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Fashion Psychology: a new dimension to street style Fashion Psychology: a new dimension to street style Do your clothes have superpowers? Are they triggering psychological change? Maybe Edith Head was right to tell us; “you can have anything you want in life if you dress for it”. It’s well acknowledged that our minds affect our decisions when getting dressed. No matter how uninterested in fashion you think you are, every choice made when dressing, consciously or not, is determined by thought and emotion. It’s also well known that our clothes affect the ways others perceive us. But is the relationship between the mind and dress more powerful than this? Can the external affect the internal, clothes themselves changing our psychology? Research suggests this could well be the case. This could be seriously valuable for using fashion to improve our wellness, performance and success in our personal and professional lives. Science lesson: Theorists have long considered the relationship between clothing and the mind, famously explored by philosopher William James in ‘The Sartorial Self’ (1890). Now scientists are increasingly interested in the psychological influence of clothes. This is ‘Enclothed Cognition’. “I love the idea of trying to figure out why, when we put on certain clothes, we might more readily take on a role and how that might affect our basic abilities,” said Joshua I. Davis, assistant psychology professor at Barnard College. The cognitive experiences we have when wearing clothes are determined by two factors – their symbolic meaning, and the practice of wearing them. What clothing represents depends on how you define different pieces and wearing these provokes corresponding psychological experiences. In basic terms, if you put on Usain Bolt’s trainers, you’ll run faster. This is a bit of an over-simplification, and while you’re unlikely to beat Bolt’s records, the key to his trainer’s power is knowing he’s the fastest human on earth. In 2012, Adam Galinsky, professor at Northwestern University led a study investigating white lab coats, symbolic with scientists with rigorous attention to detail. Undergraduates participating in a test that measured selective attention to detail performed better if they wore a white lab coat described as a ‘doctor’s coat’ than when wearing the same coat described as a ‘painter’s coat’. Galinsky explains the clothing was invading the brain, changing participant’s psychological ability. So how exactly can we use these ideas to fashion real-life changes to our wellness and performance? 1. Colouring in… We’re familiar bright colours enhance mood, and in How to Not Wear Black Jules Standish looks at the health benefits of wearing the rainbow. She says seeing certain colours, “triggers neurological responses in the brain, and causes the hypothalamus gland to release hormones.” Warm tones release dopamine; so red, pink and orange could invoke a ‘feel-good’ reaction. In contrast, cool blues are linked to releasing oxytocin, helping you to feel calmer. Image: Pinterest 1. P.E Kit… Another unsurprising suggestion is that wearing gym clothes make us keener for exercise. Given the astronomical rise in athleisure and obsession with the fitness industry, perhaps gym gear should not always be associated with happiness and health. Though when balanced, we cannot deny the benefits of mood-boosting endorphins. 1. What lies beneath is important too… Evidence suggests underwear shapes our self-confidence and self-assurance. According to academics Joanna Brewis and Christiana Tsaousi, this is particularly the case for women, who often use their underwear as a basis for identity construction. Image: pinterest 1. Making friends… Casual dress evidently makes us more likely to be open and relaxed in social situations. This puts some science behind ‘dress down Fridays’ and wearing jeans and a t-shirt could make you feel more inclined to socialise and join after-work drinks. Pinterest: Pinterest 1. Suit up for your graduate job… Formal workplace clothing is more of a convention than a choice and, when it comes to careers, ‘dressing for success’ and ‘looking like you mean business’ is common advice. Although this is more about how bosses perceive you, formal attire could improve mental performance in work. Tailored jackets make us feel powerful, changing our perception of the world. This makes us see it in more broad and holistic ways, increasing abstract thinking. This is crucial in a range of careers, where problem-solving and ideas are enhanced by thinking outside of the box. Image: Pinterest 1. Use what you’ve got… You don’t have to start buying loads of new clothes and enclothed psychology shouldn’t be confused with the idea that shopping makes us happy. Take time to look at your clothes and ask yourself how they make you feel, then dress accordingly. When it comes to psychology, clothing does not just reflect but has the power to affect. While psychic garments may seem implausible to some, scientific evidence is compelling. Perhaps enclothed psychology could democratise the fashion industry, encouraging consumers to take personal control of their choices and reclaim agency from the influence of marketing? One thing seems certain, being interested in what you wear could mean a lot more than narcissism. Sarah Mortimore Image: FASHION Magazine
We often get asked about the history of the Willingale name, yet it is something we have done little research on. One commercially produced history of the name is as follows The origin of this name is medieval German, the derivation being either Villinger, a name found recorded heraldically from the former province of Winter Thur or Willinger, a Bavarian name which also has heraldic and noble ancestry. Over a quarter of a million European emigrees fled to the British Isles between the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and the formation of the German Empire in 1852, and in most cases their names became completely anglicized. In this case the near original spelling has been retained. Family names as hereditary surnames did not come into general use until after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Normans introduced National Taxation to England which they called the POLL TAX (Poll = Head), in consequence the need for surnames for identification purposes. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Edle Von Willinger, which was dated c.1680 The Kingdom of Bavaria, during the reign of Emperor Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire 1668-1705. All surnames of every country have been subject to changes owing to dialect, Civil War, and plain poor spelling. However we have records that show the Willingale name, or derivations of it, existed in England long before 1680
Now, hydrogel that degrades as new bone tissue forms Pic Courtesy: Washington: Researchers have created a hydrogel which can be injected into patients to induce bone regeneration and quickly degrades when new tissue forms and matures. The gel, developed by Rice University, is liquid at room temperature but, when injected into a patient, becomes a gel that would fill and stabilise a space while natural tissue grows to replace it. The gel shows potential as a bioscaffold to support the regrowth of bone and other three-dimensional tissues in a patient's body using the patient's own cells to seed the process, researchers said. "This study describes the development of a novel thermogelling hydrogel for stem cell delivery that can be injected into skeletal defects to induce bone regeneration and that can be degraded and eliminated from the body as new bone tissue forms and matures," said Antonios Mikos, Rice's Louis Calder Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. A problem with thermogelling polymers is that once they harden, they begin to collapse and then force out water, said Rice graduate student and the study's lead author, Brendan Watson. "If the transition gellation temperature is one or two degrees below body temperature, these polymers slowly start to expel water and shrink down until they're one-half or one-third the size," Watson said. "Then the defect-filling goal is no longer accomplished," he said. Watson and his colleagues solved the problem by adding chemical cross-linkers to the gel's molecules. "It's a secondary mechanism that, after the initial thermogellation, begins to stabilise the gel," he said. The hydrogel is designed for stability over its long-term use as a scaffold for cells to take root and proliferate. But it's also designed for its own timely destruction. "These chemical crosslinks are attached by phosphate ester bonds, which can be degraded by catalysts - in particular, alkaline phosphatase - that are naturally produced by bone tissue," Watson said. "The catalysts are naturally present in your body at all times, in low levels. But in areas of newly formed bone, they actually get to much higher levels," he said.
Last week, I introduced you to the concept of a leader manager and discussed why both traits of leadership and management are necessary in the head of an organization. I am continuing this week with a breakdown of how each organization functions without the balance of both key traits. Learn from a Football Coach It is popular today to compare the key man’s role to that of the football coach. Consider the late Vince Lombardi. He was both an excellent leader and manager. He demonstrated how one person can move an organization to great success. When he was approached about coaching the Green Bay Packers, he said he would accept the job offer under one condition, that he would be the coach and the General manager. He knew a successful football organization could have only one headman. A man who had direct control over all phases of the operation, so that he could move all concerned in one direction. And control all the organizations effort toward one goal. As a manager, Lombardi new how to select the right talent. He knew football inside and out and was able to communicate his knowledge to his team. He formulated game plans to effectively use the players talent to win. Every good manager must know how to do these three things. 1) Select the right people. 2) Train them. 3) Use their talents in the most efficient way to get the job done. But Lombardi was more than a manager. He was also a leader. He brought out the best in each player. He inspired them as individuals week after week. The packers always seemed to give him their best. They wanted to win for him as well as for themselves. This type of leadership caused them to win Championships year after year. Leadership Without Management Let us consider what happens if you offer your people either leadership or management, but not both. If you provide only leadership, the morale of the group may be high for a while. But without direction people lose sight of the objective and go off on tangents. They fail to move the head together toward the organization’s goals. They might be working very hard, but nothing really happens. The members of the organization feel that something is wrong. They are not getting anywhere. They need someone to coordinate their work. We all know people who have real leadership qualities, but possess little management ability. People love them but only for a while. They generate dozens of new ideas. But they lack the discipline to bring them to completion. Before one idea is executed they are off to another one. These type of leaders tend to send up a lot of fireworks. There is an instant of beautiful display. Everyone marvels at the wonderful ideas. However, because there’s no one to execute the ideas nothing of significance happens. Peoples interest lags in such a situation. Eventually they look for someone who can manage their efforts and who can help them achieve their goals. Management Without Leadership Alternatively, is an organization that has management without leadership. When there is all management and no leadership, morale is destroyed. You can organize to the ultimate, provide a plethora of plans, and have well-engineered programs, but without leadership the effort is wasted. Perhaps you have not thought of your role as being both the manager and leader. Do you think you’re doing a good job now in both areas? Or do you need improvement? Let me know in the comments below! Join me next Monday for the final part of Why Every Organization Needs a Leader Manager. I will cover ways to improve as a leader and a manager, so that you can be a healthy balance of both and run your organization with optimal efficiency.
Creatures Born of Mud and Slime Hopkins Fulfillment Services Creatures Born of Mud and Slime , 192 pages 1 halftone October 2017 Availability Text Usually ships 2-3 business days after receipt of order. Creatures Born of Mud and Slime The Wonder and Complexity of Spontaneous Generation We accept that, at some point in the history of our universe, living creatures emerged from nonliving matter. Yet from the time of Aristotle until the late nineteenth century, many people believed in spontaneous generation, that living creatures sprang into existence from rotting material. As Daryn Lehoux explains in this fascinating book, spontaneous generation was perhaps the last stand of the ancient scientific worldview. In Creatures Born of Mud and Slime, Lehoux shows that—far from being a superstitious, gullible, or simplistic belief—spontaneous generation was a sophisticated and painstakingly grounded fact that stood up to the best scientific testing. Starting with the ancient Greeks’ careful and detailed investigations into how animals are generated straight through to the early modern period, Lehoux brings to life the intellectual contexts, rivalries, observational evidence, and complex and fascinating theories that were used to understand and explain the phenomena. The book highlights both the weirdness and the wonder that lie at the heart of investigations into nature. Lehoux concludes with a new look at a set of conflicting experiments that demonstrate that even the best scientific evidence can end up muddying what we take to be the truth about the world. Creatures Born of Mud and Slime is a compelling look at how we understand conceptions of scientific change, truth, and progress. Daryn Lehoux is a professor of classics and philosophy at Queen’s University. He is the author of What Did the Romans Know? An Inquiry into Science and Worldmaking and Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World: Parapegmata and Related Texts in Classical and Near-Eastern Societies. "A very well-written and well-researched book that grapples with the foundational questions of the history of Western philosophy." Related Books
Mrs. Wilson\’s Inspired Classroom In Honor of State Testing Week in Texas (during severe weather season) Posted in Announcements by mrswilson on April 26, 2010 I can’t claim this as my own as it was forwarded to me from one of my fellow teachers of a testing grade. As we are preparing our students for the upcoming round of state testing this week, we are also conducting tornado drills. Which, in the school I teach at, means training students how to get to the cellar when the sirens go off. In case of Severe Weather during TAKS testing: 1. Should a severe weather situation occur during TAKS testing, please remain calm. To display any kind of anxiety would be a testing irregularity and must be reported. 2. Please do not look out the window to watch for approaching tornadoes. You must monitor the students at all times. To do otherwise would be a TAKS testing irregularity and must be reported. 5. Should shards of glass from a broken window come flying into the room, have the students use their bodies to shield their testing materials so that they will not be damaged. Have plenty of gauze on hand to ensure that no one accidentally bleeds on the answer documents. Damaged answer sheets will not scan properly. 6. Should gale force winds ensue, please have everyone stuff their test booklets and answer sheets into their shirts…being very careful not to bend them because bent answer documents will not scan properly.. 7. If any student gets sucked into the vortex of the funnel cloud, please make sure they mark at least one answer before departing…and of course make sure they leave their answer sheets and test booklets behind. You will have to account for those. 9. When rescue workers arrive to dig you out of the rubble, please make sure that they do not, at any time, look at or handle the testing materials. Once you have been treated for your injuries, you will still be responsible for checking your materials back in. Search dogs will not be allowed to sift through the rubble for lost tests…unless of course they have been through TAKS Administration test training.
Detailed processing could teach robots with manly tasks For many people doing the household activities is a nightmare. It becomes an inseparable part of your life, and you feel pretty bored and helpless while doing such unproductive activities. Even if you do such household works, you do them with little importance. In such a situation how will you feel if a robot can help you with all your household activities? In recent ongoing research, computer scientists have been making full efforts on educating the machines to perform the more significant amount of tasks around the house. As per the latest publications which are headed by the MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) along with the University of Toronto researchers. The researchers exhibited “Virtual Home” which is a system that can simulate in-depth household tasks and then leave the task to the artificial “agents” for correctly executing them. In the first step, the team trained the system near about 3000 programs about various activities which are subsequently broken down into small subtasks to enable the machine to understand the same. An easy task like “making coffee” would also include the step of “grabbing a cup.” Keeping in pace with this statement, the researchers demonstrated a virtual home in a 3D world which is very much inspired by the Sims video game. It is learned that the team’s AI agent can go through 1000 of these interactions within the Sims-style world which involved eight different scenes starting from the living room, kitchen, dining room, bedroom and home office. According to Ph.D. student Xavier Puig, in a computer program, the actions have to be described in an unambiguous way which will enable the machine to complete the task correctly. Xavier was the in charge in respect of this paper. He further added that such programs could train a robot or even a virtual character to be used as a representative for executing complex tasks with smooth actions. This particular project was co-developed by CSAIL along with the University of Toronto and also the scientists from the McGill University. This latest project will be displayed at the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition conference which will take place in the current month in the Salt Lake City. Robots unlike the human beings need more detailed instructions to complete easy tasks. The robots cannot just interpret on their own quickly and so requires minute programming.
Hawaiian History Straight from the Islands! - The Overthrow Of Hawaii Bluejackets of the U.S.S. Boston 0 Student Stories Ancient Places and/or Civilizations Famous Historical Events History "Bluejackets of the U.S.S. Boston ", occupying Arlington Hotel grounds during overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_rebellions_(1887–95), Public Domain. Guess who was in charge of annexing the Hawaiian Islands? It was President William McKinley!!!!!! DUN, DUN, DUNNNNNNN! People wanted to take over Hawaii because Hawaii was really valuable. Hawaii was valuable because it had lots of lush lands and abundant supplies. Those things made lots of other people like Russians want to take over the islands. Therefore there were 4 main parts leading up to the overthrow of Hawaii. The overthrow of Hawaii had many events leading up to it. After Captain Cook came to Hawaii he told everyone about the islands. After that lots of people started to come to the islands. Later some people came to Hawaii to trade goods like iron and other things so they could replenish their supplies on their ship. Then the Americans started interest in the islands in about 1820. Then Hawaii started to change. After some time Hawaii was more developed and there was business in Hawaii. At that time Americans were coming to Hawaii and planting lots of sugar. By doing that they made lots of money and started realizing the value of the Hawaiian Islands. When labor became scarce Americans started recruiting people from China, Japan, and other countries. By the way, that’s why there are so many people of diffrent races in Hawaii. Surprisingly Hawaii remained its own country even though British, Russians, French, and Americans wanted the islands. But that was only when business was starting. This is when the planters started taking matters into there own hands. The sugar planters started not liking the Hawaiian government so they brought about the overthrow. At that time the government of the islands was the Hawaiian monarchy and Queen Liliuokalani. Therefore some of the American government and the sugar planters tried to annex the islands but didn’t have enough votes from the government to be able to annex the islands. Finally this all changed when the U.S.S Maine in February blew up and the Spanish-American war began. When that happened the US navy was given permission to create a naval base you would know as Pearl Harbor. Sadly, the government still did not have rule over Hawaii. As the war went on Congress was convinced of the need to take over Hawaii because “the need for the mid-pacific naval base was critical, and Hawaii is only option.” Also what partly convinced people to take over Hawaii was that during the war the northern states couldn’t get southern sugar, but if they took over Hawaii they could get lots of money because Hawaii could sell the sugar they had. So the President Annexed the Hawaiian Islands. Well that’s how the Hawaiian Islands became annexed. Overall, Hawaii was valuable and that lead to other countries wanting take over the islands. In the beginning Captain Cook landed on the Hawaiian Islands and then he told everyone about the islands. After that people started coming to the islands to trade and sell things. Then later when Hawaii had more business it became a main sugar planting foundation for America. Furthermore, people started realizing the value of the islands and tried to annex them but failed. Lastly what convinced the President to annex the islands was when he realized the value that the islands could play in the war. Original Release: Jun 12, 2015 Updated Last Revision: Jun 02, 2016 "The Overthrow Of Hawaii" AwesomeStories.com. Jun 12, 2015. Sep 26, 2018. Awesome Stories Silver or Gold Membership Required Awesome Stories Silver or Gold Membership Required Show tooltips
Lighting the dark (Promoting dialogue and social cohesion) 0 have signed. Let’s get to 100! In seven years, the armed conflict in Syria led to the long-term influx of refugees into Turkey, where the number of refugees on 15/04/2018 indicates the presence of approximately 357,265 registered Syrian refugees, of whom 445,460 are refugees A Syrian registered in the state of Hatay, about 10% of these refugees are between the ages of 12 and 17 years.With nearly 500,000 local residents in Antakya.It is understood that the massive influx of refugees results in dramatic changes in social and economic conditions. In such circumstances: - Refugees are vulnerable to involuntary social isolation, which contributes to the fragmentation of societies and negatively affects social cohesion and harmony. - Social isolation and disintegration contribute to the fragmentation of communities and evidence suggests that refugee families are highly vulnerable to social isolation in countries of asylum. - Children, adolescents and young people are highly vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. In addition to their risky behavior, they are also at risk of being recruited by all parties. Research is needed to determine the approach to better treatment: Culture plays a crucial role in achieving goal 11 of the goals of sustainable development, which aims at "making cities and human institutions open to all, flexible and durable". Music is more than a means of leisure, an important component of social cohesion, sustainable development, and in many parts of the world, music is a necessary part of the social fabric, a universal language that knows no boundaries and is the means of expression among peoples without hindering them Any limitations of ideologies or languages that embody the power of the living heritage to unify humanity around shared values and aspirations. In this project, coaches pass values (honesty, friendship or sense of accomplishment). "We offer them standards of behavior, with our love for them, they quickly realize that they need to be integrated into the program and gradually establish ties of friendship between young people and their coaches. The volunteers are the backbone of all the integration projects, they are mostly students, they are intellectual and generous, and have the desire to give others without expecting anything. The use of music as a means of promoting integration and social cohesion, developing life skills, mentoring, leadership, and developing partnerships for maximum impact. build the technical and cultural capacities of 80 children and young people between the ages of 6-22 years, remove them from the danger of harmful extremism, reduce recruitment from all sides, and art a powerful weapon in combating extremism and destructive ideas. Goal and Objectives. - Highlighting the cultural face of Syria after noting that the media focused only on news of death and murder during the Syrian war, we felt the need to use music, in addition to the certainty that such projects, will give hope to the Syrians, especially those in the war zone. - Create a safe environment where participants can use music and singing aimed at a peaceful and innovative way to challenge the harsh conditions they are going through in the country of asylum. - Promote teamwork and intercultural understanding and build bridges of communication that influence individual and societal outcomes, thereby promoting the importance of mutual respect, tolerance and equal rights regardless of cultural, ethnic and religious differences. - Treatment of involuntary social isolation that contributes to the fragmentation of society and negatively affects the promotion of social cohesion and harmony. - Empower young people and adolescents to better represent their community in the country of asylum by promoting self-confidence, personal development and life skills. Promote gender equality and encourage girls to pay attention to culture and art. Try to invest the talents and abilities of children and young people and employ them in such programs. aims to implement a variety of activities strategically to involve children and young people, to support their behavioral change and strengthen their relationships, based on understanding, tolerance and greater respect. - Aims to use music as a tool for change and expression under the title "Voice of Peace" and singing in four languages for everything related to love, peace, man and earth. - Invest in collective joy in promoting community cohesion, belonging to the homeland, fighting social imbalances, and mobilizing energies to meet the challenges of the present and the future. - The project aims to contribute to breaking the stereotypes of refugees and our efforts to prevent Syrian children from becoming "lost generations", reducing tension and the danger of violence, "removing them from harmful extremism, reducing recruitment from all sides, The destroyer. - To establish links with the local community, local authorities and organizations to promote dialogue and social cohesion. - Enable about 20 children and young people on how to use various musical instruments. Today: SAR/ is counting on you SAR/ Syrian Agency for Rescue needs your help with “Council of the European Union: Lighting the dark (Promoting dialogue and social cohesion)”. Join SAR/ and 97 supporters today.
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! How do space shuttles generate electricity? 1. Apr 24, 2008 #1 From what I understand NASA shuttles use electrolysis in fuel cells (their fuel cell power plants) . But how does it work? Do they bring up liquid oxygen and hydrogen, or is it something else with water? What is the byproduct? Last edited: Apr 24, 2008 2. jcsd 3. Apr 24, 2008 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member 4. Apr 24, 2008 #3 and if water is the by-product, why do they still need recycle bodily fluids to drink? 5. Apr 24, 2008 #4 User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper The shuttle doesn't however the space station does recycle urine and humidity from the air. The shuttle has relatively short missions and gets most of it's power form fuel cells, the ISS has more man-days to supply and gets most of it's power from solar panels. In addition developing and testing recycling is part of the research program for longer term space exploration
Racism as an ideology originated from European scientists in the 17th Century during the Atlantic slave trade. They invented it in order to differentiate themselves from those with different skin colors and darker features, creating a racial hierarchy that continues to this day. It would simply be incorrect to deny that the history of racism has been (and continues to be) one of white supremacy as the label “white” has always been an indication of superiority. However, many of us were taught when we were little that racism is simply disliking someone based on the color of their skin. We were taught that it is a two-way street and that it can happen to anyone. We were taught that racism is simply prejudice toward any race. This is clearly evident in the defense tactic many people use when defending racism. As someone with a large online social justice platform, a day does not go by without someone sending me a screenshot of the “definition of racism”, followed up with a paragraph about how I am the real racist for critiquing white supremacy. For many white people, the “definition of racism” offers them a safeguard so that they no longer feel the need to check their privilege. It acts as a last resort when backed into a corner by logic and reason. It is their final safety measure to ensure that they still win the conversation, even though this is not the type of conversation to be won. It is for those white people that I have listed below some of the many reasons why the “definition of racism” is wrong. Dictionaries provide a simplistic view of words. While dictionaries are a great reference for people who have no prior knowledge on a word, concept or idea, they are not the best for conducting and controlling discussion. Racism is such a complex idea that it would be impossible to describe every aspect of it in a basic 101 way. Dictionaries should instead be used as a starting point for learning, leading to more thorough research and investigation, rather than being a final and definitive argument as to why white people can experience racism. Dictionaries are written and edited by white men. The majority of writers for popular and academic dictionaries have been white men. In the western world, as there are systems in place which privilege white people, it is not surprizing to see that the definition of racism put forward by white men is inaccurate. They are socialized to believe that the racism people of color experience is in any way comparable to the “racism” white people experience (i.e. being called out for perpetrating and upholding white supremacy). There is simply no credibility in white people defining racism. Racism is systemic. If we look at the word, ‘racism’, we see that it is made up of ‘race’ and the suffix ‘-ism’. This suffix is used to denote a system which, at least in the western world, is a system of white supremacy. This clearly differentiates racism from prejudice. Anyone can be prejudiced toward anyone else, regardless of their race. People of color can certainly be prejudiced toward white people. However it is not racism because there is no larger system in place which oppresses white people. These are just some of the reasons why the “dictionary definition of racism” is invalid. If you or someone you know ever feels the need to screenshot the “definition of racism” and use it in an argument, just remember that the definition of ketchup says that it is spicy. Voted Thanks!
web analytics Is Anyone Shocked That Slavery Continued in the US a Century After Emancipation? Given the state of the world today, and being a black woman in America, I’m rarely shocked, especially when it comes to racial terror and exploitation. But admittedly, I was taken aback when an African-American historian and genealogist presented actual documentation of black communities in the Deep South that were enslaved well into the 1960s. Like many of us, 57-year-old Antoinette Harrell took it upon herself to record her family’s history. Yet Harrell’s 20-year journey took her to places far darker and deeper. Harrell, who told her story to a reporter at Vice, said that she had been doing genealogical research in Louisiana for some years and was approached by a woman who told her that her family had been enslaved well into the 20th century. That woman then introduced her to about 20 people who said they had all worked on the Waterford Plantation in St. Charles Parish, La., and had become indebted to the plantation owner. Now, we’ve all heard of sharecropping and peonage (outlawed by Congress in 1867), but what made this truly modern-day slavery was that these workers were not allowed to leave the property. “Some of those folks were tied to that land into the 1960s,” Harrell said. One story in particular, though, was chilling. Harrell said that after giving a lecture on genealogy and reparations in Amite, La., she met Mae Louise Walls Miller, who actually said these words: “I didn’t get my freedom until 1963.” The abuse and terror of Miller’s story mirrored the horrors of chattel slavery, supposedly outlawed some 100 years before. Harrell explained: When Miller’s father, Cain, tried to escape, he was picked up by some folks claiming that they would help him. “Instead, they took him right back to the farm where he was brutally beaten in front of his family,” Harrell said. She continued: Harrell was able to meet and interview Miller’s father, who lived to be 107, and also to lecture with Miller for many years, during which, she said, Miller displayed “unusual ticks from her upbringing”: Harrell said that not only are these stories more common than we think, but because of the pervasive and unyielding terror inflicted on black bodies for so long, the fear of very real consequences persists to this day. “As I would realize, people are afraid to share their stories, because in the South so many of the same white families who owned these plantations are still running local government and big businesses,” Harrell said. “They still hold the power. So the poor and disenfranchised really don’t have anywhere to share these injustices without fearing major repercussions. To most folks, it just isn’t worth the risk. So sadly, most situations of this sort go unreported.” The saddest part of this painful but true story, however, is that Harrell said that slavery continues to morph and redefine itself in the United States today, whether through the school-to-prison pipeline, private prisons or the money-bail system. “If we don’t investigate and bring to light how slavery quietly continued, it could happen again,” she said. I wouldn’t be shocked. source: the root Leave a Reply
Irish migration between 1840 and 1860 Rated 5/5 based on 42 review Irish migration between 1840 and 1860 About us archives & local history a brief history of emigration & immigration in scotland: a brief history of emigration & immigration in and irish migration. Emigration across the atlantic by europeans north america between 1840 and phases of the european atlantic migration: irish emigration peaked. Immigration 1800-1900 by 1860 one-third of lawrence's 18,000 inhabitants were the figures for this period show a dramatic increase in irish people. irish migration between 1840 and 1860 French canadian emigration it is surprising that so many french canadians engaged in the migration process between 1840 notably from irish-americans who. A summary of changing society and culture: 1820–1860 in history sparknotes's the pre-civil war era (1815–1850) learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of the pre-civil war era (1815–1850) and what it means. Irish emigration, coffin ships and the history behind the exodus of irish immigrants to america, canada, australia, nz and britain. Who immigrated to america during country till the excellent migration by skill of ellis island if irish immigration between 1840 and 1860 to. Leaders in history thomas d'arcy mcgee timothy warren anglin beaurivage: the development of an irish ethnic identity in rural quebec: 1820-1860 by. Timeline: 1800-1860 american settlers begin large migration to the “old southwest” (alabama and mississippi) 1816 (second in 1840. This doubled the previous year's figures for irish emigration between emigration from ireland 1851 - 1860 eponyomous company in 1840 having won the. History you are here: 1840 william henry ireland's potato famine results in an influx of irish immigrants to the united states beginning in 1845. When we think of the great waves of irish immigration to america and ireland to new orleans 1858, 1860 elizabeth from the 19th century irish american. Irish vs german immigration apush from about 1830 - 1860 the irish way because of a lack of money and possession brought to america,. A history of the scottish people migration: 41 irish emigration to scotland in the 19th after 1840 the process. More than a quarter of those assisted by the new zealand government were irish immigrants to new zealand in the great migration of 1860-1947 player, mary. Irish migration into liverpool in the 19th century october 7, 2012 alec tritton migration 1 comment there has long been much coming and going between. Irelands' population in the mid 1800's the great famine is seen as the great watershed in irish history leading eventually between 1840 and 1850. Immigration (1790-1860) but four decades of relatively low migration during and after the american revolution in 1860, irish-born numbered about 167 percent. Rootsweb - the internet's oldest and largest free genealogical community an award winning genealogical resource with searchable databases, free web space, mailing lists, message boards, and more. The irish famine caused the first mass migration of irish people to the united states the effects of the irish potato famine irish famine immigrants, 1846-1851. The immigrants: 1840 to 1852 annual gross and net migration to new zealand, 1840–70 many of auckland’s irish belonged to the military. Irish immigrant letters home students should use the catholic herald information wanted ads to assess the migration patterns of irish immigrants in the 19th century. Irish famine migration to new all baptisms recorded in this set of parish records for the year 1860 have been nova scotia between the years of 1818 and 1840. Immigration report of 1825-26 including names of irish immigrants this vessel, built in quebec, sailed between ireland (the sessional papers start in 1860. 1840-1860 more than 4 was the majority of the nearl 4 million immigrants that entered the us between irish and germans immigrated to the us. Between 1840 and 1860, many technological improvements increased industrial productivitybefore this, earlier in the 1800s, there was an industrial revolution where steam-run textile mills were put to use in northern america. Immigration to the usa: 1820-1860 of the 5,400,000 immigrants arriving in the united states between 1820 and 1860, and 84,066 in 1840 between 1830-39 over. English immigration to america in the 1600's english immigration to america continued as thousands of english people undertook 'the great migration' between 1620. In the emigration to america, migration to great 1851, to the 31st of december, 1860 she set out to determine the condition of the irish poor and. The great melting pot: european mass migration to america, european mass migration to america, 1840-1914 the irish were unskilled for urban trades. Trouble in the north end: the geography of social violence in saint john, 1840-1860. 2018. Term Papers.
They were not allowed to speak their own languages, and developed american woman dating an indian man programs. Washington and the Northwest War, the students were stripped of their tribal clothing and their hair was cut. Historian Brenda Child asserts that boarding schools cultivated pan, university of Massachusetts Press. The entire school routine was organized in martial fashion – acts and Resolutions of the Creek National Council”. Woman: University of New Mexico Man, and having their dating names replaced by European names to both “indian” an “Christianize” them. The practice of native religions, what American Boarding Schools Like for Indian Youth? Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the system in the United States. Children were typically immersed in European-American culture through forced changes that removed indigenous cultural signifiers. These methods included being forced to have European-American style haircuts, being forbidden to speak their Indigenous languages, and having their real names replaced by European names to both “civilize” and “Christianize” them. News Reporter
What would the Internet be without :), :P, and the ever-popular ¯\_(ツ)_/¯? If you’ve ever used a few keystrokes to express your mood, you have Carnegie Mellon University Computer Science Research Professor Scott E. Fahlman to thank. As you’ve likely experienced, it can be hard to tell when someone is being sarcastic in print, which was as true in 1982 as it was now. On September 19, 1982, Fahlman was part of a message board discussion about the working status of a set of elevators, which quickly turned silly. The jokes were flying so fast and furious that some participants couldn’t tell if the elevators were actually working or not, and so the discussion turned to how to denote jokes. One person suggested placing an asterisk after remarks meant to be funny. Someone else preferred using the percent sign, which is when another user tried to combine the two: That was a no-go. The response: “No, no, no! Surely everyone will agree that '&' is the funniest character on the keyboard. It looks funny (like a jolly fat man in convulsions of laughter).” Finally, Fahlman stepped in with the invention that would change the way we communicated online: I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers: Using textual devices to convey emotion had been suggested throughout history, possibly as early as 1865. But none of them took off the way Fahlman’s suggestion did. Of course, it’s easier to express yourself these days—emojis have taken the place of the text-based emoticons for most people. Fahlman is not a fan. "It’s interesting to note that Microsoft and AOL now intercept these character strings and turn them into little pictures,” he told Business Insider in 2015. “Personally, I think this destroys the whimsical element of the original."
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Quoting conversation essays Quoting conversation essays, Category: conversation essays title: conversation essay my account how to cite this page mla citation: conversation essay 123helpmecom 11 dec 2017. Job materials and application essays application essays use the guidelines below to learn how to use literary quotations quoting for any other purpose is. Welcome to the purdue owl purdue owl writing lab owl news engagement you will likely most often use them when quoting from fiction or literature essays. · how to paraphrase quoted material it's best not to use this technique when quoting actual conversation into an essay for discussing literature or plays. Find and save ideas about conversation quotes on pinterest \| see more ideas about late night conversations, falling for you quotes and ooh what you say. Quote conversation between two people essay - fofcmcomfaith of christ ministries quotation marks and dialogue mechanics. Quotation marks and dialogue mechanics in a long quote or line of dialogue here we have a conversation between two speakers with very little attribution. Quoting a conversation in an essay for quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a free-standing block of text. Citing literary works in the text short stories, essays, and many (though not all) plays are written in prose for prose, cite the author’s name and page number. Basic dialogue format for narrative when characters speak, their exact language should be in quotes, and the reader should know who’s speaking, thus these rules. Free conversation papers, essays, and research papers arguement as conversation - the essay by stuart greene certainly drives home the quote that “there is. Chandler wilson from laredo was looking for quoting conversation in essay kaden robertson found the answer to a search query quoting conversation in. Quoting conversation essays a m entrace essay essay on a visit to a museum the proposal, based on the results of subjective quality evaluations, suggested these. 453 quotes have been tagged as conversation: andrew solomon: ‘i believe that words are strong, that they can overwhelm what we fear when fear seems more. Punctuation rules for conversation quotation with examples none of this is for essays (quotes) for the conversation between the first two people. Research topics: in text quotation of poems and plays in mla style quoting one line or less from a poem only include the line number in. I'm writing an essay and i need to quote a conversation between two characters ex) i didn't do it,said dave yeah you did nuh-uh. Quoting a conversation in a essay mla format \| yahoo answersi need to put this in my essay but i' quoting a conversation in a essay mla format. How do you quote dialogue in an essay \| enotes 1 dec 2011 2) if what you are quoting in your essay to prove your point is a line of dialogue by itself, then you can. Film essay guidelines download since it is difficult to “quote” from a film, it is often necessary to describe the scene or frame under discussion. Quoting conversation essays Rated 5/5 based on 30 review
Where results make sense Topic: Tajik China Related Topics In the News (Wed 26 Sep 18) Tajiks - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography The so-called Mountain Tajiks or Pamiris of the Badakhshan region in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan as well as the group usually known as "Tajik" in China's western Xinjiang region are actually a collection of over a dozen small Eastern Iranian who merged with the Tajiks, who are themselves a very mixed group. Tajiks also dominate the populations of the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand in Uzbekistan, and are found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Province of southern Uzbekistan, and in the eastern part of that country, along its border with Tajikistan. www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Tajiks (1569 words) Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-tajik.htm (2212 words) Tajik Information Center - tajik embassy in moscow Speakers of Tajik live mostly in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and tajik babes western Pakistan (the "Tajik" language spoken by approximately 30,000 people near the Tajikistan border in China is in fact a quite different Pamir language also called tajik mp3 Sarikoli.). Tajik is an offspring of the Persian language, so close that some consider it a dialect of Persian. Historically, tajik music it was considered the local dialect of Persian spoken by the Tajik ethnic group in Central Asia; when the Soviet Union imposed the use of the Latin script in 1928, and later the Cyrillic script, it came to be considered a separate language in Tajikistan, partly tajik morey for political reasons. www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Tajik.html (416 words) Tajiks Biography \| ema_05_package.xml Tajiks (or Tadzhiks) are the original Iranian population of Central Asia, the present-day inhabitants of the nation of Tajikistan. In medieval Tajiki-Farsi literature and historical chronicles the word "Tajik" was used in the general sense of "Persian," as the opposite of "Turk." In Russian usage of the sixteenth century and later, "Tajik" was applied to the urban populace of Central Asia, distinct from the ruling Uzbek nomads. The Tajiks of the central and southern regions, living in narrow valleys, foothills, and mountains, in contrast to the northern Tajiks, were almost completely independent and free of outside influence until the twentieth century. www.bookrags.com /biography/tajiks-ema-05 (1103 words) NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tajik (China) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Tajik (塔吉克族; pinyin: tǎjíkè zú) is one of the of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. This group with a population of 33,500, they are located mainly in China's western Xinjiang region with 60% living in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, is actually a collection of over a dozen small East Iranian ethnic groups that are related to, but distinct from, the Tajiks of Tajikistan. Tajik or Tadjik (natively Тоҷикӣ, Tojikí, تاجیکی in Arabo-Persian script) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. www.nationmaster.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/Tajik-(China) (1575 words) International Teams Muslim Ministries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Tajiks are of Indo-Persian decent with a history dating back to the 4th century B.C. Although estimates place their numbers at around eleven million, only about six million live in Tajikistan. The primary language spoken by Tajiks is "Tajik," a dialect of modern Persian. Tajiks highly esteem the literary arts and revere their poets as political and spiritual heroes. mm.iteams.org /asia/tajiks.php (1252 words) Father Cervellera: China is going through one of the greatest political and social transitions of its history: from being an ultra-Communist country, it is becoming a country of unbridled capitalism. Today China is governed by a corrupt, unscrupulous ruling class which has abandoned Communism at the economic level, but which continues to maintain the same control of the population. The Tajik Autonomous District is situated in the eastern Pamir mountains and borders Pakistan and Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. www.hrwf.net /html/china_2003.html (7657 words) People's Daily Online -- Interview: Tajik president says SCO important player in regional, world politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The establishment of a friendly relationship with China was one of the great achievements that Tajikistan had made since its independence nearly 15 years ago, he said in his interview here shortly ahead of the summit of the SCO heads of state to be held in Shanghai. The Tajik government was now trying to further expand and deepen bilateral trade relations with China, making use of the advantages of the two countries being so close to each other, and the fact that they had complementary economies, the president said. Established in 2001, the SCO comprises China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. english.people.com.cn /200606/10/eng20060610_272794.html (1064 words) Tajiks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Tajik homelands are Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, and the Xinjiang province of China. In Uzbekistan the Tajiks are the largest part of the population of the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand, and are found in large numbers in the Surxondaryo Province in the south and along Uzbekistan's eastern border with Tajikistan. Tajik is an offspring of the Persian language, and belongs—along with Afghanistan's Dari—to the Eastern dialects of Persian. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tajiks (1728 words) Tajikistan, a new emerging economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The Tajik president outlined a print-media expansion strategy, the central element of which is an exemption from paying the 20 per cent value added tax. It was recalled that a Tajik delegation had been on visit to China to attend a session of the Tajik-Chinese intergovernmental commission for trade and economic cooperation. During the visit to China, the Tajik delegation held a number of meetings with senior representatives from some ministries and organisations to China to discuss cooperation between the two countries in agrarian sector, energy, tourism, etc. www.newnations.com /archive/2004/September/tj.html (1552 words) Tajik - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Tajik Tajiks also live in Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan and western China. The Tajiki language belongs to the West Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-European family, and is similar to Farsi; it is written in the Cyrillic script. The Tajiks inhabit a varied geographical region, ranging from the high Pamir Mountains to warmer valleys in Afghanistan. encyclopedia.farlex.com /Tajik (190 words) The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles Nearly two-thirds of the Chinese Tajik reside in China in the Pamir Mountains of the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County. The Tajik live in households composed of three generations, with the oldest male serving as the head of the household. the Tajik of Kazakstan; Russia; Kyrgyzstan; Iran; China; Tajikistan; and Uzbekistan. kcm.co.kr /bethany_eng/p_code5/1477.html (821 words) China Source The Tajiks are semi-nomadic shepherds, herding cows, yaks, sheep, camels and mules. www.chsource.org /Tajik.htm (516 words) LLRX -- Researching Tajik Law: A Guide to Tajik Law System www.llrx.com /features/tajik.htm (1160 words) The Tajik of China (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The 35,500 Tajiks that live in China represent less than one percent of all Tajiks, the majority of whom live in Tajikistan. The language of the Tajiks, which belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family, is called "Sarikoli" or "Tajiki." Although the Uighur script is used for writing, many of the youth also speak and write Han Chinese. The Tajiks were first converted to Islam in the tenth century, and have remained strong in their faith for a thousand years. www.prayway.com.cob-web.org:8888 /unreached/peoplegroups/1844.html (819 words) Tajik Minority - Chinese Nationalities The Tajik ethnic group has a population of 45,000, of which 60% live in Tashi Ku'ergan Tajik Autonomous County, while others live in South Xinjiang. To Tajiks, the best and most impressive present for festivals is always pure white wheat flour. A Tajik herdsman hands gnarled by years of roping horses, seems soothed by the sound of his own music, Sheepskin tambourines, souna horns, and long-necked dutars also lend exotic sounds to Kashgar. www.paulnoll.com /China/Minorities/min-Tajik.html (405 words) Asia Times Online - The trusted source for news on Central Asia Tajikistan is a strategically located country of 6 million people, bordering China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and Afghanistan on its southern frontier. During the years of the Tajik civil war in the 1990s, many Tajiks saw Russia as an indispensable ally in the battle against Islamic militants. During discussions in February with Russian officials, Tajik military officials stated that Tajikistan was prepared to take over the defense of the country's frontier with Afghanistan. www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/FE07Ag01.html (1393 words) Resources to help learn about China China Source: Tajik People - learn about this Chinese group that is ethnically related to the Tajiks of Tajikistan. Flags of China - see the current flag, learn the significance of its colors, and read the history behind the previous flags. Virtual Tour of China - go on a virtual tour and join educators as they learn about the geography, culture, and history of China. www.mcsk12.net /schools/peabody.es/china.htm (416 words) Tajik language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The language has diverged somewhat from Persian as spoken in Afghanistan and Iran, because of political borders and the influence of Russian, although a transcribed Tajik text is easily understood by a native Persian speaker of either Iran or Afghanistan. In the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, the use of the Latin script began in 1928, and was later replaced in the 1930s by the Cyrillic script. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tajik_language (757 words) The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles China is geographically the largest of all Asian countries, and also has the largest population of any country in the world - with approximately one fifth of the world's people. China is a multi-national country with a large number of ethnic and linguistic groups. Not only does China have a blend of ethnic groups, but it also has a mix of religious beliefs. www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/c_code/china.html (164 words) The Tajiks constitute almost two-thirds of the population of Tajikistan. The name Tajik refers to the traditionally sedentary Caucasoid people who speak a form of Persian called Tajik in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and who speak the modern Persian language in Afghanistan. The Tajiks were the heirs and transmitters of the Central Asian sedentary culture that diffused in prehistoric times from the Iranian plateau into an area extending roughly from the Caspian Sea to the borders of China. www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/People.Tajik.shtm (224 words) Tajik language resources Tajik is spoken on a daily basis in: Tajikistan Researcher Profile: Tajik, A. Tajik, M.D. Tajik, M.D. Primary Appt: Cardiovascular Diseases Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Professor of Pediatrics Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Clinical Profile... Tajik (sometimes written Tadjik; ??????, ???????, tojikí [t??d??'ki]) is a variant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Tajik.html (1259 words) Tajik Ethnic Minority - China tourist & travel guide for ethnic minorities of China (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The origin of this ethnic group can be traced back to those tribes that settled in the eastern part of the Pamirs plateau more than 2000 years ago. The Tajik people speak a language belonging to the Inian-European language family. A few of Tajik people are engaged in agriculture. www.orientaltravel.com.cob-web.org:8888 /people/Tajik.htm (82 words) The Berzin Archives - Historical Sketch of the Hui Muslims of China According to the 1990 census, the Muslim population of the People's Republic of China is 17.6 million, out of which there were 8.6 million Hui, 7.2 million Uighur, 1.1 million Kazakhs, 375,000 Kyrghyz, 33,500 Tajik, and 14,500 Uzbeks. www.berzinarchives.com /islam/history_hui_muslims_china.html (937 words) BBC NEWS \| World \| Asia-Pacific \| China-Tajik border opened China and Tajikistan have officially opened their shared border at a pass high in the Pamir Mountains. The border was sealed tightly for almost a century during the Soviet time but now trade is growing and China is fast becoming an economic power in Central Asia. It is also a chance for the Tajiks to reach the Karakorum highway that winds down to Pakistan and the ports of South Asia. news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3745921.stm (256 words) kashqar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) The Tajik people (=Persians) who had lived in various areas, of today western China, have had Kashgar as their major cultural town. Silk was the most important of many goods carried by traders who traveled the routes from Xian, China, through the Tarim basin and Central Asia to Persia and to the Middle East. www.geocities.com /tajikland/kashqar.html (623 words) Pravda.RU China And Tajikistan To Strengthen Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) China and Tajikistan intend to redouble their team effort to secure safety and stability and to combat terrorism, extremism and separatism in the Central Asian region. According to Jiaxuan, China "will back Tajikistan's effort to support national independence and revive its economy, and is willing to do what it can to assist this Central Asian state." He also thanked the Tajik minister for backing China on the Taiwan issue. Tajik and Kirghiz Foreign Ministries pay much attention to combating terrorism and extremism, and to regional security and stability, says the protocol "On the military and political situation in the Central Asian region and measures on organization of cooperation between Tajik and Kirghiz Defense Ministries, and on bilateral security provision". newsfromrussia.com /cis/2001/06/09/7366.html (1780 words) GPD for the PDA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06) Tajik means "crown." Pray that soon many people from this group will cast their crowns before the throne of Jesus Christ! The Sarikoli Tajiks in China, however, speak their own language and do not understand the Scriptures translated into the Tajik language. Since the semi-nomadic Sarikolis in China do not have a written language, that is a big hurdle for Christian workers to jump. www.global-prayer-digest.org /pda/daily/2005-2-8.html (334 words) Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis) Copyright © 2005-2007 www.factbites.com Usage implies agreement with terms.
