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How you can be supported to have your say, express your views and be heard
An advocate is someone who is independent of social services and the NHS, and who isn't part of your family or a close friend.
Advocacy supports people to ensure they:
• have their wishes heard
• make their own choices
• take control over their own lives
Advocacy promotes social inclusion, equality and justice.
Suffolk County Council commissions statutory and non-statutory independent formal advocacy services for people in Suffolk.
If you need more information on Advocacy in Suffolk, including types of Advocacy, it can be found on our care and community directory, Suffolk InfoLink.
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Dates of performance are often of limited use, as in many cases the first recorded performance of a given play does not represent the first actual performance of that play.
For example, the first recorded performance of Romeo and Juliet was not until 1662, but it is known that the play was definitely performed during Shakespeare's lifetime.
Performance dates and publication dates are also problematic insofar as many of the plays were performed several years before they were published.
For example, Titus Andronicus was performed in 1592, but not published until 1594, Othello was performed in 1604 but not published until 1622, King Lear was performed in 1606 but not published until 1608. Honigmann, who has attempted to push back the beginning of Shakespeare's career four or five years to the mid-1580s, with his "early start" theory.
However, none of the major chronologies has any real authority over any of the others.
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In addition, some scholars dissent from the conventional dating system altogether. There are six major modern scholarly editions of the Complete Works of Shakespeare: The Riverside Shakespeare (edited by G.
Shakespearean scholars, beginning with Edmond Malone in 1778, have attempted to reconstruct the relative chronology of Shakespeare's oeuvre by various means, using external evidence (such as references to the plays by Shakespeare's contemporaries in both critical material and private documents, allusions in other plays, entries in the Stationers' Register, and records of performance and publication), and internal evidence (allusions within the plays to contemporary events, composition and publication dates of sources used by Shakespeare, stylistic analysis looking at the development of his style and diction over time, and the plays' context in the contemporary theatrical and literary milieu).
Most modern chronologies are based on the work of E. Chambers in "The Problem of Chronology" (1930), published in his book William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems, Vol. Due to the fragmentary nature of the surviving evidence, there is no such thing as a definitive or precise chronology, nor can there be.
Edmond Malone was the first scholar to construct a tentative chronology of Shakespeare's plays in An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays attributed to Shakspeare were Written (1778), an essay published in the second edition of Samuel Johnson and George Steevens' The Plays of William Shakespeare.
This article presents a possible chronological listing of the composition of the plays of William Shakespeare.
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“For example, demanding to know where someone is at all times, touching or pinching parts of someone's body in public when they’ve made it clear it’s unwanted, or controlling what type of clothes someone wears—these are all abusive behaviors that violate someone’s boundaries.” The laws about sexual violence and dating violence vary by state and situation.
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The blackboard behind her reads "Transportation Administration. (The camera moves back to the teacher, who is glaring out at her students) In nineteen forty-two I had already dis- As Alvy talks, the camera shows him move from his seat and kiss a young girl. Even when you got famous, you still distrusted the world.' EXT.
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Heading off deep vein thrombosis takes vigilance, luck
August 03, 2008|By Tribune Media Services
Q: I am 85 and have had three episodes of DVT, all in my left leg. Before the first episode, I was taking aspirin daily. Since then, I've been on Coumadin. Last year, a filter was placed in the vena cava. I wear compression stockings on all trips over a couple of hours. Is there more I can do to prevent another DVT?
A: It sounds like you're taking the steps we usually recommend to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It's important that you continue what you're doing, and watch closely for signs and symptoms of another occurrence.
Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot in a vein -- a blood vessel that returns oxygen-depleted blood to your heart. These clots are different from those that form in an artery -- a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
Blood clots in arteries typically are due to problems with the artery wall. The wall may become hardened and thickened, narrowing the inside of the artery. Eventually, the artery is so narrow that it develops a clot, cutting off the blood supply and causing a heart attack or stroke.
In contrast to arteries, veins are thin, elastic and pliable. Vein walls never develop hardening.
When a blood clot (thrombus) develops in a vein, the danger is that it will break loose and travel to your lungs, where it can become stuck. This serious condition is known as a pulmonary embolism and, in some cases, the result is sudden death. It's estimated that each year about 1 million Americans have a DVT or pulmonary embolism episode; about one-third are fatal.
Risk factors for developing DVT include surgery, hospitalization for medical illness, major trauma (especially a long bone fracture of the leg), cancer and neurological disorders that cause leg weakness.
But these factors alone don't cause the condition. Many who experience DVT have an underlying problem with the normal blood clotting mechanism that predisposes them to developing clots. This condition, called thrombophilia, may be inherited, or may develop as you grow older. The risk of developing blood clots begins to increase between ages 50 and 60 and goes up exponentially after that.
You mention that you were taking aspirin daily before the first incidence of DVT. Although aspirin is effective in preventing clots in arteries, it has little or no benefit in preventing blood clots in veins. Instead, taking the anticoagulant medication warfarin (Coumadin), as you are doing, is the most effective treatment for preventing recurrence.
Although warfarin is frequently referred to as a "blood thinner," it actually doesn't change the thickness of blood. It simply prolongs the time it takes blood to clot. It's uncommon to develop recurrent blood clots while taking warfarin if your dose and the resulting intensity of the anticoagulation are adjusted correctly.
In rare cases when patients with DVT or pulmonary embolism are actively bleeding from other causes (such as a stomach ulcer), warfarin and other anticoagulants cannot be used. In these situations, a vena cava filter, such as the one you have, may be implanted as a precaution against pulmonary embolism. The veins in your legs come to approximately the level of your belly button, where they join to form a major vein called the inferior vena cava. That vein carries blood back to your heart. A small, metal filter placed in the vena cava can strain out clots, preventing them from going to the lungs. These filters are usually placed temporarily until bleeding problems or other complications with anticoagulant medications are resolved.
There are instances when a temporary filter cannot be removed on the first try, for example, a large embolus may be lodged in it. However, additional anticoagulation therapy typically resolves the embolus, allowing the filter to be safely removed.
Finally, you mention you're using compression stockings when traveling. That's a good idea because, although it's not clear these stockings help prevent DVT, the compression on your legs can prevent swelling and other uncomfortable symptoms that may result from past blood clots.
Although you're following all the recommended guidelines to prevent the condition, you still must remain alert to signs and symptoms of another occurrence of DVT. If you have leg pain or swelling -- particularly below your knee in your calf muscle, ankle or foot -- if your leg is warm to the touch, red or inflamed, or if you develop chest pain or shortness of breath, seek medical attention immediately.
-- John Heit, MD, cardiovascular diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Medical Edge From Mayo Clinic is an educational resource and doesn't replace regular medical care. E-mail a question to medicaledge, or write: Medical Edge from Mayo Clinic, c/o TMS, 2225 Kenmore Ave., Suite 114, Buffalo, NY 14207. |
Tuesday, October 15, 2013
Although the tapetum
Although the tapetum is considered to be ubiquitous in lemurs, there appear to be exceptions among true lemurs, such as the black lemur and the common brown lemur, as well as the ruffed lemurs.[12][29][86] Since the riboflavins in the tapetum have a tendency to dissolve and vanish when processed for histological investigation, however, the exceptions are still debatable.[12] HP AB0505HX-J0B CPU FAN Lemurs also have a third eyelid known as a nictitating membrane, whereas most other primates have a lesser developed plica semilunaris. The nictitating membrane keeps the cornea moist and clean by sweeping across the eye. Lemurs have low basal metabolic rates (BMR), which helps them to conserve energy during the dry season, when water and food are scarce.[11][65] HP AB5205HB-EBB CPU FAN They can optimize their energy use by lowering their metabolic rate to 20% below the values predicted for mammals of similar body mass.[90] The red-tailed sportive lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus), for instance, reportedly has one of the lowest metabolic rates among mammals. Its low metabolic rate may be linked to its generally folivorous diet and relatively small body mass.[65] HP AB5505HX-K0B CPU FAN Lemurs exhibit behavioral adaptations to complement this trait, including sunning behaviors, hunched sitting, group huddling, and nest sharing, in order to reduce heat loss and conserve energy.[90]Dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs exhibit seasonal cycles of dormancy to conserve energy.[90] Before dry season, they will accumulate fat in white adipose tissuelocated at the base of the tail and hind legs, doubling their weight. HP AB5505HX-OBB CPU FAN At the end of the dry season, their body mass may fall to half of what it was prior to the dry season.[27] Lemurs that do not experience states of dormancy are also able to shut down aspects of their metabolism for energy conservation. Lemur behavior is as variable as lemur morphology. Differences in diet, social systems, activity patterns, locomotion, communication, predator avoidance tactics, breeding systems, and intelligence levels help define lemur taxa and set individual species apart from the rest. HP AB7205HX-GC1 CPU FAN Although trends frequently distinguish the smaller, nocturnal lemurs from the larger, diurnal lemurs, there are often exceptions that help exemplify the unique and diverse nature of these Malagasy primates. Lemur diets are highly variable and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity,[93] although general trends suggest that the smallest species primarily consume fruit and insects (omnivory), while the larger species are more herbivorous, consuming mostly plant material.[35] HP AB7205HX-GC3 CPU FAN As with all primates, hungry lemurs might eat anything that is edible, whether or not the item is one of their preferred foods.[12] For instance, the Ring-tailed Lemur eats insects and small vertebrates when necessary[35][56] and as a result it is commonly viewed as an opportunistic omnivore.[75] Coquerel's giant mouse lemur (Mirza coquereli) is mostly frugivorous, but will consume insect secretions during the dry season.[35] HP AB7805HX-L03 CPU FAN A common assumption in mammalogy is that small mammals cannot subsist entirely on plant material and must have a high-calorie diet in order to survive. As a result, it was thought that the diet of tiny primates must be high in protein-containing insects (insectivory). Research has shown, however, that mouse lemurs, the smallest living primates, consume more fruit than insects, contradicting the popular hypothesis.[12][35] HP CWTT8 CPU FAN Plant material makes up the majority of most lemur diets. Members of at least 109 of all known plant families in Madagascar (55%) are exploited by lemurs. Since lemurs are primarily arboreal, most of these exploited species are woody plants, including trees, shrubs, or lianas. Only the ring-tailed lemur, the bamboo lemurs (genus Hapalemur), and the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) are known to consume herbs. HP DFS450805M10T CPU FAN While Madagascar is rich in fern diversity, these plants are rarely eaten by lemurs. One possible reason for this is that ferns lack flowers, fruits, and seeds—common food items in lemur diets. They also occur close to the ground, while lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Lastly, ferns have an unpleasant taste due to the high content of tannins in their fronds. Likewise, mangroves appear to be rarely exploited by lemurs due to their high tannin content.[93] HP DFS531205HC0T CPU FAN Some lemurs appear to have evolved responses against common plant defenses, however, such as tannins and alkaloids.[76] The golden bamboo lemur (Hapalemur aureus), for instance, eats giant bamboo (Cathariostachys madagascariensis), which contains high levels of cyanide. This lemur can consume twelve times the typically lethal dose for most mammals on a daily basis; the physiological mechanisms that protect it from cyanide poisoning are unknown.[11] HP DFS551305MC0T CPU FAN At the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) in the United States, lemurs that roam the outdoor enclosures have been observed eating poison ivy (Taxicodendron radicans), yet have shown no ill effects. Many of the larger lemur species consume leaves (folivory),[93] particularly the indriids.[63] However, some smaller lemurs such assportive lemurs (genus Lepilemur) and woolly lemurs (genus Avahi) also primarily eat leaves, making them the smallest primates that do so.[65] HP F5S6-CW CPU FAN The smallest of the lemurs generally do not eat much leaf matter.[93] Collectively, lemurs have been documented consuming leaves from at least 82 native plant families and 15 alien plant families. Lemurs tend to be selective in their consumption of the part of the leaf or shoot as well as its age. Often, young leaves are preferred over mature leaves.[93] Many lemurs that eat leaves tend to do so during times of fruit scarcity, sometimes suffering weight loss as a result.[94] HP F787 CPU FAN Most lemur species, including most of the smallest lemurs and excluding some of the indriids, predominantly eat fruit (frugivory) when available. Collectively, lemurs have been documented consuming fruit from at least 86 native plant families and 15 alien plant families. As with most tropical fruit eaters, the lemur diet is dominated by fruit from Ficus (fig) species.[93] In many anthropoid primates, fruit is a primary source of vitamin C, HP F9C5 CPU FAN but unlike anthropoid primates, lemurs (and all strepsirrhines) can synthesize their own vitamin C.[95] Historically, captive lemur diets high in vitamin C-rich fruits have been thought to cause hemosiderosis, a type of iron overload disorder, since vitamin C increases iron absorption. Although lemurs in captivity have been shown to be prone to hemosiderosis, the frequency of the disease varies across institutions and may depend on the diet, husbandry protocols, and genetic stock. HP GB0507PGV1-A CPU FAN Assumptions about the problem need to be tested separately for each species.[96] The ring-tailed lemur, for instance, seems to be less prone to the disorder than other lemur species.[97] Only eight species of lemur are known to be seed predators (granivores), but this may be under-reported since most observations only report fruit consumption and do not investigate whether the seeds are consumed as well. HP GC055515VH-A CPU FAN These lemurs include some indriids, such as the diademed sifaka(Propithecus diadema), the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli), the indri,[11][67] and the aye-aye. The aye-aye, which specializes in structurally defended resources, can chew through Canarium seeds, which are harder than the seeds that New World monkeys are known to break open.[49] At least 36 genera from 23 families of plants are targeted by lemur seed predators.[93] HP GC057015VH-A CPU FAN Inflorescences (clusters of flowers) of at least 60 plant families are eaten by lemurs ranging in size from the tiny mouse lemurs to the relatively large ruffed lemurs. If the flowers are not exploited, sometimes the nectar is consumed (nectarivory) along with the pollen (palynivory). At least 24 native species from 17 plant families are targeted for nectar or pollen consumption.[93] Bark and plant exudates such as tree sap are consumed by a few lemur species. HP GC057514VH-A CPU FAN The exploitation of exudates has been reported in 18 plant species and only in the dry regions in the south and west of Madagascar. Only the Masoala fork-marked lemur (Phaner furcifer) and Coquerel's giant mouse lemur regularly consume tree sap. Bark has never been reported as an important food item in lemur diets, but at least four species eat it: the aye-aye, the red-tailed sportive lemur(Lepilemur ruficaudatus), the common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus), and Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). HP KDB0505HB CPU FAN Most bark feeding is directly linked to exudate feeding, except for the aye-aye's bark feeding on Afzelia bijuga (genus Afzelia) at Nosy Mangabe in the northeast.[93] Soil consumption (geophagy) has also been reported and likely helps with digestion, provides minerals and salts, and helps absorb toxins. HP KDB05605HB CPU FAN Sifakas have been observed eating soil from termite mounds, possibly adding beneficial intestinal flora to aid the digestion of cellulose from their folivorous diet. Lemurs are social and live in groups that usually include less than 15 individuals.[11] Observed social organization patterns include "solitary but social", "fission-fusion", "pair bonds", and "multi-male group".[98] HP KSB0605HB CPU FAN Nocturnal lemurs are mostly solitary but social, foraging alone at night but often nesting in groups during the day. The degree of socialization varies by species, gender, location, and season.[26][35] In many nocturnal species, for instance, the females, along with their young, will share nests with other females and possibly one male, whose larger home range happens to overlap one or more female nesting groups. HP KSB06105HA CPU FAN Insportive lemurs and fork-marked lemurs, one or two females may share a home range, possibly with a male. In addition to sharing nests, they will also interact vocally or physically with their range-mate while they forage at night.[35] Diurnal lemurs exhibit many of the social systems seen in monkeys and apes,[11][35]living in relatively permanent and cohesive social groups. Multi-male groups are the most common, just as they are in most anthropoid primates. HP MCF-811AM05 CPU FAN True lemursutilize this social system, often living in groups of ten or less. Ruffed lemurs have been shown to live in fission-fusion societies,[35] and Indri forms pair bonds. Some lemurs exhibit female philopatry, where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity, and in other species both sexes will migrate.[11] HP MCF-W13BM05 CPU FAN In some cases, female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female-bonded multi-male groups, such as those of the ring-tailed lemur, Milne-Edwards' sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi), and the Verreaux's sifaka. Their ancestors may have been more solitary, with females that lived in mother-daughter pairs (or dyads). Over time, these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother-daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range. HP 540 CPU FAN If this is true, then multi-male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those incatarrhine primates (Old World monkeys and apes).[99] The presence of female social dominance sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals;in most primate societies, males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them. However, many Eulemur species are exceptions and the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) does not exhibit female dominance.[102] HP 550 CPU FAN When females are dominant within a group, the way they maintain dominance varies. Ring-tailed lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression. Male crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus), on the other hand, will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them. Female aggression is often associated with, but not limited to, feeding.[103] HP 6445B Series CPU FAN There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not,[11][100] but no consensus has been reached after decades of research. The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available.[100] HP 6520s CPU FAN Indeed, female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment.[101] However, when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates, other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs. In 2008, a new hypothesis revised this model using simple game theory. HP 6545B Series CPU FAN It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity, the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose. Consequently, the female, with higher resource needs for pregnancy, lactation, and maternal care, was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males. This, however, assumed monomorphism between sexes.[100] The following year, a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism, HP 6720 CPU FAN stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year, males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding: copulatory plugs, which block the female reproductive tract, preventing other males from successfully mating with her, and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism. In general, levels of agonism (or aggression) tend to correlate with relative canine height. HP 6820s CPU FAN The ring-tailed lemur has long, sharp upper canine teeth in both sexes, and it also exhibits high levels of agonism. The Indri, on the other hand, has smaller canines and exhibits lower levels of aggression.[29] When neighboring groups of the same species defend their territories, the conflict can take the form of ritualized defense. In sifakas, these ritualized combats involve staring, growling, scent-marking, and leaping to occupy certain sections of the tree. HP EliteBook 6930P Series CPU FAN The indri defends its home range with ritualized "singing" battles.[11] Like other primates, lemurs groom socially (allogroom) to ease tensions and solidify relationships. They groom in greeting, when waking up, when settling in for sleep, between mother and infant, in juvenile relations, and for sexual advances.[104]Unlike anthropoid primates, who part the fur with the hands and pick out particles with the fingers or mouth, HP EliteBook 8530 Series CPU FAN lemurs groom with their tongue and scraping with their toothcomb. Despite the differences in technique, lemurs groom with the same frequency and for the same reasons as anthropoids. The biological rhythm can vary from nocturnal in smaller lemurs to diurnal in most larger lemurs. Diurnality is not seen in any other prosimian.[26]Cathemerality, where an animal is active sporadically both day and night, occurs among some of the larger lemurs. HP EliteBook 8530p Series CPU FAN Few if any other primates exhibit this sort of activity cycle,[105] either regularly or irregularly under changing environmental conditions.[11] The most heavily studied cathemeral lemurs are the true lemurs.[39][106] Although the mongoose lemur (E. mongoz) is the best-documented example, every species in the genus studied has shown some degree of cathemeral behavior,[69] although night activity is often restricted by light availability and moon periodicity.[12] HP EliteBook 8530w Series CPU FAN This type of behavior was first documented in the 1960s in true lemur species as well as other Lemuridae species, such as ruffed lemurs and bamboo lemurs. Initially described as "crepuscular" (active at dawn and dusk), anthropologist Ian Tattersall stimulated additional research and coined the new term "cathemeral",[105] although many non-anthropologists prefer the terms "circadian" or "diel".[12] DELL Inspiron N3010 Series CPU FAN In order to conserve energy and water in their highly seasonal environment,[90][107] mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs exhibit seasonal behavioral cycles of dormancywhere the metabolic rate and body temperature are lowered. They are the only primates known to do so.[90] They accumulate fat reserves in their hind legs and the base of their tail before the dry winter season, when food and water are scarce,[27][91] DELL Inspiron N4010 Series CPU FAN can exhibit daily and prolonged torpor during the dry season. Daily torpor constitutes less than 24 hours of dormancy, whereas prolonged torpor averages two weeks in duration and signals hibernation.[90] Mouse lemurs have been observed experiencing torpor that lasts for several consecutive days, but dwarf lemurs are known to hibernate for six to eight months every year,[26][27][92]particularly on the west coast of Madagascar.[107] DELL Latitude 100L CPU FAN
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Common Reasons behind the Pain in Your Chest
June 20, 2017
Chest pain is a term that is referred to the pain felt anywhere in the chest area from the level of the shoulders to the bottom of the ribs. Chest pain is more like a symptom of many health conditions. ICD-10 code for chest pain is R07. ICD is the global health information standard which is used in clinical care and research to define diseases and study disease patterns as well as manage health care. Chest pain is listed there and has diagnosis code. The ICD-10 code for chest pain can be found in Chapter 18, Section R00-R09.
If you feel pain in your chest area, you will not notice what is going on exactly because there are many causes of chest pain. It is important to you to take chest pain seriously even though it occasionally may not be linked to the serious conditions. Here are several common reasons behind the pain in your chest.
1. Hypertension
Read : Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Management Pelvic Pain in Both Women and Men
Hypertension or high blood pressure is one condition that can lead to the chest pain. The increased blood pressure in the arteries which carry blood to your lungs can cause chest pain. The medical term to call this condition is pulmonary hypertension.
1. Panic Attack
One very common reason of chest pain is the panic disorder. Check yourself whether your chest pain is associated with intense fear, heaviness in your chest, increased heartbeat, breathlessness and profuse sweating. If so, panic disorder may be the reason.
1. Stress and Depression
Stress and the chronic stress (depression) have known as sources of many health conditions including chest pain. Your heart rate will increase and your breathing will fasten during a stress responses. It can also increase your blood pressure. These things are affects circulatory system that flow the blood to the heart.
1. Heart Diseases
Since the heart located in the chest area, the heart diseases are the most common reason of your pain. This disease is medically called angina. This is the chest pain due to cardiac origin. The people that are in the high risk of angina are the people who have uncontrolled diabetes, high cholesterol or family history.
1. Lung Disorders
Read : Spondylolisthesis Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and ICD 10
Lung disorder such as pulmonary embolism is a condition where a blood clot develops in a lung artery blocking the flow of the blood to the lung tissue. This can lead you to experience chest pain. This kind of pain is likely to be associated with breathlessness and respiratory problems.
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Strong Artificial Intelligence Is Not Far Away!
Living with human-like robots or even talking about Strong AI now, seems strange. But the most influential people are taking AI advances seriously. Moreover, the need for new AI rules and regulations are more necessary than any time before.
Every year passes, and humanity heads toward more advanced technology devices. But let’s just compare two situations, one in the past and another from the future.
Suppose you’re living in the 1600s. Most probably you’ll be using your horse or paying a horse carriage to carry you to work on time. And that’s true only if you work for someone else. Most peoples’ job had been on their farms. An alarm clock won’t be ringing like in today’s case. But a knocker which is paid by the village inhabitants will be doing the work.
People before the industrial revolution depended on nature. They managed their time relying on the position of the sun, which also made things difficult in rainy and cloudy days. More educated people used water clocks or sand clocks. But those only worked as timers and not time indicators.
The news was not something for all people. No radios, TVs, or any other electronics. Everything was learned through local newspapers. And not all people had been concerned about politics. Even interested people received news that wasn’t so fresh as a consequence of difficult communications.
You Can Smell Strong AI Now
Today everything changed. Not only rich and popular figures have smart devices. Smartphones and digital devices are in the hands of almost all people on the planet. So why won’t we agree that robots and Strong AI will dominate the future? It might seem somehow strange to talk about such a vision today. But wasn’t that the case of smartphones before and during the industrial revolution?
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Catalan Independence? A Broken Political Hierarchy
Discussion, not prediction.
Spain, or the bag of ethnicities called Spain, is a democracy. Compared to countries run by stagnantly retentive elites, democracies defy analysis. For an excellent example, we need look no further than U.S. elections, to which many pundits apply much intelligence.
The semi-objective factors provide little guidance:
• Geography. Is Catalonia isolated by geography from the rest of Spain? Not particularly. The Pyrenees protect if from invasion by the French, which is not the issue here.
• Economics. Is Catalonia markedly subsidizing the rest of Spain? With 13% of the population, it has 16% of the GNP. Compared to the geographic variations in the U.S, this is not a remarkable ratio. In fact, Catalonia owes Spain money from a 2008 bailout.
• The vote. 92% of a 40% turnout could well be a minority.
• Organic cultural drive. (Guardian) Colm Tóibín: ‘Catalonia is a region in the process of reimagining itself’.
The last item doesn’t belong in a list of objective factors, but it is the capsule of everything we don’t know about the situation. Quoting,
Madrid is not itself prepared to make a detailed case against the vote being held, but rather is insisting that it is illegal, as though the law were something that could not be changed.
This is the crux of it. Since the Enlightenment, and the complete devolution of monarchic prerogative, there has been a gradual shift from the prerogatives of the state towards the rights of the individual, with the prerogatives of the constituent sub-states sandwiched variably in between.
In less-than-democracies, every sub unit of government, down to the individual citizen, is arranged in a rigid hierarchy of subordination. In western democracies, this is not the case. In the U.S., even as individual rights have continued to evolve, the “rights” of states have diminished. In western democracies, for the most part, national elections keep the bargain between the individual regions or states, and the nation. In Spain, this “broken hierarchy” has failed.
If Catalonia secedes, this will be the first time since the American Civil War (colonies don’t count) that a modern western democracy has devolved (Scotland is close.) But until the map of Europe was rewritten in the 19th century game of “balance of power”, Europe was a continent of duchies and city states. In the wake of Napoleon, when arable land was the principle measure of strength, nations sought security in size.
Since the EU and NATO offer, on paper at least, all the benefits of size, the motivational glue of security provided by membership in a larger national organism has diminished. Such security may be more imagined than real. But Spanish politicians have shown no inclination to convince the Catalans that Spain is good for them.
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Get Anarchism essential facts below. View Videos or join the Anarchism discussion. Add Anarchism to your Like2do.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies,[1][2][3][4] although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations.[5][6][7][8] Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful.[9][10]
While opposition to the state is central,[11] anarchism specifically entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of all human relations.[12][13][14] Anarchism is usually considered a far-left ideology[15][16] and much of anarchist economics and anarchist legal philosophy reflects anti-authoritarian interpretations of communism, collectivism, syndicalism, mutualism or participatory economics.[17]
Anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular world view, instead fluxing and flowing as a philosophy.[18] Many types and traditions of anarchism exist, not all of which are mutually exclusive.[19]Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism.[10] Strains of anarchism have often been divided into the categories of social and individualist anarchism or similar dual classifications.[20][21]
Etymology and terminology
The word "anarchism" is composed from the word "anarchy" and the suffix -ism,[22] themselves derived respectively from the Greek ?,[23] i.e. anarchy[24][25][26] (from ?, anarchos, meaning "one without rulers";[27] from the privative prefix - (an-, i.e. "without") and , archos, i.e. "leader", "ruler";[28] (cf. archon or ?, arkh?, i.e. "authority", "sovereignty", "realm", "magistracy")[29]) and the suffix - or -? (-ismos, -isma, from the verbal infinitive suffix -, -izein).[30] The first known use of this word was in 1539.[31] Various factions within the French Revolution labelled opponents as anarchists (as Maximilien Robespierre did the Hébertists)[32] although few shared many views of later anarchists. There would be many revolutionaries of the early nineteenth century who contributed to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation, such as William Godwin and Wilhelm Weitling, but they did not use the word "anarchist" or "anarchism" in describing themselves or their beliefs.[33]
The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-nineteenth century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France,[34] the term "libertarianism" has often been used as a synonym for anarchism[35] and was used almost exclusively in this sense until the 1950s in the United States,[36] though its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States.[37] On the other hand, some use libertarianism to refer to individualistic free market philosophy only, referring to free market anarchism as libertarian anarchism.[38][39]
Woodcut from a Diggers document by William Everard
The earliest[40] anarchist themes can be found in the 6th century BC among the works of Taoist philosopher Laozi[41] and in later centuries by Zhuangzi and Bao Jingyan.[42] Zhuangzi's philosophy has been described by various sources as anarchist.[43][44][45][46] Zhuangzi wrote: "A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation".[47]Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics as well as their contemporary Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, also introduced similar topics.[41][48]Jesus is sometimes considered the first anarchist in the Christian anarchist tradition. Georges Lechartier wrote: "The true founder of anarchy was Jesus Christ and [...] the first anarchist society was that of the apostles".[49] In early Islamic history, some manifestations of anarchic thought are found during the Islamic civil war over the Caliphate, where the Kharijites insisted that the imamate is a right for each individual within the Islamic society.[50]
The French Renaissance political philosopher Étienne de La Boétie wrote in his most famous work the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude what some historians consider an important anarchist precedent.[51][52] The radical Protestant Christian Gerrard Winstanley and his group the Diggers are cited by various authors as proposing anarchist social measures in the 17th century in England.[53][54][55] The term "anarchist" first entered the English language in 1642 during the English Civil War as a term of abuse, used by Royalists against their Roundhead opponents.[56] By the time of the French Revolution, some such as the Enraged Ones began to use the term positively[57] in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as oxymoronic.[56] By the turn of the 19th century, the English word "anarchism" had lost its initial negative connotation.[56]
As part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought.[59][60] According to Peter Kropotkin, Godwin was "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work"[41] while Godwin attached his anarchist ideas to an early Edmund Burke.[61]
His aversion to the imposition of a rules-based society led him to denounce as a manifestation of the people's "mental enslavement" the foundations of law, property rights and even the institution of marriage. He considered the basic foundations of society as constraining the natural development of individuals to use their powers of reasoning to arrive at a mutually beneficial method of social organisation. In each case, government and its institutions are shown to constrain the development of our capacity to live wholly in accordance with the full and free exercise of private judgement.
The French Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is regarded as the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work What is Property?, published in 1840. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory.[64] He developed the theory of spontaneous order in society, where organisation emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests. His famous quote on the matter is "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order". In What is Property?, Proudhon answers with the famous accusation "Property is theft". In this work, he opposed the institution of decreed "property" (propriété), where owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish.[65] He contrasted this with what he called "possession", or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. However, Proudhon later added that "Property is Liberty" and argued that it was a bulwark against state power.[66] His opposition to the state, organised religion and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.
The anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as "libertarian".[67] Unlike Proudhon, he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".[68] In 1844, the post-Hegelian philosopher Max Stirner published in Germany the book, The Ego and Its Own, which would later be considered an influential early text of individualist anarchism.[69] French anarchists active in the 1848 Revolution included Anselme Bellegarrigue, Ernest Coeurderoy, Joseph Déjacque[67] and Proudhon himself.[70][71]
First International and the Paris Commune
Anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists[56]
In Europe, harsh reaction followed the revolutions of 1848, during which ten countries had experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist uprisings. After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, liberals and nationalists along with anarchists to prevent further revolt.[72] In Spain, Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon's ideas.[73] The Catalan politician Francesc Pi i Margall became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish[74] and later briefly became President of Spain in 1873 while being the leader of the Federal Democratic Republican Party. According to George Woodcock: "These translations were to have a profound and lasting effect on the development of Spanish anarchism after 1870, but before that time Proudhonian ideas, as interpreted by Pi, already provided much of the inspiration for the federalist movement which sprang up in the early 1860's".[75] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica: "During the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi y Margall attempted to establish a decentralised, or "cantonalist," political system on Proudhonian lines".[73]
In 1864, the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the First International) united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon,[76]Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats. Due to its links to active workers' movements, the International became a significant organisation. Karl Marx became a leading figure in the International and a member of its General Council. Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings.[77][78] Woodcock also reports that the American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and William Batchelder Greene had been members of the First International.[79] In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the League of Peace and Freedom (LPF) Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin and his collectivist anarchist associates joined the First International, which had decided not to get involved with the LPF.[80] They allied themselves with the federalist socialist sections of the International,[81] who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivisation of property. At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.[82] Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as centralist and predicted that if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the ruling class they had fought against.[83][84]
Anarchist historian George Woodcock reports: "The annual Congress of the International had not taken place in 1870 owing to the outbreak of the Paris Commune, and in 1871 the General Council called only a special conference in London. One delegate was able to attend from Spain and none from Italy, while a technical excuse - that they had split away from the Fédération Romande - was used to avoid inviting Bakunin's Swiss supporters. Thus only a tiny minority of anarchists was present, and the General Council's resolutions passed almost unanimously. Most of them were clearly directed against Bakunin and his followers".[85] In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the Hague Congress, where Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at the St. Imier Congress, adopting a revolutionary anarchist programme.[86]
The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally, from 28 March) to 28 May 1871. The Commune was the result of an uprising in Paris after France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. Anarchists participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune. They included Louise Michel, the Reclus brothers (Élie Reclus and Élisée Reclus) and Eugene Varlin (the latter murdered in the repression afterwards). As for the reforms initiated by the Commune, such as the re-opening of workplaces as co-operatives, anarchists can see their ideas of associated labour beginning to be realised. Moreover, the Commune's ideas on federation obviously reflected the influence of Proudhon on French radical ideas. The Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoes Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas (Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the "implementation of the binding mandate" in 1848 and for federation of communes), thus both economically and politically the Paris Commune was heavily influenced by anarchist ideas.[87] George Woodcock states that "a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organization of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the mutualists Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the libertarian collectivists Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel".[85]
Organised labour
The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organization of labour".[88] In 1886, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886 as the date by which the eight-hour work day would become standard.[89]
A sympathetic engraving by Walter Crane of the executed anarchists of Chicago after the Haymarket affair, which is generally considered the most significant event for the origin of international May Day observances
In response, unions across the United States prepared a general strike in support of the event.[89] On 3 May, a fight broke out in Chicago when strikebreakers attempted to cross the picket line and two workers died when police opened fire upon the crowd.[90] The next day on 4 May, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square.[91] A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally, killing an officer.[92] In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other.[93] Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed.[94] Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labour movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution. The incident became known as the Haymarket affair and was a setback for the labour movement and the struggle for the eight-hour day. In 1890, a second attempt--this time international in scope--to organise for the eight-hour day was made. The event also had the secondary purpose of memorialising workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair.[95] Although it had initially been conceived as a once-off event, by the following year the celebration of International Workers' Day on May Day had become firmly established as an international worker's holiday.[89]
In 1907, the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam gathered delegates from 14 different countries, among which were important figures of the anarchist movement, including Errico Malatesta, Pierre Monatte, Luigi Fabbri, Benoît Broutchoux, Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker and Christiaan Cornelissen. Various themes were treated during the Congress, in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement, popular education issues, the general strike or antimilitarism. A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and syndicalism (or trade unionism). Malatesta and Monatte were in particular disagreement themselves on this issue as the latter thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions of a social revolution while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient.[96] He thought that the trade union movement was reformist and even conservative, citing as essentially bourgeois and anti-worker the phenomenon of professional union officials. Malatesta warned that the syndicalists aims were in perpetuating syndicalism itself, whereas anarchists must always have anarchy as their end and consequently refrain from committing to any particular method of achieving it.[97]
In 1881, the Spanish Workers Federation was the first major anarcho-syndicalist movement--anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain. The most successful was the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour, CNT), founded in 1910. Before the 1940s, the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics, attracting 1.58 million members at one point and playing a major role in the Spanish Civil War.[98] The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922, with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America. In Latin America in particular, "[t]he anarchists quickly became active in organising craft and industrial workers throughout South and Central America, and until the early 1920s most of the trade unions in Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and Argentina were anarcho-syndicalist in general outlook; the prestige of the Spanish C.N.T. as a revolutionary organisation was undoubtedly to a great extent responsible for this situation. The largest and most militant of these organisations was the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina [...] it grew quickly to a membership of nearly a quarter of a million, which dwarfed the rival socialdemocratic unions".[85]
Propaganda of the deed and illegalism
Italian American anarchist Luigi Galleani whose followers, known as Galleanists, carried out a series of bombings and assassination attempts from 1914 to 1932 in what they saw as attacks on "tyrants" and "enemies of the people"
Some anarchists, such as Johann Most, advocated publicising violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda".[99] Scholars such as Beverly Gage contend that this was not advocacy of mass murder, but targeted killings of members of the ruling class at times when such actions might garner sympathy from the population, such as during periods of heightened government repression or labor conflicts where workers were killed.[100] However, Most himself once boasted that "the existing system will be quickest and most radically overthrown by the annihilation of its exponents. Therefore, massacres of the enemies of the people must be set in motion".[101] Most is best known for a pamphlet published in 1885, The Science of Revolutionary Warfare, a how-to manual on the subject of making explosives based on knowledge he acquired while working at an explosives plant in New Jersey.[102]
By the 1880s, people inside and outside the anarchist movement began to use the slogan, "propaganda of the deed" to refer to individual bombings, regicides and tyrannicides. From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal "expropriations".[103]Illegalism as a practice emerged and within it "[t]he acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("propaganda by the deed") and the anarchist burglars ("individual reappropriation") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary invitations to revolt".[104] France's Bonnot Gang was the most famous group to embrace illegalism.
However, important figures in the anarchist movement distanced themselves from such individual acts as soon as 1887. Peter Kropotkin thus wrote that year in Le Révolté that "a structure based on centuries of history cannot be destroyed with a few kilos of dynamite".[105] A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favour of collective revolutionary action, for example through the trade union movement. The anarcho-syndicalist Fernand Pelloutier argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labour movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter".[106]
State repression (including the infamous 1894 French lois scélérates) of the anarchist and labour movements following the few successful bombings and assassinations may have contributed in the first place to the abandonment of these kinds of tactics, although reciprocally state repression may have played a role in these isolated acts. The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and--following the suppression of the 1871--Paris Commune the execution and exile of many communards to penal colonies favoured individualist political expression and acts.[107]
Numerous heads of state were assassinated between 1881 and 1914 by members of the anarchist movement, including Tsar Alexander II of Russia, President Sadi Carnot of France, Empress Elisabeth of Austria, King Umberto I of Italy, President William McKinley of the United States, King Carlos I of Portugal and King George I of Greece. McKinley's assassin Leon Czolgosz claimed to have been influenced by anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman.[108]
Russian Revolution and other uprisings of the 1910s
Anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both February and October revolutions and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik revolution.[109] However, following a political falling out with the Bolsheviks by the anarchists and other left-wing opposition the conflict culminated in the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion, which the new government repressed. Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks; the anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine.[110] In the Free Territory, they fought in the civil war against the Whites (a grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months.
The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw Bolshevik success as setting an example and communist parties grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the General Confederation of Labour and Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) left the organisations and joined the Communist International.[112]
The revolutionary wave of 1917-1923 saw the active participation of anarchists in varying degrees of protagonism. In the German uprising known as the German Revolution of 1918-1919 which established the Bavarian Soviet Republic, the anarchists Gustav Landauer, Silvio Gesell and Erich Mühsam had important leadership positions within the revolutionary councilist structures.[113][114] In the Italian events known as the biennio rosso,[115] the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Unione Sindacale Italiana "grew to 800,000 members and the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union (20,000 members plus Umanita Nova, its daily paper) grew accordingly [...] Anarchists were the first to suggest occupying workplaces.[116] In the Mexican Revolution, the Mexican Liberal Party was established and during the early 1910s it led a series of military offensives leading to the conquest and occupation of certain towns and districts in Baja California with the leadership of anarcho-communist Ricardo Flores Magón.[117]
In Paris, the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included Nestor Makhno, concluded that anarchists needed to develop new forms of organisation in response to the structures of Bolshevism. Their 1926 manifesto, called the Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft),[118] was supported. Platformist groups active today include the Workers Solidarity Movement in Ireland and the North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists of North America. Synthesis anarchism emerged as an organisational alternative to platformism that tries to join anarchists of different tendencies under the principles of anarchism without adjectives.[119] In the 1920s, this form found as its main proponents Volin and Sebastien Faure.[119] It is the main principle behind the anarchist federations grouped around the contemporary global International of Anarchist Federations.[119]
Conflicts with European fascist regimes
In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of fascism in Europe transformed anarchism's conflict with the state. Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and Benito Mussolini's fascists. Italian anarchists played a key role in the anti-fascist organisation Arditi del Popolo, which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions and achieved some success in their activism, such as repelling Blackshirts in the anarchist stronghold of Parma in August 1922.[120] The veteran Italian anarchist Luigi Fabbri was one of the first critical theorists of fascism, describing it as "the preventive counter-revolution".[42] In France, where the far-right leagues came close to insurrection in the February 1934 riots, anarchists divided over a united front policy.[121]
Anarchists in France[122] and Italy[123] were active in the Resistance during World War II. In Germany, the anarchist Erich Mühsam was arrested on charges unknown in the early morning hours of 28 February 1933, within a few hours after the Reichstag fire in Berlin. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda minister, labelled him as one of "those Jewish subversives". Over the next seventeen months, he would be imprisoned in the concentration camps at Sonnenburg, Brandenburg and finally, Oranienburg. On 2 February 1934, Mühsam was transferred to the concentration camp at Oranienburg when finally on the night of 9 July 1934, Mühsam was tortured and murdered by the guards, his battered corpse found hanging in a latrine the next morning.[124]
Spanish Revolution
In Spain, the national anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, conservative members of the military, with the support of minority extreme-right parties, responded with an attempted coup, causing the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).[125] In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land.[126][127] However, the anarchists were losing ground even before the fascist victory in 1939 in a bitter struggle with the Stalinists, who controlled much of the distribution of military aid to the Republicans cause from the Soviet Union. According to Noam Chomsky, "the communists were mainly responsible for the destruction of the Spanish anarchists. Not just in Catalonia--the communist armies mainly destroyed the collectives elsewhere. The communists basically acted as the police force of the security system of the Republic and were very much opposed to the anarchists, partially because Stalin still hoped at that time to have some kind of pact with Western countries against Adolf Hitler. That failed and Stalin withdrew the support to the Republic. They even withdrew the Spanish gold reserves".[128] The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organisational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia and parts of Levante. Much of Spain's economy was put under worker control and in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy Communist Party of Spain influence as the Soviet-allied party actively resisted attempts at collectivisation enactment. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivised and run as libertarian communes. Anarchist historian Sam Dolgoff estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution,[129] which he claimed "came closer to realising the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than any other revolution in history".[130] Spanish Communist Party-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists.[131] The prominent Italian anarchist Camillo Berneri, who volunteered to fight against Francisco Franco was killed instead in Spain by gunmen associated with the Spanish Communist Party.[132][133][134] The city of Madrid was turned over to the Francoist forces by the last non-francoist mayor of the city, the anarchist Melchor Rodríguez García.[135]
Post-war years
Anarchism sought to reorganise itself after the war and in this context the organisational debate between synthesis anarchism and platformism took importance once again especially in the anarchist movements of Italy and France. The Mexican Anarchist Federation was established in 1945 after the Anarchist Federation of the Centre united with the Anarchist Federation of the Federal District.[136] In the early 1940s, the Antifascist International Solidarity and the Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba merged into the large national organisation Asociación Libertaria de Cuba (Cuban Libertarian Association).[137] From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Anarchist Communist Federation reemerged as part of a factory and workplace committee movement, but was repressed by the new Communist regime.[138] In 1945 in France the Fédération Anarchiste and the anarchosyndicalist trade union Confédération nationale du travail was established in the next year while the also synthesist Federazione Anarchica Italiana was founded in Italy. Korean anarchists formed the League of Free Social Constructors in September 1945[138] and in 1946 the Japanese Anarchist Federation was founded.[139] An International Anarchist Congress with delegates from across Europe was held in Paris in May 1948.[138] After World War II, an appeal in the Fraye Arbeter Shtime detailing the plight of German anarchists and called for Americans to support them. By February 1946, the sending of aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale operation. The Federation of Libertarian Socialists was founded in Germany in 1947 and Rudolf Rocker wrote for its organ, Die Freie Gesellschaft, which survived until 1953.[140] In 1956, the Uruguayan Anarchist Federation was founded.[141] In 1955, the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina renamed itself as the Argentine Libertarian Federation. The Syndicalist Workers' Federation (SWF) was a syndicalist group in active in post-war Britain,[142] and one of Solidarity Federation's earliest predecessors. It was formed in 1950 by members of the dissolved Anarchist Federation of Britain (AFB).[142] Unlike the AFB, which was influenced by anarcho-syndicalist ideas but ultimately not syndicalist itself, the SWF decided to pursue a more definitely syndicalist, worker-centred strategy from the outset.[142]
Anarchism continued to influence important literary and intellectual personalities of the time, such as Albert Camus, Herbert Read, Paul Goodman, Dwight Macdonald, Allen Ginsberg, George Woodcock, Leopold Kohr,[143][144]Julian Beck, John Cage[145] and the French Surrealist group led by André Breton, which now openly embraced anarchism and collaborated in the Fédération Anarchiste.[146]
Anarcho-pacifism became influential in the Anti-nuclear movement and anti war movements of the time[147][148] as can be seen in the activism and writings of the English anarchist member of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Alex Comfort or the similar activism of the American catholic anarcho-pacifists Ammon Hennacy and Dorothy Day. Anarcho-pacifism became a "basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War".[149] The resurgence of anarchist ideas during this period is well documented in Robert Graham's Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939-1977).[138]
Contemporary anarchism
The famous okupas squat near Parc Güell, overlooking Barcelona (on the roof: "Occupy and Resist"), since squatting was a prominent part of the emergence of renewed anarchist movement from the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s
A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred in western nations during the 1960s and 1970s.[150] Anarchism was influential in the Counterculture of the 1960s[151][152][153] and anarchists actively participated in the late sixties students and workers revolts.[154] In 1968, in Carrara, Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France (the Fédération Anarchiste), the Federazione Anarchica Italiana of Italy and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile.[155][156]
In the United Kingdom in the 1970s, this was associated with the punk rock movement as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols.[157] The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like that of Barcelona, Spain. In Denmark, squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. Since the revival of anarchism in the mid-20th century,[158] a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged. Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of anarcha-feminism, they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. Anarchist anthropologist David Graeber and anarchist historian Andrej Grubacic have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by indigenous, feminist, ecological and cultural-critical ideas" and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists.[159]
Since the 1980s, anarchism has grown into a strong political force in Latin America, with the development of Fejuve (1979),[160]CIPO-RFM (1980s),[161]Zapatistas (1994),[162]Horizontilidad (2001)[163] and the Oaxaca Uprising (2006).[164] Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist, and anti-globalisation movements.[165] Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Group of Eight (G8) and the World Economic Forum (WEF). Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction, and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as black blocs--other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture, affinity groups and the use of decentralised technologies such as the internet.[165] A significant event of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999.[165] According to anarchist scholar Simon Critchley, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism [...] One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally".[166]
Rojava is supporting efforts for workers to form cooperatives, such as this sewing cooperative
International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations, the International Workers' Association and International Libertarian Solidarity. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain in the form of the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the CNT. CGT membership was estimated at around 100,000 for 2003.[167]
Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS), more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.[168]Abdullah Öcalan--a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) who is currently imprisoned in Turkey--is an iconic and popular figure in the DFNS whose ideas shaped the region's society and politics.[169] While in prison, Öcalan corresponded with (and was influenced by) Murray Bookchin, an anarcho-communist theorist and philosopher who developed Communalism and libertarian municipalism.[169] Modelled after Bookchin's ideas, Öcalan developed the theory of democratic confederalism. In March 2005, he issued his "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", calling upon citizens "to stop attacking the government and instead create municipal assemblies, which he called 'democracy without the state'".[169]
Anarchist schools of thought
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the primary proponent of anarcho-mutualism and influenced many future individualist anarchist and social anarchist thinkers
Anarchist schools of thought had been generally grouped in two main historical traditions, individualist anarchism and social anarchism, which have some different origins, values and evolution.[10][20][170][171] The individualist wing of anarchism emphasises negative liberty, i.e. opposition to state or social control over the individual, while those in the social wing emphasise positive liberty to achieve one's potential and argue that humans have needs that society ought to fulfil, "recognising equality of entitlement".[172] In a chronological and theoretical sense, there are classical--those created throughout the 19th century--and post-classical anarchist schools--those created since the mid-20th century and after.
Beyond the specific factions of anarchist thought is philosophical anarchism, which embodies the theoretical stance that the state lacks moral legitimacy without accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it. A component especially of individualist anarchism[173][174] philosophical anarchism may accept the existence of a minimal state as unfortunate, and usually temporary, "necessary evil" but argue that citizens do not have a moral obligation to obey the state when its laws conflict with individual autonomy.[175] One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was "anarchism without adjectives", a call for toleration first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol in 1889 in response to the "bitter debates" of anarchist theory at the time.[176] In abandoning the hyphenated anarchisms (i.e. collectivist-, communist-, mutualist- and individualist-anarchism), it sought to emphasise the anti-authoritarian beliefs common to all anarchist schools of thought.[177]
Mutualism began in 18th-century English and French labour movements before taking an anarchist form associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in France and others in the United States.[178] Proudhon proposed spontaneous order, whereby organisation emerges without central authority, a "positive anarchy" where order arises when everybody does "what he wishes and only what he wishes"[179] and where "business transactions alone produce the social order."[180] Proudhon distinguished between ideal political possibilities and practical governance. For this reason, much in contrast to some of his theoretical statements concerning ultimate spontaneous self-governance, Proudhon was heavily involved in French parliamentary politics and allied himself not with anarchist but socialist factions of workers' movements and, in addition to advocating state-protected charters for worker-owned cooperatives, promoted certain nationalisation schemes during his life of public service.
Mutualist anarchism is concerned with reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation, and credit and currency reform. According to the American mutualist William Batchelder Greene, each worker in the mutualist system would receive "just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount".[181] Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism.[182] Proudhon first characterised his goal as a "third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property".[183]
Social anarchism
Social anarchism calls for a system with common ownership of means of production and democratic control of all organisations, without any government authority or coercion. It is the largest school of thought in anarchism.[184] Social anarchism rejects private property, seeing it as a source of social inequality (while retaining respect for personal property)[185] and emphasises cooperation and mutual aid.[186]
Collectivist anarchism
Collectivist anarchism, also referred to as revolutionary socialism or a form of such,[187][188] is a revolutionary form of anarchism, commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin and Johann Most.[189][190] Collectivist anarchists oppose all private ownership of the means of production, instead advocating that ownership be collectivised. This was to be achieved through violent revolution, first starting with a small cohesive group through acts of violence, or propaganda by the deed, which would inspire the workers as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivise the means of production.[189]
However, collectivisation was not to be extended to the distribution of income as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed "according to need" as in anarcho-communism. This position was criticised by anarchist communists as effectively "uphold[ing] the wages system".[191] Collectivist anarchism arose contemporaneously with Marxism, but opposed the Marxist dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society.[192] Anarchist, communist and collectivist ideas are not mutually exclusive--although the collectivist anarchists advocated compensation for labour, some held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need.[193]
Peter Kropotkin was influential in the development of anarcho-communism
Anarcho-communism (also known as anarchist-communism, libertarian communism[194][195][196][197] and occasionally as free communism) is a theory of anarchism that advocates abolition of the state, markets, money, private property (while retaining respect for personal property)[185] and capitalism in favour of common ownership of the means of production,[198][199]direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need".[200][201]
Some forms of anarchist communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are strongly influenced by egoism and radical individualism, believing anarcho-communism is the best social system for the realisation of individual freedom.[202][203][204][205] Most anarcho-communists view anarcho-communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society.[206][207][208]
Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French Revolution[209][210] but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.[211] The theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organisationalist and insurrectionary anti-organisationalist sections.[212] To date, the best known examples of an anarchist communist society (i.e. established around the ideas as they exist today and achieving worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon), are the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution[213] and the Free Territory during the Russian Revolution. Through the efforts and influence of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Revolution within the Spanish Civil War, starting in 1936 anarchist communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia as well as in the stronghold of anarchist Catalonia before being crushed by the combined forces of the regime that won the war, Hitler, Mussolini, Communist Party of Spain repression (backed by the Soviet Union) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist countries and the Spanish Republic itself.[214] During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend--through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine--anarcho-communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.
