayoclinic.com
5. medicinenet.com
6. ninds.nih.gov
7. Sciatica
8. Chiro-Guideline
9. dmoz.org
10. annals.org
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Currency Adjustments and “Contagion”
Today I want to talk about debt. Not the kind you think about when you see headlines about student loans, credit cards, or the federal budget. No, this is a very special kind of debt, a kind you likely will hear nothing about, but a kind of debt that has a tremendous amount of influence around the world.
Let’s start in broad strokes. If you’ve read my previous blogs, or any article about floating currencies (fiat money, for the gold bugs out there), then you will know my thoughts on the state of the U.S. Dollar. The USD is the most stable currency in the world today, and it gets that ranking from both its Liquidity (the frequency that it is used) and its Notoriety (the amount of people and institutions that recognize its stability, and thus use it). Most
global energy transactions are made in USD, most financial clearinghouse activity is done in USD, and almost every country in Earth recognizes it as, for better or worse, a stable currency.
This blog post is not about America, however. It is about the rest of the world. How do other countries’ currencies compete with the Dollar in a floating currency system? Do other countries attempt the same industrial booms that America had? What about the same debt issuances, fiscal policy, or foreign direct investment?
The answer, as with most things financial, eventually comes back to the U.S. Federal Reserve. The Fed sets monetary policy for the U.S., which either makes the USD stronger or weaker relative to other currencies. When the USD gains strength, more people will want to hold USD, and when the USD weakens, people will want to sell. Recall that a stronger USD means imports to the U.S. will cost less, as a stronger dollar will be able to purchase more of a foreign currency for each dollar spent. However, a stronger USD also makes exports more expensive, as the stronger USD will push up dollar-denominated prices of goods, and other countries will want to buy less. It’s important, though, to think of currency strength not on a numeric scale. One Dollar will only ever be worth one
Dollar. Its strength or weakness is a result of how much in goods, services, or other currency it can purchase. By that metric, currencies can strengthen or weaken as needed to respond to a growing global marketplace and changing resources.
Monetary Policy Overview
For a more in-depth explanation of how all this works, the Federal Reserve sets U.S. interest rates, through the Federal Funds Rate (FFR). The FFR is the overnight interest rate on loans from Bank to Bank, set to an annualized percentage. If JPMorgan Chase, for example, needs to borrow money in anticipation of a large cash withdrawal in a few days, they will want to borrow from the Wells Fargo down the street, but Wells Fargo will not want to lend that money if they do not receive interest in return. That is the FFR in a nutshell, and the Fed raises and lowers it in response to economic strength and weakness, but based on consumer trends.
In a strong economy, theoretically, consumers will have more disposable income and will be spending a healthy amount. The Fed wants to protect against the economy getting too hot (and runaway inflation caused by overspending), so they will raise the FFR, thus pushing up the borrowing costs of banks and businesses, and also pushing up the effective interest rates paid on bonds. Consumers will then, theoretically, want to save more of their money by buying those bonds, and economic activity slows.
Conversely, in a weak economy, consumer spending will be weak, and saving will theoretically be strong. The Fed will lower the FFR in this situation, in order to entice people to save less money, and spend more. Lowering the FFR will lower the borrowing and lending costs to banks and businesses, letting them respond more effectively to consumer trends and letting the economy pick up steam.
The Fed has announced in recent years that their “normal” desired FFR is around 1% higher than the inflation rate, which as of August 2018, has come in at 2.2%.
The Central Issue
The world is an ever more connected place these days, and that includes the financial world. Recall that investors, businesses, and governments from all over the world acknowledge the stability of the USD. Other countries (with the USD as not their local currency) can, for purposes of this blog, be lumped into three groups; Developed Markets, those that have strong currencies of their own and compete with the USD, Emerging Markets, those that have less pronounced, often pegged currencies to the USD, and Tertiary Markets, those with the weakest economies and most volatile currencies. For this blog post, we will focus on Emerging Markets.
Emerging Markets have seen an explosion of economic growth over the past 20+ years, due to a multitude of factors. These include, but are not limited to, easier access for developed-market investors to invest more directly in them, increased media coverage and grouping of certain countries (The African Union, BRICS, ASEAN, etc.) and overall liberalization of eastern markets. But no factor has had as much impact, nor been as lasting to long-term economic success of developing nations, than cheap debt. Loose monetary policy and cheap debt has been a tailwind to global growth for decades, and has allowed otherwise struggling countries, rife with political and economic turmoil, to reap the benefits of virtually unlimited investment, near-free money, and confidence that the good times would keep on rolling.
I often talk about secular trends in western civilization being responsible for lower interest rates, those trends being an aging population and falling birth rate, stagnant or decreasing real wages, and asset prices (stocks, homes, etc.) rising faster than the rate of GDP or wage growth. Think about this in tangible terms. You work as long as you need to, but your income doesn’t seem to rise much year to year. You look around, and everything is financed nowadays. Average home values have climbed in the last 30 years from under $200,000 to over $300,000, college tuition has more than tripled, even your phone costs more than $1,000. Rising costs for such common expenses pushes them to be paid in installments, and those have interest rates attached. As debt levels rise among
citizens of the West, the interest rates necessarily have to decrease in order to keep affordability. Since western economies make up such a large portion of the global economy, this dictates a lower overall world interest rate, and makes debt cheaper.
Emerging markets will want to take full advantage of this situation, because to them, it could not be better. Countries that can experience massive growth rates do so with mass influx of construction and industrial activity (the American way!) and that takes a lot of capital. Some of the most popular emerging markets are Turkey, Argentina, South Korea, and Indonesia, and I’m sure you’ve heard at least a little about the growth they have
experienced in the past few decades. How do you think they achieved it? Massive capital inflows, often, to their long-term detriment, denominated in USD.
Remember when I said the USD was the most reliable, stable, liquid currency in circulation? It holds true even in those emerging markets. Debt can be issued, bought, sold, and paid easiest when it is denominated in USD. It’s how investors in New York can lend money to Turkish construction companies, or South Korean software companies, or even Chinese bank notes. It’s how financial institutions can transact with each other without foreign currency adjustments getting in the way of quarterly earnings. But at its core, it’s most definitely how countries with no vibrant economy or stable currency of their own, can “borrow” one, to prop themselves up and propel massive growth.
Here’s how this works for governments. Say Turkey wants to undergo a massive infrastructure plan involving a lot of companies building new buildings. The project will cost, say, 5 billion Turkish Lira. Turkey does not have the money to cover this cost, and they have a choice to make. They could issue Lira-denominated debt to cover the cost, but that comes with a 24% interest rate paid every year. They could alternatively use their Lira to buy Dollars, and issue Dollar-denominated debt at a 5% interest rate. U.S. monetary policy is loose, and interest rates are still at historic lows, remember? Naturally, Turkey would choose the latter option. The effect is twofold. Dollars exit the U.S. and enter Turkey as a Foreign Exchange Reserve, which buoys the value of the Lira (because, theoretically, Turkey could sell its Dollars to keep its liquidity of Lira) and also allows Turkey to take advantage of the far lower U.S. interest rate. If the debt is rolled over every expiry, then demand for that debt will be high, and Turkey will experience a lot of growth as a result.
It works in a similar way for businesses. Say Turkey wants to infuse its private sector with a ton of cash in order to juice its economy. Countries do this all the time, in the form of tax cuts, tax rebates, sovereign wealth funds, or even helicopter money. Turkey wants to lend its businesses 50 billion Lira. Turkey only has 5 billion Lira, and has a choice to make. It could lend the 5 billion Lira now and accept a lesser result, it could invest the Lira in the hopes of having a larger amount in the future (but not lending it now), or it could buy Dollars with that Lira, issue Dollar-denominated debt to lever themselves and receive many more Dollars, and sell those Dollars to buy the 50 billion Lira it wants to lend. Businesses within Turkey’s domestic economy can only transact in Lira, so they cannot use Dollars. The effect of this is once again beneficial to Turkey. 5 billion Lira used to purchase Dollars results in leverage that allows Turkey to “borrow” the ability to access much more of its currency, as a much lesser cost. Once again, Turkey is taking advantage of lower interest rates and cheaper U.S. debt to grow its own economy.
Sounds like a win for Turkey, right? Seems like a true “miracle” situation, one with no downside, right?
Surely you can see a glaring flaw in all this. The system only works when dollar-denominated debt has a lower interest rate, or put simpler, when the USD is cheaper. For the last 30 or so years, this has been the case, with the massive interest rates of the 1980’s giving way to the Greenspan-led mass lowerings of the 1990’s, the teaser rates of the 2000’s, culminating in the all-time-low interest rates in the 2010’s of 0% – 0.25%. As you can imagine, zero is the “effective lower bound” here, as money cannot get any more free than “free”. But what happens when U.S. interest rates, finally start to rise?