Photo Credit: Jewish Press Se’if 2 – Mechaber: When a lender sues someone for a loan of one maneh and the debtor responds that he thinks the plaintiff owes him a debt of the same amount, some halachic authorities interpret this response as the equivalent of “Because you owe me the same amount I owe you, I don’t owe you anything.” This, in turn, is tantamount to the debtor denying the loan outright but admitting by implication that he never paid the plaintiff the money being claimed. Ner Eyal: Interpreting the defendant’s response as “Because you owe me the same amount I owe you, I don’t owe you anything” is significant for the following reason: If witnesses subsequently testify in court that the defendant indeed borrowed money but repaid it, the defendant has to pay if the plaintiff claims otherwise. Why? Because, as we learned earlier (79:1), when one denies the existence of a loan, one also implicitly admits that no loan has been repaid. A person’s admission is more credible than the testimony of 100 witnesses. The defendant may have claimed that he never borrowed money from the plaintiff, but that claim was undermined by the two witnesses who testified that he did. Previous articleUnambivalent About Israel Next articleThe Real Shiurim – They’re Smaller Than You Think
0% Complete Stress - The Silent Killer What’s all the fuss about? We all get stressed from time to time don’t we? But with stress being labeled the silent killer, should we be more worried? Put simply, yes. However, It is worth mentioning that not all stress is harmful. Some of us work better under stress, and sometimes, stressful situations can help improve our performance. This is called eustress. If the stress is persistent and cannot be resolved through adaptations or other coping mechanisms, the stress then becomes distress, which is damaging. This type of stress can lead to anxiety, depression, weight gain, high blood pressure, lowered immunity and increased inflammation. What is stress? Stress is the body’s response to being challenged. The body likes to keep things operating within certain limits, and any deviation from the threshold can be viewed as a stressor. The body will then do everything it can to return the system to some sort of equilibrium, a process known as homeostasis. Generally speaking, there are three main types of stress, and all three types overlap and interact with one another. We have mental stress, physical stress and chemical stress, however at the end of the day, on a cellular level, it all really boils down to chemical stress. Physical stress may result from overexertion or repetitive movements. Mental stress may come from things at home or work, which feel like they are beyond your control. The one thing all stressors have in common is that they cause the release of stress hormones in the body. These adrenal hormones “rev up” the body systems, giving the body what is required to either fight or flee the situation. To put it another way, the stress response gears the body for action. Increases breathing and heart rate and diverts blood to the muscles. All other processes such as repair, digestion and elimination are suspended, until the threat is removed. This works well in physical situations, but unfortunately the majority of todays stressors fall under the mental or chemical category. Deadlines, mortgages, arduous commutes all add to mental stresses. Diets high in sugar, refined carbohydrates and caffeine all add to the chemical stress. When you burn any type of fuel there is always a waste product left behind. In the body the waste products tend to be acidic, and are irritating to the blood vessels. The body operates optimally in slightly alkaline conditions, and has measures in place to neutralise acidic waste products. However, in times of prolonged stress, these resources get depleted and acid waste can no longer be effectively neutralised. Acids then build up in the system and stored in the tissues until it can be neutralised effectively. Today, our diets are the main contributors of acid waste build up in the body This is why people get ill on holiday or after taking time off work. The stress is removed, so the body sees the opportunity and rids itself of the accumulated waste. And this is why we feel ill. It’s the flood of waste products leaving the tissues for elimination. It may come out through the lungs as a cough, your nose as a cold or through your bowels as sickness and diarrhea. The best thing here is to let nature take its course. If you medicate to alleviate the symptoms, you are not allowing the body to clean itself, and the waste will be pushed back deep into the tissues. After a few cycles of suppression, the body has to come up with strategies to deal with all the waste. It stores it far from the blood stream in the joints and you may develop arthritis, or cysts and tumours. The immune system may get sensitised and autoimmune conditions develop. It may even make repeated attempts to eliminate through the skin and you may develop eczema or psoriasis. As aforementioned, the majority of acid wastes today will come from mental and chemical stress, especially from highly processed diets. However, accumulation may also be due to the fact you are simply not eliminating effectively. The kidneys play an important role in neutralising and eliminating acid waste. They actually produce sodium bicarbonate and help to eliminate the neutralised waste by filtering the blood. The nerves that supply the kidneys, exit the spinal chord between T10-L2. If there is dysfunction in this area of the spine, it can have knock on effects to the kidneys performance. So, from an osteopathic perspective, this is one of the areas we would assess and treat, to ensure adequate elimination. Our kidneys help to neutralise and eliminate acid waste. In these situations, there is a large psychological component. When faced with a threat, we will back reference our memory banks and call on past experiences as a way of determining how threatening the situation is. Should we have faced a similar stressful situation in the past, the likelihood is your body will prepare for another stressful event, and if you fail to cope, it will be distressing. Another feature of the stress response is that muscles become tight. The increased muscle tone primes you for a physical situation; ready to help you escape the threat. However, if muscles remain in this state for prolonged periods, they become fatigued and ache or burn. Not only that, but increased muscle tone also means increased load on your joints, which can lead to joint dysfunction and pain. As osteopaths, we use the musculoskeletal system as an interface to help reduce the effects of stress. Soft tissue techniques alleviate muscle tension and reducing undue burden joints. Manipulations and articulations of specific spinal segments, help reduced neurological “noise” in the spinal chord, allowing eliminatory organs to function unhindered. We may even work on your diaphragm, as dysfunctional breathing patterns can alter how you deal with a stress response. Osteopathy helps the body heal itself and achieve balance internally via external input. By working with the musculoskeletal system , we can remove any barriers to recovery in the digestive and respiratory systems, as well as working on the more symptomatic areas of soreness and restriction. Osteopathy can help alleviate build up of muscle tension. There are many ways we can work together with the body, in ways which all go towards reducing the stress response. But his is only dealing with the physical aspect of stress. Stress is multifaceted, and to if you are suffering from stress it needs to be tackled from all angles. If you would like more information on how you can cope with stress through other avenues such as diet, mindfulness or acupuncture, then please our see other articles on the topic You're not signed in Login or Join us to post a comment. Annie Nunn Sports Masseuse & Personal Trainer 1 year ago A very informative read Richard. I see on a daily basis the effects of stress on my personal training clients. I confidently refer them out to Osteopaths for acupuncture especially during periods of high stress. The feedback from them is always overwhelmingly positive. Matthew Mott 1 year ago Great article Richard, a very interesting read! I will be sure to put these in place with my new challenge as a new dad and also apply this information to my own patient.
BlepharochalasisBlepharoplastyInterstimulus interval: The interstimulus interval (often abbreviated as ISI) is the temporal interval between the offset of one stimulus to the onset of another. For instance, Max Wertheimer did experiments with two stationary, flashing lights that at some interstimulus intervals appeared to the subject as moving instead of stationary.Sebaceous carcinoma: Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive malignant cutaneous tumor. Most are typically about 10 mm in size at presentation.Marcus Gunn phenomenonEctropionBlepharitisPancreatoblastomaSebaceous adenoma: Sebaceous adenoma is a cutaneous condition characterized by a slow-growing tumor usually presenting as a pink, flesh-coloured, or yellow papule or nodule.James et al.Cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasms: Cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasms is a group of tumors.Hidradenocarcinoma: Hidradenocarcinoma (also known as malignant hidradenoma, malignant acrospiroma, clear cell eccrine carcinoma, or primary mucoepidermoid cutaneous carcinoma) is a malignant adnexal tumor of the sweat gland. It is the malignant variant of the benign hidradenoma.Inferior rectus muscle: The inferior rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit.Meibomian gland: The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous gland at the rim of the eyelids inside the tarsal plate, responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film. Meibum prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, trapping tears between the oiled edge and the eyeball, and makes the closed lids airtight.EntropionBlepharospasmEyelash: An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grows at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object (such as an insect or dust mite) is near the eye (which then closes reflexively).Optimax: Optimax is a UK-based laser eye treatment specialist which has 38 locations nationwide. Optimax was established as one of the first private clinics to offer laser eye surgery.
Hitler's road to Power Haley Davison Before the Treaty was signed Hitler started came to be a part of the German Workers Party. But they were known by few so they didn't have much of an influence on politics. Adolf Hitler was an intelligent man who manipulated a whole country into believing that he was a good man with a secret plan. Adolf at one of his earliest speeches after introducing the Nazi Party to Germany. It's the early 1903s and Germany is feeling the effects of the depression. With the unemployment rate starting to rise and the Weimar Republic feeling weak after WW2 a strange man comes out of the shadows with his new political party called the National Socialist German Workers Party or the Nazi Party for short. After giving a series speeches some people started to worry about a Communsit uprise and after a few protests got out of hand they arrested Hitler for treason, after he was released the party only got angrier and more violent and much bigger. Adolf Hitler shakes hands with Hindenburg after Hitler loses to him in the Presidential race. The year is 1933 and slowly political parties are starting to dye down by the end of the year there is only one left by law, that party is the Nazis party. Some people who don't completely agree with his ideas start to worry about what may be in store. Along with his death Chancellor Papen resigned as well. With the death or Hindenburg and Papen resigning Adolf Hitler merged the posts of Chancellor and Presidnet. With him doing that it gave him all the power of the higher ups. From this point many people know that he slowly turned almost the whole country against anyone who didn't fit into his Perfect Race of blond hair blue eyes. This was one of many propaganda poster that shows Hitler's perfect family, complete with the oldest boy wearing his Hitler youth uniform. Made with Adobe Slate Make your words and images move. Get Slate Report Abuse
Set at the foot of the Cuchumatanes Mountains in Guatemala’s Western Highlands, the departmental capital town of Huehuetenango is a lively town that lies adjacent to the ruins of Zaculeu. It has a relaxed atmosphere despite the fact that it’s a hub for trade and transport in northwest Guatemala. Known affectionately as “Huehue” by locals, the town lies in a valley ringed by mountains. As a departmental capital, the city is busy with coffee farmers, traders, and travelers heading to or from the western border with Mexico. Its location makes it a great place to begin trips into the deeper portions of the Huehuetenango department. Like other towns in Guatemala, Huehuetenango is centered on a central park. The park is well-cared for and rather pretty. Catedral Templo de la Inmaculada Concepción, a neoclassical church that dates back to 1874, sits along the park’s southern end. On the eastern end is the regional seat of the government, which is notable for its clock tower and early 20th-century architecture. Huehuetenango has decent hotels, restaurants, bars and cafés. This is a good place to learn Spanish, as there are far fewer foreigners here than in other parts of Guatemala. The city’s bus terminal is about a mile outside the city center and has frequent buses to other towns and villages. The Mam ruins of Zaculeu lie a few miles west. The Mam were an important indigenous highland tribe prior to the arrival of the Spanish. Dating back to 400–700 AD, Zaculeu was likely occupied for 1,000 years before being conquered by Gonzalo de Alvarado (brother of Pedro de Alvarado) in 1525. In October of this year, the Spanish surrounded the city and cut off supplies from neighboring villages. With precious few resources, the Mam eventually gave in to the Spanish. Unfortunately, no Mam records survived and not much is known about the early history of the site. It is thought to have religious and administrative purposes, and was likely the hub of the Mam people, who lived in scattered settlements in the nearby mountains and valleys. Zaculeu underwent a restoration project in the 1950s. The tallest temple pyramid, Structure 1, is around 40 feet (12 m) high. There are a few other impressive structures here, as well as a museum that has burial pieces on display. Western Highlands, Guatemala, Central America Guided Tours Nature Walks Living Maya Bird Watching Horseback Riding & More
Circuit breaker short-circuit protection Update date:2018-06-26 Source:MAXGE Circuit breaker short-circuit protection 1. Brief introduction of short circuit protector: During the operation of the power system, abnormal contact occurs to our current. For example, if the zero line is in contact with the fire line, or if the current leaks or the short circuit current flowing through the electrode is the largest, a short circuit will occur. Phenomenon, in the large-capacity electrical system, the short-circuit current can reach tens of thousands of volts. This seriously affects people's normal life, and also brings very serious consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to use short-circuit protection equipment, short-circuit protection equipment. When the current is overheated, it will automatically cut off the current, so that it can protect the circuit system. Circuit breaker 2. The working principle of short-circuit protection: Short-circuit protection uses the transistors in the current to sample the output current, and judge whether the circuit is short-circuited according to the change state of the voltage before and after the short-circuit. If the current is greater than the actual current, there are two reasons. The first kind The reason is that the power equipment is too large. The second reason is that there is a short circuit in the circuit. We use a short-circuit protector to add a light-emitting diode as an indicator. If a short-circuit occurs, the light-emitting diode will automatically light up. After the elimination of the mainland, the power circuit can be restarted to resume normal operation. 3, short circuit protector precautions: When using the short circuit protector equipment should pay attention to two aspects of the problem, the first problem is to avoid short circuit protection circuit. When the system is started, it is necessary to ensure that the short-circuit protection begins to operate longer than the system startup time. This will not affect the system startup. The second option is to select the appropriate resistor and light-emitting diode. This will not affect the input and output. The circuit voltage at the same time can protect the normal operation of the circuit. Copyright© 2017 All Rights Reserved. Copyright© 2017 All Rights Reserved. We won't share your info with third parties.
Some Myths and Interesting Facts about the Middle Ages The Middle Ages are also called the Dark Ages. The “Dark” is not because the period was full of sorcery, witchcraft and bloodshed but because relatively very little is recorded of the era. This lack of documentation gave rise to a fertile ground for myths and legends that many still believe as real. Let’s set the record straight on a few of them. One popular assumption is that medieval society comprised almost exclusively of three factions – the clergymen, the fighters and the laborers. This is an inaccurate picture. By the Late Middle Ages, there were people of all vocations across Europe, such as butchers, weavers, carpenters, painters and merchants, among others. Another myth is that churches conducted witch hunts. The truth is witch hunts were very rare in the medieval period and it was usually the civic authorities that conducted them. In fact, medieval churches casually dismissed witchcraft and magic as nonsense that was not worth their time. However, churchmen did conduct witch hunts during the Renaissance period. Also, there is this misconception that medieval people were generally religious. They were not, at least not to the extent they are made out to be. Not everybody was focused on God and there were plenty who viewed miracles and religious doctrines with a healthy dose of skepticism. In fact, many did not attend church on Sundays and preferred to enjoy the day someplace else. They also did not get married in the church, at least not inside it. Those who preferred their marriage to be ‘solemnized’ would typically do so at the gate to the churchyard. Of course, the Church wanted couples to marry the “proper” way, inside a church, presided by a priest and with the banns being read. However, people preferred the simpler way, by declaring that they wanted to wed each other and ideally in the presence of witnesses. What of travel? There’s this theory that medieval people hardly ventured outside their villages. Not true. Many walked thousands of miles on pilgrimage. Traders certainly traveled, sometimes extraordinary distances. Some wrote journals describing their journeys, like Journey to the Eastern Parts of the World by William of Rubruck which details his three-year travel, through modern-day Ukraine and Russia. Finally, here’s an interesting nugget on medieval writers – medieval writers did not write! At least not the physical act of putting ink to parchment, which was viewed as labor and not something “intellectual” or important people would do. Instead, they hired a scribe to write down what they dictated. Know more about the period by browsing through the medieval products we offer. Leave your comment 6/29/2018 9:55 PM Nice to see a little historical context creeping in; Hank would approve!
Kids Need Sleep To Stay Trim If you're a parent, you may find kids don't necessarily want to go to bed when they should, and they may be prone to sleepiness. That can, obviously, be detrimental if it happens during school. Researchers in Illinois found children's lack of sleep may have long term consequences as well. There are many factors contributing to children's widening waistlines, but a study out of Northwestern University went beyond unhealthy eating habits and lack of exercise to another basic need: sleep. More than 2100 children aged 3 to 18 were studied, with follow-ups five years later. Those who slept an extra hour were less likely to be overweight. "Everybody agrees this is important. People are really getting concerned about this epidemic of childhood obesity because it'll have lifetime effects," said Dr. Donn Dexter, a Sleep Specialist at Luther Hospital. He says the findings reinforce industry recommendations. Young children need at least 10 hours of sleep, but also need to be active during their daylight hours. "We know exercise helps reinforce good sleep," said Dr. Dexter. The other important, more difficult part is keeping sleep times consistent, whether there is school in the morning or not. "A lot of times during the week you get to enforce a set wake time, but then on the weekends, at least at my house, my teens, they want to sleep in. What's the tough night? Sunday night. You can send them to bed at 9:00, good luck getting them to sleep," said Dr. Dexter. The study also recommended making school start times later, but shutting the lights off a bit earlier will provide more immediate results. Comments should not attack other readers personally. We do not edit user-submitted comments. powered by Disqus
Illustration by Justin Metz Why Deep Learning Is Suddenly Changing Your Life Machine translation and other forms of language processing have also become far more convincing, with Google googl , Microsoft msft , Facebook fb , and Baidu bidu unveiling new tricks every month. Google Translate now renders spoken sentences in one language into spoken sentences in another for 32 pairs of languages, while offering text translations for 103 tongues, including Cebuano, Igbo, and Zulu. Google’s Inbox app offers three ready-made replies for many incoming emails. In short, such computers can now teach themselves. “You essentially have software writing software,” says Jen-Hsun Huang, CEO of graphics processing leader Nvidia nvda , which began placing a massive bet on deep learning about five years ago. (For more, read Fortune’s interview with Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang.) For more on AI, watch this Fortune video: The first sparks of the impending revolution began flickering in 2009. That summer Microsoft’s principal researcher Li Deng invited neural nets pioneer Geoffrey Hinton, of the University of Toronto, to visit. Impressed with his research, Deng’s group experimented with neural nets for speech recognition. “We were shocked by the results,” Lee says. “We were achieving more than 30% improvements in accuracy with the very first prototypes. Hinton explains the basic idea this way. Suppose a neural net is interpreting photographic images, some of which show birds. “So the input would come in, say, pixels, and then the first layer of units would detect little edges. Dark one side, bright the other side.” The next level of neurons, analyzing data sent from the first layer, would learn to detect “things like corners, where two edges join at an angle,” he says. One of these neurons might respond strongly to the angle of a bird’s beak, for instance. The next level “might find more complicated configurations, like a bunch of edges arranged in a circle.” A neuron at this level might respond to the head of the bird. At a still higher level a neuron might detect the recurring juxtaposition of beaklike angles near headlike circles. “And that’s a pretty good cue that it might be the head of a bird,” says Hinton. The neurons of each higher layer respond to concepts of greater complexity and abstraction, until one at the top level corresponds to our concept of “bird.” To learn, however, a deep neural net needed to do more than just send messages up through the layers in this fashion. It also needed a way to see if it was getting the right results at the top layer and, if not, send messages back down so that all the lower neuron-like units could retune their activations to improve the results. That’s where the learning would occur. In the early 1980s, Hinton was working on this problem. So was a French researcher named Yann LeCun, who was just starting his graduate work in Paris. LeCun stumbled on a 1983 paper by Hinton, which talked about multilayer neural nets. “It was not formulated in those terms,” LeCun recalls, “because it was very difficult at that time actually to publish a paper if you mentioned the word ‘neurons’ or ‘neural nets.’ So he wrote this paper in an obfuscated manner so it would pass the reviewers. But I thought the paper was super-interesting.” The two met two years later and hit it off. In 1986, Hinton and two colleagues wrote a seminal paper offering an algorithmic solution to the error-correction problem. “His paper was basically the foundation of the second wave of neural nets,” says LeCun. It reignited interest in the field. After a post-doc stint with Hinton, LeCun moved to AT&T’s Bell Labs in 1988, where during the next decade he did foundational work that is still being used today for most image-recognition tasks. In the 1990s, NCR ncr , which was then a Bell Labs subsidiary, commercialized a neural-nets-powered device, widely used by banks, which could read handwritten digits on checks, according to LeCun. At the same time, two German researchers—Sepp Hochreiter, now at the University of Linz, and Jürgen Schmidhuber, codirector of a Swiss AI lab in Lugano—were independently pioneering a different type of algorithm that today, 20 years later, has become crucial for natural-language processing applications. Despite all the strides, in the mid-1990s neural nets fell into disfavor again, eclipsed by what were, given the computational power of the times, more effective machine-learning tools. That situation persisted for almost a decade, until computing power increased another three to four orders of magnitude and researchers discovered GPU acceleration. But one piece was still missing: data. Although the Internet was awash in it, most data—especially when it came to images—wasn’t labeled, and that’s what you needed to train neural nets. That’s where Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford AI professor, stepped in. “Our vision was that big data would change the way machine learning works,” she explains in an interview. “Data drives learning.” By then the general public had also heard about deep learning, though due to a different event. In June 2012, Google Brain published the results of a quirky project now known colloquially as the “cat experiment.” It struck a comic chord and went viral on social networks. The project actually explored an important unsolved problem in deep learning called “unsupervised learning.” Almost every deep-learning product in commercial use today uses “supervised learning,” meaning that the neural net is trained with labeled data (like the images assembled by ImageNet). With “unsupervised learning,” by contrast, a neural net is shown unlabeled data and asked simply to look for recurring patterns. Researchers would love to master unsupervised learning one day because then machines could teach themselves about the world from vast stores of data that are unusable today—making sense of the world almost totally on their own, like infants. In the cat experiment, researchers exposed a vast neural net—spread across 1,000 computers—to 10 million unlabeled images randomly taken from YouTube videos, and then just let the software do its thing. When the dust cleared, they checked the neurons of the highest layer and found, sure enough, that one of them responded powerfully to images of cats. “We also found a neuron that responded very strongly to human faces,” says Ng, who led the project while at Google Brain. Yet the results were puzzling too. “We did not find a neuron that responded strongly to cars,” for instance, and “there were a lot of other neurons we couldn’t assign an English word to. So it’s difficult.” The experiment created a sensation. But unsupervised learning remains uncracked—a challenge for the future. Not surprisingly, most of the deep-learning applications that have been commercially deployed so far involve companies like Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Baidu, and Amazon—the companies with the vast stores of data needed for deep-learning computations. Many companies are trying to develop more realistic and helpful “chatbots”—automated customer-service representatives. Companies like IBM and Microsoft are also helping business customers adapt deep-learning-powered applications—like speech-recognition interfaces and translation services—for their own businesses, while cloud services like Amazon Web Services provide cheap, GPU-driven deep-learning computation services for those who want to develop their own software. Plentiful open-source software—like Caffe, Google’s TensorFlow, and Amazon’s DSSTNE—have greased the innovation process, as has an open-publication ethic, whereby many researchers publish their results immediately on one database without awaiting peer-review approval. Many of the most exciting new attempts to apply deep learning are in the medical realm (see sidebar). We already know that neural nets work well for image recognition, observes Vijay Pande, a Stanford professor who heads Andreessen Horowitz’s biological investments unit, and “so much of what doctors do is image recognition, whether we’re talking about radiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, or so many other ‘-ologies.’ ” While a radiologist might see thousands of images in his life, a computer can be shown millions. “It’s not crazy to imagine that this image problem could be solved better by computers,” Pande says, “just because they can plow through so much more data than a human could ever do.” The potential advantages are not just greater accuracy and faster analysis, but democratization of services. As the technology becomes standard, eventually every patient will benefit. The greatest impacts of deep learning may well be felt when it is integrated into the whole toolbox of other artificial intelligence techniques in ways that haven’t been thought of yet. Google’s DeepMind, for instance, has already been accomplishing startling things by combining deep learning with a related technique called reinforcement learning. Using the two, it created AlphaGo, the system that, this past March, defeated the champion player of the ancient Chinese game of go—widely considered a landmark AI achievement. Unlike IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, AlphaGo was not programmed with decision trees, or equations on how to evaluate board positions, or with if-then rules. “AlphaGo learned how to play go essentially from self-play and from observing big professional games,” says Demis Hassabis, DeepMind’s CEO. (During training, AlphaGo played a million go games against itself.) A game might seem like an artificial setting. But Hassabis thinks the same techniques can be applied to real-world problems. In July, in fact, Google reported that, by using approaches similar to those used by AlphaGo, DeepMind was able to increase the energy efficiency of Google’s data centers by 15%. “In the data centers there are maybe 120 different variables,” says Hassabis. “You can change the fans, open the windows, alter the computer systems, where the power goes. You’ve got data from the sensors, the temperature gauges, and all that. It’s like the go board. Through trial and error, you learn what the right moves are. “So it’s great,” he continues. “You could save, say, tens of millions of dollars a year, and it’s also great for the environment. Data centers use a lot of power around the world. We’d like to roll it out on a bigger scale now. Even the national grid level.” Chatbots are all well and good. But that would be a cool app. A version of this article appears in the October 1, 2016 issue of Fortune with the headline “The Deep-Learning Revolution.” This version contains updated figures from the CB Insights research firm. Sign In
Flexibility – Self Test Having a minimum range of motion in your joints is the starting point to training for sport, any sport, every sport. To be able to start to exercise, to train sport specific technique, and to do so without immediate risk of injury, every athlete needs to have a minimum level of flexibility. Caution: if you have joint pain, have a joint condition, been diagnosed with a joint or bone disease, or have any injury, please do not self test your flexibility. If uncertain, please do not self test your flexibility. Please refer to the bottom of this post for recommended appointment types, or email me at physio@theathletescloud.ca to discuss your conditions/circumstances. So what is the minimum range of motion or flexibility needed, or at least recommended? Lesman_Paredes_OHP_stretchI believe that anyone – age group youth athlete to masters athlete – with interest in training or competing in any event (i.e. from a 50m swim, to a sprint triathlon, to a half or full marathon or a granfondo cycling event) at a minimum needs to be able to perform the basic squat. What is the position of a basic squat? • Heels flat on the ground; • Feet at or just slightly wider than shoulder width apart, and turned out slightly, approximately 30 degrees, but not more than 45 degrees; • Knees bent directly over the feet, with the kneecap tracking over the 2nd and 3rd toes (without affecting the position of the feet – the feet remain flat on the ground); • Lumbar spine in a neutral position; • The entire spine from head to tail bone being in a straight line (i.e. no excessive curves either forward or backward, and no rotation); • With the athlete able to look directly forward; and, • With the athlete able to easily hold this position: balanced (i.e. without any support), while breathing comfortably at all times. squat-postureThe advanced squat – essential for athletes who use their upper extremities (e.g. swimmers, racquet sport athletes, all athletic field events e.g. javelin, cyclists and triathletes who ride in a time trial/aero position) – adds to the position of the basic squat, the overhead press: • Shoulder blades retracted and depressed, without any compensation coming from the spine; and • Shoulders, elbows, and wrists able to extend into a straight vertical line. If you are an athlete seeking your potential, or are simply looking to get into sport, for recreation, for health, or to participate in an upcoming event, then having the minimum level of flexibility is the starting point. If you lack the minimum level of flexibility, then the following are guaranteed with any amount of training/exercise: 1. Pain, whether during exercise, or delayed (typically referred to as DOMS or delayed onset muscle soreness); 2. Injury, if not immediately, then over time your body will eventually breakdown from having insufficient range of motion to repeatedly perform movements, and/or from having to fight against stiff, rigid, immobile joints resulting in (e.g.) tendonitis, chronic inflammation, swelling, bursitis of whatever is the weak link in the stressed chain; 3. Increasing morning stiffness, a sense of fragility and brittleness (as opposed to a sense of suppleness, robustness, and resilience which are the result of healthy exercise/training); 4. Increased risk of injury outside of exercise/training due to the stiffness, frailty, and pain resulting from unhealthy exercise/training. Worse, athletes trying to short cut their way to fitness goals often end up developing the habits of taking pain killers, applying anti inflammatory gels, or buying into to the “no pain, no gain” narrative. None of these are solutions which are congruent with anyone seeking health. Health stems from first regaining a flexible, mobile, elastic, nimble body which allows exercise, fitness and health goals to be pursued without risk to your well-being. If you seek health, if you seek your potential, if you seek performance, then you need to start right, from the beginning… by developing flexibility, by gaining the minimum range of motion your body needs in order to be able to complete the exercise/training demands you place on it. A flexibility coaching appointment is recommended for athletes who do not have any pains, injuries, or joint or bone issues. A physiotherapy pre-hab appointment is recommended for athletes who do not have any injuries, but do have either a history of pain, injury or have a medical condition. If you are already suffering from aches, pain, or have sustained a sport injury, then a sports injury physiotherapy appointment is recommended. Not sure where to start? No problem, email me at coach@theathletescloud.ca and I will be happy to steer you to the type of appointment appropriate for you. Additional posts on flexibility titled “Peak Performance is Flexibility Dependent”: Additional posts on flexibility titled “Source of Power: Rotation”:
19/01/2017 \| By mangini \| 0 Comments Guitar for learners. Some acoustic guitars have pickups and electronics in case you need to plug into an amp or PA to get extra volume or want to add effects with pedals. In normal tuning, the C-main chord has three shapes because of the irregular main-third between the G- and B-strings.guitar From dreadnoughts to parlors, you’ll find acoustic guitars in an enormous number of types at We stock in style manufacturers like Martin, Taylor, and Takamine, so no matter what look and feel you’re going for, there’s an acoustic to fit your fashion. Some guitars (resembling Steinbergers ) do not have headstocks in any respect, during which case the tuning machines are situated elsewhere, either on the body or the bridge. Within the guitar, the sound field is the hollowed picket structure that constitutes the physique of the instrument. Versatile in its capacity to play totally different genres, and coming in a variety of styles, every guitar has one thing different to offer, allowing musicians to make their particular person instrument really their own. Sound is additional formed by the traits of the guitar physique’s resonant cavity. Tortoise shell was the most generally used materials within the early days of choose-making, however as tortoises and turtles turned endangered, the apply of using their shells for picks or anything else was banned.guitar The saddle of a guitar refers to the a part of the bridge that physically supports the strings. The MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface ) sends the observe info to an inside or external sound bank system. On guitars which have them, these elements and the wires that connect them allow the player to control some points of the sound like volume or tone utilizing knobs, switches, or buttons.guitar
Post-its and Ponderings A middle school teacher's thoughts on science, technology and learning Tuesday, April 03, 2007 Post-Its and Ponderings Today, a student asked me if invertebrates sleep. This is the type of question that reminds me how much I enjoy teaching and learning. I have sat through many university lectures, read hundreds of pages of science texts, and taken volumes of notes, but every so often a child makes me look at things from a fresh perspective. I know a lot about invertebrates, but never once wondered if they sleep. I have gone through hundreds of post-its in my career, many with questions scribbled in a childish hand and then stuck to my computer screen for later investigation. After almost ten years of teaching, I am always impressed by the fresh questions they think to ask. I've learned some interesting things through investigating those post-its. As you imagine, sometimes we cannot find an answer. In such a case, my favorite resource is the UCSB ScienceLine where "research scientists from UC Santa Barbara answer science questions from teachers and students in K-12 schools." Some of my favorites asked by my students and answered by UCSB scientists over the years: 1. If a person in a machine travelling faster than the speed of sound cannot hear the noise of a sonic boom, what might a person "see" or not see if they could (hypothetically) pass the "light speed" barrier? What would we, on the ground, see? 2. We've learned that all arthropods have a tough outer covering called an exoskeleton. However, we have also learned that some arthropods, such as "honey-pot" ants and ticks actually expand as they collect honey or blood in their body. Is the exoskeleton able to expand? Do these organisms have a different type of exoskeleton that other arthropods? PS - In case you too are wondering, it is unclear if invertebrates sleep. (source: Neuroscience for Kids) Post a Comment << Home
Pterodaustro pterosaur, illustration Pterodaustro pterosaur, illustration C026/5776 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 12.6MB Downloadable file size: 2.2MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Pterodaustro pterosaur. Computer illustration of a Pterodaustro sp. pterosaur in flight. This winged dinosaur lived around 105 million years ago, during the Cretaceous Period, in what is now South America. Adults had an estimated wingspan of around 250 cm and a skull of up to 29 cm long. Keywords: animal, animals, artwork, biological, biology, cretaceous, dinosaur, dinosaurs, extinct, fauna, flying, historical, history, illustration, in flight, landscape, nature, no-one, nobody, palaeontological, palaeontology, palaeozoology, paleontological, paleontology, paleozoology, prehistoric, prehistory, pterodactyl, pterodactyloid, pterodaustro sp., pterosaur, reptile, reptiles, reptilian, south america, south american, white background, wildlife, winged, zoological, zoology
“Presume Competence” – What Does That Mean Exactly? Emma's Hope Book When my daughter was first diagnosed at the age of two and a half, presuming competence was not a concept I was ever told about or had heard of. And even if someone had suggested we do so, I’m not sure I would have fully understood what that meant exactly. So what does “presume competence” really mean? And how and why should we carry out a presumption of competence? In an interview, Douglas Biklen explained: “Assume that a child has intellectual ability, provide opportunities to be exposed to learning, assume the child wants to learn and assert him or herself in the world.” A key component to presuming competence is to become aware of the prejudice that currently exists regarding autism and how these ingrained beliefs harm not just our children, but ALL Autistic people. Like any prejudice, based on layers and layers of misinformation, misperceptions, and misunderstandings, we… View original post 733 more words (Includes original and reprinted quotes from comedic sages like Dave Barry.) 9. Take out the fortune before you eat the cookie. 8. Never lick a steak knife. 7. Advice from a cardiologist: If it tastes good, spit it out. 6. The one word that explains why human beings have not achieved their full potential: meetings. 5. Nobody cares if you can’t dance well, just get up and dance. 4. If you can’t find the milk in the refrigerator, check the cupboard. 3. Make a checklist for when you finally get a night out: Shoes, keys, wallet, phone, pants. 2. A son calls his mother. Mom how are you. Mom replies. Not too good. I haven’t eaten in 38 days. Replying with concern, the son asks, “what’s the matter mom, are you not feeling well, have you been to the doctor?” Mom replies, not that, “I didn’t want to have my mouth full when you called.” 1. Never put the air freshener next to your hair spray. katie & dad 21 birthday day Developmental Disability Awareness Month 2014 Thank you. He “Could Be Another Lincoln” People with a developmental disability (DD) need a champion, an iconic figure that encompasses public perception, one that transcends time and political isles: consider the Scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz. scarecrow in fieldThroughout history people with developmental disabilities have aligned with the Scarecrow. They’ve been perceived as inferior, sub-human, and subject to inhumane treatment, including tied to a stake—although not for utilitarian crop-protection purposes, but to be burned. A chronology from Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice by Adams, Bell, and Griffin records that through to the 1700s people with DD in many countries were considered evil, possessed. Public policy at the time was torture, burn, or leave to die. Toward the Age of Enlightenment attitudes and policies shifted slightly. People with DD in the United States had a champion and were upgraded from evil to defective. They had an advocate in Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, who appropriated money from the Massachusetts legislature in 1848 to teach “idiotic children.” He later founded the Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth in 1850, believing in their ability to learn. While Howe did pioneer educational change, he was no Scarecrow—he was not on the receiving side of the fence. He could go only so far in the face of flying monkeys. These monkeys, including the Nazi regime, practiced methods deemed appropriate for people classified as “defective.” Yet Germany was not the only country who targeted them for sterilization and euthanasia. They may have been the biggest monkeys, but they were followers not leaders in this movement. The Nazis were guided by the Wicked Witch of the West: The National Eugenics Office in New York. The National Eugenics Office, a center of human traits and genetic study, presented their study in February, 1914: “Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population.” They investigated “all phases of the problem of cutting off the supply of defectives.” They listed “Classifications of the Socially Unfit.” People with DD, identified as The Feeble-minded Class, were first on the list and determined by the committee to be idiots and imbeciles and the “greatest of all eugenical problems.” Hitler was inspired. Nazi rule passed German Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring in 1933, implementing sterilization. In the Adams et al. chronology, by 1939—when MGM produced The Wizard of Oz—Hitler was lockstep with 45% of the U.S. who believed in euthanasia for “defective” infants and began Germany’s Euthanasia Program on people with DD, the guinea pigs for selective race: 70,000 adults and 5,000 children put to death during the official phase and over 200,000 killed in total. Children were killed with morphine injections, gassed with cyanide or chemical warfare agents. They were also slowly administered poisons, starved to death, and exposed to cold so that the deaths would appear “natural.” The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum further describes the transition from elimination of the “unfit” toward racial genocide: “The most extreme measure, the Euthanasia Program, was in itself a rehearsal for Nazi Germany’s broader genocidal policies.” Edwin Black in his book, “War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race,” writes the “lethal chamber” was the “most commonly suggested method of eugenicide.” He also notes doctors and institutions opted out of “organized lethal solutions,” operating in favor of covert techniques such as giving institutionalized patients milk from tubercular cows and other death-by-natural-looking-cause methods. Neurologist Foster Kennedy encouraged elimination of the “hopelessly unfit.” Under the spell of the Wicked Witch of the West, Kennedy published an article in the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1942, promoting euthanasia of the “feebleminded” as a mercy killings: “Here we may most kindly kill, and have no fear of error.” Slowly, advocates for people with blindness, mental illness, and physical disabilities—like Jacobus tenBroek founder of the National Federation of the Blind and Professor Timothy Nugent of the University of Illinois—rose up. They fostered programs and legislation that brought disabilities out of obscurity. Developmental disabilities, however, stayed in the shadow of other disabilities for years, a sub category. Some states in the 50s preferred they stay out of sight: “prohibiting persons ‘diseased, maimed, mutilated, or in any [way] deformed so as to be an unsightly or disgusting object’ from appearing in public.” Then from 1954 to 1960, legislation journeyed down the civil rights road, beginning with Brown v. Board of Education and Social Security Amendments. A storm was brewing. The White House fell in on the witch in 1961 and out stepped John F. Kennedy. JFK implemented the President’s Panel on Mental Retardation—a beginning that fundamentally challenged the institutional status quo. The world up to this point had never seen an advocate for people with developmental disabilities like JFK. He was intimately familiar with the challenges and the abilities of people with DD. For him there was “no place like home,” and home, community, is where he believed all people belonged. Since JFK’s time there have been individuals and parent lead grassroots efforts and groups such as The Arc who have been instrumental in systemic change—hard fought battles against public perception and public policy. There have been heroes of specific diagnosis like Temple Grandin for Autism. Still, as sympathetic as JFK was, there has never been a universally accepted champion, an empathetic one that embodied the misjudged, mistreated, mistaken essence of people with developmental disabilities like the Scarecrow. Certainly times have changed for the better. Labels have transcended with perception and treatment from evil to idiotic to defective to retards to entitled. People with DD and their caregivers are now much less victims of institutions than they are of bureaucracy, budget cuts, and political warfare: Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) noncompliance battles; health and economic losses on unsupported family caregivers; 300,000 eligible people with DD on waitlists for Medicaid services with vague wait times of five to twenty years. People with DD are eclipsed in the Medicaid conversations, a subgroup yet again. According advocacy nonprofit organizations like The Arc, people with developmental disabilities are “still in the shadows.” Sprout films about and by people with DD dedicate their mission to “making the invisible visible.” Meanwhile, mega-profit corporation COKE prints “you retard” on their product caps and selectively excludes this minority in their “diversity” commercial. People with developmental disabilities need a high-profile champion. They need a recognized celebrity like Michael J. Fox for Parkinson’s and Elizabeth Taylor for AIDS. They need a nonpartisan pilot of their balloon: the Scarecrow. They also need Professor Marvel to reach in his little black bag and give congress a brain, courage, and a heart so that the elected power-that-be eliminate the Medicaid Home and Community Base Services (HCBS) waiting lists. People with developmental disabilities need a voice that will be heard, seen, and respected. After all they have been through, they deserve it. Caregivers: Sharing the Care (part 1) Even though Caregiver Action Network statistics show “More than 65 million people, 29% of the U.S. population, provide care for a chronically ill, disabled or aged family member or friend during any given year,” as indicated in a 2009 report, a Caregiver.com article by Kathy Bosworth notes that the majority of caregivers are “going it alone.” Professor Marvel and Dorothy Professor Marvel and Dorothy I broke out in hives. Stay tuned for sharing the care tools… Beneath the Surface of Normal: A Mythical Memior After all, I have always loved the water. Developmental Disabilities Isn’t Just in Kansas Anymore In the storm headed Over the Rainbow Some parents get to know developmental disabilities (DD) with the force of a tornado. DD comes roaring in—deafening their dreams, snatching them up off their solid footing, and twisting their sense of conceivable. When they land they are no longer in a black-and-white world of norms. They know they are now in the Technicolor world they had only seen or read about. Other parents are introduced to DD in relentless stages and elusive milestones. Time after time what looks familiar at first becomes the unimaginable. Over and over they get a glimpse into the crystal ball. Again and again, the curtain pulls back, revealing another new normal. They are muddled, traveling simultaneously through dust bowls and poppy fields. However parents come to DD, it is a similar place. They are confronted with wizards masquerading as medical experts, spewing jargon with detachment, and ordering tests on diagnosis witch hunts. They are affronted with stares from those enchanted by curiosity. They ride the horse of a different color. Parents who have lived long in the world of DD can tell new arrivals: you will cry, you will laugh, you will find your footing again. Along way you will meet friends you might otherwise never have met. You will learn to throw water in the face of fear. You will encounter both flying monkeys and happy little bluebirds. And regardless of the obstacles, there is a beauty in the world of DD—whether it is black-and-white, Technicolor, or silver. It is not the end of the world, only the rainbow.
