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Interesting Research on Tips – What You Didn’t Know Questions to Present to a Doctor before Undergoing through a Blood Clot Treatment One requires advice from their doctors on some options to solve the blood clotting problem which they can be suffering. Most people find it better to seek medical help for this blood clot problem that they may be suffering while the medical experts recommend that it should be sort. Beginning with the remedy which is intended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation to this problem through these precautions to save life may be very effective. Before One starts with the administration of medication for this blood clotting issue, it is advisable that one inquires on some major issues from their medical attendant. While these concepts are advised to a person by the expert, he or she feels satisfied to begin the treatment, and this makes them very important. These are major concepts that need to be explained about the medication for the blood clot. One should first inquire about this problem to knowing various things about what it could be. The doctor should explain various things about it such as the causes and the effects of the blood clot. The clotting of the blood is an observable fact or occurrence in the body of a person. After a cut or torn blood vessel, the blood will form semi-solid substances that are helpful in the control of blood flow out if the vessels. Blood solidification is not a problem but has effects only after it happens within the vessels that carry the blood. One will also not have a problem until the masses of blood formed in the blood vessels do not liquefy. Blood clotting has very many effects on a person such as a stroke, and even a victim can die. It is critical that one gets to know if the treatment has some health effects just are for starting the dosage. medication for the clotting of blood has very many benefits and this it is important. However, the kind of the medication should be chosen carefully because there are some with negative impacts to the health of a person. The places to find medication also may be a critical question that should be asked to the doctors when there is need for it. One should also ask their doctors on the major prevention practices that can be done in order to help prevent related problems. The diets are the perfect ways that a good blood flow system of a person free from clots can be met.
Getting My muscle building workout To Work In one other line of imagined, researchers imagine muscles cells developed in excess of after and any morphological or structural similarities are due to convergent evolution and genes that predate the evolution of muscle and in some cases the mesoderm - the germ layer from which lots of scientists believe that correct muscle cells derive. Regulate your calorie intake until you will find a great equilibrium – concentrate on consuming good quality meals (paleo is a fantastic strategy to make energy whilst shedding fat) and receiving much better with Every single workout. This very same bundles-inside-bundles framework is replicated within the muscle cells. In the cells on the muscle are myofibrils, which on their own are bundles of protein filaments. The phrase "myofibril" really should not be baffled with "myofiber", which happens to be a simply Yet another name for the muscle mobile. Myofibrils are complex strands of several varieties of protein filaments organized with each other into repeating units called sarcomeres. Simplified schema of basic anxious system operate. Alerts are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to your spinal cord and Mind through the afferent leg of your peripheral nervous process, whereupon processing occurs that leads to signals sent back for the spinal cord and after that out to motor neurons through the efferent leg. Contrary for the Extra fat-free development, you actually require Fats inside your daily diet. Your entire body depends on Unwanted fat to supply energy to muscles during activity, and simply how much Extra fat somebody needs may vary. As a common guideline, Unwanted fat must make up 20 to 35 percent of your whole energy. Muscular action accounts for A lot of your body's Electricity intake. All muscle cells deliver adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that happen to be used to energy the motion in the myosin heads. Muscles have a brief-time period retail outlet of Power in the shape of creatine phosphate which happens to be generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when essential with creatine kinase. Muscles also retain a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen could be fast converted to glucose when Power is needed for sustained, powerful contractions. Throughout the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule might be metabolized anaerobically in a very process called glycolysis