May Day 2010 demonstration of Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT in Bilbao, Basque Country
Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that focuses on the labour movement.[215] Anarcho-syndicalists view labour unions as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are workers' solidarity, direct action and workers' self-management. Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action--that is, action concentrated on directly attaining a goal as opposed to indirect action, such as electing a representative to a government position--will allow workers to liberate themselves.[216] Moreover, anarcho-syndicalists believe that workers' organisations (the organisations that struggle against the wage system, which in anarcho-syndicalist theory will eventually form the basis of a new society) should be self-managing. They should not have bosses or "business agents"--rather, the workers should be able to make all the decisions that affect them themselves. Rudolf Rocker was one of the most popular voices in the anarcho-syndicalist movement. He outlined a view of the origins of the movement, what it sought and why it was important to the future of labour in his 1938 pamphlet Anarcho-Syndicalism. The International Workers Association is an international anarcho-syndicalist federation of various labour unions from different countries. The Spanish CNT played and still plays a major role in the Spanish labour movement. It was also an important force in the Spanish Civil War.
Individualist anarchism
Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions and ideological systems.[217][218] Individualist anarchism is not a single philosophy, but it instead refers to a group of individualistic philosophies that sometimes are in conflict.
In 1793, William Godwin, who has often[59] been cited as the first anarchist, wrote Political Justice, which some consider the first expression of anarchism.[60][62] Godwin was a philosophical anarchist and from a rationalist and utilitarian basis opposed revolutionary action and saw a minimal state as a present "necessary evil" that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge.[60][219] Godwin advocated individualism, proposing that all cooperation in labour be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.[220][221]
Max Stirner (here in a sketch by Friedrich Engels) is usually considered a prominent early individualist anarchist
An influential form of individualist anarchism, called "egoism",[222] or egoist anarchism, was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, the German Max Stirner.[69] Stirner's The Ego and Its Own, published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.[69] According to Stirner, the only limitation on the rights of individuals is their power to obtain what they desire,[223] without regard for God, state, or morality.[224] To Stirner, rights were "spooks" in the mind and he held that society does not exist, but "the individuals are its reality".[225] Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw unions of egoists, non-systematic associations continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will,[226] which Stirner proposed as a form of organisation in place of the state.[227] Egoist anarchists argue that egoism will foster genuine and spontaneous union between individuals.[228] "Egoism" has inspired many interpretations of Stirner's philosophy. It was re-discovered and promoted by German philosophical anarchist and homosexual activist John Henry Mackay.
Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist,[229] and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist, was the first anarchist periodical published.[230] For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews [...] William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[231]Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe. Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his books Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, as well as his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. Benjamin Tucker later fused Stirner's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty.
From these early influences, individualist anarchism in different countries attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals,[232]free love and birth control advocates (see anarchism and issues related to love and sex),[233][234] individualist naturists and nudists (see anarcho-naturism),[234][235][236]freethought and anti-clerical activists[237][238] as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation[104][239] (see European individualist anarchism and individualist anarchism in France). These authors and activists included Oscar Wilde, Emile Armand, Han Ryner, Henri Zisly, Renzo Novatore, Miguel Gimenez Igualada, Adolf Brand and Lev Chernyi among others.
Post-classical anarchist schools of thought
Lawrence Jarach (left) and John Zerzan (right), two prominent contemporary anarchist authors: Zerzan is known as prominent voice within anarcho-primitivism while Jarach is a noted advocate of post-left anarchy
Anarchism continues to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and syncretic, combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches.[240]
Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory, practice, and tendency within the anarchist movement which emphasises insurrection within anarchist practice.[241][242] It is critical of formal organisations such as labour unions and federations that are based on a political programme and periodic congresses.[241] Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organisation and small affinity group based organisation.[241][242] Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanent class conflict and a refusal to negotiate or compromise with class enemies.[241][242]
Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism)[243] is a school of thought within anarchism that emphasises environmental issues,[244] with an important precedent in anarcho-naturism[234][245][246] and whose main contemporary currents are anarcho-primitivism and social ecology. Writing from a green anarchist perspective, John Zerzan attributes the ills of today's social degradation to technology and the birth of agricultural civilization.[247] While Layla AbdelRahim argues that "the shift in human consciousness was also a shift in human subsistence strategies, whereby some human animals reinvented their narrative to center murder and predation and thereby institutionalize violence".[248] Thus, according to her, civilization was the result of the human development of technologies and grammar for predatory economics. Language and literacy, she claims, are some of these technologies.[249][250]
Anarcho-pacifism is a tendency that rejects violence in the struggle for social change (see non-violence).[85][252] It developed mostly in the Netherlands, Britain and the United States before and during the Second World War.[85] Christian anarchism is a movement in political theology that combines anarchism and Christianity.[253] Its main proponents included Leo Tolstoy, Dorothy Day, Ammon Hennacy and Jacques Ellul.
Religious anarchism refers to a set of related anarchist ideologies that are inspired by the teachings of (organized) religions, but many anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to organized religion. Many different religions have served as inspiration for religious forms of anarchism, most notably Christianity as Christian anarchists believe that biblical teachings give credence to anarchist philosophy. Non-Christian forms of religious anarchism include Buddhist anarchism, Jewish anarchism and most recently Neopaganism
Synthesis anarchism is a form of anarchism that tries to join anarchists of different tendencies under the principles of anarchism without adjectives.[254] In the 1920s, this form found as its main proponents the anarcho-communists Voline and Sébastien Faure.[119][255] It is the main principle behind the anarchist federations grouped around the contemporary global International of Anarchist Federations.[254]
Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional left-wing politics. Some post-leftists seek to escape the confines of ideology in general also presenting a critique of organisations and morality.[256] Influenced by the work of Max Stirner[256] and by the Marxist Situationist International,[256] post-left anarchy is marked by a focus on social insurrection and a rejection of leftist social organisation.[257]
Post-anarchism is a theoretical move towards a synthesis of classical anarchist theory and poststructuralist thought, drawing from diverse ideas including post-left anarchy, postmodernism, autonomism, postcolonialism and the Situationist International.
Queer anarchism is a form of socialism which suggests anarchism as a solution to the issues faced by the LGBT community, mainly heteronormativity, homophobia, transphobia and biphobia. Anarcho-queer arose during the late 20th century based on the work of Michel Foucault The History of Sexuality.
Left-wing market anarchism strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self-ownership and free markets while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions, these ideas support strongly anti-corporatist, anti-hierarchical, pro-labour positions and anti-capitalism in economics and anti-imperialism in foreign policy.[258][259][260]
Anarcho-capitalism advocates the elimination of the state in favour of self-ownership in a free market.[261][262] Anarcho-capitalism developed from radical anti-state libertarianism and individualist anarchism,[263][264][265][266][267][268][269][excessive citations] drawing from Austrian School economics, study of law and economics and public choice theory.[270] There is a strong current within anarchism which believes that anarcho-capitalism cannot be considered a part of the anarchist movement due to the fact that anarchism has historically been an anti-capitalist movement and for definitional reasons which see anarchism as incompatible with capitalist forms.[271][272][273][274][275][276][excessive citations]
Anarcho-transhumanism is a recently new branch of anarchism that takes traditional and modern anarchism, typically drawing from anarcho-syndicalism, left-libertarianism or libertarian soclialism and combines it with transhumanism and post-humanism. It can be described as a "liberal democratic revolution, at its core the idea that people are happiest when they have rational control over their lives. Reason, science, and technology provide one kind of control, slowly freeing us from ignorance, toil, pain, disease and limited lifespans (aging)". Some anarcho-transhumanists might also follow technogaianism.
Internal issues and debates
Anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies and schools of thought and as such disagreement over questions of values, ideology and tactics is common. The compatibility of capitalism,[277]nationalism and religion with anarchism is widely disputed. Similarly, anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as Marxism, communism, collectivism, syndicalism/trade unionism and capitalism. Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism or any number of alternative ethical doctrines.
Phenomena such as civilisation, technology (e.g. within anarcho-primitivism) and the democratic process may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.
On a tactical level, while propaganda of the deed was a tactic used by anarchists in the 19th century (e.g. the nihilist movement), some contemporary anarchists espouse alternative direct action methods such as nonviolence, counter-economics and anti-state cryptography to bring about an anarchist society. About the scope of an anarchist society, some anarchists advocate a global one, while others do so by local ones.[278] The diversity in anarchism has led to widely different use of identical terms among different anarchist traditions, which has led to many definitional concerns in anarchist theory.
Topics of interest
Free love
French individualist anarchist Émile Armand propounded the virtues of free love in the Parisian anarchist milieu of the early 20th century
An important current within anarchism is free love.[279] Free love advocates sometimes traced their roots back to Josiah Warren and to experimental communities, viewed sexual freedom as a clear, direct expression of an individual's sovereignty. Free love particularly stressed women's rights since most sexual laws discriminated against women, see for example marriage laws and anti-birth control measures.[233] The most important American free love journal was Lucifer the Lightbearer (1883-1907), edited by Moses Harman and Lois Waisbrooker,[280] but also there existed Ezra Heywood and Angela Heywood's The Word (1872-1890, 1892-1893).[233]Free Society (1895-1897 as The Firebrand; 1897-1904 as Free Society) was a major anarchist newspaper in the United States at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.[281] The publication advocated free love and women's rights and critiqued "Comstockery"--i.e. censorship of sexual information. Also M. E. Lazarus was an important American individualist anarchist who promoted free love.[233]
In New York City's Greenwich Village, bohemian feminists and socialists advocated self-realisation and pleasure for women (and also men) in the here and now. They encouraged playing with sexual roles and sexuality[282] and the openly bisexual radical Edna St. Vincent Millay and the lesbian anarchist Margaret Anderson were prominent among them. Discussion groups organised by the Villagers were frequented by Emma Goldman, among others. Magnus Hirschfeld noted in 1923 that Goldman "has campaigned boldly and steadfastly for individual rights, and especially for those deprived of their rights. Thus it came about that she was the first and only woman, indeed the first and only American, to take up the defence of homosexual love before the general public".[283] Before Goldman, heterosexual anarchist Robert Reitzel (1849-1898) spoke positively of homosexuality from the beginning of the 1890s in his Detroit-based German language journal Der arme Teufel (English: The Poor Devil). In Argentina, anarcha-feminist Virginia Bolten published the newspaper called La Voz de la Mujer (English: The Woman's Voice), which was published nine times in Rosario between 8 January 1896 and 1 January 1897 and was revived briefly in 1901.[284]
In Europe, the main propagandist of free love within individualist anarchism was Emile Armand.[285] He proposed the concept of la camaraderie amoureuse to speak of free love as the possibility of voluntary sexual encounter between consenting adults. He was also a consistent proponent of polyamory.[285] In Germany, the Stirnerists Adolf Brand and John Henry Mackay were pioneering campaigners for the acceptance of male bisexuality and homosexuality. Mujeres Libres was an anarchist women's organisation in Spain that aimed to empower working class women. It was founded in 1936 by Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Mercedes Comaposada and Amparo Poch y Gascón and had approximately 30,000 members. The organisation was based on the idea of a "double struggle" for women's liberation and social revolution and argued that the two objectives were equally important and should be pursued in parallel. In order to gain mutual support, they created networks of women anarchists.[286] Lucía Sánchez Saornil was a main founder of the Spanish anarcha-feminist federation Mujeres Libres who was open about her lesbianism.[287] She was published in a variety of literary journals while working under a male pen name, she was able to explore lesbian themes[288] at a time when homosexuality was criminalised and subject to censorship and punishment.
More recently, the British anarcho-pacifist Alex Comfort gained notoriety during the sexual revolution for writing the bestseller sex manual The Joy of Sex. The issue of free love has a dedicated treatment in the work of French anarcho-hedonist philosopher Michel Onfray in such works as Théorie du corps amoureux. Pour une érotique solaire (2000) and L'invention du plaisir. Fragments cyréaniques (2002).
Libertarian education and freethought
For English anarchist William Godwin, education was "the main means by which change would be achieved".[289] Godwin saw that the main goal of education should be the promotion of happiness.[289] For Godwin, education had to have a "respect for the child's autonomy which precluded any form of coercion", a "pedagogy that respected this and sought to build on the child's own motivation and initiatives" and a "concern about the child's capacity to resist an ideology transmitted through the school".[289] In his Political Justice, he criticises state sponsored schooling "on account of its obvious alliance with national government".[290] Early American anarchist Josiah Warren advanced alternative education experiences in the libertarian communities he established.[291] Max Stirner wrote in 1842 a long essay on education called The False Principle of our Education in which Stirner names his educational principle "personalist", explaining that self-understanding consists in hourly self-creation. Education for him is to create "free men, sovereign characters", by which he means "eternal characters [...] who are therefore eternal because they form themselves each moment".[292]
In the United States, freethought was a basically anti-Christian, anti-clerical movement, whose purpose was to make the individual politically and spiritually free to decide for himself on religious matters. A number of contributors to Liberty (anarchist publication) were prominent figures in both freethought and anarchism. The individualist anarchist George MacDonald was a co-editor of Freethought and, for a time, The Truth Seeker. E.C. Walker was co-editor of Lucifer, the Light-Bearer[237] and many anarchists were "ardent freethinkers; reprints from freethought papers such as Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, Freethought and The Truth Seeker appeared in Liberty... The church was viewed as a common ally of the state and as a repressive force in and of itself".[237]
In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia established "modern" or progressive schools in Barcelona in defiance of an educational system controlled by the Catholic Church.[293] The schools' stated goal was to "educate the working class in a rational, secular and non-coercive setting". Fiercely anti-clerical, Ferrer believed in "freedom in education", education free from the authority of church and state.[294] Murray Bookchin wrote: "This period [1890s] was the heyday of libertarian schools and pedagogical projects in all areas of the country where Anarchists exercised some degree of influence. Perhaps the best-known effort in this field was Francisco Ferrer's Modern School (Escuela Moderna), a project which exercised a considerable influence on Catalan education and on experimental techniques of teaching generally".[295] La Escuela Moderna and Ferrer's ideas generally formed the inspiration for a series of Modern Schools in the United States,[293] Cuba, South America and London. The first of these was started in New York City in 1911. It also inspired the Italian newspaper Università popolare, founded in 1901. Russian christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy established a school for peasant children on his estate.[296] Tolstoy's educational experiments were short-lived due to harassment by the Tsarist secret police.[297] Tolstoy established a conceptual difference between education and culture.[296] He thought that "[e]ducation is the tendency of one man to make another just like himself [...] Education is culture under restraint, culture is free. [Education is] when the teaching is forced upon the pupil, and when then instruction is exclusive, that is when only those subjects are taught which the educator regards as necessary".[296] For him, "without compulsion, education was transformed into culture".[296]
A more recent libertarian tradition on education is that of unschooling and the free school in which child-led activity replaces pedagogic approaches. Experiments in Germany led to A. S. Neill founding what became Summerhill School in 1921.[298] Summerhill is often cited as an example of anarchism in practice.[299][300] However, although Summerhill and other free schools are radically libertarian, they differ in principle from those of Ferrer by not advocating an overtly political class struggle-approach.[301] In addition to organising schools according to libertarian principles, anarchists have also questioned the concept of schooling per se. The term deschooling was popularised by Ivan Illich, who argued that the school as an institution is dysfunctional for self-determined learning and serves the creation of a consumer society instead.[302]
List of anarchist societies
See also
6. ^ "IAF principles". International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. The IAF - IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.
8. ^ "anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy -- hierarchy being the institutionalization of authority within a society." "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" in An Anarchist FAQ
12. ^ "Anarchy is the condition of existence of adult society, as hierarchy is the condition of primitive society. There is a continual progress in human society from hierarchy to anarchy."The State: Its Nature, Object, and Destiny by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
13. ^ "In a word, we reject all legislation, all authority, and all privileged, licensed, official, and legal influence, even though arising from universal suffrage, convinced that it can turn only to the advantage of a dominant minority of exploiters against the interests of the immense majority in subjection to them. This is the sense in which we are really Anarchists."God and the State by Mikhail Bakunin.
19. ^ Sylvan, Richard (1995). "Anarchism". In Goodwin, Robert E.; Pettit, Philip. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 231.
21. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (2002). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 5. ISBN 0-486-41955-X. R.B. Fowler (1972). "The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought". Western Political Quarterly. University of Utah. 25 (4): 738-752. doi:10.2307/446800. JSTOR 446800.
22. ^ Anarchism, Online etymology dictionary.
25. ^ Anarchy, Merriam-Webster online.
26. ^ Anarchy, Online etymology dictionary.
30. ^ -ism, Online etymology dictionary.
31. ^ "Origin of ANARCHY Medieval Latin anarchia, from Greek, from anarchos having no ruler, from an- + archos ruler -- more at arch- First Known Use: 1539" "Anarchy" at Merriam Webster dictionary online
32. ^ Deleplace, Marc (1990). "Anarchie-Anarchiste; Germinal-Fructidor An III (21 mars - 16 septembre 1795)". In Annie Geffroy. Dictionnaire des usages socio-politiques (1770-1815) (in French). ENS Editions. pp. 9-34. ISBN 9782252026946.
33. ^ Joll, James (1964). The Anarchists. Harvard University Press. pp. 27-37. ISBN 0-674-03642-5.
35. ^ "At the end of the century in France, Sebastien Faure took up a word used in 1858 by one Joseph Dejacque [sic] to make it the title of a journal, Le Libertaire. Today the terms "anarchist" and "libertarian" have become interchangeable". Anarchism: From Theory to Practice Daniel Guérin
37. ^
• Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press, 2004 (uses the terms interchangeably, such as on p. 10).
• Fernandez, Frank. Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. See Sharp Press, 2001, p. 9.
39. ^ Burton, Daniel C. Libertarian anarchism (PDF). Libertarian Alliance. Retrieved 2009.
40. ^ "Mises Daily". Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 2014.
42. ^ a b "Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)". Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 2011.
48. ^ Julie Piering. "Cynics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
50. ^ "Anarca-Islam". theanarchistlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 2014.
51. ^ Several historians of anarchism have gone so far as to classify La Botie's treatise itself as anarchist, which is incorrect since La Botie never extended his analysis from tyrannical government to government per se, but while La Botie cannot be considered an anarchist, his sweeping strictures on tyranny and the universality of his political philosophy lend themselves easily to such an expansion. Introduction to The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude by Murray Rothbard. Ludwig Von Mises Institute. p. 18.
55. ^ "Although Proudhon was the first writer to call himself an anarchist, at least two predecessors outlined systems that contain all the basic elements of anarchism. The first was Gerrard Winstanley (1609 - c. 1660), a linen draper who led the small movement of the Diggers during the Commonwealth. Winstanley and his followers protested in the name of a radical Christianity against the economic distress that followed the Civil War and against the inequality that the grandees of the New Model Army seemed intent on preserving. In 1649-1650 the Diggers squatted on stretches of common land in southern England and attempted to set up communities based on work on the land and the sharing of goods." George Woodcock Anarchism The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
58. ^ "Anarchism", Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 (UK version).
60. ^ a b c d e Philip, Mark (20 May 2006). "William Godwin". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
61. ^ Godwin himself attributed the first anarchist writing to Edmund Burke's A Vindication of Natural Society. "Most of the above arguments may be found much more at large in Burke's Vindication of Natural Society; a treatise in which the evils of the existing political institutions are displayed with incomparable force of reasoning and lustre of eloquence ..." - footnote, Ch. 2 Political Justice by William Godwin.
69. ^ a b c Leopold, David (4 August 2006). "Max Stirner". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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107. ^ Historian Benedict Anderson thus writes:
"In March 1871 the Commune took power in the abandoned city and held it for two months. Then Versailles seized the moment to attack and, in one horrifying week, executed roughly 20,000 Communards or suspected sympathizers, a number higher than those killed in the recent war or during Robespierre's 'Terror' of 1793-1794. More than 7,500 were jailed or deported to places like New Caledonia. Thousands of others fled to Belgium, England, Italy, Spain and the United States. In 1872, stringent laws were passed that ruled out all possibilities of organising on the left. Not till 1880 was there a general amnesty for exiled and imprisoned Communards. Meanwhile, the Third Republic found itself strong enough to renew and reinforce Louis Napoleon's imperialist expansion - in Indochina, Africa, and Oceania. Many of France's leading intellectuals and artists had participated in the Commune (Courbet was its quasi-minister of culture, Rimbaud and Pissarro were active propagandists) or were sympathetic to it. The ferocious repression of 1871 and thereafter, was probably the key factor in alienating these milieux from the Third Republic and stirring their sympathy for its victims at home and abroad." Anderson, Benedict (July-August 2004). "In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel". New Left Review. New Left Review. II (28): 85-129. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved .
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135. ^ "Sí se ha aprobado por unanimidad, también a propuesta de Ciudadanos, dedicar una calle al anarquista Melchor Rodríguez García, el último alcalde de Madrid republicano, ante "el gran consenso social y político" al respecto y por "su gran relevancia para la reconciliación y la concordia tras la Guerra Civil". El País. "Madrid sustituirá las calles franquistas por víctimas del terrorismo".
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147. ^ "In the forties and fifties, anarchism, in fact if not in name, began to reappear, often in alliance with pacifism, as the basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-10-28. Retrieved . The anarchist/pacifist wing of the peace movement was small in comparison with the wing of the movement that emphasized electoral work, but made an important contribution to the movement as a whole. Where the more conventional wing of the peace movement rejected militarism and war under all but the most dire circumstances, the anarchist/pacifist wing rejected these on principle.""Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement" by Barbara Epstein
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192. ^ Bakunin, Mikhail (1990). Statism and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36182-6. They [the Marxists] maintain that only a dictatorship - their dictatorship, of course - can create the will of the people, while our answer to this is: No dictatorship can have any other aim but that of self-perpetuation, and it can beget only slavery in the people tolerating it; freedom can be created only by freedom, that is, by a universal rebellion on the part of the people and free organization of the toiling masses from the bottom up.
193. ^ Guillaume, James (1876). "Ideas on Social Organization". Retrieved 2006.
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199. ^ Anarchism for Know-It-Alls By Know-It-Alls For Know-It-Alls, For Know-It-Alls. Books.google.com. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. January 2008. ISBN 978-1-59986-218-7. Retrieved 2010.
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204. ^ Christopher Gray, Leaving the Twentieth Century, p. 88.
205. ^ "Toward the Creative Nothing". theanarchistlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 2010.
210. ^ "The Great French Revolution 1789-1793". theanarchistlibrary.org. Retrieved 2011.
211. ^ Nunzio Pernicone, "Italian Anarchism 1864-1892", pp. 111-13, AK Press 2009.
212. ^ "Anarchist-Communism". theanarchistlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 2011.
215. ^ Sorel, Georges. Political Theorists in Context (2004). Routledge. p. 248.
216. ^ Rocker, Rudolf. Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice (2004). AK Press. p. 73.
220. ^ "William Godwin". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007.
226. ^ Nyberg, Svein Olav. "The union of egoists" (PDF). Non Serviam. Oslo, Norway: Svein Olav Nyberg. 1: 13-14. OCLC 47758413. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 2012.
228. ^ Carlson, Andrew (1972). "Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents". Anarchism in Germany. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-0484-0. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 2008.
230. ^ William Bailie, [4] Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist - A Sociological Study, Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906, p. 20
231. ^ "Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism". againstallauthority.org. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 2011.
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238. ^ Díez, Xavier (2007). El anarquismo individualista en España 1923-1938. Barcelona: Virus Editorial. p. 143. ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6.
241. ^ a b c d "insurgentdesire.org.uk". insurgentdesire.org.uk. Retrieved 2012.
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243. ^ David Pepper (1996). Modern Environmentalism p. 44. Routledge.
245. ^ "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism - Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003
246. ^ EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890-1939) by Jose Maria Rosello Archived 2 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
247. ^ Zerzan, John (2002). Running On Emptiness. Feral House.
248. ^ AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation: Narratives of Civilization and Wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2.
249. ^ AbdelRahim, Layla (2013). Wild Children - Domesticated Dreams: Civilization and the Birth of Education. Halifax: Fernwood. ISBN 978-1-552-66548-0.
250. ^ AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's Literature, Domestication, and Social Foundation: Narratives of Civilization and Wilderness. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2.
251. ^ Brown, p. 208.
252. ^ ""Resisting the Nation State, the pacifist and anarchist tradition" by Geoffrey Ostergaard". Ppu.org.uk. 6 August 1945. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2010.
253. ^ Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 2-4. Locating Christian anarchism ... In political theology
254. ^ a b "An Anarchist FAQ". infoshop.org. 14 February 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 2015.
256. ^ a b c "insurgentdesire.org.uk". insurgentdesire.org.uk. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 2013.
258. ^ Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (5 November 2011)
259. ^ Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson, Charles Johnson, and others (echoing the language of Benjamin Tucker and Thomas Hodgskin) in maintaining that, because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen--by its proponents and by others--as part of the socialist tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, 13 April 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
261. ^ Hamowy, Ronald (editor). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, SAGE, 2008, pp. 10-12, p 195, ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4, ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4
263. ^ Tormey, Simon. Anti-Capitalism, One World, 2004.
264. ^ Perlin, Terry M. Contemporary Anarchism, Transaction Books, NJ 1979.
268. ^ Bottomore, Tom. Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Anarchism entry, 1991.
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276. ^ "Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist venders...so what remains is shrill anti-statism conjoined to a vacuous freedom in hackneyed defense of capitalism. In sum, the "anarchy" of Libertarianism reduces to a liberal fraud."Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" by Peter Sabatini in issue #41 (fall/winter 1994-1995) of Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed.
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Henry V Assignment
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HENRY V ASSIGNMENT Henry V is an impressive piece of literature, which can be read in its entirety to oneself. However, if the full dramatic effectiveness is to be appreciated, it must be seen in its true context as a performance on stage. At the time Henry V was written, theatre played an important part in people's lives. It was a way of life, and people of all social levels went to see plays by their favourite playwright. Theatres in Elizabethan times took on a conventional style. They are described the Chorus in Henry V as a 'wooden O' as they were indeed wooden and ring shaped. At a performance in an Elizabethan theatre the place where you stood depended on your social level. Lower-class people or 'groundlings' as they would be called, stood on the ground, surrounding the stage. Here you would not only find people standing to watch the performance, but you would also find family pets and entertainers like Jugglers and Fire Eaters and the richer patrons of the theatre sat in the outer ring. In Henry V there are many scenes, which cannot be acted out on stage effectively. These are mainly the battle scenes, which would involve large armies of men in real life. Shakespeare managed to overcome this problem and keep his audience entertained. The chorus is the first person in the play to speak. He asks the audience "On your imaginary forces work." He makes excuses that the stage they are acting on cannot be the same as the battlefields that these events actually took place on "Can this cock-pit hold the vasty fields of France?" ...read more.
So therefore we did not learn whether Henry is a good Christian king from the French but we did learn that he is powerful and not so weak as to be rejected as an easy victory. There is another instance where the two countries meet. The Dauphin meets with him earlier in the play and then reports back to King Charles. He tells the king HENRY IS "THE MIRROR OF ALL CHRISTIAN KINGS," HOW DOES SHAKESPEARE BUILD UP HIS CHARACTER TO SUGGEST THIS AND WHY? that England is ruled by a "vain, giddy, shallow, humorous youth." and that because of this, they have no fear of going to war. King Charles then tells his princes and knights to beware of Henry, because he doesn't want France to live its past history again. "And he is bred out of that bloody strain that haunted us in our familiar paths. Witness our too-much memorable shame when Cr�cy battle fatally struck," King Charles, Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 51-54. The person who I felt told us the most about Henry's character was Henry himself. One of the first serious actions we see him take is against the three traitors, Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry, Lord Scrope of Masham and Thomas Grey, Knight of Northumberland. Their plan was to kill Henry at Southampton before he departed for France. Henry caught wind of this but didn't straight away order them to be executed for high treason. We see Henry tell the three traitors that a man had been arrested for shouting abuse at him whilst drunk, he then asks them what they think the punishment should be. ...read more.
His speech is enough to make any reader feel patriotic, as it did me and shows that he is a good king, who does not always think of himself as a king. So Shakespeare creates an almost perfect character in this play. Henry is, calm under pressure and doesn't always regard himself as above all the rest. He can be aggressive when needed but always thinks before he is. He is also certain that he is just a human being, not a God like person who is greater than everyone else, and this shows when he is going in to battle with his soldiers. It is then when his true character comes out, a patriotic person with spirit for his friends. Although Shakespeare has made an almost perfect character, he couldn't have made Henry so perfect that he wasn't realistic. Therefore Shakespeare makes Henry have a few weaknesses, one of these weaknesses is when Bardolph, an old friend of Henry steals a pax from a church. Henry has to stand up to his power as a King and hangs Bardolph for his crime. Henry is the "The Mirror of all Christian kings"; I would find this a true statement. He is a King who should be looked up to and respected for his good qualities. He should also be respected even for his bad qualities, because everyone has a flaw but it doesn't mean that they are a bad person. Whilst he is a good Christian King, he is also a good Christian person. He is kind, forgiving and calm under pressure and when needed. ...read more.
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Spanish 2B Biography
Una biografía de una persona hispánica: ¿Quién es?
Objectivo: To increase your knowledge of famous Hispanics and improve your writing and speaking ability in Spanish.
Trabajo de clase:
#1:You will choose a biography from your local library or from the media center in school about a famous Hispanic person and have your Spanish teacher approve it. Person can be a famous writer, bullfighter, singer, dancer, actor, explorer, political figure, sports person, etc. You need to take good notes (in Spanish or English) about the life and accomplishments of the person.
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#2: Write a summary in Spanish of the Famous Hispanic you chose.
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Bibliography - List of Biographies in the MLK MS Library
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Encyclopedia Britannica School Edition
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Published: Apr. 26, 2003
Where are all the "Weapons of Mass Destruction"? Why haven't we found them? Why weren't they used in the war? Did they ever exist at all? These are the questions being asked today, now that the war is all but over. This page will address these questions and suggest some answers to them.
First, I have to take issue with the term "Weapons of Mass Destruction". This term represents a misrepresentation of the weapons in question. There is really only one "Weapon of Mass Destruction" and that is a nuclear weapon. BioChemical weapons do not destroy anything except life. It is important to note that these weapons are not actually military weapons, but are more "terrorist weapons" and are all but ineffective on the battlefield. The only way they can be effective is to be used in mass quantity and under ideal weather conditions. They dissipate rapidly and simply dilute and blow away if there is any wind or breeze rendering them almost harmless in small quantities. They could be effective if dispersed in a heavily populated, metropolitan area on a calm warm day with hundreds of people on the streets. Something like during an anti-war demonstration (grin).
There are two categories of BioChemical weapons. "Biological" weapons such as Anthrax, Smallpox, Botulin toxin, and Ebola virus are organic germ agents which take time to incubate in the body, then cause illness and potentially death. We may be seeing the effects of an accidential release of Biological weapons from a Chineese weapons plant now with the outbreak of "SARS".
"Chemical" weapons such as Serin, Ricin, VX and Mustard Gas act like poisons that immediately attack the skin, respiratory, and nervous systems, often causing immediate death. Saddam Hussein used Mustard Gas against the Iranians in the Iran-Iraq war which was effective against the advance of unprotected troops. He then used VX Gas against Kurdish civilians in their villages by spraying them from the air which killed thousands. The weather conditions were good that day and people were out in the streets.
Why didn't Saddam use these weapons in the war? Well, in fact he tried to do just that in the Gulf War with disastrous results to his own troops and to the region where they were deployed. Our air bombing destroyed most of them before they could be used by Iraqi troops and some of the agents were released, so the only people who were effected by them were Iraqis and some of our troops who went in on the ground after the air attacks. Those soldiers were exposed to remnants of the agents in bunkers and confined areas and are now suffering from what is being called "Gulf War Syndrome" which has not yet been officially linked to Iraq's BioChem weapons.
Information from captured Iraqi officials is now telling us that much of the BioChem weapons were destroyed just days before the war started. Why would they do that, you ask? Saddam and his top party leaders were not stupid. They knew that Coalition troops were protected from these agents with special clothing and masks so their use would have little effect on the war. What the use of them would do would be to expose Saddam as a liar to the Arab region after repeatedly insisting he didn't have them. He also knew that the Anti-American propaganda would be stimulated enormously and the primary justification for the war would be nullified if it couldn't be proven that they existed. This would have repercussions against America lasting long after the war. Saddam knew this tactic would be more valuable to his cause than actually using his WMD. He knew he could hide them from the UN inspectors but not from the US troops after his defeat. This is why it is so important that we do find them or proof that they, at least did exist up until the war began.
We have only scratched the surface in the search for WMD. There are literally thousands of known sites in Iraq where BioChemical weapons were developed and/or stored. Only less than 100 of these sites have been inspected so far. It's almost a certainty that eventually we will find some still existing WMD and the materials and equipment to manufacture them. The real danger is that because these weapons are ideal for terrorists use, that many of them may have already been sent out of the country and into the hands of terrorists. This is almost exactly what Saddam Hussein threatened just before the war. This scenario becomes more likely as more information is turning up regarding connections between Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups. We now have documentation of Saddam's BioChemical weapons programs, precursor chemicals and materials found, empty chemical warheads, and testimony from captured Iraqi officials. All that is missing now are the actual weapons if any are left. |
How To Make Your Dog Stop Snoring
Updated: February 18, 2018 at 5:48 pm, Author: Alice
Do Dogs Snore?
Yes. Dogs also do snore. Just like humans, dogs can also snore. Any living thing that sleeps and breathes would snore. Snores are defined as sounds produced by the vibrations of the respiratory systems when moving air during sleep. When this happens, the airway is usually obstructed produced by the soft palate and uvula.
Some of the obstructions that causes snoring are medication, weight, body position during sleep, jaw tension. Genetics can also play a role in your dog snoring. Most dogs with a broad skull and snout nose may have this kind of problem.
Snoring usually isn’t a serious condition. Some owners have come to accept it and find the feat endearing. However, others have reported it and are bothered by it. Here are a few factors that trigger snoring in your dog.
1. Increased weight
When your dog’s weight increases, it may cause underlying health problems like joint and heart problems. The excess weight can also cause your dog to snore. The excess weight can also cause the pharynx or soft palate to swell and obstruct the airway.
1. The position your dog sleeps in
Sometimes, how the dog sleeps can also contribute to the cause of snoring. How your dog’s neck and head are positioned can obstruct the airway while breathing during sleep.
1. Problems with allergies
Allergies can also cause the airways to clog. This would eventually make your dog snore while sleeping. This is especially when your dog is severely allergic to dust, pollen and smoke.
1. Medications
When your dog is taking medications, it can also lead to snoring while they sleep. The chemicals in medicines can trigger obstructions in their airways.
1. The dog’s age
The older your dog gets, there’s a big chance that they could develop different health conditions. Their throat tends to weaken as they age. This would subsequently cause your dog to snore.
How to Reduce Your Dog’s Snoring
Frenchie in the bed with woman, potentially he is snoring
Snoring isn’t a major health problem for most. However, there are still ways to decrease and relieve your pet from suffering from snoring.
1. If your pooche snores constantly, it is important to make sure their bedding is always cleaned out. This would lower the chances of getting allergic to the dust and pollen. You can also vacuum your home regularly and keep the carpets free from dust.
2. Bringing your dog out for exercise can help them reduce their weight. This would eventually lower the chances of them snoring.
3. Try and observe the way your dog sleeps. If he shows that his sleeping position is causing him to snore, you can help by moving them slowly.
4. Make sure that no one at home smokes. If someone does smoke, you can ask them to move to another area to do so. It is important to keep your pet in a smoke-free environment.
5. Minor surgeries can also help decrease the chance of snoring. However, surgeries should be done when your dog is still young.
Sometimes, dogs can also show signs of illnesses through their snoring. You can have your pet examined at the vet. Often, the snoring can make your dog wake up tired and grumpy. The snores can also bother you during the night when you sleep. Consider some yoga exercising to remain calm no matter what.
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AskDefine | Define contortion
Dictionary Definition
1 the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something (e.g., yourself) [syn: deformation]
2 a tortuous and twisted shape or position; "they built a tree house in the tortuosities of its boughs"; "the acrobat performed incredible contortions" [syn: tortuosity, tortuousness, torsion, crookedness]
User Contributed Dictionary
1. The act of contorting, twisting or deforming something, especially oneself.
2. A form of acrobatic display which involves the dramatic bending and flexing of the human body.
Derived terms
Extensive Definition
Some of the skills performed by contortionists include:
Types of performances
Some special types of performances:
• An adagio act is a slow, acrobatic dance in which the male partner lifts and carries the female partner as she performs splits and other flexible poses.
• A Spanish web is a contortion act that is performed high above the stage while holding on to a loop in a thick soft rope that is hung from the roof.
• Other performers might manipulate props during their performance, such as spin hula hoops or juggle rings, balance towers of wine glasses, sink many pints, or play a musical instrument.
A contortionist may perform alone, may have one or two assistants, or from one to four contortionists may perform together as a group.
Many myths and fallacies have been perpetuated about contortionists; most of them are due to the general public's unfamiliarity with human anatomy and physiology, while some are showman's hype that has been invented by the performers themselves or their promoters in order to make the act appear even more mysterious.
• Myth: Contortionists apply snake oil to their joints or drink special elixirs to become flexible. — This was a popular myth in the 19th century when medicine shows hired contortionists to "prove" the effectiveness of their arthritis medicines. Their extreme bending was not actually the result of their patent medicines. Flexibility is the result of either genetics or intense physical training or, more likely, both. This myth has inspired fictional characters like the Elongated Man.
• Myth: "Double-jointed" people have more joints than most people do. — Every fully-formed person has exactly the same number of joints. "Double-jointed" is just a slang expression used to describe the appearance of a person who can bend much further than one might think a joint would allow a limb to bend. In spite of the origin of the word, it is a perfectly acceptable expression to describe a person who is hypermobile.
• Myth: Contortionists have to dislocate their joints when they bend unusually far. — Since some loose-jointed people are able to pop a joint out of its socket without pain, it may be hard to tell whether a joint is actually dislocated without an x-ray. However, as long as the joint socket is the right shape, most extreme bends can be achieved without dislocating the joint. Actual dislocations are rarely used during athletic contortion acts since they make the joint more unstable and prone to injury, and a dislocated limb cannot lift itself or support any weight.
• Myth: Contortionists can bend bonelessly in any direction. — The amount of flexibility of every joint in every person varies from below average to extremely flexible, including every degree of flexibility in between. Also, the degree of natural flexibility of one joint in a certain direction does not determine its degree of flexibility in the opposite direction, or the flexibility of other joints in the body. Contortionists can create the illusion of having boneless bodies by specializing in the skills that show off their most flexible joints, with the help of their acting talent and mime skills.
• Myth: You are either born a contortionist or you're not. — Muscle flexibility can be acquired with persistent training, as long as the shape of the bones in the joint do not limit the range of motion. There are a relatively small number of professional performers who claim they were not unusually flexible before undergoing years of intense training. Those who have naturally flexible joints, however, start out with an advantage, both in knowing that they have an aptitude for contortion, and the amount of flexibility they can eventually achieve.
• Myth: Most contortionists have Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. — In reality, few contortionists have the condition. EDS is genetic, considered rare, and caused by defective collagen production. One result of this defective collagen production is loose, stretchy ligaments. (Ligaments hold the joints in place.) Since individuals with EDS have stretchy ligaments, they tend to be more flexible than the general population. In fact, some - but not all - individuals with EDS exhibit extreme flexibility. Another feature of EDS is spontaneous joint dislocations. The dislocations are caused by the ligaments' inability to hold the joints in place due to their stretchy nature. Dislocations can also be performed at will by some, possibly even many, individuals with the condition.
• Myth: Women are more apt to be contortionists than men. — Pictures of contortionists throughout history and around the world, taken as a whole, show nearly equal numbers of males and females. Western contortionists in the late 19th century were mostly men, just as extreme flexibility in modern India is practiced mostly by men. Also, medical studies show that nearly equal numbers of hypermobile males and females are found when the trait runs in the family.
• Myth: Asians are more flexible than Caucasians. — While the art of contortion may be more popular in Eastern cultures, the level of flexibility is more a result of individual variation and training methods than ethnicity. Even though more Asian contortionists are seen on stage, this does not mean Asians are naturally more flexible than Caucasians.
External links
contortion in German: Kontorsion
contortion in Spanish: Contorsionismo
contortion in French: Contorsion
contortion in Korean: 컨토션
contortion in Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association): Contortion
contortion in Italian: Contorsionismo
contortion in Portuguese: Contorcionismo
contortion in Chinese: 柔術 (雜技)
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1. Law an actual event, happening, etc., as distinguished from its legal consequences. Questions of fact are decided by the jury, questions of law by the court or judge
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Mahatma Gandhi , Frank Buchman , need and greed
Mahatma Gandhi ( 1869-1948) is far more relevant today than he was in his own time.Leading a simple life, living within your means, buying out of your past savings rather than future earnings-these simple truths which the world has now learnt the hard way bring to mind what Gandhi used to argue all the time.
A very large number of Intenet sites quote Mahatma Gandhi to the effect that the eath has enough for everybody’s need but not greed. Various paraphrases of the quote are extant. Curiously each version is placed within inverted commas to imply that the words are actually Gandhi’s. None of the versions is authentic, though the idea is his. Regrettably Gandhi was not a one-line person. The type of pithy aphorisms that we value these days was not his style.
Frank Nathaniel Daniel Buchman ( 1878-1961), the founder of Moral Re-Armament did say :”There is enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed.” But surely the quote needs a bettr author than him.As already noted, the idea is certainly Gandhi’s but these words are not his.
So , the question is : What exactly did Mahatma Gandhi say on the subject? I hope knowlegable people would come up with the exact wording as well as the exact reference.Thanks
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From Wikitravel
Revision as of 07:35, 19 May 2012 by Graham87 (talk | contribs) (Talk: copyedit)
Earth : North America : Caribbean : Jamaica
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Quick Facts
Capital Kingston
Government Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy
Currency Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Area total: 10,991 km2
land: 10,831 km2
water: 160 km2
Population 2,758,124 (July 2006 est.)
Language English (official), Jamaican Creole
Electricity 110 volt / 50 Hz (USA Plug)
Country code +1-876
Internet TLD .jm
Time Zone UTC-5
Jamaica [1] is an island nation in the Caribbean, located to the south of Cuba and to the west of the island of Hispaniola.
The Arawak and Taino indigenous people originating from South America settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC.
Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494. Columbus' probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay. St. Ann's Bay was the "Saint Gloria" of Columbus who first sighted Jamaica at this point. The Spanish were forcibly evicted by the British at Ocho Rios in St. Ann and in 1655 the British took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica. The Spanish colonists fled leaving a large number of African slaves. Rather than be re-enslaved by the English, they escaped into the hilly, mountainous regions of the island, joining those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos. These runaway slaves, who became known as the Jamaican Maroons, fought the British during the 18th century. During the long years of slavery Maroons established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, maintaining their freedom and independence for generations.
Map of Jamaica
Cornwall County
Middlesex County
Surrey County
Other destinations
Get in
Citizens of the USA, including those visiting by cruise ship, require a passport. No visa is required.
Canadian citizens require
• a passport or
• a birth certificate and ID card.
Passports can have expired and still be considered valid to enter Jamaica. However, they cannot have been expired for more than year to still use them to travel to the island. No visa is required for a stay of up to six months.
Citizens of countries in the Commonwealth of Nations require a passport valid for at least 6 months, a return ticket, and sufficient funds. No visa is required except for citizens of Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Pakistan, andSierra Leone.
Japanese citizens can stay for 30 days without a visa.
German citizens can stay for 90 days without a visa. Similar terms probably apply to other countries in the Schengen union.
Most other nationalities need visas.
By plane
Get around
By train
By car
Driving as a tourist in Jamaica is an adventure in and of itself. Jamaican roads are not renowned for their upkeep nor are their drivers renowned for their caution. Roads in and around major cities and towns are generally congested, and rural roads tend to be narrow and somewhat dangerous, especially in inclement weather. Alert and courteous driving is advised at all times. There are very few north-south routes as well, so travel from the north to the south can involve treks on mountain roads. These trips can induce nausea in the more weak of stomach, so it is advisable that if you suffer from motion sickness to bring Dramamine or similar medication. Roads can be very narrow, and be especially alert when going around bends. Jamaican drivers do not slow down because of these twists and turns, so beware.
There are relatively few stoplights outside of urban centers; they are generally found in major city centers, such as Montego Bay, Falmouth, Kingston, Mandeville, Spanish Town and Ocho Rios. For towns where stoplights are not installed, roundabouts are used.
Renting a car is easily done, and it is advised to go through an established major car rental company such as Island Car Rental, Hertz or Avis. Do your research before renting and driving.
Avis rents GPS units for $12 per day with a $200 deposit.
By boat
It is not advised to travel by boat unless the service is operated by a hotel or tourism company. It is not a quick way to get around unless you want to tour the coastline. Many fishermen may offer this service to willing tourists but they may overcharge.
By bus
By taxi
Local taxis (called "route taxis") are an interesting way to get around and far cheaper than tourist taxis. For instance, it may cost 50J (less than a dollar) to travel 20 miles. It will just look like a local's car, which is precisely what it is. The licensed ones usually have the taxi signs spray painted on their front fenders, although there seems to be little enforcement of things like business licenses in Jamaica. Seldom you will find one with a taxi sign on the top, because not many do this. The color of the license plate will tell you. A red plate will tell you that it is for transportation, while a white plate will tell you it is a private vehicle. The yellow plate indicates a government vehicle (like a police car or ambulance) and the list continues. Although the route taxis generally run from the center of one town to the center of the next town, you can flag a taxi anywhere along the highway. Walk or stand on the side of the road and wave at passing cars and you'll be surprised how quickly you get one.
By plane
• Jamaica Air Shuttle has several daily flights between Kingston Tinson Pen (closer to downtown than the main airport) and Montego Bay for around US$70. There are additional flights at weekends. [2]
• Air Jamaica has a couple of daily flights between Montego Bay and Kingston for around US$75 each way. However, Air Jamaica was scheduled to be taken over by Caribbean Airlines in April 2010 and it was not clear whether these domestic flights would continue.[3]
Jamaicans speak Jamaican Creole natively, also known locally as Patois (pronounced "patwa"). Its pronunciation and vocabulary are significantly different from English, despite it being based on English. Despite not being official, some of the billboards and signage use phrases like "Eberyting is ah right" to mean "Everything is all right."
Although all Jamaicans can speak English, which is also the official language, they often have a very thick accent and foreigners may have trouble understanding them because of this. Some Jamaicans speak a little bit of the other popular languages, like Spanish.
Visit Nine Mile where Bob Marley was born and now buried. The journey up into the mountains lets you experience the heart of the country. Spend a day at Negril 7 mile beach and finish off at Rick's Cafe for a spectacular sunset and watch even more fantastic cliff diving. -- 19:00, 9 August 2011 (EDT)gameira
Hiking, camping, snorkeling, horse back riding, backpacking, swimming, jet skiing, sleeping, scuba diving, kite surfing, visiting the Giddy house, drinking and swimming with dolphins.
4. Certified copy of Death Certificate for widow or widower.
5. French Canadians need a notarized translated English copy of all documents and a photocopy of the original French documents.
The currency of Jamaica is the Jamaican Dollar ($, J$, JA$). It comes in notes of $50, $100, $500, $1,000 and $5,000. Coins in circulation are $20, $10, and $5 (with smaller coins being almost worthless). As of December 2009, the exchange rate hovers around JA$83 for US$1.
US dollars, Canadian dollars, UK pounds, and euros are easily converted to Jamaican dollars at forex cambios and commercial banks island wide.
A bit of advice if you are paying for "fully inclusive" when you arrive or any other big ticket item such as tours, when you are there, take travelers checks in $'s. There is something like an 8% additional charge on a Visa or Mastercard transaction. Hotels and resorts usually charge the highest exchange rates.
Jerk stands along Highway A1 in central Jamaica.
Locally grown fruits and vegetables are inexpensive. Visitors may well find that imported produce such as american apples, strawberries, plums etc. tend to be more expensive than in their home country. Grapes in particular tend to be very expensive on the island.
Flora and Fauna of Jamaica
The edge of the Blue Mountains just north of Kingston.
The following year Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park was created on roughly 300 square miles (780 square km) of wilderness that supports thousands of tree and fern species and rare animals.
Unemployment in Jamaica is at a high. The government does not invest in venture to turn over capital but instead sells government paper to banks and overseas financial entities at very high interest rate. In an effort, as they say, to balance the budget [which the People National Party (P.N.P) has been trying to do some 16 years now] a prominent member of the party describe this as been the most massive transfer of resources from the poor to the rich that has ever occurred in this country since the abolishment of slavery. A whole lot of people who should be gainfully employed in the work force are not as a result of government policies. The garment industry for example has seen a sharp decline over the years due to soaring interest rates. so now banks make money, not by lending money to potential investors, but by buying government paper so the unemployment in the country is as a direct result of government policies. Agriculture, manufacturing, and various other sectors are in a shambles causing many workers to find alternatives.
Stay safe
Jamaica has the 5th highest murder rate in the world. As in any other foreign country, should any emergency situation arise, especially at the domestic level, it is advised to immediately contact your government's embassy or consulate. Governments usually advise travelers staying in the country for an extended period of time to notify their embassy or consulate so they can be contacted in the case of emergency.
The cultural and legal abhorrence against homosexuals (battymen) in Jamaica is far-reaching, and not only from a legal perspective, from which anal sex may be punished with up to 10 years. However, heterosexual anal sex is gaining in popularity, and while technically illegal, it has never been prosecuted by the state. It is advisable to avoid displaying affection to people of the same sex in public, especially between two men - Jamaica is a nation notorious for its persistent intolerance of homosexual behavior, gay bashings are not uncommon (particularly in popular reggae and dancehall music in Jamaica) and victims would be met with indifference by the authorities. Lesbians are more widely accepted by younger Jamaicans, and it is not unusual to see lesbians openly enjoying the 'sights' from the front row at one of Kingston's strip clubs. Simply put, Jamaica is not a suitable destination for LGBT tourism.