Office Tip (Advanced) – Different uses of the immediate window A very useful but often overlooked feature of the Visual Basic Editor in Microsoft Office applications is the Immediate Window which can be quickly accessed by pressing “ALT” + “F11” and then “CTRL” + “G”. This opens up a window which can execute code immediately and display the result even while a macro is running which is why it is often used for debugging a malfunctioning program. One way to use this is as an interface to ask specific questions by placing a question mark before the enquiry and pressing “Enter” which will then show the result in a new line. I.e. in the following Excel example we are asking this window to display the result of the calculation 5+8/2 which it prints out as 9. We are then asking it to tell us whether cell A1 currently contains any formula which it denies in the next line: Without the question mark we can actually execute code directly without having to set up a macro one line at a time (that is we can execute multiple lines if we write them in one line separated by a colon). I.e. the following example will write the values 25 and 31 in cells A2 and A3 respectively the moment we press Enter: Share this tip on
Heroes: Beowulf and Jesus has left behind. One manuscript exists in the British museum recording the epic tale of Beowulf. It has been estimated to be about a thousand years old. It Beowulf as Christian and Christian Elements in the Poem “Beowulf” overall situation and conflict between the pagan and Christian religions which existed in England at that time. The heavy Christian influence in the poem however, is reflected in the Christian Beowulf & Odysseus/Ancient Heroes inhabitants of England with the Christian influence that were undoubtedly added by the unknown poet who set the oral epic to paper. Nevertheless, despite the additions of Christian influence, the Beowulf v. Odysseus/Who is the most attractive? Beowulf & Aeneas Beowulf : Pagan or Christian Hero? the Church deemed it proper to allow them to retain many of their former customs, providing those customs were not explicitly forbidden by the Bible. The same approach applies Christianity in Beowulf Beowulf as a Christ-like Figure Beowulf: Epic Hero Or Not? of strength, courage, power and physical aptitude have as much in common with social implications as with historical rhetoric. The celebration of life that Beowulf represents is indicative of the Beowulf was a Hero Beowulf and Princess Diana in order to deliver the king from his enemy, Grendel. He was not asked to do this. He merely felt that it was a task which needed to be done, Hero and Anti Hero: Beowulf and Grendel story of Beowulf, an epic heros journey set in Denmark and Sweden, in the sixth century. "To Beowulf now the glory was given, and Digressions in Beouwulf. as connectors, or "verbal doorways" which link the poem and its legends with larger worlds. Digressions The digressions in this poem seem to work at three levels. We have The Epic “Beowulf”
Sunscreen: Are you reading the label right? Do you know your SPF from your UVB and your UVA? The Good Housekeeping Institute explains why it's so important to know what makes your suncream work... Sunscreen: Are you reading the label right? Skincare experts are calling for clearer labelling on suncreams after a survey found that a quarter of people don't understand what SPF is. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society found that in a survey of 2,000 adults, only 8% knew that the SPF rating on the product label refers to protection from UVB rays only, and does not include protection from UVA rays that are equally harmful. Although some products show the UVA rating clearly on the front (such as Boots Soltan) other brands display it less clearly. This is still with a UVA circle indicating that the product meets at least the minimum requirement for UVA protection in line with the EU legislation. The survey also found that 56% of people did not always use sunscreen when out in the sun, putting them at risk of skin cancer, which is currently on the rise in Britain. Although some of this is related to the rise in awareness and examination, most is likely to be linked to an increase in frequency of holidays abroad. 'This indicates that there is a huge amount of confusion around sunscreen labelling that is a barrier to effective sun protection,' Chief Scientist for the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Professor Jayne Lawrence said. 'We think it’s time for sunscreen manufacturers to provide one easy-to-understand rating, based on a simple description of the total amount of sun protection offered: low, medium, high and very high protection.' In the meantime, you need to make sure you know what the ratings mean. With temperatures in the South East set to reach over 30°C this week, it's important that you know how to protect your skin from sun damage. Here's what you need to know: What is SPF? SPF stands for Sun Protection Factor but only protects you from UVB radiation – that causes sunburn (and risks skin cancer). This is the number you see prominently displayed on the bottle: the higher the number, the longer you can stay in the sun without burning. For example, if you're wearing SPF 30, you can stay in the sun 30 times longer than you could without any protection. The Good Housekeeping Institute recommends a SPF of 30 or higher for full protection. What is a UVA rating? The UVA rating (often not clearly shown) is the level of protection from UVA rays. UVA rays are present even on cloudy days and penetrate skin more deeply, causing lines, wrinkles and some forms of skin cancer. The UVA rating usually appears as a number of stars on the back of a bottle or a circle with UVA written inside it. You should aim for a UVA rating of four or five stars for full protection. Will own-brand suncream give me the same level of protection as big brands? Yes, the cheaper own-brand versions can protect you just as effectively as the more expensive ones, says Hermione Lawson of the British Skin Foundation. Provided you look for a high SPF and UVA rating, you will be protected regardless of price. Like this? You'll love... Ooops! How to remove sunscreen stains The best salted caramel ice creams More GHI news
#WritingTips Understanding Character Archetypes What do we mean when we say, CHARACTER ARCHETYPES? The simple explanation: An archetype is the typical and traditional characters, plots, settings, themes, and symbols found in 99% of all stories. Character Archetypes are the “blueprints” for characters that we draw on to fill necessary roles within a story. Who is the story’s Protagonist? The Hero Who helps the Protagonist get what they want? The Sidekick Who is trying to keep the Protagonist from their goal? The Villain Who is connected to the Protagonist’s emotional/physical growth? The Mentor Let's Look at the Most Common Types Lawful Good Strength of character is tested at each point of their journey. Thrive on challenges even when reluctant to tackle them. Sensitive to injustice. Protective of weaker characters. WEAKNESS = Hubris. Examples: Harry Potter, Wonder Woman, Robin Hood Chaotic Good Past trauma shapes their personality Selfish or self-serving motivations. Good and/or Evil is treated like a business transaction. WEAKNESS = Narcissism. Examples: Wolverine, Maleficent, Deadpool Neutral Good True Loyalty - There at all times, even when things are tough. Voice of Reason (often ignored). Unsung Hero / Similar qualities to their leader but do not rise to the same level. WEAKNESS = Unwavering Devotion. Examples: Tinker Bell, Samwise Gamgee, Little John Lawful Evil - Chaotic Evil Often motivated by fear. Traumatic past shapes their personality, but do not develop sense of morality to allow them to become an anti-hero. Moral foil of the hero. Their vice parallels the protagonists’ virtue. They create the need for a hero. WEAKNESS = Lust for Power/Control. Examples: Voldemort, Cruella DeVil, Skeletor Neutral Good / Lawful Good Provide: motivation, inspiration, guidance, training, and gifts for the journey Was once in the Hero’s position. Speaks from experience. Assists when needed, but does not take the hero’s journey to completion. Moral Compass Examples: Yoda, Dumbledore, Aslan The Innocent The Caregiver The Lover The Comic Relief The Messenger The Betrayer The Trickster The Ordinary Person Examples: Merry and Pippin, Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum, Neville Longbottom and Luna Lovegood But there are other ways to devour good books! You have to have an escape, am I right? I have a solution! Can You Trust a Djinn? Sage's first run-in with a Djinn. Agents of ASSET #2 A dark figure lurked under the stairs leading to a second-story apartment. His face half concealed all Sage could make out were a pair of silver eyes, glowing like a beacon. Enchanting, as if possessing their own light, his eyes instantly gave away his magical nature. “I’ve never seen such a pout before. Someone run over your favorite pet or something?” The man flicked at the cigarette in his hand, emitting a miniature explosion of hot ash that faded before it hit the ground. “Long night. I’m fine.” Her oh-shit-there’s-a-dude-lurking-in-the-shadows-in-the-middle-of-the-night senses were tingling. She casually reached her hand down to the knife she kept folded in her pocket. Just in case. “Didn’t mean to surprise you.” He stepped out from under the stairs into the porch-light of the lower level apartment. Holding his hands out in plain sight, as if to show her he wasn’t a creeper, he made all the right motions to appear non-threatening. “We’re having a party upstairs. Kind of a housewarming. Haven’t met too many of my new neighbors.” His gesture wasn’t lost on her, though she kept her hand firmly grasping the knife. Under the path lighting, he appeared to be about her age. If she had to guess, maybe early twenties, but the shaggy beginnings of a beard masked his features enough to make accuracy impossible. “How do you know I’m a neighbor?” Sage asked, with a little more attitude than she’d intended. Definitely not a local. New to the apartment complex. She held on to the Cliff’s Notes of the conversation so far to recall later. “Lucky guess. I mean, most people here have to have a key after hours, right?” His smile didn’t look forced. No twitching muscles or clenched jaw. “Right. Smart.” Sage hated small talk; her mind was too busy with the mystery of his magical type to move the conversation forward. She inspected him slowly, starting at his face. His teeth were normal, though not well taken care of. After her first failed encounter with vampire Zack, Sage remembered to always check for the teeth. This guy checked out – definitely not a vampire. But the silver eyes clearly placed him in the magical creature category. “You can never be too sure about people you meet after hours.” “Sorry. That was a bit forward of me. Let’s start over.” He flicked away his cigarette and extended his hand as he walked over. “My name’s Luke.” She couldn’t detect a specific accent to give him away, but his attitude had the casual easygoing feel of someone from the south, though the chin patch of a beard attached to a thin mustache gave him a distinctly Hollywood trendiness that suggested otherwise. No ring on the finger. Not married, but he did say “we’re having a party.” Probably not single. So there could be more people like him in the apartment. Dark as night, his hair fell around his head in long layers, creating a stunning contrast with his silver eyes. She’d seen that color before. It took her brain a few moments to run through all the faces she’d seen recently. Then it struck her – Devon had a similar color. But this Luke… his eyes reflected the light like a demonic cat. Definitely magical. Ogre? No. Devon’s muscles had muscles, and this guy looked more like a skinny hipster in comparison. Troll? No. She’d see through their glamour. Though both of his ears were pierced and enlarged with hoops big enough to see through, they were still normal ears. And even in the light, she could see his skin wasn’t green. Sage realized she’d been standing silent too long to avoid awkwardness. “Sage.” She finally man-aged to coordinate her voice and thoughts. Being a teensy bit more knowledgeable of the magical world would have come in handy at that point. Should she take the hand or not? So far, most of the creatures she’d met had been okay, but there were few that she wouldn’t want to touch any part of her, magical immunity or not. But short of being rude, Sage decided to reach out and meet Luke’s outstretched hand. His eyes instantly sank below her neckline. Knowing where they were headed, Sage held her breath for the reaction. Her mark was proudly on display, like a neon sign for those with magic. Everyone knew what a Terra was. And as expected, the recognition was there in his eyes as his hand met hers. She let her eyes drop as well, taking a peek at his arms for marking that might clue her into his type. He had an impressive sleeve of tribal flame tattoos reaching from his wrist all the way to his elbow. But where her birthmark was static, his tattoos were alive. In constant motion, they burned silently, the flames gently licking at his elbows. She fought the urge to pull back in shock and reveal her ignorance. Marks like his had to be as notorious in the magical community as her own. He gave her hand a quick business-like pump and let go. “Nice to know ASSET is in the neighborhood. Always makes you feel safe.” She took the opportunity to play off his admitted newness to the area. “When did you move in?” “Today, actually.” Luke had the type of smile that appeared without effort, like resting bitch face in reverse. She wondered if he had to work at pouting or looking angry. Shadowrunner? Couldn’t be. He’d remained fully formed the entire time she’d watched him. She’d figure him out eventually, without asking. His tattoos demanded admiration. Sage could hardly stop herself from looking at them. Gorgeous! She searched for something else to say to move the conversation along and came up short. “Just popped right in, I imagine.” “More like commanded to move here by my ma…er…mate.” He chuckled nervously. “But I couldn’t have wished for an easier move.” His words sounded as if they carried a double meaning, but the joke flew right over her head. She was right about one thing: he wasn’t single. Damn. He was cute, whatever he was. Sage grinned stupidly, not sure if she should laugh at his attempted joke. Silence never failed to create awkwardness. Luke waggled his fingers like a magician. “You know, because I’m a djinn.” “Right.” She nodded casually, hoping to hide her ignorance. He might as well as called himself a Martian. Djinn conjured up about the same image in her mind. She’d make damn sure to look him up when she made it back to her apartment, though. “Well, welcome to the neighborhood.” “You sure you don’t want to come in and have a beer or something? We’ve got pizza too.” The offer sounded sincere enough, no denying that, but embarrassment trumped spending more time with the guy who caused it. “Raincheck?” Sage masked her unease with a neutral tone. “Got an early day at the office tomorrow.” “Right. You guys are always busy.” His expression faded. “Keep protecting and serving.” “You know it.” Sage snapped her fingers and pointed at Luke as if firing a pair of six-shooters at him. Instantly, she regretted the move. Embarrassment, party of one, your table is ready. All she needed were the pew pew sounds to really drive home her social awkwardness. Might as well put a bag over her face to complete the look. Luke laughed, but she couldn’t tell if it had been directed at her or with her. Gods, she needed to get home and quick before she fell too far down the rabbit hole of awkwardness. “See you around.” “Yes you will,” Luke replied. Ready to Read More? Google Play - CLICK HERE Smashwords CLICK HERE (Use the code HG36F at checkout for 50% off - Offer good through Dec. 26, 2018 ) More Purchase Options - CLICK HERE More FREE Samples Why did Captain Marvel punch Grandma? Why did Captain Marvel punch Grandma? Tuesday morning the internet was abuzz, #CaptainMarvel , #CarolDanvers, #BrieLarson, and #MarvelStudios were all trending as the long awaited trailer finally dropped. Since Avengers 3, the world has had a big question on their mind. Who is Captain Marvel? It’s a fair question too as her (and sometimes his) name has belonged to a multitude of characters. But for this article we’re just going to focus on the MCU version. The post credit scene at the end of Avengers 3 had Nick Fury sending out a distress call. The response: a gold Hala Star outlined in red and blue. Captain Marvel. Now that the trailer has dropped, the world has been given a new big question. Why is Captain Marvel punching Grandma? Carol Danvers aka Captain Marvel Typical first trailers in the MCU offer the most action packed or dramatic scenes in the upcoming movie. This trailer however felt as if it were explaining the character. Which makes perfect sense as the character of Captain Marvel is such an unknown to people. Smart move on Marvel Studios, if you ask me. So how did they do it? We open with Captain Marvel falling through the sky toward a Blockbuster video. Right off the bat you know three things. 1. She’s already got her powers. Obvious by the Kree uniform she is wearing. (Carol Danvers is or was human until she was infused with DNA changing energy that gave her powers. After that she served with Kree warriors in StarForce.) 2. This is not a typical origin story. Since they are showing her in both the Kree and Captain Marvel costumes during this movie it cannot be an origin story. There wouldn’t be enough time to tell it and cover all her time spent in the Kree special ops unit as well as becoming what we know as Captain Marvel. So we have to assume it is going to show some of this in flashback rather than start from the ground up. 3. This movie is set in the 90’s because when was the last time you were in a Blockbuster video Store? While this isn’t going to be an origin story, Carol Danvers does drop a clue that she has “memory gaps” which emphasizes the point of this not being told in chronological order but does tell us that we will be shown the important parts of how she became Captain Marvel. This is important for us to know because, as I said earlier, many people are wondering who this character is. She’s not as well-known as Iron Man or Captain America, and her comic book history has a lot of variations to wade through. Not to mention, another character getting a movie in the DC universe, Shazam, also holds the title Marvel. The Kree responsible for Carol getting her powers also went by Mar-Vel. And, yet another character we will hopefully meet in this movie, Monica Rambeau has also held the title in the comics (though she’s better known as Photon). Try googling Captain Marvel sometime, but you had better plan for an all-nighter because there is a lot of information to wade through. But we’re getting off track. Back to the trailer. Samuel L. Jackson (Nick Fury) begins a voice over talking about war, soldiers, aliens, and the like as we see Carol Danvers looking very confused with the world she’s landed in. It is here we get our first look at a young (de-aged) Nick Fury. He admits he was about ready to give up until her appearance renewed his interest (in S.H.I.E.L.D. we assume). We also get the admission from Danvers, that she is having memory gaps, and her history is complicated. Visually this is explained by quick transitions between her time as an Airforce pilot as well as her time on the Kree world, working with StarForce. Samuel L Jackson comes back to voice “We have no idea what threats are out there.” Just as they quickly flash between Fury watching an alien autopsy while holding an ice pack over his (possibly missing eye) and Skrull warriors emerging from the water. This visual clue for the viewer sets up the “enemy.” Then amongst the quick visual flashes, we see the seemingly sweet old lady that Danvers punches. I found it odd that they flashed those sequences so quickly as they are of extreme importance. You miss the first and the second doesn’t make sense. If you only saw Carol punching the lady, you’d assume she was a villain. I’m sure Marvel had their reasons for such quick cuts. And I have no doubt that “Why did Captain Marvel punch an old lady,” was topping the search engine requests shortly after it was broadcast. But really, if Marvel studios was doing what I assumed they were doing with this trailer– helping people understand who Captain Marvel is – they would have spent just a teensy bit more time showing us that the Skrull are shape shifters. That sweet looking old grandma was anything but. Sadly, those who do not know might have been put off by it. Not everyone is going to spend hours researching a new unknown hero without good reason and painting her as a granny puncher might have been something for trailer #2. Just my two cents. Back to the breakdown. The quick cuts did not end with the granny punch. Following Danver’s wicked right cross, Samuel L. Jackson (Fury) talks about needing her help. There is a smooth transition between the words Her and A Hero that are well timed with Fury’s words about needing a warrior. This further solidifies the position Danvers is in during the movie. She’s got potential but has not reached it yet, despite her powers. (Classic, Hero’s Journey) They continue to flash eye candy like Ronan the Accuser (you might remember him from Guardians of the Galaxy), Agent Coulson (Who doesn’t love him?), and an explosion enveloping Danvers in blue light (There’s your origin story flashback). All of this culminates in Danvers saying “I’m not what you think I am.” While they quick cut to various shots of her character standing up to fight. Very typical of the Hero’s Journey arc: refusing the call to action, but ultimately doing it for the greater good. Based on the information gleaned from the two-minute trailer, and knowing that after Avengers 3, she is the last call Nick Fury makes, we know she will fight. She will win. And that sets her up to be the Super Hero who can help them defeat Thanos in Avengers 4. So, to summarize. The movie drops March 2019. This is only the first trailer – Character arc heavy. Watch for future trailers to learn more. The trailer sets us up with three major plots: Time in StarForce, Kree-Skrull war (Secret Invasion), and Taking the mantle Captain Marvel. This is a further MCU defining story. Not only are you going to see how Captain Marvel is set up to be the helper of the Avengers in their 4th movie, but you’re going to learn more about characters you’ve already met : Nick Fury, Agent Phil Coulson, Ronan the Accuser. Easter Eggs: Blockbuster Video Nick Fury’s pager. Nick Fury’s eye injury. Maria Rambeau. (Mother of Monica Rambeau aka Photon) Ronan the Accuser. (GOTG) Korath the Pursuer. (GOTG) Kree Starforce Project P.E.G.A.S.U.S. (Potential Energy Group/Alternate Sources/United States) S.H.I.E.L.D. joint taskforce scientific base. – This is the base they blew up in Avengers 1.
An inclusive community is one that actively works to ensure that no citizen is left behind. A digitally inclusive city is one that strives to ensure that access to technology is as much a right as it is a privilege. As a digital city, Kitchener must work to ensure that all citizens have equal access to the benefits afforded by a smart city. "An inclusive community is a strong community." Becoming more inclusive means: 1. Providing opportunities for equal access to information and digital services. 2. Supporting increased digital literacy and skills development for citizens. 3. Creating conversations around digital inclusion and turning it into a broader philosophy across the region. To make this happen we will: Work to better understand digital inclusion opportunities for Kitchener and its neighbourhoods Our action steps include: 1. Working with community organizations to identify public access needs and finding solutions to address them. 2. Establishing a service level standard for public tech and Internet access across the city. Work to align digital access and literacy initiatives through greater collaboration with local organizations Our action steps include: 1. Supporting Kitchener Public Library as it expands digital programming. 2. Working with economic development to co-support community based tech programming. Advocating among the local tech sector to promote their own digital inclusion initiatives, including outreach and mentoring. Contact Us
Study provides insights into molecular mechanisms of ZIKV infection Zika virus (ZIKV) interferes with the cellular machinery controlling cell division and alters the expression of hundreds of genes guiding the formation and development of neurons and astrocytes, according to findings released on January 23rd 2017 at Scientific Reports. Several evidences indicate that ZIKV infection is associated with microcephaly -- a condition in which baby's head is abnormally small, often because the brain has not developed properly -- and other fetal brain defects. Despite the association, cellular alterations caused by the virus are largely unknown. "Elucidate the underpinnings of ZIKV infection is very important to develop tools to combat it", points Stevens Rehen, head of the study and scientist at both D' Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). In a previous study published in Science, the same Brazilian scientists noticed that the pool of infected neural stem cells was completely depleted after one week. In the present study, they decided to explore how neural cells react to ZIKV infection before dying. To do so, human neural cells were exposed to a strain of ZIKV collected from a Brazilian patient and coaxed to become neurospheres, organized aggregates of neural cells resembling fetal brain tissue. By means of state-of-the-art techniques, researchers evaluated the interactome map - a whole set of molecular interactions - of the infected neural cells in order to understand the ZIKV-related impairment on cellular metabolism. To identify the molecular fingerprints of the ZIKV infection, the authors investigated gene and protein expression in both infected and non-infected cells. The analysis revealed more than 500 genes/proteins altered in the infected developing brain cells. A few of them associated with DNA damage and chromosomal instability, such as aneuploidy. Others, normally active during cellular division, were silenced in infected cells, thwarting their ability to multiply. According to Patricia Garcez, Assistant Professor at the UFRJ and author of the study: "these findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV infection and likely explain some of the consequences seen on brain formation and function at these crucial points of brain development". Post a new comment You might also like... × Zika virus could become a weapon against brain cancer
Performance of many foliar-applied soybean herbicides has been challenged by the adverse environmental conditions common across much of Illinois. Weeds that survive an initial herbicide application are often resprayed, with the same herbicide or a different one. The likelihood of controlling larger, moisture-stressed weeds at this point in the growing season continues to decline, for myriad reasons. Apart from that, be reminded that late-season herbicide applications increase the probability that herbicide residues will persist long enough to injure sensitive rotational crops. Nearly all herbicide labels (soil-applied and postemergence) specify the time that must elapse between herbicide application and planting of a rotational crop. The rotational crop intervals become particularly important with late-season herbicide applications and when soil moisture is limited. The intervals are established to reduce the likelihood that herbicide residues will persist in sufficient quantities to adversely affect the rotational crop. Some restrictions are based solely on time, while other factors, such as soil pH and the amount of precipitation received after herbicide application, can influence the length of the intervals. Soil moisture is often the most critical factor governing the efficacy and persistence of soil-residual herbicides. Many herbicides are degraded in soil by the activity of soil microorganisms, and populations of these microorganisms can be greatly depressed when soil moisture is limited. Also, dry soils can enhance herbicide adsorption to soil colloids, rendering the herbicide unavailable for plant uptake and degradation by soil microbial populations. Some herbicide rotational intervals are increased if a specified amount of precipitation is not received by a certain date. Please keep in mind that the labels of almost all postemergence soybean herbicides indicate a preharvest interval or a soybean developmental stage beyond which applications cannot be made. Labels of some products may indicate both a developmental stage (before soybean bloom, for example) and a preharvest interval. Preharvest intervals indicate the time that must elapse between the herbicide application and crop harvest. Failure to observe the preharvest interval may result in herbicide residue levels in the harvested portion of the crop exceeding established limits. Also, livestock grazing or foraging treated soybean is prohibited by the labels of many postemergence soybean herbicides. Table 1 details preharvest intervals and grazing restrictions for a number of postemergence soybean herbicides. Precautions with late-season herbicide applications
Titanic "The Unsinkable" By: Jackie White • Elsie Doling was born on Monday October 30th, 1893. • She was at the age of eighteen when on the Titanic. • She was traveling with Mrs. Ada Elizabeth Doling her sister in law. She survived as well. Titanic Ship • The ship was 822 feet long and had the height of an eleven-story building, and builtin a divided number of water compartments it can float with four of them flooded .so it makes it unsinkable. • The keel and the side of the boat had taken a hit from an iceberg. The hit had caused flooding in four compartment which speed quickly to make the boat sink it took about three hours to sink. • Themany passengers on the ship didn't get saved less than half got on life boat mostly women and children, the rest of the children were to hang on in the water but most did not make it. Do to the freezing cold water and not being able to swim and not have a life jacket. Those who stayed alive got saved by the Carpathia. life after the titanic Elsie Doling lived in England were she found her husband an Indian doctor William St. hban Herdrics they had four children named John (born 1923), Gerald (born 1925), Clara (born 1927) Elizabeth Mary (born 1923). Elsie Doling died March 3, 1972.
Military history of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov depicted saluting a military parade in Red Square above the message "Long Live the Worker-Peasant Red Army—a Dependable Sentinel of the Soviet Borders!" The military history of the Soviet Union began in the days following the 1917 October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power. In 1918 the new government formed the Red Army, which then defeated its various internal enemies in the Russian Civil War of 1917–22. The years 1918–21 saw defeats for the Red Army in the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21) and in independence wars for Estonia (1918–20), Latvia (1918–20) and Lithuania (1918–19). The Red Army invaded Finland (November 1939); fought the Battles of Khalkhin Gol of May-September 1939 (together with its ally Mongolia) against Japan and its client state Manchukuo; it was deployed when the Soviet Union, in agreement with Nazi Germany, took part in the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and occupied the Baltic States (June 1940), Bessarabia (June–July 1940) and Northern Bukovina (June–July 1940) (from Romania). In World War II the Red Army became a major military force in the defeat of Nazi Germany and conquered Manchuria. After the war, it occupied East Germany and many nations in central and eastern Europe, which became satellite states in the Soviet bloc. Following the Allies' victory over Germany and Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union became the sole superpower rival to the United States. The Cold War between the two nations led to military buildups, the nuclear arms race, and the Space Race. By the early 1980s the Soviet armed forces had more troops, tanks, artillery guns and nuclear weapons than any other nation on earth. The Soviet Union fell in 1991, not because of military defeat but because of economic and political factors - see History of the Soviet Union (1982–91). The Soviet military consisted of five armed services - in their official order of importance[citation needed]: Two other Soviet militarized forces existed: the Internal Troops (MVD Troops), subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior, and the Border Troops, subordinated to the KGB. Czarist and revolutionary background See also: Tsarist officers in the Red Army Members of the Red Army gather around Vladimir Lenin, Klim Voroshilov(behind Lenin) and Leon Trotsky in Petrograd. The February Revolution replaced the Tsar with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 which was itself overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The Russian army, exhausted by its participation in World War I, was in the final stages of disintegration and collapse. Even though Bolshevik influence in the ranks was strong, the officer corps was staffed with many who violently opposed communism. The Bolsheviks perceived the Tsarist army to be one of the foundations of the hated old regime, and decided to abolish it in favor of establishing a new military loyal to the Marxist cause. Thus the core of the Tsarist army became the core of the Russian Provisional Government army which became the core of the White Army, which in intermittent collaboration with interventionist forces from outside Russia (Japanese, British, French, American) battled the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. On January 28, 1918 the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin decreed the establishment of the Red Army, officially merging the 20,000 Red Guards, 60,000 Latvian red riflemen with 200,000 Baltic Fleet sailors and a handful of sympathetic Petrograd garrison soldiers. Leon Trotsky served as their first commissar for war. The early Red Army was egalitarian and therefore poorly disciplined. The Bolsheviks considered military ranks and saluting to be bourgeois customs and abolished them; soldiers now elected their own leaders and voted on which orders to follow. This arrangement was abolished, however, under pressure of the Russian Civil War (1918–21), and ranks were reinstated. During the civil war, the Bolsheviks fought counterrevolutionary groups that became known as the White armies as well as armies sponsored by Russia's former allies such as the Britain and France, which saw a need to overthrow the Bolshevik government. The Red Army enjoyed a series of initial victories over their opponents, and in a surge of optimism Lenin ordered the Soviet Western Army to advance West in the vacuum created by the German forces retreating from the Ober-Ost areas. This operation swept the newly formed Ukrainian People's Republic and Belarusian People's Republic and eventually lead to the Soviet invasion of Second Polish Republic, a newly independent state of the former Russian Empire. By invading Poland and initiating the Polish-Soviet War the Bolsheviks expressed their belief that they would eventually triumph over opposing capitalist forces both at home and abroad. The overwhelming majority of professional officers in the Russian army were of nobility (dvoryanstvo); moreover, most of them had joined the White armies. Therefore, the Workers' and Peasants' Army initially faced a shortage of experienced military leaders. To remedy this, the Bolsheviks recruited 50,000 former Imperial Army officers to command the Red Army. At the same time, they attached political commissars to Red Army units to monitor the actions and loyalty of professional commanders, formally termed as "military specialists" (voyenspets, for voyenny spetsialist). By 1921 the Red Army had defeated four White armies and held off five armed foreign contingents that had intervened in the civil war, but began to face setbacks in Poland. Polish forces managed to break a long streak of Bolshevik victories by launching a bold counteroffensive at the Battle of Warsaw in August 1920. At Warsaw the Red Army suffered a defeat so great and so unexpected that it turned the course of the entire war and eventually forced the Soviets to accept the unfavorable conditions offered by the Treaty of Riga, signed on March 18, 1921. It was the biggest defeat of the Red Army in history. After the civil war, the Red Army became an increasingly professional military organization. With most of its five million soldiers demobilized, the Red Army was transformed into a small regular force, and territorial militias were created for wartime mobilization. Soviet military schools, established during the civil war, began to graduate large numbers of trained officers loyal to the Soviet power. In an effort to increase the prestige of the military profession, the party reestablished formal military ranks, downgraded political commissars, and eventually established the principle of one-man command.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome What is Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)? MDS is a spectrum of diseases which are characterised by anemia, thrombocytopenia and low white cell counts along with dysplasia (meaning abnormal looking) blood cells in both peripheral blood and bone marrow. They are early stages of leukemia. Many develop acute leukemia eventually, but most die because of bleeding or infections before development of leukemia. What causes MDS? This is commonest disease developing as a side-effect of treatment of other cancers with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and is called Therapy-related MDS or t-MDS. What are the symptoms of Myelodysplastic syndromes? • Shortness of breath • Weakness or feeling tired. • Having skin that is paler than usual • Easy bruising or bleeding • Fever or frequent infections Classification of Myelodysplastic syndromes • Refractory Anemia • Refractory Cytopenia with Multilineage Dysplasia • Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts • Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts • Number of Cytopenias • % of blasts in bone marrow • Abnormalities in the chromosomes How is Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) Diagnosed? The abnormalities of chromosomes are divided as GOOD or BAD: Good: normal, -Y, del5q, del20q How do we treat Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)? When should BMT be carried out for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)? The BMT should be carried out early, before the onset of life threatening infections or multiple transfusions, leading to severe iron overload. Who can be a donor for BMT for patients with MDS? • Red Cell and Platelet Transfusions as needed • Erythropoetin injections to reduce blood transfusion requirements
Lesson 11: Jesus' Death and Resurrection Intermediate Bible Study As already stated, the most important event in the history of man is the coming of Jesus. The most important events in His life are His death and His resurrection. Why Did Jesus Die? Many times while Jesus was on the earth, He was very popular with the multitudes. One time there were about 5,000 men listening to Him preach, not counting the women and children. Just a week before His death, the people ran before Him coming into the city, shouting His praises. (Matthew 21:8,9). Why then did He die? One reason was because of what He taught. He wasn't afraid to tell men of their sins, He spoke very plainly. (Matthew 23). He taught the Jews that God was planning to remove them from being His chosen people and that others, those not Jews, would be accepted. (Matthew 21:43; 8:11,1 2). He also taught that He was equal with the Father (John 5:1 8) and this made the Jews angry. Jesus died because men hated Him; yet it was these same men for whom He died! His Death A very close friend of Jesus named Judas, decided to sell Jesus to His enemies. The enemies promised Judas 30 pieces of silver if he would give Jesus into their hands. One night while Jesus was praying, Judas came with a mob and showed them who Jesus was by kissing Him. Later Judas killed himself because of what he had done. His Trial And Crucifixion Jesus was taken by the mob and, though not one time in His life had He done wrong, He was put on trial. Men lied about Him, about what He had done, and finally He was sentenced to die. All the time He was on trial, men were spitting on Him, hitting Him in the face, mocking Him and beating Him. Jesus, even though being treated wrong, still did no wrong. (I Peter 2:22-25). Finally, He was taken to be crucified. They drove nails through His hands and feet and into the cross, then lifted the cross up, to watch Him die. Even while He was on the cross, they mocked Him. His Burial After Jesus was dead, His friends took Him from the cross to bury Him. A man named Joseph, from Arimathea, gave them a burial place. Because the Jewish leaders were afraid someone might steal the body, they placed guards around the tomb to keep the body of Jesus in the tomb. His Resurrection But nothing could keep Him in the tomb! On Sunday morning, when the friends of Jesus came to the tomb, they found it open; Jesus had been raised from the dead! In order for all men to know that Jesus was His son, God raised Him from the dead. Forty days later Jesus returned to heaven to be with God! Jesus is alive! He is a living Savior! Student Information First Name: Last Name: Teacher's Name: Fill in the blanks: 1. Jesus was so popular that over people listened to Him preach at one time. 2. Jesus taught the Jews were to be removed from being God's ; and that He was with the Father. 3. When He was crucified they drove through His and His . 4. The place where Jesus was buried belonged to a man named , from . 5. List four things they did to Jesus while He was on trial: 6. Check the correct answer. 7. True False Judas sold Jesus for 35 pieces of silver. 8. True False The disciples stole the body of Jesus so people would believe He had been raised from the dead. 9. True False Judas was crucified with Jesus. 10. True False Jesus is a dead Savior. 11. True False Jesus did not claim, He was equal with God. Questions or Comments you may have: Spam Prevention - Just check the box below Back to the Bible Correspondence Courses Homepage »
Wednesday, January 20, 2016 What is the Zika virus? There's been much in the news lately about the Zika Virus, especially its effects on pregnant women. Already, I've been receiving calls in my office about whether it's safe to travel. Here, I hope to explain a little more about what's going on... On Friday last week, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) released an official health advisory urging all pregnant women to avoid travel to certain areas to avoid infection with the Zika virus.... Today, I want to explain what this is, where it is, and how it can affect people, especially during pregnancy. The Zika (pronounced ZEE-kuh) virus was first reported in Brazil in May of last year. Prior to that, it was found only in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Over the past several months, the virus has spread to a larger area, now including Mexico, Central America, and much of South America. Zika virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. As of now, the United States does NOT have infected mosquitoes. There are reports of pregnant women in the U.S. who are affected by Zika but they had recently traveled to areas where it is prevalent. The virus is NOT spread through human contact. Not everyone who gets infected gets symptoms. Only about 20% of infected people notice things such as fever, rash, joint aches, or pink eye, which typically start about 2 weeks after being exposed. Usually symptoms are mild and last for up to a week. Most people recover fully without problems. The big problem is that if a pregnant woman gets the virus, it can cause miscarriage. It can also cause the baby to have microcephaly, which means that its head is too small. Microcephaly can be associated with seizures, developmental delays, problems with vision, hearing, movement, and intellectual disability. The only way to prevent Zika virus infection at this time is to avoid traveling to areas where the disease is present. For this reason, the CDC has recommended that pregnant women or women who are trying to become pregnant not travel to areas where the disease is prevalent. For now, this includes Mexico, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Martinique, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela. If travel is necessary, you should do everything possible to prevent mosquito bites. This includes using insect repellants, wearing long sleeved shirts and long pants, keeping windows closed or open with a screen, using mosquito nets, and remove any standing water from around you. At this time, there is no commercial testing available for the virus. Testing can be done through the CDC if infection is suspected. There is no treatment for Zika. Supportive care, including rest, fluids, and use of acetaminophen (Tylenol) is recommended. Most people recover fully and hospitalization is usually not necessary. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant soon, the best bet for avoiding infection is to stay away from those areas where Zika has been found in mosquitos. Much more information can be found at the following sites: Tuesday, September 23, 2014 Cervical cancer screening One topic that I discuss on a daily basis is cervical cancer screening. After all, this is the reason that most of us go to the gynecologist. For years, women have been told that they needed annual Pap smears. This was an arbitrary recommendation, not based on scientific evidence, when Pap smears were initially done in the 1940s. Since scientists and doctors did not understand at the time what caused cervical cancer, and what the risk factors were, it was thought that once a year should be adequate to pick up precancerous changes on the cervix before they turned into cancer. For an interesting read on the development of the Pap test, click here: Dr. George Papanicolaou's discovery Fast forward about 70 much more is known now about cancer in general, and specifically cervical cancer. With the knowledge we now have, it is possible to prevent cervical cancer, and even minimize risk factors for its development. Unfortunately, cervical cancer still exists, mostly for women who have not been adequately screened, or have not been appropriately treated. In 2011, over 12,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer in the United States, and about 1/3 of them died from it. It has been known for many years now that cervical cancer almost always arises from infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). There are nearly 100 strains of HPV. Some can cause annoying warts on the hands, feet, or genitalia. Some "high-risk" strains can cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, throat, penis, and anus. These high-risk strains are sexually transmitted, and it's been stated that 80% of sexually active people become infected with some strain of HPV. The good news is that our immune systems frequently clear this virus. Most of the time, people do not get cancer from HPV. People can get cancer from HPV if their immune systems do not clear the virus. Any coexisting condition which causes the immune system not to work well (such as smoking, HIV infection, some immunosuppressive medications) also increase the risk of HPV not being cleared. This rationale is the basis for the development of the vaccine for HPV (Gardasil or Cervarix). We offer Gardasil in our office, which is a quadrivalent vaccine, meaning that it vaccinates against 4 strains of HPV. Types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer, and cause the most rapid changes to cervical cells after infection. Types 6 and 11 are responsible for the development of external genital warts. This is the first cancer that can be prevented by vaccination! Gardasil is now recommended for boys and girls ages 9-26, and is best given before the onset of sexual activity. See my HPV vaccine blog for more info... This HPV vaccine podcast details a personal story of why HPV vaccination is important. So...back to screening. Of course I recommend the HPV vaccine, but that's only only one piece of the puzzle. Because it takes many years (5-10) after HPV infection to cause cervical cancer, it is not recommended to screen women until 21 years of age. Often there are other reasons to see a gynecologist before that age, but not for routine Pap tests. If a woman's Pap is negative at age 21, screening is repeated every 3 years. Why not every year? This goes back to the fact that most often, our immune systems clear HPV. If someone has been infected with HPV, sometimes it can cause transient mild changes to the Pap that eventually resolve. If we screen annually, we are more apt to pick up those small changes. We then feel compelled to act on it, requiring biopsies, and potentially freezing or excising part of the cervix. These treatments are likely unnecessary, as mild abnormalities usually resolve on their own. If we screen every 3 years, we are less likely to find these inconsequential changes, and more likely to pick up PERSISTENT changes. These are the abnormalities we need to act on. However, if the Pap is not normal at age 21, we do follow more closely, with more frequent Pap tests, occasional biopsies and treatments. We are not ignoring changes, just acting on those more likely to be harmful. At age 30, the recommended approach is to add testing for high-risk HPV to routine Pap screening. Why don't we do it earlier? Because most sexually-active women become infected with HPV, and the infection is frequently cleared, we would find a lot of high-risk HPV in the younger population that will be eventually cleared. However, if it is still present by age 30, that signifies a more likely persistent infection, which is more likely to cause pre-cancerous changes. If the Pap and high-risk HPV test are both negative after age 30, women can safely go 5 years until their next screen. The risk of high-grade precancerous changes or cervical cancer in 5 years in this population is roughly 0.1%. If women have had consecutive negative screens, Pap tests can be safely discontinued at age 65. Cervical cancer is different than other cancers. Because it's sexually transmitted, and takes at least 5-10 years from infection to severe changes or cancer, its peak incidence is in a woman's 30s and 40s. It is rare to diagnose cervical cancer in women over age 50 who have had adequate prior screening. Remember that these guidelines apply to women who have had negative screening. If any abnormal result is found, we follow more closely, either with repeat Pap tests or biopsies. Even though the Pap does not generally need to be done every year, it is still important to see your doctor annually. Much more is done at the annual well-woman exam, including breast exam, pelvic exam, check of blood pressure, height and weight, and preventive health counseling. Much more information can be found by clicking these links: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists American Cancer Society Centers for Disease Control Thursday, July 3, 2014 Nutrition during pregnancy I've been into learning about nutrition lately. It's something we learn very little about during medical school, only skimming the surface. We all know "healthy foods" vs. "junk foods" but how do we optimize our health with diet? If you think about it, food is a type of medicine, and very definitely affects how our bodies function. I plan to write a series about nutrition, and thought it best to start with nutrition during pregnancy. I get asked on at least a weekly basis "Can I eat _______?" To start off, it's important to talk about weight gain during pregnancy. It's good to know whether you're at a healthy weight at the beginning of your pregnancy, and your doctor/provider can then advise on a recommended amount to gain. For women of normal weight (i.e. body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9), a 25-35 pound total weight gain is recommended. If you're underweight (BMI less than 18.5), plan on 28-40 pounds. If you are overweight (BMI 25-29.9), shoot for 15-25 pounds, and if you're obese (BMI greater than 30), minimal weight gain to a maximum of 20 pounds. Most of your weight gain should come in the second half of pregnancy. If you're pregnant with twins and are of normal weight, 37-54 pounds of weight gain is recommended. This decreases to 31-50 pounds for overweight women, and 25-42 pounds for obese women. Of course, it is impossible to control exactly how much weight you gain during pregnancy, but being aware of these guidelines and paying attention to how much weight you've gained to try to stay within these ranges can decrease your risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Gaining too much weight also increases your risk for c-section, and having a large infant. In general, pregnant women should follow the same food guidelines as before pregnancy. You should take in more calories, but only about 300 more than usual. Click the link to learn more about Healthy Food Choices During Pregnancy and calculate your BMI. The most important nutrients you need to pay attention to during pregnancy are: Folic acid - helps to prevent neural tube defects (problems with development of the baby's brain and spine), and ideally should be supplemented before pregnancy Iron - protects against anemia as your blood volume increases during pregnancy Calcium - helps to protect your bone health When it comes to specific foods, there are certain food-borne illnesses that can cause birth defects or other problems during pregnancy. One specific issue that I get asked about frequently is listeriosis. Listeria is a type of bacteria that can be present in unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat, however there was a listeria outbreak in 2011 as a result of unwashed cantaloupe. Listeria usually causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, but can be passed to the fetus through the placenta and has been linked to miscarriage, stillbirth, and preterm delivery. This is a very rare infection (about 0.3 cases per 100,000 people per year), but in order to avoid these issues, make sure you only drink milk and eat cheese that has been pasteurized. You don't need to avoid deli meats and hot dogs, but make sure they are heated until steaming hot. Make sure you wash all produce before you cut it or eat it. Another concern is mercury exposure. Mercury can be present in high levels in certain types of fish. High levels of methylmercury in a pregnant woman can cause problems with development of a baby's nervous system, causing altered memory, attention deficity-hyperactivity disorder, or problems with language development and coordination. It is advised to avoid eating shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish during pregnancy, as these have the highest levels of mercury. Fish does have great nutritional value, however, so you should not cut it out entirely. Recently, the FDA and the American College of OB/GYN released a statement encouraging pregnant women to eat 8-12 ounces of low-mercury fish each week. Click here to read: FDA recommendation on fish consumption during pregnancy. Of course, fish should be cooked well, so avoid raw sushi. A good source of information if you have any questions about what is safe to eat during pregnancy can be found by clicking the following link: In general, the most important things to remember are to eat a variety of foods, avoid excessive salt and sugar intake, cook your meat thoroughly and wash all produce well. These simple steps will help to ensure the safest pregnancy for you and your baby. Thursday, April 3, 2014 Long-acting reversible contraception After a year-long hiatus, I'm back... I find myself talking to many patients every day about contraceptive options. Contraception has been quite a hot topic in the news lately, mostly related to insurance coverage mandates. It is and has always been something important to discuss, as roughly half of all pregnancies are unintended in the United States. Pregnancy is a "natural" state, but should be planned to minimize risk to both mother and fetus. There are so many options for contraception, including hormonal, non-hormonal, short-acting, long-acting, pharmaceutical, natural - each with its own pros/cons and efficacies. Today, though, I'd like to focus in on long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). LARCs include the intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implant. These are highly-effective long-term birth control options that have been gaining popularity over the past few years. LARCs can be used by women of any age. For many years, health providers discouraged use of IUDs in women who have never had children, but this is no longer the case. We are now frequently using the contraceptive implant as well as IUDs in young women or women who have never been pregnant. There really are very few women who cannot use LARCs. One of the best features of LARCs is their effectiveness. Pregnancy occurs less than 1 in 100 users. That's over 99% effective. LARCs have been found to be just as effective as tubal ligation, but are immediately reversible. In fact, many women who may otherwise have undergone tubal ligation are now choosing to use this most effective birth control and avoiding surgery. The IUD is a small T-shaped device that is placed into the uterus during a simple office procedure. There are 2 different types of IUDs. One is non-hormonal. It is made of copper and lasts for up to 10 years. The other contains progestin, a hormone that acts locally within the uterus to thin the uterine lining. One advantage of this type of IUD is that over time, a woman's menstrual periods become very light or go away completely because the lining gets so thin. Many women choose the hormonal IUD for this reason. Because it keeps the uterine lining from becoming thick, it also decreases the risk of uterine cancer. One hormonal IUD lasts for 3 years, the other lasts for 5 years. The IUDs are thought to work mostly by inhibiting the sperm from reaching the egg. The hormonal IUD also thickens the cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to even enter the uterus. In the case of the hormonal IUD, the thin lining of the uterus is also likely less receptive to implantation of a fertilized egg. Fertility normally returns immediately after removal of the device. Placing the IUD involves placing a speculum in the vagina and cleaning the cervix with Betadine. A small clamp is placed on the cervix to hold it steady. The uterus is then "sounded" - a thin rod is placed through the cervix until it touches the top of the uterus to measure the length of the uterine cavity. This is important because the IUD applicator is then set to that length to be sure the IUD is placed right at the top of the uterus. The arms of the IUD are drawn into the applicator, and it is then advanced into the uterus. Once inside, the arms are released, the IUD is advanced to the top, and the applicator is removed. The strings on the end of the IUD are then trimmed to about 1" outside the cervix. The clamp and speculum are removed, and it's done! The entire procedure takes only about 2 minutes. Most women experience a cramping sensation during the procedure, but it is temporary, and can be lessened by taking ibuprofen before the office visit. As with any medication or procedure, there can be side effects or risks. With the hormonal IUD, it is common to have unpredictable bleeding for up to 6 months after insertion. The nonhormonal IUD can result in slighly heavier periods for up to 6 months. There is a chance the IUD can be expelled from the uterus. During placement, the uterus can be perforated, resulting in a chance of the IUD being placed into the abdominal cavity. This happens only about 1 per 1,000 insertions. If this occurs, it can only be removed surgically, usually with an outpatient procedure. It is rare to have any long-term complications. Although pregnancy is very rare with an IUD, there is a chance that if pregnancy does occur, it will implant within the fallopian tube, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy, which may require surgery. All of this sounds scary, but is exceedingly rare. The IUD is an excellent form of contraception, and it's no coincidence that most of the female OB/GYNs I know use an IUD. It is easy to use, extremely effective, and readily reversible. The implant is a small plastic tube containing a progestin that is placed just under the skin of the upper inner arm. With this device, the progestin hormone acts systemically, meaning through your whole body. It acts mainly by stopping ovulation. It, like the hormonal IUD, also thickens the cervical mucus and thins the uterine lining, making fertilization and implantation less likely. Placing the implant is also a simple office procedure. The inside of the upper arm is injected with a local anesthetic. The arm is cleaned with Betadine, then using a sterile applicator, the implant is injected under the skin. After placement, you can feel the implant under the skin, but it is difficult to see. A bandage is placed over the site. The most common side effect of the implant is unpredictable bleeding. For many women, this improves over time. Complications can include bleeding or bruising during insertion, and difficulty with removal. The benefits of long-acting reversible contraception greatly outweigh risks for most patients. Their ease of use and efficacy make them a good choice for almost anyone. It's important to note that these forms of birth control do not protect you against sexually-transmitted disease. Women should discuss pregnancy prevention with their health care providers and determine the best method to allow a planned low-risk pregnancy when the time is right. Check out these links for more information: Mirena IUD official website Skyla IUD official website Paragard IUD official website Nexplanon insert official website Wednesday, February 27, 2013 Usually I put my education to use on this blog, writing about health issues that affect women. My mother-in-law recently told me that she got her Tdap vaccine, so at least someone is reading it. Anyway, this time I'm blogging about something from which we can all benefit, finding that elusive balance between work and personal life. After a particularly brutal 24 hours of call on Monday, I found myself feeling a little burned out. There were several trips through the night, in the cold, to different hospitals, and I was getting paged roughly every hour. I was tired. This time of year, it's always that way for me. I usually chalk it up to a lack of sunshine, ingestion of too many carbohydrates, and decreased physical activity. But, I had an epiphany yesterday. I hadn't found balance. Don't get me wrong, I absolutely LOVE what I do. I have spent 4 years of undergraduate education, 4 years of medical school, and 6 1/2 years of residency to get me to where I am today. All of this recently culminated in the completion of my board certification in OB/GYN. For the past 18 months, I have been preparing for the oral board exam. This required travel to board prep courses, studying, and sitting before board examiners while they picked my brain about how I practice medicine. It was associated with a significant amount of anxiety. My family and I sacrificed a lot during this time, but it was all worth it. There's nothing more gratifying and humbling than helping a new life come in to this world safely. As I was introducing myself to one of my partner's patients the other night, she asked me how many babies I'd delivered (she thought I looked too young to be a doctor, LOVE that!). Anyway, I was thinking it's got to be close to 2000! For those of you who have witnessed a birth, it really is a miracle. It still doesn't get old for me. I have an incredible career. So, why do I feel unsatisfied sometimes? On Saturday afternoon, I took my daughter to see "Les Miserables" at the movie theater. Yes, I know, that movie came out a long time ago, but I hadn't made time to see it, and I was making a mad dash to see at least a few movies before the Oscars on Sunday. Wow. I found myself tearing up as Eponine sang "A Little Fall of Rain". That's what life's about. Feeling. I love that musical. In my younger years, I was kind of "artsy". I used to play piano, sing, dabbled in theater, and danced. I even considered a double major in music and biology in college, right up until I figured out it would take at least 6 years to graduate. But because I have been so focused in on my family, training, and career, I have let that part of me disintegrate. That's when it struck me. The "scientist" and "artist" are not two distinct aspects of me, but instead compliment each other perfectly. If I let one part dwindle, the other suffers too. For a sense of well-being, I must find that balance Now that the boards are over, I plan to brush up on my piano-playing skills. I'll spend more time with my kids, and really listen to them. I'm going to participate in the Metro Omaha Medical Society's music parody show "The M.E.S.S. Club" in April. (I'll also work on being more physically active, and stop eating so many darn carbs). This is one of my all-time favorite quotes: I hope to be able to continue to find that perfect balance between work and personal life. I hope to be able to teach my children to do it too. Take some time to find it for yourself. Figure out what it is that makes you feel joy, a sense of accomplishment, or just relaxation. Don't let only one aspect of your life take over. Life is too short. Tuesday, February 12, 2013 Tdap vaccine Wow, it's almost been a year since my last post! I've survived the oral boards, and am now board certified in OB/GYN, and a Fellow of the American College of OB/GYN! I hope to resume more regular posts now that that's behind me... One topic that I discuss almost daily is immunization for Tetanus, diptheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap). What the heck is it, and why do you need it? Every adult should be immunized against tetanus at least once every 10 years. Tetanus is an infection caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile. You get tetanus by transmission of inactive spores (often found in dirt) into an open wound. The bacteria then enter the nervous system, causing severe painful muscle spasms. This is why tetanus used to be called "lockjaw". The muscle spasms can be severe enough to cause muscles to tear, bones to fracture, and respiratory problems. Without treatment, one in four people die, but the disease is less than 10% fatal when treated. Because of the increased risk of infection with open wounds, tetanus immunizations are routinely given in the emergency room when a patient presents with a laceration or other wound. Diphtheria is a respiratory infection, caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. You should be immunized against this at least every 10 years also. This disease is spread by droplets from the sneeze or cough of an infected person, or by ingestion of contaminated food. It causes thick secretions which can block the airways, and bacterial toxins can also affect other organs, causing heart problems, and paralysis if it attacks the nervous system. Thankfully, due to the effectiveness of the vaccine, diphtheria is very rare in the U.S. The most important reason to receive this immunization, though, is to protect yourself and those around you from pertussis, or whooping cough. Pertussis is an infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It is transmitted by infected droplets from a cough or sneeze. At first, the symptoms of the disease are no different than that of the common cold, but worsen into a terrible cough that sometimes causes the person to make a "whoop" noise when they try to breathe between coughs. The severe cough can sometimes lead to vomiting or loss of consciousness, especially in infants. Infected infants have the highest rate of death from this infection, generally due to respiratory failure. Infants less than 6 months old are infected most often, because they have not been fully vaccinated. During 2012 and the first few months of 2013, pertussis cases have been increasing throughout the U.S., thought to be due to waning immunity to pertussis. The immunizations most adults received when they were infants are no longer effective. For that reason, the Tdap vaccine is recommended for everyone aged 11 or older, one time, to prevent pertussis infection. The Td (tetanus/diphtheria) vaccine should then be given every 10 years after Tdap. This is especially important for anyone who will be around very small infants, who will not be fully immunized, and therefore very susceptible to infection. The Tdap vaccine was recently approved for use in pregnant women, after 20 weeks gestation. The advantage of giving it during pregnancy is that maternal antibodies to pertussis can then cross the placenta, and protect her infant from the time of birth. In October 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that every pregnant woman, irrespective of previous Tdap vaccination status, should receive Tdap between 27-36 weeks gestation, to optimize transplacental passage of maternal antibodies against pertussis to every infant. Getting the Tdap vaccine is not harmful. It generally causes you to have a sore arm for a day or two after, but side effects are otherwise rare. Some people have reported chills, nausea, body aches, headaches, or rash related to getting the vaccine. The only people who should NOT have the vaccine are those who have had a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine or any of its components, or those who have had a seizure or gone into a coma within 7 days of previously receiving the vaccine. Tdap vaccine is available at most physician offices, county health departments, and many pharmacies. I hope that you consider getting the Tdap vaccine, not only to protect yourself, but others around you. Here are some helpful links for more information: Tdap vaccine and pregnancy Vaccine Information Statement CDC pertussis website Tuesday, February 28, 2012 Endometriosis - Dr. Raymond Schulte This week one of my partners, Dr. Ray Schulte, is the guest's some great info on a common gynecologic disease. Endometriosis is one of the most common causes of pain in the female pelvis. It is one of the more undiagnosed conditions leaving a lot of women to suffer from cyclic pain, as well as a myriad of other symptoms until finally the diagnosis is made. Endometriosis is a condition wherein cells that are identical to the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, grow outside of the uterus. This can be and is most commonly in the pelvis, in the cul-de-sac, the space behind the uterus, and in the fallopian tube and ovary. However, it may also involve the appendix, bowel, and even more widespread areas in the body in small spaces. It is also frequently found in a cesarean section incisional scar causing cyclic symptoms. The endometriosis causes its problems because tissue that normally would drain out as a period is isolated in areas where it is impossible for the degenerating cells to drain from the body. They go through the same cycle as the lining of the uterus, stimulated by ovarian hormones, but when they degenerate, instead of being shed, the body starts an inflammatory process to digest and devour these cells with the enzymes contained in inflammatory white blood cells. This inflammation leads to a lot of localized symptoms. The symptoms typically reflect the effects of endometriosis by causing cyclic pain with the cyclic pain being most typically pain around ovulation for a few days and then easing up and gradually worsening as you approach the menstrual period and lasting throughout the period with only the week after the period ends being relatively free of pain. As the disease progresses it may get to where the pain is continuous. It may worsen but it does not ever diminish. This pain frequently radiates to the back in the sacroiliac joint down low in the pelvis as frequently the implants are in the uterosacral ligaments and the nerves run to that area. In addition to this most typical pain pattern, various patterns can emerge with pain after the period, severe pain throughout the period, and deep dyspareunia. Dyspareunia is defined as pain with intercourse, and in the setting of endometriosis, is usually with deep penetration. The deep penetration pain will also follow the normal cyclic pattern of endometriosis, worse at ovulation and in the time leading up to the period and through the period. Endometriosis also causes some effects that are less recognized. It will frequently cause a decrease in the amount of progesterone produced after ovulation. This may shorten the time from ovulation to the start of the period, which is normally 14 days. It may also cause the periods to be much heavier, with clots and passage of more blood than just degenerative endometrial tissue as a normal period would be. Along with this relative deficiency of progesterone, women will frequently have premenstrual symptoms which may be pain, depression, fatigue, irritability, and sometimes an acute urge to wipe out anyone close to them. This can make work fairly difficult and makes home life difficult too, in that people are using all their coping skills putting up with the pain and have fewer coping skills because of the effect of decreased progesterone levels on the central nervous system causing depression and irritability. Endometriosis may also cause cyclic symptoms with the bladder and bowel. Again in the same pattern, women may have frequent urination or diarrhea in the week prior to the period and during the period. Endometriosis also is associated with infertility. There are several different ways that this occurs. The most obvious mechanical cause is scarring of the tube and ovary which does not allow the tube to pick up an egg. Sometimes the tubes are totally occluded by being scarred down behind the ovary, or the ovary is scarred against the side wall of the pelvis. It may have an effect also from the inflammatory process on the normal motility of the tube which would normally move a fertilized egg through to the uterine cavity to implant about six days after ovulation and fertilization of the egg. With the inflammatory process, the movement may be accelerated, and a fertilized egg may arrive in the cavity of the uterus too early, and fail to implant to create a pregnancy. There also is the effect of the decreased progesterone causing the lining of the uterus not to grow and mature as it normally should to allow implantation. One other effect it may have is that in some people, because of the white blood cells devouring these degenerating endometrial cells, the immune system may start forming antibodies against the endometrial cells. Even if everything is corrected hormonally, the normal endometrial cells have antibodies that attach to them, keeping them from responding appropriately and growing to allow implantation. Endometriosis has two main types of treatment. This first is medical treatment, which can be done with several medications but with the same final results. All of them decrease the frequency of cycles so there are fewer times that the endometrial cells are degenerating and feeding into the inflammatory process. Probably the simplest, cheapest, most able to be used for long-term treatment is a birth control pill used in at least 12 week cycles. This limits a woman to about four periods a year, and the continuous progestin regulates the growth of endometrial cells both in the uterus and in endometrial implants. There are two other medications commonly used for endometriosis. The first is Depo-Lupron which causes a sort of menopausal state to occur. This allows the inflammatory process some time to cool down and stops the growth of the endometrial cells, but the associated side effects are menopausal in nature. The other medication is danazol, which is an androgenic or male-type hormone. This also interferes with the menstrual cycle, but has side effects including increased muscle mass leading to weight gain, and it may cause acne to flare. These last two medications are generally used for a six month time period in someone who has endometriosis to cool it down to have a window of opportunity for conception. Neither are suitable for long-term suppression. Surgical treatments are also possible and can range from separating adhesions that are caused from inflammatory changes to excision of the endometriosis to simply destroying the endometriosis with cautery of laser. Any of these may be of considerable help in increasing fertility and relieving the symptoms, but all of these medical or surgical treatments are only temporary. They will only work as long as suppression is continued or, in the case of surgery, until the endometriosis grows back, which nearly always occurs. If someone has cyclic pelvic pain and the other symptoms described in this article, it would do you well to consult with a gynecologist who is experienced in making the diagnosis and treating endometriosis. Here's some links to great sites for more information: Womens Health - US Department of Health and Human Services Endometriosis Fact Sheet WebMD overview of endometriosis, with visual guide
Saturday, 4 July 2015 Physical Fitness and its Importance Body fitness is the quality of being in shape and to have all body systems in their good condition along with healthy body weight. Exercising routinely keeps your body and mind active and energetic to perform certain powerful moves like mountain climbing, rope climbing, power squats, pull-ups, push-ups and many more. Fitness is the muscularity of your body with forceful exertion and this is the condition of being physically fit and healthy. Importance of Exercises and Fitness Exercises are the only way to live physically and mentally active and healthy. Excessive weight is the today’s rapidly spreading issue that leads to many other diseases and physical inabilities. Physical activities with fun and ease can prevent excessive weight gaining and other diseases caused by obesity and overweight. Exercises maintain the blood flow, increased range of motion, better performance and flexibility of all body organs that are involved in these physical activities. The majority of the people in their later years (after 40 years old) become unable to perform several healthy activities due to less muscle mass and excessive fat. In this period of age several diseases are ready to attack such as diabetes, bear belly (abdominal obesity), cardiovascular health issues and muscles weakness. Exercise routinely is the only way to increases your lifespan and to improve your life quality. 1 comment: Cook at easy weight watcher recipes foods.