Recall that the Fed raises interest rates to combat inflation and strengthen the Dollar. When the Dollar strengthens, it can buy more foreign currency, and foreign currency can buy less of it. This is where we begin to see the concept of Contagion. In our Turkey examples, for both government and business, growth in Lira terms is being fueled by Dollars, and in both instances, Turkey needs those Dollars to be as cheap as possible so they can keep buying them and issuing debt. If their liquidity dries up, and they can no longer buy as many Dollars with their Lira, then investors quickly lose confidence in the ability of the Turkish government to satisfy its debt obligations, and those investors will not buy Turkish debt. That forces Turkish debt to become more desirable to compensate, and it does this by pushing their interest rate higher. If it gets high enough, then Turkey will not be able to pay its debts, it will lose the ability to attract foreign capital, and its economic growth will flatline.
You’re probably thinking to yourself, surely this isn’t as big a problem as you’re making it out to be? A percent or two of interest won’t make or break an entire country’s economic performance, right? I say to that, look to history as the judge, specifically the events of 2007-2009. The Fed’s Quantitative Easing to combat the Recession had the double impact of shoring up debt markets (by buying distressed mortgages and bonds, eliminating much of the bad apples from the tree) and flooding the U.S. financial system with trillions of new, cheap, accessible Dollars, in the hopes that banks would lend them out and get the economy moving again. The net effect was an all-time-low interest rate (mentioned above), and emerging markets took full advantage of this. Liquidity was so high, and they could afford to borrow so much, that the situation had the look of a Liquidity Trap, when debt costs are so low, and so much is borrowed essentially for free, that when rates finally go up, borrowers have no way of paying it back.
This is what I believe has happened, and what is beginning to finally show, in emerging market economies. U.S. interest rates are about to pass the 2% minimum threshold, and the Fed is continuing to signal that the rate hike cycle is nowhere near over. As the Dollar continues to strengthen compared to more volatile, weaker emerging counterparts, borrowers of Dollars will not have a way to repay their debts. This will lead to massive capital flights from those economies, economic contraction, and continued divergence of the West, and the U.S. in particular, as the sole economic choice of the world’s money. So the next time you turn on the financial news and see the word Contagion, remember what it means, and keep your money close.
To Insure Promptitude, Not Wages
My name is Ian, and I hate tipping at restaurants.
Did that get your attention? Ready to call me rude? Callous? Unwilling to accept the struggle that service industry workers go through every shift? Before you jump to any conclusions, just hear me out.
The service industry in the United States, in my opinion, has become a charade, a parody of work. Hundreds of thousands of people willingly go to work every day, knowing that their employer pays them far less than the federal minimum wage, and accepts this as the norm, with the hope that some generous customers will tip them enough to make up the difference. It’s seen in many different lights. Either this version of work is societally acceptable, with the mandate of the customer tipping their server 15%-20% of their check is seen as an act of good faith, or it’s seen as wage theft, where the ingrained responsibility of the consumer to tip their server has replaced the employer’s obligation to pay a federally mandated wage.
This post will explore the history of tipping in the US, and what would happen if service employees in restaurants were paid the same standard of wage as anyone else.
Why do we tip?
We all know to tip, but why do we physically do it? Apart from the societal need for our servers to actually live… is there something from history? As it turns out, the reason we tip comes directly from our past.
The American version of tipping wasn’t popular in the States until the late 1800’s. Before that, it was a way for Western Europeans in various aristocracies to show off to their peers. A T.I.P. (literally meaning To Insure Promptitude) was left before a meal or drink, so servers would be faster in bringing items out to customers. Wealthy Americans didn’t start using this payment method until just after the Civil War, in the late 1860’s, when they began making trips to Europe and seeing it for themselves.
Shortly after the end of the Civil War, when the South was going through Reconstruction, there was a quandary regarding how recently freed slaves should be treated in society. Legally they were freed, and therefore deserved to be paid for their work, but white owners of businesses did not want to pay them. Bring in the tip! By compensating low-skilled work (most often in the service industry) through customer gratuity, rather than through the fixed shackles of a wage (hope you get the sarcasm), workers have the potential to increase their earning power many times over by simply providing great service. This concept weaved its way through history, but likely not even the creators of the idea would realize what a national trend it would become.
Eventually, amended into the Fair Labor Standards Act in the 1990’s was the penultimate warping of this concept, into the two-tiered minimum wage system. Whereas the regular federal minimum wage currently sits at $7.25 an hour, the FLSA established provisions for a wage far below that level. Workers that receive more than $30 a month in tips qualify for a reduced minimum wage, of just $2.13 an hour, with the idea being they could make up their other income with their primary business activity, literally Insuring Promptitude. But making what was once simply a mindset into federal law had a two-pronged effect. It provided service employees with the opportunity to boost their earnings, sure, but it also allowed the people of America to steadily forget why they tip, and simply feel that they must tip.
My position on this issue is very simple. I, as a customer, do not want to directly pay the salary of the employees of the restaurant I eat at. My position is not against all of tipping, if my server does an excellent job then they deserve a tip. But forced tipping of 20% or more simply because the restaurant does not pay its workers a minimum wage, that I do have a problem with.
What if restaurants paid the real minimum wage?
Take an example, Restaurant X. X makes $25,000 a month in revenue, and let’s say after its food, drink, and management salary costs it has $3,000 to spare. X employs 8 servers for the month and pays those servers the tipped minimum wage of $2.13 an hour. For those 8 employees working 40 hours a week for 4 weeks, total wage expense to the restaurant is $2,726.40, and they have $273.60 left over in Net Income. If they were to pay the regular minimum wage of $7.25 an hour, wage expense for the month would be $9,280, resulting in a net loss of $6,280 for the month. From a flat comparison standpoint, as you can see, bringing wages up to the real minimum would not work.
Let’s imagine that our Restaurant X sells chicken and steak dinners and charges from $12-$24 for its entrees. The restaurant makes $25,000 a month, let’s say 30% of that is in appetizers, sides, and drinks. So 70%, or $17,500, is made with the entrees. Restaurant X would have to seat 973 different customers in a month to arrive at this number, with an average entrée value of $18. If the restaurant were to raise their food prices $3, making the new range of prices $15-$27, and they seat the same number of customers, they would make an additional $2,919 a month, not including any changes to their other food or drink items.
I will not continue going down the line until our hypothetical restaurant breaks even, but you can see how by raising their prices a marginal amount, or by making manageable investments into their ambiance and experience (for example, dim outside lighting and some foliage to stimulate a more formal evening crowd), our restaurant can make up the expense for paying their workers fairly. Yes, it can be done.
Is there any real-world evidence?
As recently as 2009, some big-name restaurant chains have experimented with raising their food prices and ending the practice of forcing their employees to rely on tips. Joe’s Crab Shack attempted this for three months before ending it, presumably because they could not continue the changes in many areas in which they operate. And largely, it does depend on the area. But restaurants all over the country are starting to buck the trend.
Take Packhouse Meats, in Newport, Kentucky. Packhouse decided to cut out tipping and instead, pay its servers a minimum wage of $10 an hour. This is high for industry standards, but Packhouse realized that several problems with the tipping system were resulting in a high turnover rate for its employees, and that cost a lot of money. They raised their food prices almost 20%, but on the flip side, encourages its customers not to tip. Ultimately the resulting money paid by the customer is the same, whether it be the old food price plus a 20% tip, or the new 20% higher food price with no added tip. In my opinion, this is a far fairer way to treat every stakeholder who participates in the restaurant system. The customer knows what they are buying and how much they are paying, the employee knows how much they are making and can still collect a tip if their service is truly exceptional, and the restaurant suffers little to no net change in margins. It should be noted for the critics of my position that Packhouse has since converted itself into a food truck, but it is unclear whether this was due to their wage policy or something else.
What can we do?
Demand side economists believe that wages are sticky. This means that they are affected by two factors, how much employers are willing to pay, and how much employees are willing to bargain. Once those two factors reach a median, the wage is set, and typically does not fluctuate much. Tipped wages are so low because tipped workers have let themselves believe that they do not deserve the same wages as everyone else, and feeds into the narrative of customers paying their wages for them. If you want this to change, then there’s a few things you can do.