Marijuana, (locally known as ganja) although cheap, plentiful and powerful, is illegal on the island. Numerous foreigners are arrested and prosecuted every year for drug use and or possession. Jamaican prisons are very basic and places you would want to avoid at all costs.
Also, it is best to avoid certain parts of the island at night. Drugs and alcohol are prevalent, and rural areas are especially dangerous. Armed men may pose a threat to women in some areas. Inner-city parts of the island such as Spanish Town and some neighborhoods in Kingston (Trench Town, etc.) should be avoided even during the day. However, those who are interested in the visiting the Culture Yard in Trench Town should be safe if they go during daylight hours and with a hired local guide, which should not be terribly expensive. Be sure to ask for advice from locals before going, and avoid going there around elections, when violence flares up.
September, October, and November have a lower number of tourists due to being hurricane season. As a result, the police are encouraged to take their vacation during this time. This reduction in police force can cause areas like Montego Bay's hip strip to be less safe than it normally is.
Stay healthy
The water quality is generally good and safe to drink. All piped water in Jamaica is treated to international standards, and will be of the same quality you could expect to find in North America or Europe. Water service in rural areas can sometimes go out for several hours at a time. Individuals in rural areas have their own water tanks, which catch water when it rains, so be ready to draw from a tank instead of turning a pipe. Water from these sources, should be boiled before consumed. Bottled water such as Wata (a local brand), Aquafina and Deer Park are widely available.
The country's adult HIV/AIDS prevalence is nearly at 1.6%. This is >2.5 times higher than the USA and 16 times higher than the UK. The country has a relatively low infection rate compared to other developing nations. Practice safe sex and avoid risky intravenous drug use.
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OK Everyday logoEggs aren’t just delicious, they’re incredibly nutritious. There’s a good reason eggs are often referred to as nature’s multivitamin – they’re one of the healthiest foods you can eat.
What’s in an egg?
The humble egg is a superfood with 11 different vitamins and nutrients packed into only 300 kilojoules.
Eggs are a perfect protein source because they contain all the essential amino acids our bodies need in the right amounts. They’re a natural source of key nutrients including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A, E and B12, antioxidants and choline.
The nutrients found in an egg are distributed evenly between the yolk and the white, which is why we recommend eating the whole egg for a nutritious start to the day.
Every time you crack open an egg you’re receiving the goodness of:
• Protein: Athletes often consume eggs before training because they’re a good source of high-quality protein. Protein is used by the body for growth and repair, helping in the formation of muscles, hair, nails, skin and organs.
• Vitamins A, E and B12: Eggs contain a number of vitamins but are particularly rich in A, E and B12. Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy skin and teeth, while also promoting good vision. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect body tissue from disease. Vitamin B12 is essential for brain and nervous system function, also aiding proper blood formation.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These are essential in protecting against heart disease, inflammatory disease and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. They help keep your eyes healthy and also play a major role in infant development.
• Antioxidants: Eggs are high in several natural antioxidants including Lutein and Zeaxanthin, which protect your eyes and maintain their health. They are thought to slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of legal blindness in Australia. Egg whites also contain selenium, which protects your immune system.
• Choline: Choline is used by the body for metabolic processes such as liver function, normal brain development, nerve function and muscle movement. It’s particularly important during pregnancy to support foetal brain development.
• Iron: It’s estimated that up to five per cent of Australians are iron deficient. Iron is required to produce haemoglobin, which carries oxygen through the blood. Eggs are an easy way to help hit your recommended iron intake levels.
A good food for life
Healthy eating is good idea regardless of how old you are and what else you do. It helps reduce the risk of lifestyle-related health conditions and boosts energy levels, helping you get the most out of each and every day.
To meet your daily nutrient requirements, it’s important to include a variety of foods from the key food groups. You should also be active, take time out to enjoy life and make sure you get enough sleep.
While diet trends come and go, the basics of healthy eating don’t. And unlike the latest food fads, eggs are relatively inexpensive – making them a valuable inclusion in your healthy, well-balanced diet.
Eggs are also a convenient way for pregnant women, athletes, the elderly, and others with restricted diets or increased nutrient requirements to top up their intake.
Nutritional value of eggs
The nutrient profile of Australian hen eggs and the contribution to Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) is shown in the following table:
Nutrients RDI* Per 100g
Per Serve
2x60g eggs
(104g edible portion)
Energy (kJ)
559 581 7%
Protein (g) 50 12.2 12.7 25%
Fat (g) 70 9.9 10.3 15%
Sat fat (g) 24 3.3 3.4 14%
Mono fat (g) n/a 5.1 5.3 n/a
Poly fat (g) n/a 1.6 1.7 n/a
Cholesterol (mg) n/a 383 398 n/a
Carbohydrate (g) 310 1.3 1.4 0%
Sugars (g) 90 0.3 0.3 0%
Sodium (mg) 2300 136 141 6%
Potassium (mg)
2800 (f),
3800 (m)^
133 138 4-5%
Magnesium (mg) 320 12 13 4%
Calcium (mg) 800 47 49 6%
Phosphorus (mg) 1,000 200 208 21%
Iron (mg)
1.6 1.7 14%
Selenium (µg) 70 39 41 59%
Zinc (mg) 12 0.5 0.5 4%
Iodine (µg) 150 41 43 29%
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) 1.1 0.12 0.12 11%
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) 1.7 0.5 0.5 29%
Niacin (mg) 10 <0.01~ <0.01~ n/a
Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.6 0.05 0.05 3%
Vitamin B12 (µg) 2 0.8 0.8 40%
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) (mg) 5 2 2.1 42%
Folate (µg) 200 93 97 49%
Vitamin A (Retinol) (µg) 750 230 239 32%
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) (µg) 10 0.8 0.8 8%
Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol) (mg) 10 2.3 2.4
Omega - 3 fatty acids (total) (g)
0.89 (f),
1.46 (m)^
0.17 0.18 12-20%
Short chain Omega-3s (ALA) (g)
0.8 (f),
1.3 (m)^
0.06 0.06 5-8%
Long chain Omega-3s (DHA/DPA) (mg)
90 (f),
160 (m)^
110 114 71-127%
Omega-6 fatty acids (g)
8 (f),
13 (m)^
1.37 1.42 11-18%
Lutein (mg) n/a 0.38 0.4 n/a
Zeaxanthin (mg) n/a 0.13 0.14 n/a
Lutein + zeaxanthin (mg) n/a 0.51 0.53 n/a
Biotin (µg) 30 <8~ <8~ n/a
Fluoride (mg)
3 (f),
4 (m)^
<1~ <1~ n/a
Chromium (mg) 0.2 <0.01~ <0.01~ n/a
Copper (mg) 3 <0.02~ <0.02~ n/a
Manganese (mg) 5 0.023 0.024 0%
Molybdenum (mg) 0.25 0.012 0.012 5%
Vitamin K (µg) 80 <2~ <2~ n/a
* Food Standards Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Reference Values for Recommended Dietary Intakes on Food Labels, Standard 1.1.1, Schedule Column 3 and Daily Intakes,
Standard 1.2.8, Table to subclause 7(3) ^ National Health and Medical Research Council. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, 2006.
Adequate Intakes (AI) ~ Limit of Quantification |
Abba Eban, the erudite diplomat whose oratory and wit gained admiration and sympathy for Israel during the perilous first 30 years of its independence, died yesterday in a hospital near Tel Aviv, Foreign Ministry and hospital officials said. He was 87.
Mr. Eban was an effective negotiator at talks that helped shape the destiny of his country in its early years, but it was his public voice and its effect on international opinion that set him apart. He gave elegant and passionate expression to Israel's right to exist, instilled pride and solidarity in the Jewish diaspora and was a formidable debater against his nation's enemies.
He was Israel's representative at the United Nations during the independence struggle of 1948, its ambassador to both Washington and the United Nations during the Middle East war of 1956, and its foreign minister during the 1967 and 1973 Middle East wars.
He helped arrange a critical meeting between the Zionist patriarch Chaim Weizmann and President Harry S. Truman in the weeks before Mr. Truman decided that the United States would recognize Israeli independence in 1948. He helped negotiate a critical security guarantee for Israel during the diplomatic fiasco after the 1956 invasion of the Sinai. He was Israel's main contact with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the tense diplomacy that preceded the 1967 Middle East war, and the following year he conducted some of Israel's earliest secret contacts with King Hussein of Jordan.
Again and again during the years when Israel's survival seemed in doubt, the world's attention focused on the United Nations, where Mr. Eban, as representative of the world's only Hebrew-speaking democracy, would send his supremely cultured voice using the King's English into forensic combat. His orations, fierce in their defense of his country, were also marked by rich appeals to history, soaring visions of a peaceful Middle East and withering scorn for Israel's enemies.
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He quipped famously -- and repeatedly -- that the Palestinians had a tradition of ''never having lost a chance to miss an opportunity.''
His speeches drew comparisons to Churchill's, and nowhere were they more appreciated than among American Jews. At a time when the traumas of Hitler's genocide and international indifference were fresh, Mr. Eban's voice gave them pride and reason for optimism.
Mr. Eban's career reached a high point in 1967. On June 19, barely a week after Israel defeated its three most powerful neighbors, occupied the West Bank, Sinai and the Golan Heights and took control of the Old City of Jerusalem, he rose at the United Nations to denounce the Egyptian blockade that had prompted the attack and President Gamal Abdel Nasser's efforts to mobilize the Arab world against Israel. The speech, a classic of his style, cast the conflict not as Israel's alone, but as the entire world's.
''The threat to Israel was a menace to the very foundations of the international order,'' he declared. ''The state thus threatened bore a name which stirred the deepest memories of civilized mankind, and the people of the threatened state were the surviving remnant of millions, who in living memory had been wiped out by a dictatorship more powerful, through scarcely more malicious, than Nasser's Egypt.''
''From these dire moments Israel emerged in five heroic days from awful peril to successful and glorious resistance.''
Rejecting any suggestion that the status quo before the war could be restored, Mr. Eban proposed that Arab acceptance of the new military facts of life could open up an idealized future: ''The Middle East, tired of wars, is ripe for a new emergence of human vitality. Let the opportunity not fall again from our hands.''
Diplomacy vs. Politics
It was the paradox of Mr. Eban's career that his eloquence made him more popular with Jews abroad than with Israelis. He rose almost to the top of the Labor Party, serving as a cabinet member from 1959 to 1974 -- first as minister without portfolio, then as minister of education and culture, deputy prime minister and foreign minister. But he never became prime minister.
What was commanding in the halls of diplomacy did not resonate the same way at home. His compatriots' style was rough and egalitarian. They were outgoing, not aloof like Mr. Eban, and famously rude, even in the halls of Parliament.
Increasingly, Israelis came to judge him pompous and, eventually, isolated from the political mainstream. In the 1970's, when the first generation of Labor Party leaders were passing from the scene, the more hawkish members of the new generation led by Yitzhak Rabin began to shunt him aside. In the late 1980's, the Labor Party moved to a more democratic method of nominating candidates, and Mr. Eban was dumped from the list of parliamentary candidates.
Mr. Eban was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on Feb. 2, 1915, the son of Abraham Meir Solomon, a businessman who had emigrated from Russian-held Lithuania, and his wife, Alida. When Mr. Eban was 7 months old, the family sailed for Britain. Mr. Solomon died of cancer within a year, and several years later Alida Solomon married Dr. Isaac Eban, a London physician whose surname the boy took on. He grew up as Aubrey Solomon Eban, having been given the English proper name alongside the Hebrew Abba.
He began using Abba in his public life when he decided, during Israel's struggle for independence, to become an Israeli official; his biographer, Robert St. John, wrote in 1972 that Mr. Eban continued to use the name Aubrey in private correspondence and even among friends who were uncomfortable calling him Abba, which means father in Hebrew.
Zionism and Jewish Thought
He was steeped in Zionist values and Jewish thought from infancy. His mother worked as a secretary and translator at the offices of the Zionist Organization in London, led by Chaim Weizmann. One night in 1917 she was asked to translate the Balfour Declaration, which promised British support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, into French and Russian. ''The translation of a document sounds a modest chore,'' Mr. Eban related in ''Personal Witness,'' his 1992 memoir, ''but it linked my family to an unforgettable drama,'' and added, ''Zionism had conquered my inner world.''
Each weekend, he was tutored in Hebrew and Jewish learning by his maternal grandfather, Eliahu Sacks. A classic British education led him to Queens' College, Cambridge, in the 1930's, where he specialized in Middle Eastern languages and literature, became expert at Arabic, took on a socialist's political outlook and was president of the Zionist Youth Movement. He also honed his wit and coined a classic Eban phrase, initially used against the Nazi information minister, Joseph Goebbels: ''Every time he opens his mouth, he subtracts from the sum of human knowledge.''
Mr. Eban graduated with honors in 1938 and became a lecturer in Arabic, Persian and Hebrew literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge. When World War II began, he joined the army, which trained him as an officer and, after Dr. Weizmann intervened, sent him to Cairo as a translator and censor of Arab mail and newspapers. In early 1942, with Britain fearing a German breakthrough in Egypt, he was reassigned to Palestine in a secret operation in which British officers helped train Jews as resistance fighters. The British victory at El Alamein made the effort superfluous, but the training had an unintended effect: many of the Jewish fighters would later turn the skills they learned against the British colonials as members of the Palmach, fighting for Israel's independence after the war.
During this time, Mr. Eban later wrote, he began to distance himself from the conventional wisdom about how to get along with the Arabs. He realized that an early Zionist assumption that the impoverished Arab masses would identify with the economic blessings that Jewish immigration would bring was ''total nonsense.''
''The idea that a nation would willingly barter its independence for economic benefits was a typical colonialist illusion,'' he wrote.
Mr. Eban kept this independence of mind throughout his career, particularly in his later years. Even though in office he had been one of the most effective voices denouncing the Palestine Liberation Organization and its leader, Yasir Arafat, he later criticized those who would slow or stop negotiations with the Palestinians.
Joining the Movement
After the threat of a Nazi sweep through the Middle East had passed, Mr. Eban was sent back to Cairo, where he met the woman he would marry, Shoshana Ambache, or Suzy, the daughter of an expatriate Jewish businessman from Palestine. She survives him, as do a son, Eli, and a daughter, Gila.
The couple settled in Palestine after the war, with Mr. Eban teaching at a center for Arabic studies. While still a British officer, he began writing anonymous articles for The Palestine Post denouncing British policies that sought to limit immigration by the remnants of Europe's Jews.
Zionist leaders pressed Mr. Eban to make their movement his career but he wavered until the summer of 1946, when anti-British violence was increasing and the authorities responded by rounding up Zionist officials. From the detention center at Latrun, Moshe Sharett smuggled out a one-word note: ''Nu?'' -- a Yiddish word meaning ''Well?'' This time Mr. Eban answered unequivocally, and with equal brevity: ''Yes.'' He quit the British Army and signed on as an official of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.
In that role Mr. Eban helped prepare the Jewish case at the United Nations, where a weary British government had thrown the decision about the future of its Palestine Mandate. He was a member of the delegation in 1947, when the United Nations approved a plan to partition Palestine between Jews and Arabs. Two weeks before Israel proclaimed itself independent on May 14, 1948, he delivered his maiden speech -- an impassioned plea against a plan that would have replaced the mandate with a United Nations trusteeship. The speech captured wide attention and within days of independence Mr. Eban became Israel's first permanent representative at the United Nations, at 33 the youngest from any country.
For years later, the word pictures the world would see of a beleaguered, righteous Israel were the images drawn by Mr. Eban.
''Look at the Arab map with its endless stretches of fertile land, its huge rivers yet unharnessed, its oil wells brimming with wealth and power, its manifold sovereignties and strong international representation,'' he told a United Jewish Appeal conference in Washington in June 1953. ''Then look at Israel, developing within the smallest possible margin of territorial and economic resources available to any state and ask yourselves frankly: Are the Arab peoples the fair objects of condolence or of congratulations? Does the world owe an apology to them; or do they owe gratitude, forbearance, and moderation to the world?''
At the same time Mr. Eban was searching for a realistic understanding of the kind of relationship possible with Israel's Arab neighbors. In describing the secret meetings he held, beginning in 1968, with King Hussein, he said: ''Hussein, not Sadat, was the pioneer of realism in the Arab perception of Israel. He was also the only Arab leader who absorbed a large population of Arab refugees into his society instead of letting them languish in squalid camps. But his power base was always inadequate to bring his innovations to effective expression within the larger Arab context.''
From Utopianism to Realism
Mr. Eban would later describe himself as having progressed from utopianism to realism. In an interview with Thomas L. Friedman of The New York Times in 1987, he expressed particular disapproval of the rightward drift of Israeli politics at that time. ''When I go abroad I still can speak for Israel in terms of its achievements,'' he said. ''But, frankly, when I look back at the speech I gave at Israel's birth to get us into the United Nations, I would not dare make that same speech now. The rhetoric was too utopian. Now I would be much more reserved. I would definitely not use the phrase that we will be 'a light unto the nations.' ''
Indeed, realism -- a belief that power and self-interest are what really determine the behavior of nations -- became the hallmark of Mr. Eban's approach to diplomacy, as the years passed.
He was at the center of action in all of the wars Israel fought, starting with the independence war of 1948, in which he helped secure a critical cease-fire that allowed hard-pressed Israeli forces to regroup and rearm.
But perhaps his greatest diplomatic achievement lay in helping to reconcile his country's interests with those of the United States in the aftermath of the 1956 war and the weeks leading up to the 1967 war.
In the fall of 1956, when Mr. Eban was Israel's ambassador to the United States and also represented Israel at the United Nations, Israeli tanks occupied the Sinai Peninsula after Egypt had supported guerrilla raids and blocked Israeli shipping through the Red Sea. The operation had been coordinated with Britain and France, which used the Israeli seizure of Sinai as a pretext to retake the Suez Canal. The United States was furious at its NATO allies for having acted on their own, and the British and French were forced to withdraw under Soviet threats and American pressure.
It was left to Mr. Eban to try to salvage some diplomatic advantage from his country's military success. After tortuous back-and-forth negotiations culminating in a meeting in the living room of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, he obtained terms for withdrawal that included American agreement to this principle: If Egypt were to again use Sinai to interfere with Israeli shipping through the Red Sea, Israel would have the right to act in self-defense.
Ten quiet years followed on the Israel-Sinai front, but then, in May 1967, Nasser declared such a blockade on Israeli shipping through the Red Sea. Israel had to choose between pre-empting what seemed an obvious Arab preparation for attack, or waiting in hopes of obtaining American backing or assistance. Mr. Eban, then foreign minister, flew to Paris, London and Washington. President Charles de Gaulle was cold, Prime Minister Harold Wilson dependent on American action. President Johnson insisted that Israel not act alone until the major powers had a chance to send in a convoy and flotilla to break the blockade.
Mr. Eban helped persuade Israeli leaders to wait until the unwieldy American plan fell apart of its own impracticality; once that happened, the Americans removed their objections to Israel acting alone. Days later, on June 5, 1967, Israel unleashed the lightning attacks that ended with its capture of the Old City of Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Sinai and the Golan Heights.
A Prisoner of Victory
Writing in The Times of London in 1993, Conor Cruise O'Brien, the diplomat and writer who in the early 1960's sat next to Mr. Eban as a member of Ireland's delegation to the United Nations, called him ''the most brilliant diplomatist of the second half of the 20th century.'' But he also said that after the 1967 war, Mr. Eban ''became a prisoner of that great victory.'' He faded from the loop of power, Mr. O'Brien wrote, after Israel's leaders became ''full of hubris as so many Israelis were from 1967 to 1973.''
When the 1973 war began, it found Mr. Eban, still foreign minister, in New York. He spent the frantic days of the war in repeated consultations with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger that culminated in the American airlift of matériel that helped Israel turn the tide of battle. But within a year, both he and Prime Minister Golda Meir were out of power.
Mr. Eban passed to the sidelines, first accepting a visiting professorship at Columbia University, then returning to Israel as a member of Parliament. He took up ambitious television and writing projects, notably a nine-part public television series, ''Heritage: Civilization and the Jews,'' on which he worked from 1979 to 1984.
Mr. Eban also wrote a book on diplomacy, ''The New Diplomacy'' (Heritage, 1983), and his 1992 memoir. He contributed numerous articles in which he criticized Israel's course in the Lebanon war of 1982, and urged that Israel take a conciliatory stance in negotiations with the Palestinians.
The last political controversy in which he figured as an official was in 1987, when, as a member of a parliamentary subcommittee, he sided with Likud members in favor of a report criticizing the Labor Party leaders Shimon Peres and Mr. Rabin for their roles in using an American, Jonathan Jay Pollard, to spy on the United States. Mr. Peres and Mr. Rabin publicly rebuked him.
It was a signal of how far Mr. Eban had become distanced from his party's leadership. The next year, Mr. Eban was left off the list of candidates for Parliament.
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General Science, Mathematics, and Technology
What are Napier’s bones?
In the sixteenth century, the Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550–1617), Baron of Merchiston, developed a method of simplifying the processes of multiplication and division, using exponents of 10, which Napier called logarithms (commonly abbreviated as logs). Using this system, multiplication is reduced to addition and division to subtraction. For example, the log of 100 (102) is 2; the log of 1000 (103) is 3; the multiplication of 100 by 1000, 100 ? 1000 = 100,000, can be accomplished by adding their logs: log[(100)(1000)] = log(100) log(1000) = 2 3 = 5 = log(100,000). Napier published his methodology in A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms in 1614. In 1617 he published a method of using a device, made up of a series of rods in a frame, marked with the digits 1 through 9, to multiply and divide using the principles of logarithms. This device was commonly called “Napier’s bones” or “Napier’s rods.”
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Arrow Messenger
Arrow Messenger
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After being ridiculed by other boys in his Mongolian village, Dashan, nearly fourteen years old, is anxiously considering his chances for entering warrior training. Just at that moment, a messenger racing through the settlement makes Dashan resolve that he will be not only a warrior but also an arrow-messenger. The great conqueror, Jenghiz Khan, always held at ready a select number of his warriors to ride like an arrow between the farthest provinces of his empire. It was death to block their way or refuse them a change of horses. Jenghiz Khan is now gone, but his “Yasak” laws are still in force. Though small, Dashan is the best rider of the boys, but now he must prove it. First, there is the matter of the test of manhood for the warrior training—how can Dashan prove his manhood when his uncle keeps him at home herding the young animals instead of sending him out on the steppes with the main herd like the other boys? Then, Dashan must train his horse—and himself—for the hazardous cross-country boys’ race at the summer festival, a grueling test of strength and courage and judgment. The colorful portrayal of life in the nomad camps and on the wild Mongolian steppes creates an unusual and convincing background for this historical tale of adventure.
Original Book: 192 pages
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Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. As one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention ofconstructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907), and Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the Bombing of Guernicaby the German and Italian airforces at the behest of the Spanish nationalist government during the Spanish Civil War.
Picasso, Henri Matisse and Marcel Duchamp are regarded as the three artists who most defined the revolutionary developments in theplastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting, sculpture, printmaking and ceramics. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a realistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. His work is often categorised into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919).
Jacqueline aux mains croisée. Lithograph.Homme en marinière 1965. Hand signed Lithograph. 38x28cm.2900EJeune femme de Majorque 1954. callichromie. 5900€Californie, Cannes 1955. Lithograph n° 1223/2400. 2200E
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Today's date:
Summer 2001
Europe Was Behind US Defeat at the United Nations
Jeane Kirkpatrick was the US ambassador to the United Nations during Ronald Reagan's presidency.
Washington-The United States has been an active member of the United Nations Human Rights Commission from its founding in 1947. But in May, the US suffered a highly publicized defeat when it failed to poll the votes needed to win one of the three seats allocated to Western countries. Instead, three members of the European Union (EU) won the seats allocated to the Western Group (WEOG, as it is called in UN circles): France with 52 votes out of a possible 54, Austria with 41 votes and Sweden with 32. The US, trailing with 29 votes, was eliminated.
Various explanations were offered for this defeat. Many emphasized the widespread disagreement in the world body with various US policies, including the Kyoto treaty, the International Criminal Court and the Land Mine Treaty. Others pointed out widespread disagreement with the Bush administration's decision to construct a missile defense and abrogate the ABM Treaty with the now nonexistent Soviet Union.
None of these discussions took account of the significant fact that, during the same week, the US candidate, Ambassador Herbert Okun, was defeated in his effort to win reelection to a seat on the International Narcotics Control Board. In that election, on May 3, the 54 member states of ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) voted among 32 candidates to fill five vacancies without regard to regional distribution. Once again, three EU countries-Austria, Netherlands and France-were elected as were Peru and India.
In the case of both the Human Rights Commission and the Narcotics Control Board, the outcome was a surprise since the number of written confirmations of intended support for the US candidate was substantially higher than the number of votes actually cast.
Some observers in and out of the United Nations explained the failure of the US to win a Human Rights Commission seat as a consequence of its hard-hitting human rights policies, especially this year, when American delegates spearheaded efforts to discuss repression in both China and Cuba. This, of course, is what a Human Rights Commission should discuss.
Rep. Henry Hyde (R-Ill.), chair of the House International Relations Committee, described the vote as "a deliberate attempt to punish the US for its insistence that the commission tell the truth about human rights abuses whenever they occur." I think he's right. The US habit of truth telling in the United Nations about human rights violations was surely an important basis of some countries' decisions. So is the US' regular opposition to unfair attacks on other members-such as Israel.
The records of repression matter as more and more governments that are themselves infamous human rights violators have managed to get elected to the Human Rights Commission (thereby acquiring votes), e.g.: Libya, Syria, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Uganda. China and Cuba are also members.
The ambassador of France has attributed the success of his country in the Human Rights Commission to the fact that France's foreign policy is founded on "dialogue and respect." By implication, the US failure is based on their absence. China agrees. China has suggested that the time has arrived for the US to "stop using human rights issues as a tool to pursue its power politics and hegemonism." It will be possible to do that when China stops using its power to violate its citizens' human rights. I hope that US policy remains based on empathy for the repressed.
The US has no friends among those countries that regularly repress their citizens-and not many friendly associates.
The vote in the Human Rights Commission makes one wonder if the United States has reliable friends and allies among the democracies.
There is not much question that the distance between the US and its NATO allies has grown in the last decade. The European press shows its displeasure in a steady stream of articles highly critical of the US and the "American way." The criticism has intensified since the inauguration of George W. Bush, who undertook to move America rightward at a time when all but two of the 15 member states of the EU have Socialist governments.
I think it is clear that the rapid consolidation of the EU already has had a negative impact on US relations with several continental European countries in the United Nations. Traditionally, the US has had close relations with some-but not all-EU members, but now it has become difficult for a US representative to discuss an issue or make common cause with a representative of an EU country.
There is a widespread belief among informed Americans that our allies played a significant role in the US defeat in the Human Rights Commission. It is a fact that if either Sweden or Austria had stepped down in favor of the US, we would have won a seat. That is how friends, allies and affinity groups operate in the United Nations to achieve common cause.
The US will never be able to achieve or even work toward our goals in the United Nations if, in addition to opposing our adversaries, we must also compete with our best friends. Our one vote can never win against the EU's 15.
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Wednesday, March 21, 2012
The plot thickens -- you are what you eat in more ways than one
Your genome on lettuce
Banish the thought that you've got complete control over expression of your own genes. It turns out that what you eat is also a player. A paper in the April issue of BioEssays, "Beyond nutrients: Food-derived microRNAs provide cross-kingdom regulation" (Jiang, Sang and Hong), reports that not only do we derive nutrients from food, but that food-derived micro RNAs can affect expression of our genes. Yet another instance of inter-species cooperation.
Micro RNAs are a relatively recently discovered component of the genome that modulate gene expression. They silence protein-coding genes by binding to transcribed mRNA and preventing its translation. As Jiang et al. report, more than 15,000 miRNA loci have been found in 140 species, and are annotated in the miRBase database. These are miRNAs found inside cells, but recently micro RNAs have been found in blood serum and plasma, urine, saliva and other body fluids. While RNA is known to be easily degraded and rather fleeting, it seems that these circulating RNAs are highly stable, and resistant to the usual destructive elements; RNAses, and high or low pH or temperature. And, say Jiang et al., these miRNAs seem to be highly correlated with disease, such as cancers and diabetes, and with tissue injury, which suggests they could be of use as biomarkers.
But, the paper only notes this in passing, primarily focusing on these miRNAs as signaling factors.
Despite numerous reports of the detection of secreted miRNAs, the exact mechanisms of how these miRNAs are transported and act as signaling molecules are not clear. They have been implicated in stem cell function, hematopoiesis, and immune regulation. Recently, several lines of evidence have suggested that miRNAs are selectively packaged into microvesicle (MV) compartments to function efficiently in mammalian cells. MVs are membrane-covered vesicles and can be released by various kinds of cells.
It may be that being packaged in MVs is what gives these miRNAs their stability, as they are sequestered from RNAses and so on. And, the packaging process seems to be selective, as only specific types of miRNAs have been found packaged in this way.
Jiang et al. write that "cross-kingdom regulation through miRNA/double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been observed in many organisms and engineered systems." And, it often alters gene expression in the host organism. Examples include planaria or other parasitic nematodes, which can take exogenous double stranded RNA into their cells, as do insects when fed plants.
For example, when cotton bollworm larvae are fed on plant material expressing dsRNA targeting CYP6AE14, whose gene product helps the insect to counteract the deleterious cotton metabolite gossypol, the transcript level of this gene is decreased and causes larval growth retardation.
It has recently been demonstrated (and we have to take Jiang et al.'s word for it, because the paper by Zhang et al. is in Chinese, unreadable by us) that "mature single-stranded plant miRNAs are present in the serum and tissues of mammals that use plants such as rice as their food sources." They verified that these are plant RNAs, and that they survived passage through the mouse gastrointestinal tract intact.
Moreover, the authors identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 (LDLRAP1) as a target for MIR168a, a plant miRNA that was present at a relatively high level in human sera. The presence of exogenous pre-MIR168a or mature MIR168a miRNA can significantly reduce LDLRAP1 protein level in culture. Furthermore, feeding mice with rice that produces MIR168a reduced the amount of LDLRAP1 protein in liver, which in turn resulted in an elevation of the LDL level in mouse plasma. Both the decrease of LDLRAP1 and the increase of LDL in plasma, however, could be blocked by the addition of an anti-MIR168a antisense oligonucleotide. These elegantly executed experiments not only confirm the role of circulating miRNAs in intercellular communication, but also suggest that miRNAs can transport and function in a cross-kingdom manner.
How miRNAs would survive digestion and be absorbed is a question but without simple answers. The first issue has to do with how they survive digestion and absorption across the gut. A second is why we haven't evolved means to detect and degrade them; after all, our immune system is very able to recognize foreign stuff. Jiang et al. describe the possible conditions under which plant miRNAs can survive this passage, and we won't replicate it here. Suffice it to say that they note that plant miRNAs are packaged differently from mammalian miRNAs, and that mammalian intestinal epithelial cells 'somehow' ingest plant miRNAs. They wonder if there's a receptor or some such on the mammalian cell surface that might recognize plant miRNAs and pave the way. After being taken up by intestinal cells, these miRNAs then are passed to downstream cells, such as the liver, where they are involved in gene regulation.
There's a lot of hand waving going on here, but if true, this is a thought-provoking example of the synergy between organisms. As this field matures, you can be sure that potential medical uses won't escape pharmaceutical companies.
Regular readers may notice that in describing these newly discovered miRNAs, we've invoked a number of principles that we think are at the core of life, and that we've recently enumerated on MT -- sequestration, modularity, cooperation, signaling, chance, adaptability. It's always gratifying when these principles apply in circumstances that were not known at the time we compiled them.
Whose genome is it, anyway?
But what about evolution? If we interact with genes (miRNA are coded from the originating species' DNA) from other species, and in at least many cases we depend on that, then perhaps the view of genomes as all contained within a species' cells is misleading. Perhaps 'our' genome includes that of E. Coli that we need in our gut, or in each location 'our' genome includes miRNAs from foods we depend on for survival.
Normally, one would expect us to lose genetic mechanisms if they are replaced by something else. If we depend on exogenous genetic information, then mutations in our own genes that do the same thing would have no selective disadvantage and would disappear. In that sense, the species' genome becomes joined at the proverbial hip to each other.
Far-fetched? Well, long ago mitochondria and chloroplasts entered cells and evolved from parasite to necessary cellular components. miRNA and bacterial genomes and so on aren't so thoroughly incorporated (yet), though some viral genomes are. So there is probably a gradient of intergenomic dependency among species. This is an extension of predator-prey dependencies, but is similar in concept, just more localized in genes.
Once again, this discovery (if confirmed and shown to be more than trivial) will add to the causal complexity of human traits.
Holly Dunsworth said...
This makes me wonder about those sorts of dietary beliefs that take into consideration the live organisms' traits and behaviors. If their regulators can regulate your DNA, then there's a chance you can express like they do (as long as you have the right DNA). I haven't had enough coffee yet to provide a real example so I'll make two up: Like, you should eat a bull or a rooster if you want to win a fight later. You should eat a good hunter if you want to have a good hunt. Or you should avoid eating animals that are good at putting on fat if you're trying to win a battle with your weight. I might regret posting this half-baked comment, but I can't help it right now: I ate a half-baked muffin for breakfast.
Ken Weiss said...
If there is a safe message in this, it is (again) to temper our confidence with which we declare or hint at (or lobby for) the idea that we understand causation if we can just do some bigger studies (like big biobanks, whole genome sequencing, etc.).
A more focused response to the problems of causal prediction, especially these days in genomic terms, based on acknowledging how much we don't know and how complex things are, seems to me to be warranted.
But it's becoming less clear even what the causal questions are! If we evolved to eat plants to make us better hunters so we could eat wildebeests, then when we strode into Europe, did we have to rely on table scraps until we started eating some plant food that grew there and could help us go after elks?
Kurt Gielen said...
Hilarious! You should go and write for "The Big Bang Theory", they can use these kinds of jokes.
Thanks for this great laugh on a Monday morning.
Holly Dunsworth said...
Thanks Kurt! Confirms why people have told me that I need to watch that show!
Anonymous said...
I am late to this party, as I only just got around to reading the full text, but what I find most interesting about the Jiang paper is how they continue to refer to the interaction between organisms and their plant foods as "communication". For the most part, we usually think and speak in terms of "reacting" to components of our environment (including diet), but how often do we think about how it is *communicating* with us?
Hypothetical example:Let's say we are in a situation where food is not plentiful, and local produce is the only vegetable intake available. One day, a single carrot is our only veg intake. We pull the carrot out of the ground an eat it, but the carrot grew in soil that happened to be deficient in potassium.
From a "reaction" viewpoint- we eat that carrot and our body utilizes the potassium that we can get from it- maybe it's enough to fulfill our daily quota for K, maybe not. If not, the body's K homeostasis mechanisms will respond accordingly to increase K absorption or decrease K excretion.
From a "communication" viewpoint- we eat the carrot. There is the same type of reaction as described above, but, there's another type of signalling that occurs in addition. The carrot has produced certain miRNA molecules in response to growth in this deficient soil. These miRNA molecules originate to benefit the carrot, maybe by decreasing expression of certain genes involved in inhibiting uptake of K from the soil. When we eat the carrot, we absorb these miRNA molecules and they enter our circulation. We have evolved to recognize what these miRNA molecules represent, i.e. that there is a lack of K- *not only in this particular carrot, but also potentially in the immediate environment as well*, so certain genes involved in K homeostasis have evolved to include a target sequences for these miRNA molecules, such that expression of proteins involved in K excretion is decreased.
Thus, the miRNA from the carrot are acting as a message from the carrot, such that, in a way, it is essentially telling us about the environmental conditions it experienced during its growth; it is effectively, communicating with us.
To me this is a real shift in thinking about dietary influences and co-evolution...
Ken Weiss said...
A very good way to put things!
Holly Dunsworth said...
Agreed. Wow. |
- Glossary definition: Column
A vertical architectural support, consisting of a shaft topped by a capital, and sometimes including a base. five types of designs for columns. Three were developed in ancient Greece and adopted by the Romans: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Two were introduced by the Romans: Composite and Tuscan. |
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The “Allah is the Moon-God” Nonsense Could be the Stupidest Anti-Muslim Conspiracy Theory Yet, Page V [Conclusion]
Please make sure to read Page IIIIII, and IV first, which were recently published. What follows is the concluding page:
After this lengthy analysis, it becomes quite clear that the anti-Muslim theory that “Allah is the moon-god” comes from nothing more than the fact that the crescent moon is often used as a symbol to represent Islam. This argument is paper thin for numerous reasons:
1) The star of David is used to denote Judaism; well then, the Jews must worship the stars–Yahweh must be the star-god! The cross is used to denote Christianity; do Christians worship the cross? Certainly, this is silly “logic.”
We can similarly disregard the “Muslims use the lunar calender” argument. Jews also use the lunar calender; does this mean that they too worship the moon? Christians use a solar calendar; does this mean they worship the sun god?
2) The crescent moon as a symbol for Islam is a relatively new phenomenon. The Prophet Muhammad certainly never used it. In fact, it seems that he forbade all forms of religious iconography, as he feared it would lead to idolatry. Neither did the Muslims use the symbol for hundreds of years. It was only in the nineteenth century that the Ottoman Empire used the crescent symbol on their flag. The Ottomans were of Turkic origin, and the crescent symbol was used by the pre-Islamic Turkic tribes. The Ottoman Turks were converts to Islam, and they retained the pre-Islamic symbol from their pagan faith.
The Ottoman Empire expanded to involve much of the Islamic world, and soon “Muslim” became synonymous with “Turk” to the Europeans. Therefore, the crescent became associated not just with the Ottoman Empire, but Islam in general. Even so, it was only until the twentieth century that the crescent really became the symbol of Islam in the West and in some (but certainly not all) Muslim countries. It is a historical irony that the adoption of the pagan symbol was a result of the early Islamic reticence towards adopting an icon. With no icon representing the faith, the crescent moon became the stand-in symbol for Islam.
Although it is true that the crescent symbol is pagan in origin, it cannot be used as a proof that the Prophet Muhammad or the early Muslims worshiped the moon, since the crescent is of recent origin. During Muhammad’s time (and hundreds of years thereafter), the Muslims did not use the crescent symbol.
It is hotly debated whether or not the Ottomans adopted the crescent symbol from the Byzantine Empire. Recent scholarship has moved away from this belief, but it is interesting to note that even when it was a widely held belief, nobody in their right mind would think that it would be proof that the Christians of the Byzantine Empire worshiped the moon! But somehow when it comes to Muslims there are always foregone conclusions.
3) As mentioned above, the Prophet Muhammad forbade the use of religious icons. Furthermore, even though the crescent is used by the religious laity, it is rejected by the traditional and orthodox clergy of Islam. For example, the ultra-orthodox Islamic website says:
Elsewhere, the site says that the symbol might be haram (strictly forbidden) and even bidah (literally: a blame-worthy innovation; what it really refers to is a deviation from or corruption of the faith). Since our opponents usually take the most conservative expressions of Islam as the only legitimate and representative forms of the religion, surely this should be acceptable to them as proof that the crescent is not a part of Islam.
* * * * *
It would be appropriate here to point out the pagan origins of many things in the Christian faith: for example, both Christmas and Easter–the two most popular holidays of Christianity–are of pagan origins. Christmas originated from a pagan holiday involving the worship of the sun. As for Easter, this too has pagan origins, and involved the worship of the Great Mother Goddess named Eostre. Just imagine if the two Islamic holidays–the two Eids–had pagan origins. This would become the supreme proof for the anti-Muslim camp. It would be proof that Allah was the sun god or the pagan mother goddess.
Robert Morey was forced to admit that Christmas and Easter come from pagan origins, but he brushed this point off by saying:
Some Muslims may point to the so-called Christian feasts of Christmas and Easter being pagan in origins. I agree. They are pagan in origin! That is the reason I teach people to not indulge in Christmas and Easter as a form of worship to God, because the New Testament teaches that we are not to observe any holy days, or months or years (Gal. 4:10-11). Keeping Christmas and Easter as a non-religious time of gift-giving is okay. But we do not worship God with it.
Morey is arguing that although the majority of Christian laypersons worship Christmas and Easter with great devotion, the purists like himself “teach people to not indulge” in them. Doesn’t this then apply to the crescent symbol, which is rejected by Islamic purists, namely the traditional and orthodox clergy? What’s good for the goose is good for the gander, right? This is yet another case of the huge double-standards employed by the anti-Muslim camp when criticizing Islam.
But Christmas and Easter are just the tip of the iceberg. Scholarship has uncovered much else of Christianity’s pagan origins; there is evidence to suggest that even the concept and story of Jesus Christ has pagan roots.
Yet more relevant is the fact that the Judeo-Christian concept of God originates from pagan sources, according to some scholars. Professor Mark S. Smith, a professor of the Bible and Hebrew and Judaic Studies at NYU, published a book entitled The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel in which he discusses this issue in great detail. The book is dense and difficult reading, but fortunately it has been appropriately summarized by Wikipedia (normally I would be averse to using Wikipedia as a “source,” but here I am simply using it as a good summary of the book itself, which I have read; whoever summarized it on Wikipedia did a great job, better than I could do myself. More importantly, I’ll reference a scholar’s review of the book to corroborate the online encyclopedia.):
Smith begins from the understanding that Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in origin, and that deities such as El, Baal and Asherah, far from being alien to the Israelites, formed part of their heritage. He therefore sees Israelite monolatry (the insistence that Israel should worship one god, Yahweh, but without denying the reality of other gods) as a break with Israel’s own past.
Yahweh, he argues, originated in Edom/Midian/Teman as a warrior-god and was subsequently assimilated into the highland pantheon headed by El and his consort, Asherah and populated by Baal and other deities.[2]
Smith sees this process as marked by two major phases, which he describes as “convergence” and “differentiation.” In the period of the Judges and the early monarchy, convergence saw the coalescence of the qualities of other deities, and even the deities themselves, into Yahweh. Thus El became identified as a name of Yaweh, Asherah ceased to be a distinct goddess, and qualities of El, Asherah and Baal (notably, for Baal, his identification as a storm-god) were assimilated into Yahweh. In the period from the 9th century BC through to the Exile certain features of the Israelite religion were differentiated from the Yahweh cult, identified as Canaanite, and rejected: examples include Baal, child sacrifice, the asherah, worship of the sun and moon, and the cults of the “high places”
In other words, various Canaanite (pagan) deities converged into Yahweh, and only at a later point differentiated into competing gods but only after Yahweh had assimilated many of their qualities into himself. Prof. Richard S. Hess has also summarized and reviewed Smith’s book, saying (emphasis added):
Smith argues that there are three major tendencies in the history of Israelite religion. There is the convergence of the characteristics of deities such as El, Baal, and Asherah into those of Yahweh. There is the divergence of the figures of Baal and Asherah from Yahweh. Finally, there is the role of the Monarchy in the acceptance of various deities and images associated with Yahweh as well as rejection of these late in the Monarchy under Josiah.
Smith then turns his attention toward the evidence for various deities during the period of the Judges, i.e., Iron Age I. For him, this was largely a time that saw the convergence of deities such as El and Yahweh…
For Smith, El was never a threat and simply became assimilated with Yahweh in the first millennium, as evidenced by the early divine name Yahweh-El. Baal was a clear threat from the ninth century onwards as the account of Ahab and Jezebel’s attempt to introduce the Tyrian form of this deity (Baal Shamem) led to a prophetic revolt and intolerance for the god. Nevertheless, various characteristics such as those of the storm and stormcloud were adopted and applied to Yahweh. As noted, Asherah was reduced to a cult symbol of Yahweh. However, the female characteristics of Yahweh and some background to the personification of Wisdom (e.g., Proverbs 3) owe their origins to Asherah. The sun deity was assumed by Yahweh who took on its characteristics. The actual symbol of the sun in the form of the winged sun disk became a later symbol of the Judean monarchy.
This is a polemical goldmine: “the sun deity was assumed by Yahweh who took on its characteristics.” If anti-Muslims Jews and Christians want to argue that Allah came from the moon-god, then Muslims can reply by noting that Yahweh came from the sun-god. If the Islamophobes would cite unacademic and spurious sources like Robert Morey and Yoel Natan to claim Allah comes from the moon-god, Muslims can cite actual scholars such as Prof. Mark S. Smith and others in academia to claim that Yahweh originates from a solar deity and other pagan gods.
One could certainly disagree with Smith’s hypothesis and conclusion. What is relevant here however is the recurring theme of hypocrisy displayed by anti-Muslim Jews and Christians, whereby they vilify Islam for what is present in their own religion.
It would be easy to apply the same simplistic line of thinking to Christianity that the Islamophobes apply to Islam: Christians use the solar calendar, they celebrate Christmas which originated from a pagan holiday involving the sun-god, and they worship the Sun/Son of God–THIS IS ALL PROOF THAT CHRISTIANS WORSHIP THE SUN-GOD!
I wouldn’t really be surprised if some anti-Muslim Jews and Christians used this fact, that some scholars say the Biblical God had roots in a solar-deity, to argue that the Islamic God came from the sun-god, since after all, the Islamic God is the same as Judeo-Christian one–except they would somehow link Allah to the sun-god, and use “ellipses” to omit the fact that the link to the sun-god is through the Judeo-Christian tradition itself. Then they’d argue: the Islamic God is not the same as the Judeo-Christian one because Allah comes from the pagan sun-god!
* * * * *
This last revelation, that early Judaism was not completely independent of “pagan” religion and society, should signal a paradigm shift in the minds of modern-day Jews, Christians, and Muslims who often define themselves in complete opposition to pagandom. Such a myopic view towards pagan faiths (here defined simply as non-Abrahamic religions) is intolerant, hateful, and simply inaccurate.
On a more positive note, there is certainly room to accept a more tolerant, nuanced, and appropriate view of “paganism” in Islam: the Prophet Muhammad is said to have affirmed what was good in pre-Islamic Arab custom and rejected what was wrong with it. For example, he affirmed the hospitality that the pre-Islamic Arabs were known for, whereas he rejected female infanticide. The point is that he did not reject pagan custom wholesale.
* * * * *
Having thus established that Allah did not originate from the moon-god–that Muslims never worshiped the moon, that the Quran itself explicitly forbids lunar worship in multiple verses, and that Allah was the most popular name the Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians used for God long before Muhammad was born, that the Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians continue to do so, that Allah is the name used for God in Arabic Bibles, that the word Allah is derived from the Aramaic word Alaha which Jesus used, that the word Allah is closer to what Jesus used than the word “God” that Christians use today, that much of Christianity comes from pagan origins, that the word “God” that Christians use today comes from pagan roots, and that some scholars say that the Israelite god originated from pagan deities including the sun-god–the Islamophobes have absolutely no leg to stand on.
And because they don’t have a leg to stand on, the Islamophobes resort to their fall-back argument. They argue that the Muslims do not worship the same God as Christians because the Quran categorically rejects the Trinity dogma. This argument, supported by the likes of Robert Spencer, will be addressed in the next part of the Series–and it will be seen how this is yet another case of anti-Muslim Christians shooting themselves in the foot in their desperate attempts to vilify the religion that they despise so much.
• Solid Snake
Many forms of Paganism originated from the same monotheistic faith from day one. The Islamic belief is that Allah sent multiple prophets and messengers to different people throughout history. They all brought the same message, “worship the One God alone” but packaged differently. After these noble messengers passed away the followers of the religion began to go astray and worshiped objects, saints, etc etc. So it is no surprise that there would be remnants of the original monotheistic faith within pagan beliefs.
• Skhan
^ right, first off I don’t hate pagans. I don’t hate gays, drinkers, infidels, atheists, etc. Second, of course I’m going to try to defend Islam, IM MUSLIM! Third, we don’t make pilgrimage to the space rock, we make pilgrimage to the Kaaba, where we repent for our sins. We don’t go for the rock. . A well-known hadith records that, when second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (580-644) came to kiss the Stone, he said in front of all assembled: “No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither harm anyone nor benefit anyone. Had I not seen Allah’s Messenger [Muhammad] kissing you, I would not have kissed you.”[22] Most Muslims follow the example of Umar: they pay their respects to the Stone in a spirit of trust in Muhammad pbuh, not with any inherent belief in the Stone.
• Nerses
Do you realise that the main effect of your series here has been to reinforce anti-pagan attitudes? Implicit within your entire series of articles is the assumption that it would be somehow bad for there to be pagan influences within Islam.
You often preface your articles with statements that you’re not really meaning to criticize Christianity or Judaism, you think that they and Islam should all be equally respected.
But apparently your tolerance and equitable attitude doesn’t extend to paganism. How hypocritical.
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How double glazing works
A single pane of glass provides very poor insulation because glass is a good conductor of heat. So much of the heat in your room literally goes out the window.
Install double glazing and you have a layer of air trapped between two panes of glass. Because air is a poor conductor of heat, much less heat is lost through the window.
If the inside of one sheet has Low E coating, even less heat is lost because the coating reflects heat back into the room.
Your home's double glazing operates just like fibreglass batts and woollen clothing. It traps a layer of air between two panes.
Air is a very poor conductor of heat, so the trapped layer sets up a blanket of protection between cold air on one side and warm on the other.
Glass itself is a very good conductor. So in a home without double glazing, heat is going straight out the window.
Heating (or cooling) bills are reduced in the double-glazed home.
Your supplier, a member of IGUMA, will advise you of the extra benefits of using Low E glass in the double glazing. Low Emissivity glass is completely transparent but provides an ultimate reduction of heat loss.
Sit next to a window in a double-glazed home. Notice the absence of draughts and cold spots.
See, too, how messy condensation is dramatically reduced.
Special glass types can be used in double glazing for safety toughening, security, fire resistance of designer looks. |
You Astronaut?
For real, getting into a spaceship is probably a dream for many youth, but it’s not simple process. Dear friends and readers from everywhere, thank you; particularly to the US, India, and China.
It is such a big deal to become an astronaut. It is a job for you if you have a high physical Image result for astronaut drawingfitness. NASA requires for its space physical that you have excellent vision, excellent blood pressure, and height of 62-75 inches.
How long does it take to become an astronaut?
It takes more than school to gain a foothold as an astronaut selection candidate, however. NASA wants at least three years of “related, progressively responsible, professional experience” or (in a nod to military candidates) at least 1,000 hours of “pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft.”Jun 7, 2017
How much money does an astronaut make per year?
Currently, a GS-12 starts at $65,140 per year and a GS-13 can earn up to $100,701 per year. Military Astronaut Candidates are assigned to the Johnson Space Center and remain in an active duty status for pay, benefits, leave, and other similar military matter. That is an old figure, five years ago.
What are your chances in being an astronaut?
There have been 257 NASA astronauts over the years and an applicant has a 0.6% Related imagechance of being selected. Of those non-pilots selected out of civilian life 38.9% had completed a Masters degree and 38.3% had a PhD. Of the pilots selected 52% had a Master’s and 43% had only a Bachelor’s.