which makes two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the procedure (Notice that in aerobic ailments, lactate is just not formed; rather pyruvate is fashioned and transmitted in the citric acid cycle). Use Barbells. You can lift heavier weights with barbells than every other equipment. You even have to equilibrium the burden yourself. Barbells contain more muscles and trigger a lot more progress. Use free weights not connected to devices. Start out light-weight and use good variety to avoid injury. Building muscle is something I’ve been obsessed with considering the fact that highschool (okay, not obsessed, nonetheless it’s in which the vast majority of my Health analysis and expertise has taken me). Even though you raise and consume the same, you received’t seem the identical. I educated with my mentor for two decades. We did the exact same sets. reps, and exercises. But I seemed various because distinctive genetics. My brothers glance distinct as well despite acquiring the similar mother and father. This only works for similar twins. More toughness is much more muscle. The heavier the weights you lift, the much better The body gets to be, and The larger your muscles grow. Your muscles boost in measurement so they can carry heavier weights. This is often why energy is dimension – lift significant weights so you’ll gain muscle mass The natural way. As an expert competing normal bodybuilder I would want to increase that whether it is more info a pre or post workout meal, it really should provde the required amount of proteins. It's best completed Whenever your metabolic condition is on its best Raise. It’s just concealed guiding Unwanted fat. Powerlifters don’t get by becoming more ripped than their competition. They win by lifting heavier pounds. Muscle tissue is usually a delicate tissue, and is without doubt one of the four elementary kinds of tissue existing in animals. There are 3 different types of muscle tissue acknowledged in vertebrates: The largest muscle building error individuals make is coaching like a bodybuilder. Numerous bodybuilders use medication but won’t tell you. Leave a Reply
About Soap Making Putting as a chemist would put it, soap is basically the salt of a fatty acid. It is, as we all know, used to wash, clean and bathe. If you treat vegetable fat or animal oil with strong alkaline solution you get soap. The fats are basically triglycerides and the alkaline solution is called lye. The reaction that takes place between these two substances that creates soap is called saponification. The process involves the hydrolysis of the fats into fatty acids. This combines with the alkaline solution to become crude soap. A side product of this process is glycerol or glycerin. Based on current information, the earliest soap that has been found dates back to 2800 BC in Babylon. This original recipe consisted of ingredients such as ashes, cypress oil and sesame seeds. Another option was a combination of water, alkali and cassia oil. Some documents that date back to 1550 BC in Egypt indicate that a combination of vegetable oils and alkali were used in the baths. Sapo, the Latin version of soap was a word that was mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Historia Naturalis. This is a written version of the manner in which soap is manufactured from tallow and ashes. However, this written version does not refer to the cleansing properties of sapo. It is believed that soap derives its name from sapo that in turn was named based on Mount Sapo, a place where animal sacrifices were made. It is here that the tallow from the animals, mixed with the ashes of previously burnt animals and water and created soap. However, this seems to be more like a apocryphal story than an authentic one since there is not Mount Sapo that has been found. In the late sixth century guilds of soap makers were formed in Naples and by the 8th century soap making had become a common thing in Italy and Spain. Making soap was considered to be a woman's job. The process of soap making was industrialized to some level and there were specific manufacturing hubs in most places. As the soap came to be known as a symbol for reducing the population of harmful organisms, it started to become extremely popular. The soap was made in small scale manner till the age of industrialization. High quality transparent soap was created in London in 1789. And this was the first time that the brand Pears was created. A factory was opened by his son in law Barratt started a factory in Isleworth in 1862. William Gossage is attributed the discovery of low price and good quality soap. Soap powder was made for the first time in 1837 by Robert Spear Hudson and this was initially done by grinding soap in a mortar and pestle. When Benjamin T. Babbitt started sample distribution, William Hesketh Lever and his brother bought a soap business and formed what we know today as Unilever. Powered by My Market Toolkit.