If you work for a restaurant, start voicing your concerns to your employer. One voice is nearly powerless in the modern day right-to-work economy, but here’s a motto I often repeat to people in the industry: If every server in America got up and walked out the door because they were not being paid fairly, employers would have to pay them fairly or they would close their doors. Unions may be dying in this country, but that does not mean workers have no rights and need to accept what their boss gives them. If you eat at restaurants frequently, talk to your server about the idea of tips being built into food prices instead of a post-meal term of endearment.
In summary, tipping has undergone a transformation in America, from a ritual that rewarded service employees for exceptional job performance, to an excuse for restaurant employees to legally underpay their workers and leave customers societally forced to foot the bill. I believe that paying restaurant workers more fairly, by increasing the prices of menu items by a commensurate amount, provides greater transparency in the dining experience, leaves customers with the ability to still leave a tip for great service (its original purpose, after all) and most importantly, takes the pressure off the customer to subsidize the restaurant’s failure to pay its employees fairly.
Do you have any thoughts on this topic? Think I’m wrong and want to tell me off? Feel free to leave a comment on this post or shoot me a message with your thoughts! Thank you for reading, and stay tuned for much more!
Packhouse Meats:
Tipped Minimum Wage:
Fair Labor Standards Act:
Gun Violence: An Economic Problem with an Economic Solution
Guns in America are a uniquely polarizing issue. Some people are repulsed at the very sight of a gun, while others are in love with them and the culture they represent. Surely they have important importance throughout our history, but gun violence simply cannot be ignored. Almost all Americans agree that gun violence is a scourge on the country. You have probably heard these countless times, but some facts to consider:
• The US accounts for 82% of the world’s gun homicide deaths
• There have been over 12,000 gun homicides in the US annually since 2012
• Americans own about 48% of all civilian-owned guns on Earth
(statistics taken from
I am not writing simply to regurgitate depressing gun statistics. Instead, I argue that gun violence in America is an economic problem as much as it is a societal one. After I make my case, I will propose an economic solution to the growing problem, that does not infringe on any constitutional right, but targets specific economic factors related to America’s unique obsession with guns.
It is not my intention to belittle or otherwise misuse any gun-related tragedy in order to make this case. However, I will be examining the most recent shooting and analyzing its economic impact to determine the ‘cost’ of such an event. The shooting occurred in Parkland, Florida (coincidentally, about 15 minutes from where I work). Often times we do not even think about the cost of things like human life, but I will endeavor to go over a few of those costs.
Parkland is an affluent suburb outside of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, so I will make a few assumptions (constraints). First, I will assume that the victims’ parents would be putting money away for their college years, rather than having to take out large amounts of loans. Second, the cost of living is somewhat above average. Third, the State of Florida has offered to pay for all final expenses as well as medical care, so I will assume that those pledges have been honored.
Now that we have our picture somewhat refined, let’s apply some reference data to outline our case:
Great, we have reference numbers to apply to this shooting. Now let’s run through the situation to apply the numbers.
• 17 students were killed. Final expenses for these victims are $7,509 per victim, or $127,563 in total. In addition, 529 savings will have to be withdrawn by the parents on account of no longer being qualified (their purpose for being tax-deferred is no longer valid), subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty. The total 529 money saved up is $476,425, so a 10% penalty would be $47,642.50. The economic impact of these two costs alone nets over $175,000.
• 14 students were wounded and are still in the hospital recovering. Time spent in the ICU alone is $2,068 per day, for 5 days now, and we can assume they will have to stay in recovery for at least one more day ( This comes out to $173,712 in hospital costs. In addition, the initial operation itself, as well as additional tests (CT scans, X-rays, etc.) total over $10,000 (anecdotal evidence at Using $10,000, we arrive at a net of $140,000 for these victims. In total, these two costs for the wounded come out to just over $313,000.
There are obviously many more variables to consider, but add up the total cost for both wounded and dead victims and you will arrive at around $488,000, in just these specific categories of costs, for just this one isolated mass shooting. Would you be surprised to know that the Parkland shooting was Florida’s third mass shooting in three years? Fort Lauderdale International Airport suffered a shooting with five casualties on January 6, 2017, and the prior June, the Pulse Nightclub shooting in Orlando claimed 49 lives and wounded 58 others. Clearly, this is a far bigger economic problem than we thought.
How does any of this get paid for? Parkland is a unique example, with the State of Florida offering to pay for all final expenses and the socioeconomic status of the area suggesting most families carry health insurance. But what about all the other school shootings happening across the country? It would be foolish to assume the same applies to them. And there have been so many over the past few years, so many that I will not list them here.
Should the victims’ families be fully liable for all costs incurred because of a shooting? Why are the gun manufacturers totally removed from shootings, with nothing to lose when tragedies like these happen?
Today I propose a way to even the financial playing field, in a way that both forces manufacturers of guns to be (at least marginally) responsible for the atrocities people commit with their products, and that incentivizes good, responsible gun owners to be more proactive in demanding constructive change from their respective Congressmen and lobbyists. What I propose today, is Gun Insurance.
Gun insurance would work in the same functional capacity as car insurance or health insurance; it would shield the payer from far-reaching financial exposure to a catastrophic event, in exchange for a small monthly premium. Gun insurance would emulate various factors from both other types of insurance. Whereas car insurance is mandatory upon purchase of a car, being necessary to protect the driver from any large cost associated with adverse outcomes of operating a dangerous instrument, I would like gun insurance to function the same way. Whereas health insurance has variable premiums for different demographics of buyer, gun insurance can apply different premiums to different age ranges, prior criminal history or health issues (a ‘preexisting condition’), etc. Ultimately, I believe this is what is needed.
Roughly one quarter of Americans own at least one gun, that’s 81.5 million people. Nearly all, if not all of them, are responsible, take care of their weapons, and would never think of committing a mass shooting or other atrocity. But whether you believe the gun laws in this country have to change, or whether you think the mental health issues have to change, there is only one way any of them can really change. For the last decade plus, organizations like the NRA have successfully lobbied the Congress to not pass any significant gun reform legislation. Whether or not you think that is a problem, the fact remains that lobbyists against gun reform are extremely effective at influencing Congress to not take action in the face of increasingly overwhelming calls to action. Therefore, I submit to you that the onus of change in legislation, be it gun reform or mental health reform, is on their shoulders.
Gun Insurance would force these organizations and lobbies into action through financial incentive. Currently, if there was an automobile accident, the victim’s family is able to sue the auto manufacturer. If there is medical malpractice, the victim’s family can sue the hospital. But if there is a shooting, the victim’s family cannot sue the gun manufacturer. Insurance would change that twofold. Gun manufacturers would be subject to the same scrutiny over misuse of their products as automakers or drug companies, and would have to dole out cash settlements over cases in the same manner. All legal gun owners would be charged a premium, the same way all car owners are charged for insurance. In a year with no mass shootings or extraneous gun deaths, the manufacturer would not have to make any payments, so the premium would surely be infinitesimally small, say, $5 for the entire year. 81.5 million gun owners each paying only $5 a year yields $407 million in premiums to the gun manufacturers. But in today’s environment, where the quantity and severity of mass shootings seems to increase every year, gun owners would feel the pinch.
To be clear, my intention with this idea is absolutely not to penalize responsible gun owners for the acts of a few deranged monsters. I am predicating this solution on two factors. One, that nearly all Americans agree that something has to be done legally to solve the growing problem of gun violence, and that the gun lobby is the most effective agent to create that action. Two, that the surest way to make a presence felt is through someone’s wallet. Currently, the gun manufacturers and gun activist groups are shielded from negative effects of these events because they are not hurt financially. Gun insurance would allow them to bleed, the same as us normal citizens, whenever an atrocity like this occurs, and it would incentivize change to happen in the most organic way, from the bottom up.
Gun lobbyists would likely not seek to change gun laws, even if they were being financially squeezed. That would drive down availability of their products for demand-rich consumers. Instead, they would likely seek to change the country’s mental health laws. Are you upset that certain politicians blame mass shootings on mental health, but seem to not do anything to actually address mental health problems? This would be a way to change that. Again, regardless of what legislation you would like to see passed, influencing the people that control legislation is the best way to achieve something. Maybe not the optimal change, or the change any of us personally desire, but something. Something would be a significant improvement from what we have now.
If you’ve read this far, congratulations, you’re finally finished! I know this was on the depressing side of economics, but it’s important to know that everything in life has a cost, and a way to address that cost, if we think hard enough. As always, if you have any questions or comments, please leave a comment on this post or send me an email! |
Fighting Bias as an Introverted Japanese-American
Courtesy of The Odyssey Online
Stereotypes command and cloud our thoughts about the perception of ourselves and others, every single day. Often harmful and incorrect, these generalized views of different groups are constructed by society, and lead us to ignorance and selfishness. Two stereotypes that have had profound effects on me throughout my life are centered around my ethnicity and my introversion.