How do astronauts take a shower?
The astronauts wipe their body clean by using a wet towel, and wash their hair by using water-less shampoo. Since water does not flow in a zero-gravity environment, the astronauts cannot wash their hands under a faucet as you do on Earth. So, there are no sinks or showers inside the space shuttle.
How can astronaut pee?
Astronauts can urinate into a long tube with a vacuum system sucking away the waste or they can sit down on a special space toilet on board the ISS. “The airflow keeps everything going down the pipe,” Major Peake explains, “Simple as that.”
There is a lot of stories about the astronauts who went in trips to space, or who visited the moon, but there is a lot more. There is plenty of strange stories that happened to astronauts when they traveled all the way out of our Earth, but this will be for another talk.
Feel free to ask questions, comment, or message, and until we meet again, stay cool with our hugs and kisses
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How To Survive A Yukon Winter
In the middle of summer, the Yukon doesn’t seem like such an unforgiving place—the sun is warm, the days are long, everything is green and the flowers are in bloom. In the middle of winter, however, it’s a much different story. The sun does not warm you and getting wet could mean death. At 40 below, with no wind, and just a light covering of clothing, the cold will kill a wet person very quickly.
The coldest air temperature ever taken in North America was in Snag, Yukon in February 1947.
It was -63°C!
These are the perfect conditions to recreate those videos you see all the time on YouTube—throwing boiling water in the air and watch as it turns to frozen chunks of ice before hitting the ground.
The hearty folks over at the Yukon Learn Society offer some tips on how to survive 40 below.
• Dress in layers—your body heat gets trapped in the air pockets between all the layers to help keep you warm. If you begin to sweat, simply remove some layers or slow down.
• Wear a windproof jacket and pants—the windchill makes it feel colder than the actual temperature outside.
• Wear soft footwear that allows the blood to flow freely to all parts of your feet.
• Mittens are warmer than gloves.
• Wear a hat and full scarf or balaclava to protect your cheeks, chin, nose, and ears. A scarf also helps to warm the air before your breathe it in.
• If you will be outside all day, bring a change of base layers in case they get sweaty—wet clothes make you cold faster.
• Keep moving—your body creates heat when it moves.
• Keep eating and drinking liquids such as hot tea– your body needs fuel to keep you warm.
• If you think you have frostnip or frostbite, don’t re-warm the area until you know for sure you are out of the cold for good.
• When you do get inside, put bare skin on the affected area (like in an armpit), get into dry clothing, drink or eat something warm, and warm up with blankets.
• When it’s really, really cold (think 50- to 60 below), take short breaths to avoid freezing your lungs. Yeah, that’s a thing.
And remember, most cold injuries happen because you push yourself too far. You’re cold and wet, but think hey, it’s not worth it to stop, build a fire and warm up. You just want to get home. But by the time you arrive, you now have a cold injury that could have been prevented. |
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Geometry Formulas
The geometry formulas pdf is provided here so that students can learn and retain the formulas for a longer period of time. PDFs are one of the most useful tools to learn math formulas. The geometry pdf formulas will help students to understand the concepts more effectively. Various geometry formulas in pdf format like coordinate geometry pdf, cube formula pdf, surface area and volume formulas pdf, area and perimeter formula for all shapes pdf, etc are given below.
All geometry formulas pdf are provided here which will not only help students to learn the concepts but also during their time of revision before their examination. The geometry formulas pdf are very useful for revision purpose as all the formulas are given in a single pdf. The coordinate geometry formulas pdf are also provided to help students learn the topic more efficiently.
Geometry Formulas from Class 8 to Class 12
Geometry Formulas For Class 12
Geometry Formulas For Class 11
Geometry Formulas For Class 10
Geometry Formulas For Class 9
Geometry Formulas For Class 8
Here is a list of several most important geometry formulas that you use for solving various problems.
Basic Geometry Formulas
$Perimeter \; of \; a \; Square = P = 4a$
Where a = Length of the sides of a Square
$Perimeter \; of \; a \; Rectangle = P = 2(l+b)$
Where, l = Length ; b = Breadth
$Area \; of \; a \; Square = A = a^{2}$
Where a = Length of the sides of a Square
$Area \; of \; a \; Rectangle = A = l \times b$
Where, l = Length ; b = Breadth
$Area \; of \; a \; Triangle = A = \frac{b \times h}{2}$
Where, b = base of the triangle ; h = height of the triangle
$Area \; of \; a \; Trapezoid = A = \frac{(b_{1}+b_{2})h}{2}$
Where, $b_{1}$ & $b_{2}$ are the bases of the Trapezoid ; h = height of the Trapezoid
$Area \; of \; a \; Circle = A = \pi \times r^{2}$
$Circumference \; of \; a \; Circle = A = 2\pi r$
Where, r = Radius of the Circle
$Surface \; Area \; of \; a \; Cube = S = 6a^{2}$
Where, a = Length of the sides of a Cube
$Surface \; Area \; of \; a \; Cylinder = S = 2\pi rh$
$Volume \; of \; a \; Cylinder = V = \pi r^{2} h$
Where, r = Radius of the base of the Cylinder ; h = Height of the Cylinder
$Surface \; Area \; of \; a \; Cone = S = \pi r (r + \sqrt{h^{2}+r^{2}})$
$Volume \; of \; a \; Cone = V = \pi r^{2} h$
Where, r = Radius of the base of the Cone, h = Height of the Cone
$Surface \; Area \; of \; a \; Sphere = S = 4 \pi r^{2}$
$Volume \; of \; a \; Sphere = V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^{3}$
Where, r = Radius of the Sphere
More topics in Geometry Formulas
Angle Formulas Perimeter Formula
Area Formula Surface Area Formula
Volume Formula Equation of a Line Formula
Midpoint Formula Slope Formula
Vertex Formula Tangent Line Formula
Triangle Formulas Square Formula
Rectangle Formula Octagon Formula
Circle Formulas Ellipse Formula
Parabola Formula Hyperbola Formula
Cylinder Formula Cone Formula
Pyramid Formula Prism Formulas
Sphere Formula Rate of Change Formula
Axis of Symmetry Formula Parallelogram Formula
Hexagon Formula Asymptote Formula
Polygon Formula Great Circle Formula
Rotation Formula The Distance Formula
Cyclic Quadrilateral Formula Tangential Quadrilateral Formula
Byjus Formulas |
PathTextField: quick example of property usage in JavaFX
Properties and binding in JavaFX is a really interesting feature that sometimes is hard to illustrate. Recently I just faced a problem in CompilerFX: file paths entered by the user could be problematic. Indeed on some platforms path separator is \ and on others it is /. In Java you can often use / as path separator.
So in our example, you can choose many solutions like for example:
• When the user submit the path in a text field, replace all \ by /;
• When the user enter a \, use a key event to replace it;
• Choose a more JavaFX way.
Let’s deal with the third solution. Have this ones in mind:
• In JavaFX you have the properties, allowing you to listen for a change using a ChangeListener;
• The text of a TextField is store in the text property.
You could implement the second solution listen previously but let’s work with a custom text field that will replace replace all \ by /.
public class PathTextField extends TextField {
textProperty().addListener(new ChangeListener<String>() {
public void changed(ObservableValue<? extends String> observableValue, String s, String s2) {
if(!textProperty().isBound() && s2 != null) {
textProperty().set(s2.replaceAll("\\\\", "/"));
In this component, we place a ChangeListener on the text property in order to replace all \ by /. Then you can use it in your FXML files for example. |
A Passage to India | Study Guide
E. M. Forster
Download a PDF to print or study offline.
Study Guide
Cite This Study Guide
How to Cite This Study Guide
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Course Hero. "A Passage to India Study Guide." Course Hero. 11 Aug. 2017. Web. 23 July 2018. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Passage-to-India/>.
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Course Hero. (2017, August 11). A Passage to India Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved July 23, 2018, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Passage-to-India/
In text
(Course Hero, 2017)
Course Hero. "A Passage to India Study Guide." August 11, 2017. Accessed July 23, 2018. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Passage-to-India/.
Course Hero, "A Passage to India Study Guide," August 11, 2017, accessed July 23, 2018, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Passage-to-India/.
A Passage to India | 10 Things You Didn't Know
Published in 1924—25 years before India achieved independence from Great Britain—A Passage to India explores the troubled connections between the colonial English and their Indian subjects. E.M. Forster's final novel tells the story of two Englishwomen who travel to India so that the younger, Adela Quested, can meet the son of the elder, Mrs. Moore, and perhaps marry him. They become friendly with Dr. Aziz, an Indian Muslim, who takes them to a tourist site. After their outing, Adela claims Aziz tried to rape her, and though the charges are eventually dropped, the ensuing events explore the racial tensions and cultural misunderstandings that poisoned the colonial relationship.
Considered Forster's masterpiece, A Passage to India focuses on the cultural and political conflicts of the modern world and the cracks in British imperialism that would soon lead to its end. It offers no easy answers but illuminates those problems, making it clear to readers that the issues facing Forster's characters are still present today.
1. The novel's title comes from a poem by American poet Walt Whitman.
The title A Passage to India comes from a poem in the 1871 edition of Walt Whitman's collection Leaves of Grass. The poem's title is "Passage to India," and in it Whitman celebrates the completion of the Suez Canal, which linked Europe and Eastern lands. He also speaks in the poem of the Pacific Railroad, which linked the eastern and western United States. In the poem, Whitman writes:
Passage to India!
The earth to be spanned, connected by network
Forster read the poem as he was finishing the novel and felt that it reflected the theme of East versus West being explored in his book. However, the tones of the two works are vastly different.
2. Forster initially went to India to visit a man with whom he was in love.
Forster tutored an Indian man named Sayed Ross Masood in 1906 and soon fell in love with him. Masood didn't return these feelings, but the men remained friends, and when Masood went to India after completing his law education, Forster followed him. The author had already begun thinking of setting a novel in India, inspired perhaps by Masood's statement: "You know my great wish is to get you to write a book on India, for I feel convinced from what I know of you that it will be a great book."
He traveled throughout the country for six months; many of his experiences, from an Indian wedding he attended, to anti-English sentiment directed against him, found their way into the book.
3. It took Forster 11 years to write A Passage to India.
Forster began writing A Passage to India in 1913. However, he stopped his work on it to write Maurice, his novel of homosexual love, which wasn't published until 1971—after Forster's death. Though he finished Maurice in a year, he was unable to return successfully to A Passage to India until he spent a year in India in 1922 as the private secretary to the maharaja of Dewas. Even then, he worked on the novel for two more years before it was published in 1924.
4. Forster told an actress she should star in the film version of A Passage to India—and she did, some 20 years later.
In 1962 Forster had met the British actress Peggy Ashcroft at a performance of the stage adaptation of the novel and said to her, "I hope one day you will play Mrs. Moore." At the time, Ashcroft was offended, as she felt she was too young for the part. Director David Lean asked her to take the role in the film in 1984, and at that point she feared she was too old. However, she accepted the part, and her brilliant performance earned her an Oscar.
5. A Passage to India was Forster's only novel set entirely outside of England.
Forster's novels are typically set against an English backdrop, with works such as A Room With a View (1905) and Where Angels Fear to Tread (1908) taking place partially in Italy. However, A Passage to India is his only novel to take place entirely in India.
6. Forster intended the three sections of A Passage to India to reflect the three Indian seasons.
A Passage to India is divided into three sections, which Forster titled "Mosque," "Caves," and "Temple." However, Forster claimed that the divisions were meant to reflect the "three seasons of the Cold Weather, the Hot Weather, and the Rains, which divide the Indian year." The cold weather is the most pleasant time in the country; the hot weather is the time when greenery dies; and the rains bring about rebirth, mirroring the events in the novel.
7. A Passage to India was Forster's last novel, though he wrote for 40 more years after its publication.
A Passage to India was immensely successful, selling more than 70,000 copies in its first year. Forster wrote articles, essays, and short biographies after its publication, but he never wrote another work of fiction. He explained why in a 1958 interview:
I think one of the reasons why I stopped writing novels is that the social aspect of the world changed so very much. I'd been accustomed to write about the old vanished world with its homes and its family life and its comparative peace. All of that went. And though I can think about it I cannot put it into fiction form.
8. Forster intended the relationship between the characters of Aziz and Fielding to represent the relationship between the East and West.
In A Passage to India, Dr. Aziz is a somewhat Westernized Indian man who attempts to bridge the gap between the colonial British and their Indian subjects. When he is wrongly imprisoned and tried for attempting to rape Adele Quested in the Marabar Caves, he bitterly rejects the West and its representative, his friend Cyril Fielding. Forster sums up the possibility of a relationship between the British West and the Indian East near the novel's end:
But the horses didn't want it—they swerved apart; the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion...they didn't want it. "No, not yet," and the sky said, "No, not there."
9. Character names in A Passage to India are believed to have specific meanings.
Critics claim Forster chose many of the character names in the novel for their meanings. Aziz, for example, means "loved" or "dear" in Arabic, which suits the character of Dr. Aziz. Forster gave the names Fielding and Moore to the English characters who are most open-minded and appreciative of nature, as the words field and moor might imply. Adela Quested is clearly "questing" throughout the novel, looking both for the true India and for truths about herself and her actions.
10. The 1984 film adaptation of A Passage to India won Academy Awards—but endured on-set controversy.
The film of A Passage to India won Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Score and was nominated for nine other Oscars. However, behind the scenes, the award-winning movie had more than its share of conflict. Director David Lean and well-known actor Alec Guinness, cast as Godbole, sparred frequently on the set, and when Guinness learned that Lean had cut much of his part from the film, he never spoke to the director again.
Actress Judy Davis, who portrayed Adela, told Lean he couldn't direct, actor Victor Bannerjee (Aziz) called him "obnoxious," and even Peggy Ashcroft (Mrs. Moore) was angry at Lean for his "lack of respect." Lean also angered the production crews; at one point the camera operators were instructed to say, "good morning" to the director every day to try to keep the atmosphere civil.
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The Tempest | Study Guide
William Shakespeare
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The Tempest | Act 2, Scene 1 | Summary
The scene opens with everyone from the king's party except Ferdinand. Gonzalo encourages the nobles to see the good in their circumstances. They have escaped a deadly disaster and find themselves on a beautiful island. Adrian, too, praises the features of the island where "The air breathes upon us here most sweetly." Meanwhile Antonio and Sebastian maintain a private running mockery of Gonzalo's positive attitude. When Gonzalo says, "How lush and lusty the grass looks! How green!" he is quickly derided by Antonio ("The ground indeed is tawny") and Sebastian ("With an eye of green in 't"). Gonzalo also marvels that their clothing has not suffered from the sea wreck and are "now as fresh as when we put them on first in Africa, at the marriage of the King's fair daughter Claribel to the King of Tunis." This explains where the king's party has been. They have just been to the wedding in Africa and were on their return voyage home when they ran into the terrible storm. This places the island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea.
King Alonso, believing his son Ferdinand is dead, is consumed with grief. At mention of his daughter's marriage he laments he made her marry so far from home because the journey was the reason for Ferdinand's loss. Now he has lost both his children. When Francisco tries to give him hope that Ferdinand is alive, Alonso insists he is dead. Antonio and Sebastian are cruel to the king in the face of his grief. They suggest that "the fault's your own" because Alonso let her marry an African rather than a European. Gonzalo gently reprimands the pair, but they are not affected.
Gonzalo then describes the type of utopian commonwealth he would develop if he were in charge of the island. In his commonwealth there would be no trade or lawyers, no rich or poor, no slaves or kings. Everyone would share the bounty of nature that would provide "all abundance,/To feed my innocent people." Antonio and Sebastian mock Gonzalo's vision, reminding him his ideal includes Gonzalo actually being the ruler himself.
Ariel, invisible, enters the scene and puts everyone but Antonio and Sebastian to sleep. Then Antonio begins to plant an idea in Sebastian's mind. He suggests that Sebastian has long cherished a secret hope to become king in Alonso's place. With Ferdinand surely drowned and Claribel far away in Africa, Sebastian is heir to the throne and might supplant Alonso. Antonio reminds Sebastian of how he did the same to Prospero and feels no guilt for it: "Look how well my garments sit upon me." Sebastian is convinced, and they agree to kill both Alonso and Gonzalo that very moment. But Ariel returns and wakes the sleeping men. When Alonso and Gonzalo question why the men have drawn their swords, Antonio and Sebastian make the excuse they thought they had heard lions and were preparing to defend the king. The whole group decides to go again in search of Ferdinand's body.
Act 2, Scene 1, is more about the true nature of the important characters from the king's party—particularly the unrealistic optimism of Gonzalo and the scheming nastiness of Sebastian and Antonio. Where Gonzalo sees a beautiful landscape and hope, the other pair sees tigerlike danger as well as an opportunity to show ill will toward others. They show no respect for the older counselor in commenting, "he will carry this island home in his/pocket and give it his son for an apple." Even before they develop their scheme against the king, it is clear they are selfish, ungrateful men who do not have anyone else's interest at heart.
What the audience has learned about Gonzalo's optimistic character paves the way for the ideas he presents about the perfect commonwealth he envisions. Gonzalo's utopia is in many ways the opposite of the basic structure of English society at the time and undoubtedly owed a debt to an essay by the French writer Montaigne, "Des Cannibales," which gave an idealized view of the indigenous peoples of the New World.
In Shakespeare's time the fact that social classes and economic barriers restricted people from any social mobility and land ownership was the key to a powerful and wealthy existence for the nobles. Although Gonzalo says there will be no sovereignty, he does not eschew all authority as he suggests that he will "govern" the commonwealth, which Sebastian, who raises a legitimate criticism of the feasibility of Gonzalo's utopian vision, points out. It is a vision that belongs to someone, and that someone is the default ruler, even if that someone decries authority. Moreover while Gonzalo is a goodhearted man—he helped Prospero to survive when he was exiled, and he is deeply loyal to his king—he is not a particularly perceptive or effective person, and he is not able to do much practical good. The discussion again raises the issue of who should rule whom and how leaders should best govern those they serve—the theme of exploitation and power that recurs throughout the play.
The theme of magic also appears again in this scene in a number of ways. Gonzalo notices the men's clothes have not been affected by the sea or their current circumstances. The strangeness reminds the audience that things are not as they seem; an extended metaphor involving clothing begins here for the purpose of contrasting Gonzalo's idealism against Sebastian and Antonio's realism and opportunism. Gonzalo is actually correct: their clothing is fresher than before the shipwreck, whereas Sebastian and Antonio's pragmatism hold them bound to the illusion Ariel has created. Prospero's magical control and ability to see into the future is also seen at work in the sleep of all but Antonio and Sebastian. Their plotting itself is part of Prospero's overall plan. Shakespeare uses the symbol of sleep to illustrate just how much Prospero, through Ariel, is able to manipulate circumstances exactly as he wishes.
Taken together these magical elements reveal how Prospero controls all, and, like a playwright, creates an illusionary world to fulfill a specific purpose. Antonio and Sebastian's plot against the king parallels Antonio's earlier plot against his brother Prospero. Antonio urges Sebastian to pursue a form of revenge against his own brother, but it is Prospero, in pursuit of his own revenge, who is controlling what happens. The audience wonders what Prospero's ultimate purpose is for bringing the men to the island—is it merely revenge, or might there be more to it?
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B Why is there a negative in Hooke's Law (F = -kx)
1. Apr 2, 2016 #1
For Hooke's Law, why is there a negative in F = -k*x? Is it because k is the reaction force against the force applied on the spring and not the force pushing or pulling on it? For example, let's say that the origin is set where the spring ends when it's in equilibrium with no forces applied to it. However, when I push on to it, that force is going left into the negative direction, but the reaction force to that is pointing the positive direction (right). Therefore, is the reason why there's a negative in the Hooke's Law equation is to calculate for the reaction force while giving it less thought on where is the action force is going?
2. jcsd
3. Apr 2, 2016 #2
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Staff: Mentor
That's right. The force of the spring on whatever is pulling/pushing it is always directed opposite to the displacement.
4. Apr 2, 2016 #3
Thank you very much for your speedy reply.
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Dante Gabriel Rossetti
For A Virgin And Child By Hans Memmelinck - Poem by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
(In the Academy of Bruges)
MYSTERY: God, man's life, born into man
Of woman. There abideth on her brow
The ended pang of knowledge, the which now
Is calm assured. Since first her task began
She hath known all. What more of anguish than
Endurance oft hath lived through, the whole space
Through night till day, passed weak upon her face
While the heard lapse of darkness slowly ran?
All hath been told her touching her dear Son,
And all shall be accomplished. Where He sits
Even now, a babe, He holds the symbol fruit
Perfect and chosen. Until God permits,
His soul's elect still have the absolute
Harsh nether darkness, and make painful moan.
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Famous Poems
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3. The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
4. If You Forget Me
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5. Dreams
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6. Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
7. Caged Bird
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8. If
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9. Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
10. Do Not Stand At My Grave And Weep
Mary Elizabeth Frye
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Until the closing of his laboratory in 2005, Müller’s research concerned several important human parasites: Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. These organisms lack typical mitochondria—they are “amitochondriate”—and have an unusual anaerobic fermentative metabolism. The Müller lab’s research focused on the molecular and biochemical exploration of this metabolism with the goal of understanding its adaptive significance and evolutionary history. In the course of these studies, Müller and his colleagues identified in trichomonad flagellates a novel cell organelle, the hydrogenosome. This organelle produces hydrogen as a metabolic end product. Similar organelles have been found subsequently in several other anaerobic unicellular organisms, while others contain a smaller structure—the mitosome—that lacks a role in metabolism. Typical mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and mitosomes are currently regarded as closely related cell organelles, which derive from the ancestral protomitochondrion by divergent evolution.
Leaving experimental work behind, Müller continues the comprehensive analysis of the metabolic organization and evolutionary history of these divergent types of mitochondrion-related organelles. This analysis has led to novel insights into the origin of the ancestral eukaryotic cell and its diversification.
Müller also turned his interest in recent years to the history of 20th-century biology. His current work, conducted in archives and libraries in different countries, concerns two topics: the life and works of Hungarian theoretical biologist Ervin Bauer (1890–1938), who successively worked in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and the Soviet Union; and the impact of Soviet pseudoscientific distortions of biology (Trofim Lysenko and Olga Lepeshinskaya) on the subject in Eastern Europe in the 1940s and 1950s.
A native of Hungary, Müller received his M.D. from Budapest Medical University in 1955 and continued on the medical faculty as an instructor and assistant professor, where he studied food vacuoles in protozoa. In 1964 he joined Rockefeller as a research associate in the cell biology laboratory of Christian de Duve and later became a tenured associate professor and head of laboratory. He was promoted to full professor in 1999 at the age of 68. In 2007, Müller received the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary for his scientific work and support of art in Hungary. In 2006, he was the sixth recipient of the Eduard Reichenow Medal from the German Society for Protozoology, awarded for his life’s work in the comparative analysis of energy metabolism, its evolution, and its organellar localization in parasitic anaerobic protists. He is an external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. |
Cigarettes kill
The earlier you become addicted to cigarettes, the deeper the addiction is. Cigarettes contain nicotine which is a highly addictive. After a short time using cigarettes, your brain craves nicotine and tells you, you are unable to function properly without nicotine in your body. Smoking causes you to be sick when you're old but also when you are young. The biggest risk that comes with smoking is the chance that you will develop lung cancer. Cigarettes contain tar and many other chemicals which are cancer causing agents. Because smoking is addictive, you are not choosing whether you are going to smoke or not, you are choosing if you are going to become a smoker or not.
The tobacco industry wants you, your health, and your money. There goal is to get you addicted while you are young, so that it will take more to get you out of your addiction later in life. If you have an addiction, tell someone you love and try to stop. If you can not successfully stop then you should look for help at a treatment center, |
What is sugar?
A sweet crystallizable material that consists wholly or essentially of sucrose, is colorless or white
What are the most common ag sources of regular sugar?
Sugar cane and sugar beet.
How is sugar made?
Cane stalks are shredded and squeezed to extract it natural juice, which is boiled until it thickens and molasses-rich sugar crystals begin to settle. The molasses-rich crystals are sent to a rapidly spinning centrifuge to remove molasses and leave pure naturally white sugar crystals. The sugar crystals are then dried. It is important to note that cane sugar is neither chemically altered nor bleached to achieve its naturally white color.
Sugar is a carbohydrate. The body's primary source of energy is from carbohydrates. All vital organs – brain, heart, liver – need carbohydrates to meet their energy demands. Carbohydrates, including sugar, also play key roles in muscle function, growth and regulation of body temperature.
2 other interesting facts about sugar are:
1)Sugar beet growers in the U.S. and Canada now have the opportunity to use biotech enhanced varieties for weed control. This technology substantially reduces the need for chemical applications and cultivation. This is a plus for the environment as it reduces consumption of fossil fuels.
2)In the production of refined sugar, naturally occurring sucrose is extracted from sugar beets or sugar cane. Molecularly, sugar produced from biotech plants is the same as sugar produced from conventionally bred plants. |
tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds
1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle: the magnetic field that surrounds the earth.
2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication: The police surrounded the house.
1. Something, such as fencing or a border, that surrounds: a fireplace surround.
a. The area around a thing or place: inflammation extending to the surround of the eye.
b. often surrounds Surroundings; environment: "It was the country, the flat agricultural surround, that so ravished me" (Listener).
3. A method of hunting wild animals by surrounding them and driving them to a place from which they cannot escape.
[Middle English surrounden, to inundate, from Old French suronder, from Late Latin superundāre : Latin super-, super- + Latin undāre, to rise in waves (from unda, wave; see wed- in Indo-European roots).]
• involve - First meant "enfold, surround, wrap."
• enclave, exclave - An enclave is a group or area different from the surroundings, a secured area within another secured area, from Latin clavis, "key"; an exclave is the same thing, but usually describes a portion of a country separated from the main part and surrounded by politically alien territory.
• woebegone - Begone in woebegone means "beset" or "surrounded," so the word means "beset by woe."
• glade - Originally referred to a part of water not frozen over, but surrounded by ice, drawing an analogy to the same word for an opening in the woods.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Adj.1.surrounded - confined on all sides; "a camp surrounded by enemies"; "the encircled pioneers"
enclosed - closed in or surrounded or included within; "an enclosed porch"; "an enclosed yard"; "the enclosed check is to cover shipping and handling"
References in classic literature ?
The Princess, who expected to be quite alone, was pleased at finding herself surrounded by a number of pretty girls, all anxious to wait on her, whilst a brilliantly-coloured parrot said the most agreeable things in the world.
I was somewhat astonished to perceive that among the number of natives that surrounded us, not a single female was to be seen. |
Scientists Have Recreated Déjà Vu in The Lab, And It’s Less Spooky Than You’d Think
Sorry, the Matrix isn’t broken.
main article image
Most of us know it – that weird, sudden feeling of experiencing something not for the first time.
It’s called déjà vu – French for “already seen” – and it’s an uncanny feeling. But according to new research, that’s all it is. Just a feeling.
There have been many explanations, including the supernatural (that the person visited the location in a past life), the peculiar (that the person visited the location in a dream) and the worrying (the person is having a small frontal lobe seizure).
But the most accepted explanation is that it has to do with memory. Much like a word can be on the tip of your tongue, a memory could be on the tip of your mind – there, but not quite accessible.
This is what Anne Cleary, a cognitive psychologist at Colorado State University, has previously investigated through her research.
In a new paper, she’s now demonstrated that the feelings of premonition that accompany the phenomenon are just that – feelings.
A person experiencing déjà vu is no more likely to accurately predict what they’re going to see around the next corner than someone who is blindly guessing.
Other scientists have established that déjà vu is tied in with memories as well, but Cleary’s specific hypothesis, demonstrated in previous research, is that familiarity is a key trigger.
A street layout, spatial layout, or even a face might look similar to a different place or layout or face, without a specific memory immediately coming to mind.
“We cannot consciously remember the prior scene, but our brains recognise the similarity. That information comes through as the unsettling feeling that we’ve been there before, but we can’t pin down when or why,” Cleary said.
“My working hypothesis is that déjà vu is a particular manifestation of familiarity. You have familiarity in a situation when you feel you shouldn’t have it, and that’s why it’s so jarring, so striking.”
According to Cleary, anecdotal reports show that déjà vu is often accompanied by a strong feeling of being able to predict the future. And, in a 1959 experiment that induced déjà vu by stimulating the temporal cortex, participants also reported feeling a sense of premonition.
Now, building on previous experiments, Cleary has put 298 people to the test. The team built environments in the computer game The Sims – layouts that were spatially the same, but thematically different: for example, a garden and a junkyard.
In other studies, such duplication has proven to induce déjà vu feelings in participants.
junkyard garden
In this new study, participants were tasked with watching videos that showed a first-person walkthrough of a series of scenes, each opening with a female voice stating and then repeating the name of the scene, such as a junkyard, or an aquarium.
They were then shown a series of test videos, which were cosmetically different from the study videos, but half of which were laid out exactly the same. At a critical point, the participants were stopped and asked if they were experiencing déjà vu and if they knew what the next turn should be.
Around half of the participants reported feeling a sense of premonition alongside déjà vu – but they were no more likely to hit on the correct answer than participants who chose randomly.
So, that feeling of being able to predict the future just isn’t real.
Cleary and her team will be following up the experiment to find out if déjà vu premonition is accompanied by hindsight bias, whereby people become convinced that they knew what would happen after the fact.
Déjà vu Is a Neurological Phenomenon Scientists Claim.
Have you ever experienced déjà vu? If so, you are among the 60-70% of the population who has. The majority of those who report déjà vu are between the ages 15 and 25. I’m a complete rationalist who believes that every phenomenon, no matter how strange or supernatural it appears, has a scientific reason behind it. Even so, I’ve met several people and walked into a few situations where, though I had never been there before or met the person before, I suddenly felt awash in a bizarre familiarity. This transcendental sensation can shake beliefs such as mine right to their very core.
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But I wasn’t ready to denounce science yet. And I’m glad. Because it turns out, there is a rational explanation. Though some radical notions have in the past been connected to this strange feeling, such as déjà vu being a momentarily aligning with a past life or another you in a parallel universe, or as my editor suggests—a glitch in the matrix, scientists now believe it has a neurological basis.
Unfortunately, the feeling is here one minute and gone the next, making it difficult to study. Even so, there are quite a few theories on what causes it. One traditional hypothesis, posited by psychiatrists, is mismatched brain signals. For a second it feels as though we are transported to a moment in the past and we mistake it for the present. This may be why it’s been associated with the idea of reincarnation.
Another theory is that déjà vu is our brain trying to piece together a situation on limited information. A third states that it is a misfiring in the parts of the brain that recall memory and decipher sensory input. Sensory information, rather than taking the proper channels, leaks out of the short-term memory and into the long-term one. In this way, current experiences seem to be connected to the past. Some studies even suggest that familiar geometric shapes give us a sense of knowing something about a place that is, in reality, totally unfamiliar to us.
Instead of a glitch in the matrix, déjà vu may just be a glitch in our memory.
Since we are completely aware of everything that’s going on when we experience déjà vu, this suggests that every part of the brain need not participate for the sensation to take place. Psychologist Anne M. Cleary at Colorado State University, in a study in 2008, found that déjà vu followed patterns we associate with memory, specifically recognition memory. This is the kind that gets us to understand that we are confronting something that we’ve seen or experienced before. If you’ve ever recognized a landmark, a friend from across the room, or a song on the stereo, you’ve experienced recognition memory.
Familiarity-based recognition is associated with it. Here, we have that feeling of familiarity, but we can’t quite place where we’ve seen this person, place, or thing. For instance, you recognize someone across the street, but can’t remember their name or where you know them from. Prof. Cleary conducted several studies which found that déjà vu is a form of familiarity-based recognition. Her work suggests that our memory stores items in fragments. When there is a certain overlap between old and new experiences, we have strong feelings about the connection, which we interpret as déjà vu.
Recent studies looking at epileptic patients made impressive breakthroughs in our understanding of the phenomenon. Epileptics with certain intractable conditions require electrodes to be placed inside their brains in order to locate the source of their seizures. During this procedure, some neurologists have had patients experience déjà vu. They soon discovered that the phenomenon takes place in the medial temporal lobe, which is responsible for memory. The electrodes are usually placed within the rhinal cortex—the most important piece of which is the hippocampus, the structure responsible for long-term memory formation. French scientists have found that firing current into this cortex can trigger an episode of déjà vu.
Location of the amygdala and the hippocampus.
The French study, published in the journal Clinical Neurophysiology,measured EEG wave patterns from patients with epilepsy who experienced déjà vu through electrical stimulation. The areas of the brain they examined included the amygdala, which is responsible for emotion and the hippocampus. Researchers found that electrical patterns, emanating from rhinal cortices and the amygdala or the hippocampus, caused déjà vu to occur. These neuroscientists believe that some sort of electrical phenomenon in the medial temporal lobe activates the memory in such a way that it causes déjà vu to occur.
Stranger still, scientists in the UK have actually found patients who experience “chronic déjà vu.” In this case, experts identified four senior citizens who encounter the feeling on a consistent basis. What is the impact of such a phenomenon? It made them feel as if they were clairvoyant. All four refused to go to the doctor, believing they already knew what the physician would say, and avoided watching the news, thinking they already knew the outcome. That’s because each time they took part in either activity that was the result they came to.
Each individual experienced some type of problem with the temporal lobe of their brain. The circuits in that area were in a sense stuck in the “on” position. It just goes to show that when we don’t know the reason for a phenomenon or sensation, our mind assigns a meaning to it. But that isn’t necessarily the correct one. And even though knowing the neurological basis of déjà vu may evaporate the supernatural awe surrounding it, understanding the phenomenon better puts a scientific mind, like mine, at ease.
‘The Matrix’ Reboot in the Works at Warner Bros
The 1999 sci-fi movie is coming back.
More Matrix? Bet on it.It’s still not clear what shape the project will take, but sources tell The Hollywood Reporter that Warner Bros. is in the early stages of developing a relaunch of The Matrix, the iconic 1999 sci-fi movie that is considered one of the most original films in cinematic history, with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment.Sources say there is potential interest in Michael B. Jordan to star, but much must be done before the project is ready to go.
The Matrix was released in a quiet period of the 1999 release calendar — March 31 — and Warner Bros. didn’t have outsized expectations for an action movie with obvious Manga and comic-book influences. But the story and ground-breaking special effects (including the slow-motion “bullet time” effect, which launched dozens of imitators in the years that followed) became the highest grossing R-rated film of 1999 in North America, and the fourth-highest grossing film of the year worldwide. It also won four Academy Awards.
Two sequels, Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, were not as well received, but Reeves’ deal for those films made him one of the richest actors in Hollywood.
While promoting John Wick: Chapter 2, Reeves said he would be open to returning for another installment of the franchise if the Wachowskis were involved. “They would have to write it and direct it. And then we’d see what the story is, but yeah, I dunno, that’d be weird, but why not?” he told Yahoo Movies. However, it is likely that Warners will look elsewhere to attract an A-list director and star.
While some at Warners consider the title among the studio’s sacrosanct properties, such as Casablanca, others see a need to redevelop it in an environment where studios are desperately looking for ways to monetize their libraries and branded IP is hard to come by.
Penn is a writer with deep roots in the geeky genres in which Matrix travels. He created the Syfy network’s super-powered show Alphas and has been involved in comic book movies ranging from the X-Men franchise to The Avengers.
Glitch In The Matrix? Many People Claim to Have Seen a Movie That Never Existed
This is one of the strangest internet stories you will likely ever read: There are people on Reddit and Twitter attempting to find a movie called Shazaam which starred actor and comedian Sinbad as a friendly genie. According to those who claim to have seen this movie, it came out before Shaq’s critically panned comedy called Kazaam, and was a relatively enjoyable ‘90s comedy.
The only problem is, there is no record of such a movie ever existing, and Sinbad himself says he never acted in it or even heard of it before random people on the internet started asking him about it.
The magazine NewStatesman has just published a fascinating investigative article about the conspiracy, and some theories as to why so many people have vivid memories of watching a movie that there is no evidence has ever existed. Literally, there are no records of the movie ever being made—no photos, no old VHS tapes, nothing. That’s despite cash rewards from people eager to prove it is real.
Some people believe the group is falling victim to “the social contagion of memory”—essentially, all of the talk about the movie is creating realistic false memories in people’s minds. Some people believe the movie was “disappeared” because Sinbad himself hated it. Some people believe it is an example of the “Mandela Effect,” which essentially states that multiple realities have existed, and splintered versions sometimes converge (in this case, in one reality Shazaam was real).
Either way, it is really, really strange.
16 Signs That You’re A Slave To The Matrix
Bank of America analysts think there’s a 50 per cent chance we live in The Matrix.
Report cites SpaceX founder Elon Musk and Oxford philosophy professor Nick Bostrom.
The report, which was issued to clients, also implies even if our world was an illusion, we would never know about it.
Bank of America Merrill Lynch backed up the claims by citing comments from leading philosophers, scientists and other thinkers.
View image on Twitter
“It is conceivable that with advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and computing power, members of future civilizations could have decided to run a simulation of their ancestors,” the report stated.
The analysts took inspiration from inventor and SpaceX founder Elon Musk, who believes there is a high probability the world is part of an artificial intelligence created by a future civilisation.
Elon Musk – The chance that we are not living in a computer simulation is ‘one in billions’
Its claims also appeal to the work of a philosophy professor from the University of Oxford. In 2003, Professor Nick Bostrom concluded there is significant possibility we “live in a simulation”.
Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson also maintains the likelihood of the universe being a simulation “may be very high”.
Philosophers dating back to the 16th century, notably René Descartes, have suggested we cannot rely on our sense experiences to perceive the world.
The Bank of America’s report, which was looking at the implications of virtual reality, explained: “Many scientists, philosophers, and business leaders believe that there is a 20-50 per cent probability that humans are already living in a computer-simulated virtual world.
In the 1999 film The Matrix, humans live in a simulated reality created by machines to control the human population.
All Eyes Are On the Control Matrix
No matter if you’re asleep at the wheel of life or have awoken to not just the consciousness of reality, but also the corporatocracythat has hijacked our world, most of us are paying attention to our shrinking wallets, as well as the political circus. The system is in the limelight, but not how the power structure would like it to be.
All Eyes Are On the Control Matrix
In response, grass roots truth and sovereignty movements are budding all over the earth in a decentralised and impenetrable way. People are organising all across the planet to peacefully resist the enroachment on our freedoms and build healthy and progressive alternatives to a profit-before-morality model which has infiltrated our economic, political, medicinal, entrepreneurial and philosophical spheres.
If the hidden hand had its way, it would just continue with the same old story of a left/right illusion where the people actually feel like they’ve got a genuine choice in the affairs of their future. The political system should no doubt be capitalised on to educate society and facilitate the actual change we need, but depending on the old duopoly will always end fruitlessly.
All Eyes Are On the Control Matrix - FB
Examples include this political sell-out, an impending fiat-debt implosion, our environmental degradation, a dying middle class, increasing health issues, big money tax evasion, widespread socioeconomic disadvantage, Middle East tensions, societal unrest and the drugging of our society by the pharma monopolies, to name but a few.
Joe Rogan and NASA Physicist: “We’re Living in the Matrix”
Joe Rogan and NASA Physicist Tom Campbell discuss the nature of reality. They explore the simulation theory of existence as well as the importance of creating goals for yourself, making a mental place holder for yourself in the future.
They most importantly touch on the capabilities of the emotion of love and how using love as our method of interacting with others, we can achieve connectivity and spiritual growth where as fear of others leads to loneliness and selfishness.
Information is at the core of our existence.
Watch the video. URL:
Computer programming: Why we should all learn to hack.
Owning a computer once went hand in hand with understanding exactly how it worked. That may have changed but Tom Chatfield says it’s time to reclaim the past.
There is an old joke amongst computer programmers: “There are only 10 types of people in the world: those who understand binary, and those who don’t.”
Not funny to everyone, but it makes a neat point. We now live in a world divided between those who understand the inner workings of our computer-centric society and those who don’t. This is not something that happened overnight, but it is something that has profound consequences for our future.
Rewind to computing’s earliest decades and being a “hacker” was a term of praise rather than disgrace. It meant you were someone who could literally hack code down to size and get it to do new things – or stop it from doing old things wrong. You were someone who could see through the system and, perhaps, engineer something better, bolder and smarter.
In the early 1970s, Steve Jobs and his co-founder at Apple, Steve Wozniak, worked out how to “hack” the American phone system by using high-pitched tones, so that they could make prank calls to people such as the Pope (he was asleep at the time). It was a mild kind of mischief by modern standards – and a sign of a time in which the once-impenetrable realms of mainframe computers and institutional communications systems were beginning to be opened up by brilliant amateurs.
As you might expect, the phone system has become considerably harder to hack since the 1970s, and the divide between those who use computers and those who program them has also widened as the software and machines have become more complex. Having started out as outposts of do-it-yourself home computing, companies like Apple have become pioneers of seamless user experience, creating apps and interfaces that don’t even demand anything as technical as the use of a keyboard or mouse, let alone insights into the inner workings of the technology involved.
Year of code
This relentless drive towards technology that blends seamlessly into our lives leaves us in an increasingly bifurcated world. Information technology is a trillion-dollar global industry, with legions of skilled workers creating its products. Outside of their ranks, however, the average user’s ability to understand and adapt the tools they are using has steadily declined. It is a situation that is unlikely to change overnight – but there are movements aimed at bridging this gap.
In the coming weeks, a UK foundation will launch the Raspberry Pi – a £16 “computer” aimed largely at schoolchildren. Unlike your tablet or laptop, however, this computer is not a glossy, finished piece of kit, and deliberately so. The credit card-sized, bare bones circuit board is more akin to the early DIY machines that the likes of Jobs and Wozniak created and played with in the earliest days of computing. It demands to be tinkered with or “hacked” – and that is the whole point. It encourages people to better understand the hardware at their fingertips.
Across the Atlantic, meanwhile, a young organisation called Code Academy has made the increasing of people’s understanding of the code that runs on their machines into its mission. With over half a million users registering just during its first month of operation in 2011, Code Academyis a rapidly-expanding service aimed at imparting the basics of coding to anyone wishing to learn, free of charge. Its initial focus is the web language JavaScript, and it is inviting users to make 2012 their “code year” by sending out emailed prompts to complete one interactive coding lesson every Monday.
In professional terms, it’s easy to see why knowing how to put together a program is a valuable skill: more and more jobs require some technical know-how, and the most skilled students have glittering prospects ahead of them. But with only a fraction of those signing up for free lessons ever likely to reach even a semi-professional level of skill, are movements like Code Academy able to offer more than good intentions?
The answer, I believe, is a resounding yes. Because learning about coding doesn’t just mean being able to make or fix a particular program; it also means learning how to think about the world in a certain way – as a series of problems ripe for reasoned, systematic solution. And while expertise and fluency may be hard-won commodities, simply learning to think like someone coding a solution to a problem can mean realising how the reasoned, systematic approaches someone else took might not be perfect – or, perhaps, neither reasonable nor systematic at all.
‘No magical safeguards’
Like Neo’s moment of revelation in the first Matrix movie, learning to picture the code behind the digital services you are using means realising that what you are looking at is not an immutable part of the universe; it is simply a conditional, contingent something cooked up by other human coders. And this is the divide that matters more than any other between coding insiders and outsiders: realising that the system you are using is only a system; that it can be changed and criticised; and that, even if you do not personally have the skills to rip it apart and report on the results, someone else probably does and already has done.
This last point – the ability to benefit from others’ expertise, and to know how to begin searching it out – is an especially important one. From cynical corporations to shadowy spam-mailers, there are plenty of people who would like nothing more than a digital citizenship ill-equipped to ask what lies beneath the surface. Thinking differently does not demand coding mastery. It simply requires recognition that even the most elegant digital service has its limitations and encoded human biases – and that it is possible for more troubling cargoes to be encoded, too.
In 2010, for example, an FBI investigation revealed that one suburban Philadelphia school district had included malicious software on laptopsgiven out to pupils that allowed the computers to be used for covert surveillance via their cameras and network connections. The software in question would have been undetectable to all but the most devotedly expert of investigators. Since the case emerged, however, the widespread documentation and discussion it provoked has left those alert to such possibilities far better prepared to defend against them in future.
Code Academy and its ilk have no magical safeguards to offer or instant paths to understanding. For many people, though, signing up will be a first step towards asking a better class of question about their online world – and searching a little longer and harder for better answers within it.
And in case you are still wondering – 10 is the binary for two. |
Blood Clots
Monday, August 15, 2016
Blood clots stop bleeding, but they can also form in the body when theyre not needed. Dr. Edward Hill tells us more about blood clots in todays 60 Second Housecall.
Dr. Hill:
Some blood clots form inside your veins without a good reason and dont dissolve naturally. These may require medical attention, especially if they are in your legs or are in more critical locations, such as your lungs and brain. A number of conditions can cause this type of blood clot.
Once these clots form, they can travel to other parts of your body, causing harm. Factors and conditions that can cause troublesome blood clots, as well as serious conditions that are associated with blood clots, include developing swelling, redness or pain on an arm or leg.
Avoid sitting for long periods.
Make changes in your lifestyle. Lose weight, lower high blood pressure, stop smoking and exercise regularly.
For North Mississippi Medical Center, Im Dr. Edward Hill. |
Pedro de Ojeda
In office
1506 – 1515
Queen Isabella I
Succeeded by Miguel Francisco de Vaca
Born (1453-10-22)October 22, 1453
Salobreña, Emirate of Granada
Died August 10, 1532(1532-08-10) (aged 78)
Toledo, Crown of Castille
Spouse Miriam de Ojeda
Children Francisco de Ojeda
Profession Explorer
Military service
Rank Admiral
Battles/wars Spanish conquest of Central America
Don Pedro Javier de Ojeda, marqués de Gvonn (1453–1532) was a Spanish conquistador, captain, nobleman and the first governor of the Governorate of Neuva Catalonia.
Pedro's troops landed in modern day Puerto Pedro in 1505, and started a war with the locals living there. After a three day siege, Pedro's troops captured the Incan stronghold of Techtatitlan, establishing the Governorate of Neuva Catalonia. He later returned back to Spain to be crowned the Governor of New Catalonia by Charles V.
The Spanish conquistadors mercilessly began to slaughter the natives, by inhumane killing and spreading of diseases, and his troops estabished the city of Gvonn in 1509, after razing down two native sacred places. He constructed his private residence on top of a native burial ground.
He annexed Inochtitlan in 1510, and began to forcibly steal the Incan gold. He also started a slaving company, transporting Incan slaves back to Spain.
He died in 1532 in Toledo, Spain.
The Alconbrian warship, the Ojeda is named after Pedro de Ojeda. |
What Is a Metabolic Disorder?
Our bodies are very sensitive to errors in metabolism. For example, the brain needs calcium, potassium and sodium to generate electrical impulses, and lipids (fats and oils) to maintain a healthy nervous system. If your body does not have enough of these minerals then your brain cannot function at its best.
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease. In type 1 diabetes, the T cells attack and kill beta cells in the pancreas, the cells that produce insulin. Over time, a lack of insulin can cause nerve and kidney damage, eyesight impairment, and increased risk of heart and vascular disease.
Metabolic disorders can take many forms. For instance:
•a missing enzyme or vitamin that is necessary for an important chemical reaction
•abnormal chemical reactions that hinder metabolic processes
•nutritional deficiencies
Solutions in the Gut for Metabolic Disorders – Gut-Brain Function
Our state-of-the-art Mineral Tissue Analysis can reveal various mineral imbalances that indicate that the processes in your brain and nervous system are not working properly, causing chronic health issues. It is used to address the root causes of physical and mental health issues – nutrient deficiencies and heavy metal and chemical toxicity – and provides a plan to resolve these issues. We will receive an individualized and specialized diet plan, targeted nutrient therapy, detoxification protocols, and lifestyle recommendations that will improve your health and help you feel better, faster. It is a powerful program proven to reverse disease and improve health symptoms. Get more information on Metabolic Testing & Treatment HERE. |
Careers & Employment Information
Learning a Foreign Language
Many people love learning languages or would like to learn a language and use their language skills in a job. In today's global economy the demand for language skills continues to grow as governments, businesses and organisations build relationships with foreign interests.
Learning a language is beneficial in employment for two reasons; 1) it offers those in established careers the chance to progress either through gaining promotions or international travel and experience, and 2) it opens doors to new careers and employment opportunities.
This article will look at the range of jobs learning a language can offer.
International Organisations
International organisations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organisation, the Red Cross, and Amnesty International will always need people with language skills for a range of functions from administrative work to management. Most will need a cross section of language skills plus many speakers in the main international languages such as English, French, Spanish and Arabic.
The Foreign Service
National governments demand huge numbers of foreign language speakers for their Foreign Service departments. Working for the Foreign Service could mean living and working abroad in an embassy, liaising with counterparts in other countries, listening to intelligence reports in foreign languages and translating them and conducting research in foreign languages.
The Foreign Service is usually a challenge to get into; however, it is well known that language skills help bolster applicants' profiles.
Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Industries
Speaking a foreign language makes you a good candidate for positions within the tourism and hospitality industries.
Many companies send staff to man local offices abroad, which means speakers of the native languages are required. In addition, the international nature of such companies usually means they have a global presence and that staff with language skills are critical to their day to day operations and future expansion.
Even at home, where hotels, leisure complexes, restaurants receive large numbers of foreign visitors, speakers of foreign languages are needed to offer good customer service.
Translation & Interpreting
Once language skills have reached a good level, translating and interpreting become an option.
Translators deal with written materials and typically translate texts from a source language into their own native language. Translators usually need qualifications or accreditation, but once this is achieved it is easy to register with a number of translation agencies that pass on work to freelancers. After some time many translators become specialised in certain fields such as software, law or social sciences.
Similarly, interpreters, who deal with spoken language, also need qualifications and most importantly experience. Interpreters can also register with agencies that use them for interpreting projects. Interpreters work in two ways: 1) Simultaneous - the interpreter translates in real time such as in conferences. 2) Consecutive - the interpreter listens to a section of speech, waits for the speaker to pause, then translates such as in business meetings.
Many speakers of foreign languages go into teaching. Teaching not only offers the chance to pass on knowledge of a language, but also to constantly practice it.
Teachers can work at a variety of different institutions such as private language schools, government schools or adult education colleges. Languages are taught to a range of age groups from kindergarten to adults. Once teachers have developed their skills they may also gain more qualifications and/or specialise in areas such as Business French or Spanish and law.
The above examples of jobs are but a few of the possibilities available to speakers of foreign languages. The variety points to the fact that learning a language opens up many doors in relation to employment and careers development. So if you would like to advance in your career or considering a new line of work, why not consider learning a language?