Machines have already received superhuman strength, speed and endurance – and one day they will have superhuman intelligence. The only reason that this can not happen – it’s when we first kill themselves by some ultra-hazardous technology, well, or become victims of some global catastrophe. If we assume that technological progress will continue, machine intelligence human level, is likely to be developed. Then comes the turn of superintelligence. To predict how long it would take to develop such a machine, it is extremely difficult. In this regard, there is no black and white answers, they say, “machines are stupid and will never become human beings” and “machines will be smarter than we are very soon, out – artificial intelligence is born and ready to kill.” Poll of the leading researchers of artificial intelligence suggests that there is a 50 percent probability that machine intelligence will reach the level in 2050 (meant is the one that is able to perform most of the actions of the common man and will replace most of the human workers). This opinion does not seem absolutely insane. But there are a lot of uncertainties on both sides of the issue: whether it will happen soon, or much later. Similarly, the question shrouded in mystery, as we get to this point. There are several ways to develop that will help us get there in the end, but we do not know which one to shoot first. We have a concrete example of the intellectual system – the human brain – and one obvious idea is to figure out how it works. From a complete understanding of the brain we are still very far away, but it may happen that we derive a number of basic computing principles, which uses the brain, and programmers will be able to adapt them to the computers unnecessarily study biological nuances . We already know a few things about how the human brain works: a neural network, it learns through repetition, it has a hierarchical structure, it is based on perception, and so on. Perhaps there are a few basic principles that we have to open, and all this will develop into a “neuromorphic AI”: the basic principles of biological will, but they will be wrapped certainly not in biology. Another way – a more mathematical approach of “top-down”, which is a little that borrows from biology, and just trying to get to work basic principles. This is a more desirable way of development than neuromorphic artificial intelligence, because programmers will be well understand what is happening at a deep level. Compare it possible that take exams on their own better than to write off a classmate or a classmate. In short, we need the developers of artificial intelligence that will grow it from seed to the size of superintelligence who understand what they do. Parallel to this, we could check mathematical theorems about the system and how it behaves, rising through the ranks of intelligence. One can also imagine a way which will no longer rely on brute force computation, for example, by the use of genetic algorithms. This development would be undesirable for the same reason as the neuromorphic AI because it can lead to success and without a full understanding of what it was made. The presence of a large array of hardware to a certain extent could replace deep mathematical understanding. We are already familiar with the code, which would have a sufficient number of processing power become sverhintellektualnym agent. Model AIXI, for example. At best, it will destroy the world. Fortunately, the necessary amounts of computing power is physically impossible. Path of the complete emulation of the brain will logically lead to a complete digital copy of the specific human mind. The idea is to freeze or vitrified brain, cut it into thin slices and slices to feed these microscopes. Automated image recognition system and then re-create the original map of the neural connections of the brain. Three-dimensional map will be combined with neyrovychislitelnoy model functionality of different types of neurons, and the whole structure of the computer will operate at a sufficiently capacious supercomputer. This approach looks very complicated, but guarantees certain theoretical breakthroughs. In principle, we can assume that there is enough quality to emulate the digital brain, retaining all the beliefs, desires and personality of the individual loaded. But before the technology will reach a level of perfection, emulation will be extremely rude. And before emulating the brain will lead to some success, but rather result in neuromorphic AI. Perhaps the most attractive way to machine superintelligence will be indirect, during which we have been well studied own biological structure. This can be achieved by, for example, genetic engineering and institutional innovations that improve our collective intelligence. Can not say that one way or another it will “keep up with the machines” – the finite limits of information processing in the brains of the machine is much higher than that of the biological brain. But the cognitive development of humanity is closely linked with the development of machines: it brings the day when machines surpass us in development, because smart people contribute to progress in the field of computer science. Tags: , , In: A Technology & Gadgets Asked By: [19041 Red Star Level] Answer this Question You must be Logged In to post an Answer. Not a member yet? 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Wednesday, 28 December 2016 Machine Learning Basics–Regression…Part II Code on github can be found here Generalized Linear Models A Briefer on data distribution A brief on data distribution can be found here Predicting Buy/Sell for Gold Code Example for GLM Problem Statement Feature Definition Technical Indicators y = -0.0394777790495269 * x + 1881.30223607803 The R implementation we have a user defined function written called slope Rate of Change Ratio between ROC calculated over different time intervals particularly Stochastic Oscillator Ln = lowest price over past n days Hn= highest price over past n days P(x) = price on day x Basic Feature Selection The final list of feature we have is • Slope • ROC • Ratios of ROC Gaussian Regression Intermarket Variables • Dollar Index: Measures relative value of US dollar 1. Gold Futures 2. Silver Futures 3. Copper Futures Deploying this code to a fully function Gold Buy/Sell prediction Wednesday, 7 December 2016 Machine Learning Basics–Regression Analysis–Part 1 Data is all around us, its happening, At the simplest form data is a set of variables (of course with values). While working on a database on any domain , once we have a relatively okay understanding of the entities and we start to look for relationships within the entity or the variable. We do stumble upon and have a gut feeling which tells a variable y is dependent on a variable x OR a set