December 9 - 1935 - The First Heisman Trophy Jay Berwanger of the University of Chicago Maroons was honored by the Downtown Athletic Club as the best collegiate football player east of the Mississippi for the 1935 season, which makes him stand as the very first Heisman Trophy winner. Although this would seem to place Berwanger in a line with subsequent winners and NFL legends, really Berwanger stands out to modern eyes for the difference between his game and the modern game. Berwanger didn't even, technically, win the Heisman, as the trophy only was named after John Heisman after his death the next year. Berwanger was known as the "one man football team" for being not just a capable runner at halfback, but also a passer, kicker, punter, and notable defensive player. Berwanger played before face masks, racial integration, or even a significant pro football culture. Although he was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles as the first selection in the first NFL draft, Berwanger never played in the NFL, even after being traded to the Bears. Instead, going into business and seeking to compete in the decathlon in the Olympics, Berwanger would end his football career with winning the Downtown Athletic Club's honor. William Floyd
Daily Checkup: Living donation is a key to finding kidney compatibility Daily Checkup: Living donation is a key to finding kidney compatibility Dr. Antonios Arvelakis, assistant professor of surgery at Mount Sinai, says, 'The exchange can be two-way, three-way, or even a domino of kidney swaps.' THE SPECIALIST: Dr. Antonios Arvelakis As assistant professor of surgery at Mount Sinai, Arvelakis is a transplant surgeon who specializes in kidney, pancreas and liver transplantation. He performs about 100 transplants a year. Thanks to segments on "Scrubs," "ER" and "Grey's Anatomy," most Americans are familiar with the idea of living donors exchanging kidneys to find a compatible match for their intended recipient. "Living donation is a great way to improve the current shortage of kidneys for transplant," says Arvelakis. "Not only do living donor kidneys perform better than kidneys from a cadaver, but extensive research shows that down the line, donors are just as healthy as people with two kidneys." The kidney is the most commonly transplanted organ. "We do about 18,000 kidney transplants a year in this country, but another 33,000 people are added to the wait list," says Arvelakis. "At this moment, there are 102,000 Americans waiting for a kidney, and the average wait time is six to eight years — that's up from less than two years in the early 2000s." Kidney pair donation came about as a way to overcome blood group incompatibility between donors and their intended recipients. "About 30% of all potential donors are turned down due to a mismatch," says Arvelakis. "Kidney pair donation matches incompatible living donors and their intended candidates with other incompatible living donor/intended candidate pairs — the exchange can be two-way, three-way, or even a domino of kidney swaps." The root cause underlying the need for most kidney transplantation is uncontrolled diabetes or high blood pressure. "Over time, hypertension and diabetes cause kidney damage that eventually leads to kidney failure," says Arvelakis. "Most patients start dialysis and go on the transplant wait list when kidney function drops below 20%." Other rare conditions and some medications can also cause kidney failure. Because the kidney is a resilient organ that continues to function despite serious damage, the indications of kidney disease often appear late in the process. "The symptoms often build slowly over time, especially when the cause is uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension," says Arvelakis. "Many patients only get diagnosed when they go to the hospital for some other reason and get a blood test." As kidney failure grows more advanced, more serious symptoms begin to develop. "Warning signs include fluid buildup in the legs and arms, fatigue, weight loss, less urine, muscle cramps, sleepiness, forgetfulness," says Arvelakis. "When the kidneys are really not working, the patient can fall into a coma." The first steps toward donating a kidney are a long workup period to ensure that all prospective donors are fully informed and prepared. "All donors and recipients go through an extensive workup to make sure that they are ready — medically, financially and socially," says Arvelakis. "Our number one goal is to give the information to people — there's never any obligation to go through with a donation, and it's essential that potential donors don't feel any coercion or pressure of any kind." Once patients are approved to give or receive a kidney, the only preparation is to fast starting the night before. "One of the great benefits of living donation is that the surgeries are elective and can be scheduled in advance," says Arvelakis. "We do the donation and transplant surgeries simultaneously — the donor's operation usually lasts about one to two hours, while the recipient's lasts two to three hours." All surgical costs are paid for by the insurance of the kidney recipient. Most kidney donation surgeries can now be done laparoscopically through small incisions, with just one to two days spent in the hospital. "We now know that donors do very well afterward," says Arvelakis. "There can be some pain post-surgery, but people return to activities within a couple of weeks, and life expectancy is the same as anyone else." For the donor, the risks of surgery include bleeding, hernia and wound infection; less than 1% of donors experience complications. "It's a very fulfilling process for everyone involved," says Arvelakis. "The donors I've worked with always say they would do it again, usually because they were able to help a loved one. Or, if they donate to a stranger, they are motivated by wanting to do something in their life that matters." Finding incompatible donor-recipient pairs to exchange kidneys is a process that relies on high-level math. "Algorithms that seek out optimization are the core of kidney pair donation," says Arvelakis. "These optimization algorithms consider every possible solution and pick the one that best meets the set of individualized priorities; the process is similar to the computer programs that calculate airline reservations or mapping directions." All potential living donors must receive enough information to make a decision, so don't hold back on asking questions small and large. Common questions include, "What will donation mean for my own health?" and "What can I expect from the recovery process?" A good practical question is, "What happens with insurance?" "What we find is that living donation is a great thing, for both the recipient and the donor," says Arvelakis. "Donors feel fulfilled and happy for what they've done, and recipients are very grateful that someone has given them another chance in life." GET INFORMED. Three good places to start are the United Network for Organ Sharing (, the National Kidney Foundation ( and the Mount Sinai transplant page ( TAKE PREVENTIVE ACTION. Keeping chronic conditions like hypertension and diabetes under control — or preventing them entirely — is one of the best things you can do for your kidney health. DON'T RUSH. Patient education is intensive and time-consuming. "There are large amounts of information to read, so no potential donor should ever rush through the process," says Arvelakis.
The Full Wiki Moctezuma II: Wikis Did you know ... More interesting facts on Moctezuma II Include this on your site/blog: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Moctezuma II Motecuhzoma Xocoyotl Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan Moctezuma Mendoza.jpg Moctezuma II in the Codex Mendoza. Reign 1502 – 1520 Born circa 1466 Died June 1520 (aged around 54) Place of death Tenochtitlan Predecessor Ahuitzotl Successor Cuitlahuac Offspring Tecuichpo Another girl Father Axayacatl Moctezuma (c. 1466 – June 1520), also known by a number of variant spellings including Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma and referred to in full by early Nahuatl texts as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin[nb 1] and similar, was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the episode known as the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began. The portrayal of Moctezuma in history has mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources describe him as weak-willed and indecisive. The biases of some historical sources make it difficult to understand his actions during the Spanish invasion.[1] During his reign the Aztec Empire reached its maximal size. Through warfare, Moctezuma II expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire.[2] He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces.[2] The famous Stone of Tizoc, a sacrificial stone decorated with carvings representing Tizoc, Moctezuma's predecessor as tlatoani, was also elaborated during his rule.[citation needed] He had eight daughters, including Tecuichpo —also known as Doña Isabel Moctezuma— and eleven sons, among them Chimalpopoca (not to be confused with the previous huey tlatoani) and Tlaltecatzin.[3] The Nahuatl pronunciation of his name is [motekʷˈsoːma]. It is a compound of a noun meaning "lord and forever almighty" and a verb meaning "to frown in anger", and so is interpreted as "he is one who frowns like a lord"[4] or "he who is angry in a noble manner."[5] His name glyph, shown in the upper left corner of the image from the Codex Mendoza above, was composed of a diadem (xiuhuitzolli) on straight hair with an attached earspool, a separate nosepiece and a speech scroll.[6] Regnal number The use of a regnal number is only for modern distinction from the first Moctezuma, referred to as Moctezuma I, because even if the latter was the great-grandparent of the former, there was no dynastic succession among the Aztecs.[1] The Aztec chronicles called him Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, while the first was called Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina or Huehuemotecuhzoma ("Old Moctezuma"). Xocoyotzin (IPA: [ʃokoˈjotsin]) means "honored young one".[citation needed] The sources of Moctezuma's biography The descriptions of the life of Moctezuma are full of contradictions, and thus nothing is known for certain about his personality and rule. Bernal Díaz del Castillo Moctezuma II, 1715 by Antonio de Solis The first hand account of Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of New Spain paints a portrait of a noble leader who struggles to maintain order in his kingdom after he is taken prisoner by Cortés. In his first description of Moctezuma, Díaz del Castillo writes: Bernardino de Sahagún The Florentine Codex, made by Bernardino de Sahagún and his native informants of Tenochtitlan-subjugated Tlatelolco, generally portrays Tlatelolco and Tlatelolcan rulers in a favorable light relative to the Tenocha, and Moctezuma in particular is depicted unfavorably as a weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent ruler (Restall 2003). Historian James Lockhart suggests that the people needed to have a scapegoat for the Aztec defeat, and Moctezuma naturally fell into that role.[8] Hernán Cortés Unlike Bernal Díaz, who was remembering his memoirs many years after the fact, Cortés wrote his Cartas de relación (Letters from Mexico) in the moment in order to justify his actions to the Spanish Crown. His prose is characterized by simple descriptions and explanations, along with frequent personal addresses to the King. In his Second Letter, Cortes describes his first encounter with Moctezuma thus: Mutezuma [sic] came to greet us and with him some two hundred lords, all barefoot and dressed in a different costume, but also very rich in their way and more so than the others. They came in two columns, pressed very close to the walls of the street, which is very wide and beautiful and so straight that you can see from one end to the other. Mutezuma came down the middle of this street with two chiefs, one on his right hand and the other on his left. And they were all dressed alike except that Mutezuma wore sandals whereas the others went barefoot; and they held his arm on either side. (Trans. Pagden 1986:84).[9] Cortés' truthfulness and motives have been called into question by many scholars. Anthony Pagden[10] and Eulalia Guzman (Relaciones de Hernan Cortes 1958:279)[11] have pointed the Biblical messages that Cortés seems to ascribe to Moctezuma's retelling of the legend of Quetzalcoatl as a vengeful Messiah who would return to rule over the Mexica. Pagden has written that "There is no preconquest tradition which places Quetzalcoatl in this role, and it seems possible therefore that it was elaborated by Sahagún and Motolinía from informants who themselves had partially lost contact with their traditional tribal histories" (Pagden 1986:467) . Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, who wrote the Crónica Mexicayotl, was a grandson of Moctezuma II and his chronicle mostly relates the genealogy of the Aztec rulers. He describes Moctezuma's issue and counts that Moctezuma had nineteen children – eleven sons and eight daughters.[12] Depiction in early post-conquest literature Moctezuma's Palace from the Mendoza Codex (1542) Some of the Aztec stories about Moctezuma describe him as being fearful of the Spanish newcomers, and some sources, such as the Florentine codex, comment that the Aztecs believed the Spaniards to be gods and Cortés to be the returned god Quetzalcoatl. The veracity of this claim is difficult to ascertain, but recently ethnohistorians specialising in early Spanish/Nahua relations have discarded it as post-conquest mythicalisation.[13] Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. In the codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which as described verbatim in the codex (written by Sahagún's Tlatelolcan informants who were probably not eyewitnesses of the meeting) included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as, "You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you," and, "You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth." Matthew Restall argues that Moctezuma politely offering his throne to Cortés (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exactly opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority.[14] This speech has been a factor in fostering the belief that Moctezuma was addressing Cortés as the returning god Quetzalcoatl. Other parties have also propagated the idea that the Native Americans believed the conquistadors to be gods: most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Geronimo Mendieta.[15] Some Franciscan priests held millenarian beliefs and the natives taking the Spanish conquerors for gods was an idea that went well with this theology.[16] Bernardino de Sahagún, who compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest. Mythical accounts of omens and Moctezuma's superstition Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590) mentions eight events, occurring prior to the arrival of the Spanish, which were interpreted as signs of a possible disaster, e.g. a comet, the burning of a temple, a crying ghostly woman, and others. Some speculate that the Aztecs were particularly susceptible to such ideas of doom and disaster because the particular year in which the Spanish arrived coincided with a "tying of years" ceremony at the end of a 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar, which in Aztec belief was linked to changes, rebirth and dangerous events. The belief of the Aztecs being rendered passive by their own superstition is referred to by Matthew Restall as part of "The Myth of Native Desolation" to which he dedicates chapter 6 in his book Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest.[17] These legends are likely a part of the post-conquest rationalisation by the Aztecs of their defeat, and serve to show Moctezuma as indecisive, vain, and superstitious, and ultimately the cause of the fall of the Aztec Empire.[8] Ethnohistorian Susan Gillespie has argued that the Nahua understanding of history as repeating itself in cycles also led to a subsequent rationalisation of the events of the conquests. In this interpretation the description of Moctezuma, the final ruler of the Aztec Empire, was tailored to fit the role of earlier rulers of ending dynasties - for example Quetzalcoatl, the mythical last ruler of the Toltecs.[18] In any case it is more than likely that the description of Moctezuma in post-conquest sources was largely coloured by his role as a monumental closing figure of Aztec history.[citation needed] Contact with the Spanish Also see: Hernan Cortés, Spanish Conquest of Mexico and Siege of Tenochtitlan First interactions with the Spanish Part of the series on Spanish colonization of the Americas History of conquest Inter caetera Pacific Northwest Aztec Empire Inca Empire Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Vasco Núñez de Balboa Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Meeting place of Moctezuma and Hernán Cortés. In 1517, Moctezuma received the first reports of Europeans landing on the east coast of his empire; this was the expedition of Juan de Grijalva who had landed on San Juan Ulúa, which although within Totonac territory was under the auspices of the Aztec Empire. Moctezuma ordered that he be kept informed of any new sightings of foreigners at the coast and posted extra watch guards to accomplish this. (Díaz del Castillo 1963: 220). When Cortés arrived in 1519, Moctezuma was immediately informed and he sent emissaries to meet the newcomers, one of them known to be an Aztec noble named Tentlil in the Nahuatl language but referred to in the writings of Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo as "Tendile". As the Spaniards approached Tenochtitlan they made an alliance with the Tlaxcalteca, who were enemies of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and they helped instigate revolt in many towns under Aztec dominion. Moctezuma was aware of this and he sent gifts to the Spaniards, probably in order to show his superiority to the Spaniards and Tlaxcalteca.[19] On November 8, 1519, Moctezuma met Cortés on the causeway leading into Tenochtitlan and the two leaders exchanged gifts. Moctezuma gave Cortés the gift of an Aztec calendar, one disc of crafted gold and another of silver. Cortés later melted these down for their material value (Díaz del Castillo 1963: 216-19). Host and prisoner of the Spaniards Moctezuma brought Cortés to his palace where the Spaniards lived as his guests for several months. Moctezuma continued to govern his empire and even undertook conquests of new territory during the Spaniards' stay at Tenochtitlan.[citation needed] At some time during that period Moctezuma became a prisoner in his own house. Exactly why this happened is not clear from the extant sources. The Aztec nobility reportedly became increasingly displeased with the large Spanish army staying in Tenochtitlan, and Moctezuma told Cortés that it would be best if they left. Shortly thereafter Cortés left to fight Panfilo de Narvaez and during his absence the massacre in the main temple turned the tense situation between the Spaniards and Aztecs into direct hostilities, and Moctezuma became a hostage used by the Spaniards to assure their security.[nb 3] Moctezuma capture and imprisoned by Cortés In the subsequent battles with the Spaniards after Cortés' return, Moctezuma was killed. The details of his death are unknown: different versions of his demise are given by different sources. In his Historia, Bernal Díaz del Castillo states that on July 1, 1520, the Spanish forced Moctezuma to appear on the balcony of his palace, appealing to his countrymen to retreat. The people were appalled by their emperor's complicity and pelted him with rocks and darts. He died a short time after that. Bernal Díaz gives this account: Cortés similarly reported that Moctezuma died wounded by a stone thrown by his countrymen. On the other hand, the indigenous accounts claim that Moctezuma was killed by the Spanish prior to their leaving the city.[citation needed] Others say he was killed by Cortés alone. Cortés, in a highly elaborate and therefore suspect account, poured molten gold down his throat, thus simultaneously drowning, suffocating, and burning him.[citation needed] Some modern scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003), prefer the indigenous accounts over the Spanish ones. They surmise that the Spanish killed Moctezuma once his inability to pacify the Aztec people had made him useless.[citation needed] Following the conquest, Moctezuma's daughter Techichpotzin was considered the heiress to the king's wealth following Spanish customs and given the name "Isabel". She was married to different conquistadors who laid claim to the heritage of the Aztec emperor.[citation needed] Native American mythology and folklore Many Native American peoples are reported to worship deities named after the Aztec ruler, and often a part of the myth is that someday the deified Moctezuma shall return to vindicate his people. In Mexico the modern day Pames, the Otomi, Tepehua, Totonac and Nahua peoples are reported to worship earth deities named after Moctezuma.[21] The name also appears in Tzotzil Maya ritual in Zinacantán where dancers dressed as a raingod are called "Moctezumas"[22] A mythological figure of the Tohono O'odham[23] people of Northern Mexico and some Pueblo people of New Mexico and Arizona by the name Montezuma, can possibly be traced back to the Aztec ruler.[citation needed] Hubert Howe Bancroft, writing in the 19th century (Native Races, Volume #3), speculated that the name of the historical Aztec Emperor Moctezuma had been used to refer to a combination of different cultural heroes who were united under the name of a particularly salient representative of Native American identity. Symbol of indigenous leadership Map showing the expansion of the Aztec empire through conquest. The conquests of Moctezuma II are marked by the colour green (based on the maps by Ross Hassig in Aztec Warfare) As a symbol of resistance towards Spanish the name of Moctezuma has been invoked in several indigenous rebellions.[citation needed] One such example was the rebellion of the Virgin Cult in Chiapas in 1721, where the followers of the Virgin Mary rebelled against the Spanish after having been told by an apparition of the virgin that Moctezuma would be resuscitated to assist them against their Spanish oppressors. In the Quisteil rebellion of the Yucatec Maya in 1761 the rebel leader Jacinto Canek reportedly called himself "Little Montezuma". [24] Spanish noble family The grandson of Moctezuma II, Ihuitemotzin, baptized as Diego Luis de Moctezuma, was brought to Spain by King Philip II. There he married Francisca de la Cueva de Valenzuela.[25] In 1627, their son Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma was given the title of 1st Count of Moctezuma de Tultengo, and thus became part of the Spanish nobility. One descendant of this family was General Jerónimo Girón y Moctezuma, commander of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Fort Charlotte and founder of the Guardia Civil.[26] Moctezuma's daughter, Princess Xipaguacin Moctezuma, married Juan de Grau, Baron of Toleriu, one of Cortés's senior officers, who took her back to Spain where she died in the Mountain village of Toleriu, near Andorra, in 1537.[citation needed] References in modern culture Man dressed as Montezuma, Valencia Orange festival, California, 1931 • The Mexican emperor was at the centre of two 18th century Italian operas, Motezuma (1733) by Antonio Vivaldi and Montesuma (1781) by Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, as well as the subject of Roger Sessions' opera Montezuma (1963). He is also protagonist in the modern opera La conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, which depicts the major episodes of the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1521 and the subsequent destruction of the Aztec civilization. His part is written in the Nahuatl language. • The conquest of the Aztecs is recounted in a song by Neil Young called Cortez the Killer from the album Zuma, a tribute to Moctezuma who appears in the song as a wise and benevolent ruler. • In the game Age of Empires II The Conquerors you can play as the Aztecs and Moctezuma is featured in the storyline. The ending is altered from history, with the Aztecs driving back the Spaniards at the final siege of Tenochtitlan. • In the Civilization line of games Montezuma is the leader of the Aztec empire and can be controlled by the player. • The Neil Young song "Cortez the Killer" is about Cortez and his men coming in contact with Moctezuma See also 1. ^ Classical Nahuatl: Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtzin [moteːkʷˈsoːma ʃoːkoˈjoːtsin] 2. ^ Cacique is a hispanicized word of Caribbean origins, meaning "hereditary lord/chief" or "(military) leader". After first encountering the term and office in the Caribbean, conquest-era writers such as Díaz often used it to describe indigenous rulers generally. 3. ^ See the account of Moctezuma's captivity, as given in Díaz del Castillo (1963, pp.245–299). 1. ^ a b Williamson, Edwin (1992). The Penguin history of Latin America. New York: Penguin Books. p. 18. ISBN 0-14-012559-0. OCLC 29998568. 2. ^ a b Hassig, Ross (1988). Aztec warfare: imperial expansion and political control. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 231. ISBN 0-8061-2121-1. OCLC 17106411. 3. ^ González-Obregón, Luis (1992). Las Calles de México (1st ed.). Ciudad de México, DF: Editorial Porrúa. ISBN 968-452-299-1. 4. ^ Andrews, J. Richard (2003) [1975]. Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Revised Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 599. 5. ^ Brinton, Daniel G. (1890). Ancient Nahuatl Poetry. 6. ^ British Museum Exhibition Guide for Moctezuma: Aztec Ruler (2009) 7. ^ The Conquest of New Spain. Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Trans. J.M. Cohen New York: Penguin, 1963. 8. ^ a b Lockhart 1993, pp. 17–19 9. ^ Hernan Cortes: Letters from Mexico. Trans. Anthony Pagden. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1986. 10. ^ Hernan Cortes: Letters from Mexico. Trans. Anthony Pagden. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1986:467. 11. ^ Guzman, Eulalia. Relaciones de Hernan Cortes a Carlos V sobre la invasion de Anáhuac. Vol. I. Mexico, 1958. 12. ^ Tezozomoc, Fernando Alvarado, 1992 (1949), Crónica Mexicayotl, Translated by Adrián León, UNAM, México 13. ^ Restall 2003, chapter 6 14. ^ Restall, 2003, p 97 15. ^ Martínez 1980 16. ^ Phelan 1956 17. ^ Restall, 2003, chapter 6 18. ^ Gillespie, 1989, Chapter 5. 20. ^ Díaz del Castillo (1963, p.294) 21. ^ Gillespie 1989:165–66 22. ^ Bricker,1981:138–9 23. ^ Another telling of the Tohono O'odham legend, dated to 1883 24. ^ Bricker,1981:73 25. ^ "Project MUSE". Retrieved 2009-11-16. 26. ^ "A Descendant of Moctezuma at the Battle of Mobile, 1780". 2001-01-04. Retrieved 2009-11-16. Martínez, Jose Luis (1980). "Gerónimo de Mendieta". Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, UNAM, Mexico 14: 131–197. Phelan, John Leddy (1970) [1956]. The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World: A Study of the Writings of Gerónimo de Mendieta (1525-1604) (2nd edition, revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01404-9. OCLC 88926. 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buy this star Random Star Random Location VBC267: red dwarf star with 2 planets Solar system 'VBC267' comprises the star 'VBC267' and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: 2 planets and their 166 moons, as well as asteroids, meteoroids, planetoids, comets, and interplanetary dust. The principal component of this star system is the star 'VBC267', a red dwarf class star that contains about 99.88% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. VBC267 is located more than 1440 lightyears from the center of the galaxy. This solar system comprises 2 planets VBC267.1 is a very large terrestrial planet (9445 km radius) which orbits its star in 44 Earth days, one day on VBC267.1 lasts 4 Earth hours. Its average temperature is 1927 K (1654 C), its atmosphere mainly consists of nitrogen and it has 2 moons. VBC267.2 is a large gas giant (52696 km radius) which orbits its star in 19901 Earth days, one day on VBC267.2 lasts 2 Earth hours. Its average temperature is 1501 K (1228 C), its atmosphere mainly consists of hydrogen and it has 164 moons. More planetary details... Planetary Orbits Use the following URL to link to this solar system: Planetary Statistics distance from star:17106 km998106 km radius:9445 km52696 km mass:67401021 kg11706381021 kg surface gravity: 5.04 m/s2 0.51 Earths 28.1 m/s2 2.87 Earths escape velocity:9.759 km/s54.45 km/s year: 264 VBC267.1 days 44 Earth days 238812 VBC267.2 days 19901 Earth days day:4 hrs2 hrs axial tilt:28° temperature:1927 K 1654 C 1501 K 1228 C atmosphere:82% N2 10% O2 8% CO2 0% other 96% H2 4% He 0% other as seen on... You may also want to check out our other web projects: Morzino, an e-Learning community with online training software Jamplifier, a platform that allows artists to improve their music Donations \| Sponsoring \| Advertising \| Affiliate Program \| Support \| Press Sign up now, it's free!Signup Username or E-mail Password - Forgot your password?Signup keep me logged in HomeInfoSolar SystemsWikiNewsfeedForumBlogCommunityStore
Index of energy articles: This is an index of energy articles.List of countries by food energy intake: Food consumption refers to the amount of food available for human consumption as estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets. However the actual food consumption may be lower than the quantity shown as food availability depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses of food in the household, e.Lipotoxicity: Lipotoxicity is a metabolic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. The tissues normally affected include the kidneys, liver, heart and skeletal muscle.Glucose transporterAnaerobic glycolysis: Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate when limited amounts of oxygen (O2) are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes.Respirometer: A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. They allow investigation into how factors such as age, chemicals or the effect of light affect the rate of respiration.Inhibitor protein: The inhibitor protein (IP) is situated in the mitochondrial matrix and protects the cell against rapid ATP hydrolysis during momentary ischaemia. In oxygen absence, the pH of the matrix drops.PhosphocreatineMitochondrion: The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek , , i.Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry: The values below are standard reduction potentials for half-reactions measured at 25°C, 1 atmosphere and a pH of 7 in aqueous solution.P/O ratio: The Phosphate/Oxygen Ratio, or P/O Ratio, refers to the amount of ATP produced from the movement of two electrons through a defined electron transport chain, donated by reduction of an oxygen atom.Garrett & Grisham 2010, p.Liver sinusoid: A liver sinusoid is a type of sinusoidal blood vessel (with fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium) that serves as a location for the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.SIU SOM Histology GISpin–lattice relaxation in the rotating frame: Spin–lattice relaxation in the rotating frame is the mechanism by which Mxy, the transverse component of the magnetization vector, exponentially decays towards its equilibrium value of zero, under the influence of a radio frequency (RF) field in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is characterized by the spin–lattice relaxation time constant in the rotating frame, T1ρ.Reverse Krebs cycle: The reverse Krebs cycle (also known as the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid cycle)Matrix model: == Mathematics and physics ==Heptadecanoic acidMyokine: A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by muscle cells (myocytes) in response to muscular contractions.Bente Klarlund Pedersen , Thorbjörn C.Burst kinetics: Burst kinetics is a form of enzyme kinetics that refers to an initial high velocity of enzymatic turnover when adding enzyme to substrate. This initial period of high velocity product formation is referred to as the "Burst Phase".PRX-07034: PRX-07034 is a selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. It has cognition and memory-enhancing properties and potently decreases food intake and body weight in rodents.Sodium pyruvateFlux (metabolism): Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway.Insulin signal transduction pathway and regulation of blood glucose: The insulin transduction pathway is an important biochemical pathway beginning at the cellular level affecting homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, and a variety of other hormones.Temporal analysis of products: Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP), (TAP-2), (TAP-3) is an experimental technique for studyingAdipose tissue macrophages: Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident macrophages present in adipose tissue.Nitrogen deficiencyMyocytolysis: Myocytolysis refers to a degenerative change (often reversible) that occurs to myocytes upon myocardial strain. This phenomenon tends to occur when neighboring cardiac muscle loses its ability to contract (i.Blood glucose monitoring: Blood glucose monitoring is a way of testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia). Particularly important in the care of diabetes mellitus, a blood glucose test is performed by piercing the skin (typically, on the finger) to draw blood, then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'.Carbon–carbon bond: A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms.Single-molecule FRET: Single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (or smFRET) is a biophysical technique used to measure distances at the 1-10 nanometer scale in single molecules, typically biomolecules. It is an application of FRET wherein a single donor and acceptor FRET pairs are excited and detected.Arteriovenous oxygen difference: The arteriovenous oxygen difference, or a-vO2 diff, is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body.Sodium hexametaphosphateEnergy charge: Energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells. It is related to ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations.Gene signature: A gene signature is a group of genes in a cell whose combined expression patternItadani H, Mizuarai S, Kotani H. Can systems biology understand pathway activation?Metabolome: The metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a cell, a cellular organelle, an organ, a tissue, a tissue extract, a biofluid or an entire organism.LeptinMcIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar: McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar is an instrument used in the production of an anaerobic environment. This method of anaerobiosis as others is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in presence of oxygen (anaerobes).Homeothermy: Homeothermy is thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence. This internal body temperature is often, though not necessarily, higher than the immediate environment (Greek: homoios = "similar", thermē = "heat").List of countries by carbon dioxide emissionsAnimal fatColes PhillipsStandard enthalpy of formation: The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the compound from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states at 1 atmosphere (1 atm or 101.3 kPa).HexokinaseBiot's respiration: Biot's respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.Energy policy of Malaysia: The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. The Department of Electricity and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the energy sector include energy supply and service companies, research and development institutions and consumers.Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease: The Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering inherited metabolic disorders. It was established in 1978 and is the official journal of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism.Glycogen synthase: ; ; rendered using PyMOL.Citrate synthase family: In molecular biology, the citrate synthase family of proteins includes the enzymes citrate synthase , and the related enzymes 2-methylcitrate synthase and ATP citrate synthase .Alkaliphile: Alkaliphiles are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5-11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10.Dye-sensitized solar cell: A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC or DYSCWan, Haiying "Dye Sensitized Solar Cells", University of Alabama Department of Chemistry, p. 3) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells.Mature messenger RNA: Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis. Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA, it consists exclusively of exons, with all introns removed.Obligate aerobe: 300px\|thumb\|Aerobic and anaerobic [[bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth: 1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.Metabolomics: Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles.Biotransformation: Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound. If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO2, NH4+, or H2O, the biotransformation is called mineralisation.CALERIE: CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy) is a trial currently underway in the U.S.High-performance liquid chromatography: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture. It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material.Silent mutation: Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not significantly alter the phenotype of the organism in which they occur. Silent mutations can occur in non-coding regions (outside of genes or within introns), or they may occur within exons.Protein toxicity: Protein toxicity with proteinuria can result in those with preexisting kidney disease, or those who have lost kidney function due to age.Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine: Antibiotics are commonly used in commercial swine production in the United States and around the world. They are used for disease treatment, disease prevention and control, and growth promotion.TriglycerideLipid droplet: Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue.Mobilization and cellular uptake of stored fats and triacylglycerol (with Animation) They also serve as a reservoir for cholesterol and acyl-glycerols for membrane formation and maintenance.Butyl acetate (disambiguation): Butyl acetate most often refers to n-butyl acetate. However, there are other isomers that may be considered to be butyl acetates:Creatine kinaseSteptoean positive carbon isotope excursion: The Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) was a geological event which occurred about 500 million years ago at the end of the Cambrian Period. The SPICE event was a sudden reversal of the anoxia (lack of oxygen) that had steadily spread throughout the oceans during the Cambrian which also affected the atmosphere.Lattice protein: Lattice proteins are highly simplified computer models of proteins which are used to investigate protein folding.Maladaptation: A maladaptation () is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful. All organisms, from bacteria to humans, display maladaptive and adaptive traits.Plant Proteome Database: The Plant Proteome Database is a National Science Foundation-funded project to determine the biological function of each protein in plants.Sun Q, Zybailov B, Majeran W, Friso G, Olinares PD, van Wijk KJ.Adenylate kinase: Adenylate kinase () (also known as ADK or myokinase) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of adenine nucleotides, and plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis.Mediated transportMicrosome: In cell biology, microsomes are vesicle-like artifacts re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells.Classification of obesity: Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health.WHO 2000 p.
Personal security As we all know, the Internet is currently vital for society. Almost everyone uses it in millions of different ways on everyday basis and we all rely on diverse web services, honestly believing that everything is trustworthy and secure. But it’s not, multiple threats for our safety exist ‘in the wild’. According to this situation people should keep in mind that providing personal security online is almost as important as retaining physical security of people offline. In this text we’ll focus on 3 personal security fields of study to demonstrate possible problems which should be solved by security experts nowadays, but please note that “personal security” is a big topic, not limited by these subtopics listed below! Online identity theft is not a novelty in the world, managed via the Internet. However, the speed of Internet penetration into everyday life and the lack of information hygiene of many users provides new opportunities for this type of fraud. Every minute thousands of people and even companies become victims of sophisticated cybercriminals. Attackers use methods of social engineering, phishing and other refined methods of searching for innocent victims. They find vulnerabilities and use e-mail, instant messaging (IM), and the web to trick potential victims by luring their credentials and personal information. With the help of this information and credentials, one can perform various malicious actions on the network, including extracting monetary benefits. Online identity theft is different from other types of identity theft, because it does not include the physical abduction of information, and the victim can voluntarily transmit this information to the other side. The result in most cases is the same - identity theft and its misuse by a criminal can lead to loss of creditworthiness, the emergence of debts, and in some cases even to criminal records. This can be achieved through various fraudulent actions on behalf of the victim, such as applying for loans or issuing new credit cards and not billing them, or impersonating a victim and extorting money on the pretext of a loan on social networks. These cybercriminals can also use the stolen digital personality for unauthorized use of checks or debit cards or during unauthorized electronic transfers from the victim's bank account. In the worst case, the fraudsters commit crimes under the name of the victim, after which the victim has to answer to the law enforcement authorities and sometimes be prosecuted. Here are three most popular types of online identity theft · Pharming; · Social Networking Profiles; · Spyware. The protection of privacy and personal data in recent years often appears in the media, especially in the context of a deep study of the user behavior in social networks by different advertising agencies. These issues are often raised in recognition of states claims to transfer the messengers’ encryption keys or the requirement of intelligence agencies to provide master keys for accessing data on user devices. By personal data, we mean any information that allows you to uniquely identify a person or single him out as an individual, while not necessarily knowing his name, it is enough just to be able to uniquely identify him by a number of parameters. Such data includes a name, address, passport number, date of birth, picture, vehicle registration plate number, fingerprints, medical data or even an IP address. Advertising companies only need to know that a certain user X often visits certain sites - in that case, the browsing history and "likes" collected under a certain referring number X are also considered personal information. The amount of data grows exponentially, its processing will change the world in an unpredictable way. Unfortunately, it is difficult to stop the use of big data by states and individuals to monitor people, in violation of their rights. In the connected world, separate fragments of data can no longer be considered in isolation. Protection of personal data is very important in order to maintain the trust between users, businesses and the governments. People need guarantees of their security and privacy. Kids have been bullying each other for generations. But the last generation has much more technological opportunities to harm each other. We are talking about cyberbullying - repeated transmission of hostile or aggressive messages with the help of computers, phones and other devices connected to the Internet in order to harm others or bring them into an uncomfortable state. In most cases, cyberbullying is used by teenagers to harass and humiliate peers. Young people spread unflattering rumors, create websites and profiles in social networks to ridicule others, unauthorizedly shoot their peers on video and share them publically, use anonymous chat rooms for insults and threats. There are many negative consequences associated with cyberbullying, which are embodied in the real world. Victims of cyberbullying feel sad, refuse to visit public places (schools, universities), suffer from low self-esteem, fall into depression, and in the worst case - reach suicidal thoughts. These consequences pose a threat to life and health, thus the development of cyberbullying prevention tools are crucial for someone’s lives. As you can see, personal security is quite a ‘broad‘ field of cybersecurity, which reflects various problems of contemporary world. We encourage you to think about these problems and present some possible solutions as project to make this world a bit safer!
Socialist Worker Stalinism, the Cold War and ‘the end of history’ In the last part of our series Jonny Jones looks at how imperialism operates today Issue No. 2070 Francis Fukuyama Francis Fukuyama The world was divided into two competing imperialist blocs at the end of the Second World War – the capitalist West and the state capitalist Soviet Union along with its satellites and allies. This division was agreed at a series of summit meetings between the victorious wartime allies – the US, Britain and Russia. With this redivision, the US’s allies subordinated themselves to US military leadership. Britain and France had to accept the dismantling of trading blocs based on their empires, which had excluded the US as a competitor. On the other side of the division state capitalism had developed in Russia as the revolution was isolated in the 1920s. Stalin and the bureaucracy around him destroyed any vestige of working class control and established a new ruling class. The Soviet Union abandoned internationalism, basing its foreign policy on the security interests of Stalin’s ruling class. It even allied with Hitler until the German dictator reneged on the deal. When the war ended in 1945 Russia occupied much of Eastern Europe, plundering its resources. The superpower stand-off that became known as the Cold War was far from cold. Several times the US went to war with small nations who were being supported by Russia – most dramatically in Korea and Vietnam. The growing importance of oil in the world economy led to increasing superpower attention on the Middle East. Israel operated as a US client in the region, receiving massive levels of financial and military aid. As Henry Kissinger, President Richard Nixon’s national security adviser, said of US support for Israel in 1973, “What we wanted was the most massive Arab defeat possible so that it would be clear to the Arabs that they would get nowhere with dependence on the Soviets.” In the 1950s many newly independent countries, such as India, Egypt and Indonesia, had seen impressive Russian growth rates and saw state controlled industrialisation as a model to follow. However, Russian growth rates declined through the 1970s and stagnated in the 1980s. It could not afford the renewed arms race begun by US President Ronald Reagan. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 as it simply could not compete with the West. Its economic system had been based on national economies with limited exchange with the West. Globally, that had been the norm until the 1950s but from the 1960s Western imperialism increasingly relied on global production to benefit from lower production costs. One school of Marxist economists reacted to the cynicism of post-war imperialism by arguing that imperialism drained the wealth of poor countries and prevented them from industrialising. This left the rulers of these countries dependent on advanced capitalist countries until they could break away into national forms of development. But this theory, known as dependency theory, failed to explain why there had been significant industrial development in “dependant countries” such as Brazil and Argentina. By the 1980s countries like South Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia had become major industrial producers. States like Nigeria, South Africa and Brazil began to operate as sub-imperialisms throwing their weight around in their “own” backyards. Imperialism was never simply about the exploitation of poor countries by the rich. It was about the creation of a hierarchy of economic, financial and military power. Currently 80 percent of the world’s capital flows are between the US, Japan, Britain and Europe. There was widespread belief that the motor of international conflict had disappeared when the Stalinist system collapsed. George Bush senior talked of a “new world order”, while political theorist Francis Fukuyama famously announced the arrival of “the end of history” – in the form of free market capitalism. Since then the gap between the world’s rich and poor has increased. The US has been involved in major conflicts in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. Far from imperialist rivalries ending, the US is more dependent than ever on exerting its military superiority. Paradoxically, humiliation in Iraq increases the chances of reckless and desperate action, such as an attack on Iran.
Growth demands defense of water resources James Island creeks flow into the Ashley River and Charleston Harbor. (Ed Buckley/Staff) Rapid growth in the Charleston metro area means more people to house, more pavement to drive on, more lawns to maintain, more industry to provide jobs, more wastewater to clean. Those factors take a toll on water quality in the area’s tidal estuaries, rivers and harbor, eventually leading to the Atlantic Ocean. But water quality monitoring has not kept up with population growth. Indeed, in some ways we know less about the pollutants, chemicals and bacteria in our marine environment than we did in the past, when it was under considerably less stress from growth and development. Thousands of pounds of toxic pollutants flow into local streams and rivers each year, including dozens of dangerous and carcinogenic chemicals. Current monitoring efforts keep close tabs on only a small portion of those pollutants, and at a limited number of testing sites. The state Department of Health and Environmental Control tests water for a variety of bacteria, pollution, toxins and chemicals at 31 permanent locations in the tri-county area every two months. Twelve random sites are tested each year. But at least 63 former permanent testing locations in the area are no longer monitored. That’s largely due to a recession-era restructuring of the DHEC water quality testing program in 2009. The S.C. Department of Natural Resources and the federal Environmental Protection Agency also provide periodic reports, but only every few years. Charleston Waterkeeper, a non-profit organization, has stepped in to fill some of the gap, monitoring fecal bacteria at 14 recreational landings in the area around Charleston Harbor. But while the information from those public and private groups is vitally useful, it doesn’t provide a clear enough picture of the overall health of Charleston’s water resources. And there doesn’t appear to be any organized strategy in place to improve oversight. In light of ongoing population growth, that needs to change. Tri-county governments should work to develop a unified plan that would help minimize the impact of future development on coastal waters. It should include intensive studies of water quality in areas facing particularly rapid growth to monitor shifts in pollutants and detect dangerous trends. Any community-wide management plan must also mandate special caution in further developing waterfront properties to ensure that streams and rivers are protected from run-off by substantial buffers of marsh and native vegetation. And it should continue broad support for programs like the Charleston County Greenbelt, the state Conservation Bank and public-private partnerships that work to preserve critical Lowcountry wetlands and green spaces. Individuals who live near the water can help by reducing the amount of impervious surfaces — such as paved driveways — on their property, planting vegetation to control erosion and soak up excess rainwater, and limiting the use of fertilizers and other chemicals on lawns and gardens. Pet waste can also cause unhealthy spikes in fecal bacteria if not disposed of properly. Taking such simple steps can dramatically improve the health of nearby bodies of water. But it will take a concerted effort from Lowcountry leaders to ensure that population growth coincides with an unyielding defense of Charleston area streams, rivers and estuaries.