Neil Payne runs Kwintessential, a cross cultural communication consultancy. Visit the site at:
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Principal Investigator: Spence, John C. (University of Alberta)
1. The research question
A quarter of young Canadian children is overweight or obese. These rates have increased over the past decade and will continue to rise in the future if the causes are not addressed. Though once considered an adult problem, obesity in children is associated with lower quality of life and greater risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease down the road. We know that an imbalance in the amount of calories consumed (dietary intake) in relation to the calories burned through work and play (physical activity) are the most immediate causes of overweight and obesity. However, there is a host of factors that influence dietary intake and physical activity. For instance, the built environment (e.g., the way neighbourhoods are designed; access to fast-food restaurants) has recently been associated with obesity amongst adults. But very little research has been conducted with children and even less is known about how the environment is related to changes in body weight over time. For us to claim that the built environment is a cause of obesity, we need evidence from longitudinal studies (changes over time) and experimental studies; no such evidence currently exists. If a link between the built environment and childhood overweight and obesity is found, then opportunities for interventions and policy can be identified.
2. The objective
Our goal is to determine if aspects of the built environment (e.g., neighbourhood design, access to facilities) are linked to changes in weight or changes in physical activity and/or diet among a large sample of young children in Edmonton, Alberta.
3. The approach
We have previously recruited 2,000 children and their parents who agreed to participate in future research. We measured the height and weight of the children and the parents reported on their physical activity, dietary intake and habits, and sedentary behaviour.
In this study, we will assess the same criteria in physical fitness and dietary behaviour for both the children and the parents. We will also survey the parents on their education, household income, and perceptions of the neighbourhood where they live.
In our data analysis, we will determine if the children's weight is linked to their behaviour (physical activity, dietary intake, sedentary behaviour) or the characteristics of the neighbourhood where they live.
4. The unique factors
1) A large sample of children who were previously recruited through health clinics in Edmonton.
2) A longitudinal/prospective design to study the role of the built environment in childhood obesity.
3) Actual measures of physical fitness and body weight. This type of data is rarely collected in studies with large samples of children.
4) The link between weight and behaviour of children and their parents and actual measures of the built environment. Data on the built environment have already been collected in the past two years.
We will study the role of the built environment in physical activity, nutrition, sedentary behaviour, and overweight/obesity among a large sample of children.
We have recruited several community organizations as well as Dr. Gerry Predy, a policy maker, on the research team; and adopted a knowledge translation plan to ensure that our work will be relevant to policy development. |
Video Guitar Lesson w/tab - Bending Exercises From John McCarthy
In this Video lesson with John, the creator of The Rock House Method system of learning, introduces those players who are yet familiar with bending. The following three riffs utilize different bending techniques in the context of a lead. Each riff uses the A minor pentatonic scale in a different position. These are just a few examples of how to use bending techniques in the context of scales and leads using different left hand fingers. The video comes from the DVD "Learn Rock Guitar Intermediate DVD". You can get it at The Rock House Store
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
1 comment:
Jamorama Review said...
Having a guitar lesson won't make you a rockstar but it can give you the skills to be one. So get yourself into it and be inclined to guitar music. |
Aboriginal dating sydney
As areas of central Australia shifted from wetlands to the deserts of today, Aboriginal peoples devised new methods to thrive in their environment.“The invention and dispersion of the tula – a small multi-purpose cutting tool – is a prime example of the innovations pioneered by Aboriginal peoples as a result of increased drought conditions,” said Poll.Indeed, Shane admitted that many ancient Aborigine words are only known today because one early settler, Lieutenant William Dawes, formed an attachment with a local woman called Patyegarang, who taught him the language of the Eora people - which he recorded in notebooks.
The "Eora people" are the coastal Aborigines of the Sydney district.In 1790 Governor Phillip noted: ‘ About the north-west part of this harbour there is a tribe which is mentioned as being very powerful.This district is called Cammerra, the head of the tribe is named Cammerragal.The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain.From 1788 to 1900 Sydney was the capital of the British colony of New South Wales. In 1900, Sydney became a state capital, when New South Wales voted to join the Australian Federation. |
对伊朗采取新策略 分享到
A New Strategy on Iran 2018-05-3147228
In a speech at the Heritage Foundation, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo explained that the Iran nuclear deal had failed in its core purpose:keeping the American people safe from the risk created by the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The sunset clauses of the deal, Secretary of State Pompeo declared, merely delayed Iran from achieving a nuclear weapons capability;the inspections and verifications mechanisms were insufficient;the deal failed to address the regime’s continuing development of ballistic and cruise missiles;and, while the deal allowed the regime to use the money it received because of the deal “to boost the fortunes of a struggling people...the regime’s leaders refused to do so.”
“Instead,” said Secretary Pompero, “the government spent its newfound treasure fueling proxy wars across the Middle East and lining the pockets of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis…The Iranian wave of destruction in the region in just the last few years is proof that Iran’s nuclear aspirations cannot be separated from the overall security picture.”
Now, outside of the Iran deal, Secretary Pompeo said,the United States will continue to work with allies to counter the regime’s destabilizing activities;block its financing of terror; address Iran’s proliferation of missiles; and ensure that Iran never has a path to a nuclear weapon.Until the Iranian regime changes course, the U.S. “will apply unprecedented financial pressure.”Secretary Pompeo said, “Iran will be forced to make a choice: either to fight to keep its economy off life support at home,or keep squandering precious wealth on fights abroad.It will not have the resources to do both.”
The changes in Iranian policies the U.S. is calling for include stopping uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing;terminating further development of nuclear-capable missile systems;ending support to Middle East terrorist groups; withdrawing its forces from Syria; and releasing its grip of repression on the Iranian people.If Iran makes a fundamental strategic shift, the United States is prepared to take actions which will benefit the Iranian people,including ending sanctions and supporting the integration of Iran’s economy into the international economic system.“It is America’s hope,” Secretary of State Pompeo said,“that our labors toward peace and security will bear fruit for the long-suffering people of Iran.We long to see them prosper and flourish as in past decades and, indeed, as never before.”
美国呼吁伊朗改变政策，包括停止铀浓缩和钚再处理；终止进一步研发可携带核弹头的导弹系统；停止支持中东的恐怖组织；撤出其在叙利亚的力量；停止镇压伊朗人民。如果伊朗做出根本的战略转变，美国准备采取有利于伊朗人民的行动，包括终止制裁和支持伊朗经济与国际经济体系的融合。“美国希望，” 国务卿蓬佩奥指出，“我们为伊朗长期遭受苦难的人民所做出的和平安全方面的努力可以开花结果。我们期望看到他们像过去几十年间那样实现繁荣发展，甚至是实现前所未有的繁荣发展。” |
Alpine Rivers are working for Us
Study site
The river Salzach leaves the northern eastern Alps near the town Salzburg and flows along the Austrian and Bavarian border through the Alpine foothillsThe river has its source in the Kitzbühler Alpen/Österreich at a height of 2300 m a.s.l. and flows into the Inn (344 m a.s.l.); its total length is 225 km. In 1817 the river Salzach was a braided river. In the past 100 years, the river moved to a monotonous and straight river morphology due to various human activities such as widh reduction, bed load retention in the upstream catchment and gravel extractions. As a consequence, a significant incision of the river bed (up to 5 meters in approximately 100 years) has been observed causing a significant lowering of the groundwater table. In addition, the risk of sudden river-bed break-through, especially during floods, increased as demonstrated by some events near Salzach (Amt der Salzburger Landesregierung 1969).
Historical variations, location and view of the Salzach river in the pilot area reach (Photo: Stockhammer, 2004).
Restoration project
The restoration site “Lower Salzach” is located between 15 km in the north of the town of Salzburg to the confluence of the Salzach and the river Inn. The main aims of the restoration project (started in 2008) are: i) raising river bed and water level, ii) reducing the risk of sudden river-bed break-through, iii) widening the river bed by a self-acting bank erosion and iv) restoring the connection with adjacent wetlands and floodplains. To reach these objectives the following actions have been implemented: construction of a rip rap-section/revetment for stabilizing the river bed, construction of a step & pool ramp and the partial removal of some bank protections.
Restoration actions implemented in the river Salzach (sources Bing map; photos by P. Stockhammer, 2004 and M. Hengl, 2012).
More info: |
Chehalis Valley Historical Museum
Written by BK Shaw
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The Chehalis Valley historical museum was built in 1906 and was originally a Scandinavian Lutheran Church. You can see a wide array of early day artifacts in this museum. It's in the town of Montesano which has a population of a little over three thousand people. The history of the name Montesano means 'mountain of health' in Spanish. A visit to a museum can provide another dimension to a city and really give the traveler the sensation of having learned something. The Chehalis Valley historical museum is no exception to the rule.
For local history you should visit the Chehalis Valley historical museum. Museums, particularly history museums can help us get in touch with our roots and give us a whole new perspective. Chehalis has an interesting history and the town was greatly impacted by a woman named Eliza Barrett. Eliza was married several times, had several more children and was quite independent in her thinking.
She had control over a large acreage and against the advice of many men in the town; Eliza divided her land and sold it to give her a large control of the town's land. She had a lot of say in the way the town developed and many people credit her with the way the town looks today. Eliza gave away much of her property and founded many important institutions including the first Catholic Church as well as a Catholic boarding school for girls.
The Chehalis Valley Historical Museum Hours
The museum is open between 10am and 4pm through the summer. You will be able to see for yourself the rich culture that founds this charming town.
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Arc Flash Guide: Pipe Marking Allows Team members to Attend to Problems Extra Effectively
Debian Türkiye sitesinden
Aisle Marking Tape Suggestions Pipes are a universally employed indicates of transportation for liquids and gases and enable substantial quantities of components to become carried more than long distances, incredibly simply. Pipes are generally created from steel or other supplies that are typically opaque and give no indication in the components that they carry. In industries along with other complexes it becomes pretty necessary to recognize the materials carried inside the pipes, to help upkeep and other safety elements. This requires a program of pipe marking that enables the material being carried to be quickly identified. Standards happen to be set for such marking and have gained universal acceptance. So a pipe marked in India will indicate exactly the same details as a related pipe marked inside the United states of america.
Pipe marking labels really need to convey information and facts about the contents from the pipes. Where hazardous materials are becoming conveyed, such marking also can give added details on pressures and temperatures. Pipes will carry materials that are very hazardous, those which are not a safety danger and others that convey supplies expected to suppress fires. Higher hazard supplies are these which have caustic or corrosive materials, these which are explosive or flammable, these that can generate toxic gases and those that turn out to be hazardous when subjected to extremes of temperatures or pressures. Low hazard materials becoming conveyed in pipes will usually not harm men and women when such pipes fracture or burst. Pipes that convey fire suppression supplies may have foam, carbon dioxide, water or Halon.
This classification of hazard, results in diverse colour codes being employed within the common pipe marking schemes in vogue. Pipes conveying higher hazard materials use black characters on a yellow, orange or brown background. When pipes have marking that has white characters on a green background they may be carrying low hazard components which are liquid in nature. When the identical low hazard pipes carry gases, they may have white characters on a blue background. A red background and white letters indicate that the pipe is carrying fire suppression material. The minimum size of letters has to be half an inch, but larger letters are employed for larger diameter pipes. Further modifications happen to be made to colors for the labels that enable them to be identified with all the materials being carried. Orange indicates toxic and corrosive fluids, even though a yellow background would indicate flammable liquids and brown backgrounds will indicate combustible liquids. Compressed air carrying pipes will probably be marked with labels of blue background. Discover More Blog Posts Concerning floor tape
Pipe marking has to be placed on pipes in such a way that they are quickly study. So, pipe marking for pipes running at ground level will ought to face up, though pipes operating on trestles at a height must have labels facing downwards. The size of letters needs to be such that they're very easily read from the typical aisles or inspection gangways. Labels are critical exactly where you can find fittings, branches or maybe a transform of path. On straight lengths the pipe marking must be repeated at hassle-free intervals.
Appropriate pipe marking reduces the possibilities of hazards turning into dangers, as vital data may be quickly conveyed for decisions to become created to handle emergencies. They also allow personnel to recognize pipe content material, origins, destinations along with the flow path.
You may have almost certainly seen floor signs you entire life and not given them considerably thought. Even so, they're an extremely critical part of society. Floor indicators help to inform people today of important data. For those who have your very own organization, or are thinking of opening a business, you'll want to start out considering what types of floor indicators you may want.
Among the list of most well-liked variety of floor signs are ones that warn folks of a wet floor. The floor can grow to be wet as a consequence of persons walking in in the rain or due to the fact a thing spilled. Either way, you have got the responsibility to let your shoppers know to be careful. This will also safeguard you must an individual fall. Nowadays, you are able to typically uncover them with English and Spanish warnings on them furthermore to a picture depicting a wet floor.
Floor signs also can help to navigate folks via your workplace. This can be valuable to guests so they will obtain their way to the correct station. |
Kindergarten - What Time Of Day Is It?
Time and Measurement
What Time of Day Is It?
Demonstrate understanding concept of time and tools that measure time.
Be able to understand what time is. The different ways that time can be measured. Know how to measure time in both small increments and large increments.
Sample Problems
Would you use a clock or a calendar to tell time?
To count months of the year do you use a clock or a calendar?
Which one takes a longer amount of time a day or a week?
Learning Tips
Have an analog clock handy. Show your child the different hands on the clock. Point out the difference in size between the minute hand and hour hand. If there I a second hand, also point out the differences. Show your child how the minute hand moves from one minute to the next in 60 seconds. Clap 60 times in a minute to show how quickly a second passes. This is also a fun way to reinforce the concept of a second. Compare how quickly the minute hand travels once around the clock to the hour hand. The minute hand goes from the twelve to the twelve and the hour hand only moves from one number to the next.
To explain the concept of an hour, compare it to a task that may take an hour. Ex: Having dinner, getting ready for bed, etc.,
Finally compare an hour to a day. Explain that a day is when the sun comes up in the morning until they go to sleep and wake up the next day. Tell them that there are 24 hours in a day.
A calendar will need to measure longer periods of time. Show them how a calendar uses days, weeks and months to measure time. Each day has its own special number on the calendar. Seven days come together to make a week. You can explain how everyday they go to school and a weekend make a week.
Then show them how four weeks make a month (along with a couple of extra days).
Seasons are made up of three months. Their summer vacation is a season.
A year is made of four seasons. The student may have a harder time understanding this. Explain to them that their birthday is celebrated every year.
Explain the difference between morning (they wake up and get ready for school), noon (lunchtime and when the sign is at the top of the sky, night (the sun has gone down and the stars are out). Go over activities that happen during thee times of the day.
Extra Help Problems
The student will be asked to put time in order fro least to greatest.
One minute one day one hour
One week one day one minute
One month one week one year
One second one week one day
One minute one month one day
Another worksheet will have pictures. Following the picture will be the choices: morning, noon, night. The student will be asked to circle the time of day that agrees with the picture.
Waking up in the morning. morning noon night
The moon is outside. morning noon night
Doing homework. morning noon night
Lunch in the cafeteria. morning noon night
Eating pancakes. morning noon night
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34 SELENIUM Se (Greek: Selene - moon)
Selenium is in group 16 along with oxygen, sulphur, itself, tellurium (with which it more closely resembles chemically), and polonium.
Selenium is allotropic and assumes various forms: an amorphous selenium is red in powder form or black in vitreous form, and melts at 180 Celsius; a deep red crystalline monoclinic selenium; and a grey crystalline hexagonal (metallic) selenium is produced when other forms are heated above 200 Celsius is an electrical conductor when illuminated and melts at 217 Celsius, this is the most stable form. They are both based on different arrangements of rings of Se8 molecules. Two other allotropic forms are known, both crystallizing in the cubic structure.
Selenium has in the past been used as a rectifier when bonded to iron (selenium rectifier). A selenium cell can be of the photoconductive variety where it reduces its resistance in response to light as used in some photographic lightmeters, or the photovoltaic variety where a voltage is induced when light falls on a junction with other materials as used in some solar cells. Like cadmium sulphide, CdS, and cadmium telluride, CdTe, cadmium selenide, CdSe, is used as a II/VI photoconductive semiconductors in the detection of light. A light sensitive photoconductive selenium drum was used in early photocopiers as the printing device. Selenium toner is used to tone black and white photographs an old-looking brown. Selenium is used as a decolouriser for glass, and in selenium glass to colour glass red/orange for use as a filter in colour cinematography, and in red enamels. Selenium forms halides with the halogens like selenium tetrafluoride, SeF4 and selenium hexafluoride, the highest halide of selenium. No iodides of selenium are known.
Selenium is found in the flue dusts from the processing of copper sulphide ores are used and from the anode slimes of electrolytic copper refineries. It is also found as the selenides of many heavy metals and in the rare minerals crooksite and clausthalite.
Elemental selenium is an essential trace element in humans but toxic above 5mg, however hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic and resemble arsenic poisoning in physiological symptoms. Selenium occurs in some soils in such amounts as to make some plants such as locoweed toxic for animals to graze upon.
Selenium has six stable isotopes, comprising 1% Se-74, 9% Se-76, 8% Se-77, 24% Se-78, 50% Se-80, and the slightly radioactive selenium-82 at 9%, which is subject to double beta decay and as such has an enormously long half life of 3x1012 years. Altogether, seventeen other radioactive isotopes are known ranging from the inverse beta decaying selenium-68 to the beta decaying selenium-91.
Claim to fame: Selenium has the highest photoelectric work function (5.9eV) of any element. |
Swimming Pool Filter - The Importance Of Pool Water Filters
A swimming pool filter can be either a pressure or vacuum type of filter. The media for these type of pool filters are made of either...
• Silica sand.
• Cartridge refills.
• Diatomaceous earth.
These are the type of filter media that are the most commonly used ones in the swimming pool and spa industry today. A pressure type pool filter is a closed tank that is located or installed downstream from the pool circulation pump and it is inline with the water flow.
The output head pressure of the pool pump is the force that is used to drive the water through the pool filters.
As the water is forced through the pool filters, the suspended particles are trapped in the media of the filters.
Subsequently as the swimming pool filter media gets packed with the suspended particles, the influent pressure (water coming into the filters) increases. As a result of the increased in influent pressure, the effluent pressure (water exiting the filters) is reduced.
Vacuum pool filters on the other hand are placed before the pool circulation pump. This type of swimming pool filter is normally set up or installed where they are openly exposed to the atmosphere.
The suction side of the pool pump creates the force that will actually pull the untreated water through the filter media. As the media of the filters trap the suspended particles, the vacuum pressure is increased causing a reduction in water flow.
Swimming Pool Filter of a Different Type
Generally the purpose of all pool filters as we can see, is to clean the water from your swimming pool or spa through filtration. This is achieve by forcing the water mechanically through the media of the swimming pool and spa filters.
When an engineer decides on a type pool or spa filter for a particular system, they must take into consideration the space and the budget of you, the client.
Some of the swimming pool filters that they normally choose from when constructing a new mechanical system include...
• Sand filters. This type of swimming pool filter is considered the oldest type used for swimming pool filtration. Sand pool filters are deem permanent pool filters because their media last for a very long time. This time period could be anywhere from 5 to 15 years before the silica sand has to be replaced.
The principle operation of all pool sand filters are basically the same.
Water is forced from the top to the bottom of the filters.
The sand filter media traps the suspended water particles as the water passes through the media.
As suspended water particles attached themselves to the edge of the fine silica sand, they cause the gap between each of the sand grain to become smaller and smaller. As a result of this, the smaller particles such as body waste, lotions, hair, and dirt are trapped in the sand media.
This process creates a fibrous maze that eventually filter out the smallest particles in the water. Unfortunately this process also has some down falls. This causes a pressure build up in the pool filters and a reduction in water flow.
This is an indication that your pool filters have to be backwashed or cleaned.
• Cartridge filters. These type of pool filters are considered replacement type filters simply because of the type of media that they carry.
A cartridge pool filter is normally operated in the pressure mode; however, there are some cases where they have been installed or used as vacuum pool filters as well.
Designed engineers normally choose these types of swimming pool water filters because they do not require a lot of space for installation.
• Automatic pool cleaners These cleaners act as another form of pool filter as well. Many of these pool robots have a filtering efficiency of 2 microns which is about the same as a DE filter.
This means as your swimming pool is being cleaned, the water is also being properly filtered.
The filtration of your swimming pool water is extremely important because of serious water contamination. If you don't have a good pool or spa filtration system, you asking for trouble. Keeping your family or guest healthy during the use of your swimming pool or spa, really depends on a properly installed swimming pool filter.
A swimming pool filter has to have the right filter media for the job that it has to do!
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know your dog
• Your Dog’s Bark… DECODED!
Buy Now
In an article from Psychology today, Stanly Coren, Ph.D dissects a dog’s bark to help pet owners understand what our dogs are trying to tell us.
“Barking is an alarm sound. There is no threat of aggression signaled by the dog unless it is lower pitched and mixed with growls. Let's consider the interpretation of the most common barks,” said Coren.
Rapid strings of 2 to 4 barks with pauses between is the most common form of barking and is the classic alarm bark meaning something like "Call the pack. There is something going on that should be looked into."
Barking in a fairly continuous string but lower pitch and slower than the usual alarm bark suggests that the dog is sensing an imminent problem. Thus this sound means "The intruder (or danger) is very close. I don't think that he is friendly. Get ready to defend yourself!"
One or two sharp short barks of high or midrange pitch is the most typical greeting sound, and it usually replaces the alarm barks when the visitor is recognized as friendly. Many people are greeted in this way when they walk in the door. It really means "Hello there!" and is usually followed with the dog's typical greeting ritual
A stutter bark, which sounds something like "Harr-ruff" is usually given with front legs flat on the ground and rear held high and simply means "Let's play!"
Hopefully these bark translations will help you understand your pooch better, the next time they are trying to get your attention!
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(redirected from moieties)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia.
Related to moieties: phratries
Joint tenants own their estate by the moiety.
Joint Tenancy.
(moy-et-tee) n. Half. Generally a reference to interest in real property, moiety is seldom used today.
noun allotment, division, equal part, equal share, fifty percent, fraction, fragment, half, indefinite portion, indefinite share, measure, parcel, part, percentage, piece, portion, ration, section, segment, share
See also: segment
(pronounced ‘moy-ettee’) a half
MOIETY. The half of anything; as, if a testator bequeath one moiety of his estate to A, and the other to B, each shall take an equal part. Joint tenants are said to hold by moieties. Lit. 125; 3 M. G. & S. 274, 283
References in periodicals archive ?
These rules define the strongly correlated glycan moieties to express their associated functions.
Although the moieties were divided into 'clans', Lesu people had only one word, mutingbung, to designate both moiety and clan.
It was postulated from these water up-take studies that the rate of water-uptake in the emulsion films was controlled either by film formation or residual ammonium acrylate moieties within the films.
classified] in two distinct divisions, or moieties .
Known amounts of purified chloroperoxidase formed by adding purified heme protein and flavoprotein moieties in a 1:1 molar ratio were added to a reaction mixture containing 10 mM NaCl, 440 [[micro]meter] [H.
Peng, Synthesis, Nematocidal Activity and SAR Study of Novel Difluoromethylpyrazole Carboxamide Derivatives Containing Flexible Alkyl Chain Moieties.
Step 2: Conversion of a fraction of the isocyanate moieties of the PS-co-TMI into anthracene moieties (PS-co-TMI-MAMA).
Effective stabilization of the emulsion system is by particulate moieties comprising a hydrophobic particulate moiety and a hydrophilic particulate moiety.
This first-in-class innovative chimeric compound bears within a single molecule two pharmacological moieties, a somatostatin analog and a dopamine agonist, which act synergistically following activation of those receptors in disorders such as acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours.
This work collects bioassay protocols for evaluating the therapeutic moieties resulting from chemical, biological, and natural processes; for exploring the mechanisms of action of therapeutic moieties in cells, tissues, and organs; and for measuring chemical toxicity and hepatotoxicity of therapeutic compounds.
Key statement: A rubber composition comprising the following compound: R1--NH-phenyl-NH--R2 where the amino moieties occupy the 1 and 4 positions of the phenyl ring, and R1 and R2 are selected from the group consisting of H, C1 to C3 straight chain or branched alkyl groups, and wherein R1 and R2 may be the same or different; and where the t90 isothermal at 125[degrees]C is within 30% of the t90 after 28 days aging at 40[degrees]C as the unaged green rubber composition. |
Algebra 1 CP
Algebra 1 College Prep (Terms 1, 2, 3, Block 2) 102 CP; 7.5 credits
Recommendation: C or higher in Pre-Algebra or A- or higher in Grade 8 math
Textbook: Saxon Algebra I. Austin: HMH Supplemental Publishers 2009.
Course Description:
This course in Algebra requires a previous proficiency with the arithmetic processes of signed numbers, fractions, decimals and percentages. Topics include exploring expressions, equations and functions, rational numbers, solving linear equations, proportional reasoning, graphing relations and functions, analyzing linear equations, solving linear inequalities, solving systems of equations in two variables, exploring polynomials, factoring, quadratic functions, and rational and radical expressions. Students should expect frequent homework. Successful completion with a C or better in this course is designed to prepare students for Geometry CP.
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Two part paper on convective bursts in hurricanes published in Monthly Weather Review
These two papers analyze extreme upward air currents, called “convective bursts,” in hurricanes that have been believed to be important for hurricane intensification. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to look at convective bursts in two hurricanes: Hurricane Dean from 2007 and Hurricane Bill from 2009. In the first paper, we study how convective bursts form, and in the second paper, we analyze how the convective bursts affected the intensity of the two hurricanes.
Important Conclusions:
1. Convective bursts form when the hurricane eyewall, the ring of thunderstorms around the center, goes from a circular to an oval shape.
2. Convective bursts near or in the eyewall of a hurricane tend to lead to intensification of the hurricane.
3. Small-scale features such as these are hard to observe; we need to continue to improve both observations and models to better understand how they work and how they impact hurricanes.
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Part I is available at, and Part II at
Screen Shot 2017-07-17 at 2.46.21 PM.png |
Going All In: The Gamble of Globalization and European Economic Integration
by Lauren S. Koffs
I. Introduction
Globalization is a complicated concept. It has vast effects due to its political, social, and economic connotations. To politicians, globalization is an ideal interaction between states. They characterize globalization to suit their political needs. For instance, Bill Clinton referred to it as the "world without walls"; to Tony Blair it was "inevitable and irresistible"; while George W. Bush labels it "ties of trade and trust" (MacGillivray 4). While these alliterations are catchy and appealing to an uninformed and therefore unsuspecting public, to the economic mind globalization comprises much more. This article focuses on globalization and its effects on European economic integration, as well as the conflicting nature of its relationship with nationalism and with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It demonstrates that trusting globalization has reaped great benefits, with more to come in the future if continued advances in European Economic integration, coupled with the effects of globalization, are handled properly. Enacting correct policies, such as rallying public opinion in favor of globalization, will ensure that Europe profits from globalization and integration.
According to economist Paul Krugman, globalization is an all-encompassing phrase for increasing world trade and links among financial markets in various countries and numerous other modes in which the world’s borders are shrinking (qtd. in MacGillivray 5). Many economists’ definitions of globalization focus on the central role of trade and finance, not simply on social and political themes. Under this definition, however, to make trade and finance a central part of globalization, declining information and communications costs must also be taken into account when defining globalization. A substantial convergence in the individual governments’ economic policies, particularly those concerning the integration of their liberalized market-led development into that of the entire European Economic Area, are important as well. This affects the role of national sovereignty in the European economic relationship.
Since trade, finance, and globalization are the fundamental components of European integration or "Europeanization," it is logical to question if the current system in Europe is in accordance with the original goals of the European Coal and Steel Community. In the post- World War II period, a certain social model emerged among the Western European countries to ensure lasting peace as they tried to rebuild. It is often suggested that globalization and Europeanization undermine that important social model. These skeptics make some valid points, but in reality they fail to consider how globalization and Europeanization positively affect and inform public policy-making (Hay and Rosamond 17).
Context, in the case of globalization, matters less than the ideas that main economic actors create regarding an economic scenario. Their ideas shape the results. The hyperglobalization theory proposes that in a globalized milieu characterized by the increased and free mobility of capital, "vicious competition between states will serve to drive down the level of corporate taxation" (Hay and Rosamond 5). Hay and Rosamond argue that policy makers acting on a foundation of suppositions in harmony with their proposed hyper-globalization theory may actually, even if accidentally, bring about results that support hyper-globalization, irrespective of its authenticity. In fact, in certain cases such as the European Union, this theory can reach its fullest extent, as capital mobility is completely free.
According to European statesman Robin Cook, the economy is becoming increasingly global. Production can no longer keep up with trade, which is now growing at twice the speed of manufacturing; British Airways operates backroom work in India, while bakers in England hire dozens of new staff since English baguettes are selling well in France. Solutions that worked yesterday will not be appropriate for tomorrow (Cook). Due to international integration from former empires, world wars, and increased international interaction in general, people are trying and succeeding in new and different business ventures and outsourcing all over the world. Globalization is usually viewed as the breakdown of borders while at the same time experiencing an emergence of truly "global economic space." This can be characterized by the mobility of capital, "and the multi- and trans-nationalization of production. It is these developments that are said to compromise the agency of public authorities and, thereby, promote particular types of (convergent) neoliberal policy response" (Rosamond 3). In this sense globalization, due to its open nature and the mobility of goods and capital, has a profound impact on the policies of the EU.
Some feel the economic view of globalization is too narrow, but Indian economist Amartya Sen said, "globalisation is neither new nor a folly, but a global movement of ideas, people, technology, and goods from one region to others, benefiting the people at large" (The Indian Express). Globalization has been occurring in Europe in different forms since the Crusades. Using Sen’s definition, the effects of globalization on the European economy, and particularly on the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), may be discussed. The CAP was created in the 1950s as a way to ensure stable food production throughout Europe in the post-war reconstruction period. It acted as one of the original pieces of major legislation that began Europeanization. By the 1990s, the emphasis of the CAP shifted toward production limits and promoting environmentally sound farming, changes known as the MacSharry reforms. But in the early 21st century, the competitiveness of European agriculture produced a need for "a rural development policy encouraging many rural initiatives while also helping farmers to restructure their farms, to diversify and to improve their product marketing" (European Commission, Agricultural and Rural Development). The CAP generates funds to ensure that farmers are not paid just to produce food, but also to create income stability and protect tax payers. This encroachment into the agricultural policies of the sovereign member states, however, has created many problems despite its noticeable benefits.
II. The Question of Nationality
One major objection to globalization and Europeanization is the idea that they challenge the national methods for deciding on policies and national forms of government. Hay and Rosamond question whether the European Union’s policies are the best approach to meeting the challenges of globalization: "Similarly, in European Union policy circles, we find the argument that globalisation presents a series of devastating challenges to established national modes of governance and moreover that a neoliberal variant of integration is the most viable form of engagement with the new global economic imperatives" (2). Their assertions are noticeably vulnerable to challenges from empirical evidence. However, it is apparent that forms of welfare cutbacks are occurring throughout Europe, and market integration and 'Europeanisation' are continuing.
When valuing the merits of Europeanization, it is important to examine the natural reaction of states to EU policies. Europeanization is a part of the EU agenda. Throughout the fifty years of its existence, gradual integration has been one of the keys to the EU’s longevity and success. It has also challenged the boundaries of nationalism and state loyalty. Changes that were made to national policies through European policies tested the patience and faith of all EU citizens. For example, restrictions on goods that are still sold but are no longer readily available and on those items which may be sold at all affect daily life in every member-state.
Technology has been a particularly important vehicle for globalization and, consequently, agricultural, societal, and economic advancement. Technology presents new possibilities for greater efficiency in performing tasks of all kinds. Technology increases not only efficiency but also output and potential for diversification of goods and services. In conjunction with technology, science plays a critical role in the process of globalization. Doctor Bokias argues that science
creates sustainable agricultural production systems which strike the right balance between competitiveness and the other elements of sustainability. In the competitive and sustainable agri-food sector there is a reflection of consumer demands and needs of society in an open world market. [And] a knowledge based agri-economy provides tools for policy makers and economic decision takers. (3)
Science and technology are important to globalization because they affect the global market and policies made for trade and agricultural production and appropriations.
The initial objectives set out in Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome include increasing productivity by encouraging technical advancement. The Treaty also ensured the most advantageous use of the factors of production, in particular labor, by securing accessibility of supplies, guaranteeing a reasonable standard of living for the agricultural community, stabilizing markets, and providing consumers with food at modest prices. As Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton state, "Yield increases are largely achieved by the use of more inputs: fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation water and energy for pumps and tillage machinery" (5). Yield is then directly linked with technological advancements, which Article 39 promotes. When it became apparent that the EU was overproducing, they were forced to amend the CAP so that all farmers were receiving land stewardship subsidies, and were, in effect, paid not to farm. In both instances new technologies in farming which were developed worldwide, such as fertilizers and equipment that help growth and ecological approaches like organic farming, were put into use in the European system. This new input aided the agricultural process.
Globalization allows for the enhancement of agricultural competitiveness. New biotechnology and breeding techniques aid in "growing of crops with lower production costs, increased eco-efficiency, and a greater added value" (Bokias 5). The integration of technological developments, such as information technology, also achieves this effect. Diversification and non-food bio-materials create "new or improved biological raw materials, meeting industrial food and non-food requirements, including bio-energy. [More] efficient farming practices reduce costs and/or offer environmental benefits akin to low chemical inputs and better crop rotation" (Bokias 5). In addition to this, Bokias argues that efficient animal production systems develop advances in diagnostic tests, risk assessment, surveillance systems, and animal welfare (5).
III. Globalization and European Integration
The recent enlargement of the EU to include the Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Cyprus, Malta, Bulgaria, and Romania) was, in itself, a form of globalization through Europeanization. Increasing the scope of the EU was a commitment to promote and diversify integration with peoples once thought too different ever to be completely incorporated into the European ideal. Fritz Breuss, a professor at the Wirtschaftsuniversität at Wien, points out that older EU members are already making sacrifices, leading to considerable changes in the EU program. "The Agenda 2000 excludes an increase of the own resources from the presently 1.27 percent of GDP" (15). An increase in resources taken from GDP means that the costs of enlargement have to be paid by the fifteen EU member states established before the most recent accessions. The costs then come by saving transfers from the CAP and the structural funds. Reforming these two policy areas causes those countries "which were net receivers out of the EU budget…to bear a higher burden as the so-called net payers" (Breuss 15). This need to change to accommodate new members illustrates the fact that enlargement and integration inevitably lead to reform of the European Union’s key policy areas, the CAP being one of the most significant.
Globalization creates increased competition, not only between outside nations and the EU, but also within the European Economic Area. Despite the advantages, however, this also creates economic problems. As Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton say, "for the rural poor in particular, the costs of accessing the new economic opportunities created by globalisation may be very high or, indeed, prohibitive" (14). Poorer European nations can not afford to keep up with larger, richer ones, especially since they receive a smaller share of the CAP. In some areas, globalization is challenging the "conventional wisdom about economies of scale in smallholder agriculture due to issues of transaction costs and market access" (Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton 17).
From a transactions cost point-of-view, the true benefits of a small-holder farm are found in the coordination of labor capital. There are, however, some critical areas that must also be identified. Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton (17) state that small farms are more liable to have high unit transaction costs in input and output markets. This happens because of fixed costs in exploratory actions through probability experiments. Also, they may not be able to utilize economies of scale when using draft animals or power technology such as tillers and pumps. These smaller farms are unable to keep up with the costs of new technology and have a major disadvantage in integrated Europe.
In addition to this, small farm owners endure severe disadvantages in credit markets. These credit disadvantages have not commonly been resolved by attempted policy interventions and do not help poor farmers under trade liberalization.
In many parts of the world and points in history the labour coordination advantages of the smallholder farm household have outweighed its disadvantages in other respects. However, as agriculture intensifies, the balance of advantages changes, as even small farms are driven to make more use of input, credit and output markets and also rising labour costs encourage substitution of power machinery for labour (power machinery is likely to have economies of scale). (Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton 17)
In some cases, as Kydd, Dorward, and Poulton explain, this propensity may be hastened by global inclinations toward sources of higher priced horticulture and floriculture in developing countries. Buyers then specify standards requirements that can most successfully be attained with the expert supervision and control of more large-scale ventures.
The European price-support policy, involving the price of excess products, raised problems in international business relationships between Europe and the United States. Mac- Sherry’s "set-aside" reform plan for European crops of 1992 raised ethical problems toward society and the developing countries where people continued to starve. Payments were set aside to limit production and encourage reforestation. In both instances, problems were a consequence of globalization.
It should be noted that while there are downsides for small, family-owned farms, there actually may be some benefits. Though these small farms cannot compete with the larger conglomerates, this system frees up resources for other more productive uses. Without being able to provide unique products small farms will fail. While this can be disruptive in the short-term, in the long run the labor, land, and capital can be put to greater uses. From a global production and efficiency standpoint, this would be a good thing. The CAP is supposed to protect small farmers from suffering due to unregulated globalization, and yet they still cannot keep up with the larger farms. Conceivably, greater efficiency of resources will cause gains from trade to rise. Rather than being paid not to farm, this might motivate small farm owners to enter other areas of lucrative employment, thus furthering economic growth.
Europeans, even members of the farming industry, are willing to pay a considerable price in order to continue their traditional culture, and protecting small farms with the CAP is an important part of that. This means that while globalization is bound to keep moving forward, it will be regulated by agricultural protection at various levels. As Phillip Gordon of Yale University said, "The EU will eventually have to scale back its agricultural protection, but Europeans expect the EU to manage that process without causing the pain associated with living in an entirely unregulated world." Whether or not the structural funds will be able to counterbalance any losses to the owners of small farms remains to be seen.
Even though the European Union inherently supports integration and globalization, there is an element that rejects incorporation. Maria Di Giacomo remarks that, "In the last decade the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has rediscovered the importance of regional territory and press for a definition and an individuation of cultural and geographical peculiarities, which give incentives and investments" (6). Nevertheless, as she explains, several countries belonging to the European Union continue to observe the EU from a production point of view.
Post-1945 institution-building in Western Europe may have supported the creation of a European Economic Area, but Dr. Rosamond points out that it would disregard the work of scores of economic historians to propose that the assimilation of the European economy began with the initiation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. It has been a long process built over centuries. Dr. Rosamond believes that "Globalisation is good because it delivers the efficient allocation of resources on a world scale. Policies that support globalization (developed and delivered at both national and supranational levels of governance) are thus desirable because long run prosperity will accrue for the European economy, European firms and European citizens" (8). He clarifies that the establishment of the EU has been a long process that started with ties among states long before the formal institutions were put in place. As a result of this prior integration, it could be difficult to judge just how globalization affects Europe.
IV. Euroscepticism
In a simple context, "globalisation is precisely all about the increasing irrelevance of territorial units (most notably nation-states and national economies) and the transcendence of a fixed Westphalian geography" (Rosamond 5). National sovereignty and loss thereof has always been a contentious subject in the EU. Most closely associated with this is the concept of "Euroscepticism," a term coined when scholars in the UK became concerned that the ever closer union of the Treaty of Rome would detract from the national sovereignty of Great Britain. Euroscepticism is the idea that European integration is bad on various levels for nation states that wish to retain national sovereignty; as a result, all plans for further integration should be abandoned. Economically, skepticism (strongest in countries such as the UK which fear loss of too much sovereignty) comes from the fact that the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) has been unevenly applied, something Rosamond refers to when discussing European integration. The SGP was meant to be a force for discipline and to maintain the European Monetary Union, yet Ministers in charge of applying and enforcing the SGP have failed to bring sanctions against France and Germany. On the contrary, it has begun proceedings against Portugal, whose average debt is usually around the same as Germany and France and is minimal, as well as Greece, whose debt has recently been among the largest in the EU. Eurosceptiscism also tends to be issue-appropriate for each state. For example, Norway’s eurosceptisism centers on the EU’s common fisheries policy which has the potential to be very damaging to Norway’s economy.
The major issues for Eurosceptics are the Rapid Reaction Force, an extension of Europol; the creation of Eurojust, a European Public Prosecutor; the EU Constitution; and the harmonization of taxation and welfare policies. While the EU does not have its own military, the Rapid Reaction Force was designed to answer immediate military threats. So far, the EU has been unsuccessful in formally establishing this force, though there are plans to do so by 2010. Eurojust has been established, but the Lisbon Treaty which would allow for a European Public Prosecutor has not yet been ratified by all member states. The Constitution needed unanimous approval to be accepted as law, but was defeated in France and the Netherlands and replaced by the less intrusive Lisbon Treaty. This assuaged most Eurosceptics. Taxation and welfare have long been harmonized, but the high taxes caused in part by welfare programs that infringe on national sovereignty still receive scrutiny from skeptics.
In the long-term, Rosamond (8) posits, the effects of globalization are good and some negative short-term effects may be worth incurring for the long-term benefits. The perception emerging from the Directorates General of Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities (DGESAEO) is that it is necessary not to portray globalization as intrinsically harmful. Yet Rosamond (9) discusses how the DGESAEO emphasizes issues such as the relatively high rates of unemployment, poverty, inequality, and differences in social and economic rights (in a context of economic change outside the model) in certain areas, particularly Eastern Europe. All of these factors may have long-term effects on countries’ integration into the EU.
As of now, the ten accession states that joined the EU in 2004 and the two that joined in 2007 enjoy very little of the guaranteed free movement of labor and the economic benefits that are supposed to come with membership. These 12 states will not be allowed to officially use the common currency for several more years. Migrant workers are denied the ability to look for work in many of the Western states because these countries fear that the large poor populations of countries like Poland will enter their states and take low-wage jobs from their own people.
According to Adam Luedtke of European Union Politics, "In a…Eurobarometer survey, respondents from across the EU ranked the importance of immigration higher than terrorism, pensions, taxation, education, housing, the environment, public transport, defense and foreign affairs" (14). Essentially, disallowing these countries access to free labor movement and promoting concerns about immigration are a denial of the rights of European citizens living in them. This denial is justified under the guise that they are not yet ready to complete this part of their integration but that it should happen gradually. Leudtke states that, "the spectacular political divergence between mandate and results presents a puzzle: why has harmonization of immigration policies been so elusive, if such harmonization is seen as necessary for the EU to become a single market with free movement of labour?" (3). He explains that the answer must lie with national politics since at various times, harmonization proposals offered by member states, or by one of the EU’s governing organizations, have been blocked by other member states. How long can the newer members afford to wait for the long-term benefits of globalization and integration? And to what detriment of the whole European Union?
Luedtke goes on to state that harmonization of immigration policies is not blocked because of perceived notions of strategic gains or losses but "because the proposed supranationalization of immigration control clashes with historically rooted national identities" (3). Some scholars believe that European integration is an economic consideration and therefore national identity overrides immigration policy. When that is the rationale, national identity can only be considered in a bounded sense, despite the economic implications of immigration. As Sergio Romano wrote:
Europe has a single market, a single currency, a central bank. No member country can build an airport, decide how much milk can be produced by national cows or call something chocolate without consulting Brussels or conforming to the Commission's guidelines. No important merger or acquisition can proceed unless [the] E.U. competition Commissioner…has nodded his approval. But Europe has no minister for the treasury or the economy to provide the governor of the central bank and the business community with a blueprint for Union policy. The countries which signed the Schengen pact have common borders, but they still treat immigration as a national problem, have different quotas, and do not have a common minister of the interior or of justice.
There are clearly problems to the mechanics of European integration. But it is also clear that there have been advantages as well, through stable growth of the Euro, sustainable trade growth, and greater opportunity for political stability.
V. Conclusion
As Dr. Rosamond states, globalization creates peripheral difficulties which are only countered successfully through the application of sound market principles at a supranational, EU level. "In a sense the challenge of neoliberalism is best met with further neoliberalization. Globalisation is a force for good (almost by definition), but it is most likely to be a force for good only in situations where 'correct' policies are applied" (8). Of particular importance is the manner in which globalization has been interwoven into the dissimilar efforts of what Rosamond calls "norm entrepreneurs." These entrepreneurs rally public opinion through transnational systems of opinion-shapers and policymakers, contributing to the social composition of the European Community as a suitable and realistic economic area populated by distinct European actors (Hay, Watson, and Wincott).
The opening paragraph of the Presidential Conclusions to the Lisbon Special European Council of March 2000 mentions that the European Union is challenged with a quantum shift resulting from globalization and the trials of a modern, knowledge-driven economy. These trials affect every facet of peoples' lives and demand a fundamental alteration of the European economy. The conditions under which agriculture is currently practiced are becoming more and more globalized. Agricultural routines are modified more and more by international policy and choices that are dependent on trade policies, rather than by the uniqueness of the natural environment or by the complexity encountered in prevailing over them by designing inventive cultivation techniques and effective use of new technologies.
Globalization is an important aspect of international business due to its influence on everyday life, and has been made possible by the liberalization of investment and trade. Globalization is not a 'zero-sum game' where various people lose while others gain (Lamy). Though there are drawbacks, and the European system is not running completely smoothly, European integration is slowly proving to have created great benefits, both politically and economically. Rather than a zero-sum game, it is more of a win-win situation, as post-World War II economic history shows. It is and always has been a long-term process, and the full extent of how Europe will benefit from its efforts to integrate is yet to be seen. But Europe has profited extensively from globalization thus far and should continue to do so provided that it maintains its ability for innovation, its long-term competitiveness, and its social market economy.
Works Cited
Bokias, Efthimius. Science, Sustainable Agriculture, and Rural Development in the EU. York, UK.
Breuss, Fritz. Macroeconomic Effects of EU Enlargement for Old and New Members. Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration Research Institute for European Affairs, 2001.
Cook, Robin. Speech to the Institute of European Affairs. Dublin, Ireland, 3 November 1997.
Di Giacomo, Maria Gemma Grillotti. The Geographical Renaissance in the Transition of the European Agricultural Policy from the Sectorial to the Territorial Model. Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", Italia, web publication circa, 2001-2002.
European Commission, Agricultural and Rural Development. The Common Agricultural Policy Explained. (European Communities, 2007)
Gordon, Philip H. Globalization: Europe's Wary Embrace. YaleGlobal, 1 November, 2004 <http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4790>
Hay, Colin. What Role for Ideas in the Structure-Agency Debate? Globalisation as a Process Without a Subject. Paper presented at the conference of the British International Studies Association, University of Manchester, 1999.
Hay, Colin and Ben Rosamond. Globalisation, European Integration and the Discursive Construction of Economic Imperatives: A Question of Convergence? Queen’s Papers on Europeanisation No. 1/2001 2001.
Hay, Colin, Matthew Watson, and Daniel Wincott. Globalisation, European Integration and the Persistence of European Social Models. Birmingham, UK: POLSIS University of Birmingham, 1999.
The Indian Express. Embrace Globalisation with Vigour, Says Sen, 2001.
Kydd, Jonathan, Andrew Dorward, and Colin Poulton. Globalisation and its Implications for the Natural Resources Sector: A Closer Look at the Role of Agriculture in the Global Economy. Winchester, UK: The Department for International Development Rural Livelihoods and Environment Department Natural Resources Advisers’ Conference, 2000.
Lamy, Pascal. Globalisation: a win-win process. Brussels, Belgium: speech 15 September, 1999.
Luedtke, Adam. European Integration, Public Opinion and Immigration Policy: Testing the Impact of National Identity. Sage Publications European Union Politics 2005; 6; 83.
MacGillivray, Alex. A Brief History of Globalization. London, UK: Robinson, Constable and Robinson Ltd., 2006.
Presidential Conclusions, Lisbon Special European Council, 23/4 March, 2000.
Romano, Sergio. The European Conundrum. Time, in conjunction with CNN publication, 2000.
Rosamond, Dr Ben. Globalisation and the European Union. Paper presented to conference on The European Union in International Affairs, National Europe Centre, Australian National University, 2002. |
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorryncha
Superfamily: Aphidoidea
There are 10 families:
• Adelgidae - adelgids, conifer aphids, Adelges cooleyi, Hemlock Wolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae
• Anoeciidae
• Aphididae
• Drepanosiphidae
• Homomasagymibutae
• Greenideidae
• Hormaphididae
• Lachnidae
• Mindaridae
• Pemphigidae
• Phloeomyzidae
• Phylloxeridae
• Thelaxidae
Aphids, also known as greenfly, blackfly or plant lice, are minute plant-feeding insects in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the homopterous division of the order Hemiptera. Recent classification within the Hemiptera has changed the old term 'Homoptera' to two suborders: Sternorryncha (aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids...) and Auchenorryncha (cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers...) with the suborder: Heteroptera containing a large group of insects known as the 'true-bugs'; gnat bugs, pond skaters, shore bugs, toad bugs, water boatmen, backswimmers, etc.
About 4,000 species of aphids are known, classified in 10 families; of these, around 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10 mm long.
Important natural enemies include the predatory ladybugs ( Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae ( Diptera: Syrphidae), and lacewings ( Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and entomopathogenic fungi like Lecanicillium lecanii and the Entomophthorales.
Aphids are distributed world-wide, but they are most common in temperate zones. It is possible for aphids to migrate great distances (mainly through passive dispersal riding on winds) depending on the weather patterns; for example, the lettuce aphid spreading from New Zealand to Tasmania. They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.
SEM image
SEM image
The most typical organ of aphids is their piercing-sucking mouthparts called stylets. They have soft bodies, long, thin legs, two-jointed, two-clawed tarsi, and usually a pair of abdominal tubes through which a waxy secretion is exuded. These tubes were formerly supposed to secrete the sweet substance known as " honeydew" so much sought after by ants; but this is now known to come from the alimentary canal. Both winged and wingless forms of both sexes occur; the wings when present are two pairs, lacy, transparent and only have one prominent longitudinal vein. Aphids also have a proboscis originating between and behind the forelegs. Aphids' antennae are composed of two thick basal segments and a flagellum with as many as four segments. The last of these four segments is divided into a proximal part and a thinner distal part (called process terminalis).
Aphids have two compound eyes and two ocular tubercles made up of three lenses, each of which is located behind and above the compound eyes. They have two tarsal segments. The fifth abdominal segment bears a pair of tubes on the dorsal surface named siphunculi (cornicles), which are upright and point backward. A cauda is usually present below and between them on the last abdominal segment.
Aphid life stages. (Aphis pomi)
Aphid life stages. (Aphis pomi)
Many, but far from all, aphids are monophagous (i.e. feeding only on 1 species of plant). Others, like Myzus persicae feed on hundreds of plant species across many families.
Similarly to related families, aphids passively feed on sap of phloem vessels in plants. This sap being kept under high pressure, once a phloem vessel is punctured, it is forced into the food canal. Aphids actively 'drink' (suck) from xylem vessels when thirsty. As they feed, aphids often transmit plant viruses to their food plants. These viruses can sometimes kill the plants.
Some species of ants "farm" aphids, protecting them on the plant they eat, and eating the honeydew that the aphids secrete; this is a mutualistic relationship. Aphid honeydew is rich in carbohydrates (like melezitose), of which the aphids ingest an excess, being phloem-feeders. Many aphids are host to endosymbiont bacteria, Buchnera, which live in specialized cells called Bacteriocytes inside the aphid. These bacteria synthesizes some essential amino acids that are absent in the phloem that the aphids eat.