I am a Japanese-American. This does not mean that I play the violin and piano. This does not mean that I dont know how to drive and cannot pronounce the letter R. This does not mean that I have no trouble in math. Though I have never really identified with Japanese culture or people, I have dealt with Asian stereotypes all my life. These stereotypes, however, are widely used by Asians as well as by people of other races. As more and more Asians treat these stereotypes as jokes that do not hold as much weight, the power is being taken away from others to use them negatively. These stereotypes can still be hurtful and encourage ignorance, but by using them lightly, the threat of others using them in a derogatory fashion has been removed. Using these stereotypes lightly shows that these stereotypes are often unsuitable representations of the majority of the Asian population.
I am also an introvert. This does not mean that I am lonely, shy, neurotic, sad, or have social anxiety and a dislike for others. This does not mean that I lead a less healthy lifestyle than an extrovert. This does not mean that only a small percentage of people share this trait with me. However, this does mean that I constantly get pressured to act more outgoing. In school, for example, I am regularly put into groups for projects, and my grades rely heavily on speaking in groups. I have never been told to reflect on the material I am learning by myself. I prefer being solitary instead of social activities a lot of the time, so I dont usually find myself being the most talkative in situations with people I dont know very well. However, my behavior is commented on, while my outgoing friends behavior doesn’t get a second thought. There is a stigma that extroverts are the norm, and society is designed to make people act extroverted to succeed.
However, if society gave equal opportunities to introverts and extroverts, wouldnt society, in turn, be more prosperous? The same goes for gender, race, and religion; if the biases were wiped out, the playing field was evened, and injustice squashed, then society would be more successful. Stereotyping is inevitable, but understanding the groups that one stereotypes and evolving those harmful stereotypes is necessary, and possible. Just how society influences you, you have the power to influence society. Do not change or hide parts of yourself in order to succeed in the confines of society. Do not blindly accept stereotypes and always give in to social pressure. Society is defined by the people in it, and you have the power to shape your path. Be the change you want to see.
-Sachi Kojima |
Epigenetic effects on genetic diseases
This 2017 review provided evidence for epigenetic effects on a disease widely considered to be of genetic origins:
“..for a T1D [type 1 diabetes] identical twin the concordance rate (both twins affected)..is consistently less than 100%, which implies a non-genetically determined effect. However, the concordance rate declines with age at diagnosis of the index twin, indicating that in adult-onset T1D the genetic impact is limited, and certainly lower than that in childhood-onset disease.
Genes associated with T1D are well-established and have four broad functions..However, T1D is unlikely to be a single disease since there is disease heterogeneity..the incidence of T1D has even increased several-fold in the last 30 years-a timeframe which rules out genetic evolution. In addition, studies of the incidence of T1D in migrant populations have shown a convergence towards the risk of the host population.
Alongside histone modifications and transcription factors, several cis-regulatory elements, including enhancers, promoters, silencers and insulators, are crucial to the function of the genome..There are more than a million enhancers; therefore, many more than there are genes, so that a number of genes are regulated by the same enhancer, which may co-localise with CpGs. Gene enhancers can be found upstream or downstream of genes and do not necessarily act on the closest promoter..Enhancers may be accompanied by insulators, which are located between the enhancers and promoters of adjacent genes and can limit phenotypic gene expression despite genetic activation.”
The review was weak in a few areas. The authors repeated a laughable claim for gross national product as a non-genetic effect for Type 1 diabetes. They also made other hyperbolic statements such as “..this observation illustrates the power of epigenetic analysis to identify those cells which are actively using the genes associated with a given tissue, given that all cells contain every gene..” that were out of place with the review’s evidential bases.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11892-017-0916-x “The Role of Epigenetics in Type 1 Diabetes”
What are we to believe?
This 2017 blog post from Antiwar.com’s Justin Raimondo outlines the latest instance of exploiting beliefs:
“Neither the sources of this story nor those who are reporting it can be trusted. Journalism is not a means of discovering knowledge, but a weapon to be deployed in a political-ideological conflict.”
Similar to the development of other beliefs, the reporting of the referenced story discouraged inquiries into “Information about the real world..giving us a highly distorted version of events.” It followed the blueprint of Using citations to develop beliefs instead of evidence in that once the faulty information became widely cited, refuting evidence would be ignored, and the false belief was used for other purposes.
http://original.antiwar.com/justin/2017/08/10/what-are-we-to-believe/ “What Are We To Believe? Fake news plus phony “intelligence” equals disaster”
Using citations to develop beliefs instead of evidence
The author used social network analysis to determine:
Some of the benefits believers received included:
A few questions for the current year:
2. What causes us to believe these things?
http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b2680 “How citation distortions create unfounded authority: analysis of a citation network”
Hat tip to Jon in the comments section of Neuroskeptic’s blog post “The Ethics of Citation” http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2017/03/12/the-ethics-of-citation |
Open Data Barometer: How does the EU score?
Open Data Barometer
Today the third edition of the global Open Data Barometer was released by the World Wide Web Foundation. 92 countries and their open data availability were examined. According to the World Wide Web Foundation over half of the studied countries have open data initiatives. But less than 10 percent of government data is open. Our question is: How did the availability of open data progress in the European countries and which countries are examples for others?
To measure the open data progress and performances the World Wide Web Foundation uses implementation and impact indicators. More and more countries are releasing their data as open data, but on a global level progress on the number of truly open datasets is stalling. And there is a growing gap between haves and have nots. The high-income countries have a lot of open data, while a lot of African countries do not. Furthermore open data is more than organizing a one-time hackathon. Governments need to adopt a long term open by default culture.
What about Europe?
But for the occasion of TransparencyCamp Europe we want to take a closer look at the results of the European countries. The score is based upon open data readiness, implementation and impact. The top 10 is filled with 5 European countries. With the United Kingdom having the best score, followed by France (2), Denmark (5), the Netherlands (7) and Sweden (9). France has made progress and made it from the third position to the shared second position together with the USA.
Position Rank Change Country Score Readiness Implementation Impact
1 0 UK 100 100 100 100
2 0 USA 81.89 97 76 76
2 2 France 81.64 97 76 74
4 3 Canada 80.36 89 84 67
5 4 Denmark 76.62 77 77 78
6 -2 New Zealand 76.33 87 62 87
7 -1 Netherlands 74.96 90 68 70
8 9 Korea 71.18 95 64 58
9 -6 Sweden 69.25 88 60 64
10 0 Australia 67.99 84 77 39
The lowest ranking EU-members are Hungary (50), Slovakia (36) and Greece (33). The rest is in between. Which is not a very bad score for the EU member states, but much can be improved from policy to impact. And when you look closely most countries do not have good open data priorities for the subnational level. Most capital and bigger cities do release open data and have an agenda, but the rest of the country is not releasing a lot of data. Even though the local level is the government closest to the citizens.
You can make a difference!
Unconference, June 1 in Amsterdam
Join us at the TransparencyCamp Europe Unconference on June 1 in Amsterdam, where you can find people from all over Europe interested in topics like open (government) data, transparency and civic tech.
App Competition, deadline May 1
Also check out the TransparencyCamp App Competition. Are you a developer and have you created/improved an application which uses open data coming from within the EU in the past months? Or do you still want to participate and can you create a (basic) application before May 1? Check out the conditions! If you need inspiration or need help finding open data, then take a look at our datablogs. Nominees will pitch their application at the unconference and the grand winner will receive a flight and tickets to TransparencyCamp in the USA.
Tweetup Networking event #TCampEU
Wrapping up the first TransparencyCamp Europe!
Winners of the App Competition
Unconference speakers, programme and side events
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Because companies are often segmented into departments based on discipline, it’s easy to assume that the IT department bears sole responsibility for cyber safety on a company-wide scale. Unfortunately, IT specialists aren’t the only ones logging into systems and utilizing networks. Every employee bears some level of responsibility for cyber security in this day and age. Even if you’re not specifically involved in IT project management, your behavior or lack of knowledge could increase the risk for hacking if you’re not aware and informed. This is especially important since an estimated 40% of recorded crimes are now attributed to cyber-crime.
As a project manager, you should also take responsibility for how your team members behave in relation to cyber safety. In other words, cyber security should be within your purview. From integrating security at every level to training employees, here are a few things every project manager should know about cyber security.
Assess Potential Risks
In managing a project, there are a variety of risks you could face, particularly in regard to password protection, communications and so on. Any time information is stored or shared, there is potential for breach.