of variables (x1,,x2…xn). To a certain degree we can predict the new value of y based on x. We see there is a clear relationship between y and x. The process of estimating relationships among variables is termed as Regression Analysis. Here the focus is between a dependent variable and one of more independent variables ( called the predictors). There are various types of Regression Analysis example Linear, Logistic, Polynomial…. each of them are used for a specific purpose. Regression Analysis requires a prior knowledge on the dataset and in order to estimate the forecasted value of the dependent variable. There is a need of having a dataset with defined outcomes of the dependent variable which will be used to train the algorithm. Regression set of algorithm are a part of supervised learning. Different Type of Regression Linear Regression – The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is such that the nature of the regression line is linear. Linear Regression establishes a relationship between dependent variable (Y) and one or more independent variables (X) using a best fit straight line (also known as regression line).The best fit straight line is generally achieved with Least Square Method. It is most commonly used for fitting a regression line. It calculates the best fit line for the observed data by minimizing the sum of squares of the vertical deviations from each data points to the line. Example on Linear Regressions. As an example for Linear Regression we are taking the Gold and Silver Price Correlation The basic plot of the same can be seen below. The data and code for the same can be found here. The data consists of last 1 year data, If one needs the complete data for last 10 years you can download the same from many of the free data sources or refer to For trying out linear regression the code is pretty straightforward goldprices = Quandl("LBMA/GOLD") silverprices = Quandl("LBMA/SILVER") goldpricesshortterm = goldprices[1:730,] silverpricesshortterm = silverprices[1:730,] shtsilver = data.frame(silverpricesshortterm,goldpricesshortterm) sfit = lm(shtsilver$USD..AM.~shtsilver$USD) Used Quandl for gold and silver price data. Have applied Linear Regression Model to last 2 years of data. Interpreting the results of lm The summary of the lm result what we look for 1. Residuals are essentially the difference between the actual observed response , We look for a symmetrical distribution across these points on the mean value zero (0). In this case we see a symmetrical distribution 2. The t-statistic values are relatively far away from zero and are large relative to the standard error, which could indicate a relationship exists. In general, t-values are also used to compute p-values 3.In our example, the RSquared we get is 0.8028. Or roughly 80% of the variance found in the response variable (gold prices) can be explained by the predictor variable (silver price)
Monday, 15 August 2011 CUPW and the Fight for Workers' Rights One significant example is the family leave campaign, which is being examined as part of a current Workers’ History Museum project. When CUPW included a demand for fully paid maternity leave in its 1977 bargaining proposals, the union ended up on strike, the government passed back to work legislation and CUPW President Jean-Claude Parrot was jailed. But the union persevered and in 1981, under Parrot’s leadership, the union became the first in the federal public sector to win paid maternity leave. Other employers and unions took notice and the fight for paid family leave spread throughout the country. Fast-forward to the most recent negotiations between CUPW and their employer. Canada Post offered current workers improved wages and the option of keeping their benefits and pensions. All they needed to do in return was agree to a lower starting salary, reduced benefits, and a defined contribution pension for future employees of Canada Post. Improved wages was one thing, but selling out the future generations of workers was not an option for CUPW. They started rotating strikes to get their message across without inconveniencing large numbers of the public. These actions had barely started when Canada Post shut down postal service completely with a nation-wide lockout. The current conservative government forced through back to work legislation while imposing a wage settlement that was lower than the employer’s last offer, claiming to be supporting the interests of Canadians by restoring postal service. But when you remember that CUPW was locked out by their employer, a crown corporation, and then forced back to work by the federal government, the situation starts to look grim. The federal government, who should be lauding a group for fighting for the rights of future generations of Canadians, instead rewarded them with a wage decrease. Does this seem odd to anyone? For more information about the CUPW and the recient postal workers lockout please see Aalya Ahmad and Geoff Bickerton's well -written analysis at: It’s worth a read. 1. If you look at the historical record, individual rights suffer in a financial crisis. In the 1930s, as the world floundered from the Depression, there was a rise of fascism (as we see now), a fear of socialism (as we still see now), and the labour movement takes a direct hit (as we are seeing and will continue to see now). 2. I believe that this type of behaviour by the current federal government is only the beginning of what we will see over the next 4 years. Why did the government choose to include a lower wage rate in the back to work legislation? There was no need, except to show their power and send a message to other workers who choose to use their right to strike that they will be dealt with harshly. They continued this action with the Air Canada employees by ordering them back to work after the shortest time on strike that I have seen. We can only hope that the Canadian public will take heed of the letter that Jack Layton wrote last weekend just prior to his death. We need to see a more caring, compassionate country than what we are currently facing. Workers need to keep the faith and doing their best to make workplaces better for all employees. 3. I agree with both these postings. As Barb Stewart says, we should heed the words of Jack Layton and be more compassionate and caring. But, the Conservative government seems bent on doing just the opposite, with the reduced wage rates for CUPW members a prime example of Tory vindictiveness. The plan to cut back the federal public service is the next step; not only will public sector workers lose their jobs, but Canadian citizens will have their services reduced. It's a pattern we have seen before. Hopefully the NDP, even without Jack, will be able to mount a vigorous opposition and help Canadians see the error of the Tories' policies.