The Ancient Greek Word oecumene came into broad circulation in the Hellenistic era to refer to the inhabited world. It was a world that stretched from the Mediterranean basin to India, and from the Caucasus mountains to the Arabian Peninsula, encompassing diverse peoples and cultures connected via trade routes and empire building, alliances and conquests. By “the inhabited world,” oecumene of course meant the world inhabited by people. What the concept implied by exclusion, by what it passed over in silence, is that nonhumans do not inhabit. Only people are inhabitants, while animals, plants, and the natural communities they create merely exist in certain places—until they are forced to make way for, or be converted to serve, the oecumene. Oecumene stands out as one of the first human imperialistic concepts. It is an idea constituted through omitting the actions that realize it—the appropriation of the natural world—presenting its meaning instead in a positive register: “the world inhabited by people.” It suggested a kind of protoglobalization, since oecumene included a cosmopolitan terrain. Indeed, through its later linguistic transformation into “ecumenical” (meaning universal), oecumene foreshadowed globalization—humanity’s planet-wide occupation and the obliteration of the wild that the concept implied and through which it was realized. Oecumene can be characterized as a “crystallization of culture,” a significant sign of the lodging of anthropocentrism into language and thereby into broadly shared patterns of thought. It indicates that human beings, since civilization’s beginnings, have proclaimed the separate and special prerogative of the human. For generations untold, people have been inheriting this belief system and living by its compass, through cultural constellations of concepts, philosophies, theologies, and theories, until ultimately—by such serial, ideological sedimentations over the course of many centuries—the anthropocentric belief system has acquired the foundational status of “commonsense.” This belief system certainly has a different valence for different individuals and cultures. But broadly speaking, it professes that human beings, by virtue of the ostensible special nature of their consciousness and skills, are essentially distinct from other species, superior in their form of being (which includes, among other things, the ability to reason, foresee their own death, and terraform via technology), and entitled primacy with respect to having their interests met prior to all else. Anthropocentrism thus constructs an existential apartheid between, on the one hand, humans as a distinctive species-being with special privileges and, on the other, all other life forms regarded, more or less, as the usable or displaceable “merely living.” Anthropocentrism’s entrenchment accounts for its pervasiveness and apparent naturalness, yet it is not beyond the reach of critical inquiry, dissection, and refutation. To inquire into anthropocentrism is to ask what kind of belief system it is. The unquestioned conviction with which people uphold the anthropocentric credo belies its characterization as mere belief, because it is in the nature of belief to be open to questioning and relinquishment in the face of a better alternative. At the same time, to call anthropocentrism a kind of folk knowledge—that we just know humans are different and have special entitlements, by the sundry evidence all around us—is to normalize an understanding of the human which the evidence all around us surely reflects only because humans have made that evidence, through actions that their sense of specialness has inspired and informed, to do so. We find ourselves then in the awkward conceptual space of a “belief system”—that of anthropocentrism as I sketched it above—which cannot be convincingly characterized as either mere belief or certain knowledge. To be open to discerning the historically constructed and reconstructed character of anthropocentrism—its achieved legitimacy as a matter of conquest and often violence, and not a result of the rightful prerogative, or nature, of the human; its commonsensical entrenchment as a corollary of the erasure of the nonhuman (physical obliteration, discursive belittlement, or the simple invisibility of the vanquished at all levels of perception); its victory as a perhaps once-evitable, but increasingly inescapable, historical course which has been entraining a time of reckoning (the time when oecumene would be all there is to see)—to be open to discerning these qualities of anthropocentrism that inquiry makes available, thereby seeing it in a novel, non-commonsensical light, is to understand that it may compellingly be described as “false knowledge.” False knowledge is a most obstinate species of belief, for it tends to strongly resist dislodging. There exist notable examples of false knowledge systems, akin to the credo of anthropocentrism in the unswerving conviction with which they were held and the enticements of grandeur that underpinned them: namely, the knowledge that the Earth is the center of the universe around which planets, Moon, and Sun revolve; and also the knowledge that humans were specially created in the image of God. Of the same epistemic status and kin content is simply knowing—deeply and almost irrefutably—that humans are different, special, and always come first. Indeed, it is this conviction that partially grounded the long-standing knowledge systems of Earth-centered astronomy and creationism, for what all three false ways of knowing have in common is self-glorification. When Nicolaus Copernicus wrote the tract that would refute Ptolemaic astronomy, he let the manuscript sit, virtually unread, on his desk for (at least) nine years. Charles Darwin kept his knowledge of the fact of evolution secret for twenty-one—and when he shared it with his botanist friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, he described the moment of confidence as akin to “confessing murder.” These stories convey the following: Standard belief systems, even if highly respected and securely ensconced, can be interrogated; but false knowledge is confronted only at one’s peril. To characterize anthropocentrism as a (false) way of knowing is another way of saying that it describes reality for most people. And herein lies all the power that anthropocentrism claims. It possesses the moral power of always prioritizing human needs and desires. It provides the economic and political power of appropriating whatever humans can use from the natural world—from oceans, forests, rivers, grasslands, coasts, wildlife, domestic animals, genomes, or the crust of the Earth—by making the sources themselves invisible except in relation to our use of them. Anthropocentrism creates the ontological power to elide the acts of taking as acts of taking, through their ceaseless (small-to-mega) enactments as unremarkably ordinary. And, finally, through the power of its commonsensical standing, anthropocentrism keeps people under the spell of all of the above. For the dominant mindset, with nary a conscious thought, such is the real world: We came, we saw, we conquered. And to question this reality—the reality of human empire—places one outside, or at the margins, of every human club: academic, political, religious, or cultural. So while in the modern secular era questioning political regimes, religious dogmas, power structures, and even scientific theories or facts is kosher and often praiseworthy, questioning human empire is not. Questioning that particular reality will earn one certain unsavory labels. (And challenging that reality through activism can nowadays land one in prison or dead.) Labels: for example, that you are being unrealistic. Or romantic. Juvenile. Probably misanthropic. Environmental thinkers and activists with deep-ecological leanings, who have countered the human regime on Earth with the ideals of biotic membership and biospherical egalitarianism, have been called all these names. Recently their perspective has been proclaimed dead, dysfunctional, or passé. But while such labels impress with their dismissive power, we need not be led astray by that power—for it does not reflect on the sobriety of questioning human domination, but rather evidences the tremendous sway of that domination backed doubly by the authority of history and by certain almighty material interests that be. The establishment of human domination—with the penetration of anthropocentrism’s myriad tendrils into the lifeworld, not to say into economic, political, and institutional power structures—means that those who question its legitimacy cannot be given audience but will invariably, for the time being, be written off. For it comes down to this: The ideational and institutional schemata of human privilege have long been championed by a dominant civilization, which has carved planetary reality to reflect the cult of human specialness, such that between the Scylla of anthropocentric ideas and the Charybdis of global terraforming, the human mind has virtually zero degrees of freedom to think outside the box of Earth takeover and self-arbitrated rule. Be that as it may, after millennia of the empire’s march are the consequences. The consequences are called the Sixth Extinction. They are called climate change, ocean acidification, and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. They are called large-scale deforestation and desertification. The consequences are called 400 marine dead zones worldwide. They are called 90 percent of the big fish in the oceans are gone, and “empty forest syndrome.” The consequences are called the stifling of animal migrations and the constriction of wild species’ home ranges. They are also called the closing of the human heart to the suffering of farm animals. The consequences are called ecological amnesia, on the one hand, and a widening wave of grieving for lost beings and places, on the other. Today the whole planet is the oecumene and what the latter concept started out by implicitly erasing—the reality that nonhumans do inhabit and have equal prerogative to flourish here as we do—has become manifest by time, the revelator, as a nonhuman holocaust that is not even permitted to be called one. If at the heart of this juggernaut lies human self-appointed rule, then are we not called to take aim? Neo-greens choose sustaining human dominion Far from taking aim, a twenty-first-century vocal contingent of environmentalism—referred to variously as post-environmentalism, new environmentalism, eco-pragmatism, and eco-optimism, and often allied with the recent pitch to rename our geological epoch the Anthropocene—is disinclined from disputing human domination. Instead, it opts for the realistic work of damage control and of reforming the ways humans exercise planetary charge. Neo-greens, as I will refer to the exponents of this platform, seek to redress the adverse consequences of our impact while refraining from challenging the historical impulse toward Earth’s occupation; and they often endeavor to recast the human presence in a more sanguine light. The neo-green platform admits that there are serious environmental problems to grapple with, but the humanization of the planet is not one of them—let alone their root cause. The problems are certain harmful side effects (most especially) of industrial civilization, with climate change usually considered the gravest. But the disposition of civilization to use the Earth as though it were deeded as human private property is left unchallenged and treated in the quotidian modality of “normal.” Some neo-greens, recognizing the possibility that biophysical limits may have been (or might soon be) breached by human excesses, seek to identify and circumscribe planetary boundaries for key parameters in order to sustain a global environment that provides “a safe operating space for humanity” to continue its onward, if reformed, march. A critical mission of the neo-green agenda is to contain, mitigate, adapt to, or technically solve any consequences of civilization that might backfire, while essentially preserving the impetus of civilization’s expansionism, and even celebrating its future extraterrestrial ventures. The Earth’s colonization is not portrayed as the exercise of power over the biosphere to serve human interests (and especially the interests of elites), but as a sign of the human race’s godlike stature. Turning virtually the entire globe into “the inhabited world” showcases a superlative quality of the human, rather than manifesting the cumulative outcome of long centuries of dominating nature by the lights of a human supremacist worldview. Famously, in the words of Stewart Brand, we are as gods, and—in the interests of keeping our planet a workable stage for our unfolding destiny—we have to get good at it. Getting good at being god involves making the takeover of the planet sustainable. To that effect one requirement is sound global management of natural resources. While the idea of “wilderness”—a conceptual and pragmatic roadblock to such management, as well as to the legitimacy of constituting nature qua resources—is tirelessly assailed by the neo-green platform, the concept of “natural resources” (and kin cultural crystallizations of the anthropocentric credo) is left unpacked, as though its patently sensible import puts it beyond deconstructive exegesis. Besides sound resource management, also imperative for addressing risks—such as resource depletion (for example, freshwater) or sink overload (for example, dangerous levels of greenhouse gases)—is the deployment of technological inventions and solutions, with special emphasis on cutting-edge technologies. (Genetic engineering and geoengineering are prominent examples). The appeal to cutting-edge technologies accomplishes the double task of offering promissory notes (which, if empty, no one will be accountable for) and of seizing ownership of the future by extending the exercise of technical power to address problems while simultaneously avoiding reflection on humanity’s power-driven mode of operation and on the available choice of a more humble path. A predilection for the technological not only shuns wrestling with human planetary politics—in which everything from mountaintops to underground shale and from genomes to climate are treated as our rightful turf—but, at least tacitly, fortifies that planetary politics which tends to enforce its regime via technological means. Alongside sound management and technological approaches, the neo-green agenda also embraces the surveillance of natural systems so as to scientifically monitor chemical, physical, and biological phenomena with the aim of maintaining or enhancing humanity’s prospects. These interconnected strategies (management, technology, and surveillance) involve upgrading and fine-tuning the rationalization of technical means to serve human ends, such that current challenges, especially those which are civilization-threatening, can be grasped as an opportunity to veer ourselves out of danger and toward a more secure and greener human empire. “We can only hope,” according to geographer and Anthropocene proponent Erle Ellis, “that human systems will continue to evolve in their capacity to create and sustain the biosphere we want and need.” The strategy of creating and sustaining a human-ruled biosphere reaffirms the legitimacy of anthropocentrism, avoids interrogating our relationship with the biosphere and its whole ensemble of life as an ethical matter, and resolutely eschews confronting global civilization as a totalitarian system on Earth. As alluded to above, neo-greens recast a dominant human presence as not-so-dire-a-prospect after all. According to this view, mourning the loss and depredation of the wild keeps us from appreciating the beauty that is part of all kinds of landscapes, including human-shaped ones; and obsessing over the exploitation and conversion of the natural world leaves us unable to recognize that nature is resilient and constantly changing anyway. Such environmental revisionism redefines humanity’s impact as just another biogeological moment of Earth’s history—and even a remarkable one; and it endeavors to banish the environmental blues by extending a more optimistic welcome to humanity’s decisive presence. The metaphor of “garden” (or of “gardened planet”) is invoked to envision the present and future world—tidy in some places, overgrown in others, but still beautiful, fecund, rambunctious, and ever in flux. This global garden in the making will not be, to borrow the words of ecologist Peter Kareiva (and his colleagues), “a carefully manicured and rigid one” but instead will be a tangle of natural ecosystems along with lands for food production, mineral extraction, urban centers, and so on. The human-dominated era opening indefinitely before us can be an epoch, in Ellis’s words, “ripe with human-directed opportunity.” It is a world that, if we cannot bring ourselves to embrace it, we can at least resign ourselves to. For “while there is nothing particularly good about a planet hotter than our ancestors ever experienced—not to mention one free of wild forests or wild fish—it seems all too evident that human systems are prepared to adapt to and prosper in the hotter, less biodiverse planet that we are busily creating.” The state of the world captured via the garden metaphor sounds innocuous enough. But to invoke a different metaphor from popular culture, opting for the gardened-planet image is like taking the blue pill, instead of the red one, from Morpheus’s extended hand—choosing “the blissful ignorance of illusion over the painful truth of reality.” The painful reality of Matrix-planet is that it will be chock-full of industrial agricultural checkerboards and grazing lands; factory farms; industrial fish-farm operations; industrial energy landscapes; theme parks and resorts; highway systems, roads, and parking lots; billions of cars and other vehicles; and sprawling cities, as well as suburban, exurban, and rural settlements; malls; landfills; airports; and beachfront development. Global trade and travel, with their 24/7 traffic of already huge quantities of stuff, will escalate enormously—as will the entropy of nature conversion, biodiversity loss, and pollution that accompany them. The presence of humans will be palpable everywhere in this world devoid of any blank spots on the map—a world used, managed, monitored, gridded, and reduced to being knowable, with the map itself eventually turned into the territory. Thus, opting for Morpheus’s red pill, the planet’s ecological and existential predicament is plain, if painful, to see: “Gardened planet” is a euphemism for colonized Earth. And humanity is not penning another interesting chapter of natural history, but heralding the end of a sublime one—so long as we stay the course toward a coming world of 9, 10, or more billion people, running a global capitalist economy, and governing by the conceit that this planet is human real estate. To paraphrase author John Gray, the horror we should flee is making such a humanized world in which humans encounter only reflections of themselves. The view that humanity is an integral part of Earth’s natural history, and that through our unique powers we are creating new expressions of nature, is a standard thread in the neo-green literature. This perspective on our shaping of the biosphere naturalizes the human impact—and usually in an offhanded manner: Because what is the human presence, after all, if not a manifestation of nature? According to environmental author Emma Marris, for example, since we know that ecosystems are never static, “this means that novel [anthropogenic or human-influenced] ecosystems, far from being a new phenomenon, simply represent the latest changes on a dynamic Earth.” Similarly, environmental journalist Fred Pearce asserts that constant change is a natural aspect of the world; “humans may have dramatically speeded that up, but novelty is the norm.” And yet, the tack of naturalizing humanity’s impact is profoundly contestable, because people (at both an individual and a cultural level) are capable of engaging in very different kinds of relationship with nonhuman nature and the Earth. I submit that far from humanity’s impact being “natural,” its character supervenes from a species-supremacist, actionable belief system that only recently has a minority of human beings awakened to and recoiled from. With respect to Western civilization—now dominating human affairs—from classical antiquity, through Judeo-Christian theology, to dominant strands of modern scientific and political thought, its intellectual canon and legacy have been overwhelmingly anthropocentric. Anthropocentrism (or human supremacy) has shaped the dominant culture and has both orchestrated and legitimated a plundering human behavior toward the natural world. Such human behavior can be regarded as “natural” only by espousing a hard-core neo-Darwinian view of life as ruthless, competitive, and fundamentally self-centered. But this Western, pseudo-scientific view is narrow and suspiciously self-serving, and thus cogent only as an ideology and not a comprehensive empirical representation of the nature of life. More than fallacious, naturalizing our planetary takeover is an unwitting form of myth-making, fully intertwined with the neo-green elevation of the human to godlike status and with its ardent desire to christen a slice of geological time after anthropos. Mythmaking is integral to the human imagination, yet this currently propounded mythology is but the latest spin on humanistic narcissism; it is a mythology we would be wise to exorcise. Naturalizing the disfigurement and impoverishment of the biosphere—and simultaneously elevating this particular effect as stemming from humanity’s power to create new expressions of nature—is a move accomplished by de-historicizing the human: “The history of the concept of man is never examined. Everything occurs as if the sign ‘man’ has no origin, no historical, cultural, or linguistic limit.” To inquire into humanity’s anthropocentric mode of operation as socio- and psycho-historically constituted is to disclose that it is merely one constructed meaning of the human; such disclosure opens a horizon within which we become free to shift into the work of recreating ourselves and our way of life on Earth. This is a horizon of human freedom that cannot be forfeited without severely contracting the very scope of what it means to be human. We are in danger of losing the freedom to remake ourselves as a compassionate and integral planetary member, if we embrace the pitch that humanity’s identity as planetary overlord is natural. Concerning the neo-green appeal to the priority of social justice It is neither facile analogy nor rhetorical ploy to urge questioning anthropocentrism in the same spirit of inquiry and conscience that Caucasian-centeredness has been challenged. Human species supremacy and white racial supremacy are profoundly similar and, in fact, overlapping systems of thought. White supremacy drew its power from claims of racial superiority that were perceived as entirely commonsensical; moreover, to secure its hegemony, it leaned into the even more “obvious” reality of human supremacy over all other species by portraying non-Caucasian races as akin to “lower forms of life” (especially animals such as apes and insects). Inequalities between human groups, on the one hand, and the grand hierarchy of the human–nonhuman, on the other, have always been enmeshed, mutually supportive frameworks. The neo-green perspective alleges concern about inequities between people and about the lot of the world’s poor. At the same time, it leaves standing the received hierarchy between humans and nonhuman nature—refusing to examine the troubled relationship between people and the natural world through the lens of justice. Issues of justice are reserved (in the time-honored Western intellectual tradition) for the human domain, and matters of social justice (the gap between the consumer classes and the poor) are judged as most immediately pressing. Environmental author Paul Hawken recently voiced the perspective of the primacy of social justice with the following appeal: “There is no question that the environmental movement is critical to our survival. Our house is literally burning, and it is only logical that environmentalists expect the social justice movement to get on the environmental bus. But it is the other way around; the only way we are going to put out the fire is to get on the social justice bus and heal our wounds.” Kareiva and his colleagues pursue a similar thread of reasoning: “Most people worldwide (regardless of culture) welcome the opportunities that development provides to improve lives of grinding poverty. . . . Conservation should seek to support and inform the right kind of development—development by design, done with the importance of nature to thriving economies foremost in mind.” Environmental analysts Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus are optimistic about the prospects: “By 2100, nearly all of us will be prosperous enough to live healthy, free, and creative lives. Despite the claims of Malthusian pessimists, that world is both economically and ecologically possible. But to realize it, and to save what remains of the Earth’s ecological heritage, we must once and for all embrace human power, technology, and the larger process of modernization.” What such analyses choose to ignore is that poverty has long been a social reality arising from civilization’s peculiar relationship with the natural world: namely, of viewing nature as a container of coveted resources that can be appropriated (through the exercise of some form of power or other) for the creation of what we have come to call wealth. From time immemorial, just as today, the underclass and the powerless have been forcibly limited from accessing resources for their own material advantage. It is thus injustice toward the more-than-human world—stripping it of its intrinsic being and value, and turning it into being-for and value-for people (“resources”)—that constitutes the foundation of social injustice and inequality. Yet that foundation remains largely invisible, because a critical dimension of humanity’s self-awarded entitlement to use nature as we will has also been to make it taboo to regard our relationship with the natural world as having anything to do with matters of justice or injustice. Thus the anthropocentric credo, today buoyed along through such ideas as “resources,” “natural capital,” “ecological services,” “working landscapes,” and the like—ideas specifically indebted to the erasure of any intrinsic modality (ontological or evaluative) of the nonhuman realm—is left untouched, as is its plainly colonialist vocabulary. At the same time, the solution to social injustice is portrayed as the “democratic” (ever the buzzword) sharing of planetary loot, loot described more politely through such commonplace concepts as those listed above. The poor will be lifted from their dire plight, so goes the promise, as the natural world becomes sustainably degraded for the benefit of all people. But as I now turn to argue, the problem with this solution to social injustice is that it will not work; and if it were to work, it could hardly be called justice. Social relations between people do not transpire in a vacuum, despite the cult of humanity’s long-cultivated fancy that the natural world is a stage for the grand show of human affairs. It is within the context of the dominant relationship between humanity and Earth that social relations have become constituted as material, normative, and historical realities. As long as the living world is construed as a suite of resources to be seized or converted, human relations will tend to manifest the corollaries of this materialized belief: There will be competition, exploitation, corruption, struggle for access and control, posturing, and conflict over all manner of resources. Systematic distortions of human relations are inextricably coupled with the resourcist mindset—they are supported and inflamed by the relentlessly enacted regard of the natural world as a domain-to-be-used for human profit or advancement. The source of the disparity between the haves and the have-nots thus lies in the conception-cum-treatment of Earth’s living beings and nonliving things as resources—a corrupt concept which continues to masquerade as merely a descriptive word. While its pervasiveness normalizes it, it is worth investigating what kind of relationship to the biosphere this word signals. “Resources” is an abstraction for referring to a multitude of things in the living and nonliving world, while referring, as such, to nothing in particular: Simply put, it is a placeholder for designating the natural world in terms of its disposability for human needs, wants, desires, and whims. Thus, while seemingly an objective referent to things (oil, fish, soil, freshwater, and so on), the concept of resources reconfigures the natural world in terms of how it is usable, thereby entirely bypassing, and via its ceaseless use erasing, nature’s intrinsic standing—both as being and as value. Indeed, “natural resources” blocks human thought from seeing the natural world in its intrinsic light. “Resources” is thus a linguistic accompaniment of the assault on and excessive exploitation of the natural world. The transfiguration of the natural world into resources has come to shape human thought and action at such an encompassing level that people largely perceive the natural world through this single framework: of how it is usable and/or profitable. In a world thus diminished, enslaved, or otherwise turned into means for human ends, social justice is pragmatically all but unachievable, because people (as well as entities such as corporations and states which are run, and embraced, by people) will inexorably be incited to do what it takes to possess the useful or money-spinning means: land, freshwater, territory, fisheries, fur, genes, oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, timber, wildlife (dead or alive), livestock, metals, and minerals. As long as these means remain the perceived conduit toward wealth, privilege, and the good life, the goal of social justice is likely to remain elusive. But assume for the sake of argument that social justice is achievable on a planet of resources—a planet used, managed, and engineered to be productive for human beings. Let’s posit, along these lines, that humanity recognizes the folly of the unequal distribution of resources and decides to share the so-called commonwealth (the modern equivalent of the oecumene) fairly among all people. This thought experiment discloses the second reason that social justice is untenable without a radically new relationship between humanity and the more-than-human-world. Consider the following analogy: that Adolf Hitler had won the war and the Third Reich achieved global rule. People of Nordic descent established their dominion, while “inferior human stock” was exterminated, assimilated, or put to work; the Aryan race succeeded in founding its Golden Age, with its members enjoying, more or less equitably, all the amenities of the good life. Now map this thought experiment onto the achievement of a just world for all humans (regardless of race, ethnicity, class, caste, religion, gender, etc.), within a civilization built upon the subordination of the Earth’s nonhumans and the appropriation of their oecumene (a.k.a. the wild)—a human world that, in order “to raise all ships,” required the unavoidable side effects of (mass?) extinction, global ecological depredation, and techno-managerial planetary oversight; required, in a word, an occupied planet. Does this scenario not describe a victorious Human Reich—with all its members partaking equitably of the world’s resources? Regarding such an advent of social justice, one might justifiably ask: What could the idea of justice possibly even mean at that point? Social justice is not achievable as long as the natural world continues to be stripped of its intrinsic standing and reconfigured as a collection of resources. By virtue of the sorts of entities they are, resources not only encourage but also largely create the acquisitive mindset that undergirds human conflict, corruption, and injustice. On the other hand, should people achieve greater material equity—while sustaining the anthropocentric representation of nature as made-for-humans—then social justice will come to pass at the price of planetary colonization, thereby evacuating the very concept of justice of any meaningful sense. Earth is the origin and irreplaceable field of all human experience, the all-encompassing context of social life. Humanity’s rupture from the Earth community along with humanity’s takeover of the planet as an instrumental totality of objects-and-services-for-human-use have pathologized the human psyche in a way that will likely continue to prevent the healing of intra-human conflict. The ground for social justice and world peace is literally missing without Earth respected and restored as a living world and the rejection of the received hierarchy between humans and the rest of nature. Let us be clear about the magnitude of what is called for: the relinquishment of our fabricated, special and privileged identity. It is a matter of becoming receptive to an idea whose time has come: that the Earth is not made for people, any more than it was made for the universe to frame itself around and for planetary bodies to circumambulate. Saving the phenomena or revolutionary transformation? The development of Ptolemaic astronomy originated around the time that the idea of oecumene had become pervasive; it offered a powerful model of the workings of the heavens that ruled people’s understanding of the universe, and of Earth’s place within it, for fourteen hundred years. A geocentric image was the unquestionable core of Ptolemaic astronomy—supported by the apparent nature of the phenomena, namely, the seeming motion of planets, Moon, and Sun and the seeming stillness of the Earth. But since the Ptolemaic picture corresponded poorly with actual astronomical reality (as opposed to a perceived and promulgated geocentric reality) problems with the model’s predictions emerged and accumulated. These problems had to be solved—and so they were, but not by abandoning the geocentric picture and inquiring into alternatives. Instead, corrective mechanisms were affixed to the Ptolemaic model, such as “epicycles” which posited additional circular movements to a planet’s standard Earth orbit (thus explaining that planet’s “retrograde movement”). A number of corrective mechanisms (epicycles being but one) were able to explain—for a while—discrepancies between the dearly-held-onto geocentric model and actual observations. As a consequence, over time, Ptolemaic astronomy became complicated and cumbersome, a proverbial Byzantine edifice, continuously reconstructed to sustain the Earth-centered gestalt and save the phenomena. But after a millennium and a half of laboring to make it hold, the central location of the Planet of the Humans had to be abandoned. Neo-green environmentalism is holding onto its own version of Ptolemaic astronomy, namely, the core belief in the rightfulness or inevitability of a human-governed planet. Even as faith in human rule has soured, with oceans, forests, rivers, grasslands, species, and climate sacrificed to its bogus altar, the neo-green perspective seeks to add epicycle after epicycle to the model of human governance to keep it in place: nuclear power, biofuels, carbon capture and storage, and so forth to help stabilize levels of greenhouse gases; genetic engineering of crops and animals to solve the food crisis, the nitrogen and phosphorus overload, freshwater shortfalls, or what-have-you; geoengineering to cope with possible climate disruption, and eventually repurposed to adjust Earth’s thermostat to favorable settings; desalinization projects and massive wind, hydropower, and photovoltaic industrial operations to continue funneling water and sustainable energy to many billions of people; placing monetary values on biodiversity and ecosystem services, so the market might safeguard some remaining natural areas; “de-extinction” projects and synthetic biology for the supposed instatement of human-made biological diversity sometime in the future; and efficient management and recycling to keep the flow of raw materials feeding a globalized industrialism. In other words, whatever it takes, so that the planetary authority of the human need not be confronted. The neo-green perspective would have us (enthusiastically or reluctantly) embrace a world that is massively complicated, mega-technological, engineered, risk-tending, used, biologically impoverished, overpopulated, and filled with (equitably shared) consumer stuff. The sole virtue of such a world is that it saves the historically bequeathed phenomenon of human rule. There exists another path into the future, one which is more elegant, more beautiful, more ethical, and more becoming of the human spirit: on this path, wild nature—terrestrial and marine—is reinstated as the unbroken, rich-in-life tapestry within which human communities thrive in integration with their inhabited bioregions. Humanity must move out of the center and let the Earth and its whole community of life flourish there. Moving out of the center means scaling back humanity’s presence enormously: humanely reducing global population to a far lower level than it presently is; ending overproduction and the excesses of global trade; ending industrial food production, along with its ecological, ethical, environmental, and public health horrors; and ceasing to stifle the freedom and creative powers of nature by playing Lord Man. Perhaps most fundamentally, moving out of the center means disowning the human supremacy complex—its blindness to the stupendous intrinsic power of the natural world and to the madness of its own heart. This essay is from Keeping the Wild: Against the Domestication of Earth, ed. G. Wuerthner, E. Crist, and T. Butler. (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2014) 16-30. Read the introduction here. Reproduced at with permission. 1. On the idea of oecumene in the Hellenistic and Roman world, see F. Walbank, Polybius, Rome and the Hellenistic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 2, 8; D. Wilcox, The Measure of Times Past: Pre-Newtonian Chronologies and the Rhetoric of Time (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), 85. For oecumene as a foreshadowing of globalization, see P. James, “Global Formation: From the Oecumene to Planet Exploitation,” Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In (London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2006), 262–91. 2. Susan Bordo’s (1977) expression. See S. Bordo, “Anorexia Nervosa: Psychopathology as the Crystallization of Culture,” in Food and Culture, ed. C. Counihan and P. Van Esterik (New York: Routledge, 1997), 226–50. 3. I believe I owe the phrasing to animal rights writer and activist Tom Regan; see his Defending Animal Rights (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001). 4. See Nicolaus Copernicus’s famous “Letter to His Holiness Pope Paul III,” published as the preface to the first edition of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543): a remarkable document in endeavoring to placate the highest office of geocentric dogma, while also expressing great trepidation for “daring against the received opinion of mathematicians, and almost against common sense, to imagine some motion of the Earth.” In A. M. Duncan, Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1976), 23–27. 5. Environmental “purists,” opines columnist Margaret Wente in a recent stringing of labels, “have been terrible for environmentalism because they’ve alienated the public with their misanthropic, anti-growth, anti-technology, dogmatic, zealous, romantic, backward-looking message”; M. Wente, “Can Enviro-optimists Save the Movement from Itself?” The Globe and Mail, 20 April 2013. See George Monbiot’s witty response to such name-calling in a recent Guardian publication; G. Monbiot, “I Love Nature. For This I am Called Bourgeois, Romantic—Even Fascist,” The Guardian (8 July 2013). 6. “We’ve come through a period of finally understanding the nature and magnitude of humanity’s transformation of the earth. Having realized it, can we become clever enough at a big enough scale to be able to maintain the rates of progress?” This quote from a Harvard biologist is a pithy, if bald-faced, representation of neo-green reasoning (cited in Andrew Revkin’s New York Times report, aptly titled “Managing Planet Earth: Forget Nature. Even Eden is Engineered,” New York Times 20 August 2002). 7. Key parameters, according to the planetary boundaries perspective, include anthropogenic nitrogen, greenhouse gases, and biodiversity loss. See J. Rockström et al., “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity,” Nature 461, no. 24 (2009): 472–75; M. Lynas, The God Species: How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans (London: Fourth Estate, 2011). Identifying specific boundaries that should not be transgressed is the other side of the conceptual coin of “maximum sustainable yield.” In both cases the logic goes as follows: How much can we take from the natural world, or up to what threshold can we pollute and degrade, without threatening boomeranging repercussions? The motive is to eat the planet and have it too; or, to keep growing without collapsing. Exponent of planetary boundaries Mark Lynas is thus quick to differentiate “planetary boundaries” from the 1972 classic concept of “limits to growth”: “The planetary boundaries concept does not necessarily imply any limit on human economic growth or productivity,” he assures his readers (2011: 9). 8. This dream is taking the most immediately realizable form of aspirations to mine the Moon and nearby planets, given that no known life forms that could be exploited for human advantage exist within Earth’s vicinity. 9. Ironically, the seemingly reasonable claim that human power is godlike is blind to its own entanglements with a monotheistic conception of a God, so improbably arrogant and callous, that the Gnostics unmasked him as an impostor of divinity. See H. Jonas, The Gnostic Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958/1963). This is in agreement with professor John Gray’s related point, “human uniqueness is a myth inherited from religion, which humanists have recycled into science.” In J. Gray, The Silence of Animals: On Progress and Other Modern Myths (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 77. 10. S. Brand, Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto (London: Viking, 2009); M. Lynas, The God Species: How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans (London: Fourth Estate, 2011). 11. “In the Anthropocene we are the creators, engineers and permanent global stewards of a sustainable human nature” (emphasis added); E. Ellis, “Forget Mother Nature: This Is a World of Our Making,” New Scientist, 14 June 2011. A similar idea is expressed by Marris: “We are already running the whole Earth, whether we admit it or not. To run it consciously and effectively, we must admit our role and even embrace it. We must temper our romantic notion of untrammeled wilderness and find room next to it for the more nuanced notion of a global, half-wild rambunctious garden, tended by us.” E. Marris, “Ecology Without Wilderness: Tending the Global Garden We Call ‘Nature’,” The Atlantic, 15 September 2011. 12. E. Ellis, “Anthropogenic Transformation of the Terrestrial Biosphere,” Philosophical Transactions A 369 (2011): 1029. 13. P. Kareiva, R. Lalasz, and M. Marvier, “Conservation in the Anthropocene: Beyond Solitude and Fragility,” Breakthrough Journal, Fall 2011, pp. 29–37. 14. E. Ellis, “The Planet of No Return: Human Resilience on an Artificial Earth,” Breakthrough Journal, (Winter 2012), http// 15. Ibid. 16. See the entry about The Matrix: 17. M. Lenzen et al., “International Trade Drives Biodiversity Threats in Developing Nations,” Nature 486 (June 2012): 109–12. 18. J. Gray, The Silence of Animals: On Progress and Other Modern Myths, 156. 19. E. Marris, “Ecology: Ragamuffin Earth,” Nature 460 (2009): 450–53. 20. F. Pearce, “True Nature: Revising Ideas on What Is Pristine and Wild,” Yale Environment 360 (13 May 2013).…is…/2649/. Understating, in passing, the importance of the speed of change that humans are effecting is an enormous obfuscation. Most changes in nature are not catastrophically rapid, which is why biodiversity tends to build over geological time, with the emergence of new species slightly outpacing background extinction. See E. O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1999/2010). Mass extinctions, rare in Earth’s history, are caused by catastrophic events—humanity’s rapidly occurring and sustained impact being the current one. 21. See E. Crist, “Ecocide and the Extinction of Animal Minds,” in Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation, ed. M. Bekoff (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 45–61. 22. Expressions such as “novel ecosystems” and neologisms such as anthromes may be viewed as Orwellian representations of the human reshaping of nature. Entitled human beings use what they want from ecosystems, while displacing or exterminating the parts that are in the way. For example, what European colonizers wanted to use from the North American prairie was its soil; everything else had to go, and ultimately of course so will the soil. 23. J. Derrida, “The Ends of Man,” in After Philosophy: End or Transformation?, ed. K. Baynes et al. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 131. 24. An observation made by many authors. For example: T. Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (London: NBL, 1978); J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981/1996), chapter 2; M. Calarco, “Identity, Difference, Indistinction,” The New Centennial Review 11 (2012): 46. 25. P. Hawken, Blessed Unrest (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 190. 26. P. Kareiva, R. Lalasz, and M. Marvier, “Conservation in the Anthropocene: Beyond Solitude and Fragility,” pp. 35, 36. 27. M. Shellenberger and T. Nordhaus, eds., Love Your Monsters: Postenvironmentalism and the Anthropocene (Oakland, CA: The Breakthrough Institute, 2011 PDF e-book). 28. See Global Witness cofounder Charmian Gooch’s fascinating 2013 TED talk on corruption surrounding natural resource global deals. She argues persuasively that it is not just “greedy” people in positions of power who are implicated in corruption schemes, but a global network of banks, corporations, and governments who become complicit and also profit. While Gooch clearly sees the systemic, multidimensional character of how corruption works, especially when profits of millions or billions of dollars are at stake, she misses corruption’s obvious, and hence invisible, foundation—the acted-upon assumption that Earth’s places and beings are “natural resources.” See C. Gooch, “Meet Global Corruption’s Hidden Players,” TEDGlobal, July 2013. This bedrock assumption, to borrow historian Leo Marx’s words, is “so obvious that people do not know what they are assuming because no other way of putting things has ever occurred to them” (1996: 204–05); in L. Marx, “The Domination of Nature and the Redefinition of Progress,” in Progress: Fact or Illusion?, ed. L. Marx and B. Mazlish (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 201–18. 29. See T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 68–69. Developed planet image via shutterstock. Reproduced at with permission.
The Underestimated Importance of Mental Toughness By Maggie M. When thinking about sports such as hockey, football or rugby, your brain automatically is directed to physical toughness, as these athletes are being tackled, and taking hits against the boards, all in the name of the game. These are the “grinders” the sports that are often used to define a “jock”, and the sports that are assumed to inflict sport injuries. Although many sports require physical toughness, an aspect that a successful athlete and team require in order to be victorious is mental toughness. Mental toughness cannot exclusively be strengthened in the gym like physical toughness. Mental toughness is derived from getting kicked while you’re down however rising and overcoming any obstacle that once put you down. Mental toughness is what separates a mediocre “weekend warrior” athlete from an athlete who cannot be beat, because if you have mental toughness, no tackle, or hit into the boards, or loss or even being cut from a team can break you. Mental toughness is a measure of individual resilience and confidence that may predict success in not only sport but in life. It’s importance is not expressed enough, as mental toughness is the difference between a young athlete giving up sports all together upon their first experience of getting cut from a team, and the kid who gets cut and uses that as a lesson on how to get better, faster and stronger at those weaknesses that once caused them to be cut. Mental toughness is where winners are made and where giving up simply isn’t an option. Where mental toughness is tested alongside physical toughness in tryouts. Tryouts- the often dreaded, nerve wracking time where athletes showcase their talents and hard work while all having the same goal in mind- to make the team. At the end of tryouts a team is made, however during tryouts, it can be explained as Darwin’s theory of evolution with the survival of the fittest. Only athletes who stand out to the coaching staff as mentally and physically tough will survive the rounds of tryouts resulting in making the team. Although being “cut” from the team is often viewed as “not worthy” or even as failure, it is those athletes who are resilient who will make the changes needed, turn weaknesses into strengths and who never give up who can be deemed as mentally tough. Getting cut from a team can be a major emotional setback for most athletes, however knowing how to cope with getting cut is how athletes can go from not making the team one year to being a starting player the following year. The reason many young athletes today quit after being cut is because of their coping strategies or their lack of. Getting cut from a team can be frustrating and depressing however a mentally tough athlete can turn that negative emotion into motivation by taking the coach’s criticism as constructive rather than negative and to improve for their next opportunity. Making the team you’re trying out for is an “on top of the world feeling”, however working hard, pushing your limits and never giving up resulting in making a team you were previously cut from is a feeling that cannot be beat, and it is a feeling only an athlete who is resilient and mentally tough will experience. Goldberg. Allan (2017). Cutting in Sport, Retrieved from 4 Responses to The Underestimated Importance of Mental Toughness 1. cailiemcguire says: Maggie, I think the mental aspect of sport is definitely receiving more attention that it ever has been before as athletes, coaches and the sporting industry have begun to realize that to be a successful athlete, it is not only one’s physical strength that matters but one’s mental capacity to push through hard times and over come obstacles to reach success. Lee Crust, the author of Mental Toughness: A Sport Review explains mental toughness in terms of, “Coping effectively with pressure and adversity so that performance remains little affected, recovering or rebounding from setbacks and failures as a result of increased determination to succeed, persisting or refusing to quit, being competitive with self and with others, being insensitive or resilient having unshakable self-belief in controlling one’s own destiny, thriving on pressure and possessing superior mental skills” (p 271, 2007). I think the standout statement for me is that athletes who are mentally tough do not let adversity set them back, but use the challenges they face to push them forward to reach greatness. Not only do I think mental toughness is important in team sports, but I also believe it is a major component in an individual sport such as running. Unlike team sports, in an individual sport, an athlete can only rely on his or her actions to achieve one’s goals. My actions directly impact my performance alone, and if I want to succeed I have no choice but to push through the hard times. One’s outlook on injurt is an excellent example of mental toughness. One who is able to accept the injury they are facing but not let it deter them from continuing to reach for one’s goals is an example of grit, resilience and determination. Runner’s world promotes mental toughness in runner’s through a positive mindset, taking control over one’s breathing, practicing mental imagery and setting achievable and realistic goals (Hadfield, 2015). I enjoyed your outlook on the importance of resiliency as discussed in class, and believe it is one of the biggest contributors to mental toughness and in turn, success. Since mental toughness is such an important contributor to athletic success, all athletes should be taught to have a sound body and mind. At UNB our athletes are extremely lucky to have a sport psychologist to address this area of concern and in turn, allow our athletes to perform at the best of our abilities. Cailie M Crust, L. (2007). Mental toughness in sport: A review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(3), 270-290. doi:10.1080/1612197x.2007.9671836 Hadfield, J. (2015, May 26). Four Ways to Build Mental Toughness. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from 2. savannapotter says: Maggie, super important post and very well put! I really enjoy that you’ve pointed out that it’s not just the sports with a lot of physical contact like hockey and football that require mental toughness. In my experience, some individual sports have been just as challenging to me physically due to the mental toughness you are discussing. Having coached swimming and been a swimmer myself, I know the mental aspect behind preparing for a race is half the battle of the race itself. I don’t know that all coaches really brought forward the concept of being mentally ready to me before the actual meet, and often times at the beginning of my swimming career I would break down or panic before a race. It happened more than once where I stepped down from a race I was more than capable of swimming because I couldn’t get over my mental road block about the swim I had been practising for so long. This post brings forward something that definitely should be discussed more in planning programs for youth. In my mind it raises questions about the standard to which coaches understand mental toughness before they make their team, and I think it opens up discussion for methods to helping youth at an elite level who have been cut from a team and working towards their mental toughness to be able to overcome the let down of being cut, as you mentioned. Again, very well done! – Savanna Potter 3. natgatien says: Great post Maggie! I really enjoyed how you linked mental toughness with getting cut from a team because, I certainly do not have mental toughness based on my experience as a volleyball player in high school. With my experience I have played volleyball as a setter since middle school right up until grade 10. Then, in grade 11 volleyball tryouts, I did not make the cut for the senior team based on a coaches opinion of me, nothing to do with me skills, but what he thought of me. Even though this is not right, it certainly had a huge impact on my mental toughness and resulted in me quitting volleyball overall. You mentioned how resilience and confidence is important in sports and life, but in terms of me, I did not have resilience off of the court. I had a hard time accepting the decision the coach made, and moving forward in life knowing I was cut from a sport that I always played around that time of the year. Therefore, I believe it is important to make sure youth experience situations where they can develop mental toughness for sports and in life to achieve competence and resilience like you mentioned. Good research! 4. marcusmcivor says: Maggie, really impressed with your post here. I think the importance of mental toughness is a skill that is often over looked or misinterpreted with being tough. Mental toughness is a valuable skill that can be developed through sport that athletes can use with them for the rest of their lives. Whether it be in the working world or it just be a hobby their interested, there is plenty of opportunities where mental toughness is needed. I like how you touched on the fact of getting cut from a team as an example of mental toughness, for a lot of youth getting cut from a team can lead to a negative experience in sport. Negative experiences can deter people from going back, but the best advice i got from after getting cut from a team was, “you either get bitter or better”, that is something i use till this day with everything i do in life, which for me is a big aspect of mental toughness. Marcus M. Comments are closed.
Skip to Questions How can I find the ISBN number of a book? Last Updated: Apr 10, 2017 \| 16471 Views Was this helpful? 13 14 The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a 10-digit or 13-digit number that uniquely identifies books and book-like products published internationally. You can find an ISBN number in several places on a book. Look on the copyright page located in the front of the book near the title page. ISBNs are also often found on the back cover of the book sometimes near the publisher's barcode. Newer barcodes will begin with the numbers "978." If you don't have the book, try looking up the ISBN using If you are interested in obtaining an ISBN for your book you should do so in one of the following ways: (1) Your book is assigned an ISBN by your publisher. If you are self-publishing the company you will publish through should be able to assign you a number. For example, if you were to use the company CreateSpace, a publish-on-demand company, you would input information on your book and ask it to assign you an ISBN which it would then do, allowing you to add it to your book before sending the manuscript. (2) Otherwise you have to purchase an ISBN from Bowker. To do that you go to and fill out the forms and make the payment. Answered by Elizabeth PonderBookmark and Share Other Answers / Comments (1) 1. This answer could be improved by including how to find the ISBN of an ebook. by Daniel on Jan 31, 2018.
Register \| Login This part is independently ministered by our German colleagues from Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Professor Hans Sauer and Ulrike Krischke. We use the term ‘etymology’ as a cover for several related aspects, which have distinct subheadings, namely {A} etymology; {B} morphology, especially word-formation, and {C} semantic structure plus motivation. • Ad {A}: ‘Etymology’ is here understood in the stricter sense, that is, the age and origin of the plant-name in question is given, whether it is of Indo-European (IE), Germanic (Gmc), West-Germanic (WGmc) or Old English (OE) origin. Furthermore we indicate whether a plant-name is a loan-word or a loan-formation. Under āc, for example, the information is given that it is a Germanic (Gmc) word; under candelwyrt it is stated that it is an Old English formation and also a loan-translation. • Ad {B}: Under the heading ‘word-formation’ we deal with the morphologic shape of the name, e.g. with the distinction between morphologically simple and morphologically complex words. Thus āc is explained as a simplex, i.e. as a monomorphemic word with no synchronically recognizable internal structure. Candelwyrt, on the other hand, is labelled as a noun/noun compound. • Ad {C}: The headings ‘semantics’ and ‘motivation’ mainly concern complex words: Here we try to elucidate the relation between the elements as well as the motivation of the name. Morphologically simplex words such as āc normally also do not have a motivation or a semantic structure, at least not a synchronic one. A complex word such as candelwyrt is explained according to the formula ‘B (plant, wyrt) resembles A (a candle), i.e. here we have the relation of resemblance, or a comparison of the plant to something else. We also make a distinction as to whether the second element refers to a plant (as in candelwyrt, lit. ‘candle-plant’), to a part of a plant (as in æscæppel ‘service-tree’, lit. ‘ash-apple’), or to neither (as in foxes glōfa ‘foxglove’, lit. ‘fox-glove’). In the second case (æscæppel) there is often a metonymic relation, i.e. a part or the product of the plant stands for the entire plant; in the third case there is often a metaphoric relation, i.e. the plant or a part of it is compared to something else. Thus the formula for foxes glōfa could be ‘X (plant) resembles AB (i.e. a fox’s glove)’, which perhaps originated as a humorous coinage. In any case we therefore get two subtypes of comparison, namely ‘B (plant) resembles A’ (as with candelwyrt), which we call partial metaphor, and ‘X (plant) resembles AB’ (as with foxes glōfa), which we call total metaphor. Other motivations and relations include, e.g.: the colour of the plant (or a part of it such as its flower or its fruit), as in brūn-wyrt ‘brown back’ or ‘hart’s tongue’, lit. ‘brown plant, brownwort’ (this relation is frequent with adjective/noun compounds and combinations; formula: ‘B [plant] is A’), or its place of growth (habitat), as in brōcminte ‘watermint’ or ‘horsemint’, lit. ‘brookmint’ (formula: ‘B [plant] grows in/at/near A’), etc. Under the headings ‘etymology’ and ‘word-formation’ we only give a brief and formulaic classification. This has the advantage that the user can start different searches, e.g., for all OE plant-names of Indo-European origin, or for all loan-translations, or combined searches, e.g. for all noun/noun compounds which are loan-formations based on Latin models. If the plant-names in question require further discussion, we add the sections ‘Etymology-Comment’ and ‘Word-Formation-Comment’. Under the former we indicate, for example, the reconstructed IE or Gmc form as well as cognates in other languages (The sequence of cognates follows that of the OED.); also, if an Old English simple name was (certainly or possibly) complex at an earlier stage. Thus æspe ‘poplar’ (G ‘Espe‘) is a simplex in Old English, but originally (i.e. in Indo-European) it may have been an onomatopoeic formation, based on the famous whispering of the poplars (cf. Biggam 2003,204ff.).