As a project manager, you must work with IT specialists to assess potential risks at the outset of any project so that you can mitigate known and suspected risk factors. This could include implementing appropriate software solutions, specifying authorizations to access data, setting up 2-step verification processes, banning the use of personal devices for work purposes (or installing mandatory security software), offering training to team members and creating backups.
Once you understand the risks you could face when it comes to cyber security, you can begin to create an appropriate plan to mitigate risk factors and ensure the safety of confidential data.
Integrate Security at Every Level
You can reasonably rely on software to incorporate some level of security, but this might not be enough to protect your sensitive data. If security is a top priority, you need to make sure you integrate and maintain security at every level, whether you limit access to data to only authorized parties, encrypt files and communications or upgrade networks periodically to enhance safety features.
Compartmentalize Data
Password protection provides the most basic form of security against intrusion by unwanted parties, and stolen credentials are the primary means of breaking through otherwise robust defenses. What does this mean for project managers? Secure password policies are a must, and should include the creation of strong passwords, frequent password updates, the use of 2-step verification and permissions that allow only authorized users to access certain data.
Secure Communications
In planning for secure communication throughout a project, it’s important to adhere to company security policies, as well as integrate client security preferences. Project managers should also consider whether further safety measures are advisable, depending on the nature of the data being shared. Password protection, encryption and clear policies regarding the sharing of information can all help to keep communication secure and reduce risks for breach.
Train Employees
Whether you’re involved in IT project management or you’re responsible for other types of projects, it is imperative to ensure that all team members are aware of risks and their own responsibilities when it comes to security. With proper training and understanding of how Clarizen and other software solutions work, every team member can effectively act as the first line of defense against possible intrusion. |
Okay I am new to PHP, well getting it to run. The programming part is fine, it is very similar to python, ruby, etc... so no trouble there. So here is my problem. I made a class, and all it has is a function that writes test to the browser page.
class Test{
function Test(){}
public function test(){
echo "Test \n";
and I made a html doc that would just use that script that I did, but I dont think I did it right, so how would I use that in an html doc?
12 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by tgreer
You don't, really. You serve a PHP file, not an HTML file. The PHP file you serve would have to call your function at some point, but you know that.
PHP, like with other web languages, runs through a "filter" before the user gets it. The filter renders the HTML by "running" the PHP.
Okay, thanks for the help.
PHP files only work with other PHP files, and I just need to make a php file with html code in it.
Correct. You can more or less have a complete HTML file, and include PHP here and there between the PHP delimiters. However, for any of the PHP to function, you save the file with a ".php" extension.
I do that for a page on my site, where it's completely xhtml except for an RDF feed. The only php on the page is the call to the RDF parser, which outputs HTML.
However, for that one function call to work, the file is served as a PHP, not HTML.
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The Formation of Urea in Space
In fact, if gas-phase reactions are responsible, they should occur through barrierless mechanisms (or with very low barriers). In the past, mechanisms for the formation of different organic molecules were studied, providing only in a few cases energetic conditions favorable to a synthesis at very low temperature. A particularly intriguing class of such molecules are those containing one N--C--O peptide bond, which could be a building block for the formation of biological molecules. Urea is a particular case because two nitrogen atoms are linked to the C--O moiety. Thus, motivated also by the recent tentative observation of urea, we have considered the synthetic pathways responsible to its formation.
Most of the reactions considered have an activation energy that is too high; but the ion-molecule reaction between NH2OH+2 and formamide is not too high. These reactants could be responsible not only for the formation of urea but also of isocyanic acid, which is an organic molecule also observed in the interstellar medium.
The formation of urea in space I. Ion-molecule, neutral-neutral, and radical gas-phase reactions
Flavio Siro Brigiano, Yannick Jeanvoine, Antonio Largo, Riccardo Spezia
(Submitted on 9 Nov 2017)
Comments: 9 pages + 8 pages of appendix
MSC classes: 85-08
Cite as: arXiv:1711.03457 [astro-ph.GA] (or arXiv:1711.03457v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version)
Submission history
From: Riccardo Spezia
[v1] Thu, 9 Nov 2017 16:24:10 GMT (4323kb,D)
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Friday, 13 September 2013
The Second Roman War- Part 2
The death of Abd-Melqart sent ripples of shock through the whole of the army. They would need a new leader, one who was just as charismatic and familiar to them, or this conquest simply wouldn't continue. That man was Hasdrubaal, Abd-Melqart's old friend and ally (and as some alleged, his lover as well). Hasdrubaal was so pleasing to Abd-Melqart that he had even arranged for him to marry his daughter, allowing him to become a part of the family of the Baraqim. Previously, Hasdrubaal had been sent back to Phut to crush a Numidian revolt. Now he returned to Tarshish as a new general, and Abd-Melqart's successor.
He arrived in Gadir, at the barracks of his army's garrison, and decided to go to the native tribes and use diplomacy to ensure that he was still their leader. The local tribes, due to respect and fear for Abd-Melqart, were submissive to Qart-Hadasht in general, but owed more respect for the Bet-Baraq than for the ruling Adirim of the city. Hasdrubaal decided to approach an ally of Qart-Hadasht and Gadir, King Melek of Kastilo. Melek was ruler of a native kingdom, not a Canaanite one, and his tribe name was the Oretans. The Oretans had lived in Kastilo for hundreds of years, settling near the river.
A bronze coin from Kastilo, home of the Oretans tribe. One side shows a head, while the other shows a bull with a crescent above, possibly representing the moon god.
Hasdrubaal continued through the streets of Kastilo towards the great hall and home of the king. The inside of the hall contained great columns which held up the roof, and on the walls hung the great shields of the tribe's warriors. The walls themselves were decorated with images of winged horses, griffins, sphinxes, cherubim, stags, wolves, bears, kings, heroes, and gods. Melek himself sat on a throne flanked by images of lions.
A citadel on a hill in an average city in Tarshish and the whole of Ishaphan
Hasdrubaal wished to form a strong alliance with the native tribes, and was aware that Melek had a daughter called Princess Milkat. He requested that the king allow him to arrange a marriage between her and the young Hannobaal, son of Abd-Melqart. Melek agreed, and a wedding ceremony was arranged.
King Melek in his throne room of his great hall, while Hannobaal and Milkat are married in the lower right
Braziers and fires were lit. Incense was burned in the temples of the city. The goddess Ashtart was invoked. Carpets were laid out on the floor, and tables were set with food and drink ready for the wedding-feast. The guests were present, including the whole royal family of the Oretans.
A local barracks and farms in a city in Tarshish and Ishaphan in general
A market and some houses in a city, such as Kastilo. The houses have tiled roofs and are very small, often one-roomed.
A dock in a small lake
A temple, with a bull statue outside. Temples have downstairs and upstairs rooms, and are decorated with images of lions and sphinxes.
Hannobaal and Milkat swore their vows, and were married together then. This secured an important political alliance between the Oretans and other native tribes, and the Baraqim and all of Qart-Hadasht. Hasdrubaal was pleased. Now, the conquest could continue, and Qart-Hadasht would own all of Ishaphan to make up for her losses of Shekelesh, Shardana, and Korsim in previous wars.
An Ishaphani warrior presents a sword before a bull statue. A noblewoman can be seen standing behind him. This is how Princess Milkat, who married Hannobaal, would have looked.
Gaining the support of the Ishaphani tribes was only the first thing Hasdrubaal had in mind. Now it was time to found some colonies. A city-state was founded in the south-east of Ishaphan, and it too was named Qart-Hadasht. It was situated high in the hills, giving it a natural defense against the enemy. It had two large ports as well, and was located near to a silver mine, making it incredibly rich. The city had within it four big hills, and on each one was founded a temple. The largest hill had a temple dedicated to Eshmun, while the other hills had temples for Kothar-wa-Khasis, Sakkun (alleged to have discovered the local silver mines and identified with a local god and the Greek Hermes), and Baal Hammon. On top of the hill of Baal Hammon's temple, Hasdrubaal also constructed his palace from where he could overlook all of his city. He moved his garrison to here from Gadir. From here he could send out merchants to trade with the surrounding local tribes.