What is Health? And How Negativity, Pessimism and Unforgiveness Affect It Amazing Health Advances Subscribe to Amazing Health Advances To receive daily emails from Amazing Health Advances to your inbox CLICK HERE Dr. Corinne Weaver — DrCorinneWeaver.com Sep 27, 2017 First, let's define what health is: it is a state of optimal physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Health is not merely the absence of disease or "feeling good." Let's break it down into types of stress and how stress can affect our health. As the holidays approach, I tend to see more people get sick due to more stress. (Photo Credit: Dr. Corinne Weaver) The first type of stress that can affect your health is physical. Physical stress is a physical trauma that causes our brain not to function properly (my bike accident was a physical stress). Accidents happen—they're part of life. What most people do not understand, however, is that even the smallest trauma (i.e., a stubbed toe) can send the body into a downward spiral. Unfortunately, most of the time, this disease will not develop into symptoms until you have already forgotten about that little "trauma." The American Pediatrics Association estimates that the average child falls 5,000 times as they learn to walk! And did you know that 8 out of 10 newborns are born with an atlas subluxation? A subluxation means a person has interference within the brain-to-body communication that is taking place in their central nervous system (CNS). The second type of stress that affect our health is chemical stress. We wake up in the morning and use heavily (and artificially) scented shampoos and soaps. Our teenagers put on deodorant that contains aluminum, which clogs up their lymphatic system. We, as parents, use dryer sheets with artificial scents to make our clothes smell good. All of these chemicals are toxic and are closing our kids' pores and not allowing their bodies to breathe properly. Long-term exposure to chemicals found in hygiene products, cosmetics, sunblock, fragrances, detergents, new carpets, vaccinations, and everyday household cleaners causes toxin overload. This stress causes the liver and adrenals to become diseased, but we do all of this because it's just easier and takes less time to grab a product without reading the labels. Now is the time to invest in your health and know what is in the products you use every day—your brain and immune systems will thank you!! Children are now being born with elevated levels of chemicals in their umbilical cords. For example, two separate studies conducted in 2004 and 2008 by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) found 200+ environmental toxins in the umbilical cord blood from newborns. The issue isn't how many toxins are in your kid's system—sadly, they are present—but whether and/or how your kid's immune system reacts to them. The third type of stress that can affect our health is spiritual stress. When you are sick, where's your focus? Only on "I am sick!!" Making the time to read uplifting passages with your kids and listen to uplifting music can help empower yourself to live a purpose-filled life. Stress can come from confusion about what you believe. You may be confused about your purpose or why you are here—that alone can cause sickness. Going on mission trips or even volunteering your time at outreach community events can turn your prospective around fast. (Photo Credit: Pexels) Lastly there is emotional stress. Stress can result from a past experience like a divorce, the death of a close family member or friend, changing to a new school, or moving to a new house but not letting go of the old house and moving forward with life. It takes time to achieve emotional healing within because the physical can affect the emotional in both of these ways: Glucose metabolism and Brain function. Essential fatty acids have been shown to support both glucose metabolism and brain function. These fatty acids reduce the overall inflammatory burden. A three-year study concluded that if a child received fish oil supplements between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, they had a reduced rate of allergy-related coughs. Fish oils also promote normal growth of blood vessels and help repair nerves. Think of the Tin Man in the Wizard of Oz—grab the oil can and squirt it on your joints to keep them from squeaking! (By that, I mean take fish oil internally before going to bed.) I always tell this to my patients so that they understand the concept of how important fish oil is. If you are allergic to fish, take flax seed oil and or chia seed oil. Also, there are more factors that can have cascading and circular effects on you. Food choices can affect your emotional health, your emotional health can affect your relationships, your relationships can affect your physical and emotional health, and then your emotional and physical health can affect your food choices. It can circle around and around. But remember, there's no sense in being