Ant tending aphids
Ant tending aphids
Apart from their importance from the economic standpoint, aphids are chiefly remarkable for the phenomena connected with the propagation of the species. For part or all of their life, most aphids are often found to be parthenogenetic. Aphids have been known to have what is called telescoping generations. With telescoping generations the female aphid will have a daughter within her who is already parthenogenetically producing its own daughter at the same time. This leads to the bizarre situation where the diet of a female aphid can have inter-generational effects on the body size and birth rate of aphids. In other words, what the aphid eats can directly change the size and fertility of the aphid's daughters and grand-daughters (Nevo and Coll 2001, Jahn et al. 2005).
At different times of the year, they can be viviparous or oviparous. During spring and summer, aphids are often parthenogenetic and viviparous and then give birth sexually during autumn. Therefore aphids are said to undergo cyclical parthenogenesis or to have a holocyclical life circle.
The following brief summary of what takes place in the plant-louse of the rose ( Aphis rosae), may be regarded as typical of the family, though exceptions occur in other species: Eggs produced in the autumn by fertilized females remain on the plant through the winter and hatching in the spring give rise to female individuals which may be winged or wingless. From these, females are born parthenogenetically: that is to say, without the intervention of males, and by a process that has been compared to internal budding, large numbers of young resembling their parents in every respect except size are produced, which themselves reproduce their kind in the same way. This process continues throughout the summer, generation after generation being produced until the number of descendants from a single individual of the spring-hatched brood may amount to many thousands. In the autumn winged males appear; union between the sexes takes place and the females lay the fertilized eggs which are destined to carry the species through the cold months of winter. If, however, the food-plant is grown in a glasshouse or greenhouse where protection against cold is afforded, the aphids may go on reproducing agamogenetically (asexually) without cessation for many years. Likewise, in warm and tropical areas or during the growing season, aphids reproduce asexually without interruption. Since the young can become adults and reproduce within a few days, this process leads to the build-up of very large populations responsible for severe damage to crops and important economic losses; such populations often require pest control.
P-14 lady beetle consuming an aphid
P-14 lady beetle consuming an aphid
Aphids feeding on a rose bud, in the background lady beetle can be seen
Aphid infestation on broccoli plant. Note that most of the aphids one sees in a plant infestation are juveniles.
Another widespread aphid in the Phylloxeridae family is Daktulosphairia vitifoliae (still frequently called by its former name Phylloxera vitifoliae), the famous Phylloxera which causes enormous loss by attacking the leaves and roots of grape vines. Its life-history is similar to that of Aphis rosae described above. In the autumn a single fertile egg is laid by apterous females in a crevice of the bark of the vine where it is protected during the winter. From this egg in the spring emerges an apterous female who makes a gall in the new leaf and lays therein a large number of eggs. Some of the apterous young that are hatched from these form fresh galls and continue to multiply in the leaves, others descend to the root of the plant, becoming what are known as root-forms. These, like the parent form of spring, reproduce parthenogenetically, giving rise to generation after generation of egg-laying individuals. In the course of the summer, from some of these eggs are hatched females which acquire wings and lay eggs from which wingless males and females are born. From the union of the sexes comes the fertile egg from which the parent form of spring is hatched.
Some species of cabbage aphids (like Brevicoryne brassicae) reproduce rapidly during the summer. They are all females, and can produce up to 41 generations of offspring. If no aphids had died during the summer, there would be more than one and a half billion billion billion aphids (1.5 x 1027) by the end of the season.
Aphids probably first appeared 280 million years ago, in the Carboniferous period. They probably fed on non-flowering plants like Cordaitales or Cycadophyta. The oldest known aphid fossil is one of the species Triassoaphis cubitus from the Triassic. There were relatively few species of aphids at that time, and the number of species only considerably increased since the appearance of angiosperms 160 millions of years ago. This is due to the fact that angiosperms provide an occasion for aphids to become specialized.
Aphids have not always looked like they do nowadays. Organs like the cauda or the siphunculi were not evolved until the Cretaceous.
Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid" |
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Created with Fabric.js 1.4.5 How to Write a Bill How to Write a Bill Your Section Title Remember! Definitions 2 3 4 Preamble Legislation for the FDP Model Parliament BillZilla 2.0 Title of your Section as we are presenting an omnibus, you don't need to include this Short Title The Best Act Ever Act CHANGE TO LEGISLATION THAT WILL DO VERY IMPORTANT THINGS FOR MANY PEOPLE IN CANADA AND WILL SAVE MONEY ACT again, not needed for omnibus PREAMBLE WHEREAS you state what is wrong with current legislation and/orviews of things that must be improved in society DEFINITIONS make sure nothing is left to interpretation think of why you wrote your legislation Title tip: write after you finish legislation "uninformed" shall be defined as a person who does not read the definitions and does not understand exactly what is meant by possibly ambiguous terms used throughout the leglislation and will be criticized for it during debate indicate main area of change;e.g. Trade, Affirmative Action AREA OF IMPACT Opposition Parties CANNOT propose spending 1 1) The Government shall release ownership of the following cash grabbing institutions; a) The Royal Canadian Military formerly established in the Act I Can't Remember b) Universal HealthCare, such that the HealthCare Act will operate in accordance with the following i) It will no longer be public and everyone must fend for themselves What you need Be very specific! Ensure you allocate things to proper ministries, and give reference to current legislation Be short but thorough. You can't just say, "repeal this and put in place a private system to be determined." Create actual policy and work with syntax to make it succinct. ! the FREE DEMOCRATIC PARTY MOVING FREEDOM FORWARD
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Castine’s unsung Gettysburg hero
Charles Tilden
CASTINE — The storyline sounds familiar to any student of Maine history or the Civil War: a man born and raised on the shores of the Penobscot River goes on to attend Bowdoin College, then joins the Army after war breaks out. At Gettysburg, in July of 1863, he leads his command of Maine men in fierce fighting against Confederate troops and is credited with saving other Union forces from being overrun.
That’s Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, it’s true, who charged down Little Round Top with the 20th Maine regiment and kept the Union Army from being outflanked on the second day of the battle. But it also applies to Charles Tilden, a Castine native who led the 16th Maine regiment at the start of the famous three-day battle in Pennsylvania 155 years ago this week.
While it found itself in a situation similar to that of the 20th Maine in some respects, the 16th and its commanding officer would face a much different outcome than Chamberlain and his men did.
Tilden was born in Castine in 1832, son of a well-off merchant. The younger Tilden attended Bowdoin College and joined a militia unit known as the Castine Light Infantry in 1858, three years before the Civil War began. When the conflict started, he became an officer in the 2nd Maine regiment and served with it for a year. In the summer of 1862, at the age of 30, he was named second in command of the newly formed 16th Maine and would go on to become its leader.
The 16th Maine fought in some of the most famous battles in the eastern theater of the Civil War: Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. But it is perhaps the stand it took at Gettysburg that proved to be the regiment’s defining moment.
Reduced to 275 men by July of 1863 (from an original fighting force of approximately 1,000 the summer before — death from battle and disease had taken its toll), the 16th Maine was part of the Union Army’s First Corps. That corps was one of the first to arrive in Gettysburg on July 1, when the armies of the North and the South slammed into one another outside of the sleepy Pennsylvania town.
Having marched about 12 miles that morning from Emmitsburg, Md., after several daily marches of 20-plus miles in the weeks leading up to the battle, the men of the 16th Maine took up position northwest of town and traded rifle fire with advancing Confederates. As fighting progressed, the Southern soldiers pushed the Union forces back toward town.
The day was going poorly for the boys in blue so far, and was likely to get worse unless someone could buy them some time and allow them to retreat across town to better, higher ground.
Charles Tilden and his soldiers in the 16th Maine became that someone.
On a ridge just outside of town, around 4 p.m., Tilden’s commanding officer rode up and issued a stark order: he was to take a nearby position and “hold it as long as there is a single man left,” a witness recalled.
“You know what that means,” Tilden said as he issued the order to his men.
“Somehow, fewer than 275 men had to hold back several thousand of the enemy so the rest of their division could escape to fight another day,” historian Tom Huntington noted in his book “Maine Roads to Gettysburg.”
Abner Small, an officer in the 16th Maine, recalled years later that his regiment was “sacrificed to steady the retreat.”
The action took all of about 20 minutes, but the toll it exacted was much larger: 10 soldiers killed, 36 wounded and 159 missing. Many if not most of the missing, including Tilden, were captured by Confederates after being overrun.
The men from Maine did not go easily, though. It is said a Rebel soldier pointed his gun at Tilden and ordered him to “throw down” his sword. “Or I will blow your brains out,” the Southerner added.
Tilden instead drove his sword into the ground, snapping the blade off at the hilt. He was taken to the infamous Libby Prison in Richmond, and managed to escape in 1864 via a tunnel dug by other Union prisoners.
The Sixteeners, as they were called, also did not let their regimental flags fall into enemy hands that day on the field at Gettysburg. When they saw their position was no longer defensible, they made sure their flags would remain with them. Small recalled the actions of the soldiers carrying the banners that day:
“They gallantly held aloft the loved emblems until capture was inevitable, and then by advice and consent of the colonel and other officers, broke the staff and tore in shreds the silk banners, the pride of the regiment, and divided the pieces.”
Decades later, Small said, pieces of the flag could still be found in Maine “in albums and frames … cherished mementoes of the critical period.”
After escaping from Richmond and returning to duty in 1864, Tilden was captured (and escaped) once more before the war’s end. He lived and worked in Hallowell in the granite-cutting industry after the war. Upon his death in 1914 — only a couple of weeks after Chamberlain — he was buried in his native Castine.
Steve Fuller
Steve Fuller
Reporter at The Ellsworth American, |
Article Apr 30, 2005
Seems like no one gets ulcers anymore; now they get GERD. And while the name is funnier, there is nothing funny about the pain. If you’ve seen the commercial of the man drinking an orange juice glass of nails, from what I hear, it’s an accurate description. But anyone can have this potentially dangerous condition, including infants, children and pregnant women.
Also called acid reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, “occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not close properly and the stomach contents leak back, or reflux, into the esophagus,” according to the website of the International Foundation for Functional Gastric Disorders ( When refluxed stomach acid touches the lining of the esophagus, it burns. When it’s low in the pipe, you experience it as heartburn; when it keeps coming up, it’s known as acid regurgitation.
It is not known what causes this sphincter—which should remain tightly closed to keep stomach contents in until swallowed food pushes it open—to malfunction. There is some evidence that a hiatal hernia may contribute, a condition that occurs when the upper part of the stomach squeezes itself through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes, and bubbles next to the esophagus. GERD and hiatal hernia frequently occur together, but not always. On the other hand, everyone gets heartburn and indigestion now and then, without having either GERD or hiatal hernia. However, if you’re suffering with acid reflux two to three times a week, it should be treated before becoming a more serious health problem.
In addition to persistent heartburn and acid regurgitation, a range of other symptoms is also common, including dull and sharp chest pain (as opposed to burning), dysphagia, morning hoarseness, dry cough, bad breath and continuous belching. In small children, GERD may cause repeated vomiting, coughing and other respiratory problems. Often undiagnosed, most babies nonetheless grow out of it by their first birthday.
Many adults tend to suffer with the disease for a long time before seeking diagnosis and receiving appropriate treatment. Untreated, the continuous reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus can cause esophageal and respiratory damage, including Barrett’s esophagus, a pre-cancerous condition where cells in the esophageal lining take on the characteristics of stomach lining. Studies have even shown that asthma, chronic cough and pulmonary fibrosis may be aggravated or even caused by GERD, according to the IFFGD.
None of these conditions should be self-diagnosed. If you use antacids or other acid indigestion medications on a regular basis, it’s time to see your doctor. Better yet, visit a gastroenterologist, a specialist in diseases of the stomach and intestines.
Spicy or acidic foods do not cause GERD, though they can be associated with reflux events and exacerbate the symptoms if you already have it. For that reason, most doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes, as well as medication to help sufferers minimize discomfort and damage.
Topping most lists of acid-producing foods that doctors say to avoid are fatty and fried foods, onions and chocolate. Other troublesome aggravators tend to be citrus fruits and drinks, tomato-based foods such as spaghetti sauce, chili and pizza; coffee, tea and cola; mint flavors, garlic and alcohol. But it varies by individual. In a nutshell: If it’s given you heartburn before, leave it alone.
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More important than what you eat, however, say experts, is how and when you eat. More frequent, smaller meals, eaten well before bedtime, will minimize pressure on the LES. Gravity works in your favor, so eat in an upright, relaxed posture, and avoid lying down until stomach contents have emptied—at least three hours. Meals should also be taken in relaxed, stress-free surroundings.
Certain medications such as potassium supplements and the antibiotic tetracycline can burn the esophagus if they stay there. Don’t lie down after taking them, and swallow them with plenty of water. Other conditions that may contribute to GERD include being overweight, pregnancy and smoking. Losing weight, giving birth and quitting smoking will often clear up heartburn.
Medications used to treat the disease include over-the-counter (OTC) antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Rolaids, Tums, etc.) that neutralize stomach acid on contact; H2—or histamine—blockers (Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid, Axid), which come in both prescription and OTC strength and inhibit the production of stomach acid in many people; and the more effective protein pump inhibitors (Prilosec, Prevacid, Protonix, Aciphex and Nexium) available by prescription only, which limit acid secretion and, authorities agree, at least one will prove effective for virtually everyone. All these drugs can be mixed and matched, but should not become staples in your diet in lieu of lifestyle changes.
Stronger measures such as surgery and the class of drugs called prokinetics (Urecholine, Reglan, Metaclopramide) can be tried in hopes of strengthening the sphincter, making the stomach empty faster and improving peristalsis in the alimentary canal, but these have limited usefulness. There are three relatively new (FDA-approved in 2000 and 2003) endoscopic procedures, which utilize radio frequencies, sutures or polymers to alter the mechanics of the LES, but these have not been well-studied and long-term data are lacking.
Anyone with chronic symptoms should see their doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Reflux will not resolve itself and can lead to more serious problems. Additional tests, such as a barium swallow radiograph, endoscopy or biopsy, might be needed if discomfort persists.
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String theory and M-theory
A surprising property of string/M-theory is that extra dimensions are required for the theory’s consistency. In this regard, string theory can be seen as building on the insights of the Kaluza-Klein theory, in which it was realized that applying general relativity to a five dimensional universe (with one of them small and curled up) looks from the four-dimensional perspective like the usual general relativity together with Maxwell’s electrodynamics. This lent credence to the idea of unifying gauge and gravity interactions, and to extra dimensions, but didn’t address the detailed experimental requirements. Another important property of string theory is its supersymmetry, which together with extra dimensions are the two main proposals for resolving the hierarchy problem of the standard model, which is (roughly) the question of why gravity is so much weaker than any other force. The extra-dimensional solution involves allowing gravity to propagate into the other dimensions while keeping other forces confined to a four-dimensional spacetime, an idea that has been realized with explicit stringy mechanisms.
Research into string theory has been encouraged by a variety of theoretical and experimental factors. On the experimental side, the particle content of the standard model supplemented with neutrino masses fits into a spinor representation of SO(10), a subgroup of E8 that routinely emerges in string theory, such as in heterotic string theory or (sometimes equivalently) in F-theory.[ String theory has mechanisms that may explain why fermions come in three hierarchical generations, and explain the mixing rates between quark generations. On the theoretical side, it has begun to address some of the key questions in quantum gravity, such as resolving the black hole information paradox, counting the correct entropy of black holesand allowing for topology-changing processes.
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Home > Blog > Calculate how much water you should drink
Calculate how much water you should drink
Posted by Peter on 8 May 2017
Calculate how much water you should drink
Our body consists largely of water. About 75% of our body is water and only 25% is solid. Water is important for the absorption of nutrients, waste processing, cell activities and everything needed to stay alive. Filtered Drinking water from Prestige Water is even essential for preventing illness and feeling well. In this article you will read how it will be and how much water you can drink best.
In this article:
- Shortage of water gives stress response, Actually I should drink more water
- Symptoms of a shortage of water
- Calculate how much water you should drink on a day
- Practical advice
If you do not drink enough water, your body is unable to remove any toxic substances to which you are exposed daily. When the human body dries, the body switches to a type of survival mechanism that aims to conserve water to provide the most vital parts of the body with water. A pioneer in water is the Iranian Dr. Batmanghelidj, a conventionally trained physician who examined how water can make you healthy, or how a lack of water can lead to illnesses. He bases his knowledge on more than twenty years of scientific and clinical research and wrote several books, including 'Water, The Cheapest Medicine'. The doctor states that various diseases such as obesity, chronic pain or fatigue, headaches, high blood pressure, often go ahead for years of inadequate drinking of water. Many of these diseases can therefore be prevented or combated to some extent simply by giving the body sufficient amounts of water so that the toxic substances and waste can be removed from the body.
Shortage of water gives stress response
When the body is dried out, the body is really stressed, a little comparable to the feeling when you have a lot of thirst. This gives the body a "fight or flight" response, which means that stress chemicals are released to deal with the situation. If these chemicals are released for a long period of time, that can have a lot of harmful effects on the body and can even cause diseases. If you do not have a thirst, you do not want to say that your body does not need water. As soon as the body believes that there is not enough water, the thirst mechanism will be "shut down". But do not be fooled by yourself, because if your body has triggered the thirst mechanism, the aforementioned survival mechanism will be activated. Your body can then hold water in your legs, feet, arms or face and / or you need less space. As a result, you can not lose any harmful waste. You will see that if you drink a lot of water for a few weeks your thirst mechanism also returns and signals that your body needs this vital food. Research from the University of East London in 2013 shows that drinking water has a positive impact on people's response rate. After drinking a glass of water, people respond to 14 percent faster with a cognitive task, for example, when they click the largest circle on a computer screen as fast as possible. The effect is strongest in people who have a lot of thirst, and it has been shown that mild dehydration has a major impact on the cognitive performance of people, according to the researchers. In 2010, nutritionists at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg proved that drinking water really helps if you want to lose weight, this has never been really scientifically investigated. Especially drinking two glasses of water for a meal causes you to eat less. The subjects who drank two glasses of water before the meal had lost 2.5 kilograms after three months than the people who did not. Even after a year, those who drank water were better on weight. Better health with Prestige Water.
Symptoms of a shortage of water
There are so many more symptoms of a shortage of water than just a dry mouth, so says Dr. Batmanghelidj. Having a full glass of water all the time. An important indicator of drinking enough is the color of your urine. Normally urine is colorless. A yellow, deep yellow to orange color means that there is too little water in your body. The only exception to this is if you take certain water-soluble vitamins like C and B Complex, which can temporarily give your urine a deep yellow color. Other symptoms include: dry mouth, hunger, fatigue, muscle aches, dizziness, depressive feelings, fears, too fast heartbeat or nausea. Do you feel tired, are you hungry, muscle cramps or feel your headache? First drink a glass of water and wait ten minutes. Often you will see that you feel a lot better.
Calculate how much water you should drink on a day
Tips to drink more water. A common excuse for no more drinking is that people are afraid that they have to go to the toilet too much. If the body has been dehydrated for a long period of time, the water can not be taken more efficiently. So if you suddenly drink a lot of water, your body will simply emit because it does not know where it is needed. However, after a while, the body gets used to your new water intake and will lose the urge for frequent peeing. As a guide, we recommend that you minimize your body weight x 0.44 daily by drinking 10 liters of water. For example, with a weight of 75 kilograms, the calculation is: 75 x 0.44: 10 = 3.3 liter. This is the advice of one of the world's most famous fitness trainer Charles Poliquin. Author and adviser to The Food Doctor Clinic in London Ian Marber recommends 1.5 to 2 liters of water per day. Jayne Scrivner founded the British School of Complementary Therapy in London, authoring the book 'Water Detox', which she recommends two liters a day. It seems so simple, but the reason most people fail to drink such relatively large amounts of water is because they go from one to the other day to nothing else to the full two liters. Not only is it difficult for the body to process this change at once, but it is also harder if you do not calm your water intake, says Scrivner. Build your water intake and keep up to the above advice, too many liters of water drinking also involves risks.
Practical advice
- Fix your daily amount of water requirement, for example in glass bottles or a can. This makes visually how much it is, and you know exactly what you need to drink.
- Begin the day with 1 to 3 glasses of water, since your body has not been moist for hours after the night. Build the amount as soon as your body is used to drinking more water.
- Put the alarm on your phone a few times a day to remind you of drinking a glass of water.
- If you are looking forward to water, you might also add a taste to the water. Try some pieces of watermelon, a slice of lemon or lime, strawberries with some rosemary or a few slices of cucumber. You will see how refreshing and nice water can be.
Remember that your body is dependent on water. Without sufficient water you run a health risk, so give your body the most basic nutrient it deserves! We really think this is the most important common habit.
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It was really bad, and not just for him.
Juarez's strain - so-called extremely drug-resistant (XXDR) TB - had never before been seen in the United States, according to Dr. David Ashkin, one of the nation's leading experts on tuberculosis. XXDR tuberculosis is so rare that only a handful of other people in the world are thought to have had it.
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Forty years ago, the world thought it had conquered TB and any number of other diseases through the new wonder drugs: antibiotics. U.S. Surgeon General William Stewart announced it was "time to close the book on infectious diseases and declare the war against pestilence won."
Today, all the leading killer infectious diseases on the planet - TB, malaria and HIV among them - are mutating at an alarming rate, hitchhiking their way in and out of countries. The reason: Overuse and misuse of the very drugs that were supposed to save us.
Just as the drugs were a man-made solution to dangerous illness, the problem with them is also man-made. It is fueled worldwide by everything from counterfeit drugmakers to the unintended consequences of giving drugs to the poor without properly monitoring their treatment. Here's what the AP found:
-- In Cambodia, scientists have confirmed the emergence of a drug-resistant form of malaria, threatening the only treatment left to fight a disease that already kills 1 million people a year.
-- In Africa, harder to treat strains of HIV are being detected in about 5 percent of new patients. HIV drug resistance rates have shot up to as high as 30 percent worldwide.
-- In the U.S., drug-resistant infections killed more than 65,000 people last year - more than prostate and breast cancer combined. More than 19,000 people died from a staph infection alone that has been eliminated in Norway, where antibiotics are stringently limited.
This April, the World Health Organization sounded alarms by holding its first drug-resistant TB conference in Beijing. The message was clear - the disease has already spread to all continents and is increasing rapidly. Even worse, WHO estimates only 1 percent of resistant patients received appropriate treatment last year.
"We have seen a huge upburst in resistance," said CDC epidemiologist Dr. Laurie Hicks.
At first, mainstream doctors tried to treat him. But the disease had already gnawed a golf-ball-size hole into his right lung.
"You feel like you're killing somebody, like you could kill a lot of people. That was the worst part," he said.
Drug-resistant TB is a "time bomb," said Dr. Masae Kawamura, who heads the Francis J. Curry National Tuberculosis Center in San Francisco, "a man-made problem that is costly, deadly, debilitating, and the biggest threat to our current TB control strategies."
Juarez underwent three months of futile treatment in a Fort Lauderdale hospital. Then in December 2007 he was sent to A.G. Holley State Hospital, a huge, 60-year-old building of brown concrete surrounded by a chain-link fence, just south of West Palm Beach.
"They told me my treatment was going to be two years, and I have only one chance at life," Juarez said. "They told me if I went to Peru, I'm probably going to live one month and then I'm going to die."
Holley is the nation's last-standing TB sanitarium, a quarantine hospital that is now managing new and virulent forms of the disease.
Tuberculosis has been detected in the spine of a 4,400-year-old Egyptian mummy. In the 1600s, it was known as the great white plague because it turned patients pale. In later centuries, as it ate through bodies, they called it "consumption." By 1850, an estimated 25 percent of Europeans and Americans were dying of tuberculosis, often in isolated sanatoriums like Holley, where they were sent for rest and nutrition.
Then in 1944 a critically ill TB patient was given a new antibiotic and immediately recovered. New drugs quickly followed. They worked so well that by the 1970s in the U.S., it was assumed the disease was a problem of the past.
There are two ways to get drug-resistant TB. Most cases develop from taking medication inappropriately. But it can also be transmitted like simple TB, a cough or a sneeze.
For decades, drugmakers failed to develop new medicines for TB because the profits weren't there. With the emergence of resistant TB, several private drug companies have started developing treatments, but getting an entire regimen on the market could take 24 years. In the meantime, WHO estimates each victim will infect an average of 10 to 15 others annually before dying.
A.G. Holley was back in business.
Holley's corridors are long and dark, with fluorescent tubes throwing harsh white light on drab walls. One room is filled with hulking machines once used to collapse lungs, sometimes by inserting pingpong balls. Antique cabinets hold metal tools for spreading and removing ribs - all from a time when TB was rampant and the hospital's 500 beds were filled.
"I was very depressed," he said. "I had all this stuff in my mind."
He spent countless hours alone inside the sterile corner room reserved for patients on extended stays - dubbed "the penthouse" because it is bigger and lined by a wall of windows.
His moods ran hot and cold. He punched holes in the walls out of frustration, played loud reggaeton music with a thumping beat and got into fights with other patients. He covered his door's small window with a drawing of an evil clown to keep nurses from peering inside. He made friends with new patients, but was forced to stay long after many of them came, were cured and left.
"When he first came in we really had to throw everything and the kitchen sink at him," said Ashkin, the hospital's medical director, who experimented on Juarez with high doses of drugs, some not typically used for TB. "It was definitely cutting edge and definitely somewhat risky because it's not like I can go to the textbooks or ... journal articles to find out how to do this."
After 17 years of handling complex cases - including TB in the brain and spine - Ashkin had never seen a case so resistant. He believed he would have to remove part of Juarez's lung.
Ashkin dialed Peru to talk to the young man's father.
"What happened to the other person?" his father asked.
"He died."
Juarez's adventure in the United States had turned into a medical nightmare.
About 60 million people visit the United States every year, and most are not screened for TB before arrival. Only refugees and those coming as immigrants are checked. The top category of multidrug-resistant patients in the U.S. - 82 percent of the cases identified in 2007 - was foreign-born patients, according to the CDC.
"They're perfect ingredients for a disaster," he said.
"So the question is: Is this a strain that's evolving? That's mutating? That's becoming more and more resistant?" asked Ashkin. "I think the answer is yes."
Poor countries also do not have the resources to determine whether a patient's TB is drug-resistant. That requires sputum culturing and drug-susceptibility testing - timely, expensive processes that must be performed in capable labs. WHO is working to make these methods more available in high-risk countries as well as negotiating cheaper prices for second-line drugs.
"There's a lot of MDR and XDR-TB that hasn't been diagnosed in places like South Africa and Peru, Russia, Estonia, Latvia," said Dr. Megan Murray, a tuberculosis expert at Harvard. "We think it's a big public health threat."
"You're really looking at a global issue,"' said Dr. Lee Reichman, a TB expert at the New Jersey Medical School Global Tuberculosis Institute. "It's not a foreign problem, you can't keep these TB patients out. It's time people realize that."
Juarez spent a year and a half living alone in a room plastered with bikini-clad blondes, baseball caps and a poster of Mount Everest for inspiration. There were days when he simply shut down and refused his meds until his family persuaded him to keep fighting.
"I was thinking that maybe if I need to die, then that's what I need to do," he said, perched on his bed in baggy jeans. "I felt like: 'I'm never going to get better. I'm never going to get out of here.' "
His treatment cost Florida taxpayers an estimated $500,000, a price tag medical director Ashkin says seems like an astronomical amount to spend on someone who's not an American citizen. But he questions how the world can afford not to treat Juarez and others sick with similar lethal strains.
"This is an airborne spread disease ... so when we treat that individual, we're actually treating and protecting all of us," he said. "This is true homeland security."
In July, at age 21 - 19 months after checking in - Juarez swallowed his last pills, packed a few small suitcases and wheeled them down the hospital's long corridor.
The last time doctors saw him, he was walking out of the sanitarium into south Florida's soupy heat. |
Ebola: Nation wide Hysteria
Blown out of proportion
In 1976 Ebola, named after Ebola River in Zaire first emerged in Sudan and Zaire. The first outbreak infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53%. A few months later a second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire (EBOZ) with a mortality rate of 88%. Third starin of Ebola, Ebola Reston (EBOR), was first identified in 1989. The last strain know as Ebola Cote d'Ivoire (EBO-CI) was discovered in 1994 when a female ethologist was performing a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee from the Tai Forest.
Patient Zero in the U.S
On September 30, 2014 CDC confirmed case of Ebola to be diagnosed in the United States on a man who had traveled to Dallas, Texas from Liberia. Thomas Eric Duncan did not have symptoms when leaving Liberia, but developed them 4 days after getting back to America. He sought medical attention at Texas Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas after developing symptoms and was tested for Ebola. He passed away on October 8 after being isolated. (" Case of Ebola Diagnosed in the United States") Nina Pham one of the nurses taking care of Mr. Duncan became the first person to contract Ebola in the United States. Joy Vinson a second nurse was the second to contract the disease. She went on a plane and traveled to Cleveland and returned with a 99 degrees fever. (Voorhees, "Everything That Went Wrong in Dallas")
The Hysteria
The fear that people had over Ebola had caused many to over react. There are reports of kids being pulled out of schools and even some school closings. People in many areas weren't going to work and others are driving cars rather than taking public transportation because of the fear of catching Ebola. Politicians wanted to ban travel for people from Liberia and other countries where the epidemic is concentrated. ( Baker,"Ebola Hysteria Fever: A Real Epidemic") The Hysteria was inflated by government reactions to this so-called epidemic in America. "A Texas community college wouldn't admit international applicants of their country origin has confirmed Ebola cases" (Catalan, "Ebola-Related Discrimination on Texas College Campus"). The Texas community college was oppressing anyone that might have Ebola and choose to refuse admission into their school because of it.
The Crucible
In The Crucible, one of the main themes surrounding the story was how hysteria controlled people's actions. In the beginning of the play Abigail suddenly barged into Hale and Tituba's conversation so she could confess her sins. "I want to open myself! . . . I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!" (1048) Abigail increased the hysteria in Salem by admitting there were witches in Salem and convicting others of being a witch. This was the start of the Salem witch trial's frenzy.
During a court trial, Rebecca Nurse is convicted for being a witch and was sentenced to death. Hale started, " Believe me, Mr. Nurse, if Rebecca Nurse be tainted, then nothing's left to stop the whole green world from burning. Let you rest upon the justice of the court; the court will send her home, I know it." (1065) This shows how the hysteria in Salem has increased so much that even good people are being sent to their deaths.
During the conversation between Danforth and Hale, Danforth stated that the court was using spectral evidence. " But witchcraft is ipso facto, on its face and by nature, an invisible crime is it not? The witch and the victim. None other. Now we cannot hope the witch will accuse herself; granted? Therefore, we must rely upon her victims- and they do testify, the children certainly do testify." (1083) This shows how the hysteria in Salem has reached the courts of Salem, causing the judges to convict people based on spectral evidence instead of actual proof.
Parallel between Ebola epidemic and The Crucible
The witch trials in The Crucible and the Ebola epidemic were both inflamed by the fear of the people and support of the government. In the witch trials, the judges were one of the main causes for the continuation of the trials by refusing to stop convicting others because they already sentenced people to their deaths. The fear of getting killed in the trials caused many of the "witches" to convict others for their personal safety. While during the Ebola hysteria politicians helped make Ebola a much bigger topic than it needed to be by trying to stop transportation between countries that have Ebola, making people believe that it was much more infectious than it really was. The people feared that they'd catch this disease and die.
Work Cited
Baker, Dean. "Ebola Hysteria Fever: A Real Epidemic." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 21 Oct. 2014. Web. 05 Dec. 2014.
"Cases of Ebola Diagnosed in the United States." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 05 Dec. 2014.
Catalan, Julissa. "Ebola-Related Discrimination on Texas College Campus."DiversityInc. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.
Miller, Arthur. The Crucible (Penguin Classics). New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Print.
Waterman, Tara. "Brief General History of Ebola." Brief Ebola General History. N.p., 1999. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.
Voorhees, Josh. "A Detailed Timeline of the Many, Many Medical Missteps in the First U.S. Ebola Case." Slate Magazine. N.p., 16 Oct. 2014. Web. 07 Dec. 2014. |
Writing a character sketch essay
Write an introduction that will attract a reader to your work.If you can write a good paragraph, you should be able to write a good essay (composition).Writing supporting sentences, to a large extent, depends on the kind of paragraph in which they are comprised.She has been the light and angel to her parents since the day she was born.Character Sketch Guidelines A character sketch essay assignment Character Sketch is a great way for.
Writing A Character Sketch Essay
Think about how your character interacts with others in the story.This is the reason our company offers quality Writing A Character Sketch Essay.One of the most common tasks students receive in their academic life, is a character analysis essay.
Writing concluding sentences is, probably, the least complicated task in writing a paragraph.Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 345,781 times.Think about how Huck relates to runaway slave Jim, both in the beginning of the novel and at the end.
Character Sketch Guidelines - Journeys in Grace
In essence, you are introducing the reader to the person you are writing about.Ralph waldo emerson character analysis of a movie character sketch essay papers paper writing.He does try hard to obey her and act appropriately in church, but he often missteps and announces himself, through his actions and words, as a person who is far less civilized than he pretends to be, or than the Widow would like him to be.Your long and winding road to the place to buy essay online has ended happily.A college character analysis differs from one completed in high school.Character Sketch. Students will also write a character sketch of the cat.
Using quotes from the text will increase your credibility as an author and will support your ideas more effectively.
Character Analysis Essay on To Kill A Mockingbird
As you read, take notes on all important elements that add to the depth of the main character as you read the work for a second time.He is associated with secular and sometimes illicit forms of knowledge, as his chemical experiments and medical practices occasionally verge on witchcraft and murder.For the Huck Finn example, you might choose something about the hypocrisy of civilized society since, in essence, the novel is about a boy who was brought up to support enslaving blacks, but decides, through his experiences with Jim on the river, to value Jim as a person and a friend rather than just as a slave.The main goal of the assignment is to be able to tell something about the person you are researching.
Most often than not, beauty and brains cannot go together, but Gabby has them both.When you get an assignment to write a character analysis essay, your professor expects you to prove to him that you have enhanced your.You want to provide a lasting mental image of the person or character you are writing about.Using too many quotes seems lazy and ineffective, and will probably earn you a poor grade from your professor.He decides to rescue Jim from being returned to his master, even though it is against the law, because he believes that Jim does not deserve to be treated like a slave.
Looking For Help With Your Character Analysis Essay
A girl that radiates lightness yet equally possesses a depth that keeps you wondering more.This video gives a brief overview of the content and format for a character sketch. How to Write a Character Sketch.Over your have quality since if impress some the quality pay produce you are for Writing A Character Sketch Essay thru and want you his can for must.
writing a character sketch essay - piermontfinearts.com
This version of How to Write a Character Analysis was reviewed by Jamie Korsmo on March 28, 2017.The author gives us very little detail of what he looks like to continue giving the impression of an invisible man.Notice every place that your character appears and consider the following.What values does the character exhibit through words or actions.A great way to give them practice for writing from a literary piece is to sketch someone they know in real-life.
Another organization method is by character trait, ordering them from least to most important.How Do I Start An Introduction Of A Character Sketch Essay Or Write Character Sketch Essay.He is interested in revenge, not justice, and he seeks the deliberate destruction of others rather than a redress of wrongs.Analyze the language that the character uses throughout the work.This is where simple knowledge begins to turn to understanding.
A character sketch is a brief description in prose of a particular person or a type of person. Developing Effective Essays.Is this character an archetype (a somewhat stereotypical personality like the bully, the nerd, the girl in distress, the favored athlete) or much more complex and unique.
Character sketch essay assignment | Home Saving inc.
While a character analysis would include all relationships with other characters, a character relationship analysis would focus on just one.Comprehension is gaining a basic understanding of what you are reading.
Writing a character sketch essay - Surdas character sketch
Write Character Sketch Essays | Write My Essay
Huck Finn tries to abide by the rules of society, but at the end of the day he acts based on emotions.They can sketch the protagonist ( the favorable hero or heroine in the story,) or the antagonist ( the character which causes the conflict for the main character), or the supporting characters.
How to Write a Character Sketch - ReadWriteThink.org
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Wait, what? There’s more than one Bitcoin? As if getting a handle on cryptocurrencies wasn’t hard enough, we’re now entering the days of multiple Bitcoin currencies. I guess you could compare it to dollars: there’s both the US dollar and the Canadian dollar, and they clearly have quite different geographical uses. But as you can probably imagine, things are slightly more blurred when it comes to the blockchain.
Bitcoin Cash is one of the most famous altcoins. It walks the wobbly line between fading into myriad other altcoins and grasping the fame and fortune of the original Bitcoin.
Bitcoin Cash came to fruition in August 2017 after a hard fork and a split in the Bitcoin blockchain. There are constant debates and many opinions about how best to cultivate cryptocurrency, and Bitcoin Cash is a direct result of the argument.
In this guide, you’ll find out what exactly makes Bitcoin Cash special, who’s working with the currency, and where to get your hands on some.
What is Bitcoin Cash?
Bitcoin Cash stems from the scalability issues that face Bitcoin. The original blockchain has grown exponentially in recent times. This means that many more users and transactions are using the cryptocurrency, which is weighing down the network. The limited Bitcoin block size of 1 MB means that blocks are filling up more quickly than they can be mined. Transactions have, at times, become slow and expensive.
Bitcoin Cash makes some distinct protocol changes, the main one being an 8 MB block size. This change allows for more data per block, meaning more transactions can be processed in each block mined. Many see this as a step forward in terms of how best to scale the network.
Others remain adamant that it’s simply a short-term fix that doesn’t solve the problem, and there’s no implementation of ideas—such as Segwit, whose protocol is now active on the original Bitcoin blockchain—to help effectively break transactions down into smaller, more manageable pieces. Importantly, with a split in a blockchain, currency is duplicated. This means that the historical Bitcoin transaction data were copied, and anyone with Bitcoin funds was credited with the same amount of Bitcoin Cash.
So does that mean free money? Yes, yes it does—especially when each Bitcoin Cash is valued at hundreds of dollars. Here’s our guide on how to claim your Bitcoin Cash if you owned Bitcoin before the split on August 1, 2017.
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Electrical Burn
A person with an electrical burn (for example, from a power line) should go to the hospital right away. Electrical burns often cause serious injury inside the body. This injury may not show on the skin.
Electrical burns are a direct result of electric current passing through a body by coming into contact with a live electrical circuit. The effects of electrical burns are often unseen, due to internal damage.
The current causes the most damage where the electricity enters and exits your body.
When you are burned, your tissue gets damaged and begins to die. Your muscles, tendons, blood vessels, nerves, and bones may also get damaged. You may have a fast heartbeat, reddish urine, or be dizzy and confused. With treatment, you may have less pain, tissue damage, or infections caused by germs called bacteria. You may be able to return to work or your normal daily activities sooner than without treatment.
Request assistance from trained medical personnel to quickly help the fallen victim. Time is of the essence here and could mean the survival of the victim.
Stay on the phone with emergency personnel until the ambulance arrives assist you. You may be able to assist them on the phone by relaying vital signs like if the victim is breathing and their pulse rate.
A good tip is to elevate their feet slightly above the head, but do not move the victim.
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Sunday, September 12, 2010
Plastics and Energy Efficiency !!
Q: Can plastics actually save energy?
A: Yes. And they use less energy than you might think: the raw materials that go into the production of plastics account for only 1.5 percent of total energy consumption. In addition, it often takes less energy to convert plastics from a raw material into a finished product than comparable products made of other materials:
• Plastic grocery bags require 40 percent less energy to make than paper bags.
• Foam polystyrene containers require 30 percent less total energy than paperboard containers.
• Fifty-three billion kilowatt hours of electricity are saved annually by improvement in major appliance energy efficiency made possible by plastic applications. Without plastics, these appliances would use 30 percent more energy.
Q: Would more energy be conserved if plastic packaging were replaced by non-plastic alternatives?
A: No. In fact, the total energy used in manufacturing plastic packaging is considerably less than the energy used to produce non-plastic alternatives -- even when the inherent energy value of plastics' raw materials is factored in. This means that without plastics, the equivalent of an additional 58 million barrels of oil or 325 billion cubic feet of natural gas would have been required to meet America's packaging needs in 1990. That's enough to meet the energy needs of 100,000 homes for 35 years.
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What numbers are high blood pressure
Home » What numbers are high blood pressure » Alternative Medicine » What numbers are high blood pressure
Because of this risk, ACE inhibitors are not usually used in combination with potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements. , Inc. A. If potassium levels become extremely high, they can cause the heart to stop beating (cardiac arrest). HDL Cholesterol: High Density Lipoprotein - A transporter of cholesterol from the artery walls to the liver. M. MRI (or magnetic resonance imaging) scan is a radiology technique which uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. Triglycerides: The main form of fat found in foods and the human body. Weight loss, especially when accompanied by salt restriction, may allow patients with mild hypertension to safely reduce or go off medications. The benefits of weight loss on blood pressure are long-lasting. A. In foods, only animal products contain cholesterol. HDL's help the liver excrete cholesterol as bile, a liquid acid essential to fat digestion. An electrocardiogram is known by the acronyms "ECG" or "EKG" more commonly used for this non-invasive procedure to record the electrical activity of what numbers are high blood pressure the heart. Hon. what numbers are high blood pressure (This condition is different than preeclampsia, described just below. Continued hypertension after the pregnancy is also not uncommon. Urac. The body breaks down carbohydrates in foods into glucose, which serves as the primary fuel for the muscles and the brain. ) These women often require antihypertensive medications during pregnancy and closer monitoring of themselves and the fetus. Excess glucose is either converted by the liver to glycogen or turned into body fat. The simplest ketone, acetone, is a product of the metabolism of fats and usually oxidizes quickly to water and carbon dioxide. Patients with diabetes and hypertension need to be monitored very closely ways to stop smoking pot for the development of kidney disease. Cholesterol: A waxy, fat-like substance manufactured what numbers are high blood pressure in the liver and found in all tissues. A. A. Symptoms evaluated include: ACE inhibitors protect against kidney disease, but they may also increase potassium retention by the kidneys. cure for sciatica back pain Patients what numbers are high blood pressure with heart pacemakers, metal implants, or metal chips or clips in or around the eyes cannot be scanned with MRI because what numbers are high blood pressure of the effect of the magnet. Arrhythmias are heart rhythm disturbances that can, rarely, lead to cardiac arrest. They are usually used in combination with other drugs such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics. All of these prescription medications are available as generics. Elevated systolic pressure can pose a significant what numbers are high blood pressure danger for heart problems and stroke even when diastolic is normal -- a condition called isolated systolic hypertension. Introduction Loop and thiazide diuretics reduce the body's supply of potassium, which, if left untreated, increases the risk for arrhythmias. A combination medication containing candesartan and the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (Diovan HCT, Atacand HCT) is also available. D. These may include repeated readings made in the doctor’s office as well as blood pressure measurements you performed at home. URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A. Blood pressure measurements can fluctuate throughout the day and in different environments. For this reason, HDL is called "good" cholesterol. Ketone: Relatively reactive organic compounds that serve as important intermediates in cell metabolism. With careful use, they can be beneficial for patients with heart failure. High blood pressure causes 30% of all cases of end-stage kidney disease (medically referred to as end-stage renal disease, or ESRD). The DASH diet is a diet plan proven to help improve blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure readings generally show up early in pregnancy, before 16 - 20 weeks. End-Stage Kidney Disease. Dementia Related Terminology: Glucose: A sugar that is the simplest form of carbohydrate. M. An EKG is generally performed as part of a routine physical exam, part of a cardiac exercise stress test, or part of the evaluation of symptoms. A. D. Exforge HCT is a triple-combination medication that combines in one pill valsartan along with the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine and the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation ( www. To obtain the most accurate estimate of your true blood pressure, your doctor will use an average of multiple readings. Learn more about A. D. If you experience reduced potassium, your doctor will prescribe a lower dose of the current diuretic, recommend potassium supplements, or switch to a potassium-sparing diuretic either alone or in combination with a thiazide. M. M. This side effect is uncommon, except in patients with significant kidney disease. A. Diltiazem how to get my mom to stop smoking (Cardizem, Dilacor), amlodipine (Norvasc), felodipine (Plendil), isradipine (DynaCirc), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan), nisoldipine (Sular), nicardipine (Cardene), and nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia). Only diabetes leads to more cases of kidney failure. Many women all natural stop smoking aids who are likely to develop hypertension when they are older have their first elevated blood pressure readings during pregnancy. D. Is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www. Lifestyle changes are important for preventing and treating high blood pressure. 's editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. Ch) Brands. A. Tribenzor combines in one pill olmesartan, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide. Containing three fatty acids and one unit of glycerol, triglycerides are stored in adipose cells what numbers are high blood pressure in the body, which, when broken down, release fatty acids into the blood. MRI scanning is painless and does not involve X-ray radiation. In diabetes, however, this ketone accumulates what numbers are high blood pressure in the body and may be detected in the urine. This occurs when systolic pressure is over 140 mm Hg but diastolic pressure is under 90 mm Hg. Follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. Isolated Systolic Hypertension. It is commonly referred to as blood sugar. D. For patients who have both high blood pressure what are the symptoms of asthma and high cholesterol, Caduet combines in one pill amlodipine and the statin drug atorvastatin. An excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Org). Exercise Beta blockers help slow heart rate and lower blood pressure. Is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. The decision to start or increase blood pressure medications should not be based on a single blood pressure reading. Isolated systolic hypertension is the most common form of hypertension in people older than age 50. M. It is related to arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). A. Beta blockers are more likely to be what numbers are high blood pressure used to treat hypertension in patients with angina, previous heart attack, arrhythmias with fast heart rates, or migraine headaches. Even modest weight loss in overweight people, particularly in the abdominal area, can immediately lower blood pressure. Healthy changes include maintaining a normal weight, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption to no more than one or two drinks a day, reducing sodium (salt) intake, and increasing potassium intake.
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Monday, January 30, 2012
Painting White Part One - Value
A lot has been written on this subject before... many paintings ask the question, "what is white?" Viewers are often amazed at how many colors are visible in something that's purportedly "white"
All objects reflect back whatever light is thrown on them (including light bouncing off of adjacent colored objects). The more strongly colored the object in question, the more it filters this light. Neutral objects (black, gray, white) provide almost no color filtering, that is to say, they absorb or reflect the entire spectrum equally. That means that with a pure white object, what you are seeing is really just the sum of all the light striking it. As a result, the one color that white almost never really appears as is pure white.
But I'm not here to talk about color just yet - as usual, I'm here to talk about VALUE. First and foremost, the reason an element in a painting appears white is because it's the whitest thing in the painting - or the whitest (lightest) thing in a particular part of the painting, where a particular lighting condition has been set up. (This is in fact true of all colors - what appears as blue is simply the bluest thing in the painting, what appears as yellow is simply the yellowest thing, etc., but again, we're not here to talk about color).
Take a look at this painting, The White Bear (featured in Spectrum 18, a full page no less, thank you very much):
There are several "white" elements in it - the woman's head scarf, her apron strings, the bear, the girl's head scarf. Here are those colors sampled, shown on a pure white background:
And here's where those samples are located in the painting:
Apart from the intense orange edge light, most of the painting appears somewhat uniformly lit. At least, all the figures look like they exist in the same space.
But check out how dark the mom and dad figures appear in isolation. The value range for elements from the white apron strings to dad's dark trousers has been extraordinarily compressed - but the apron strings still read as white because they are the whitest thing in that area.
Now with the girl overlaid - it seems like she comes from a different painting:
She'd fit better if mom and dad were painted like this:
Something like the figures in this painting:
Or if the girl were like this, then she'd fit with the darker mom and dad:
So when you're setting up a painting, or struggling to fix one... or struggling with color, or struggling in general, take a breath and first identify the white in each area of your painting. Everything else in that area must fit between it and that areas's black - even if this means you have to deal with incredibly subtle shifts of value. I've said it before and I'll say it again - the illusion of light is about relationships and primarily value relationships, not contrast or saturation.
Be sure to check out Part Two of this series.
Sunday, January 29, 2012
Where have all the book illustrators gone?
This article got my gander up (and the ganders of a few of my colleagues as well). Personally I think there are more - many, many more - illustrators and artists of all specialties who can draw very well these days. The artistic community is open and supportive - even the most seasoned professionals are willing to reveal their hard won secrets and techniques, often for free. And the internet has provided the means by which this knowledge can be shared. There are a tremendous amount of resources available for artists to learn to draw, and my observation is that artists are achieving proficiency at a younger and younger age.
In my day we had the local bookstore to go look at covers done by established artists - and that was it! We would drool over the tiniest tidbit of "how to" information that might be gleaned from an interview with an artist, or passed on from a friend. It's a miracle anyone learned to draw at all given that, as the article does rightly point out, most art schools abandoned the grueling traditional drawing teaching methods (which are the only ones that work, btw, whether in school or on your own - practice, practice, practice).
Of course, all this sharing may be resulting in a certain homogeneity of style creeping in, since artists of certain genres tend to work digitally more than others, and therefore find it easier to share their methods, but that is a debate for another day...
Needless to say, this article is dead wrong - there are plenty of illustrators who are exceptional drafts-persons these days!!
Saturday, January 28, 2012
The Illusion of Creativity
Artists tend to imagine that there's this creative voice inside us that is trying to get out, to make itself heard. This is our creative mind, the source of our work. Conventional wisdom is that creative ideas come from some rich inner well... the subconscious, the right side of the brain...
But maybe ideas don't really come from anywhere - maybe they don't really exist until you do something to bring them into existence. Perhaps the feeling that they exist, and need only to be expressed, is an illusion. It just seems like they already exist, but they don't. The really great ideas seem to come from nowhere.
Our creative mind may in fact not be a SOURCE of anything other than opinions, desires, needs. Our creative mind may not create things, but rather hunger for something that doesn't yet exist - something it can get only by forcing you to create it.
There are lots of rules to follow when making good pictures. It's relatively easy to analyze a picture and see if its underlying design (or composition) is solid, and so on. But what gets that picture started? What are the rules for that? How do we go about that?
The truth is, the so-called "creative" process isn't really so much about creating as it is about getting started on something, anything, and then reacting - the starting point can be almost entirely random. The process is entirely reactive
What's not random is the perception you have of that first scribble, that first line of text - how it affects you, what you pick up on, and choose to enhance and develop, like a Rorschach test that takes into account your entire life up to that point, your current mood, feelings and thoughts and even your intentions (even though your intentions may have had very little to do with the nature of that first mark).
So if you're sitting around dreaming of the day that great idea for a book, picture, song, whatever is going to pop into your head fully formed, in some kind of creative lightning strike, I suggest you instead pick up a pencil (iPad?) and get working.
Friday, January 27, 2012
Snow White and Rose Red - process
Here's a detail of Red:
This is more like it...
Here's the value study...
And some quick color ideas, and the rough is done!
And kids...