A coin minted in Hasdrubaal's Qart-Hadasht, showing the head of a man and a horse and palm tree motif
Now it was time to conquer yet again. The military campaigning season began, and after making offerings in all the temples of his new city, Hasdrubaal led his army further north. This was where all of the Greek colonies in Ishaphan were located. Most of these colonies were founded long ago, during the time when the Persian Empire dominated the east. The Greeks had left mainland Greece, fleeing the Persians, and had arrived here in the west. Large temples stood dedicated to Asklepios and Hygieia. Hasdrubaal besieged these cities and swiftly conquered them. There was a problem, though. These Greek cities were allied with the Romans, and this prompted the Romans to send out diplomats to investigate. The Romans at last agreed to strike a compromise with Hasdrubaal, and a treaty was signed. The terms of this treaty allowed Hasdrubaal to keep the conquered cities, but he was not to proceed any further north than the River Iberos, where yet more Greek cities remained in a largely Greek-dominated area with a heavy Hellenistic influence on the surrounding lands. At the same time, the Romans could not proceed any further south than the River Iberos, and could not form an alliance with any city, kingdom, or tribe to the south of this river. All of this caused some raised eyebrows back in the old city of Qart-Hadasht, in Phut, for Hasdrubaal was now concluding treaties with Rome in a foreign land without the permission of the Adirim.
Returning to his new city of Qart-Hadasht after a successful campaigning season, Hasdrubaal was satisfied. He left his palace and wandered the streets near the market at the city's Merkaz. And it was here that disaster struck. A Celt, either a hired mercenary or a slave, rushed out and killed Hasdrubaal. The assassin was caught by soldiers and executed, and word was sent through the city to name yet another new general. Messengers arrived in the dwellings of the 26 year old Hannobaal Baraq, son of Abd-Melqart, and informed him that Hasdrubaal had been assassinated, and that the Adirim had named him the new general. He appeared before his soldiers at the barracks, and they thought for a second after seeing the fire in his eyes that Abd-Melqart had returned to earth again. He was a commanding figure, intelligent and charismatic. He was no stranger to war either, having fought alongside his father and brother-in-law. He was also educated, beginning schooling at an early age back in Qart-Hadasht. Since he was from a warrior family and not a family of scribes, he had not been trained fully in scribal school. He was literate though, and could read and write not only in his native Punic but in Greek as well. He knew the history of his people, when they left Tyre long ago, and knew that his own family could trace their ancestry back to the Bet-Ethbaal of Tyre, coming from a younger sibling of Queen Elishat's. His father Abd-Melqart had payed for the best Greek tutors to instruct him in military history, and he knew all about the conquests of King Alexander III of Macedon against the Persian Empire, as well as all of his tactics and feats. These two Greek tutors were Sosylos, a Spartan; and Silenus, a Greek from Shekelesh. Hannobaal also boasted something else in his private possessions which gave him a great connection with the past. It was a small image of the great god Melqart, which was placed at the dining table by Hannobaal and given sacred meals as part of his private religious devotions. But this small statue of the god had once belonged to Alexander himself, who called it Herakles, and carried it around on his conquests as he went through Canaan and into the east.
Hannobaal's Melqart statue, which had once belonged to Alexander himself
Satisfied with his holdings in Ishaphan, Hannobaal and his young wife prepared to make the long journey back home to Qart-Hadasht again. They sailed away on a ship across the Mediterranean Sea and back to Phut, where they were welcomed warmly to Qart-Hadasht.
The colossal city walls of Qart-Hadasht
Hannobaal had not been home since that fateful night all those years ago when he had left with his father's army. It felt good to be home, and to hear the familiar sounds of the seagulls soaring through the air along the sea-front, and the braying of donkeys carrying supplies to market, along with the shouts of merchants and buyers on the stalls. They passed through the streets together, walking past the houses and shops of the people. In the distance stood the great Bozrah hill, looming above the city with its impressive defensive walls and shining towers. They passed the temples, with their wall reliefs showing angels carrying harps and winged jinn, which looked like bulls and eagles with the heads of bearded men. Pilgrims and other worshipers gathered on festivals and holy days, wearing their bright robes and tall pointed hats, gathering in the courtyards of temples and shouting out praises to the gods; to Baal Hammon the creator, Tanit the mother goddess, the fiery Resheph, Ashtart the city's divinity, Anat the ferocious, Shamash the sun, Yarikh the moon who appeared as Hudish and Kese, Melqart and his companion Eshmun, the young god Shadrapa, Yam the sea god, Dagon the fertile earth, Baal Shamem the heaven, Sakkun the divine administrator, Kothar the intelligent, and the goddess Allatu or Ereshkigal who ruled the underworld and the dead. There was also Baal Malage, a sea god; and Baal Zapan, the storm-god Hadad. Pummay and Arish had their place in the god-lists of Qart-Hadasht as well, along with the Egyptian gods Osir, Aset, and Bes. Finally there were the two Greek goddesses Demeter and her daughter Kore, who were worshiped in the city since the time of King Himilkat II. And alongside these gods were numerous baalim: Baal Iddir, Baal Oz, Baal Marqod, and Baal Addir. These were the gods worshiped by the Canaanites, who made up the vast majority of the city's population, but there were others as well. The city had a small Greek quarter, and the Greeks there worshiped their own gods, but especially Demeter and Kore, who had their own temple in the city and were worshiped by the Canaanites as well. The city also had a small Jewish quarter with its own synagogue; the Jews having been living there since the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem.
At night, Hannobaal and Milkat arrived in his house and met with the whole of his extended family who lived in the house and surrounding houses near the courtyard. There was much discussion and much talking, and Hannobaal discussed the situation with the military and the conquests of Ishaphan and the alliance with Tarshish. They spent some time reclining on couches and drinking wine in honor of the family and city's gods and of the ancestral shades- the Rephaim- as part of the Marzeach. Abd-Melqart had recently gone down to the underworld among the shades of his ancestors, to the domain of the goddess Allatu or Ereshkigal. He had been swallowed by Mot, and returned to the dust from which El had first formed him. The whole family sat in mourning for a while in the house, and then went to their daily routines once more. Hannobaal and Milkat spent some time in the city, living there and participating in festivals as well as exploring and drinking in the inns and taverns. Finally though, it came to a time that Hannobaal had to say goodbye to his wife and leave by ship once more for Ishaphan. Waving farewell, he set off for the port and climbed aboard the ship, which moved off out of the port, and rounded the corner, sailing far away into the west in the direction of the Pillars of Melqart and to new adventures.
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Letter f Vocabulary
Same as foul
Same as cloth (deprecated; it is factually incorrect).
This is an object sometimes placed underneath the cue tip.
A foul where the rules are blatantly, intentionally violated, with a stiffer penalty (e.g., loss of game) than normal.
In snooker, a situation during a frame in which the first line of the remaining reds grouped together, where the original pack was, are in a straight horizontal line. This has implications when opening the pack, as a full-ball contact off the top cushion will usually cause the cue-ball to stick to the red and fail to develop a potting opportunity.
This term refers to a low percentage one pocket shot.
The forward rotation of the cue ball that results from a follow shot. Also known as top spin or top, follow is applied to the cue ball by hitting it above its equator, causing it to spin more rapidly in the direction of travel than it would simply by rolling on the cloth from a center-ball hit. Follow speeds the cue ball up, and widens both the carom angle after contact with an object ball, and angle of reflection off a cushion.
Chiefly American: The cushion on the foot rail. Compare top cushion; contrast head cushion.
The point on the table surface over which the apex ball of a rack is centered (in most games). It is the point half the distance between the long rails' second diamonds from the end of the racking end of the table. The foot spot is the intersection of the foot string and the long string, and is typically marked with a cloth or paper decal on pool tables.
Also known as a "power draw", means applying very powerful draw on the cue ball thereby causing the maximum amount of draw.
Same as cheating the pocket. Principally used in snooker.
Same as follow (top spin).
A player who was not shooting well during a match but suddenly turns it around and starts playing better and more accurately. e.g. "He was misisng everything for the first part of the match, then found a stroke to come back and win."
In snooker, after particular fouls are committed, the referee can call a "free ball." This allows the next player to assign any ball as "ball on" if he or she is shooting next.
When the contact between the cue ball and object ball is dead center. |
Brain-inspired Computer Vision
The last decade has seen an exponential growth of effective computer vision systems in many sectors, such as medical imaging, smart phones and tablets, smart car applications, robotics, satellite imaging, industrial visual inspection and navigation systems.
Computer Vision is the field where images are analyzed by computer, for many purposes, such as recognition, segmentation, enhancement, registration, and quantitative analysis. Medical computer-aided diagnosis systems are developed for a wide range of diseases, in particular for high-volume screening purposes.
Computer-aided diagnosis in medical imaging is not only needed due to the staggering amount of images produced today, but also requires sophisticated and innovative algorithms. The human brain typically still outperforms most of the state-of-the-art algorithms of today. Even while using only 25 watts, and working at low frequencies, it can recognize objects in the scene almost instantly, analyze the contents of very complex scenes effortlessly, and is able to efficiently learn from previous experiences. How can we learn, how to do the bio-mimicking?