pessimistic—it wouldn't work, anyway!! When parents say, "It can't be done," are they right? Or is it a matter of it can't be done by them? There is a basic flaw in the thinking of a pessimist, namely that "Nothing works!" If we take a pessimist's point of view, it would mean that there is no sense in being pessimistic, because it wouldn't work, anyway. Changing the way we think is the key! Our kids will eventually become what they think—they can't think one thing and become something else. If we allow our kids to think negative, worried, fearful thoughts, then they will become negative, worried, fearful people. We cannot think defeat and expect victory. They can't think the worst and expect the best. We need to see ourselves as being healthy and are thriving! We need to combat the idea of instant gratification. If it took you ten years to get in the state of health that you are in today, do you think it's only going to take ten days to get you out of it? What's Important to You? The number-one frustration quoted in a Gallup poll is not that the respondents didn't have enough time or enough money—the number-one frustration was what they called "incongruent values," which is to say, not doing what you say is important to you. How does that work? Most Americans would say the most important thing in life to them is family. But poll after poll after poll shows that the average father spends less than five minutes a day with his children. Still, these fathers would say "Family is number one." That's called incongruent values. The second most important thing is health, but when asked "Do you exercise?" and "Do you eat right?" and "Do you sleep right?" and "Do you take days off and rest?" the answer is always "No." But you probably still say "My health is important to me." That's called incongruent values. In order to resist Negative Thoughts from controlling your life. Follow these 3 R words: Recognize where those thoughts come from. Reject the negative thought immediately. Don't even allow yourself to dwell on a negative thought for five seconds. The longer you think about it, the harder it's going to be to get rid of. Lastly, replace that thought instantly with the Truth—that is, with positive thoughts. Remember, rejecting and recognizing are not enough, because if you don't replace that negative thought immediately, the same negativity will come back to you again and again and again. Say this with me right now: "It's not my fault. I love, accept, and forgive myself." I couldn't hear you. Say it out loud!! "I love, accept, and forgive myself!!" Now, say it again with me like you mean it: "I love, accept, and forgive myself." Man, that feels so good!! Take a deep breath!! We have to forgive ourselves and other people in order to be healthy. I have a good friend who is an oncologist, and he once told me, "Dr. Corinne, the cause of cancer is unforgiveness." The first step in this is confession and receiving the forgiveness and restored fellowship that are the result of that confession. (Photo Credit: Flickr) The word "forgive" comes from a Greek root word meaning "to set free or to let go." (I promise I won't start singing from Disney's Frozen: "Let it go, let it go!") To forgive, you must decide to give up any urges you have to be angry or resentful. Help yourself and your children disown those feelings and walk away from them. Set yourself free and let go and let God! I know it's not easy, but that unforgiveness is a poison that is filling your body with sickness, so just love instead. Remember, forgiveness is not only something we do for other people—we do it for ourselves so we can get well and stay well. I hope my column speaks to you and you can wake up each morning with a purpose. What I do every day is a calling, and I give God the glory for allowing His gifts to work through me. I do believe in miracles, because I get to see them every day! If you would like to contact me with your health concerns email me directly at Dr@drcorinneweaver.com. For more information you can go to www.DrCorinneWeaver.com. Keep Breathing, Dr. Corinne Weaver Email: Dr@DrCorinneWeaver.com Website: www.DrCorinneWeaver.com Dr. Corinne Weaver is a compassionate upper cervical chiropractor, educator, motivational speaker, mother of three, and internationally bestselling author. In 2004, she founded the Upper Cervical Wellness Center in Indian Trail, North Carolina. Over the last 13 years, she has helped thousands of clients restore their brain to-body function. When she was 10 years old, she lost her own health as the result of a bike accident that led to having asthma and allergy issues that she thought she would always have to endure. Then, after her first upper cervical adjustment at age 21, her health began to improve thanks to upper cervical care and natural herbal remedies. This enabled her to create a drug-free wellness lifestyle for herself and her family, and she also enthusiastically discovered her calling to help children heal