And bears and kids...
and mom...
and sheep...
and stuff...
Starting to see some form and light here...
Some final adjustments, and we're done.
Here's the same progression, focusing on Red.
Working those values, starting to define her edges
Changing pose and costume at the last minute...
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Anger, negative emotions may trigger stroke
ST. PAUL, Minn. Anger and other negative emotions may be triggers for ischemic stroke, according to a study published in the December 14 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
The study found that people who had strokes were more likely to have experienced anger or negative emotions in the two hours prior to the stroke than at the same time the day before the stroke. They were also more likely to have reacted quickly to a startling event, such as getting out of bed suddenly after hearing a grandchild fall down and cry or standing up from a chair quickly after hearing an unexpected loud noise.
The people were also more likely to have experienced anger, negative emotions, or sudden changes in body position in the two hours before the stroke than they were, on average, in the year before the stroke.
"We know a lot about risk factors that make people more likely to have a stroke in their lifetime, such as smoking and high blood pressure, but until now we haven't had any information on what causes a stroke to occur at a particular time," said study author Silvia Koton, PhD, MOccH, RN, of Tel Aviv University and the Israel Center for Disease Control. "These findings may help us understand how these triggers result in stroke. We can also investigate whether people at a high risk of stroke can make behavior changes. The possibility of preventive medications to lessen the risk of stroke among specific high-risk groups might also be studied."
The study examined 200 people who were hospitalized with an ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack (mini-stroke). Ischemic stroke is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. It is the most common type of stroke.
The study participants, who had an average age of 68, were interviewed one to four days after the stroke occurred. Approximately 30 percent of patients reported exposure to anger, negative emotions such as fear, irritabili
Contact: Marilee Reu
American Academy of Neurology
Page: 1 2
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Tools/The Fermentation Act
The Fermentation Act
Year: 2016
Through humidifiers placed in the exhibition space, water is abstracted from the air and collected in transparent 600-liter cubes. The water will be cooked with tea in a large pot. Sugar is added and the tea is poured into a similar cube and used to produce fermentation from the kombucha fungus. When the the fermentation process ends, after 14-30 days, the liquid will be poured into 5-liter glass jars and stored on shelves. Depending on the type of tea used, the colours and flavours will vary and create a museum of colourful teas produced from human body perspiration.
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Breast Cancer Awareness Gifts
As part of raising cancer awareness to the minds of the public, breast cancer awareness gifts such as bracelets, ribbons and other jewelry, among others, are available to strengthen the campaign. There are so many online stores that cater to this and some ever have charity options.
You can also get them and purchase them at the online stores that offer their proceeds to the cancer societies and foundations. Necklaces & pendants, pins & brooches are also available among them.
Can Life Imbalance Contribute to Breast Cancer?
Discover the Chances of Surviving Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in the United States behind others such as prostate, lung and skin cancer. It primarily develops in women aged fifty or older although men can develop the disease as well. Some factors that can contribute to the development of breast cancer may include, fat intake, weight, age, and amount of exercise.
These are facts that should be well known. But, what are the actual chances of surviving breast cancer?First off, the chances of survival are significantly impacted by whether or not the cancer was diagnosed properly or early enough and when it is diagnosed, what stage it is in. Higher rates of survival bear this out. Another thing that impacts one's chances is the fact that treatment options are many, varied and the number of options keeps increasing. Also treatments as a whole have been improving as we learn more about this disease. Doctors also see the need for their patients to get regular mammograms done, which also increases the chances of early detection and faster acting treatments because any tumor found will not have become malignant.
Another thing that increases one's chances of survival is the fact that doctors are continually monitoring and modifying treatments to better serve the needs of the individual patient. In addition to these treatments, there is also a push toward more natural, less invasive treatments as well. Some radiation treatment as well as chemotherapy drugs after surgery has been seen to help improve survival rates also.
The key to remember here is that there is at this time no one thing that will increase your chances of surviving breast cancer, just as there is no one thing you can do to reduce the odds of development in the first place. It is a combination of many different factors. However, the one key ingredient is you. How you choose to come at and cope with breast cancer will go a long way in determining your survival rate.
Discover Five Breast Cancer Preventing Super Foods
As has been discussed in other breast cancer prevention articles, one of the main ways to prevent breast cancer is to eat a healthy diet which is rich in vegetables, fiber and low in fat. However, there has been little mention as to what foods can be eaten that will specifically aid in breast cancer prevention.
The following are my top five foods. This are not listed in any order of importance so feel free to mix and match as it relates to your specific needs and diet.
Breast Cancer Awareness Products As Promotional Giveaways
October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month and there are so many different fundraising events going on that pink becomes one of the most popular colors for promotional products. Customized pink products are a great way to raise both money and awareness for breast cancer.
When choosing a product to customize for Breast Cancer Awareness, keep in mind the event which you are hosting. If you have a booth set up or are raising money for a Breast Cancer Awareness 5K Run, for example, you should consider a product that is more geared towards athleticism.
Selecting Products For Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most widespread cancer-related death amongst women in nearly the entire Western world and the foremost cause of death for women under 50. It beats roughly 182,000 women in the U.S. every year and slays 46,000. To consume dairy products is connected to an augmented danger for breast cancer since dairy products are high in fat, animal protein, and hormones, every of which raises cancer risk. Study after study has associated dairy consumption to a high occurrence of breast and other cancers. Women seeking to reduce their possibilities of breast cancer ought to keep away from milk, other dairy products, and also meat.
Some cosmetics and individual care products well-liked with teenagers contain components associated to breast cancer and other vital health problems, according to a new-fangled analysis of cosmetics products. |
Word Combinations
Word Combinations
to make/take a (careful) choice rewarding/stimulating work
to have no choice to be devoted to smth. or smb.
to be interested in to be responsible for smth.
to leave/finish school to take/accept responsibility
school leaver to have/need a sense of res-
to consider teaching (medicine, ponsibliliry
etc.) as a career to cope with smth.
to take up a carrer/a job to earn/enjoy gratitude
to go in for teaching and respect
to be in teaching (medicine, to have (no) respect for
banking, etc.) smb. or smth.
to be in/out of one's line love of smth./for smb.
Note: The nouns Word Combinations "work, job, profession, career, vocation" have more or less the same meaning. Nevertheless there is a certain diffеrence in their semantics and usage.
"Work" has the most general meaning and can be applied to anything one has to do in the way of making a living. "Job" is close to it in its meaning but tends to denote less prestigious work. Apart from that the word "job" can also denote a position in employment, in which case the difference between the words "work" and "job" is quite obvious (е.g. I'm very fond of шу Word Combinations job, even though it means doing a lot of work). "Profession" is work which requires advanced education and special training. Traditionally it's applied to law, medicine, architecture and military career. The word "career" itself means either a course of progress in the life of a person or has the same meaning as the word "work" and is mostly used when speaking of the choice of work. The word "vocation" means the kind of work to which a man is led by natural talents (compare with the word "calling"). It's a learned word and is seldom used in everyday Word Combinations speech.
Remember that thе word "work" in the meaning mentioned above is uncountable and shouldn't be used with the indefinite article or in the plural.
In contrast to it the word "job" is countable and can be used with the indefinite article.
Документ Word Combinations |
Alpaca fleece is the natural fibre harvested from an alpaca. It is light or heavy in weight, depending on how it is spun. It is a soft, durable, luxurious and silky natural fibre. While similar to sheep’s wool, it is warmer, not prickly, and has no lanolin, which makes it hypoallergenic. Alpaca is naturally water-repellent and difficult to ignite. Huacaya, an alpaca that grows soft spongy fibre, has natural crimp, thus making a naturally elastic yarn well-suited for knitting. Suri has far less crimp and thus is a better fit for woven goods. The designer Armani has used Suri alpaca to fashion men's and women's suits. Alpaca fleece is made into Alpacavarious products, from very simple and inexpensive garments made by the aboriginal communities to sophisticated, industrially made and expensive products such as suits. In the United States, groups of smaller alpaca breeders have banded together to create "fibre co-ops," to make the manufacture of alpaca fibre products less expensive.
There are two types of alpaca: Huacaya which produce a dense, soft, crimpy sheep-like fibre, and the Suri with silky pencil-like locks, resembling dreadlocks but without matted fibres. Suris, prized for their longer and silkier fibres, are estimated to make up 19-20% of the North American alpaca population. Since its import into the United States, the number of Suri alpacas has grown substantially and become more colour diverse. The Suri is thought to be rarer, most likely because the breed was reserved for royalty during Incan times. Suris are often said to be less cold hardy than Huacaya, but both breeds are successfully raised in more extreme climates than those in which they were developed in South America.
Alpacas have been bred in South America for thousands of years. Vicuñas were first domesticated and bred into alpacas by the ancient tribes of the Andean highlands of Peru, Argentina, Chile and Bolivia. Two thousand-year-old Paracas textiles are thought to include alpaca fibre. In recent years, alpacas have also been exported to other countries. In countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand, breeders shear their animals annually, weigh the fleeces and test them for fineness. With the resulting knowledge, they are able to breed heavier-fleeced animals with finer fibre. Fleece weights vary, with the top stud males reaching annual shear weights up to 7 kg total fleece and 3 kg good quality fleece. The discrepancy in weight is because an alpaca has guard hair, which is often removed before spinning.
History of fibre industry
The Amerindians of Peru used this fibre in the manufacture of many styles of fabrics for thousands of years before its introduction into Europe as a commercial product. The alpaca was a crucial component of ancient life in the Andes, as it provided not only warm clothing, but also meat. Many rituals and myths involved the alpaca, perhaps most notably the myth regarding the method of killing the animal: An alpaca was restrained by one or more people, and a specially trained person plunged his bare hand into the chest cavity of the animal, ripping out its heart. Today, this ritual is viewed by most as barbaric, but there are still some tribes in the Andes which practice it.
The first European importations of alpaca fibre were into Spain. Spain transferred that fibre to Germany and France. Apparently, alpaca yarn was spun in England for the first time about the year 1808, but the fibre was condemned as an unworkable material. In 1830, Benjamin Outram, of Greetland, near Halifax, appears to have reattempted spinning it, and again it was condemned. These two attempts failed due to the style of fabric into which the yarn was woven — a type of camlet. With the introduction of cotton warps into Bradford trade about 1836, the true qualities of alpaca could be assessed as it was developed into fabric. It is not known where the cotton warp and mohair or alpaca weft plain-cloth came from, but it was this simple and ingenious structure which enabled Titus Salt, then a young Bradford manufacturer, to use alpaca successfully. Bradford is still the great spinning and manufacturing centre for alpaca. Large quantities of yarns and cloths are exported annually to the European continent and the US, although the quantities vary with the fashions in vogue. The typical "alpaca fabric" is a very characteristic "dress fabric."
Due to the successful manufacture of various alpaca cloths by Sir Titus Salt and other Bradford manufacturers, a great demand for alpaca wool arose, which could not be met by the native product. Apparently, the number of alpacas available never increased appreciably. Unsuccessful attempts were made to acclimatize alpaca in England, on the European continent and in Australia, and even to cross English huacaya breeds of sheep with alpaca. There is a cross between alpaca and llama — a true hybrid in every sense — producing a material placed upon the Liverpool market under the name "Huarizo". Crosses between the alpaca and vicuña have not proved satisfactory, as the crosses that have produced offspring have a very short fleece, more characteristic of the vicuña. Current attempts to cross these two breeds are underway at farms in the US. Alpacas are now being bred in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, UK, and numerous other places.
In recent years, interest in alpaca fibre clothing has surged, perhaps partly because alpaca ranching has a reasonably low impact on the environment. Individual U.S. farms are producing finished alpaca products like hats, mitts, scarves, socks, insoles, foot warmers, sweaters, jackets, as well as almost any other product. Outdoor sports enthusiasts recognize its lighter weight and better warmth provides them more comfort in colder weather, so outfitters such as R.E.I. and others are beginning to stock more alpaca products. Using an alpaca and wool blend such as merino is common to the alpaca fibre industry to improve processing and the qualities of the final product.
In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of alpaca and other natural fibres.
Fibre structure
Alpaca fibre is similar in structure to sheep wool fibre. Its softness comes from the small diameter of the fibre, similar to merino wool. Its glossiness is due to low height of the individual fibre scales compared to sheep wool. Alpaca fibres have a higher tensile strength than wool fibres. In processing, slivers lack fibre cohesion and single alpaca roving’s lack strength. Blend these together and the durability is increased several times over. More twisting is necessary, especially in Suri, and this can reduce a yarn's softness.
The alpaca has a very fine and light fleece. It does not retain water, is thermal even when wet and can resist solar radiation effectively. These characteristics guarantee the animals a permanent and appropriate coat to protect against extreme changes of temperature. This fibre offers the same protection to humans.
Medullated fibres are fibres with a central core, which may be continuous, interrupted, or fragmented. Here, the cortical cells that make up the walls of the fibre, are wrapped around a medulla, or core, that is made up of another type of cell called medullary cells. Later, these cells may contract or disappear, forming air pockets which assist insulation.
Medullation can be an objectionable trait. Medullated fibres can take less dye, standing out in the finished garment, and are weaker. The proportion of medullated fibres is higher in the coarser, unwanted guard hairs: there is less or no medullation in the finer, lower micro meter fibres. These undesirable fibres are easy to see and give a garment a hairy appearance. Quality alpaca products should be free from these medullated fibres.
Good quality alpaca fibre is approximately 18 to 25 micro meters in diameter. Whilst breeders report fibre can sell for US$2 to 4 per ounce, the world wholesale price for processed, spun alpaca “tops” is only between about $10 to $24/kg according to quality, i.e. about $0.28 to $0.68 per oz. Finer fleeces, ones with a smaller diameter, are preferred, so are more expensive. As an alpaca gets older, the diameter of the fibres gets thicker, between 1 µm and 5 µm per year. This is sometimes caused by overfeeding; as excess nutrients are converted to thicker fibre rather than to fat.
As with all fleece-producing animals, quality varies from animal to animal, and some alpacas produce fibre which is less than ideal. Fibre and conformation are the two most important factors in determining an alpaca's value.
Alpacas come in 22 natural colours, with more than 300 shades from a true-blue black through browns-black, browns, fawns, white, silver-greys, and rose-greys. However, white is predominant, because of selective breeding: the white fibre can be dyed in the largest ranges of colours. In South America, the preference is for white, as they generally have better fleece than the darker-coloured animals. The demand for darker fibre sprung up in the United States and elsewhere, though, to reintroduce the colours, but the quality of the darker fibre has decreased slightly. Breeders have been diligently working on breeding dark animals with exceptional fibre, and much progress has been made over the last few years.
Before dying, the alpaca fibre must go through other stages:
Selection of wool, according to colour, size and quality of fibre
"Escarminado", removal of grass, dirt, thorns, and other impurities
Washing, to remove all the dirt and grease
Once the fibre is clean, it is possible to begin the process of dyeing.
Natural dyeing: recipe used by Andean artisans: To dye 1 kg of alpaca wool with cochinilla natural dye,
Boil 5 litres of water in an aluminium can with 100 g of cochinilla for an hour.
Sift and put the fibre in the water.
Boil again for an hour and add 50 lemons cut in halves.
Then take out the wool and hang for drying.
Note: For dyeing with another natural dye native plants, add 2 kg of the products to the water and boil.
Alpaca fibre is used for many purposes, including making clothing such as hats, mitts, scarves, gloves, and jumpers. It can also be used for re-rooting dolls' hair, for example in Blythe dolls. Many breeders are coming up with new ways to use the fibre from their alpacas, from crafting, to wall hangings, to clothing.
Copyright © 2018 whorldropspindle |
No memory flight information board
Amnesia and deliberate forgetting
Amnesia – loss of memory – takes many forms and can be hugely distressing
Amnesia is one of the fiction writer’s favourite ploys. Typically, the victim of an assault has no memory of the incident so cannot say ‘whodunit’. Better still they wake up with no recollection of who they are. Then there are those whose traumatic memories are ‘suppressed’ but gradually or spontaneously return.
In reality, because memory is not a single simple system, amnesia is similarly complex and takes many forms. In general terms, the nature of the amnesia depends on the nature of the damage to the brain.
One of the most striking forms of amnesia is the inability to make new memories (anterograde amnesia). This often follows damage to the hippocampus, which is needed to establish new memories that are then stored elsewhere in the brain. People may have perfect memories up to the point that they suffered the damage, but can then make no new memories. Researcher Eleanor Maguire of University College London describes how people she studies can get confused if she leaves the room: they may be unable to recall what they are doing with her.
Case studies
One of the most heart-rending tales is that of Clive Wearing. After a viral infection, he lost the ability to make new memories, as well as much of his past memory. In effect he ‘wakes up’ every few seconds, unable to remember what has just happened in his life. (His story was told in the 2005 ITV documentary ‘The Man with the 7 Second Memory’, and a poignant account of his relationship with his wife appeared in the ‘Daily Telegraph’ – ‘The man who keeps falling in love with his wife’.)
Perhaps sadder still is the case of a patient known as ‘HM’ or ‘Henry M’. Henry grew up normally enough in Hartford, Connecticut in the 1920s, but in late adolescence developed epilepsy. By the 1950s, he was enduring several seizures a week. With no other options available at the time, he underwent surgery. A significant chunk of his brain was removed – including most of his hippocampus, which at that point was not known to be important in memory making.
From that moment on, Henry was unable to add new memories. He has been studied intensively, providing new insight into many aspects of memory. He seems to have learned to cope, though worries about making friends – he forgets people minutes after seeing them. He has to be reintroduced to his doctors every morning. Most sadly, at regular intervals he relives the grief of discovering his mother has died.
Interestingly, Henry (like Clive Wearing) can still remember how to do things and can learn new skills (though cannot remember learning them). This shows how different aspects of memory are handled by different parts of the brain.
Being particularly associated with damage to the hippocampus, anterograde amnesia is rare. More common is retrograde amnesia, where memories made before a trauma cannot be recalled. The effect may be temporary, with memories gradually returning, or long term.
Head injury may cause various forms of amnesia. Impaired memory of events just before the head trauma reflects the absence of memory consolidation during the traumatic episode. Loss of memory is also a characteristic feature of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Some (but not all) aspects of memory are impaired in old age, such as short-term memory.
Lead image:
Cesar Astudillo/Flickr CC BY NC
Further reading
About this resource
Neuroscience, History
Education levels:
16–19, Continuing professional development |
Is it OK for Kids to Eat Eggs Every Day for Breakfast?
A large egg contains more than half a child's recommended daily limit for cholesterol.
Eggs can be part of a nutritious breakfast, but the high cholesterol content of egg yolks makes it unwise to feed kids whole eggs every day. According to the American Heart Association, the buildup of arterial plaque begins in childhood, so kids who take in too much cholesterol are at an increased risk of developing heart disease as adults. Egg whites are cholesterol-free and safe to eat daily, but yolks, though nutritious, should be served in moderation. Eating three or four eggs per week is safer than eating them every day.
The main hazard of eating eggs daily is their high cholesterol level. The Cleveland Clinic recommends that kids take in no more than 300 milligrams of cholesterol per day. A large cooked egg has 169 milligrams of cholesterol, so if your child eats two eggs for breakfast, he has already exceeded the recommended limit. One egg, combined with other cholesterol sources throughout the day, can also be unhealthy. Additionally, an egg has 2 grams of saturated fat, which can also raise blood cholesterol levels.
Morning Protein
Although eggs every day may be excessive, eating protein-rich eggs for breakfast a few times a week can give kids lasting energy and help them retain their focus throughout the school day. Protein increases tyrosine levels in kids' blood and brains, prompting their neurons to produce neurotransmitters that keep them alert and active, according to the Franklin Institute. A large scrambled egg provides 6 grams of protein, a little less than the amount of protein in a cup of milk.
Vitamins and Minerals
Eggs eaten in moderation are a valuable source of important nutrients, including B-complex vitamins that kids need for strong metabolism. A large scrambled egg provides more than one-third of the riboflavin and nearly a third of the vitamin B-12 children need daily. It also has about one-fifth of their recommended daily intake for vitamin A, a nutrient that acts as an antioxidant and helps them see in dim light. Although eggs are not particularly rich in minerals, one cooked egg has 101 milligrams of phosphorus, a nutrient that benefits the nervous system and bone health. The Institute of Medicine recommends that children aged 4 to 8 get 500 milligrams of phosphorus per day, but kids from ages 9 to 13 should get 1,250 milligrams a day.
Egg Whites
The yolk of the egg contains all of its cholesterol. Without it, an egg has no cholesterol and only a trace amount of fat. If your child likes to eat eggs for breakfast, cooking egg whites may be a healthy solution. The white of one large egg has 3.6 grams of protein, lower than a whole egg, but still nutritious. However, most of the egg's vitamins and minerals are also in the yolk, so pair egg whites with nutrient-dense foods, such as fruit or fortified cereal.
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"The Day Lincoln was Shot"(1984) book review.
Updated on March 25, 2012
What this article is about.
Ever since I was a young child, I have always been intrigued by presidents.If there was anytime that I would pay the most attention in history classes, it was when a teacher discussed a president in great detail. The presidents who have been assassinated has also been something I've been intrigued about. The first president to be assassinated while in office was the well known 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. I can vividly to this day recall being in the fourth grade watching a teacher give a slide show, while talking about the assassination of President Lincoln. My interest on this tragedy is what led me to purchase a book titled, "The Day Lincoln was Shot". In this article I'm going to give a brief review and bring attention to this book. I hope you enjoy.
Author of "The Day Lincoln was Shot", and how I came to read it.
"The Day Lincoln was Shot" is a book written by author, Jim Bishop. Bishop is known as the originator of "The Day" style of writing. Other "The Day" titles Bishop have previously written include: "The Day Kennedy was Shot", "The Day Christ Died", and "The Day Christ was Born". I picked "The Day Lincoln was Shot" up at a Wal-Mart during a time I had to evacuate from a hurricane. I was in a house with maybe 25 other family members with not much to do. The book was extremely cheap, and I figured it would be a good way to kill some time. I will admit that it took me awhile to completely finish this book. I ended up stopping and starting it over several times before I had enough time to truly invest in it. Once I made the full commitment to reading the book, I found myself unable to put it down. My head was in this book every spare second that I was able to find. Now lets get into my thoughts on the book.
What "The Day Lincoln was Shot" is about.
"The Day Lincoln" was shot is an hour by hour account of everything that took place on the day Abraham Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theater. The author, Jim Bishop obviously done an extensive amount of research as there are a lot of details included in this book that are seldom talked about on that fateful day. The book not only focuses on what President Lincoln done leading up to his visit to Fords Theater, but it also focuses on John Wilkes Booth and his planning towards assassinating the president. Thing thing that really shocked me was the amount of planning and help that John Wilkes Booth had towards carrying out his plan. I was also shocked at how Lincoln wasn't the only target. His Secretary of State, William Seward and Vice President, Andrew Jackson were both also targets. Those are things that are not really discussed in classrooms; at least they weren't when I was younger. This book went way more in depth than I could imagine. The book also goes into the hours following Lincoln's shooting leading up to his death the following morning. Throughout my time reading this book, I learned a lot more about Lincoln's death than I had previously known.
The verdict.
If I had to rate this book, I would give it 3.5 out of 5 rating. I personally felt like the first quarter of the book was very slow. However, it gets way more interesting and speeds up around the halfway point. Once you reach the halfway point, you most likely will not want to put it down. This book is also very descriptive in describing the violence that happened, so be aware of that is you are interested in reading it. If you are a person interested in history or President Lincoln in general, this would be a great read for you. This book has motivated me to want to look into other books regarding Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth. I hope you enjoyed my review of "The Day Lincoln was Shot". Thanks for reading.
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Adjective "visible" definition and examples
Definitions and examples
Able to be seen.
1. 'Newly-erected wind turbines on the Braes of Doune, Perthshire are visible 10 miles away in Bannockburn.'
2. 'More than 180 firefighters fought a blaze that melted cars and lorries, saw half the town evacuated and sent up a plume of smoke that was visible 15 miles away.'
3. 'If sufficient, the firm is planning to build a wind farm of up to 30 turbines which, at 90 metres high, would be visible for miles around.'
4. 'The day was super clear, yet York wasn't visible at 30 miles.'
5. 'With sails unfurled, Cosmos 1 will be bright enough to be easily visible to the naked eye.'
6. 'Some say it is visible 34 miles away on a clear day.'
7. 'You can't miss it - it's a bright, pinkish-tinted ‘star’, easily visible even near street lamps.'
8. 'It still was freezing outside, and the same mountains still were visible 20 miles to the east.'
9. 'It is visible for miles around due to its medieval tower, known by the locals as le tour Anglais.'
10. 'The horse, visible from many miles away across the Vale of York, is 340 feet long and 228 feet high, and covers about an acre.'
11. 'Towering above the frankly nondescript suburbs of a frankly nondescript town, the Big Swan stadium was visible from miles away.'
12. 'In the forty miles of landscape visible from the hilltop, those two towers were the only buildings in sight.'
13. 'the visible spectrum'
14. 'What's the best technique for defining features smaller than a wavelength of visible light?'
16. 'a visible improvement'
17. 'This link need not be the most prominent on the homepage, but it should be present and easily visible.'
18. 'The outline of the outer walls of the cottage is easily visible as a brace of teenagers scratch away at the earth.'
19. 'First-year pine seedlings, grown in the greenhouse in southern Finland, will set an easily visible terminal bud toward the end of the summer.'
20. 'In practice many basalts also contain easily visible crystals of feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, or amphibole.'
21. 'The swelling protrudes and is easily visible; its blackish coloring gives the disease its name: the Black Death.'
22. 'In the illustration the water was clear, so each feature of the dugong was easily visible.'
24. 'She hasn't got a bad back or broken leg or some other easily visible form of injury.'
25. 'Too many people leave windows and doors open or unlocked; leave attractive or valuable items easily visible; make the assumption that all will remain intact.'
26. 'A visible change was noticed in places where the public gathered.'
27. 'By contrast, urban murals appear rarely on private homes, but rather on public buildings and highly visible enclosure walls.'
28. 'By 1824 enough states had opened the presidential election process to popular vote that there could be a visible measure of the public's opinion.'
30. 'But most of its output was nothing like that: it was drab, ordinary, commercial style programming with no visible public service value.'
32. 'But he is easily the most visible behaviorist, based on citation frequency and surveys of influential behavioral scientists.'
34. 'He has linked up with a building society to offer the Lifetime Account, a with-profits pension scheme with all the workings visible to the public - or almost all.'
36. 'He is 16 years younger than Craig Brewster but there have been games in which it has been O'Connor who has been the more visible, prominent member of the partnership.'
Relating to imports or exports of tangible commodities.
2. 'The music has become one of America's most visible and vital exports.'
Visible imports or exports.
2. apparent; manifest; obvious: a man with no visible means of support.
3. being constantly or frequently in the public view; conspicuous: a visible political position.
4. noting or pertaining to a system of keeping records or information on cards or sheets in such a way that the desired reference can be brought instantly to view: a visible index.
5. Commerce. available or accessible; alrea
More examples(as adjective)
"forces can be visible on streets."
"trends can be visible by ends."
"strengths can be visible in quarters."
"people can be visible to eyes."
"logos can be visible on bats."
More examples++
Middle English: from Old French, or from Latin visibilis, from videre ‘to see’. |
Posts tagged ‘Eastern Roman’
Historical sword fighting in Antiquity and Medieval times: a review
Before I begin, just to clarify my position, I am a History student at a Master’s level; I have done a year of Historical European Martial Arts, mainly working on swords and shields and I study historical fighting in my free time. What I am writing about today is the nature of Ancient to Medieval European fighting that will clarify different principles and myths that surround sword and shield fighting (much of it being fabricated on television and films). What I aim to accomplish as an objective is to outline how sword fighting developed from Antiquity to the Late Medieval era and make the reader aware of the principles involved.
The principle of sword fighting or using a sword is the process of pulling and pushing: The sword is used to cut either forwards or backwards. For example, if you are cutting a steak and simply hack at it, it won’t cut through as well. To really get at it you cut the steak by going backwards and forwards in a motion with your knife. Sword fighting works on a similar principle. Many films and television series’ show long swords’ hacking through enemy armour but that is not possible. Most cutting consisted of landing a blow and then drawing the wound by either pulling out or pushing inwards and this is the basis of blocking, leverage, binding and striking.
Within Antiquity to the Late-Medieval era, the shield was the main weapon: Shields have often been stereotyped to just ward off blows however the shields of this time shows that this is was not viable. The shield is used as a main weapon while the sword is used in a supporting role to deliver the killing blow. We see this based on two prevalent aspects: size and shield handle.
Size: The large shield sizes indicate that they were used, like swords, as an extension of the arm. Therefore the shield plays a pivotal role in both re-directing strikes using biomechanical principles (e.g. turning swords away) to find vantage points. This also included using the shield’s edge to strike the opponent.
Handle: The handle becomes a key factor in how the shield operates at this time. For example, the arm strap (for formation soldiers such as hoplites) ensured the user was able to hold and control the shield more effectively. The single handle doesn’t offer this support, for example during the medieval period single handled shields were overlapped in a shield wall to compensate for the lack of arm control; it ensured the user was able to keep their shield up in formation and this is evident in Germanic, Viking and Saxon style combat. The single handled shield signals a transition to single combat and small skirmishes, which Scandinavian and German cultures were obsessed with. These gave birth to their own biomechanical principles.
For example, the Vikings and Germanics often utilised a ‘flapping door’ effect with their shields, in which the single handle enabled the shield to rotate both ways. This weakness was used to move around the enemies swing. It enabled greater flexibility and to simply use the weight and momentum of the opponents attack against them.
The exception to both formation and single fighting is the Roman style of fighting because it adapted both types of shield handling and attempted to mediate between both. This is evident from the vertical handle Roman shields had. This meant single handled shield mechanics (that are found with Viking shields) were applicable with Roman shields and it is no coincidence that the oval shield was issued to Roman auxiliaries over rectangular ones, because of its similarity to ‘Barbarian’ shields at the time. In many ways this represented the Romans combining Greek and Germanic styles of fighting together. In 212 AD Emperor Caracella declared all inhabitants of the Roman Empire citizens and this has a fundamental impact on combat style for the legions. As auxiliaries were not longer distinguishable from the legions integration meant the barbarian dominated Roman military integrated familiar weapons that the different Germanic elements were farmiliar with. By the 4th century, the short gladius stops being used in favour of the long spatha and the oval shield replaced the rectangular one. This signifies a transition from fighting up close to fighting “at arm’s length” that also meant fighting lasted for a longer period of time. This illustrates similarities in fighting between Antiquity and the Early Medieval period.
For example, both Roman and Viking fighting show the shield as an offensive weapon. The Roman’s oval shield’s narrow end meant it could be dug into the other person’s shield or be used as a ram, meaning the legionary could disarm his opponent, breach the distance and disable the combatant. In Viking style fighting, the size of the shield (from 80cm to 120cm) means the Viking would be able to ram the shield into his opponent’s arm and render him unable to use his sword.
During fighting, swords rarely ever touched: The size of shields and the techniques that developed around them meant swords rarely ever binded or crossed, if they ever did usually the weight of the sword would be used in a pulling or pushing motion to use the opponent’s weight against themselves. During antiquity, swords were usually too short and the shield had predominance over how warriors would fight. Even in Germanic cultures the sword, being notoriously tall, revolved around using the shield (which was passed down to Viking style fighting). Sword binding became recognisable with the innovation of sword hand guards (to incorporate long swords in disciplined formations). By the late Medieval and Early Renaissance period, swords became the stereotype we recognise today (the type X long sword, predominant from the 13th century onwards) and as a result the shield size decreased, which meant the user became more dependent on the sword to take over the responsibilities the shield once had.
The nature of formation fighting in antiquity and the Early Medieval period meant there was no need to bind swords. For example in these periods, sword handles were much smaller and, until the late medieval period, hand guards were be wooden. This served as an advantage in two ways. Firstly, the lack of hand-guards indicated the hand was easily protected and rarely vulnerable; putting the sword hand outwards meant the possibility of a severed hand. Secondly, the wooden hand guard meant the opponent’s sword would get caught on it (if the hand was swung for) and that made it difficult to remove. This is especially evident with the small ‘half-bowl’ Roman hand guards that were designed for the opponent’s sword to get caught, for last-ditch protection (the fact it was also predominant in longer, cavalry, swords meant there was more of a risk of cavalrymen exposing their arms).
Shield Butts were not for pummelling the opponent: To put it simply, why pummel your opponent at arm’s length with a longer shield? In most cases, the shield was large enough to cover the whole body. To go in simply to punch the opponent with the shield butt was not practical, the enemy would simply go around the strike. The reason why this stereotype is so common is because of films and series’. Shield butts served the purpose of making the enemy’s sword get caught on the shield and made it harder for them to draw their sword away and that enabled the warrior to go in for the kill.
Sword fighting was a process of feeling: Different cultures have different terminologies for this but essentially it boils down to feeling the motion and mechanics of interacting with the opponent. This becomes prevalent with Antiquity and Early Medieval sword fighting. It is literally feeling the movement and physics of combating a foe and accustoming oneself to it. For example, Vikings would emphasise this in binding shields to practice moving and turning (something emphasised by the later treatises).
Beyond the Golden Gate: The Byzantine Army at War
Relatively little has been discussed in relation to the Byzantine army. It is only recently that finds and historical academia have begun to put together a more coherent image of the Byzantine Army by analysing its tactics and formations. This article will effectively outline the way the Byzantine army operated during its existence in brief and concise way.
Before I begin, it is important to analyse the context of the Byzantine Empire itself: indeed an ‘army’ is representative of the society it derives from and an army can provide context to social, economic and cultural structures. The word ‘Byzantine’ itself is inherently problematic. It was coined by the Historian Hieronymus Wolf in 1557, a century after Constantinople was conquered by the Ottomans, which referenced the Ancient Greek town Byzantion that existed before and during the Roman Empire. The Byzantines simply referred to themselves as ‘Romaion’ (Romans) and this is important in understand how the the inhabitants of the Empire perceived themselves. The Byzantines didn’t simply view themselves as successors to the Roman Empire, they saw themselves as the Roman Empire manifested in the present and the direct manifestation of God’s Kingdom on earth. Its introverted culture constantly analysed its own identity and this constant re-defining of identity was based on the celestial (its theological relation to God on earth), cultural and its past glories. From this, it justified itself as the synergy between Greco-Roman culture. With an abundance of economic wealth, one of the oldest surviving capital cities and a large standardised army, the Byzantine Empire can be regarded as the superpower of the medieval age.
It is also important to analyse the constant biases and prejudices that are attached to Byzantine sources. Byzantine sources followed the tradition of Greco-Roman Sources that held cultural and generalising connotations and this was not something exclusive to medieval times. There had always been an issue of biasness and source reliability in the Greco-Roman world. The ‘father of History’ Herodotus constantly makes generalising comments on ‘barbarian’ cultures (those who were considered non-Greek speaking/cultured) and places the value of his own culture as paramount. Indeed many Byzantine sources share similar features. For example, many Byzantine military manuals were prescriptive rather than descriptive.
This cultural biasness is also embodied by etymological generalisations. For example, in reference to the Vikings, there are constant problems made by Byzantine terminology. The word ‘Viking’ itself is a feminine Norse term which means ‘expedition’. This group was defined as Rus/ Rhos by the Byzantines, meaning ‘related to rowing’ but the terms was widely stretched to include a vast array of cultures which in appearance looked similar but in detail differed substantially. For example, this can be observed from linguistic, physical and cultural differences in Slavic, Rus Slavs and Scandinavians who formed the traders, explorers and warriors that came to Constantinople. Even the Thematic Emperor’s guards, the Varangians (meaning ‘sworn men’) consisted of a diverse group of Norsemen, Rus and Anglo-Saxons (which were grouped and separated from other Western Units in the Byzantine Empire). In this sense, these cultural definitions should be seen as generalisations, as the term ‘barbarian’ was in the Ancient Greco-Roman World, and should be taken for granted.
To gain an understanding of the Byzantine army and its constant changes in the Medieval Age, the Army will be split into Early, Thematic and Byzantine Armies. However there are similar overlaping themes. As with most medieval armies, the majority of Byzantine soldiers were seasonal fighters (with the exception of a few professional institutions such as the Athanatoi created by the Emperor John I Tzimiskes). However, unlike the armies of Western Europe, the Byzantine army was not dependant on feudal obligations to raise large amounts of manpower but was reliant on bureaucratic system and a stable system of pay by coin and land (which was known as the theme system). This, coinciding with adapting different methods of fighting, meant it could easily field a flexible and mobile army consisting of specialised elements.
Much of what we know of Byzantine warfare comes from the Byzantine military manuals- they provide us with a wealth of information on equipment, doctrines, tactics and deployment. However there is an inherit danger of readings these manuals as descriptive. Most of them, especially the Strategikon, were probably more prescriptive than descriptive in nature.
1. The Early Byzantine Army
At the time of Justinian, the ideal soldier was the double-armed cavalryman, equipped with iron armour, a spear or a long cavalry lance (kontos), a buckler strapped to the shoulder and a powerful composite bow. In this way, the cavalry was considered at the forefront of medieval warfare (a method adapted from the Parthians and later the Sassanid Persians). As the Kontos was 12 feet long, it is likely that the role of elite cavalrymen in the army had the diverse skill to use both weapons. This differed from Germanic units which had little experience in horse archery and preferred the kontos or a shorter spear.
From the last decades of the 6th Century and onwards, the heavy cavalry units, both Cursores (‘runners’ or ‘attackers’) and Defensores (‘defenders) were combined formations, consisting of both lancers and bowmen (as opposed to the previous period where each cavalryman ideally carried both lance and bow). Their main defensive weapon was a complete set of armour, covering their entire body from head to toe (or angle as mentioned in the Strategikon). The most common type of armour was scale and chain mail, but lamellar armour was increasingly used. To complete the armour, a sturd, tasselled helmet and a shield was prescribed. The men in the front ranks used kontarion as their main weapon whilst the rear ranks used composite bows (or javelins if they lacked proper training). The front cavalrymen were expected to ride horses with frontal armour, made of either iron or felt.
Although the Strategikon describes infantrymen equipped like Late Roman heavy infantry, it is highly unlikely that most Early Byzantine heavy infantry wore metal armour. The chapters on heavy infantry in the Strategikon were copied from an earlier Late Roman military manuscripts and there is little reason to believe that the best heavy infantryman had more than a shield, cloth armour and perhaps a helmet for protection. His main offensive weapon was a spear, around six feet in length that could be thrust or cast. In the Strategikon, infantrymen were instructed to throw their spears when facing infantry and thrust their spears when facing cavalry. Behind the first ranks of spearmen, archers or javalinmen were drawn up to provide missile support.
Uniforms were probably only used by the elite of the infantry. Most infantry units were therefore distinguishable by their shield patterns and standards. Cavalry units and the best infantry were issued uniforms and equipment from the Imperial Factories- elite cavalry units are described as wearing white uniforms on parade. Colours for other units included different shades of red, greyish white, light green and light blue.
Late Roman Infantry carried draco standards, while the cavalry units had either draco or vexillatio standards. By the time of Maurice, the swallow-tailed bandae flags replaced the draco and vexillatio. Like other pieces of equipment this was probably adopted from the Avars. The bandum was a simple square or a rectangular flag with two, three or four streamers, each measuring several meters in length. Units in the same division (mere) were to use the same or similar banner, and the cavalry unit’s pennons, the flammulae, were used to distinguish one unit from another (although they were probably stowed away before battle).
The general’s banner stood out in both shape and design and would have been of a different pattern than the other banners in the army.
In the earliest of Byzantine Armies, the standard battle deployment was to form one or several battle lines- the troops in each line supporting the line in front of them. As in Late Roman armies, the infantry (or dismounted cavalrymen) occupied the centre while the cavalry were placed on the flanks. From the second part of the 6th Century onwards, the Byzantines could field all-cavalry campaign armies with any infantry acting only as a rear guard. In such armies, the centre of the second battleline would be made up of the elite and best equipped heavy cavalry, such as the Optimates. A battle deployment several lines deep may have been used in historical battles, but in battle accounts, the armies seem to have been drawn up in a single line with only one or two units held back as an emergency reserve.
As Justinian’s campaign armies were almost always outnumbered, they often chose to let the enemy come to them. The infantry or dismounted cavalry centre was expected to hold the enemy charge, giving the cavalry on the flanks time to decimate the enemy ranks with bowfire before moving against their flanks. This was the tactic used by Belisarus at Dara aginst the Persians, by Narses at Taginae against the Goths and at Casilinus against the Franks
The Strategikon introduced cavalry maneuvers that called for heavy cavalry to be able to fight as both attacker and defender in close order formation. Whole units or even army wings would take on the role of attackers while their comrades acted as defenders. The attackers would break out of each unit from their positions on both wings, and then advance towards the enemy, either in close or open order formation. The defenders in the centre of the unit remained in place in close order formation, providing the attackers with a safe rallying point. If the enemy was defeated, the defenders would advance with the attackers. Should both the attackers and defenders be swept away in an enemy charge, the troops in the second line would act as a rallying point and turn back the enemy. In the prescribed deployment of a cavalry army, the best and most reliable troops, such as the Optimates and the general’s Bucellarii, were stationed at the centre of the second line, while regular regiments, such as the Vexillationes, Foederati and Illyrikiniani regiments were drawn up in the first line.
1. The Thematic Byzantine Army
During the reign of Leo and that of his successor in the Syrian Dynasty, vast territories were lost By the Islamic and Bulgar conquests. A new organisation of provinces, probably found by Heraclius in 660 AD- 662 AD was employed. Anatolia, and later the Balkans and Greece, were divided into themes. The themata (roughly meaning provinces) was almost an entitiy in itself, with an army of soliders who received land grants as payment for their military service. During the reign of Constantine V (741- 775 AD), the Byzantine army was further strengthened by the introduction of the tagmata– an imperial force of professional soldiers based in and around Constantinople.
The themata became the backbone of the Byzantine Military. In Each theme, a strategos held command of the theme’s troops which consisted of both cavalry and infantry units. Through the hard and attritional struggles with Bulgars and Islam, the Byzantines devised a new way of dealing with intruding enemies: shadowing warfare- essentially guerrilla tactics. Avoiding most pitched battles, the themata soldiers would retreat to strongholds, then make hit-and-run attacks on an advancing army’s flanks and baggade train. The most famous such border warriors were the Akritai cavalrymen, described in the heroic poem Digenes Akrites.
In early themes, the strategos had the command in each theme. The theme was divided into turmai of up to 5,000 men, commanded by a Turmaches. Each turma was further sub-divided into druggoi of up to 1,000 men, commanded by Comites (counts).
From the mid-10th Century, theme armies became gradually smaller, and as a consequence, units decreased in size. In such smaller themes, a Doux, not a strategos held command. Druggoi, commanded by Drungarios, were now usually up to 400 men in size. Several in so called taxiarchia or chiliarchia of around 1000 men, which were commanded by a Taxiarches or Chiliarches. Two such units (2000 men) were collectively called turma, commanded by Turmaches. In the mid- 10 Century, Emperor Nikephorus II phokas added a fiscal dimension to the theme system- basically meaning that individuals with enough money could avoid military duty. As a result, each theme now had a small professional force in addition to its regular semi-professional units. Such professional provincial forces were called tagmata– however, these should not be confused with the ‘real’ Imperial Tagmata.
The Imperial Tagmata armies were based around Constantinople. In case of larger enemy incursions, one or more tagmata armies, led by a Domestikos or the Emperor himself, could rapidly support a themata army. This was founded by Constantine V to limit the power of themata Armies. For example, troops from the large Obsikion theme had rebelled five times since the creation of the theme. The tagmata he created consisted of six tagma (units), each with 2000-4000 men.
Thematic Byzantine Army at War
In a number of military treatises written in the 9th and 10th centuries, various emperors and generals emphasised the importance of thorough training and the issuing of good equipment. The best deal with the different enemies the Byzantines faced, specialised troop types and formations appeared. The theme system was generally effective and ensured troop morale was high. As many generals moved on to become emperors, the army had high priority and it showed on the battlefield.
The 10th Century marked the pinnacle of Byzantine military sophistication. The expected standard of drill and discipline in the 10th Century manuals were high; the importance of well-trained heavy infantry was repeatedly stressed. Unlike the 6th Century, heavy infantry were now seen as an indispensible part of any campaign army.
The Paecepta Militaria, attributed to Emperor Nikephorus II Phokas, described the role of both cavalry and infantry and detail. As in previous manuals, the main shock arm of the army was the heavy cavalry, but blocks of heavy infantry augmented by slingers, javalinen and archers were deemed essential as they provided the cavalry with an effective rearguard and a safe rallying point. As in the Strategikon, it also described the enemies of the Byzantines, their tactics and how to counter them.
In broad terms, the development during the Thematic period moved towards increasingly specialised and better equipped troops. Armies became more professional as the size of themata armies decreased.
Heavy Cavalry-Throughout this period, heavy cavalry formed the backbone of the Byzantine army. Themata Kavallaroi were generally less well-equipped and trained than their tagmata counterparts, but in some themes, heavy cavalry participated in campaigns frequently, and had years of experience in cavalry warfare. Tagamta cavalry wore chain or lamellar armour, wooden or iron greaves, mail hoods and iron helmets. Themata heavy cavalry probably had more modest protection. The main close combat weapon was the kontarion (which unlike it’s early counterpart measured 10-12 feet)- other weapons included long spathion straight sword and the sabre-like paramerion sword. From the rear ranks, archers equipped with comparatively short composite bows supported by their front rank comrades. Like their predecessors, Byzantine Kavallarioi were trained to fight as Cursores and Defensores.
Light Cavalry- Two types of light cavalry are described: hyperkerastai (acting as outflankers on the right flank and as guards on the left flank) and the prokousatores (scouts or forerunners). The prokousatores forerunners had few archers than regular kavallarioi.
The Kataphraktoi were a unique unit of extra-heavily armoured cavalry. They were drawn up in a new blunt-nosed wedge formation, especially designed to smash the enemy infantry line. The front and sides of the wedge formation was made up of cavalry clad in armour from head to toe. The majority of these cavalrymen were armed with siderorabdion– heavy all-rion maces, almost a metre in length, with a sharp three, four, or six cornered heads. The formation had a ‘soft’ centre, consisting of horse archers.
Heavy infantry- The basic equipment of a themata Kontaratoi (‘spear bearers’) was his shield and his spear. Byzantine infantrymen were noted for their spears, 3 meters (9 feet) or more in length. Shields came in both regular and large sizes. In the early Thematic period, oval shields were used- from the mid-10th Century and onwards, almond-shaped, and later kite shields, became increasingly common. Body armour was fairly modest in nature, and consisted of a coat of coarse silk padded with cotton, ‘as thick as can be stitched’. Though fairly effective against missiles, it must have offered less protection against lance heads and concussive weapons. To complete their protective equipment, kontaratoi wore cloth wrappings around a felt hat, meaning they effectively wore turbans. Veteran kontaratoi probably had access to such prized pieces of equipment such as iron helmets and even lamellar armour or chain mail armour.
Light infantry- By the mid- 10 Century, each taxiarchia of heavy infantry spearmen (approx. 1000 men) had two light infantry attachments: 200 javalinmen, archers and slingers, and 100 menulatoi. Archers and slingers wore no armour, but were protected only a small circular shield strapped to their left arm. Javalinmen had a slightly higher degree of protection- they wore padded armour and carried medium sized shields.
The Menulatoi First described in the Tactica treatise by Emperor Leo VI, the Menulatoi were especially courageous spearmen equipped like heavy infantrymen though with smaller, round shields. Instead of the standard spear, the Menulatoi carried shorter, sturdier spears made from a single piece of cornel wood. Each Kontaratoi spearman unit had an attachment of Menulatoi who were used specifically as a countermeasure against enemy heavy cavalry charges. In case of a cavalry charge, the Menulatoi rushed forwards from their position behind the kontararoi. They then formed a line in front of the kontaratoi and lowered their spears to only a foot or two above ground, thus striking the unprotected bellies of the charging horses.
From the early Thematic period onwards, the appearance of the Byzantine army changed markedly. In each theme, the imperial work shops were responsible for manufacturing arms and equipment for the troops, and as a result, a typical Byzantine force looked much more uniform than in the 6th and 7th Centuries. Shields, banners and uniforms of each unit were if not identical, then at least similar.
Theory and practice
Much of what the treatises describes (or prescribes) is echoed in accounts of battles in the Thematic period. Especially in the reigns of Nikephorus II Phokas and his successor John Tzimisces, heavy Byzantine cavalry supported by infantry were fielded in battles in both the East and West. From Arab historians, we have accounts of Byzantine extra-heavily armoured cavalry, ‘who advanced on horse which seemed to have no legs’, completely covered in iron.
By the time Basil II led his campaigns against the Bulgars, elite heavy infantry, most notably the Varagian guards, had become the army’s most important troops- the rugged Balkan terrain simply was not suitable for heavy cavalry.
1. The Late Byzantines
The battle of Manzikert in 1071, loses by Alexios Komnenos and the distintergration of the theme system due to large landowners becoming increasingly powerful, meant the Byzantine army began to slowly disintegrate. It could no longer provide the army with a body of trained and equipped semi-professional soldiers. During the ten years following Mazikert, a civil war rendered the Byzantine army useless and the victorious Turks quickly seized most of Asia Minor where they found their own empire with the impudent name of Rum (Rome). As most of the eastern themes had been lost, the Theme system was now finally shattered. Although the old Tagmata were reinforced with newly found regiments, the major part of the army was now drawn from allies and mercenaries.
The military successes of the 10th and early 11th centuries were followed by a period of complacency and eratic government. The army and navy were left to decline, and were subject to drastic reductions. From the middle of the 11th century, the Theme system was largely replaced by wholly professional regiments, and the number of mercenary units grew. As mentioned, both the standing and imperial forces were now called tagmata. Initially there were differences in quality and equipment between the two types of tagmata, but by the end of the Komnenian period they had largely become indistinguishable. Formally, the thematic names and titles of regiments and commanders remained unchanged until Manzikert, but both the size of units and their efficiency shrank.
In the late 11th Century, various emperors tried to re-establish a reasonably dependable military, Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes being the most successful. But his efforts failed to produce any long term results, and after the defeat at Manzikert and the civil wars that followed, the army become almost non-existent. When Alexios Komnenos assembled forces in Constantinople in 1081, a mere few hundred men was all that could be mustered. Needless to say, Alexios Komnenos had to start from scratch. He and his successors did manage to recreate some native Byzantine regiments (such as the Athnatoi), but as a whole, Komnenian Byzantine Emperors had to rely mostly on mercenary troops; European knights, Turkish horse archers, Slavic and Balkan warriors and horsemen all served under the Imperial banner. Most guard units were also made up of foreigners: Turcopoloi (descendants of settled Turks), Skythikoi (horse archers from various nomadic tribes), Latinikoi (Western knights) and Varangoi (increasingly consisting of mercenaries of from all over Europe).