The spirit of this one-week Summer School is inspired by the visual brain, one of the most important brain research topic of today. We aim to design powerful image analysis tools and algorithms from inspired by the biology and structure of the brain. We study and discuss in-depth the anatomy, mechanisms and mathematical models of visual perception, and build powerful, modern and innovative applications for computer-aided diagnosis and computer vision. Vision for Vision.
The speakers are well-known researchers in the field of brain-inspired computing:
Prof. Bart M. ter Haar Romeny
Prof. Bart ter Haar Romeny
Northeastern University, Shenyang
Eindhoven University, Netherlands
Dr. George Azzopardi
Dr. George Azzopardi
Malta University, Malta
Groningen University, Netherlands
Topics include:
Computer Vision (for robotics, smart car imaging, industrial inspection, navigation maps)
Computer-Aided Diagnosis (retinal image analysis, cancer detection, microscopy, diabetes)
Visual Perception (computational modeling, modern brain research findings)
This fifth edition of the Summer School continues the tradition of the much appreciated coherence, excellent tutorial speaker, a well-designed computer hands-on lab, and a guided tour to the world-class industrial partner in Shenyang, Neusoft.
The Summer School is resolutely international, and accessible to both young scientists and senior staff. The target audience of the summer school consists of anyone at PhD, advanced MSc and staff level, with interest in modern computer vision techniques. A background in computer science, biomedical engineering, electrical engineering and/or mathematics will certainly be helpful. We also invite participants with a relevant industrial research background.
The content of the summer school is based on the tutorial book "Front End Vision and Multi-Scale Image Analysis", by prof. B.M.ter Haar Romeny, and several classical papers, to be handed out during the Summer School.
Access is limited to 50 participants. Travel costs and accommodation are to be covered by the participants. A certificate is handed out after successful attendance of the Summer School.
Register here.
Interactive brain tractography
of the optical pathways
Automatic polyp detection
in virtual colonoscopy
Retinal image analysis
Traffic computer vision applications. Contextual edge detection
Participants of ISS 2014. |
5 Tips about rodent nests You Can Use Today
– birds also use differing kinds of nests to best accommodate their needs. Finding out the different kinds of nests can help birders better value birds' engineering ingenuity, and nest forms can be quite a great clue for good fowl identification.
Though precisely the same species will often develop the exact same form of nest framework – birds won't be able to improve their minds and invent new nest variations – there is great wide variety between nests types.
Robin nests tend to be located in the fork of the bush or tree. Nevertheless, robins will generally nest close to humans on constructing ledges or other effectively supported web pages.
When grass is utilized, nest just isn't connected to grass stems and never shredded longitudinally as in harvest mouse.
The mound nests of flamingos, like these Chilean flamingos, support to protect their eggs from fluctuating water concentrations.
[three] Scaly-tailed squirrels and flying squirrels, although not intently connected, can equally glide from tree to tree utilizing parachute-like membranes that extend through the fore on the hind limbs.[ten] The agouti is fleet-footed and antelope-like, getting digitigrade and having hoof-like nails. The majority of rodents have tails, that may be of many styles and sizes. Some tails are prehensile, as in the Eurasian harvest mouse, as well as fur over the tails can vary from bushy to entirely bald. The tail is usually employed for interaction, as when beavers slap their tails within the water surface or household mice rattle their tails to indicate alarm. Some species have vestigial tails or no tails in any respect.[one] In a few species, the tail is capable of regeneration if a component is damaged off.[three]
Likewise, urine places often show up in passage means and may be found with using ultraviolet light.
The nest is an open up cup of grass and twigs held together with a thick layer of mud. It is actually lined with fantastic dry grass.
The opportunity to select and retain good nest web pages and build superior quality nests might be chosen for by women in these species. In some species the younger from preceding broods may act as helpers for your Grown ups.
The distinguishing feature from the rodents is their pairs of constantly rising, razor-sharp incisors.[one] These incisors have thick levels of enamel on the entrance and little enamel around the again.[2] Simply because they rodent nests tend not to cease rising, the animal need to proceed to put on them down in order that they don't access and pierce the skull. Given that the incisors grind in opposition to each other, the softer dentine over the rear on the teeth wears away, leaving the sharp enamel edge shaped like the blade of a chisel.
Rodents are thought to have advanced in Asia, wherever local multituberculate faunas were being seriously affected through the rodent nests Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and never totally recovered, contrary to their North American and European kinfolk. From the resulting ecological vacuum, rodents and other Glires were in a position to evolve and diversify, taking the niches left by extinct multituberculates.
These specialists have the instruments and teaching and reach deep into your dryer vent and clean all debris Make-up that occurs together the lining from the ventilation pipes.
Birds' nests are astounding constructions that can be found in a wide range of sizes and types. Knowing more details on why And the way birds Construct nests offers birders better yet insights in to the amazing life and reproductive habits in their beloved chicken species.
When feeding on cellulose, the meals is softened during the stomach and handed towards the cecum, wherever bacteria minimize it to its carbohydrate factors. The rodent then techniques coprophagy, eating its very own fecal pellets, Hence the nutrients is often absorbed by the gut. Rodents thus often create a hard and dry fecal pellet.[one] In lots of species, the penis has a bone, the baculum; the testes can be located possibly abdominally or at the groin.[three]
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Visual basic validating odd number
To allow a space in front of after the number you can modify the check If Is Numeric(Trim(Text Box82)) = true Then However, I often like to apply both preventive and corrective measures when I validate data.By preventive, I mean show the format or show default values.Numeric Up Down, numeric Up Down1, Hold the number value.Button Click: Once the button is clicked, we first want to create a new integer variable and set it equal to the value of the numericupdown control...ahmedilyas you could use the Mod operator like so: if my Number Mod 2 = 0 then Message Box.
For example, the Is Numeric function incorrectly considers these strings as valid numbers: 123,,,123 345- 34 ' What if it isn't a currency field?Unfortunately, Visual Basic's Text Box controls offer a default edit menu that lets users perform any clipboard operation by simply right-clicking on them. You might wonder why you also need to trap the Key Up, Mouse Down, and Mouse Move events: The reason is that you always need to keep track of the last valid position for the insertion point because the end user could move it using arrow keys or the mouse.Fortunately, there's a way around this problem: Instead of trapping a key before it gets to the Text Box control, you trap its effect in the Change event and reject it if it doesn't pass your test. Sel Start End Sub Private Sub Text1_Change() ' Avoid nested calls. The preceding code snippet uses the Is Numeric function to trap invalid data.What you really need is a bullet-proof method to trap invalid values. Sel Start = save Sel Start End If End Sub Private Sub Text1_Key Up(Key Code As Integer, Shift As Integer) save Sel Start = Text1.Before I offer you a decent solution to the problem, let me explain why you can't rely solely on trapping invalid keys for your validation chores. Sel Start End Sub Private Sub Text1_Mouse Down(Button As Integer, _ Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) save Sel Start = revalidate if its whole number then he can use abs() i guess Dim x As Integer x = Input Box("Enter integer") If x = Int(x) Then Msg Box "integer" Else Msg Box "not integer" End If I'm just not sure if he means the vb integer (can have decimals), or the mathematical integer (no decimals) so thats all Im saying.
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What are the odds; on March 4th 1973, the Classics IV entered Billboard's Hot Top 100 chart at #100 with a completely different song titled "Rosanna", it remained on the chart for three weeks, peaking at #95... |
Dog is a very caring and affectionate pet in comparison to other animals. There are many reasons for a dog to lick. The saliva of dogs carries a healing agent. You might have noticed that dogs lick the wounds, it is their attempt to heal them. Dogs are generally submissive and affectionate and it is sometimes their display of affection when they lick their owner’s face or foot. This is called as submissive licking.
Mother dogs lick their puppies in order to groom them, while displaying their love and leadership. This may be called as dominant licking.
Some dogs, who lick out of obsession or dominantly. They need to be corrected with training.
Different types of dogs have different temperaments depending upon how they are trained since the beginning. Some will allow you to touch their food; some will turn aggressive even if you touch their food bowl. If your dog is not allowing you to touch his food while he is eating, it simply means he is alpha over you. In such a situation, he may even bite you.
You should make sure from the very beginning or even if it is late that you take the alpha position.
If a human has initiated it, it is perfectly ok if the dog lies on him/her. In other words, if you call your dog to sit on your lap, it’s fine but if it is your dog who is making calls, then he is dominant. Being on top and making decisions is a dominant position in a dog’s mind. You should always make sure to remain the leader.