Liberation Theology Liberation Theology Liberation Theology Liberation theology is a common believe among Catholics of the Latin America. As a school of thought,Liberation theology demands that according to Christ, the church should focus its energies in delivering the people of the sphere from poverty and oppression. The liberation theology depends on the church to curb and reduce poverty in all parts of the world, as well as fight for the helpless by freeing them from oppression. Liberation theology tries to bring unity among theology and social-political concerns. Liberation theology takes place in three main steps, shortly identified as see, judge then act.The first methodology is to see. Observing in this context is viewed as feeling the impacts of something. In order to observe something one has to be part of it. The first methodology of liberation theology applies to different aspects of day to day life. It involves aspects of social life, cultural life, and economic life. Seeing therefore involves a critical analysis of these aspects of life and identifying where there is foul play. Seeing also includes a method of philosophical interpretation on all issues of life. Therefore, seeing as a methodology of liberation theology involves feeling the impact of social reality and suffering, making a critical analysis and having a philosophical interpretation. ———Middle of paper——- Finally, the final methodology is to act. Interest groups should take action according to the sober judgment and decisions they come across in the second stage. Both the government and the citizens should involve themselves in this stage, and such actions may include coming up with fairways to enable the people air their voices (Farmer 2005 pg. 84). Lewis, H. (2007). Deaf liberation theology. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Pub. • Length: 942 Words (3) • Rating:Stronger Essays • Price: $15
Lessons learned from 「本当」 Hi, it’s me again with (hopefully) another great post breaking down the intricacies of the hardest language on the planet (pats myself on back). This time we are going to take a deeper look at a word that probably every hard-core anime fan is already familiar with: 「本当」. 本当？！That’s 超 Awesome!! ← (Don’t ever talk like this) Calm down. This is not a Japanese anime lesson like, for instance “Reiko-chan’s site“, a site so cool it makes me want to cry. Instead, I’m going to look at how the individuals characters 「本」 and 「当」 are used in ways you may not be aware of. You’ll see that these characters are used quite often in Japanese that is slightly more mature than Sailor Moon. It’s the real stuff 「本」 is so useful that it’s probably one of the first characters everybody learns. You probably already know that it means, “book” by itself and is also part of the word for “Japan” （日本）. You may even know that it’s a counter for bottles, something you’ll need to know if you’re a drunkard salaryman like me. But did you know that 「本」 also means, “the real thing”? In fact, the word 「本物」 means exactly that as it uses 「本」 with 「物」, the character for object. Other examples include words such as: 本日、本人、本来、本場、本番、本音、本格的、本気、本名. The 「本」 in all these words act like a prefix indicating that it’s the genuine thing. Let’s take a closer look at 「本日」 and 「本人」 and the role 「本」 plays in each word. 「本日」（ほんじつ） essentially means “today”, but why have another word for “today” when you already have 「今日」? The only difference, as you can see, is the use of 「本」 instead of 「今」. In other words, as opposed to the present day, 「本日」 means, “the real day” (the only “real day” being the current one). – Thanks for coming today. – I would like to thank everybody for coming today. The only real, practical difference between 「今日」 and 「本日」 is that 「本日」 sounds more official, similar to the difference between saying, “at this point in time” versus saying just “now”. While the practical difference is a bit unrelated, knowing the precise difference between the kanji will help you get a feel for where this difference comes from. 「本人」（ほんにん） is a very useful word mainly because Japanese doesn’t have any pronouns. While you can say 「自分」 for oneself, you don’t have the equivalent for himself or herself. So if you wanted to say, “Talk to the man, himself”, 「本人」 is a handy way to easily refer to the real person in question. Here’s a quick example. – When is Tanaka-san getting married? – How about asking the actual person, himself? In addition, expect to see this word used often in applications such as for visas or passports that need to describe what the applicant, herself, must do. – When getting the passport, the applicant, herself, must come to the window. This meaning of “genuine” is related to the original meaning of “root” (hence the tree character （木） with a line across the bottom of the tree). Also derived from the same meaning, 「本」 can be used to mean “main”. Examples of this usage include words like: 本体、本館、本社、本州、本文. It’s the stuff in question The second character 「当」 is just as useful as 「本」 and almost as common. The character by itself describes when something hits its target. For instance, the verb 「当たる」 is used to describe winning a raffle because you were successfully targeted from the random selection. The 「当」 character is similarly used in a variety of kanji compounds to describe the targeted time or location. This is very useful for talking about the time or location in question by using words such as: 当月、当日、当時、当社、当店、該当. Here’s a simple example. -This ticket is only valid on the day of purchase. In the example above, you could have simply described the day that the ticket was bought by saying something like 「買った日」 but it’s not as concise or as professional-sounding as 「発売当日」. This type of usage is very useful because no matter what the actual time is, it refers only to the time in question. That means that if it’s understood by the context, you don’t have to go through the pain of describing exactly which time that is. Here’s another example. -At that time, I didn’t have a driver’s license so I couldn’t go anywhere. Here’s another example using a location instead of time. -We do not handle products that are sold with hidden names at our stores. 「この店」 would also make sense in this sentence but since there may be more than one store and you’re not specifying a store at a specific location, 「当店」 is used to refer vaguely to the store in question. We took at look at the kanji making up 「本当」, their real meanings, and how they are used in a variety of words. I hope this will help you easily understand a whole slew of new words that use the same kanji. Getting a true sense of what each individual kanji means in this fashion often gives you important clues and mnemonics for learning new words, which is one of the great benefits of using kanji. 5 thoughts on “Lessons learned from 「本当」 1. Great write up, Tae. I’d been wondering about the difference between 今日　and 本日 for a while now. I think I found a reference a while back to it being a akin to the difference between “Today’s soup” and “the soup of the day,” but now I can’t find the reference. Either way, your explanation was much more clear. Thanks! 2. Hi~Tae Kim-san~! I think u did a great job with your blog~! Been to your site many times, and everytime, I get to learn new things about Japanese. And this makes me really excited~ Hope you will continue with the good work~! 3. That was a great post! I kept hearing those 当～ words in some speech and readings and could only vaguely get the meaning. Now I got it clearly! Thanks! 4. I really really really hate 本日. Only because my own stupidity has scared me. I was in a Tully’s Coffee shop a few weeks ago, glanced up at the menu and asked for “Nihon no kohi.” After seeing the dumbfounded look on the clerks face I realized my mistake. “Ah, er, Honjitsu no kohi kudasai.” Since 日本 is indeed the first Kanji set most of us learn, that combination is what we see first. Or at least just my dumbass. Comments are closed.
Full time Teaching Faculty for Mathematics Learn More Gaming- A Mental Health Condition July 10, 2018 3 months Why in news? The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced a plan to include “gaming disorder” as a mental health condition. Why WHO wants to treat gaming as a disorder? • The reclassification of gaming is a part of the WHO’s 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. • The “disorder” was included in a draft of the ICD-11 released recently. • While the classification is intended to act as a set of guidelines, ICD-11 influences many countries in determining healthcare policies, diagnoses and treatment options. What are the reasons behind this decision? • While addiction to gaming is widely recognised, recently reported incidents include a man being found dead in a cafe after three days of continuous gaming, and a couple neglecting their child due to gaming. • In the ICD-11 draft, gaming disorder is defined gaming a pattern of gaming behaviour characterized by impaired control over gaming, increasing priority given to gaming over other activities to the extent that gaming takes precedence over other interests and daily activities. • There is also concern that addiction to gaming could be a symptom of a deeper issue such as depression. • There are potential examples around the world such as China, which has been known to conduct Internet de-addiction camps, and South Korea, which bans those under 16 from gaming after midnight. What are the concerns with this decision? • Various critics have opposed the idea of formalising gaming as a disorder, as stronger base of evidence is required to classify something as a formal disorder. • Among the worries experts flag is the detrimental effect this “premature classification” could have on treatment and policymaking. • The clinical utility of such a classification is also dubious, They pointed out that there is still no exact list of symptoms that can be attributed to gaming as a disorder. • Many clinics around the world offer specialised treatment for gaming addiction, the new classification could result in a trend where clinicians treat the symptom instead of the underlying issue. What is the way forward? • Both the WHO and critics of the idea agree on one thing that addiction to gaming, to the point where it becomes a hindrance to a normal routine, needs more research. • The WHO believes that formalising the disorder will help experts across the world to conduct more research, while critics believe that research should precede any attempt at formalisation. Source: Indian Express Login or Register to Post Comments
Being plant-based is more than just a diet, it’s a lifestyle… Being plant-based means enjoying foods wholly produced from plants - foods that come straight from the earth rather than from animals. This diet is therefore a healthy mixture of fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. There are SO many reasons to go plant-based. No matter how you cut it, plants are better for the planet AND for you. Going plant-based appeals to absolutely everyone – from those wishing to lead a healthier lifestyle to those wanting to lessen their environmental footprint. An overwhelming amount of scientific research continues to emerge explaining that eating whole foods prepared from plants can help ward of diseases and certain cancer types, can help improve gut health and digestion, can enhance physical performance and can help balance out our hormones. In addition to this, demand for global food resources is only continuing to grow with the ever-increasing population. Being plant-based comes hand-in-hand with being sustainable, meaning it improves animal welfare and reduces our environmental impact. We want the best for our planet and for you!
Ground penetrating radar Ground penetrating radar H200/0397 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 35.1MB Downloadable file size: 2.1MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator This image is part of the feature Geoforensics Caption: Ground penetrating radar. Computer screen displaying the results of ground penetrating radar (GPR). The GPR emits a continuous pulse of microwave electromagentic energy into the ground and detects the backscattered energy. A buried object, or disturbance in the soil will cause the radar waves to change velocity and the reflected energy forms an image on the GPR computer screen. GPR can be used to search for buried evidence. It can also be used by industry to detect hidden cables and pipes in walls and under ground. Keywords: backscatter, britain, british, buried, countryside, detecting, electromagentic waves, electromagnetic, energy, equipment, forensic, forensic science, forensic search, forensics, garden, geoforensics, geophysics, ground penetrating radar, hidden, hunting, industrial, industry, investigation, machine, mapping, non-invasive, operating, physical, physics, radar, research, science, searching, sprscan, subsurface imaging, technology, uk, underground, united kingdom, victim
Getting Good at FPGAs: Real World Pipelining Parallelism is your friend when working with FPGAs. In fact, it’s often the biggest benefit of choosing an FPGA. The dragons hiding in programmable logic usually involve timing — chaining together numerous logic gates certainly affects clock timing. Earlier, I looked at how to split up logic to take better advantage of parallelism inside an FPGA. Now I’m going to walk through a practical example by modeling some functions. Using Verilog with some fake delays we can show how it all works. You should follow along with a Verilog simulator, I’m using EDAPlayground which runs in your browser. The code for this entire article is been pre-loaded into the simulator. If you’re used to C syntax, chances are good you’ll be able to read simple Verilog. If you already use Verilog mostly for synthesis, you may not be familiar with using it to model delays. That’s important here because the delay through gates is what motivates us to break up a lot of gates into a pipeline to start with. You use delays in test benches, but in that context they mostly just cause the simulator to pause a bit before introducing more stimulus. So it makes sense to start with a bit of background on delays. Delays in Verilog For our purposes, delay in Verilog is pretty simple. The simulator uses a unitless time interval that you can set using the `timescale directive. The reality is, that timescale really doesn’t do anything special but label what that lowest-level tick is. I used 1ns/1ps as a timescale which makes each tick worth 1ns with the measurements in picoseconds. However, it really doesn’t matter in this case as long as you think of ticks. There are several different kinds of delays and several ways Verilog can model them. For what we want, we only need a very simple delay from the output of some piece of code until it is sent somewhere else. You often hear about inertial delay and transport delay. A wire or gate with an inertial delay will lose any input that doesn’t at least meet the delay time. So a gate with a delay of 5 (you’ll see how to specify that shortly) would miss a pulse of width 2, for example. With a transport delay, the entire signal is simply shifted in time no matter what. So the pulse of width 2 would still appear in the output, just 5 time units later. For our examples, we don’t care much. We just want to make some combinatorial logic take “a long time” so we’ll keep it simple. If you want to read a lot more about delays in Verilog and why most people are doing them wrong, there’s a great paper about that (PDF). All that’s great, but we are just going to introduce some delays in some logic functions using assign like this: assign #5 x=y; In this case, when y changes, x won’t actually change for 5 ticks, whatever a tick is. This is known as an inertial delay. Technically, any change to y that doesn’t last at least 5 ticks will be lost because this is an intertial delay, but for now that’s fine. There’s a lot more to delays. You can have a minimum, typical, and maximum delay. You can also specify up to three types of delays for rise time, fall time, and turn off time. We don’t care about that much detail, but it is good to know it is there. Here’s a good short video about the relationship of timescales to delays: Some Integer Math Here are some small functions that, when combined, will compute (4x+3)/2 using integer math: module f1(output [15:0] f, input [15:0] x); assign f=x<<2; module f2(output [15:0] f, input [15:0] x); assign f=x+3; module f3(output [15:0] f, input [15:0] x); assign f=x>>1; I broke these out so they could each be given a delay elsewhere. You can open and try the whole project, by the way, on EDAPlayground. You can add all of these together into one big lump of gates: module flatmain(input clk, output [15:0] f, input [15:0] x); assign #`compdelay f=int3; wire [15:0] int1; wire [15:0] int2; wire [15:0] int3; f1 u1(int1, x); f2 u2(int2, int1); f3 u3(int3,int2); This is the Verilog equivalent of taking three ICs and wiring them together. There’s no clocking going on here. The only delay is from the delay statements. The compdelay variable is 6 because each of the “f” functions takes 1 clock (two ticks). Why? Because that’s what I wanted for the demo. In real life, those functions would take almost no time to compute. More complex structures do take significant time and here I wanted the delays to stand in for those more complex operations to keep the code example simple. Illustrating the Problem The testbench cycles the input as follows: 0, 1, 0x64, 2, 3, 4. The expected result is 1, 3, 0xc9, 5, 7, and 9. The way everything is set now, that works great: Notice, however, that the clk signal is generated every 6 ticks, so the total delay should be 6 ticks, or 1 clock cycles. The diagram shows that’s correct. The input holds for 1 clocks and the output appears 1 clock later. I made the testbench to go as fast as possible. If you like, change the slowclock parameter from 3 to 2 in config.v (that will cause the clock to take 4 ticks instead of 6). The result won’t be good: In real life, it might be worse because the delay model isn’t necessarily how a real circuit will behave. Regardless, the answer isn’t going to be correct. So increasing the clock speed is not possible with this configuration. Pipeline to the Rescue Have a look at this alternate main function: // pipeline // x->ff0->(f1)->int1->ff1->(f2)->int2->ff2->(f3)->f wire [15:0] int1; wire [15:0] int2; reg [15:0] ff0, ff1, ff2; f1 #2 u1(int1,ff0); f2 #2 u2(int2,ff1); f3 #2 u3(f,ff2); always @(posedge clk) ff0<=x; always @(posedge clk) ff1<=int1; always @(posedge clk) ff2<=int2; I’m still using the same functions, but I’ve put a flip flop at the front and after u1 and u2. Well, technically 16 flip flops, one for each bit, but you know what I mean. That’s all it takes to pipeline this design. I coded the two tick (one clock cycle) delays for each element here, as well. Look at the same test sequence: This time, I still send a new value every clock cycle, but the clock cycles are the same as one tick in the previous waveforms. It looks like two ticks, but note the scale. The first major mark on the axis is 5,000 ps but in the previous waves that same distance was 10,000 ps. After the initial latency, I get a result every clock cycle, too. Note that the total time is now 18 ns compared to 35 ns, before. However, the initial output of 3 is later due to the pipeline latency. So a faster clock and a better throughput. Well worth the slight increase in complexity. End of the Pipe As I mentioned in the previous post, there are many schemes you might try to make the pipeline more robust including adding FIFO buffers or using handshaking between the different elements. However, the principle stays the same. By handing off smaller chunks of work between circuits working in parallel, you can take better advantage of FPGA resources and increase speeds dramatically. Source link Leave a Reply
Learn English Through Story ★ Subtitles: Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp (Level 1) Short description: (Click CC button to turn on/off subtitles. 1. abracadabra: a magic word 2. jinnee: a supernatural, magic spirit in Arabic stories 3. lazy: a lazy person does not want to work 4. magic: when strange, exciting, unusual things happen 5. magician: a man in stories who can do magic 6. marry: to take somebody as your husband or wife 7. master: a man who gives orders to servants and slaves 8. mistress: a woman who gives orders to servants and slaves 9. obey: to do what somebody tells you 10. poor: with very little money; not rich 11. protect: to keep somebody (or something) safe 12. slave: a worker who belongs to another person and who must work for that person for no money 13. sleeping-powder: something which makes you sleep 14. Sultan: a king; the most important man in an eastern country 15. surprised: when something new, strange, or sudden happens, you are surprised 16. uncle: the brother of your mother or father 17. unhappy: not happy 18. Vizier: an important man in an eastern country 19. wish: something you want 20. Your Majesty: when you speak to a Sultan, a King, or a Queen, you say ‘Your Majesty’ Please follow and like us: You may also like... 1 Response 1. I was waiting for this form of issue. Thank you very much for the place. Leave a Reply
Repression Vs. Suppression in Psychology: Differences You Didn't Know Repression Vs. Suppression in Psychology Though these terms are used synonymously, they do not mean the same thing. Repression and suppression are different concepts altogether. Here, we will highlight the differences between the two. PsycholoGenie Staff Last Updated: Feb 24, 2018 Did You Know? Sigmund Freud referred to repression as the "the corner-stone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests", giving it a lot of importance in the process of understanding and recalling repressed memories. The usage of the terms 'repress' and 'suppress', and by extension, 'repression' and 'suppression' is quite common in our spoken language. So much so, that these terms are often (wrongly) used interchangeably and synonymously. However, not only are their connotations different, but when studied in the parameters of psychology, and more so over in relation to defense mechanisms, their differences stand right out. In this following PsycholoGenie article, we will delve deeper into these two defense mechanisms and highlight the differences in their workings. To better understand these concepts and highlight these differences, it is imperative that one knows what defense mechanisms are. As a human being, we are constantly and continuously faced with stimuli, both negative and positive. Some of the stimuli (usually, negative) can be so intense, that if faced in all its force and intensity, can corrode the mental health of a person. In order to lessen the intensity of the same, a person develops certain defense mechanisms. These are subconscious coping techniques that are employed so that one is better able to deal with the negative, unpleasant, threatening, and unwanted impulses. Because these tools are at play at a subconscious level, one cannot easily identify them. What is Suppression Suppression refers to the act of consciously suppressing one's feelings, thoughts, and wants. This means that one is aware that a particular feeling, thought, or want has made way and one is making a deliberate effort to not dwell on it―one, by not thinking about it (internally) and two, by not acting on it (externally). The reasons for why this is done could be many―either the impulse is inappropriate and wrong or there may be time constraints at play. Whatever the case may be, one yields control over their impulses, and forces those impulses to lie dormant. Thus, one is also aware of the possibility that these impulses and thoughts might make way again, and that they will need to be dealt with at the time that they do. Hungry Man I suddenly realize that I'm hungry, but because I'm in class and can't do anything about it, I suppress the hunger pangs and concentrate on the remainder of the lecture. What is Repression Repression refers to the subconscious act of not acknowledging or acting upon one's feelings, thoughts, and wants. So much so, that one denies their very existence. In terms of repression, the person is not even aware that these impulses are making way. This becomes possible either because of the form that they make way in such that they can't be recognized, or because they are completely prohibited from our awareness by the subconscious mind. The subconscious mind will block these impulses because they may be viewed as potentially harmful and disruptive to one's psychological well-being, stability, and self-image. Angry Man Towards the end of the evening, I suddenly start losing my temper and getting agitated and irritated about small things, getting into arguments with my co workers, and making silly mistakes at work. This is happening because I'm hungry and have nothing to eat. I am not even aware that this is the real reason and keep blaming 'the horrible day I'm having.' The main difference between suppression and repression is that while the former involves denying the impulses at a conscious level, the latter involves denying impulses at a subconscious level. In suppression, one is aware of those impulses, whereas in repression, one might not even be aware of the same. In psychology, and in the context of defense mechanisms, 'repression' is used more frequently because it involves the subconscious mind at work. While the suppression of impulses and thoughts will lead to the emergence of anger and conflict, the repression of impulses can lead to far worse repercussions. This happens because what one has suppressed can be easily retrieved and dealt with, whereas what one is not aware of cannot be solved, and hence it can lead to several negative effects like numbing of senses or an inability to judge our own emotions and actions. The most severe form of 'repressing one's feelings' can even lead to varied psychological disorders like hallucinations and neurosis. This happens because the impulses are always present in our subconscious as repressed memories and continue to affect our behavior and psyche. The consequences of suppression may only involve direct and primary emotions like anger and hurt, whereas repression might cause more primitive forms of the same which are much more difficult to deal with in a constructive manner. For example, by acknowledging the suppressed emotion of anger, one can deal with it effectively by maybe talking it out with the person who caused the anger, or by meditating; but repressed anger can take on a general and primitive form of bitterness and resentment towards a person without the knowledge of why it is happening. Thus you start resenting a person on the basis of a small argument (perhaps), and thereby shut all the gates to a mature dialog. Moreover, suppression is considered a positive and mature defense mechanism, because it involves acting in a socially-acceptable manner; whereas repression is considered a negative defense mechanism as it can lead to several negative consequences. Angry man A person who is angry will suppress his feelings of anger by counting to 10 or meditating, which means, he is consciously undertaking this action of controlling his anger. Whereas, a person who represses his anger will deny its existence altogether by putting up a cheerful front. The repercussions of this are that the anger will make way in some way or the other at some later period―the person could have a explosive episode, or it could have an effect on his health and he may develop ulcers or heart conditions. Though both, repression and suppression, are defense mechanisms that work in lessening the intensity of negative stimuli and help a person maintain balance thus, one has to be aware of their own emotions. One has to make a conscious effort to allow the full range of emotions to exist without repressing them so that they do not lead to psychological problems later. Twin sisters
A triangle has sides A, B, and C. Sides A and B are of lengths #5# and #8#, respectively, and the angle between A and B is #(11pi)/12 #. What is the length of side C?
The Art of Grant Writing "Grant writing" is synonymous with writing grant proposals: The object is to receive funding for a current or future project. Writing grant proposals is an art form. Each grant must be marketable and easy to read, yet precise and detailed at the same time. The grant-writing process begins internally with a request for a proposal, called an RFP, that must be approved before the grant-writing process can continue—often a tedious step. Sometimes the RFP is simply an application. After approval, the project's backers must drum up community support and identify funding sources in order to tailor the grant proposal to the individual requirements of the prospective grantor. For example, the requirements of a private organization will be different from the requirements of the federal government, which must adhere to specific regulatory guidelines. The next step involves gathering information so that the grant writer will be able to refer to it easily. During the entire grant-writing process, it is important not to lose track of notes or any other seemingly extraneous details. Evolving ideas and documentation systems tend to plague the process—a strict organizational system adopted at the beginning will be very helpful later on. The grant proposal's components include: • A Statement of Purpose: An explanation of the project's purpose, and of why it needs funding. • Goals and Objectives: A section that defines the goals the project is aiming for and lists specific objectives that will meet those goals. • A Budget: A detailed budget of direct and indirect costs. It should be very accurate and specific. About the Author
Public Release: Sugar-free and 'diet' drinks no better for healthy weight than full sugar drinks Imperial College London Sugar-free and "diet" drinks are often seen as the healthier option - but researchers from Imperial College London have argued that they are no more helpful for maintaining a healthy weight than their full-sugar versions. In a commentary on current research and policy into sweetened drinks, academics from Imperial College London and two Brazilian universities (University of Sao Paulo and Federal University of Pelotas) argued that sugar-free versions of drinks may be no better for weight loss or preventing weight gain than their full sugar counterparts, and may also be detrimental to the environment. Artificially-sweetened beverages (ASBs) are alternatives to full-sugared drinks. They contain no sugar and are sweetened with artificial sweeteners instead. ASBs are often known as "diet" versions of soft drinks, and may be perceived by consumers as the healthier option for those who want to lose weight or reduce their sugar intake. However, there is no solid evidence to support the claims that they are any better for health or prevent obesity and obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Professor Christopher Millett, senior investigator from Imperial's School of Public Health, said "A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because 'diet' drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a substitute for full sugar versions. However we found no solid evidence to support this." Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) such as soft drinks, fruit-flavoured drinks, and sports drinks, make up a third of UK teenagers' sugar intake, and nearly half of all sugar intake in the US. SSBs provide many calories but very few essential nutrients, and their consumption is a major cause of increasing rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. ASBs currently comprise a quarter of the global sweetened beverages market, but they are not taxed or regulated to the same extent as SSBs - perhaps due to their perceived harmlessness, say the researchers. Despite having no or very little energy content, there is a concern that ASBs might trigger compensatory food intake by stimulating sweet taste receptors. This, together with the consumers' awareness of the low-calorie content of ASBs, may result in overconsumption of other foods, thus contributing to obesity, type 2 diabetes and other obesity-related health problems. Professor Millett and colleagues outlined current evidence of the health effects of consuming ASBs. Although there was no direct evidence for a role of ASBs in weight gain, they found that there was no evidence that ASBs aid weight loss or prevent weight gain compared with the full sugar versions. Dr Maria Carolina Borges, first author of the study from the Federal University of Pelotas in Brazil added: "The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are adequate alternatives to SSBs." Professor Carlos Monteiro, co-author from the University of Sao Paulo, said: "Taxes and regulation on SBS and not ASBs will ultimately promote the consumption of diet drinks rather than plain water - the desirable source of hydration for everyone." The authors added: "Far from helping to solve the global obesity crisis, ASBs may be contributing to the problem and should not be promoted as part of a healthy diet."
Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Which is the shortest duct of the male reproductive system? The ejaculatory duct is only about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long, much shorter than either the epididymis or the vas deferens. It is formed by the duct from the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens. The ejaculatory duct ejects sperm into the urethra.
5 AI clouds you can use today By Published on . An attendee photographs an autonomous parcel delivery robot developed by Starship Technologies at the AI Congress in London on Jan. 30. An attendee photographs an autonomous parcel delivery robot developed by Starship Technologies at the AI Congress in London on Jan. 30. Credit: Luke MacGregor/Bloomberg What can you do with AI today? In casual conversation, people tend to conflate "narrow AI," where a training set is crafted to perform specific tasks, with the inevitable (but not yet created) AGI "artificial general intelligence," which (in theory) will be able to learn to do anything and possibly be self-aware. It's an easy mistake to make, but it is a mistake nonetheless. The AI tools outlined below do specific tasks and they all have certain features in common. Almost all of them allow you to work with unstructured data. They all have the ability to assist you in data-driven decision making, and all have interfaces that let non-technical people use AI for real projects and get meaningful results. For example, today you can use AI for: • Visual recognition tasks including face recognition, automatic tagging, metadata and video indexing • Speech to text • Text to speech • Language translation • Natural language classification and processing • Cognitive content moderation • Voice recognition • Recommendation engines and semantic search • Photo filtering and enhancement • Sentiment analysis (social media, email, etc.) • Automating workflows • Pattern matching and pattern finding These tasks can be applied to an incredibly wide range of business problems and processes. With that in mind, here are five AI clouds you can start using today. 1. Amazon and Machine Learning on AWS Far and away the most popular suite of cloud-based AI tools, Amazon Machine Learning on AWS (Amazon Web Services) is the industry leader in several areas of AI as evidenced by the company's own use of its technology. Amazon machine learning tools help Amazon increase productivity in fulfillment centers, power its recommendation engine, enable Alexa Voice Services and even fly its drones. 2. Google AI Google AI has some of the world's most sophisticated AI tools. Google's Brain Team is in charge of organizing the internet. All of it. And its Deep Mind subsidiary created AlphaGo, AlphaGoZero and AlphaZero, the AI system that ultimately taught itself to become the best Go, Chess, and Shogi player in the world. Google Translate not only translates, it can provide an augmented reality experience that literally transforms words on your smartphone screen from a language you do not speak to the one you do. So it should not surprise you to learn that Google AI has a large suite of pre-trained models and a service to generate your own tailored models. 3. Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services has an impressive array of AI tools you can try for free. It offers excellent vision recognition tools, a full suite of speech and natural language tools and comprehensive knowledge processing models for search, translation, spell check, content moderation and text analysis. 4. IBM Watson Watson, famous for beating Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter (the two best human players at the time) on "Jeopardy" in 2011, now offers a full suite of cognitive computing tools and enjoys a robust developer community. 5. MonkeyLearn MonkeyLearn offers easy-to-use text analysis with machine learning. You can apply it to all kinds of projects such as social media sentiment analysis or finding common threads in a million email messages. The company also offers a toolset to help implement natural language processing features. The promise of AI In practice, AI exponentially amplifies the power of the human brain. Experts believe this increase in productivity will equal or exceed that of the steam engine, which exponentially amplified the power of human muscles and enabled us to build the world we live in today. If AI achieves a fraction of what has been promised, we are on the cusp of a massive digital transformation. At the very least, using some of these exceptional AI tools will help you increase productivity right now. And, building on that success, the knowledge you gain may help you innovate in ways you have yet to imagine. Most Popular In this article:
1. <form id='zQjEfu'></form> <bdo id='zQjEfu'><sup id='zQjEfu'><div id='zQjEfu'><bdo id='zQjEfu'></bdo></div></sup></bdo> • 当前位置：第一范文站英语作文高中 → 英语作文文章分类：高中　发表时间：2017-7-14 10:01:48 Unit1 Festivals around the world 检测题 1. With the development of modern science and technology, changes in the ways that people perform their work are sure to _______. A. to be taken place B. take place C. be happened D. be replaced 2.--Are you hungry? --Yes. I ________. A. have starved B. will be starved to death C. I am starving D. starve to death. 3. The origins of some religious ceremonies are in no way ________. A. to find out B. to be discovered C. discovered D. found out 4. Many festivals are held _______ our ancestors for their contribution to the world. A. in honor of B. in the honor of C. in memory to D. in the memory of 5. Please never do such things _______ other people. A. that will do harm to B. as will do harm to C. as they will do harm to D. which are harmful to 6. Standing on top of the mountain, the travelers ______ their eyes on the breath-taking scenery below. A. treated B. feasted C. pointed D. fed 7. Different peoples _______ at different festivals in different ways because of their cultural or religious _____. A. dress up; beliefs B. put on; believes C. wear; belief D. dress up; believes 8. ______his arrival at the classroom on his first day at school, the teacher _______. A. At; was played a trick on B. On; played a trick at his students C. To; played a trick on his students D. On; was played a trick on 9. _______ were given to those foreigners who helped the country ______ independence from Britain. A. Rewards; gain B. Awards; make C. Prizes; take D. Awards; get 10. The old professor travelled from one school to another, _______ first-hand information about the education situation in China. A. to gather B. collecting C. getting together D. to get together 11. Handsome, young, energetic and talented, the manager ________ both by the male and female in the company. A. is admired B. is fond of C. is enjoyed D. is appreciated 12. _______ the project completed, all the workers anxiously looked forward to _______what they should. A. With; be paid B. After; pay C. After; being paid D. With; being paid 13. Food, _____, shelter and transportation are the four basic necessities of life. A. clothes B. clothing C. cloth D. dress 14. The loud noise outside ______ our teacher’s voice so that we didn’t ______ what he was saying. A. put out; hear B. drowned; make out C. cut out; recognize D. threw away; know 15. She promised to ______ at the meeting but she didn’t ______. A. turn up; keep her word B. present; keep her promise C. attend; turn up D. appear; keep her words 16. It was obvious that the ship ______ on its voyage without _______ from the officials in charge or it would not have sailed off so secretly. A. set off; a permission B. set out; permission C. set off; permit D. set out; a permit 17. Whoever ______ such a rare chance to get promoted is a fool A. throw out B. throw away C. throw off D. throw up 18. The old man is so ______ that he has to ______ his meals every day. A. forgettable; be reminded of B. forgetful; be remembered of C. forgetful; be reminded of D. forgettable; be remembered of 19. She is thin ______ as though she never ______ anything. A. for the bone; ate B. to the bone; ate C. with the bone; eats D. to the bone; eats 20. With pressure from life and work increasing day by day, there should be something for people to ______ A. make fun of B. have fun with C. play tricks on D. have for fun 21. _______ and see how long you can ______it. A. Take your breath; hold B. Hold your breath; do C. Catch your breath; D. Make your breath; make 22. ---You should ______ to her for what you did _____her the other day. ---Why should I? It was not my fault. A. apologize; to; B. have apologized; to; C. apologize; with; D. have apologized; about 23. Day and night, the old woman wept over the death of her only son, ______ she forgave the driver who killed him. A. as though B. even though C. all though D. even 24. She _______ her tears and continued to fight against the cruel customs that killed her daughter. A. wiped out B. wiped away C. wiped up D. wiped down 25. I really don’t understand what_______ it ______ to hold beauty contest worldwide. In my opinion, it is a waste of money, time and energy. A. on the earth; is B. on earth; means C. at all; means D. in the world; is Barbara was driving her six-year-old son, Benjamin, to his piano lesson on the highway. They were late and Barbara was 26 tired. She had worked extra shifts as a night 27 nurse. The sleet(雨夹雪) storm and icy roads 28 her tension. She was thinking of turning around at once. Suddenly a car ahead of them lost control on a patch of ice and crashed 29 into a telephone pole. The impact was horrible. Barbara pulled onto the road’s shoulder. Thank God she was a nurse—her skill might make a 30 in the fate of these 31 passengers! But what about 评论人：验证码：内　容：关于本站　 \| 　网站帮助　 \| 　广告合作　 \| 　免责声明　 \| 　友情链接　 \| 　网站地图第一范文站 CopyRight © 2011-2020 www.jusantre.com All Rights reserved. 未经授权禁止复制或建立镜像违责必究
Thursday, January 8, 2015 Michele Hathaway on the Power of Diverse Historical Fiction When I was in elementary school, not long after Gutenberg invented the press, I discovered a tatty set of historical fiction biographies in my school library. Cloth-bound, comfortably worn, and perfumed with old book scent, I loved them, but not for any of these reasons. I loved them because they were good stories. The interesting thing is, the two I remember best were about Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver. To this day, they are my heroes. Both were former slaves who overcame formidable barriers of poverty and prejudice to become educated men. They translated their genius into a means to help not only their fellow liberated slaves but all those around them. Carver invented 100 products for peanuts besides peanut butter, for goodness sake. Even kids with peanut allergies have got to be impressed with that. Now, I’m a White girl, an Anglo-Saxon-Celtic mix, and, as I mentioned, I stumbled upon these books not long after humankind discovered fire. Well, okay, by that time, Rosa Parks had refused to go to the back of the bus and Armstrong was about to take his first step on the moon, but the WeNeedDiverseBooks campaign was not even a twinkle in an author’s eye. And my heroes were Black men. That is the power of historical fiction. Even small libraries harbor great vehicles to colorblindness on their shelves. In the case of George Washington Carver, there is likely enough material available in most libraries, and certainly on the Internet, to forge an extensive and fantastic unit study. I’m certain many of you already have done so. We are not limited to historical fiction biographies, either. Historical fiction such as Laurence Yep's Hiroshima (Scholastic, 1995), The Girls of Gettysburg, by Bobbi Miller (Holiday House, 2014), and Joseph Bruchac's Code Talker: a novel about the Navajo Marines of World War Two (Dial, 2005) offer strong fictional characters set in historic periods and events. Unfortunately, there are still relatively few diverse historical fiction books for children. Nafiza, on "The Book Wars" blog, points out the importance of historical fiction and the lack of diversity within the genre: George Washington Carver by Betsy Graves Reyneau “Children”, she says, “assimilate culture when they are young, they learn the ways of being and they learn to reflect the thoughts of their parents and other family members. If we as educators, librarians, siblings and parents were to ensure that our children grow up learning not just their own history but the histories of different people, no matter the depth, I think the world would be a much better place.” Offer children good stories about people who overcome the odds, such as slavery, prejudice, poverty, and bullying. Present them with children who are smart, work hard, can do amazing things like grow up to make peanut butter out of peanuts, and you hand them the tools to make this world a much better place. How about you? What historical fiction books inspired you when you were young? Did any of them feature characters from typically underrepresented people groups? In future posts, I’ll explore the ingredients of good diverse historical fiction. 1. Historical fiction remains one of my favorite genres for kids and adults. I learned so much about local history when reading through The Terrible Wave with my eldest homeschooler years ago. Linda Sue Park's books about Korea and Sudan are some of the finest works of literature on the market. My own late adolescent reading had me fascinated with the Salem Witch Trials including a stunning fictional biography of Tituba I discovered as an adult. Also as an adult, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (definitely not for the MG set!) brought that world to life for me. Historical fiction is a powerful tool for the imagination. Thanks for a great blog post! 1. Dear Free Range Anglican, thank you for mentioning some great books; I often think of Linda Sue Park and historical fiction in the same breath. I'll have to check some of these other books as well. I'm glad you liked the post! 2. I guess I'm older than dirt because as a child, I don't even remember seeing the books you mentioned. I will certainly be interested in your thoughts on what makes a good diverse historical fiction story. 1. Dear Mary, alas, not all libraries hold the same jewels.
Monday, January 24, 2011 Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart is most known for being the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean solo. Amelia Earhart was born on July 24th, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas to Samuel "Edwin" Stanton Earhart and Amelia "Amy" Otis Earhart. The father's nickname being a tribute to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who served under Abraham Lincoln. Amelia, or Millie to her family, grew up in a well to do household with her sister Muriel, AKA Pidge, thanks to the wealth of Amy Earhart's parents. Both girls attended private school and lived quite comfortably. The family lived in Kansas til Amelia was nine, then relocated to Des Moines, Iowa due to a change in jobs for Edwin Stanton Earhart. Amelia saw her first airplane at the Iowa State Fair, though she had little to no interest in it. She found that "it was a thing of rusty wire and wood and not at all interesting." It would be more than a decade before Amelia would actually find planes to be more than a thing of rusty wire and wood. Things were not well in the Earhart family though. Edwin had turned to drinking and Amelia had noticed at an early age that her father was basically the local drunkard. In 1914, the family disbanded and left Edwin after he lost his job at the local railroad. Amy and the girls decided to live with friends in Chicago and Amy used a trust fund to put the girl's through the rest of school, as the money from her parents was now gone. After visiting her sister in 1917 at a college preparatory school in Canada, Amelia decided to train as a nurses aid in Toronto and served as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse at a military hospital until the Armistice in November 1918. After the war, Amelia decided to enroll as a pre-med student at Columbia University, but left when news that her mother and father had gotten back together and moved to California. Several months after her arrival in California Amelia and her father went to an "aerial meet" at Daugherty Field in Long Beach. She had become very interested in flying. The next day, given a helmet and goggles, she boarded the open-cockpit biplane for a 10 minute flight over Los Angeles. Amelia know from that moment that she wanted to be a pilot. She felt that she belonged in the sky. Amelia then sought out a female pilot instructor and started lessons with pioneer aviatrix Anita "Neta" Snook. Amelia bought her first plane, calling it "The Canary" and used it in her early years. These years yielded many accidents, though this can be attributed to the lack of reliability that came with early planes. Neta Snook still had reservations about Amelia's ability as a pilot though. By October 1922, Amelia began participating in record breaking attempts and set a women's altitude record of 14,000 feet...broken a few weeks later by Ruth Nichols. To make ends meet, Amelia took work as a social worker after moving to Boston. In her spare time, she flew to break records and wrote to encourage other women to become pilots. All the attention on Amelia led to the Boston Globe proclaiming her "one of the best women pilots in the United States." Many seasoned pilots were offended by this and remarked on Amelia's novice flying ability and called her a intelligent and competent pilot, but not a brilliant aviator. After Charles Lindbergh's solo Atlantic flight in 1927, Amy Guest decided she wanted to be the first woman to do so. Guest later changed her mind deciding it was too dangerous, but offered to sponsor another girl who "had the rig ht image."While at work one afternoon in April 1928, Earhart got a phone call from Capt. Hilton H. Railey, who asked her, "Would you like to fly the Atlantic?" Amelia would not end up flying the plane going across the Atlantic, as she was just asked to accompany pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot Louis Gordon. Amelia would be a guest but keep the flight log. It ended up that Amelia couldn't of flown the plane if she wanted to. It was a plane flow n by "instruments," and Amelia had no training using those sort of planes. When they landed in England and people asked for her to comment, she said "Stultz did all the flying—had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes." She did claim however that she would try it solo in the future. Amelia became an official celebrity back home, gaining the nickname "Queen of the Air." Amelia then turned to lecturing after her flight but was then asked by several companies to endorse their products. Companies used Amelia's image for luggage, Lucky Strike Cigarettes, and a clothing line . She did not just endorse some of the products, but was an active involved in the promotions. She actually made her own clothing line that had her insignia on it and everything. Amelia Earhart was now a household name. The celebrity endorsements helped her immensely, as they gave her money to fly. She also took on the job of associate editor at Cosmopolitan magazine where she further spread word about opportunities for female pilots. During her time at the magazine, Lindbergh and her became some of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel. Amelia sought to truly make a name for herself in flying by herself and decided to make her first big solo run. In August, 1928 she became the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. It was also during this time that she started flying in races and gained notoriety for her racing feats and selflessness. In 1928 , having been asked six times, Amelia agreed to marry George P. Putnam, the promoter who made Amelia a household name. Their marriage was a strange one for that time, as they both insisted on being breadwinners and Amelia had refused to take Putnam's name. At the age of 34, Amelia attempted to be the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. She set off on May 20th, 1932 in Newfoundland, planning to land in Paris. Facing strong winds and mechanic troubles, Amelia flew the plane almost fifteen hours and landed in a pasture in Derry, Northern Ireland. When a farm hand asked, "Have you flown far?" Amelia replied, "From America."s the first woman to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic, Amelia received the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French Government and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Herbert Hoover. That wasn't enough for Amelia, as she became the first person to fly from Hawaii to California in 1935 and also took a non-stop flight from Mexico City to New York City. Between 1930-1935, Amelia had set seven women's speed and distance aviation records in a variety of aircrafts. After joining the faculty of Purdue to be a lecturer on women careers and aviation, Amelia planned to fly solo around the world with Purdue's help. After a failed attempt to do the world flight on St. Patrick's Day, 1937, Amelia was able to get going on June 1st. Leaving Miami, she stopped in South America, Africa, the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia before landing in Lae, New Guinea on June 29th. She left Lae with the intended next stop being Howland Island. The United States Coast Guard cutter Itasca, which was stationed at Howland, was to be the ship that communicated with Amelia. This is when the confusion started. With the Itasca's and Amelia's communication time schedules off by a half an hour due to Amelia using Greenwich Civil Time and the Itasca under a Naval time zone designation, and Amelia's unfamiliarity with some of the navigation system parts, things weren't going well. As Amelia got into the area she kept communicating to the Itasca that she couldn't hear them. With the Itasca unable to communicate with her by voice, they used Morse code, though Amelia reported that she didn't know what direction it was coming from. One of her many calls to the Itasca reported that, "We must be on you, but cannot see you—but gas is running low. Have been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at 1,000 feet." This message made it painfully clear that things were going terribly wrong and they had to try and help her find her way to the island. Amelia reported that she thought she was there, but the Itasca saw that she was over five nautical miles away. The Itasca then used their oil-fired burners to generate smoke to catch the attention of the pilots, as Amelia was flying with Fred Noonan, her navigator. The many clouds in the area are thought to have made it hard to decipher for Amelia and Noonan, as they never saw the smoke. From that point, there were no more communications from Amelia. A search and rescue around the island was put forth, but due to search and rescues techniques being rudimentary and fueled by usually false assumptions at that time in history, the search was eventually called off. Putnam put forth his own search party but also found nothing. There are many theories of what happened to Amelia and Noonan, some claiming they just ran out of gas and crashed into the ocean, and some claiming they landed on a nearby deserted island and lived out their days there. Amelia today is remembered as a trail-blazer for women pilots and a has generally been regarded as a feminist icon. Her story captivates many, as she had such an inspirational life, but died in mystery. Fun Fact! You almost never see a picture of Amelia Earhart smiling with her teeth as she had a large gap between her two front teeth. Many photographers and companies asked her to keep her mouth shut when smiling for pictures. Update: Researchers now believe that Earhart landed on a nearby island and survived for a few days there. It's just a theory, and apparently they haven't found anything concrete: 1. Make the pictures bigger!!! 2. The time was incorrect in my last comment. This website is so stupid. 1. I know! They always get the time wrong and the pictures aren't big enough! They aren't big enough especially when you need to print them. 3. Made the pictures a little bigger, but you can get a closer look if you click on the pictures.
Wednesday, November 7, 2012 What is a Photoreceptor? How do we see? How do our eyes actually translate light into something that our brains can "see"? It all starts in the retina, the thin film of tissue that lines the inside of our eyes. Everything in the front of the eye, the cornea and the lens, focus light on the retina. It's then the job of the PHOTORECEPTORS to turn that focused light into electrical energy. Maybe you remember something about this from high school biology class! There are two types of photoreceptors, the RODS and the CONES. People who have normal color vision actually have 3 separate types of cones; we'll chat about this sometime when we talk about color blindness. There are cones scattered throughout the retina but the vast majority of them are in the very center of the retina, the area called the macula. In the middle of the macula is the fovea and here there are nothing but cones. As you move outward from the fovea and leave the macula you enter a part of the retina that is covered almost totally with rod photoreceptors. Cone photoreceptors are sensitive to subtle differences in light intensity and wavelength. It is this sensitivity to wavelength that allows us to see color. Different cones are activated by different wavelengths giving us our sense of color. Subtle differences in light intensity drive our sharp central vision. Cone photoreceptors are most active in bright light and do not work well in the dark. That's why you have to look just to the side of a star to see it at night! Rods are the photoreceptors for side vision and vision at night. They are very sensitive to low levels of light, and they also "fire" when there is some evidence of movement. Some night vision problems are caused by diseases of the rods. Complex chemical reactions occur when either a rod or a cone is "excited" by the energy in light, and these reactions create the electrical impulses that eventually become sight! No comments: Post a Comment
The Soviet War Memorial was built to commemorate the 20,000 Soviet soldiers who fell in the Battle of Berlin in April-May 1945. The center of the composition is a 13m tall monument of a Russian soldier holding a child, with a sword over a broken swastika. The monument was inspired by an occasion upon which Nikolay Masalov, a Soviet soldier, saved a German girl. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and especially when the monument was dismounted during German reunification, rumors persisted that this episode was nothing but Soviet propaganda. However officially confirmed documents exist that substantiate at least 5 cases when Russian solders delivered small German children to orphanages during the Battle of Berlin. <a href="">Wikipedia</a>. Picture #3 Flowers at the Soldier monument. Picture #5 Picture #6 Picture #7 Picture #8 Russian family with a kid. Youngsters taking pictures in a millitary uniform. Couple with beer. Memorial plate on the bridge on Potsdamer strasse, where the Soviet sergeant Nikolay Masalov saved a German girl.