Some of Alexios’s successors tried to revitalise the Byzantine army by reintroducing militia systems (such as the Pronoia system introduced b John II Komnenos) but neither proved very successful.
To some extent the Komnenian Byzantine armies used the tactics and deployment described in the great treatises of the 11th Century. Although the overall quality and skill had declined, the Byzantine army still managed to restore some of its previous glory. But as a large part of the army was made up of mercenaries, the hired unit’s individual type of tactics dictated the way they were used. The fighting style was no longer distinctly Byzantine but more a reflection of whatever mercenaries were employed at that particular time.
While European military technological advances had resulted in improved armour, better crossbows and bows, the Byzantines stubbornly held on to their tactics and armoury.
1. Early Byzantine Armies
• Macdowall, Simon: “Late Roman Infantryman/Cavalryman”. Osprey
• Dennis, George T.: “Maurice’s Strategikon. The Strategikon, attributed to Emperor Maurice”.
• Regan, Geoffrey: First Crusader- Byzantium’s Holy Wars. On Emperor Heraclius’ campaigns against the Persians”.
• Procopius: “The Persian Wars”, “The Vandalic Wars”, “the Gothic Wars”.
• Agathias: “The Histories”
• Theophylacy Simocatta: “The History: The history of Byzantium in the late 6th Century”.
2. Thematic Byzantine Armies
• Blondal, Sigfus: “The Varangians of Byzantium”.
• McGeer, Eric: Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth”.
• Dennis, George: “Three Byzantine Military Treatises”.
• Theophanes Continuatus Leo the Deacon and Johannes Skylitzrs (These are in German and are hard to come by!)
3. Late Byzantine Armies
• Heath, Ian: “Armies and Enemies of the Crusade”.
• Heath, Ian: “Byzantine Armies 1181-1461 AD”. Osprey
• Nicolle, David: Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe. Osprey. |
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Copy of Anatomy and Physiology Reproductive Unit Project
By:Adriana Perez 5th Period May 24 2012
Brian Levings
on 12 April 2013
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Transcript of Copy of Anatomy and Physiology Reproductive Unit Project
Reproductive Unit Project
By :Adriana Perez What is Spermatogenesis? Spermatogenesis is sperm production. -Most of the fluid in semen is made up of secretions
from the male reproductive organs.
-The prostate gland secretes about 30% of the fluid. What is it made of? Each sperm has 3 parts: A head, a middle piece and a tail. Parts of the sperm http://science.kukuchew.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/sperm-structure.jpg An acrosome at the head of the tip produces enzymes that help penetrate the female ovum. (Egg)
The middle piece (a.k.a body)contains mitochondria structures that provide energy for the sperm. Sperm Production and travel path Sperm is produced in the seminferous tubules of the testes.
The sperm then moves through a maze of tiny ducts into the epidermis where they mature.
The sperm eventually drains into the http://www.performer5pills.com/siteimages/semen-analysis2.jpg Sperm is produced in the seminferous tubules of the testes.
The sperm eventually drains into the vas deferns that travels up through the scrotum inside the spermatic cord.
The vas deferns continues upward to the bladder where it is joined by the excretory duct of the seminal vessicle forming the ejaculatory duct.
The ejaculatory duct joins with the urethra within the prostate.
Urethra extends to the tip of the penis. Pathway of Sperm Pathway Of Sperm. http://vss.sd22.bc.ca/hpp/courses/bi12/ch21/pathsperm.png All of the male reproductive organs are regulated by testosterone. Only 2.5% of the male testicle is testosterone.
The Sperm that is ejaculated today was produced 75 days ago.
The Role Of Testosterone in Males http://oglesandobservations.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/testosterone_structure.png The growth process in which the primary egg
cell becomes a mature Ovum.
OOgenesis The egg development starts even before the female that carries it is born.
8 to 20 weeks after the fetus has started to grow; cells that are to become mature ova, have been multiplying and by the time that the female is born, all the egg cells that the ovaries will release during the active reproductive years.
The primary ova remains dormant until just prior
to ovulation, when the egg is released from the ovary.
-The egg cell remains as a primary ovum until the
time for its release from the ovary arrives.
-The egg then undergoes cell division.
-The nucleus splits, so that half of it's chromosomes
go to one cell and half to another.
-The secondary ovum, grows into the ovary until it
reaches maturation, it then breaks loose and is carried into the fallopian tubes, the secondary egg cell is suitable for fertilization by the male sperm cells. http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0003/oogenesis.gif Oogenesis -
-Estrogen and progesterone are steroid hormones
produced in a woman's ovaries.
-They function as sex hormones, promoting female development and fertility.
-In pregnancy estrogen produced by the ovaries and
later by the placenta, help the uterus grow, maintains the uterus lining, steps up blood circulation and regulates the production of other key hormones.
Role of Estrogen in Females: During Pregnancy http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/10341.jpg Progesterone keeps the placenta functoning properly
and the uterine lining healthy and thick, and it stimulates the growth of the breast tissue. It also cracks down on pre-pregnancys contractions of smooth muscles. Role of Progesterone in females: http://www.internationaldrugmart.com/drug-images/big/progesterone_prochieve_100mg_softgel.jpg Menstration- Having periods, it is a part of the female reproductive cycle that's starts when a girl becomes sexually mature at the time of puberty.
-A womans internal sex organs consist of 2 ovaries, the fallopian tubes , the uterus and the vagina. The ovaries contain the eggs with which the woman is born and during each period, a single egg will ripen and mature due to the action of hormones circulating the blood stream. If the egg is fertilized the woman becomes pregnant. If not it slips away ans menstruation begins. MENSTRUAL CYCLE http://www.whatcontraceptiveareyou.com.au/lib/img/glbl/yourcycle/28day.jpg The Menstrual cycle: 1.Gamete Formation(n+n): Eggs and sperm are produced in specialized tissues.
2.Fertilization: The union of eggs and sperm. It occurs in the fallopian tubes and there are 200 million sperm to one egg.
3. Cleavage: The first days and weeks after conception miotic cell divisions begin, covering the zygote to a multicellular organism.
Day1: First cleavage- 1 cell becomes 2
Day2: Second Cleavage-4 cell stage
Day3: 6-12 cell stage
Day 4: 16-32 cell stage, solid ball of cells-morula.
Most animals, including humans go through 6 stages of embryonic development: Zygote Formation Day 5: Solid morulla develops into hollow, fluid blastula. the embryo will develop from the inner cell mass.
Day 6-7: Blastocyst attaches to the endometrium and burrows in; implantation. The blastocyst starts to secrete, human chronic gonatotropin, which stimulates estrogen.
Day 10-14:Pregnancy becomes established.
Day 21 and so on.. Week 3 Embryo develops all organ systems. Day 22-Develops cardiac cells, early heart begins to beat.
Zygote formation http://www.healthofchildren.com/images/gech_0001_0003_0_img0218.jpg Exhaustion
Altered appetite
Heart burn and indigestion
Weight gain
Yeast Infections
Breast pain and discharge
Effects of pregnancy on the mother: http://www.ilovepregnancy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/wants-to-get-pregnant.jpg Preterm labor- A woman is in preterm labor if she begins having regular contractions that causes her cervix to start to open up or thin out before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Prodromal labor "False Labor"-Persistent contractions with no signs of cervical progress or change in maternal emotions.
-First stage: Early Labor
Contractions gradually become longer and stronger and closer together.
Eventually they come every five minutes, lasting about 40 to 60 seconds
-Second stage: Pushing the little one out
They will make the mother to be get in pushing position of her choice.
The mother will push at regular intervals, usually three times with each contraction.
Initiation and stages of labor: -Third stage: Delivery
This last stage of child birth lasts from 5 to 20 minutes or more. Wild contractions that last about a minute each, will help separate the placenta from the uterine wall and move it through the birth canal so the mother can push it out. http://www.babies-cute.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Pretty-Newborn-Baby.jpg
Full transcript |
The Tycho Brahe Catalog (1598)
• Jerry D. Cavin
The greatest observational astronomer of the sixteenth century was Tycho Brahe. The instruments he built to measure the position of the stars were the most accurate instruments on Earth. Brahe is also remembered for supplying the data used by Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) to derive the Laws of Planetary Motion.
Solar Eclipse Planetary Motion Accurate Observation Solar Motion Amateur Astronomer
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Authors and Affiliations
1. 1.AustinUSA
Personalised recommendations |
World and Nation
Active hurricane season
Two groups of independent forecasters have issued their preliminary forecasts for the upcoming hurricane season, which runs from June through November. Both groups are predicting above average activity of 15–17 storms, of which 8–9 will become hurricanes.
They attribute this to record warm sea surface temperatures that are expected to remain warmer than normal through the hurricane season. In a normal year, there are about 10 storms and 6 hurricanes. Last year was a below normal year with 9 storms and 3 hurricanes, none of which made landfall along the U.S. coastline.
However, these forecasts have very low skill, meaning that you shouldn’t put much faith in their exact numbers. The skill typically increases as we near hurricane season much like the confidence in a weather forecast is much higher one day out versus seven days out, so the updated numbers in June will carry more weight. Moreover, high storm numbers don’t translate to assurances of a major hurricane strike. For example, in 1995, we had 19 storms but only 1 major hurricane landfall (Opal). In 2004, we had 15 storms and 3 major hurricane landfalls (Charley, Ivan, and Jeanne). |
Toxicology Reflections
Risk perception of uranium used for military purposes-Author Sarah Crawford
Many people hear the word uranium (U) and think of Chernobyl, or more recently Fukushima. The risk of possible nuclear disasters is a difficult one to communicate to the public. Nevertheless, risk incorporates both effects and probability of exposure, which is an important distinction needed in assessing the risk of U use in society. Exposure to U from nuclear energy production (and resulting “nuclear disaster”) may produce more severe adverse effects, but are less likely to occur than effects associated with exposure to U via metal mining, U containing fertilizers, or from depleted uranium (DU) incorporated into ammunition and military armour. Thus, the risk of U should focus on both effects of U exposure and the likelihood of U exposure.
U is a naturally occurring metal that displays both chemically toxic and radiotoxic properties. U consists of three radioactive isotopes (238U -99.27%, 235U –0.72%, and 234U –0.0057% abundance), emitting alpha particles in the decay process. Thus, U particles do not easily penetrate and are considered to be weakly radioactive due to the long half-lives of U isotopes (105-109 years) (ATSDR, 1999). Radiotoxic effects can thus only occur from internal exposure of U because alpha particles cannot travel far through air and do not penetrate clothing.
Investigation of the radiotoxic and chemotoxic effect of U peaked in the 1990’s due to the increasing use of DUenhanced armour and munitions. DU is a by-product of U enrichment processes, and as a result contains less 235U than natural U and has 60% less radioactivity than natural U (Bleise et al. 2003; McDiarmid et al. 2000). Due to the high density of DU, its availability, and low cost, DU is favoured for military use and is considered effective because of its self-sharpening and pyrophoric abilities. DU is incorporated in defensive armour plating and armour-piercing projectiles. However, there is a growing concern regarding the potential long-term impacts on human health for both military personnel and civilians exposed to or surrounding high conflict areas. Particular interest arose from veterans that fought in the Gulf War and reported a variety of symptoms that are referred to as the “Gulf war syndrome” (Bleise et al. 2003). Conflicting reports have been published over the last two decades suggesting two extremes; (1) there is no evidence that DU is causing adverse effects, and (2) DU exposure is responsible for a number of cancer and non-cancer health effects.
It is generally concluded that due to the low- specific activ ity of DU, chemical toxicity is the more significant contributor to DU effects in humans, with the kidney considered to act as the critical target organ (McDiarmid et al. 2000; Squibb et al. 201 2). Howev er, effects from radiation should not be completely disregarded as results from in vitro tests with human osteoblast cells hav e shown that radiation can play a role in DU- induced biological effects (Miller et al. 2002). Other target receptors of DU exposure in humans include the brain, liv er, heart, lung, and other sy stems (Lestaev el et al. 2005; Bleise et al. 2003; WHO, 2001 ). The pathway s for exposure of DU include ingestion, inhalation and dermal routes. Ingestion of DU can occur from direct ingestion of contaminated soil and consumption of contaminated water, but is not considered a major exposure pathway (Bliese et al. 2003). Dermal exposure can occur via embedded fragments, shrapnel contamination, or wound contamination from depleted U oxides in the form of dust. Nev ertheless, dermal exposure is considered a relativ ely unimportant route since little DU will pass across the skin into the blood (WHO, 2001 ). Inhalation is considered the major route of exposure for DU in both combat and non- combat situation.DU aerosols arise from impacts of DU- enhanced projectiles with hard surfaces creating dust containing U oxides, which can accumulate in the lungs.
Debate has arisen with regard to the actual outcomes of acute and chronic exposure of DU. Some believe and have concluded that the human epidemiological evidence is in support of increased risk of birth defects in offspring from those exposed to DU (Hindi et al. 2005). In addition to reproductive effects conclusions from epidemiological studies and animal toxicity tests have suggested DU has immunotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic and leukemogenic potential (Briner and Murray 2005; Lestaevel et al. 2005; Miller et al. 2005). In contrast, the World Health Organization and other studies have concluded that there is no risk of reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects in humans due to DU exposure (Bleise et al. 2003, McDiarmid et al. 2013; WHO, 2001). A twenty year follow-up of a DU exposed military cohort confirmed previous evidence that there are no U-related health effects in organ systems known to be targets of U in an extensive general health assessment in veterans (McDiarmid et al. 2013). Criticism of reproductive toxicity arise in the difficulty to establish a causal pathway between human parental DU exposure and the birth defects of offspring. Hindi et al. (2005) highlights that the mechanism by which DU is internalized and reaches reproductive cells is still not fully understood. Another drawback is that epidemiological studies must deal with the separation of DU exposure from other teratogens and the limited available documentation of individual parental exposure to DU. There is also an uncertainty regarding the long term radiation effects, with little information stated in the literature about dose-response curves for health effects caused by radiation exposure.
It is understandable that society likes to be caution when it comes to health effects in connection with possible radiation and/or chemical toxicity of uranium. Studies are needed to improve our understanding of the extent, reversibility, and possibility of threshold levels for kidney and other target organ damage. Toxicity will be a function of route of exposure, particle solubility, contact time, and rate of elimination. WHO (2001) has set a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.5 μg/kg BW/d for soluble U (more toxic) and 5 μg/kg BW/d for insoluble (less toxic), with an inhalation limit of 1 μg/m3 (either U solubility). As discussed in class, background exposure may also be important in assessing the estimated exposure to a contaminant and should be considered. Background exposure of DU to civilians include use of DU in counterweights of aircrafts, industrial radiography equipment, radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy, and containers used to transport radioactive materials (Bleise et al. 2003). One of the uncertainties in the population studies of veterans in the Gulf war includes pre-war exposure of DU and overall health assessments. Better characterisation of exposure before, during and after use in conflict will allow countries to better assess the risk associated with DU use for military purposes. However, a bias might exist in countries that put more weight on the benefit of DU use in their militaries, while others are concerned with the potential but unproven long-term health effects of DU. Overall, the risk of DU is a controversial topic with many viewpoints, some of which should be considered with caution.
[ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2013. Toxicological profile for Uranium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Bleise, A., Danesi, P. R., and Burkart, W. (2003). Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU): a general overview. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 64(2), 93-112.
Briner, W., and Murray, J. (2005). Effects of short-term and long-term depleted uranium exposure on open-field behavior and brain lipid oxidation in rats. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 27(1), 135-144.
Hindin, R., Brugge, D., and Panikkar, B. (2005). Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: a review from an epidemiological perspective. Environmental Health, 4(1), 17.
Lestaevel, P., Houpert, P., Bussy, C., Dhieux, B., Gourmelon, P., and Paquet, F. (2005). The brain is a target organ after acute exposure to depleted uranium. Toxicology, 212(2), 219-226.
McDiarmid, M. A., Keogh, J. P., Hooper, F. J., McPhaul, K., Squibb, K., Kane, DiPino, R., Kabat, M., Kaup, B., Anderson, L., Hoover, D., Brown, L., Hamilton, M., Jacobson-Kram, D., Burrows, B. and Walsh, M. (2000). Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans. Environmental Research, 82(2), 168-180.
McDiarmid, M. A., Engelhardt, S., Oliver, M., Gucer, P., Wilson, P. D., Kane, R., and Squibb, K. S. (2004). Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans: a 10-year follow-up. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67(4), 277-296.
Miller, A. C., Xu, J., Stewart, M., Brooks, K., Hodge, S., Shi, L., Page, M. and McClain, D. (2002). Observation of radiation-specific damage in human cells exposed to depleted uranium: dicentric frequency and neoplastic transformation as endpoints. Radiation protection dosimetry, 99(1-4), 275-278.
Miller, A. C., Bonait-Pellie, C., Merlot, R. F., Michel, J., Stewart, M., and Lison, P. D. (2005). Leukemic transformation of hematopoietic cells in mice internally exposed to depleted uranium. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 279(1-2), 97-104.
Squibb, K. S., Gaitens, J. M., Engelhardt, S., Centeno, J. A., Xu, H., Gray, P., & McDiarmid, M. A. (2012). Surveillance for long-term health effects associated with depleted uranium exposure and retained embedded fragments in US veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(6), 724-732.
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2001). Depleted Uranium, Sources, Exposure and Health Effects. WHO, Geneva. |
12/19/2012 11:57 am ET Updated Dec 06, 2017
10 Tips for a Healthy Holiday Season
As a parent, the holidays are a strange mix of pleasure and anxiety. There's the wonderful opportunity to thank my children's teachers for the amazing work they do. Then again, we have to make and deliver 12 teacher gifts! There's the cherished time we have with our extended family. Then again, it's a lot of family time, if you know what I mean! There's all the fun new presents. Then again, there's the risk that my kids will grow up to be permanently stunted by the relentless consumerism of our nation!
Time to breathe.
Which makes me think... that air I'm breathing is an important part of this holiday season. We spend approximately 90 percent of our time indoors. And while we often focus on sources of outdoor air pollution, there are many concrete things we can do to make sure the air we breathe inside our homes is as healthy as possible, especially around the holidays. What follows are some holiday tips for helping keep your indoor air safe.
1. For kids: Go shopping for a kid's gift and it's almost guaranteed that your options will be made out of plastic. Toys, backpacks, school supplies, raincoats, shoes, modeling clay, games -- you name it, and it's made of plastic. But is it made of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic? If so, walk on by, for the sake of your family's lungs. In addition to its highly-damaging production process that pollutes surrounding communities and harms the health of factory workers, PVC can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phthalates into your air. (Phthalates have been banned from PVC toys, but not from other PVC products.) VOCs aggravate asthma and cause headaches, among other health problems, and phthalates may disrupt the endocrine system. How to avoid PVC? Just say no to a product if the word "vinyl" is in its name, or if you see the number "3," the letters "PVC," or "V" inside the universal recycling symbol, often found on the bottom of the product. Look instead for plastics labeled PVC-free, or for natural products such as solid wood, cotton, and wool.
2. For babies (and their parents): Avoid baby products with a label claiming that the item meets California Technical Bulletin 117 for flame resistance. Products with that label are likely to contain toxic chemical flame retardants. These chemicals are poured into products containing highly-flammable polyurethane foam -- but some scientists assert that the chemical additives provide few if any fire safety benefits. Meanwhile, nursing pillows, baby carriers, high chairs, nap mats, changing pads and mattress toppers are among the baby products that have been found to contain toxic flame retardant chemicals. The chemicals can migrate into the air and dust of our homes, and some have been linked to increased cancer risk.
4. For technophiles: Electronic devices sometimes get a bad rap for increasing screen time and couch potato-ness. But they also can compromise your indoor air quality, because many of these largely-plastic items are laden with flame retardant chemicals and PVCs. If you are purchasing an electronic device, consider buying from a company that uses relatively fewer BFRs and PVCs in its products. Greenpeace's Green Electronics Guide is a good resource.
5. For foodies: Many a shiny kitchen pot, pan or gadget includes a smooth, non-stick surface. This surface is achieved through the use of chemical coatings such as Teflon, known as PFCs, or perfluoronated chemicals. (This same family of chemicals provides stain resistance and water repellent in fabric treatments.) When they get overheated -- such as when heating up on the stovetop -- they can emit toxic fumes and cause flu-like symptoms. They have also been linked to an increased risk of cancer. If you are shopping to please your favorite cook, avoid non-stick kitchenware. Instead opt for stainless steel, cast iron, enameled steel, or oven-safe glass.
7. For the home: Formaldehyde (see above) can also be found in pressed wood, laminate, and particleboard products, where it can off-gas into your home's indoor air. If you are planning to give the gift of furniture, look for solid wood. Same goes for wood toys and baby furniture.
9. A season of light: Whether they light your Hanukkah menorah or your New Year's Eve dinner table, this season sparkles with candlelight. But that sparkle may come along with some decidedly-ugly emissions: Toluene and benzene are among the carcinogenic air pollutants that can be emitted from petroleum-based candles, such as paraffin wax. Make sure your candles brighten your home without fouling your air by choosing non-petroleum based waxes.
10. A season of good smells: Too often, "holiday" smells are created in a factory from petroleum byproducts and sprayed on with a can. Artificial fragrances can send volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into your indoor air, which worsen asthma and cause headaches, among other health effects. This season, make your house smell delicious with natural, beautiful projects such as an orange pomander or by using essential oil sprays.
What are your tips for breathing easy this holiday season?
2012-02-23-MCAF_logo_small.jpg Please take action with Mom's Clean Air Force! |
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Nigerian neuroscientist Oshiorenoya Agabi builts neuro-computers
Koniku develops computer chips that can smell. Nigerian neuroscientist and Koniku founder Oshiorenoya Agabi have found a way to solve one of the most confusing dilemmas. The Silicon Valley-based startup builds practical applications including sniffing chemicals and volatile explosives at the airport.
Tinuku Nigerian neuroscientist Oshiorenoya Agabi builts neuro-computers
Koniku on Sunday at the TEDGlobal conference in Tanzania announced the world's first neurotechnology device. Agabi uses a futuristic way that can be applied as in the airport security lane where special devices sniff explosives.
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) makes it possible to create machines that mimic the brain, but Agabi has found a way to incorporate neurons that grow in the lab with electronic circuits. The 38-year-old said the brain was "the most powerful processor ever created in the universe".
To simulate the power of every 204 brain neurons would require a supercomputer. Agabi and teams of geneticists, physicists, biotechnologists, molecular biologists and others are making efforts with a focus on problems that are very difficult to do by silicon devices.
Research includes detecting chemicals and volatile explosives or even diseases such as cancer. Agabi says the Koniku Kore device is the first device in the world to smell air first. One of the main challenges is finding ways to keep the neurons alive for two years in a laboratory environment and two months on the device.
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The AI-based software screening system, dubbed Mobis Artificial Intelligence Software Testing, jointly made with a professor of South Korea’s top science and technology university KAIST, will screen new software based on algorithm made by researchers. By automating the process, Hyundai Mobis expects to enhance work efficiency, shortening the time it takes to develop software while improving accuracy.
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Wednesday, 3 October 2007
The Cloud People
Chachapoyas is remote. Located in an area of limestone mountains cut by 700m deep river canyons. It takes time to get here and takes time to get around. Yet even here Peru had another "civilisation" to add to it's long list. The Chachapoyas people or "Cloud People" (due to the location in the eastern Andean cloud forests) established a complex society from 800AD to the 1400's when they were overun by the empire building Incas.
The cloud people left behind what is generally regarded as the most impressive pre-Incan site; the fortress of Kuelap.
Built with more stone than that use to build the great Egyptian pyramid, the castle like fortess is located on a 3000m ridge and was once home to 3000 people. The ride up was terrifying with the road hugging the mountain with a precipice of horrible depth falling away the other side of the road.
The ruins are in the main unrestored, and cloud forest vegetation grows amongst the circular low stone walls that remain. In many ways it is a city of the dead for within each ruins and even within each wall are human remains. It is fortress built of rock and bone. |
Dog history - dogs of war
Narrated from: Dog History
People associate dogs either with the lovable canine companion sleeping by the fireplace, or with wolf packs howling in a frozen forest.
However, dogs are often described as the real werewolves of legend – they stand somewhere between the world of the wild and the world of men. However, unlike their howling predecessors, dogs have often gone to war, and still do.
War is not a natural state in the animal kingdom. In the jungle, the closest thing is the ancient law “Eat or be eaten”. However, dogs have joined their fates with their human companions – and it was humanity which introduced to the world the concept of war.
Roman attack dogs
Dogs that went to war in the past weren’t the lovable pets that you would walk in the park – they were bred for killing. Egyptians and Lydians used dogs in combat long before the birth of Christ. However, it was the Romans that fully developed the idea. After dogs were used against the Roman legions and managed to delay an inevitable victory, the crafty Romans quickly adopted the approach. They bred English Mastiffs and trained them for war. These huge and powerful dogs wore special armor covered with spikes. Whole battalions were unleashed on the battlefield to break enemy formations. Historians claimed that war dogs didn’t back down even when confronted with swords.
Later on, the infamous Attila the Hun adopted this Roman idea while crushing the Western Roman Empire. He used giant Molosser dogs – the Macedonian cousin of the English Mastiff.
Medieval knights
The practice for using dogs for military purposes carried on. In the Middle Ages, dogs wore armor much like medieval knights and protected trade caravans on insecure routes.
War dogs accompanied the Conquistadors in their predatory conquest of South America. According to military historians, these dogs were a mixture of wolfhound, deerhound, and mastiff, and stood at about 2½ ft (75 cm) tall at the shoulder.
However, the most notorious fighters in this age were Irish Wolfhounds. The Irish used Wolfhounds to tackle mounted knights. Two wolfhounds, or even a single one, could take down an armored knight to the ground – and a fallen knight is as much use as a flipped over turtle!
Modern Warfare
Today, dogs are still used on the battlefield. Dogs serve as sentries, trackers, scouts, detection dogs, and messengers. Attack dogs today are mainly used for sentry duty; such dogs rarely take the battlefield during real combat.
There is much debate about whether dogs should be allowed in the military – but while soldiers march to foreign battlefields, man’s best friend is sure to follow. Dogs probably will remain involved in warfare – at least until some fictional day when humanity finally finds common sense and war becomes a thing of the past…
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Glossary of Common ConstructionTerms
CONDENSATION - The appearance of moisture (water vapor) on the surface of an object caused by warm moist air coming into contact with a colder object which can occur without proper roof ventilation. This can result in mold growth or sheathing rot.
DRIP EDGE - A device designed to prevent water from running back or under an overhang. (Other names: metal edging, aluminum trim)
FASCIA - Any cover board or framed metal assembly at the edge or eaves of a flat, sloping, or overhanging roof which is placed in a vertical position to protect the edge of the roof assembly,(generally behind a gutter).
RAKE - The angle of slope of a roof rafter, or the inclined portion of a cornice (Follow gutter line to the end, then the board from there to the peak, that's the rake boards/edge)
SHEATHING - Plywood, gypsum, or wood fiber encasing walls, ceilings, floors and roofs of framed buildings.
VENTING - The process of installing roof vents in a roof assembly to relieve vapor. (Example: Ridge vents, roof vents, soffitt vents, power fan) |
Thursday, June 5, 2014
Personality Traits and Why They Differ in Muslims and Jews:
Nadene Goldfoot
Abraham as pictured back in the 2nd millennium BCE
As I was fixing an egg for a late breakfast after writing an article for my other blog, I had an epiphany about why Muslims and Jews are so different from each other even though they only believe in one G-d. It stemmed from a discussion on facebook with others, including a dear Muslim friend, as to why we Jews do discuss facts about Mohammad yet won't become Muslims. I explained back that we do think differently even though we both believe in just one G-d and that Moses, who Muslims accept as a prophet, told us not to accept prophets easily. We've had lots of false prophets in our history already. We couldn't accept Jesus and then we couldn't accept Mohammad. We revere Moses.
Then it dawned on me that Abraham's sons, Ishmael by Hagar the Egyptian and Isaac by his own relative, Sarah, were so entirely different in personality, most likely due to their genetic makeup. Sarah was Abraham's niece and was his legitimate wife. You see, by this she had coh-ach, or strength and power. Her father was Haran who was Abraham's brother. Abraham had come from Ur which is in today's Iraq. He had moved to land made up up Canaanites and Philistines. Ishmael was actually sent away by Abraham who was persuaded to do so by Sarah who saw that their living arrangement wasn't working out. Abraham had 2 women in his tent; his wife and his paramour, both with sons. Hagar was being hurtful to Sarah since she was the younger one but not a legitimate wife with the due respect coming with that title. There was a lot of friction going on between the children and the women.
Ishmaelites buying young Joseph, son of Jacob and Rachel, from his brothers who were jealous of him
Obviously Hagar and Ishmael went back towards Egypt to join up with the culture she had left. According to Islamic tradition, she was an Egyptian princess and is dearly loved by the Muslims. Ishmael did not get the continued lessons from Abraham on behavior and goals in life because he had to leave the fold. Had he received enough to be on his own and act wisely? Wouldn't he now be living in Paran where the Canaanites were idolaters? Paran was the desert, the wilderness in the Negev desert. Israelites traveled through it after they had left Mt. Sinai where they received the 10 Commandments. It is in the NE of the traditional Mt. Sinai, south of Kadesh and goes from the shores of the Gulf of Elath and the Arabah. As it is, Ishmaelites also had 12 tribes from Ishmael and they had settled in Northern Arabia between Egypt and the Assyrian border. They traded with Egypt. Modern Arabs claim this descent. Abraham had left his family in Charan who also worshipped idols as well. More likely, Abraham was worried about the morality of the Canaanites. They did not have the same morality, ethics and modesty that affects one's entire nature. That's why he didn't want his own sons to marry such women. He wanted them to marry a woman of kindness and sensitivity.
Then we have the twins that Isaac fathered by Rebeccah; Esau and Jacob, who later had his name change to Israel. Rebecca's mother was Bethuel, sister of Laban. Bethuel and Laban were Arameans from Paddan-aram. They were Semites who invaded the Fertile Crescent in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BCE and roamed between the Persian Gulf and the Amanus Mountains. Israelite patriarchs were of Aramaic origin and had ties of marriage with the tribes of Aram. So Abraham was her great granduncle. The two boys were as different as day and night. Here I cannot blame the mother for the differing genes, so I figure that Abraham already had a bundle of different types in his genetic makeup to pass on. No wonder Ishmael turned out differently from Isaac!
Esau was born first. He surprised his family by having red hair and a ruddy complexion and was pretty hairy all over. So he was the elder brother with special rights as the very first born, even though the difference in the 2 boys couldn't have been more than a few minutes, maybe 30 at the most. He was to receive a birthright and a blessing, and in those days blessings were like words from the will, amounting to gifts received that Jacob would be denied. Jacob tricked Esau into selling him his birthright, so I think he was the wittier one. Esau fell for it because it wasn't something of value to him in the first place, not being a material thing, and because the sale brought him food and he was starving to death after doing a lot of hunting.
They had different personalities and interests, unlike the usual twins born today. Esau was a hunter and furnished his family with meat. Jacob was more introverted and hung around the tents thinking and cooking that we are told about. Jacob is described as being more wholesome.
Esau and Jacob became enemies which ended up with Esau trying to even kill Jacob, his own twin! We know today of twins who mourn and suffer and cannot even function when a twin dies, yet Esau had this hatred, this animosity toward Jacob for some pretty darn good reasons. Jacob had tricked Esau out of his inheritance through knowing of Esau's attitude towards his father's philosophy about a G-d and not being impressed about it and not being able to wait but needed the instant reward of food. Being Esau's twin, he knew his twin's mindset.
The birth of the twins was foretold to Rebecca by G-d. "Two nations are in your womb. Two regimes from your insides shall be separated. The might shall pass from one regime to the other and the elder shall serve the younger." So she understood they would have problems before they were even born. It turned out that she did favor the younger, Jacob, even though Isaac favored the older, Esau. Being Rebecca was around them more in taking care of them, she was the one who watched how they behaved.
The story is a symbol written in Genesis of the two nations of Israel and the Arabs, specifically with Edom which Esau represents. Edom, (Idumea) was a country in the SE section around Mount Seir and was a mountainous area with fertile land. It is south of the Dead Sea and bordered on the Red SEa at Elat and Ezion Geber. They were hunters. So already back when Moses wrote this, he was told, as it came to him through G-d, that there would be animosity between these 2 people and this is the explanation for it. It's a true example of prophecy come true.
Jacob wound up out of fear of his twin's deadly hatred, having to leave his homestead and go to his uncle Laban in Haran where he married his cousins Leah. and then Rachel, his true love. Later he had sons by their handmaids, Bilhah and Zilpah; just like Abraham had done with Hagar.
I see that our 12 Tribes of Jacob were made up of 12 sons originally who had an assortment of genes, both from their father and from their assorted mothers.
We have found that both many of the Arabs and the Jews have the haplogroup J1c3d in their genetic makeup. Scientists can see which is the branch of Arabs and which is of the Jews. As in the past, we are still having a terrible time seeing eye to eye on situations other than there is but one G-d. We're still as different as Esau and Jacob in our outlooks. The world will turn on its heels when we finally really unite as one .
Resource: Tanakh, Genesis
New Jewish Encyclopedia
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Monday, March 7, 2016
The Jews of South Africa
Nadene Goldfoot
Johannesburg, South Africa; only the flag tells me this is not a picture of the USA.
Jews went to South Africa during the early 19th century. By 1992 they had a population of 120,000 Jews in South Africa. By July 2014, the core Jewish population was 70,000. The expanded population was from 80,000 to 92,000 Jews. The first synagogue built there was organized in Capetown in 1841. Many of the Jewish settlers were traders and peddlers, traveling among the Boer farmers. Later, they tended to move to towns. Many Jews emigrated to South Africa, including a number from Eastern Europe after gold was discovered toward the end of the 19th century.
Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein at a Nelson Mandela Memorial Ceremony.
Despite vicious anti-Semitic rhetoric going on, he attended. Mandela was very anti-Semitic.
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. In September 1998, Mandela was appointed Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Notice, he put all the blame on Israel and not the Palestinians ruled by Arafat who would not make peace under any conditions offered. Mandela faced criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba, and Libya, and for his personal friendships with Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi. Now we see why he was against Israel and for the Arabs.
Johannesburg became the main center of Jewish settlement. In South Africa, Jews enjoyed political equality in Cape Colony and Natal. They had it in the Transvaal only after the 2nd Boer War. The rabbis of the principal congregations in both Johannesburg (Jewish population: 63,620) and Cape Town (Jewish population of Cape Peninsula: 28,000) have Chief Rabbis and 65 synagogues are affiliated to the Orthodox Federation of Synagogues.
A Reform movement, started in 1933, has 14 affiliated congregations. there is a wide network of Jewish education, with 69 nursery schools, 10 primary schools, and 8 high schools.
Stanley and Helen Goldfoot of Jerusalem
Family was from Telsiai, Lithuania, then Dublin, Ireland
It was Stanley Goldfoot who left after graduating high school and emigrated to Israel in 1933. He boarded a ship alone at age 18, and when in the middle of the ocean, the ship hoisted a Nazi flag. He was afraid that he would never get to Israel. He was the very first Jew to immigrate to Israel from South Africa.
In younger days, Stanley with 1st wife, Rebecca "Rollo" and 2 daughters,
born in Capetown, SA.
At the age of 18, he heard a speech about the Zionist vision by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, which
a bag, leaving a shocked family and heading for Palestine. He joined a
HaShomer HaTzair kibbutz, picking eggplants in the fields, and making floor
tiles, "balatot". There, he became the Chief of Intelligence for the famous Stern Group (Lehi) which was very active in the days before May 14, 1948 when Israel was born again.
"Israel maintained deepening military and diplomatic ties with South Africa between 1967 and 1990. There is also a modest but growing community of South African Jews living in Israel."
A large immigration of Jews came to South Africa after World War I, when the Lithuanians came in. Restrictions were put on them during the 1930s which limited the immigration, in which many did come that were German Jews, naturally. The 30s was the time of terrible anti-Semitism in Germany. After 1939, when Germany closed the door to German Jews emigration, the Jewish immigration was negligible, although it has increased again starting in the 1980s.
Abba Eban b: 1915 Cape Town, South Africa-d: 2002 Tel Aviv, Israel, Israeli diplomat and politician, and a scholar of the Arabic and Hebrew languages.
He also served in the British Army in Egypt and Mandate Palestine
Another famous South African who emigrated to Israel was Abba Eban, who was the Foreign Minister of Israel from 1966 to 1974. "In his career he was Israeli Foreign Affairs MinisterEducation MinisterDeputy Prime Minister, and ambassador to the United States and to the United Nations. He was also Vice President of the United Nations General Assembly and President of the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Any emigration early on from South African Jews had gone to Israel, but now more people have emigrated to other English-speaking countries. "South African Jewry differ significantly from those in other developing countries in that the majority of South African Jews still remain in South Africa (62% of the original 120,000 still remain), and that a significant number of those that did move abroad went to countries popular among other South African émigrés such as Australia,] the United StatesCanada, and the United Kingdom.
Standing against anti-Semitism in South Africa
The remaining Jews are well-organized and have a high degree of centralization with the Board of Deputies as its representative organization. They also have a strong Zionist Federation. This year they have the South African Friends of Israel Conference on their calendar, the SAZF Advocacy Group (South African Zionist Federation).
Capetown, South Africa
Many Jews that wound up in South Africa originally came from Lithuania. First they had gone to England, and then Dublin, Ireland. From there they made their way to South Africa. A large number of the Irish immigrants were from the shtetl or small town of Akmiyan (Akmene), or townships like that in the province of Kovno (Kaunas) in Lithuania to where their ancestors had trekked from the Rhineland before Lithuania passed from Polish to Russian control in 1772. They had been invited in by the Polish princes who wanted to colonize their lands. The Jews had brought the added benefit of trading expertise to areas where such commercialism was closed to serfs and considered too menial for high-born Polish families. But they did find a certain amount of anti-Semitism later on in Ireland, being it was mostly a Catholic country. This is the route my Goldfus/Goldfoot family took, and I found today's Goldfoots in South Africa did come from Ireland first.
Resource: Book: Jewish Ireland, a social history, by Ray Rivlin. (I might add that he is a relative, no doubt, of today's President Rivlin of Israel.)p. 32.
The New Standard Jewish encyclopedia, page 19.
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Friday, March 14, 2014
The deepest borehole ever drilled (on mainland)
There is a book, a wonderful book, that I warmly recommend you, it's
A short history of (nearly) everything by Bill Bryson.
It's one of the best book on science I have ever read!
Written by a journalist, who at a certain point in his life, decided to learn more about our planet and about about science in general and full of anecdotes.
Today I want to tell you about the deepest borehole, one of the stories Bill Bryson tells in his book.
By the 1960s scientists had grown sufficiently frustrated by how little they understood of
the Earth’s interior that they decided to try to do something about it. Specifically, they got the
idea to drill through the ocean floor (the continental crust was too thick) to the Moho
discontinuity and to extract a piece of the Earth’s mantle for examination at leisure. The
thinking was that if they could understand the nature of the rocks inside the Earth, they might
begin to understand how they interacted, and thus possibly be able to predict earthquakes and
other unwelcome events.
The project became known, all but inevitably, as the Mohole and it was pretty well
disastrous. The hope was to lower a drill through 14,000 feet
(4267.2 meters) of Pacific Ocean water off the
coast of Mexico and drill some 17,000 feet (5181.6 meters)
through relatively thin crustal rock. Drilling from
a ship in open waters is, in the words of one oceanographer, “like trying to drill a hole in the
sidewalks of New York from atop the Empire State Building using a strand of spaghetti.”
Every attempt ended in failure. The deepest they penetrated was only about 600 feet (182.88 meters). The Mohole became known as the No Hole. In 1966, exasperated with ever-rising costs and no
results, Congress killed the project.
Four years later, Soviet scientists decided to try their luck on dry land. They chose a spot on
Russia’s Kola Peninsula, near the Finnish border, and set to work with the hope of drilling to
a depth of fifteen kilometers,
Google Maps Link
The work proved harder than expected, but the Soviets were
commendably persistent. When at last they gave up, nineteen years later, they had drilled to a
depth of 12,262 meters, or about 7.6 miles. Bearing in mind that the crust of the Earth
represents only about 0.3 percent of the planet’s volume and that the Kola hole had not cut
even one-third of the way through the crust, we can hardly claim to have conquered the
(Kola Superdeep Borehole, commemorated on the 1987 USSR stamp, wikipedia)
The hole reached 12,262 m (40,230 feet) in 1989. In that year the hole depth was expected to reach 13,500 m (44,300 feet) by the end of 1990 and 15,000 m (49,000 feet) by 1993. However, because of higher-than-expected temperatures at this depth and location, 180 °C (356 °F) instead of expected 100 °C (212 °F), drilling deeper was deemed unfeasible and the drilling was stopped in 1992.
Accoding to wikipedia, the project was closed down in late 2005 because of lack of funding. All the drilling and research equipment was scrapped and the site has been abandoned since 2008.
As Bill Bryson says:
Interestingly, even though the hole was modest, nearly everything about it was surprising.
encounter sedimentary rock to a depth of 4,700 meters, followed by granite for the next 2,300
meters and basalt from there on down. In the event, the sedimentary layer was 50 percent
deeper than expected and the basaltic layer was never found at all. Moreover, the world down
there was far warmer than anyone had expected, with a temperature at 10,000 meters of 180
degrees centigrade, nearly twice the forecasted level. Most surprising of all was that the rock
at that depth was saturated with water—something that had not been thought possible.
The record of the Superdeep borehole was set in 1989, how is the situation today?
Citing Wikipedia:
As a bonus trivia, I read on Wisegeek that
The Kola Superdeep Borehole was the source of a tabloid rumor, started by a Finnish newspaper, that Russian researchers had burrowed through to Hell. The story was reproduced by several American tabloids. It stated that 9 miles (14.4 km) down into the Earth's crust (1.4 miles (2.25 km) deeper than the real depth), the scientists reached a pocket of air with a temperature of 2,000°F (1,093°C). Intrigued, they sent down a heat-tolerant microphone, which picked up the screams of the damned. The rumor was exacerbated when recordings of the alleged screams popped up on the Internet shortly thereafter.
A Short History Nearly Everything (Amazon link)
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Clinical Manifestations of Epilepsy
Based on the type of seizure, there are several kinds of clinical manifestations of epilepsy. Here are the clinical symptoms and signs of epilepsy.
Partial simplex seizures started with an electrical charge in certain parts of the brain and the charge is still limited in the area. Patients experiencing sensations, movements or abnormal psychological disorders, depending on the area of the brain affected. If it occurs in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement right arm, the right arm will swing and suffered a jolt; if it occurs in the anterior temporal lobe, then the patient will smell a very pleasant or very unpleasant. In patients who experience psychological disorders may experience déjà vu (feeling never experienced the present circumstances in the past).
Partial seizures (psychomotor) complex begins with the loss of patient contact with the surrounding environment for 1-2 minutes. Patients become unsteady, move his arms and legs in a strange way and without purpose, noises meaningless, not able to understand what other people are saying and refused assistance. Confusion lasted for several minutes, and was followed by complete healing.
Convulsive seizures (tonic-clonic seizures, grand mal) usually starts with abnormal electrical charge on a limited area of the brain. The electric charge quickly spread to other brain regions and causing the entire area to malfunction.
Primary generalized epilepsy characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain region wide, which led to the spread of early dysfunction. In both types of epileptic seizures as the body's reaction to an abnormal load. On convulsive seizures, loss of consciousness occurs while, great muscle spasms and jolt-jolt throughout the body, the head facing to one side, tightly clenched teeth and loss of bladder control. Afterwards the patient may experience headache, confusion while and feel very tired. Usually people can not remember what happened during the seizure.
Petit mal seizures begin in childhood, usually before the age of 5 years. No seizures, and other dramatic symptoms of grand mal. Patients just stared, trembling eyelids, or twitching facial muscles for 10-30 seconds. Patients do not respond to its surroundings but not falling, fainting or jerky.
Status epilepticus is the most serious seizures, where seizures occur continuously. Muscle contraction is very strong, not able to breathe properly and discharges in the brain become widespread. If not promptly treated, can damage the heart and brain are settled and the patient can die.
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Nuclear clustering with pinholes and probes
Quantum mechanics can be described in terms of particle-like or wave-like behavior. This famous duality also extends to numerical simulations of quantum mechanics using random number sampling in a general technique called quantum Monte Carlo. In one version of quantum Monte Carlo, the simulations sample all possible random paths of interacting particles. In another version of quantum Monte Carlo, the simulations work with wave functions. In this case the interactions are produced in an indirect manner by sampling random fluctuations in space and time. This approach, known as auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo, can lead to efficient simulations, however information about the positions of particles relative to the center of mass is lost.
In the recent paper Ab initio calculations of the isotopic dependence of nuclear clustering,” which appeared in Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 222505 (2017), the authors solved this problem by inserting an opaque sheet into the simulation that lets particles through only at certain pinhole locations. The locations of the pinholes are then sampled to determine the distribution of particle positions. The authors studied the formation of alpha-particle clusters (or 4He nuclei) as substructures within larger nuclei by measuring the probability of four particles clumping together into a small region of space. They also mapped out the geometrical arrangement of the clusters. By using these probes, they concluded that alpha-particle clustering becomes less prominent in neutron-rich nuclei due to the quantum entanglement of particles in neighboring clusters.
Figure: An opaque sheet allowing particles to pass only at chosen pinhole locations. The pinhole locations are sampled to give the particle distribution. |
Fertility Control
Fertility control research
The ACT Government has been exploring long-term solutions to kangaroo overpopulation and overgrazing for some time, including the use of fertility control. An effective fertility control method would be a useful tool to be deployed in a population that has previously been reduced to the desired size by culling, but would not be effective in immediately reducing a population. The fertility control method would reduce the reproductive rate in the population and thus, reduce the amount and frequency of culling required in the future. It could also provide a suitable tool for managing kangaroo populations in areas where shooting is unsafe.
Several viable fertility control options are currently available for kangaroos, including surgical sterilisation, hormone implants or immunocontraceptive vaccines. However, these agents currently require individual animals to be captured for treatment, sometimes repeatedly, which largely limits their application to small numbers of animals and those in contained populations. The development of an efficient system for remote delivery of a long-lasting fertility control agent is essential for treating larger, free-ranging kangaroo populations.
A female Eastern Grey Kangaroo with collarGonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine is currently the most promising fertility control option for kangaroos in the ACT due to its relative ease of application (non-surgical), its duration of effect and the potential for remote delivery. GonaCon is a Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) immunocontraceptive vaccine that has been shown to control the fertility of various species including white tailed deer, bison and boar. The vaccine works by triggering an immune response which produces GnRH antibodies. When these antibodies bind to GnRH, the hormonal control of reproduction is interrupted. As long as sufficient antibodies are present, the treated animal will not be able to reproduce. GonaCon is not yet registered for widespread use in Australia and can only be used under a research permit.
Following initial trials of the vaccine in Tammar Wallabies by CSIRO and the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, the ACT Government joined the research partnership in 2008 to trial GonaCon for the first time in Eastern Grey Kangaroos. This trial produced encouraging results; a single hand injection with GonaCon has blocked the reproductive cycle for eight years so far in a high proportion of female eastern grey kangaroos treated as sub-adults.
The ACT Government and CSIRO are continuing to research the use of GonaCon for kangaroos, including investigating a dart delivery system for administering the vaccine remotely. Extensive trials were undertaken prior to testing on live kangaroos to identify a suitable dart for humanely administering the vaccine. A method of visually marking the kangaroos as they are treated has also been trialled to avoid individuals being vaccinated repeatedly. Since September 2015, 142 female kangaroos across five sites in the ACT have been treated with GonaCon or a placebo, administered either by hand injection (81 GonaCon, 10 placebo) or remotely by a dart (51 GonaCon), in order to compare the effectiveness of the two methods.
In the year following treatment, only 13.3% of kangaroos treated with hand injected GonaCon and 20.8% of kangaroos treated with dart delivered GonaCon produced a young. In the second year following treatment, none of the kangaroos treated with hand injected GonaCon produced a young. Second year results for dart delivered GonaCon will be available later in 2018.
Kangaroo being prepared for immunisation
The effects of GonaCon at the population level are also being investigated by comparing population growth and fecundity (the rate of production of young) between treated and untreated populations. In order to fully evaluate the effectiveness of GonaCon as a population management tool the treated kangaroos and populations will be monitored over the coming years.
If the research concludes that humane dart delivery of GonaCon to wild Eastern Grey Kangaroos is possible, it does cause infertility and reduces the rate of increase of populations, it will provide a non-lethal option for kangaroo management at some sites in the ACT, which would result in a reduction in the frequency and amount of culling required in the future.
See the report Fertility Control of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in the ACT: Assessing the efficacy of a dart-delivered immunocontraceptive vaccine (2018)
For more information about this research call Access Canberra on 13 22 81. |
Loop used to show properties, Computer Engineering
A loop invariant is a statement about a loop used to show properties about a loop. Fill in a right function for f (k)inthe following loop invariant and then show that your loop invariant is right by induction. Loop invariant: At checkpoint #2 of the kth iteration of the while loop, the present pointer will be pointing to cell number f (k)on the linked list where the cells are numbered starting with cell one
Posted Date: 3/22/2013 2:56:56 AM | Location : United States
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Things soccer often describes (“soccer ________”)
injuries, players, lizzie, football, joy, america, speedball, cultures, consciousness, the, position, games, player, teams, matches, guide, war, style, moms, balls
How soccer often is described (“________ soccer”)
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Heart PalpitationsA heart that skips a beat is more than an expression. The feeling of having a rapid, pounding heart can happen to anyone. This is what doctors call a palpitation. Heart palpitations are common and happen unexpectedly — usually triggered by stress, medications or exercise.
Beheartstrong.com.sg noted that a cardiologist in Singapore or anywhere in Asia and around the world should be the first person to visit if you have concerns about your palpitations. These professionals understand better how the heart works and can help determine if your palpitation is serious.
What are the Symptoms of Heart Palpitations?
This takes place whether you are active or at rest, which means that you can experience it while standing, sitting, lying in bed, or doing any kind of activity. The most common symptom is when your heart is fluttering, beating too fast and pumping harder than usual. Heart palpitations last only for a few seconds and usually do not need medical care. If you feel other symptoms along with it, like fainting and severe shortness of breath and dizziness, then it is best to seek medical attention.
When should You Schedule an Appointment?
If you have a family history of heart disease, then you should not ignore heart palpitations because your condition could become worse. Schedule an appointment with a cardiologist if the palpitations are taking place more frequently. They will let you undergo a heart-monitoring test to see if it is a sign of a serious heart problem or not. Do not be afraid to ask for a second opinion. There are cases when an initial diagnosis could be miscalculated. It is best to be safe than sorry.
Heart palpitations can be a case of irregular heartbeats that go away or could be a sign of a serious condition. It pays to be informed of your background, so you will not be paranoid in case your heart skips a beat again. |
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