naturally. Dr. Weaver was recently named one of Charlotte Magazine's "Top Doctors" in 2016 and is now a number-one internationally bestselling author to two books: Learning How to Breathe and No More Meds. Upper Cervical Wellness Center is known for finding the root cause of health concerns through lifestyle changes, diagnostic testing, nutraceutical supplementation, and correction of subluxation (as opposed to just medicating the symptoms). The practice offers cutting-edge technological care at its state-of-the-art facility, including laser-aligned upper cervical X-rays, bioimpedance analysis (measures body composition), digital thermography (locates thermal abnormalities characterized by skin inflammation), and complete nutritional blood analysis, which is focused on disease prevention. Click Here For More Information Amazing Health Advances
JetSQL » Operators » LEFT JOIN FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.field1 compoperator table2.field2 The name of the first (left) table from which information is to be retrieved. The name of the second (right) table from which information is to be retrieved. The field from the first table that is being compared to field2 from the second table. A comparison operator such as =, >, <, etc. The field from the second table that is being compared to field1 from the first table. The LEFT JOIN and the similar RIGHT JOIN operators can be used in any FROM clause to combine records from two tables. The LEFT JOIN operator is used to create a left outer join and includes all of the records from the first (left) of the two tables, even if there are no matching values for records in the second. Although LEFT JOIN or RIGHT JOIN operators can be nested inside an INNER JOIN, the converse is not true. An INNER JOIN operator cannot be nested inside a LEFT JOIN or RIGHT JOIN. SELECT Employee.Username, Project.ProjectName FROM Employee LEFT JOIN Project ON Employee.EmployeeID = Project.EmployeeID Jack SmithHardwork Herman AllenHardwork Jill SwaffordHardwork Bob ThorntonHardwork Mike SosebeeGrindstone Jill SwaffordGrindstone Zack WombleHardwork Chris LoweryNULL Samuel JonesNULL Robert NicholsonNULL (10 row(s) affected) This query uses the 'Employee' and 'Project' tables to demonstrate a LEFT JOIN. This example returns the names of all employees whether or not they were currently engaged in any project, but with project names where applicable. The above example is in contrast to the INNER JOIN example which only returns those records in which the data in the joined fields is the same (i.e. only records for employees currently engaged in projects). Language(s): MS SQL Server See Also:
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Cellphones and Car accidents Extracts from this document... Munteanu Daniel Munteanu English 101 Cell phones and Car Accidents 24 October, 2010 Cell phones and Car Accidents Over the years, cell phones have gotten more and more of our attention. They have become smarter, quicker, and fancier and this is exactly what the consumers are interested in. There aren?t any requirements to own one; all it takes is little thinking. Some already replaced the function of a laptop while others are still primitive. Along with the cell phones going through the evolution process and new ones getting out every day, they also grabbed the attention of drivers. Drivers spend lots of their driving time on the cell phone and this is a really big safety concern. Young drivers and old drivers, all face the same problem. More and more crashes occur due to cell phone usage, and drivers are the ones to blame. The law enforcement team is trying hard to fight this problem, but sometimes even they are involved in car accident. Due to the attention these devices require to operate, cell phones cause most of the driving accidents. ...read more. Driving schools often show tragic videos and officers are sent to schools to spread the message. Some get the message and take actions while others don?t care at all. David Strayer and Frank Drews completed a research to see the effects of cell phone use while driving. The results showed that the effects from cell phone use affected the driving performance on both young drivers and older drivers. They says that ?Compared with single-task (i.e., driving-only) conditions, when drivers used cell phones their reactions were 18% slower, their following distance was 12% greater, and they took 17% longer to recover the speed that was lost following braking?