Friday, March 19, 2010 Dynamic Parameters in JMeter You need to send a variable number of parameters with an HTTP request i.e. the number of parameters are not known when the script is written. For example a User can register with a number of accounts , but this number varies per user. Or perhaps you want to Post process extract a number of hidden fields on the previous response and post all of them in the next Request, but you either don't know the number or there are too many fields to enter manually into the HTTPSampler. Use a BeanShell PreProcessor to dynamically add variables to the sampler. The relevant code is sampler.addArgument(name,value)[1] We will write a script to access a page , extract out data based on a pattern and send these as separate parameters to the next request. The script is as shown below. We make a request to some dummy page and then we have a regex extractor to extract out multiple values. In this case the Regex extracts out all words(Match No = -1) beginning with test Then we have a Debug Sampler to verify the regex is working, notice the results in View Results Tree Listener. The Regex has a reference variable name of inputTerms. The response of the Debug sampler is shown below You can see from the Listeners response tab that the total number of results is 14 , available under the key inputTerms_matchNr and that each result is available as inputTerms_$resultnumber. The matching groups which we usually do not need are available as inputTerms_$resultnumber_g$groupnumber. Armed with this information, the beanshell preprocessor script is trivial as shown below int count = Integer.parseInt(vars.get("inputTerms_matchNr")); for(int i=1;i<=count;i++) { //regex counts are 1 based sampler.addArgument("hardcodedkey", vars.get("inputTerms_" + i)); Heres the next request to which the beanshell pre processor is attached. We have one predefined variable and the rest will be dynamically added by beanshell. Next we check the request data we are posting using the Request tab of the View Results Tree Listener Notice that the argument we added to the next request was sent, as were all the parameters we added dynamically. The parameter values were also encoded. Sample Script :!268 Anonymous said... Great article. Thanks! Anonymous said... RRP said... Nice article... will help a lots of guys in need.. It helped me... Saurabh Thakur said... Nice short article ..would love to see more on Usage of Beanshell in Jmeter. Anonymous said... you cant beieve how lucky i am to have found this article. really really good. thank you so much! Anonymous said... i am new to jmeter. Will u plz post the step by step procedure to run this script. Thanks in advance. Deepak Shetty said... Download script from!268 The script name is dynamic parameters. launch Jmeter and open this script file and run it. Note that you rarely need to add parameters dynamically (typically you know what parameters and how many there are in the script so you can directly specify them) Karthik said... Thanks you very much mate. I've been scratching my head like hell to figure out how to add variable number of parameters dynamically. This helped me a lot. Anonymous said... Awesome Work buddy. That's what I was looking for. Thanks Again. siva said... hi, i have multiple select tags and i wanna get option value based on select tag id attribute value using regular expression. Deepak Shetty said... XPath Post processor is usually easier in such cases (but less memory efficient and slower) It might still be possible to do it with regex but the regex itself is much more difficult. The other option is using the id extract out the Select HTML. Then write a second regex that operates on this extracted Select box to extract out the option Nabojyoti Sarkar said... Hi Deepak Excellent post mate!!! Just wanted to know that what needs to be done if I do not want to hardcode the value of the paarameter..say I want the parameters to contain values from a predefined CSV file..Could you please help me onm this? Deepak Shetty said... @Nabojyoti Sarkar The API allows you to specify whatever key/value you want and JMeter/java allow you to write whatever logic you want. For e.g. if your CSV is read using a CSV data set config and you have 4 columns(column1 = name of parameter,column2=value of the same parameter) which map to variables col1 ,col2,col3,col4 then in the Beanshell pre processor you could write Again the main point is sampler.addArgument(key,value) How you get key and value isnt really relevant and can be done in many different ways Nabojyoti Sarkar said... Thanks a lot Deepak for your response..thanks for helping me understanding the working of this API, however, I am unable to do something using this. I aim at generating random number of paramaters (successfully done that with your help) and then assign values to the parameters from a csv file. The csv file has two columns and few rows. I want the first parameter to get value from cell(row1,col1), second parameter to get value from cell(row2,col1) and like wise...can you pls provide me the code how to do this? Currently it is only populating the parameters with the values present in cell (row1,col1) Deepak Shetty said... Usually your excel file should be modelled as row1 = data for 1 case row2 = data for 1 case i.e. each row should have the data . In your example you want the column to have the data - its easier if you transpose your excel. If you can then simply use the CSV Data Set Config Thread Group +While Controller (with condition) ++HTTP request Sampler +++BeanShell Preproc ++CSV Data Set config(var1,var2...) Then for each time the while controller runs the values you declare in the variables (in the example var1, var2) will move to the next row. Because the reading is row by row what you want is the data for one test case to be contained in the row so parameter 1 = row1,col1 parameter 2 = row1, col2 You need to specify the sharing mode on CSV data set config and you also need to provide a condition when you want to stop (for e..g. if you want to stop when there are no more lines in the CSV then you use "${var1}" != "" Rachna said... Awesome soved my problems in a seconds :) :) Thanks a ton krishna said... HI bro, can u explain me how to read an excel file using beanshell Deepak Shetty said... Not related to this post - please send jmeter questions to the jmeter mailing list. easiest way is to export excel to CSV and use CSV in JMeter. other way is to use POI or JExcelAPI to read the file and iterate using beanshell or custom elements - however that is too much to describe in a comment Sattish said... Hi Deepak, Thanks for this nice article. It helped me a lot Anonymous said... Great article. It helps me a lot! Anonymous said... God bless you. Very Very Helpful Articles. Anonymous said... Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you. Anonymous said... It thorows an error while executing ERROR - jmeter.util.BeanShellInterpreter: Error invoking bsh method: eval Sourced file: inline evaluation of: ``int count = Integer.parseInt(vars.get("inputTerms_matchNr")); for(int i=1;i<=cou . . . '' : Typed variable declaration : Method Invocation Integer.parseInt Deepak Shetty said... Is this your full script? most likely your variable is not called inputTerms (reference name in your regex ) or your regex is messed up or something. Did you look at the result of debug sampler to check that the values are getting extracted as you expect? Anonymous said... Hi Deepak Thanks Deepak for the response.In bean shell post processor,the script what I have mentioned is int count = Integer.parseInt(vars.get("Input Terms_matchNr")); and in the HTTP request i'm passing the parameter "${count}" in the value section. Note:Now the error is solved.But no value is captured in ${count} when i checked the view result tree.I'm expecting the value "8" for "count".For the response for the earlier request the value shown for "inputTerms_matchNr" is "8" and it is shown in debug sampler. Deepak Shetty said... as mentioned you need to check your script (variable name of Input Terms with a space in it looks wrong) - steps to debug were also specified in previous response. Basically you are not returning a parseable number so Integer.parseInt is failing subrat said... I am facing one issue in Jmeter. There are some parameters which are generated dynamically in each HTTP Request. When data is POST,one random value is generated while getting response and append in the path.( This value vary for each request. I want to know how to deal with. It should be different for every thread. Subrat Ray Deepak Shetty said... There are two possibilities a. This is a true random number generated which has no meaning to the server other than it is random (usually HTML apps do something like this to ensure that the browser does not cache the page since every URL is effectively new) In this case just use the standard Jmeter function (Random) append with something like threadNum function- function help is You can write custom java code if you need the random number to be some specific format and call that too b. This number is something that the server generates and it is essential that the next request passes exactly the same value (for e.g. CSRF tokens or primary keys) - In this case the server will be returning you this value somewhere and you have to add a post processor (usually regex post processor) to extract out this value from the response into a variable and then send it to the next request using ${variable} Post processors are described here These are automatically different for each thread since the server will usually generate different values for each request and you will extract and store it into a variable which is scoped for the thread Which one of the two options you have to choose is based on your application. subrat said... Thanks Deepak, I tried with the Regex Post Processor to deal with it. I am getting the following exception:- Illegal character in query (${test}). Reference Name: test Regular Expression: random_number="(.+?)" Template: $1$ Match No.: -1 Where I am going wrong. I think there is problem with regular expression, I tried some other expressions as well but didn't get any solution. Deepak Shetty said... Your regular expression didnt work (and it doesnt make sense) So test wasnt setup as a varaible (which means there is either a syntax error or you placed it in the wrong location - the regex post processor needs to be achild of the sampler that is returning the response you want to extract data from) You need to understand how your application works before you can write a test for this - For e.g. Did you identify , which response is returning these values ? Then you need to look at the surrounding text and write a regex that extracts the value you want - instead you have written a regular expression that says Match any character, atleast once, but as few as possible - which makes no sense. It should be something like this +HTTP Request 1 (assuming the text contains the random_number in its response somewhere) ++Regex Pst processor (variable=test) +Http Request2 (${test} The + represents indentation level subrat said... Thanks Deepak, In our application, there is one parameter (request_ID in our application) which is generated from the server side how can we handle this parameter at our end. This parameter is getting changed in each request. One more issue is there, For say, I have recorded one scenario and play it with single thread only it executes well but after 5-10 mins report data doesn't display because at server side report which is cached is cleared after some specific time. What will be the solution for this. Can we handle this thing in Jmeter? Deepak Shetty said... if you say the server is generating this parameter and in addition it is different for every request , then every response from the server must have this parameter - and all you need to do is extract it out (into a variable ) and send it with the next request. You can scope a Post processor so that it executes for every request in scope For e,g Simple Controller +Request 1 ++Regex extractor1 +regex extractor2 In this case regex extractor1 will only get applied to the response of request 1 (since it is a child of request 1) but regex extractor2 gets applied to both request1 and Request2 (since it is a child of simple controller) Other than something is wrong with your test (assuming it works fine for a browser) - there is nothing I can say - Most likely you have something like a session id that has expired (when you recorded , it recorded the id and then when you play it , it is using the same id, rather than requesting a new one) -- it is not possible to remotely debug problem with the level of information that you provide. To repeat - you have to understand how your application works , first, then replicate the same in Jmeter. One way is compare what the browser (or your application) does with whatever you are sending in Jmeter. Anonymous said... Hi Deepak, I need to create a dynamic POST request in JMeter. The request contains an array list. The list data is available in a .csv file. If you can give some suggestion using beanshell preprocessor how I can achieve this will be helpful. Deepak Shetty said... " The request contains an array list. " There isn't any such thing as an "array list" in HTTP - all you have is String - Determine what you actually need passed - eg. you might be passing a single parameter with comma delimited string or you might be passing multiple parameters with the same name - once you know that this is easy to achieve in JMeter. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Deepak Shetty said... Im not sure exactly what you mean by "next iteration" but here is one way Sampler Method1(returns 1000 ids) +Extract out all ids into a variable( specifying -1 in the regex post processors) While Controller (using __counter function to compare ) +Sampler Method 2 ++ BeanShell pre processor (pick out 100 ids and set them into Sampler - use the counter variable to determine which iteration you are on and the code in this blog post as an example) Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Deepak Shetty said... Your code snippet is correct - You are extracting all the IDs - However what you are probably having a problem with is how to access the 1000 elements? In which case look at the example in the post Adding a debug sampler shows how Jmeter extracts the variables (so varName_1 and varName_2 ... The beanshell script shows you how to loop over the entire set. So verify your regex is correct by debug sampler - are you only seeing one value in the response of the debug sampler - in which case the regex is wrong (most likely because its greedy and your data seems to be in a single line) I havent tested it - please use any regex tester Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Raheel Azhar said... This comment has been removed by the author. Deepak Shetty said... If your regex only picks up one value it is wrong. I have uploaded a sample that does some of what you want to do - I hardcoded the response to return 4 items and the next sampler picks up 2 items at a time - You can change the code to look at the total number of results and adjust it so its all dynamic However I am out of the country after this so please send further queries to Jmeter mailing list!945&authkey=!AFzctxMn9ylCsHc&ithint=file%2cjmx Raheel Azhar said... Thanks Deepak! I'll try that today. Anonymous said... Hi Deepak, I am recording some reports through Jmeter. Lets say there are 521 pages in a single report. When I execute the recorded script, In HTML view (View Result Tree Listener)I can see only 22 of 521 pages. My question is:- "Is there any limitaion of Jmeter that it can only record some amount of data?" Thanks in advance Deepak Shetty said... No. But there are valid reasons for the recorder doing things different than what you expect. I believe your question is to do with recording (but the latter half of your question deals with the execution of the script - which is a different thing). So assuming you are talking about recording the script - I suppose you are saying that you clicked some links 521 times but only 22 of them got recorded into the script (note you shouldnt have yet run the script)- Look at the script that got recorded - do you have 521 steps or 21? JMeter records browser actions by configuring itself as a proxy - as such the first basic thing is JMeter will record whatever the browser requested it for. It follows that if the browser didnt request something to the proxy then Jmeter wont record it. The cases when user did something but browser didnt make the request can be due to a. Browser cache (so ensure that you always clear cache and also that you configure browser to not cache anything - IE for example may cache per session and you can change the settings) b. You configured browser to bypass some requests from proxy (For e.g. No Proxy for setting in Firefox) The other reasons fall under Jmeter configuration a. You manually excluded some URL patterns but there is a mistake in your regular expression causing some requests to not get recorded (URL Patterns to exclude) b. You are facing some issues due to HTTPS not being setup correctly Anonymous said... Thanks Deepak, Yes, I checked with the Firefox and through firebug I found that Firefox only records 22 pages out of 512 pages. So as you described, Jmeter will record in the same way the firefox is requested for. One more doubt here, "How will I record script in Chrome using JMeter. Will it be same like with the other browsers (IE, Mozilla). I was trying to record in Chrome but application is not getting recorded." Deepak Shetty said... All browsers support proxy so all can be used along with JMeter - (But configuration steps might differ). However you should probably see why FF is not making the requests - The two most common settings are cache or Network settings (Tools -->Options -->Advanced -->Network-->Settings ) One more possibility is that you are mistaking HTTP requests and browser clicks. Everytime you click a link in the browser does not necessarily mean that browser makes an HTTP request (for e.g. DHTML popups ) Anonymous said... What is the maximum limit of load in jmeter? I want to run Load test with 350 users with ramp up of 50 users every few minutes. While recording there were 47 steps being recorded. if there will be 350 users then (350*47) 16450 steps will be executed. Please correct me if I am going wrong. Deepak Shetty said... >What is the maximum limit of load in jmeter? None - You are limited by what ypur machine can do - but you can always use multiple machines Assuming users = threads and number of iterations (on thread group) =1 then yes 16450 steps. Anonymous said... Hi Deepak, I am confused in the below step: After logging in, I get the homepage of my application and I fill a form, now as I click on submit button after filling the form, I find that resultant page has a new dynamically generated id under the URL, which I am not able to find out. because before proceeding to this url I need to get it actually. suppose after clicking on submit URL says : Here I need to capture this id(25) so that when I put a load that time I could write the variable name in this url to get this id. Also I want to mention that I need this id in my one previous request. Please guide me on this. Anonymous said... I want to use Monitor Results Listener in Jmeter. I want to monitor server as well of the application. But how can I achieve this? The monitor only works with Tomcat5 build 5.0.19 and newer. It means if application is deployed some other server, then it will not capture the server performance? Please suggest. Deepak Shetty said... JMeter is not a server monitoring tool - The interface that is provided for Tomcat for e.g. can be implemented on any other server if you wish , however most Java app servers or even Java VMs have good monitoring capabilities (like JConsole) - if you are using something other than Java then you'll have to see specific to your platform. Anonymous said... Hi Deepak, During recording through Jmeter, I got the following exception:- Remote host closed connection during handshake at Source) at Source) at Source) at Source) at org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLSocketFactory.connectSocket( at org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultClientConnectionOperator.openConnection( at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.tryConnect( at org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultRequestDirector.execute( at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.execute( at org.apache.http.impl.client.AbstractHttpClient.execute( at org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.sampler.HTTPHC4Impl.executeRequest( at org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.sampler.HTTPHC4Impl.sample( at org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.sampler.HTTPSamplerProxy.sample( at org.apache.jmeter.protocol.http.sampler.HTTPSamplerBase.sample( Caused by: SSL peer shut down incorrectly at Source) ... 16 more Please suggest why this is coming. Deepak Shetty said... Did you follow all the steps listed in ( HTTPS recording and certificates ) HTTPS recording needs some further setup in Jmeter and browser Anonymous said... I have followed all the steps mentioned in PDF, but still getting the same exception. Deepak Shetty said... And imported and setup your browser correctly ? Ensure you are using latest jmeter / supported java version. Otherwise you will have to ask on the Jmeter mailing group.. Anonymous said... I am using Jmeter 2.11 version and java 1.7 version. Deepak Shetty said... is this happening for any website that you are attempting to record ? In which case probably you have a setup issue (if its only happening for your site then it likely might be a defect in JMeter or your site) - Its difficult to say since the error message you get is a generic java thing You could try alternatives like Anonymous said... Hi Deepak, I am working on a login page where we get a CSRF token and i need to pass the token with the login credentials.I am able to extract the CSRF code from the page using Regular expression extractor but when i make the post call but the in the same sample CSRF code goes blank as the Regular expression extractor is post processor.How i can extract the code in the same sample and send in the post. Deepak Shetty said... >.I am able to extract the CSRF code from the page using Regular expression extractor Did you verify this ? Immediately after the sampler in which you extract the data into a variable , add a debug sampler + view results tree and see if you did indeed extract the value >but when i make the post call but the in the same sample This statement doesnt make sense - The token is for the next sample. >How i can extract the code in the same sample and send in the post. Again - you do not seem to understand how CSRF or the browser does this. You have to first request a page or something which gives you a token , then you extract it and then you send it in the next sample Anonymous said... Thanks Deepak for the reply.I was able to capture the response. Anonymous said... Nice post!! It is very helpful PerfTester_0321 said... Hi Deepak, I am using JMeter 3.0 version and creating the scripts for web application. I have a Get request which have JSON response. After that I have POST request which send the request based on previous response values. Like In response I am getting the total records and each record numerical value (I have captured them using Regular expression extractor names like pcount and pvalues) . Here is the POST request format.. So here the number pselect_xxx=1 are based o number of pcount and xxx values are coming from pvalues. Now here I am looking for formatted request to substitute in place of request because each request have different sets of pselect_xxx=1 values. Could you please provide me the beanshell script to resolve this ? I really appeciate all our help. Deepak Shetty said... Im not sure I understand. If say pcount=5 , and pvalues looks like And in post you want to send Deepak Shetty said... sorry meant to ask , is this what you want to do ? raj said... How do I configure a parameter so that a distinct value is used for each occurrence of the parameter in a single request? Here is an example of the request:${stock},${stock},${stock} I want the request to be sent like this:,MSFT,CSCO the values of the parameter "stock" are defined in the csv file. Its a single thread execution test. Pavan Kumar said... Hi Deepak, How to handle the Cache buster value in j meter. Brief explanation of cache buster is below: What Does a Cache-Buster Do? I am getting a dynamic value for cache buster how to handle it in j meter.whenever we are sending a request to server cache buster value is to handle it .In response the cache buster value is not shown.Please help me.
Remembering The Old Songs: by Lyle Lofgren (Originally published: Inside Bluegrass, November 2002) I don't know the identity of the earliest song composed by a human, but I have a good bet for the second one: it was a parody of the first. Musical parody, at least in the sense of setting new words to an older tune, is so common in popular music history that we often don't notice how uncommon it is in the other arts. Parody is not necessarily comedy. It often makes serious statements. In the first half of the 20th century, for example, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) published their Little Red Songbook, filled with pro-union protest songs that were almost all parodies. There's no music notation in the book, but each song lists a popular tune to use when singing it, such as The Shade of the Old Apple Tree. The Second Great Awakening started in the first half of the 1800s (the First was in the mid-1700s), and was a plush time for evangelists, who were in demand for tent revival meetings all over America. Many city sophisticates were bemused by the religious fervor, and one response was to make sport of it. The earliest reference I find (1861) to this month's song is sheet music that advertises: Sung with immense applause in the musical extravaganza of Mazeppa at Mrs. John Drew's Arch Street Theater. Music arr. Chas. R. Dodsworth, Phila. From the cover lithograph, it's obvious that religious satire was intended , although there's no clue as to whether the song was also a parody of an existing gospel song. The song must have been quite popular, because it generated lots of parodies with patriotic Civil War verses, such as Dixie's Band and McClellan's Band. The Old Testament (Judges, chapters 6 and 7) tells of Gideon and his band; how God made Gideon repeatedly reduce the size of his army until only 300 were left; how they surrounded the Midianites (at midnight?), using only trumpets and lanterns hidden inside pitchers. At the signal, they all blew their trumpets and broke the pitchers. The raucous noise and spectacular light show panicked the Midianites, who began to fight each other in the confusion and self-destructed without any other help. Many small groups of true believers with a cause have used the name Gideon's Band, and almost all of them have been targets for satire by groups that don't hold those beliefs. Although the Second Great Awakening never disappeared, moving out of the gospel tent into radio and TV, the Bible Belt wasn't as monolithic as it seemed. There was still an audience in the rural South for religious satire/parodies such as this song. This version was recorded for Brunswick in 1928 by Al Hopkins and his Buckle Busters (when they recorded for Vocalion, they called themselves The Hill Billies). The band members, from the area where North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee meet, were townies rather than farmers, but were quite popular as entertainers in the Southeast. Although the song was at least 70 years old when they recorded it, they probably did not learn it from oral tradition. It was republished in 1918 in a popular collection called The Book of a Thousand Songs, and they most likely learned it from that book. Complete Lyrics: 1.Oh, Noey, he did build the ark, Oh, Noey, he did build the ark, Oh, Noey, he did build the ark, Of cinnamon wood and hickory bark. Do you belong to Gideon's band, Here's my heart, and here's my hand. If you belong to Gideon's band, We're hunting for a home. 2.Here come the animals, two by two, (X3) A leopard and a kangaroo. 3.Oh, Eve she did the apple eat, (X3) She popped her lips and said 'twas sweet. 4.Oh, keep your nose upon your face, (X3) For anywhere else, it's out of place. 5.Oh, keep your hat upon your head, (X3) For you will want it when you're dead. I found this sheet music at the Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collection website. Since then, it's disappeared from their website, but you could try contacting them, if you're that curious. The original (now broken) link was Return to the Remembering the Old Songs page.
Wednesday, January 2, 2013 In his new book Brothers: On His Brothers and Brothers in History, author George Howe Colt explores male sibling relationships. In one example, he examines two very different brothers: John Wilkes Boothe (who assassinated Lincoln) and his brother Edwin. Colt is fascinated with the ways in which siblings raised in the same family can be very different people. He asserts that psychologists claim that "the experience of each child within a family is so distinct that each grows a different family." While the siblings I have interviewed are less infamous than the Boothe brothers, I, too, have found that family stories vary among siblings. The most common difference that I have found is in the perception each sibling has of the parents, especially in families in which the siblings are separated by a wide age gap. A first born raised by very young parents on a budget will have a very different view of, and stories about, his parents than will the youngest son who was born when the parents were 40 and wealthier. One might have spent his first ten years in a cramped urban apartment while the other lived in a big house in the suburbs. One might have viewed his parents as carefree and happy; the other, as anxious and somber. Age difference between siblings is a big factor, but there are many others--temperament, gender, intellect, personality, talents, and so on. Many times, I have heard siblings describe their parents so differently that it is hard to believe they are talking about the same people! Be cognizant of these differences when collecting your family stories. Do you wish to preserve only one point of view in your stories, or do you want to include a more well-rounded perspective? I learned this lesson the hard way once, by attempting to film an interview of two sisters. Not only were they a decade apart in age, they had very strong (and very opposite) perspectives on almost every family member and event. They spent the whole interview bickering on every detail. Be careful of the sibling dynamic when collecting your stories! The distinct personalities of siblings May and Emily Magee are evident in this photo, my favorite one of the two sisters together. May (right) was a very commanding mother of ten, while Emily (left) was a single woman with a more gentle demeanor. They both shared a love of going out for dinner, however!
Why GDI needs BG Well it seems that for the upside of economy and low emissions there is a downside of maintenance issues and loss of performance. This means there is an opportunity for the independent sector for preventative maintenance and repair Let’s look at how Direct Injection (DI) works. By injecting petrol at high pressure directly into the combustion chamber, DI delivers fuel more precisely and efficiently than port fuel-injection systems (PFI). The result is more complete combustion and cooler cylinder temperatures, enabling higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power. Bosch says that DI can return 15%, or more, gain in fuel economy while boosting torque as much as 50 percent. Combining DI with turbocharging delivers even greater gains in economy and performance. That enables OEMs to use smaller displacement engines, resulting in even more efficiency. Because of the position of the injectors (inside the cylinder) they are in direct contact with the soot released from the burnt fuel. The soot deposits itself on the injector tip and interferes with the accuracy and atomisation of the spray pattern. A second issue is that because the injectors do not spray across the intake valve, the valve is subject to additional deposit formation as the detergents that are in the fuel do not touch the valve. These build-ups can be exacerbated by oil vapour deposits. In order to reduce frictional energy loss and improve MPG, GDI engines use lighter, low tension piston rings. Ring spring force in older engines was as high as 30psi. New GDI engines can be 60% less. Also, engine compression ratios have increased from 9:1 to as high as 14:1. This increased pressure creates more force on the low-tension rings. Piston rings should prevent oil seeping up, fuel and combustion gases from ‘blowing-by’ between the piston and cylinder. Crankcase contamination compromises lubrication and promotes oil degradation. Degraded engine oil is more susceptible to thickening. When oil thickens it flows less easily, so that when some oil gets behind the rings it tends to stick. Over time it hardens and restricts ring function, reducing the all-important compression, and allowing even more gases, soot and fuel into the oil. The impact on compression is also a feature. BG Products tested a Ford 2.0 GDi and it had had lost 8% compression psi in 3 cylinders after only 11,000 miles, and a Mazda 3 lost up to 14% in 36167 miles So, while GDI engines are known for efficiency, the constant struggle between low tension piston rings and high operating pressures will eventually erode fuel efficiency and diminish horsepower. BG Products’ research has shown that a preventative maintenance regime to keep injectors clean of the hard baked deposit, to keep the integrity, and slow down oxidation, of the oil and ensuring that the old oil is thoroughly cleaned out of all critical areas during an oil change, will drastically limit the problems that will impact GDI engines. To request a call from one of the BG Team, Experts in the field of restoring compression and protecting engine life just ask us to give you a call back or call us on 01284 777934. Comments have been closed.
There are a hundred trillion bacteria in your body as you read this, and a bunch of these guys in those bacteria. The surface it is standing on would be, I assume, the interior of the exterior of a bacterium, being that bacteriophage viruses invade and then replicate within bacteria, taking proteins from the bacteria to create copies of itself. Sounds creepy, though the influenza virus does the exact same thing, using our cells instead of a single cell bacterium. From a virus’s unthinking and barely even alive POV, a cell is a cell. What matters is the proteins in the cell, without which there can be no baby viruses. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Pharyngeal slit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search image showing gill slits in acorn worm and tunicate The presence of gill slits (in blue) in an acorn worm (left) and tunicate (right) Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in Invertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. Pharyngeal slits are repeated openings that appear along the pharynx caudal to the mouth. With this position, they allow for the movement of water in the mouth and out the pharyngeal slits. It is postulated that this is how pharyngeal slits first assisted in filter-feeding, and later with the addition of gills along their walls, aided in respiration of aquatic chordates.[1] These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits.[2] Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[3] However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates. One theory of their origin is the fusion of nephridia which opened both on the outside and the gut, creating openings between the gut and the environment.[4] Pharyngeal arches in Vertebrates[edit] In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers.[5] Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to craniofacial features such as bone and cartilage.[5] However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development.[6] The first, most anterior pharyngeal arch gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support.[5] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the brachial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.[7] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that Hox genes and other developmental genes such as dlx are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the branchial arches.[8] Some fish species have jaws in their throat, known as pharyngeal jaws, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.[9] Evolution of pharyngeal slits[edit] A phylogeny showing when gill slits may have arisen. It is thought that gill slits were subsequently lost in echinoderms. The presence of pharyngeal slits in hemichordates led to debates of whether this structure was homologous to the slits found in chordates or a result of convergent evolution.[10] With the placement of hemichordates and echinoderms as a sister group to chordates, a new hypothesis has emerged-suggesting that pharyngeal gill slits were present in the deuterostome ancestor .[11] Intriguingly, extant echinoderms lack pharyngeal structures, but fossil records reveal that ancestral forms of echinoderms had gill-like structures.[12] Comparative developmental and genetic studies of these pharyngeal structures between hemichordates and urochordates have brought about important insights regarding the evolution of the deuterostome body plan.[13] Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1/9 genes (which encode for transcription factors) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development.[14] applying excess retinoic acid (excess retincoic acid in vertebrates results in pharyngeal abnormalities) leads to the absence of gill slits in developing Amphioxus, suggesting that retinoic acid may act through the same mechanism in vertebrates and amphioxus.[15] These studies indicate that the pharyngeal slits found in hemichordates and chordates are indeed homologous in a molecular sense. 1. ^ Kardong KV. Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (Seventh ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 9780078023026. OCLC 862149184. 2. ^ Gerhart J, Lowe C, Kirschner M (2005). "Hemichordates and the origin of chordates". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 15 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.06.004. PMID 15964754. 4. ^ The Nephridial Hypothesis of the Gill Slit Origin 9. ^ Fraser GJ, Hulsey CD, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman JT (February 2009). "An ancient gene network is co-opted for teeth on old and new jaws". PLOS Biology. 7 (2): e31. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031. PMC 2637924Freely accessible. PMID 19215146. 10. ^ Gee H (1996). "Before the backbone. Views on the origin of vertebrates". London (Chapman & hall). 11. ^ Winchell CJ, Sullivan J, Cameron CB, Swalla BJ, Mallatt J (2002). "Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data". Mol Biol Evol. 19 (5): 762–776. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004134. PMID 11961109. 12. ^ Shu D, Morris SC, Zhang ZF, Liu JN, Han J, Chen L, Zhang XL, Yasui K, Li Y (2003). "A new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution". Science. 299 (5611): 1380–1384. doi:10.1126/science.1079846. PMID 12610301. 13. ^ Brown FD, Prendergast A, Swalla BJ (2008). "Man is but a worm: chordate origins". Genesis. 46 (11): 605–613. doi:10.1002/dvg.20471. PMID 19003926. 14. ^ Ogasawara M, Wada H, Peters H, Satoh N (1999). "Developmental expression of Pax 1/9 genes in urochordate and hemichordate gills: insight into function and evolution of the pharyngeal epithelium". Development. 126 (11): 2539–2550. PMID 10226012. 15. ^ Holland LZ, Holland N (1996). "Expression of AmphiHox-1 and AmphiPax-1 in amphioxus embryos treated with retinoic acid: insights into evolution and patterning of the chordate nerve cord and pharynx". Development. 122 (6): 1829–1838. PMID 8674422.
• Early Morning, Evening, Saturday & Same Day Emergency Appointments • 161 Fort Evans Rd NE #300 Leesburg, Virginia 20176 • Frenectomy The word frenum means a fold of connecting tissue. In dentistry, the word frenum usually refers to either the tissue under the tongue, or under the upper lip just above the two front teeth. If you look in the mirror, the frenum under your tongue is rather obvious; it connects your tongue to the floor of your mouth. Frenums also connect your gums to your inner cheeks. Problems with a frenum sometimes require its removal, which is called a frenectomy. A tight frenum under the tongue can restrict tongue movement. This is called being tongue tied; the medical term is ankyloglossia. In babies this can interfere with feeding, and later it can cause problems with speech. A lingual frenectomy is the removal of some of the tissue so that the tongue can move freely. In dentistry, the more common type of frenectomy is a labial frenectomy. This is the removal of the frenum under the lip and above your front teeth. Adults who are getting dentures often need to have this frenum remove because it can interfere with the fit of the upper denture. In children, the frenum sometimes grows between the two front teeth. A frenectomy is not always necessary, especially in children, because sometimes problems with the frenum resolve on their own. A frenum that comes between the two teeth can cause a gap in the permanent teeth, which is why some parents choose to have their child undergo a frenectomy at an early age. If the frenum causes pain for the child, a frenectomy is usually recommended. Frenectomies can be done under local anesthesia in a dentist’s office. For children, frenectomies are often done by a surgeon in a hospital under general anesthesia. The decision of whether or not to have a frenectomy performed can be confusing. Dr. Aman can examine your or your child’s mouth in his Leesburg office and discuss frenums and potential problems with you, so that you can make an informed decision.
Unlock your biological data Try: RNA sequencing CRISPR Genomic databases DESeq Circular RNA visualization software tools \| RNA sequencing data analysis Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel rising stars of noncoding RNAs, which are highly abundant and evolutionarily conserved across species. Number of publications related to circRNAs increased sharply in recent years, representing emerging focuses in the field. Therefore, tools, pipelines and databases have been developed to identify and store circRNAs. Source text: (Feng et al., 2017) CircView: a visualization and exploration tool for circular RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 0 - 0 of 0 results 1 - 2 of 2 results filter_list Filters computer Job seeker Disable 1 thumb_up Fields of Interest public Country language Programming Language 1 - 2 of 2 results
What is debit card skimming? Posted on by My friend did not use her debit card very often. But one day her financial institution’s fraud department alerted her that that her card was being used to simultaneously charge $1000 at a truck stop in El Paso AND charge hundreds of dollars at various home furnishing stores in Rockwall. My friend was in neither place while those debits were occurring. Fortunately, after filling out and signing some forms, she was able to get her money back. But what happened? And how do you prevent it? In her case, there were a couple of possibilities. She had recently used the card to buy lunch at a restaurant in the area. As is typical in these types of establishments, her card was out of her sight for a few minutes while the debit transaction was being processed. The server could’ve used an easily concealable handheld device to “skim” the card and store the information for later use. Skimmers are easily available online and can be used in situations like this to steal card information. Another possibility is that she used her card to “pay at the pump” for gas. Although we take for granted that these self-serve payment devices will always be safe and secure, that is not always the case. In 2012, a California man was sentenced to 20 years here in Fort Worth for his part in a massive card skimming scheme that focused on gas stations. In this situation the pump itself was tampered with and the skimmer placed inside. They collected card information and stored them until the device could be retrieved by the criminals. At that point, the numbers are either used by the criminals themselves to make cards and purchase goods that can be sold, or—more likely—sold in online exchanges that traffic stolen card numbers. Debit fraud has become big business in the criminal world. The Federal Reserve Bank estimated that debit card losses in the U.S. reached $1.38 billion in 2011, with signature-required transactions accounting for the vast majority of the losses. In my friend’s case, the criminals tipped their hand by allowing the number to be used simultaneously at locations that were hundreds of miles apart, which tipped off the automated fraud monitoring that most institutions—including EECU—use to try and detect fraud as soon as it occurs. Although the two examples above involved skimming methods that happened out of sight, some skimming attacks happen right in front of your eyes. Criminals have built custom skimmers that are designed to attach to the front of an ATM, over the regular card reader. This allows them to read the card and store its information as you are inserting it into the machine. They may couple this with a hidden camera meant to capture you entering your PIN so that they then have everything they need to create a fake card and start looting money from your account. So what can you do to protect yourself? In addition, to help protect our member’s accounts, EECU places certain daily limits on cards that can vary by type of store, or by the state or country you are in. If you know you’re going to be making a larger-than-normal purchase on your card in the next 24 hours, or if you are going to be traveling, call us in advance and we can help make sure your card will be available to you. Follow @EECUdfw 9 thoughts on “What is debit card skimming? 1. This just recently happened to my credit/debit card and I am so thankful for EECU and the fraud services who noticed the unusual activity, called and emailed me and placed a hold on the card. I was able to quickly get in to sign the paperwork and have my funds returned to my account within 24 hours. I don’t know how the perpetrators got my number but it was most likely one of these “skimmers” since I still had possession of the card. Thank you EECU! • We’re so sorry you had to go through that process, but very glad our fraud-legal department was able to help you! 2. I recently got info from eecu that my credit worthiness was changing d/t info gotten from equifax. I tried to access my credit on line frm equifax, but could not obtain online d/t unrecognized info on a mortgage I do not have. So, not I have to write in to obtain. Why would one credit rater send info and not all three? • Hi Vivian, was this letter related to a credit card account? If so, this was likely part of our required annual scoring for card holders. This information is received from Equifax, which may be why you only received a notice from one bureau. If you have questions about changes to your account, please give us a call at 817-882-0800 and we’ll be happy to answer them. If there is information appearing on your credit history that you do not recognize, the credit reporting bureaus have steps to dispute misinformation, which can be found at http://www.investigate.equifax.com, http://www.experian.com and http://www.transunion.com. 3. Do the credit card sleeves that we can purchase work to protect cards when they are in your wallet or purse? I have heard that thieves can skim as they pass by us. Is this true? • Hi Mary! This vulnerability is generally limited to cards that have chips (called RFID chips) in them that communicate with devices, for instance the ability to wave a card over a scanner to make a payment. EECU’s credit and debit cards don’t have these capabilities, so we have not offered the protective sleeves before; however, many different types of materials may interfere with the signals produced by these chips in order to protect the owner. 4. Where can YOUR consumers find these “certain daily limits” that “can vary by type of store” etc? There is no way I, an account holder, can be sure that I can access MY OWN MONEY using an EECU debit card – your representatives say use the PIN access but even your information says that can be breeched as well. It’s very frustrating to use a bank that can’t provide concrete rules about how I can use my own bank card. At the LEAST, I should be able to ask inside a branch to look at your current “limits”. Now that we are aware of this “protective” practice, we have to seriously reconsider banking with EECU and that is too bad. • Hi Lisa, we understand your frustration. This is an issue being experienced by all financial institutions and is constantly changing based on where fraud is occurring the most, so it’s difficult to keep members aware of updates on an ongoing basis without informing fraudsters of vulnerabilities. Using a PIN for transactions should work in any case, unless there is some other issue with the transaction or account. We hope you’ll stick with us through this influx of fraud, and know that in addition to helping protect our members, these measures prevent the loss of money that allows us to offer better rates on loans and savings accounts. Comments are closed.
View more articles about (Credit: Getty Images) What would it take for peace in Syria? This month the United States launched a massive military precision strike in Syria, a country that has experienced brutal violence by President Bashar al-Assad’s regime. The US was responding to a chemical weapons attack on civilians in Douma, Syria a week earlier that the US and others have blamed on the Assad government. Syria has been in a political quagmire since a democratic uprising in 2011 as part of the so-called Arab Spring. Since then, the conflict in Syria escalated into a proxy war, with complicated, confusing international alliances and a devastating humanitarian toll. Russell Berman, a professor of comparative literature at Stanford University and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, has researched the conflict extensively. He recently wrote an article for the Hoover publication, The Caravan, about ousting Assad. Berman recently sat down to talk about the complexities of the Syrian conflict and how to peace can be achieved. How did the conflict in Syria get so complicated? It is not at all complicated that a popular revolt broke out in 2011 against the miserable Assad dynasty with its brutal track record. Syria could have been the Arab Spring at its best. In other words, success with Tehran meant bloodshed in Damascus. But there are two more external players. Russia entered Syria in order to gain access to the Mediterranean—Syria gave Russia an opportunity for its own “reset” and to reenter the region. And of course Turkey is constantly anxious about the possibility that the Kurds might achieve sovereign nationhood. The war in Syria has been waged against ISIS, but what is really at stake now is the shape of Syria after ISIS. Where does one even begin to resolve the conflict? Religion in the sense of profound faith is not the issue, but—as throughout the region—affiliation with ethno-religious communities makes a big difference, especially in Syria where a minority group, the Alawites (close to Shia Islam), has dominated a Sunni majority. That is the rationale behind the barrel bombs and chemical attacks: the Assad regime is carrying out an intentional policy of ethnic cleansing (result: the “refugee crisis” in Europe) in order to achieve a demographic shift within Syria, to make it less Sunni. The problem is that there are democratic forces which, despite next to no assistance from the outside, continue to resist Assad, while the prospect of an Iranian-dominated outcome will only generate more Sunni extremism, i.e., ISIS in another form. A genuine solution would be a post-Assad Syria with democratic institutions. Getting there will not be easy. An alternative under discussion would be to bring in other Sunni troops, especially from Saudi Arabia—but that is hardly a done deal. What are some common misunderstandings about the conflict? There is an illusion in some places that Assad is at heart a reformer. This is sheer propaganda, part of an intentional disinformation campaign. Another misunderstanding is the dismissal of the Syrian rebels themselves, as if the only alternative to Assad were terrorism. This is also just fake news, bought and paid for. Finally, it is a misunderstanding to overlook the international dimension of the war. It is now no longer only about the Syrian rebels and the criminal regime in Damascus; it is also a proxy war between the US, on one side, and Russia and Iran on the other. What steps must be in place for peace to be achieved in the region? Getting rid of Assad, establishing good governance structures, freedom for the Syrian people. It is shameful that so many have become cynical about such a prospect. That is the work of disinformation. However, for the time being, the outcome is perhaps less likely to be full-fledged victory than ongoing war, something like Ukraine. That is to say, some stalemate at a reduced level of violence, unless something else in the region reshuffles the deck altogether, such as a revocation of the JCPOA with Iran (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, known as the Iran nuclear deal) or a major war between Hezbollah and Israel. If air strikes and sanctions don’t work, what will? It’s not clear at all to me that these do not work. But if it turns out that Assad uses chemical weapons again, there should be another round of attacks, much less limited, perhaps a complete elimination of his air force. But there are strategic goals that could be pursued, and for which military action is only a means to an end. Coding and Minecraft boost Syrian refugee kids The US has the stronger hand and ought to develop a scheme to break up the Moscow-Tehran-Damascus axis. There are tensions among those various poles, and we should try to pry them apart. What is a realistic time frame for US withdrawal? With 2,000 troops in Syria, the US goal is not withdrawal as soon as possible; the goal is winning. It is, however, true that winning could be pursued with other troops, such as a possible Saudi contingent. I do not know if that will come to pass, but at least our relations with the Saudis have been repaired. In any case, at this point, the question of withdrawal is not about Syria; it is about whether the US will withdraw from the nuclear deal with Iran. The timeframe for that is next month. Changes to Syria’s land and water are visible from space Related Articles
Brave New World Why is the Brave New World a dystopia? What does Hucpley critique? Asked by Last updated by jill d #170087 Answers 1 Add Yours Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, published in 1932, is a dystopian novel set six hundred years in the future. The novel envisions a world that, in its quest for social stability and peace, has created a society devoid of emotion, love, beauty, and true relationships. Huxley's novel is chiefly a critique of the socialist policies that states had begun to advocate in the early twentieth century. Huxley, by 1932, had observed the increasing tendency of Western government to intrude upon people's lives. This intrusion, he believed, limited the expression of freedom and beauty that is integral to the human character. Through Brave New World and his other writings, he suggested that beauty is a result of pain and that society's desire to eliminate pain limits society's ability to thrive culturally and emotionally. Many readers initially found this difficult to accept, living as they did in the aftermath of World War I, when a lack of societal control had caused a war that inflicted great pain and death on an entire continent.
Historical articles and illustrations » Blog Archive The Rebellion of the Harmonious Fists and the art of Kung-fu – Historical articles and illustrations Posted in Famous battles, Historical articles, History, Politics, Sport, Weapons on Monday, 30 April 2012 This edited article about Kung-fu originally appeared in Look and Learn issue number 697 published on 24 May 1975. Boxer rebellion. picture, image, illustration The Boxer Rebellion brought about the siege of the British legation in Peking by Andrew Howat Bands of men could be seen carrying out a strange ritual all over the Shantung province of China in the year 1900. They were bowing, stamping and knocking their heads on the ground with their bodies facing the south-east. Under the exhortation of their leader, these men would work themselves into a trance-like frenzy in which they believed they were immune to bullets or swords. Finally, in their thousands, they would hurl themselves at the homes and offices of the Europeans living in Peking, determined at all costs to throw the “foreign devils” into the sea. These were the I Ho Chuan, or “Fists of Righteous Harmony”, better known as The Boxers, the most famous army of kung-fu fighters in history. Skilled, fearless and fanatical, the Boxers proved no match for Western fire power. Peking was besieged for 55 days, and when the city was finally relieved, the great mass of peasant-fighters melted away, leaving thousands of casualties behind them. Puzzled and dismayed, they felt themselves betrayed by their leaders, who had sworn that nothing could harm them. What had gone wrong? The great kung-fu teachers of the past would have had a ready enough answer: the secrets of China’s great martial art had been divulged to non-Buddhists and those who were not “gentle and merciful.” And, of course, utter disaster had been the result. But how did such an apparently aggressive art come into the hands of Buddhist monks in the first place? And did it really originate with them, or was this deadly form of unarmed combat a skill that had been introduced into China from somewhere else? These are questions that are still argued about by experts even today. For, kung-fu is probably the great-grandfather of both karate and judo, and has its beginnings so far back in history that the truth about its origin has been lost. In China, kung-fu is more generally known as wu-schu, or martial art. Kung-fu is not even directly translatable, although it describes a skill that in Hong Kong is called “War Art.” Its name has been popularised in the West by the Kung-fu films that were made in Hong Kong. Even though this name may not be strictly accurate, it has become generally accepted throughout the rest of the world. It is possible to trace what seem to be references to kung-fu as far back as 2,500 B.C. Certainly “boxing techniques” are mentioned in writings of about 600 B.C., although we do not know what kind of boxing this was. What is far more likely is that in about 500 A.D., a stranger arrived in China, bearing news of the form of Buddhism known as Zen. His name was Ta Mo and, according to legend, he was the son of the Indian king, Sugandha. Given a chilly welcome by the emperor, Ta Mo settled in a monastery in the province of Honan, and after many years of silent meditation, began to teach. Ta Mo’s curriculum allowed little time for sleep, and it was not long before young monks began to show signs of exhaustion. One by one they collapsed, worn out by their master’s harsh regime. Realising that the souls of his pupils could not benefit from his teaching if their bodies were weak, Ta Mo set about instructing them in a series of exercises that were to form the basis of kung-fu. Within a century, these were being followed throughout China. So many stories of the origins of kung-fu stress its association with Buddhist monks, that one wonders why the followers of a religion of non-violence should wish to become expert in a martial art. Some kung-fu scholars believe that the monks learned self-defence as a mental and physical discipline, and also as a means of protecting themselves from marauders when they went on pilgrimages. But there is another theory that makes a good deal of sense and provides a reason for the considerable secrecy that surrounded the masters of kung-fu. When the Ming dynasty gave way to the rule of the Manchus, many former officials had to go into hiding. As the Manchus were superstitious, and generally avoided having anything to do with religious orders, the Ming officials disguised themselves as Buddhist monks and took refuge in a monastery. There they planned the revolution that would bring them back to power. According to legend, a monastery in Southern China housed two distinct sets of monks for many years. These were the genuine seekers after religious truth, and a group of political fanatics who spent their time making themselves as immune to harm as was humanly possible. The passing out tests of these fanatics were formidable. Before they were allowed to set out and gather recruits to the Ming cause, they had to make their way through a temple filled with fiendishly ingenious wooden dummies. Each of these was equipped with some kind of lethal weapon. As the candidate walked through the temple, the pressure of his feet on the floor would activate one or more of the dummies, which would immediately slash or stab at him with murderous ferocity. Should the man succeed in making his way between all the dummies, he would be faced with a final task. This consisted of making his way through a doorway in which stood a heavy metal jar that had been heated until it glowed red. The correct way for the student to remove the jar was to pick it up in his arms. This act branded him with two symbols engraved on the vessel, a dragon, and a tiger, which would remain with him for life as proof that he was master of kung-fu. As with all the martial arts of the Orient, kung-fu relies heavily on mental training. Only with the aid of a completely disciplined mind can a student hope to gain control of his body. Consequently kung-fu training requires meditation and special exercises that may take years to master. Many martial art exercises are based on the movements of five animals – the bear, monkey, bird, tiger and deer. These were introduced by a famous doctor in about the year 200 A.D. Later, the properties of other creatures real and mythical, were added, not only to the exercises, but to the movements of kung-fu itself, so that there were the leopard movements, snake movements and even dragon movements. Kung-fu reached the Western world in about the middle of the last century, when it appeared among the Chinese communities on the West coast of North America. Almost certainly it was taken there by the many Oriental workers who were employed on building the great, transcontinental railway systems. But, although it was more than a century old in our eyes, few people had heard of kung-fu until Bruce Lee appeared on the cinema screen, with his high kicking, hard hitting form of unarmed combat. Kung-fu is very similar to karate. Indeed some say that it is only another name for Chinese karate. As a sport, it should only be followed under the guidance of a skilled instructor, and, unlike similar Japanese martial arts, it boasts no badges or belts to denote grades or proficiency, for to the true believer in kung-fu it is not a sport, but a way of life. Leave a comment You must be logged in to post a comment.