We human feel that our dogs are caring towards us and they try to make is feel better when we are emotionally upset. However, this is the human side of the equation as we find it really comforting when our pet comes to us in such situation.
The dog side of the equation is that this four-legged animal can too feel the human emotion. However, different dogs will react to the situation differently. Some may even turn worried, stressed, anxious and upset.
Coming to what you asked, when your dog comes over and lies on top of you, send him back to where he sits or sleeps. Take deep breaths and try to be normal.
If you take your dog for a long walk before leaving, feed him and take him for another walk after getting back home, he should be fine. Dogs get up in the morning and walk a lot to find food, in nature. Dogs need to burn their energy, for which they demand playing around, running and walking.
You need to make sure that you pack-walk him so that he don’t walk you. If you do not make your dog exercise, he will have energy to burn and he might not feel secure when you go away from him. In that scenario, he may bark too much and can even cause damage.
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Programme of Work 2016-2018
1. Objectives
The main objectives in the programme of work of Task 37 are:
To carry out expert technical work on sustainable digestion of substrates, associated reactor configurations and utilisation of produced biogas
- Biogas production from wastes, residues and by-products:
Assessment of optimised processes for mono-digestion of food waste. This includes analysis of operating systems in a number of countries using a range of different technologies. Assess long-term performance and define optimum digestion systems. Assess novel residue streams including from beverage industry, liquid biofuel production systems, biorefineries, paper industry and fish processing.
- Biogas outside Europe and biogas without subsidies:
Examine international applications of biogas facilities in regions such as Australia, Asia and Latin America. Assess the potential for low cost technologies and the potential for economically feasible subsidy-free digestion systems.
- Reactor configurations and operating parameters:
Assess high solids digestion systems, high rate
digestion systems, multi-phase systems and psychrophilic digestion.
- Biogas in grids:
Describe biogas upgrading systems, gas grid injection processes, and methods of greening of the gas grid. Highlight use of biomethane in energy/fuel supply of the future.
- Smart Grid applications:
Assess the provision of electricity at times of peak demand with production of biomethane (aligned with biological power to gas systems) for use as a transport fuel or source of renewable heat at times of low demand for electricity.
To provide expert technical support to assess the externalities of biogas systems:
- Socio-economic aspects of biogas utilisation:
Assess the real cost of biogas systems, including the benefits such as amelioration of impacts of agriculture and disadvantages such as methane leakage. Assess the environmental impact of biogas systems. Assess the role of alternative feedstocks with consideration of competition with other uses of biomass.
To provide guidance and advice on best practice to policy makers:
- Guide for recommended laboratory assessment.
Outline methods, which result in standardised repeatable results for laboratory assessment. Include a database of results from Biomethane Potential Assays (BMPs) carried out using good laboratory techniques.
- Best practice for use of digestate as biofertiliser and biomethane as substitute for natural gas:
Provide data on quality assurance of digestate and examine gas quality issues.
- Health and safety: Highlight all health and safety aspects of biogas systems.
To provide technical support to policy makers and to the public through:
- Providing a verified source of information on biogas production and utilisation to decision makers from both industry and governments.
- Assisting both member and non-member countries in adopting appropriate energy crop, agricultural residue and waste management practices to improve environmental performance, reduce emissions, provide an additional source of renewable energy and increase the number of jobs, particularly in rural areas.
- Providing verified data for determining greenhouse gas emissions used in sustainability assessment schemes.
- Providing guidance to standards organisations in the development of appropriate standards supporting commercial exploitation of biogas/biomethane in the energy and fuels markets.
- Stimulating interaction between RD&D programmes, industry and decision makers.
- Informing the general public via the Task website.
2. Rationale
The work of the Task will address technological aspects of anaerobic digestion (AD). Based on the technical knowledge and expertise of its members, the Task will provide support to policy makers, in the Member Countries during the implementation period, on expansion of renewable energy in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective manner.
Based on many favourable reports over a number of years AD is a favoured treatment process for organic residues and wastes, particularly for feedstocks with high water content. AD has been adopted by a range of sectors to tackle ground water pollution in agriculture, treatment of municipal sewage and treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. AD is used in a range of industrial processes to recover energy from residues while substantially reducing the overall impact of a primary process on the environment. AD is also a useful process for dedicated energy production from both purpose-grown crops as well as residues. Biogas when upgraded may be used for renewable heat and/or renewable gaseous transport biofuel in the form of biomethane. Indeed, AD may be a route in the future to third generation biofuel through digestion of micro-algae and macroalgae (seaweed). Biomethane injection to the natural gas grid allows distribution from the biogas production site to the consumer. Power to gas systems (where excess electricity is converted to gas) coupled with AD systems may eliminate the COcontent of the biogas, whilst facilitating greening of the gas grid. Both Power to Gas systems and demand driven biogas concepts facilitate higher portions of intermittent renewable electricity in smart energy grids. The AD process has the added benefit of preserving nutrients found in the feedstock and allowing these nutrients to be recycled back to the soil, thereby reducing the amount of fossil-derived fertilisers needed for subsequent crop production. AD provides additional income and jobs in distributed installations, often in rural communities. It may provide a cost efficient route to sanitation in underdeveloped areas, whilst simultaneously providing fuel for cooking and electricity generation.
The AD treatment of agricultural residues helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). It also promotes better hygiene in relation to safe treatment of animal by-products and provides better recycling of nutrients back to the soil. Life cycle studies show that biogas from residues saves considerably more greenhouse gas emissions than first generation liquid biofuels for transport, bioethanol and biodiesel. A greater energy yield per hectare is achievable with biomethane than with first generation liquid biofuels. The treatment of green wastes or biowastes, likewise, enables the production of renewable energy, saving CO2 emissions, while providing an effective alternative to landfilling of waste that leads to higher CH4 emissions. However, more recent studies have highlighted potential high methane emissions from various steps in the biogas value chain. The sources of these emissions need to be identified, quantified and eventually reduced to an acceptable level.
By the end of the 2013-2015 triennium there would be more than 11,000 biogas installations in the Member Countries of Task 37. IEA has played a significant role in the definition and promotion of best available biogas technologies that are in use on farms, in organic waste treatment facilities and on wastewater treatment sites. However, while there is substantial further potential for expansion of the AD sector, based on availability of potential feedstocks, challenges remain to maximise the potential benefits in terms of energy yield and to reduce both investment and operating costs. There is a well-understood need to reduce the reliance of biogas plants on subsidies such as investment grants, feed-in tariffs and green certificates.
AD has an important role to play in the future of sustainable agriculture, rural development, waste management and renewable energy/biofuel production. IEA Bioenergy has an important role to play in the further sustainable development of AD technologies and provision of support to the relevant policy makers. |
Ernst Barlach, German (1870-1938)
The Northern German sculptor and graphic artist Ernst Barlach began his professional education in Hamburg, where he joined the Gewerbeschule in 1888. He continued in 1891 at the Dresden Akademie where he continued his studies of sculpture and became Robert Diez' master pupil. Barlach's thorough academic training was supplemented by two sojourns in Paris in 1895 and 1897. His work was further influenced significantly by a trip to Russia in 1909. The powerful and folk-like style of his sculptures reflect the artists impressions of sturdy rugged farm life and Russian folk art. Barlach also produced graphic illustration cycles for his own plays during this period. The artist settled in Güstrow (Mecklenburg) in 1910.
Barlach had his first exhibition at Paul Cassirer's gallery in Berlin in 1917 and was accepted as a full member of the Preußische Akademie der Künste in Berlin in 1919. In the following years Barlach made numerous woodcuts, for example the illustrations for Goethe's "Walpurgisnacht". His autobiography "Ein selbsterzähltes Leben" was published in 1928. The Preußische Akademie der Künste organised a comprehensive exhibition of his sculptures and graphic works in 1930. The artist was awarded the order Pour la Mérite in 1933. Even though Barlach was still able to complete the "Fries der Lauschenden" for Hermann F. Reemtsma and designed a grave monument for Theodor Däubler in 1935, he was soon defamed by the National Socialists. His works were banned from all museums, churches and public spaces in 1936. Today Ernst Barlach is considered one of the most important sculptors of modern times. Outstanding examples of his Expressionist figures in wood and bronze can be seen in the cathedral in Güstrow, the church of St. Elisabeth Marburg and in the National Gallery in Berlin.
Artist's Gallery
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Phone: 800.888.1063 or 718.937.0901 - Email:
47-15 36th Street - Long Island City, NY 11101 |
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