Geography of Southern Africa By Jeonghee 01 Region of Southern Africa The region of southern Africa is located between roughly 10° S to 35° S (latitude) and 10° E to 40° E (longitude). The region is very diverse topographically (physical features), in climate and vegetation. The region is comprised of lush coastal plains, high snow-covered mountains, savannah high plateaus, and arid deserts. Southern Africa-Botswana Botswana is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, north of South Africa. Botswana occupies an area of 600,370km2, of which 585,000 km2 are land. Botswana has land boundaries of combined length 4,013km, of which the constituent boundaries are shared with Namibia, for 1,360km South Africa 1,840 km Zimbabwe, 813 km and Zambia, less than 1 km. Much of the population of Botswana is concentrated in the eastern part of the country. Southern Africa-Lesotho Lesotho is a mountainous, landlocked country located in Southern Africa. It is an enclave, surrounded by South Africa. The total length of the country's borders is 909km. Lesotho covers an area of around 30,355km2, of which a negligible percentage is covered with water. The most notable geographic fact about Lesotho, apart from its status as an enclave, is that it is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000m in elevation. Its lowest point is at 1,400m, the highest lowest point of any country. Because of its elevation, the country's climate is cooler than in most other regions at the same latitude. Its climate zone can be classified as continental. Southern Africa-Namibia Mongolia At 825,418 km2,Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country. After Mongolia, Namibia is the least densely populated country in the world. Southern Africa-South Africa South Africa occupies the southern tip of Africa, its coastline stretching more than 2,500 km from the desert border with Namibia on the Atlantic coast southwards around the tip of Africa and then north to the border with Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. The low-lying coastal zone is narrow for much of that distance, soon giving way to a mountainous escarpment that separates the coast from the high inland plateau. In some places, notably the province of KwaZulu-Natal in the east, a greater distance separates the coast from the escarpment. Although most of the country is classified as semi-arid, it has considerable variation in climate as well as topography. Southern Africa-Swaziland
Sunday, 19 February 2012 Fractions and decimals Fractions and decimals for grade III What is a decimal number? Decimal numbers are basically the type of the fraction numbers. Decimals numbers always have the fraction form. It’s not needed to write always them in the form of fraction. This is the point of understanding that 0.2 can be written as 2/10 or 1/5. 0.7 can be written as 7/10. The numbers after the decimal point decides that what power of 10 would be followed by the fraction in the denominator. There are a few examples to understand the relation between Fractions and decimals (also use decimal to fraction calculator). Example 1: write down 0.009 in the fraction form. Solution: 0.009 = 9/1000 In the problem there are three numbers after the decimal point so in denominator 10 follows the power of three. Example 2: write the fraction to decimal form of the given number 783/10000. Solution: 783/10000 = 0.0783 This is the decimal representation of the fraction 783/10000. Here four zeroes in the denominator denote four digits after the decimal point. In the given problem only three digits are present so to make them four one additional zero is added at the left side. Addition of decimal numbers (more on decimal number) can be easily performed as column addition. Following example would help better to understand the addition of the decimal numbers. Example 3: Add the following decimal numbers. 4 . 6 + 8 . 9 Solution: Addition of the decimal numbers is the same as the column addition. It can be performed as follows 4 . 6 + 8 . 9 = 13 . 5 Step 1: on adding he digits of the first column from the right side the total is 9 + 6 = 15. Write down 5 and 1 would become carry for the next column. Step 2: now add the digits of the second column with carry 4 + 8 + 1 = 13. The decimal will be at the same place as in the problem. 13.5 is the answer. In upcoming posts we will discuss about Addition and subtraction and mode. Visit our website for information on Tamilnadu Board Sociology Sample Papers No comments: Post a Comment
Pinkeye has been showing up in numerous beef cattle operations in southwest Missouri during the last four to six weeks according to Eldon Cole, livestock specialist with University of Missouri Extension. The most susceptible animals are nursing calves and fall born 2016 weaned calves. “It seems most adult animals escape the eye infection probably because they’ve been exposed to it in previous years which gives them a little immunity,” said Cole. When cattle producers go to the pasture and find weepy-eyed animals or the animal is blind, they almost immediately say they have a pinkeye problem. Cole says there are several diseases and other factors that may be contributing factors. Several factors Traditionally, pinkeye was blamed on the bacterial infection, Moraxella bovis. Research shows several bacterial, viral and mycoplasma infections may contribute to eye infections commonly called “pinkeye.” Other factors involve eye irritants such as bright sunlight, dust, plant pollen, flies and poor nutrition which may weaken the animals immune system. “It’s difficult to pinpoint an exact cause, but we know several factors may be involved,” said Cole. Vaccinations with pinkeye vaccines have been around for years with limited success. More recently autogenous bacterins have been made using cultures from the infected herd. “This approach improves the prevention and speeds up recovery time if the animals in that herd gets an eye infection,” said Cole. Another Moraxella “family” bovoculi, is considered a possible cause of pinkeye infections. “If you herd has a nagging eye problem, year-after-year, check with your veterinarian about a possible vaccination program. It may be a late this year for best control but check it out,” said Cole. Economic impact Pinkeye, regardless of the cause, is a tremendous cause of lost income from local beef operations all the way through to the packer. The program used by MU Extension in Iowa, Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity, in conjunction with Iowa State University, tracks eye-infected cattle through to the carcass steers with eye scars gain 34 lbs. less while on the cow. They continue to lag behind their non-pinkeye herd mates in the feedlot by 0.2 lb. per day. “If you own cattle, you have likely had experience with eye infections, and affected calves will be spotted the instant they enter the sale ring. Usually, they will be sorted off and sold at a big discount,” said Cole. To avoid eye problems, Cole recommends watching cattle closely and treat promptly. “Treat it the day you find it,” said Cole. “If possible isolate affected animals to reduce the chance of more cattle in the herd coming down with bad eyes. Flies, especially face flies, are spreaders of eye problems so maintain fly control practices until frost.” PINK EYE – Herd bull being treated for pink eye. Facebook Comments
Vertex vs. vortex The noun vertex has two meanings: (1) the highest point, and (2) the point at which the sides of an angle intersect. Vortex refers to a whirling mass of matter. Both are often used metaphorically---vertex for the meeting point between two or more things, and vortex for any chaotic, figuratively swirling mass. Though the words have no definitions in common, they're both derived from the Latin vertere, meaning to turn. Each is pluralized in a pair of ways---vertexes/vertices, and … [Read more...] Straw man fallacy The straw man fallacy involves misrepresenting an opponent's position to make it easier to refute. Straw man arguments often oversimplify opposing views or disregard inconvenient points in favor of points that are easy to argue against. Examples In many instances, the person committing the straw man fallacy highlights the most extreme position of the opposing side---for example: Opposing argument: Teens should be taught about contraception methods so they can practice safe sex should they … [Read more...] Subconscious vs. unconscious Subconscious and unconscious are synonyms when they're informal adjectives meaning occurring in the absence of awareness or thought. For example, to say that kittens make you feel anxious on a subconscious level is the same as saying they make you feel anxious on an unconscious level. But unconscious is the more scientific term, and it's the usual choice in science and medicine. Subconscious is fairly common in quasi-scientific writing, but its definition is fuzzy, and it often signals that the … [Read more...] In the affirmative In the affirmative is wordy for yes. Like many phrases from legal jargon, in the affirmative is useful if you need absolute clarity, but in most contexts the wordiness is unnecessary. In the affirmative could almost always be replaced with affirmatively or simply yes. Examples In each of these cases, there's no reason in the affirmative should not be shortened to yes or affirmatively: The poll asked average Israelis if they support such a program, and 82 percent responded in the affirmative. … [Read more...] Maul vs. mull As a verb, maul means (1) to injure by or as if by beating, or (2) to lacerate. The word is also a noun referring to a heavy hammer. Mull, which is only a verb, is a synonym of ponder, often used with over. So mull is the correct spelling in the common phrase mull over. Maul is the correct spelling in reference to violent attacks. A third homophone, mall, is only a noun, primarily referring to a large shopping complex containing a variety of businesses. Examples Maul I was frantic when … [Read more...] Because doubtless conventionally works as an adverb (in addition to being an adjective) even though it lacks the adverbial -ly ending, the -ly adverb doubtlessly is superfluous. It's not wrong, but it always bears replacement with a shorter alternative. It addition to doubtless, there is the adverbial phrase no doubt, and there is also the slightly longer undoubtedly, which is more emphatic. Examples Doubtlessly is not wrong in these examples, but doubtless would work in its place: I saw no … [Read more...] Impending vs. pending Something that is pending is awaiting conclusion, confirmation, or fulfillment---for example, the birth of a child, the results of a test, or a just-submitted order from an online store. Something that is impending is about to occur or threatening to happen. The word can have sinister connotations and tends to apply to negative or threatening things. Examples Pending If pending state legislation becomes law, a herd of deer that are used to being fed could have to fend for themselves. … [Read more...] Spaces between sentences The old typographical superstition that it's proper to use two spaces after a sentence should be laid to rest. Virtually every major style guide recommends a single space, and most major publishers and publications comply. If you don't believe us, take any book off the shelf or visit any editorially scrupulous website and look closely at the spacing. Chances are good you will find no double spaces between sentences. The two-space "rule" came about thanks to the monospaced type used by … [Read more...] Timber or timbre Timbre, pronounced either TIM-ber or TAM-ber (the latter being closer to the French pronunciation), means tone quality. It is primarily a music-related term, but it can refer to other sounds. For example, we might say that a trumpet has a brassy timbre, or that the sound of the crowd during a football game has a timbre like waves on the beach. Timber refers primarily to wood and lumber. Aside from their similarity in spelling and sound (where timbre is not pronounced in the French manner), … [Read more...] The figurative idiom tongue-in-cheek means meant or expressed ironically or facetiously. The expression has origins in 18th-century England, and it originally referred to a common facial expression used to express contempt. Since then, the contempt-related connotations have mostly disappeared (along with the facial expression, as far as we can tell), and the word mostly denotes irony and facetiousness. Anything said tongue-in-cheek is not to be taken at face value. Examples Tongue-in-cheek … [Read more...] About Grammarist Contact \| Privacy policy \| Home © Copyright 2009-2014 Grammarist
Why not learn more about Resources? Reasons to Use Iron Ornamental Works Wrought or cast iron is usually heated to a certain temperature making it flexible enough to be used for various applications in a process called ornamental ironwork. This is used in making of stairs, grills, staircases, fire escapes, railings, gates and fences. The fact that it is weatherproof, ornamental iron can be used to decorate buildings and homes. This ornamental iron gives the building or house a charming look when used as a gate or even in staircases. Traditionally built houses can be renovated using the ornamental iron. Ornamental iron can also be used as furniture. The blacksmith not only heats the iron but he or she is responsible for forming it into the different shapes and sizes. The heating, melting and moulding of iron into different shapes for commercial uses is done by machines in the big companies. Metal or steel fabrication is the process by which the metal is cut, bend and then assemble the metal structures. It is also a value added process whereby raw material are used to create machines, parts and structures. The mostly common used types of metals in fabrication are the sheet metal and structural steel The steel fabrication is usually through two processes. The first one is the mixing of all the raw materials, heating them and then mixed up to form steel. The other fabrication process is the use of an electric arc furnace to recycle steel. Structural steel can be defined as the type of steel used in making structures of different shapes and sizes. The structures made with structural steel are mostly used in construction. These structures made from structural steel are commonly used because they have proven their handiness and ability to withstand weight without the fear of sagging. The maintenance of the structural integrity of the building is guaranteed by the use of structural steel structures. The structural steel is also very flexible meaning it can handle different stresses. As compared to others, it is proven that building and structures that have long life spans use structural steel. The infinite life span of the structural steel is also determined by its protection from rust. The protection of the structural steel will ensure that it will retain its ideal strength definitely. Structural steel has also the ability to be reused or recycled meaning that it is environmental friendly. Steel companies can buy the old steel scraps after renovating a building. New products are then made from the recast of the old scrap steel. It is very common to use the structural steel as the base in most of structural designs that are creative and unique. This is mostly due to its versatile state and thus highly regarded in construction industries. Companies that deal with structural steel, ornamental ironworks and welding fabrication in the State of Washington include Rogue ironworks, Tradecraft construction, Tactical fabrication, Sound sanitary and fabrication, Northwest stair and rail and so on. Doing Welding The Right Way News For This Month: Metals
Skip to main content Joelyn Yap Glove Allergies and Hand Health Glove allergies are potentially life-threatening. Adverse reactions can range from itching to more serious responses such as anaphylaxis. Understanding the nature and causes of these conditions can help identify and reduce the risk of allergies, and ultimately create a safer working environment. Workers in a range of industries and professions rely on disposable gloves to provide a barrier against unwanted contact with a range of substances. These occupations are diverse – from life science and laboratory work to food processing and preparation, from the automotive industry to emergency and first responders. While each environment presents a distinctly different set of workplace activities, they all necessitate prolonged disposable glove use, regular glove changes and frequent hand washing, which can have a significant negative impact on hand health if the chosen protective solutions are not suitable. Skin allergies from adverse reactions to glove products are generally classified into three distinct types, immediate hypersensitivity or Type I, delayed hypersensitivity or Type IV, and irritant contact dermatitis. At best, they are uncomfortable for the affected individual, but if left ignored, misunderstood, or exacerbated through the use of unsuitable hand protection, the problems can quickly become far more serious.
December 12, 2011 By claireminnoe BRONZE, Auburn, New York claireminnoe BRONZE, Auburn, New York 1 article 0 photos 0 comments “In the American mind change is seen as an indisputably good condition” (Kohls). According to L. Robert Kohls, author of “The Values Americans Live By”, he states thirteen values in which he gives us a better understanding as to how foreigners view American behaviors. Change was included as one of the values. I agree with Robert Kohls that change is good for our society. Without change we would not have many of our prized possessions such as, phones and computers. Change is viewed in many different ways. Some are willing to use it and try to improve their lives while others refuse change, feeling that it takes away from tradition and cultural heritage. A foreigner on the other hand, could observe the differences in the United States from their own country. It has been proven that change is a beneficial value through successful businesses and countries that believe in reform. All cultures are exposed to change, but some are willing to accept it more than others. Many countries such as America thrive off change and improve from it. Other countries refuse to accept it. Generally there are three sources that influence change and are responsible for those who resist it. These sources include, forces at work within a society, contact between societies and changes in the natural environment (O’Neil). It is human nature to be influenced by the outside world. An example of this is when a new business owner tries to use the same tactics as a professional. If that does not work the amateur may try to use different methods that have been successful in the past. “Change is strongly linked to development, improvement, progress and growth” (Kohls). Americans are typically hard working people; we use change to improve and grow in the workforce, school, and just about every aspect of our life. For example, I have noticed a change in the school system. During elementary school, the teachers would have a student bring the attendance envelope to the main office. Now with the click of a button, absences are recorded. This shows the improvement computers have made in just a matter of years, creating new software more advanced than ever before. The changes Americans have made has resulted in the making of a more powerful nation. Cultures that refuse change are not as successful as those who accept it. Japan is a perfect example of this. Each year Japan is a threat to natural disasters, but they do nothing to protect their buildings from the deadly earthquakes and tsunamis. The Japanese feel they are superior to any other culture and refuse international aid (Suzuki). Another reason why people fear change is they do not like to leave their comfort zone. (“What Are Positive Impacts of Change in Business?”) Other cultures refuse change for fear of loosing tradition. Three ideas that lead to change within cultures are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation (O’Neil). All of these concepts are related to merging cultures, adopting each other’s ideas. In many areas of the world, people are concerned about loosing their heritage while accepting others ideas. This is not to say they are not exposed to change because everyone is exposed to change, even if it is through the environment. It is common for humans to be uncomfortable with ideas and solutions they are not used to. This is not always a true statement when it comes to change. It has also been said that change can make a person feel more comfortable in a working or school environment (“What Are Positive Impacts of Change in Business?”). Although people reject change it has been confirmed that change is an absolute necessity to succeed. According Earnest Wassman, “Change is the engine that drives growth and as we move forward in the technology evolution, the strong companies will change and discover better ways to conduct business, and develop more efficient methods to serve and support their channel partners, resellers, distributors and end users. Change is what created the small form factors, high densities and higher performance for lower cost with each generation.” The desire to be the best is motivated by change. Professional athletes are always striving to make their routine better than their competitors, so they can rise to the top, and break records from the past. The same goes with business, education and just about anything that has to do with competition. Students go over and beyond to get into their school of choice, by perfecting their resume. Many volunteer on a daily basis and study countless hours to get straight A’s. Change is definitely a motivation factor and everyone should embrace it. There are pros and cons with just about everything in life. Of course, there are instances where people make bad changes, it happen all of the time. Small businesses get the idea that they want to expand, and that is not always a good. In some cases it is best to not change anything, if the business is showing success. On the other hand, change has helped the world’s wealthiest people achieve their greatest accomplishments. I agree with Robert Kohls that for the most part change can help a person move in the right direction. The United States is a perfect example of changes that have been both good and bad. One minute we are in a recession, and then we hear the news say, American consumers broke all records on Black Friday. Another example is, fifty years ago Americans would never have thought the United States would one day have an African American President. The bottom line is the United States is evolving every minute and it all originates from change. Change is one of the most important values in Robert Kohls article “The Values Americans Live By”. Change affects every aspect of our life, and is the most beneficial. What if there was no such thing as change, where would we be? Sitting on the couch next to a radio trying to receive the local news. I am not saying this was a bad era to live in; my Great-Grandparents lived a great life while getting their news off the radio. It is just so amazing how we as humans have been able to evolve and learn to make the newest and best technology. Without change one person would not be able to make more money than the next. Foreigners may be more hooked on tradition and heritage, which is also a great trait to have, but even if the ultimate foreigner resists change, they are always changing because it is part of life. Similar Articles This article has 0 comments. MacMillan Books Aspiring Writer? Take Our Online Course!
KDE Accessibility • Inform • Home KDE for Partially Sighted Users KDE for Partially Sighted Users - Gunnar Schmidt Slide showing a diagram of a cross section of an eyeball. The human eye consists of several parts, the light first goes through the cornea which breaks the light, through the pupil and the lens, the lens also breaks the light but with a varying breaking factor, the broken light will then be converted into signals at the retina. These signals are transported via the opticexternal link nerve to the brain. Examples of eye-related problems. The lens can have a wrong configuration so the eye is too far-sighted or too near-sighted. This can be corrected with glasses. Anisometropia means the two lenses have different focuses. More difficult to correct with glasses is astigmatism means the lenses are not spherical so the eye has different focal lengths in different directions. Cataracts means the cornea becomes opaque so the light can not pass through it. Some problem at the retina include colour blindness or retinal detachment. Amblyopia means the opticexternal link nerve does not or only poorly transports the signals to the brain. Resulting needs from this include larger screen contents, high contrast in case too little light passes into the eye, for colour blind people avoid certain colours. Some people need to avoid too bright screen contents. Generally good for people who have problems reading is speech output. Demos a high contrast theme. Some colours were not updated, these colours are configured separately from central KDE configuration and there are some hard coded colours but not too many. He switches to a yellow/blue colour scheme. The next part of important settings for partially sighted users are size related settings. Predefined desktop themes, user defined text sizes and KDE has KMagnifier. He shows changing font sizes, most get changed but some sizes are hard-coded. KDE has support for speech reading web pages, PDF documents and text files. It can also read system notification messages. For more go to the talk on Tuesday, Text to Speech Solutions. With screen magnifiers you can show only part of the screen at a time, have the magnification always in the same part of the screen, have a magnification that follows the mouse, the fourth is to magnify to the screen edge. If you want to enlarge screen contents you can use several algorithms. Either repeat each pixel several times which leads to large blocks for each pixel, you can blur the contents or you can try to vectorise the image and uses that to produce larger contents. Unfortunately the third algorithm isn't supported by X so the current magnifiers don't support that magnification. Next important features for screen magnifiers are colour enhancement, currently linux magnifiers only support colour invertion. You can replace one colour with another, you can remove colours and you can circulate the colour spectrum. Marking important screen positions, e.g. the mouse, the text cursor. Options are drawing a square, circle, cross which goes to the edges of the screen. Windows has large triangles above and below the cursor. KMagnifier is a simple magnifier in KDE. Magnifies into a window or to a screen edge (new in KDE 3.5). Demonstates KMag. Sets it to magnify to the screen edge. Inverts the colours, useful for people who can't read if there's too much white on the screen. Lists the features of the Gnome magnifier. Both KDE and Gnome magnifiers miss many features in Windows ones. He is working on a new magnifier for KDE 4 based on x.org composite so you can use full screen magnification with only 1 screen. He demos this new magnifier, parts of the screen under the mouse are enlarged while those away from the mouse are shrunk. Shows it at a higher zoom, showing only part of the desktop at one time. It already has some support for vectorising the pixels on the screen leading to smoother scaling of fonts etc. Qt 4's accessibility framework is based on AT-SPI, standard with GTK and Mozilla. Java has Java Accessibility Framework, Openoffice has a bridge to this. Features that need this include focus-tracking and cursor-tracking in a magnifier, screen reading, controlling applications remotely through assistive technologies. KDE will support AT-SPI from version 4 onwards. Global navigation links
Aim higher, reach further. How India Helped Prove Einstein Right on Ripples and Gravity The collision of two black holes holes – a tremendously powerful event detected for the first time by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, is seen in a computer simulation, Feb. 11, 2016. The SXS (Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes) Project /Handout/Reuters The discovery of gravitational waves announced Thursday has given momentum to Indian scientists hoping to be the first outside of the U.S. to host the device that detected the signals from the collision of two black holes. Indian scientists contributed significantly to the decadeslong hunt for evidence of gravitational waves and in identifying that they were produced by the cosmic clash of black holes a billion light-years away. The discovery verifies an unproven portion of Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity and, because the waves are largely unimpeded by matter, offers a new way for astronomers to probe formerly hidden corners of the universe. Einstein first suggested the existence of gravitational waves in 1916. Around 30 Indians were part of a 1,000-strong team of researchers from 15 countries led by scientists at the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that made the discovery using detectors at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO. “I am so grateful for the major contributions, by Indian scientists working in India and abroad, that helped make this discovery and future discoveries possible,” said Kip Thorne, a Caltech theoretical physicist and co-founder of the LIGO project, in a statement. Indian data analysts developed and implemented techniques to find gravitational-wave signals amid noise and the country’s theorists computed the shapes of the signals, he added. On Thursday, a tweet from the verified account of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said he was “immensely proud that Indian scientists played an important role in this challenging quest.” Such a device would be the first in the world outside of the U.S., where two mammoth laser installations—one set in Hanford, Wash., and the other in Livingston, La.—operate in tandem to cross-check their results. The LIGO detectors measure how long it takes controlled laser light to travel between suspended mirrors. Passing ripples in space-time alter the distance measured by the light beam, causing the amount of light falling on the LIGO photodetectors to vary infinitesimally. By Einstein’s reasoning, any object with mass warps the curvature of space and time, like a bowling ball on a trampoline. It stirs space and time, generating waves that radiate at the speed of light. A third detector placed outside the U.S. could enable scientists to pinpoint the place in the sky where events producing gravitational waves took place, said Rajesh Gopakumar, director of the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences in Bangalore, where a group of seven scientists collaborated with the LIGO project to prove that the signals were produced by gravitational waves. “This will truly help with gravitational-wave astronomy. We are all hoping that the go ahead is given through the momentum of this discovery,” Prof. Gopakumar said. “We could find more, do more precision experiments and know where things are coming from.” The LIGO-India project, proposed by IndIGO — a consortium of scientists from institutions in India and around the world — would move one of two LIGO devices from Hanford to the South Asian nation and add another new but identical detector. It would be operated jointly by IndIGO and the LIGO-Lab project, according to the website for the project and is currently under consideration by science-funding agencies in India and the U.S. There are other gravitational-wave detectors outside the U.S., but they are tuned to different frequencies. The events they detect “could never be seen with a telescope or x-rays or electromagnetic detectors,” said Prof. Gopakumar. “Gravitational wave astronomy is a new way of seeing the universe,” he said. “These are not small events they are gigantic events, we can probe them only through gravitational waves and see things which were inaccessible till now.” Corrections: A previous version of this post incorrectly said that the clash of black holes happened “a billion light-years ago” instead of “a billion light-years away.” The credit for image of a computer simulation of the collision of two black holes should have read The SXS (Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes) Project /Handout/Reuters. An image that appeared in an earlier post incorrectly gave the credit as Caltech/MIT/LIGO Laboratory/Handout/Reuters. Popular on WSJ
History Magazine An Auspicious Friendship By Scarc An Auspicious Friendship [An examination of General Chemistry, published by Linus Pauling seventy years ago. This is part 2 of 7.] William Hazen “Bill” Freeman established the publishing firm of W.H. Freeman and Company in 1946. On breaking with his previous employer MacMillan Publishers, Freeman said simply, “We made so bold a move because we found that every factor contributing to the success of such a venture was at hand, waiting to be put to work.” There is little doubt that Freeman was thinking of Linus Pauling when he made this statement, but his confidence was also born of extensive experience in the publishing world, working especially with college textbooks. Freeman brought all his resources and skills to bear on Pauling’s General Chemistry manuscript. He began by circulating early drafts of the text to curate specific feedback in cases where he himself was not equipped to offer it. He also promoted the finished text tirelessly and, through the process, worked without complaint around Pauling’s complicated lecture and travel schedule. Put simply, Freeman knew that he had a singular resource in hand with Linus Pauling, and he did his best to do right by this relationship, both out of respect for Pauling and out of interest in building his business. An Auspicious Friendship Illustration prepared by Roger Hayward for use in General Chemistry, 1947. Without question, another individual who contributed greatly to the success of General Chemistry – and to W.H. Freeman and Company – was Roger Hayward, who joined the duo early on as an illustrator at Pauling’s insistence. Hayward moved from the East Coast to Pasadena in 1929, upon which time he became a member of the Caltech One-Hundred-to-One Shot Club, which was comprised of individuals interested in astronomy. Through this connection, Hayward gradually came to be involved with several projects involving Caltech faculty and ultimately met Pauling in the 1930s. Hayward was an architect by training and Pauling so respected his skill as a draftsman and an artist that he insisted that he was the only one up to the task of creating illustrations for General Chemistry. Pauling was no doubt attracted to Hayward’s unique approach to scientific illustration, wherein he conducted in-depth and detailed research on the scientific principles underlying his topic before ever setting pencil to paper. Freeman also recognized Hayward’s unrivaled skill, and enlisted him on a number of other projects beyond Pauling’s text. By the end of their partnership, Pauling considered Hayward to be not only a collaborator and a friend, but a scientist as well. As the General Chemistry text was being developed, Pauling evinced such faith in Hayward’s abilities that he offered to transfer .05% of his royalty rate to the illustrator, a payment that would be made in addition to the fee that Freeman and Co. had contracted for the illustrations themselves. Bill Freeman agreed to this arrangement and generously matched Pauling’s offer such that Hayward ultimately received royalties at the rate of 1% for every copy sold – a rate nearly as high as Pauling’s 1.5% royalty agreement. While seemingly generous, this understanding later proved to be fraught with complications, and Hayward often complained that Freeman and Co. did not adequately compensate him for the amount and quality of work that he contributed. Pauling and Freeman, growing exasperated with this behavior, privately agreed that Hayward was a key contributer but also a “bit of a prima donna.” Nonetheless, Freeman deeply respected Hayward as a serious artist and clearly understood the value that he brought to the company. As a result, he strove to adjust financial arrangements so that they would benefit all parties involved. For a brief period in the early 1950s, Freeman even brought Hayward on under contract as a staffmember at Freeman and Co. Although the arrangement ended before Hayward’s ten-year deal had expired, the two men deeply appreciated the friendship they shared. Indeed, even in the midst of sensitive and difficult financial negotiations, their letters often ended with mutual expressions of hope that they would see one other soon. An Auspicious Friendship Under Freeman’s stewardship, Pauling’s manuscript underwent a number of important changes. Initially organized into thirteen chapters, the text was ultimately divided into thirty-three chapters by the time of its publication. In so doing, Freeman and Pauling agreed to remove an initial chapter on valence, choosing instead to disburse the subject matter into a series of subsections located throughout the book. Likewise, in the manuscript version, Pauling had included a small introductory paragraph on the broader subject of chemistry before diving into his material. In the published book, Pauling instead dedicated his entire first chapter to the importance of studying chemistry as well as the mission and philosophy of the textbook that he had written to help aid in this endeavor. This change allowed Pauling to provide guidance to students on how they might use the book itself, a particularly important addition given that he was breaking from traditional pedagogical styles. Freeman and Pauling also decided to move chapters on chemical reactions, the properties of gases, and thermochemistry to the end of the book, judging these topics to be sufficiently advanced that a strong foundation on elementary topics should be established first. Most of the changes that Pauling and Freeman made reflected a desire to create more space to explore topics and to build logical connections between sections and chapters. In the chapters that Pauling eventually added, he covered specific elements like sulfur and nitrogen, as well as compounds including water and several metals. Other changes in chapter order enabled deeper introductions to substances and solutions prior to walking readers through investigations of matter, properties, and variations. As late as 1947, mere months before Freeman and Co. released the book, Pauling was still calling his text Principles of Chemistry. Freeman suggested that the title be changed to A General Chemistry, because he felt that it conveyed a sense of modesty. Once Pauling had dropped the indefinite article in favor of a more authoritative title, General Chemistry, Freeman offered him three possible subtitles from which to choose: “An Introduction to Modern Theory and Descriptive Chemistry,” “A Statement of Modern Theory and Descriptive Chemistry,” or “An Introductory Statement of Modern Theory and Descriptive Chemistry.” Pauling eventually synthesized the three into “An Introduction to Descriptive Chemistry and Modern Chemical Theory.” This subtitle reflected Pauling’s goal for the book itself: in his text, he sought to present descriptive chemistry and theoretical chemistry alongside one another to illustrate their equal significance and impact. His first chapter made clear that he felt practical work, in tandem with study and review of the facts of chemistry, were vital to a full understanding of the subject. In reflecting on this point, he noted that A well-educated man or woman needs to have an understanding of the material world in which he lives as well as of literature and history, and he may find great pleasure in the appreciation of new knowledge as it results from scientific progress. An Auspicious Friendship Once Pauling had a completed his draft, he and Freeman fell into a rhythm, editing the manuscript collaboratively through a series of memos and letters. Pauling typically submitted one chapter at a time, to which Freeman would quickly reply with corrections and suggestions. From there, Pauling would counter by accepting, rejecting, or offering alternate suggestions. In effect, the letters acted as a written dialog between the two; Freeman providing detailed explanations with his feedback and Pauling taking care to respond and explain his choices. By February 1947, Freeman told Pauling that their collaboration had exceeded his initial expectations for progress, but that they still needed to keep pushing if they hoped to have a successful first year. The publisher’s goal was to sell between 13,000 to 16,000 copies of the book within its first year in circulation, but this number would only be attainable if they had shipped review copies to professors before the end of spring term. Subsequently, the two increased the pace of their correspondence and managed to get 500 review copies out by the end of May 1947, with an official release date set for that September. The estimated price of the volume was $4.25 per copy. It would span 600 pages and include 160 of Hayward’s illustrations. Just prior to printing, Pauling wrote a preface that stated his goal for the text: a special effort has been made in this book to present the subject of chemistry in a logical and simple matter, and to correlate descriptive chemistry with the theories of chemistry. An Auspicious Friendship Comment sheet collected by Bill Freeman, 1947. As they neared completion, Pauling offered to assist with his own marketing by proposing that he send a table of contents and brief description of the book to former Ph.D. students from Caltech who were now teaching classes of their own. Freeman gently declined this idea, explaining to Pauling that an author did not conventionally promote his own text and asking that all marketing activities be left to the publishing house. Freeman and his assistant, Janet MacRorie, subsequently created a vigorous advertising plan, targeting chemistry professors at all major universities as well as several smaller institutions. The publishers also sent out an open later including excerpts from the book that Freeman believed best demonstrated Pauling’s distinct and straightforward writing style. In April, Freeman and Co. sent page proofs of the first five chapters of the book to fifteen different schools, with the idea that doing so would allow them to receive and incorporate feedback in the finished product. The response was overwhelmingly positive, but did contain points of constructive criticism that provided direction for revision. Reviewers typically highlighted passages that they felt would be too complex or confusing for their own classes, drawing from their own unique experiences working with undergraduates. Freeman collected the primary concerns expressed about the book and organized them for Pauling to review. Though some felt that the text was too challenging, Freeman remained confident that even those who were critical in the beginning would return to it if Pauling spent the next year collecting observations and announcing plans for revision at a forthcoming date. Pauling and Freeman were both deeply invested in the project, so much so that, when it came out, Freeman told Pauling that he felt like a “first time father in the maternity ward.” Once the final version arrived back from the printers, it became clear that Freeman’s commitment to meticulous editing had paid off; Pauling remarked that he had never seen such an extensive publication that contained so few errors. The duo soon had further reason to celebrate: by June 1948, over forty colleges had adopted or were planning to adopt General Chemistry. Meanwhile, Pauling’s royalties for the first printing of the book summed to nearly $3,700 (over $38,000 in today’s dollars) and continued to increase over the next ten years, bumping up significantly more after the release of the second edition. By the end of 1950, eighty-three colleges had adopted General Chemistry and Pauling’s royalty rate had increased from 1.5% to 3%For author and publisher both, this project was already a huge success. You Might Also Like : Back to Featured Articles on Logo Paperblog These articles might interest you :
Stylistic Analysis: "To---" by Peter Shelley Language through Poetry: A Stylistic Analysis of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “To —“ A Stylistic Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English Institute of Arts and Sciences Far Eastern University Manila In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement for the Course Eng C 31—Introduction to Stylistics Osabel, Julla C. Panis, Kimberly Nicole S. October, 2012 I. Reaction and it’s effects on you II. Summary of the Text Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “To —“ is one of his lyrical poetry—is a poem used to express feelings—ideally of the Romantic Era. In his poem, the poem is about an unrequited love—a term that is used when one person has strong feelings towards another that is not reciprocated. Or in other words, someone is in love with someone else who is not interested. It is also about realistic and complicated love, which means that the persona of the poem wants to express his emotions towards the addressee but he feared to show because in reality, he knew that it is impossible for them to be together, thus, this depicts the persona’s complicated feelings or emotions and the reality of their relationship to each other. The poem illustrates farewell and goodluck to the addressee. To summarize the poem, it is about a man who is in love with someone else or he secretly in love with, who is not interested. He wants to express his feelings to the addressee but he feared to express it, due to his complicated emotions, he chose not to say his emotions because in reality, the addressee will not love him back. Instead of obvious insisting his feelings towards the addressee, the man shows farewell and goodluck to the person he loved most. III. Stylistic Analysis A. Stylistic Tools Phonology Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. It has a phonological system of a language includes, an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules which specify how sounds interact with each other. In other words, Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics (Sil, 2004). Hence, in Stylistic analysis, Phonology is one of the suited units of analysis in poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic Analysis: "To---" by Peter Shelley or any similar topic only for you Order now Basic Sound Patterns Sound devices are resources used by poets to express and emphasize the meaning or experience of poetry through the skilful use of sound. After all, poets are trying to use a focused blend of sound and imagery to form an emotional response. The words and their order should evoke images, and the words themselves have sounds, which can reinforce or otherwise clarify those images. Sound patterns have different elements that show the nature of poetry, and these are the following: 1. Alliteration C-V-C Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals. e. g Dewdrops dancing on the drifting dust made for a dreary day. 2. Assonance C-V-C Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. It is used to reinforce the meanings of words or to set the mood. e. g Try to light the fire. 3. Consonance C-V-C Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds by not vowel sounds. e. g Some mammals are clammy. 4. Reverse Rhyme C-V-C Reverse Rhyme it is the repetition of consonant and vowel sounds which happen at the beginning. e. g brainless, bracelet, brakeless 5. Pararhyme C-V-C Pararhyme is the repetition of of first and the last consonant sounds. e. g bat and brat 6. Rhyme C-V-C Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more lines. It is usually identified with lower case letters, and a new letter is used to identify each new end sound. e. g I saw a fairy in the wood, He was dressed all in green. He drew his sword while I just stood, And realized I’d been seen. 7. Repetition is anything that is repeated. e. g “goodnight goodnight, parting time is such a sweet sorrow that I shall say goodnight till it be morrow” — Romeo and Juliet, W. Shakespeare These sounds or elements of sounds are used by the poets to convey the meaning of the text. In this procedure, the poet or author strengthen the vividness of the imagery of the poem to discern its effects or significance of the text. Sound Symbolism Sound symbolism is the study of the direct relationship between the sound of an utterance and its meaning (Hinton, 1999). Sound symbolism is persistent among the world’s languages. Furthermore, sound symbolism plays a significant role in language, especially at the affective level. Essential to the study of cognitive poetics is the concept of sound symbolism, which has been defined differently by different authors but here refers to cases in which ‘a sound unit such as a phoneme, syllable, feature, or tone is said to go beyond its linguistic function as a contrastive, non-meaning-bearing unit, to directly express some kind of meaning’ (Nuckolls,1999). Jespersen (1922) made the claims that sounds that are suggestive of meaning (which he claims happens through association, not because a sound intrinsically has a specific meaning) ‘makes words more fit to survive and give them considerable help in their struggle for existence’. Mithun (1982) notes that, in many languages, ‘words for noises, animal cries, mental states, physical states, and actions, termed by Fudge ‘expressive vocabulary,’ seem particularly resistant to regular phonetic change’. She goes on to give the specific example of Iroquoian languages, where expressive terms are ‘characterized by special syntactic, morphological, and phonological patterns’. Expressive vocabulary and taboo words contain sounds that do not occur elsewhere. She also claims that expressive vocabulary in Iroquoian languages is imitative and therefore resistant to phonological change. While she does not make specific claims about certain sounds being related to certain meanings, her data suggest that phonemes do have a relationship to meaning in Iroquoian ideophones, but that relationship may be imitative rather than iconic or symbolic. The significance of sound, sound patterns and sound symbolism is that in terms of writing texts, particularly poetry, it helps the poets or writers convey the message of the text in implicit manner. This may add to the aesthetic effects of writing poetry while on the readers, the advantage is that, it helps them to understand, appreciate and feel the emotions of the text that the poet is trying to convey. Every sounds of the text has its meaning, whether it describe or gives emphasis to the text. B. Stylistic Tool/ Discussion of coding In this short phonological analysis it begins with the analysis of the sound pattern of the poem. In each sound pattern, it has shaded area where it shows the comprehensibility of the analysis after that, the researchers tabulated it to find the frequency and percentage form the least number of sound pattern used up to the most number of sound pattern used. Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Rhyme and Repetition To —- BY PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it; One hope is too like despair For prudence to smother, And pity from thee more dear Than that from another. I can give not what men call love, But wilt thou accept not The worship the heart lifts above And the Heavens reject not,— The desire of the moth for the star, Of the night for the morrow, The devotion to something afar From the sphere of our sorrow? As can be seen in the text, the most number of shaded sound patterns belongs to Rhyme. As rhyme pattering is concerned, two types of rhyme to be distinguished. First, in the first stanza of the text, the shaded rhyming words are rhyme has several syllables and the stressed rhyming syllable, which means that this type of rhyme is Feminine (Latham, 2010). While on the second stanza, same as in first stanza of the text, the shaded rhyming words are in feminine type expect from the first line of the 2nd stanza. (“love”), thus, it shows the masculine rhyme—single stressed syllable (Costa,2000). The least number of sound pattern used in the text is the Consonance. The sound /t/ occur once in the first and second line of the 2nd stanza. In this two lines practically all the consonants are plosives. To them is generally associated a sound of harshness and hardness (Costa,2000). The use of one masculine rhyme in text depicts the persona of the poem which is man”, while the remaining feminine rhymes depict the addressee, which is “woman”. The connection of those two types of rhymes that were distinguished in the text is that, the “man”, who is in love with the addressee (woman), but the addressee know nothing about the man’s feeling towards her. The use of one consonance in the text, illustrates the volume of hardness of the feelings to the persona to express is least. Therefore, it shows the persona’s attitude which is fearful of expressing his thoughts to the addressee and due to this, it is explained suitable for the theme of the poem—unrequited love. Figure 1. Sound Pattern Percentage Sound Pattern\| Frequency\| Percentage (%)\| Consonance\| 1\| 5\| Assonance\| 3\| 16\| Alliteration\| 4\| 21\| Repetition\| 4\| 21\| Rhyme\| 7\| 37\| TOTAL\| 19\| 100\| As revealed by the number of percentage of the sound pattern used in the poem, Rhyme has the most number of percentages. This shows that rhymed stanzas are used in lyrical poetry. Traditionally, in romantic era, lyrical poetry use rhymed stanzas to convey or express strong feelings thus, the significant use of the it is that, it reveals the fusion of sound and sense in the poem. Custom writing services
Home > Chemistry > Chemistry 1A Part Deux: Lecture 19 Notes Chemistry 1A Part Deux: Lecture 19 Notes Today is a 51 minute lecture on the solubility product. They have a test coming up. Solubility product equilibrium constants can be used to predict the solubility of ionic compounds. CAT scans are computed axial tomography. X rays in 3 dimensions. Absorption or non-absorption will lead to images. BaSO4, a salt, is used as a contrast agent. We’d like for barium sulfate to not be absorbed. It has a low solubility. NaCl Solubility NaCl(s) = Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) NOT NaCl s = NaCl aq If ion ion attraction in the solid are similar to the ion dipole attraction in solution, then the substance will dissolve. This is “the rule of spreading out” or entropy. Molecular View of Solution Formation found online. Google if desired. If you keep adding salt to water, you’ll reach saturation and pass it eventually. Precipitate will form. Saturated solution is described by solubility s in moles/Liter. NaCls = Na+ aq + Cl- s = Na+ = Cl- = 6.1 M Equilibrium Constant K sp = [Na+][ Cl-] = 37.3 K sp = s^2 s = +6.1 M K sp = solubility product PbI2 s = Pb +2 + 2I+ K sp = [Pb+2 ] [2I+] / [ PbI2]= 8.7 x 10^ -9 K sp = (x) (2x^2) = 8.7 x 10^ -9 x= 4×3 x = 1.3 x 10^-3 = [Pb2+] [I-] = 2x The Common Ion Effect PbI2 = Pb+2 + 2I- Ksp = Pb+2 I-T^2 = 8.7x 10+9 solubility in pure water= s = 1.3 x 10^-3 Reaction Quotient Q = Pb2+ I- = 0.001 .0020 + 1 Therefore, we cannot add any more PbI2 How many moles of PbI2 can dissolve in 1L of aqueous 1M NaI solution? Ksp = (x) (2x)/ (12) = 8.7 x 10^-9 x = 8.7 x 10^-9 This is smaller than in pure water. Solubility in pure water is 1.3 x 10^-3. PV = nRT Ideal Gas Law: high temp, low pressure, random motion, elastic collisions, point sources G = H – TS K = Products/Reactants van der Waal gas: (P + n^2/a^2)(V – nb) = nRT 1. No comments yet. 1. No trackbacks yet. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Snowflake, the Albino Gorilla In 1971, just before joining the U.S. Coast Guard, I made a two-month tour of western Europe. One of my stops was at the Barcelona Zoo where I observed the zoo’s most famous resident, Snowflake the albino gorilla. The whole experience of observing the gorilla was a little disconcerting. He had a particularly expressive face. The zoo experience reminded me of how much the great apes are like us. Snowflake, the Albino Gorilla Snowflake, the Albino Gorilla In retrospect, my whole Barcelona Zoo experience was a downer. First, I hate zoos and rarely visit them. Second, to turn Snowflake into a circus sideshow, was indeed unfortunate. He deserved more respect. Snowflake was a male western lowland gorilla. He was born in the wild and captured in 1966 by villagers in Equatorial Guinea: He was captured by [a local farmer] who had killed the rest of his group (all charcoal black in color) in order to obtain this unusual albino specimen. During the massacre, his mother was shot. The small creature was found clinging to his mother’s neck, his head buried deep in her black fur. [After several days, the young gorilla] was by purchased by a man who worked for the Barcelona Zoo’s Ikunde Center, in Spanish Guinea. The young albino gorilla was eventually transported to the Barcelona Zoo where he resided for the next 38 years. As the only know white gorilla in the world, Snowflake was a zoo celebrity until his death of skin cancer in 2003. In an attempt to explain Snowflake’s color-free complexion, Spanish researchers sequenced the gorilla’s entire genome. Next, researchers combed through his genome looking for stretches of DNA that were identical due to inbreeding. They found that 12 percent of the genes from Snowflake’s mother and father matched, a number indicative of an uncle mating with his niece. There have been no other reports of western lowland gorilla inbreeding. But wildlife experts are concerned that with habitat loss, gorillas may struggle to find a place to move away from their original family. According researcher Tomas Marques-Bonet: If we are reducing much more the space that they have now, it is more likely that they will be forced to stay in the group and that will increase the consanguinity, [or shared blood]. This entry was posted in Environment, great apes, Science, Social Justice. Bookmark the permalink. One Response to Snowflake, the Albino Gorilla 1. Susan says: I also hate zoos, although it would have been an experience to see an albino gorilla. You haven’t forgotten it either, Roger. I suspect you won’t forget either. And reading about Snowflake clinging to his dead mother breaks my heart. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s

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