(640). Talking on the phone changes our reaction time significantly. We can say our brain multitasks, but driving and talking on the phone is more than multitasking. Our brain can handle it but it will focus on only one thing at a time, making our reaction time is slower. Most states have agreed to ban cell phone usage while driving, unless a hands-free device is used. Over the last few years, different hands-free gadgets were released that lets us talk on the phone and use both hands on the steering wheel. ...read more. It delays reaction time and can cause loss of control over the vehicle. It only takes a moment for the accident to happen. There are other causes that lead to accidents and they might happen more often but this is big issue for all the drivers around the world. Texting while driving will cause damage to both parties when it ends up in an accident. Cell phones play a big role in our everyday lives and we are more and more dependent on them. Over the years, designers have tweaked them around and now they are much smaller and easier to use. Anyone at an age can use one and they are more affordable than ever. But they are a big traffic concern. When using the cell phone while driving, the reaction time is slower and that is enough to cause a traffic collision. Cell phone use is the leading cause of traffic accidents. I urge drivers not to use the cell phone while driving, whether it?s talking or texting. Using a cell phone puts the driver at risk of a collision. Any distraction while driving is dangerous, but cell phones have really crossed the line. So before using the cell phone while driving, think about it, it might be the last call. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level Miscellaneous section. Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related AS and A Level Miscellaneous essays 1. Planning, Design and Production Phases of the Construction Industry thus reducing the man power required and also will help diminish the disturbance to the site as all the ground works will be done at the same time. - These stages will be combined and completed in phases, the construction process will be repeated according to the design plan and the amount of buildings required. 2. Customer experience management in UK higher education Union on Conversion University Consumer Goods, as well as group People and Planet pressure have led successful campaigns public against the marketing of higher education and have forced the Commission to refrain from including the higher education in the free trade negotiations GATS. 1. Investigating The Use of Pectinase new again as fewer enzyme molecules can fit with the substrate molecules at their active site. The reaction continues to decrease until the entire enzyme is denatured and the reactions come to an end. Variations in pH will also affect the activity of pectinase. 2. Ownership of the T &amp; T industry the possibility of car hire, the good thing about car hire is that you can go where you want when you want and also it is more "relaxing" so to speak than public transport like buses or trains. Air / Plane - It is a good way to get around 1. Problem Solution: Foundation Schools Identify the Alternatives and Benchmarking Validation Three alternatives have been acknowledged to aid Foundation Schools in reaching its objectives. They are: 1) hiring a project manager to replace Nancy Anderson, 2) allot a team leader to the project and 3) 2. Health and Safety Also you should look out for the emergency exits so if a fire happens you now the way out of the place and so you don't get burned. The most important thing is that you should now the health and safety signs before starting. 1. The Diversity of the Leisure Industry Also, passive leisure varies with each culture. The 2006 Social Report found that in Europe 51% visited an art gallery, 39% has seen a popular live performance, 30% had seen a theatrical performance, and 14% had visited a marae in the last twelve months. Sales of the Trent family of engines have made Rolls-Royce the second biggest supplier of large civil turbofans after General Electric. Singapore Airlines is currently the largest operator of Trents with five variants in service or on order. * Trent 900 customers - strong global presence. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Mug is a slang term for face in English. According to most dictionaries, it comes from those old mugs which were decorated with faces like Toby Jugs. Daniel Cassidy, author of an atrocious piece of pseudo-scholarship called How The Irish Invented Slang, disagrees. He believes that it comes from the word muc, meaning pig. It is worth quoting his claim in full, as it clearly shows Cassidy’s poor scholarship and dishonesty. “Muc, n., a pig; anything resembling a pig or hog; (of person) a piggish, hoggish individual, a swine; a scowl; a beetling brow; a scowling face; a piggish face. Múchna; n. a surly appearance; piggish scowl. Muc ar mala, a scowl, a beetling of brows, a piggish mug. Most Anglo-American dictionaries derive the slang word mug from an English drinking mug with an ugly face painted on it. In Irish American vernacular, a mug (muc, a scowling, beetle-browed face) is a pig-faced mucker.” The first point to make is that múchna is nothing to do with muc. Múchna comes from múch, meaning to extinguish or suppress. And it doesn’t sound anything like mug, so it is completely irrelevant here. Then there is the problem of what muc means. If it meant ‘a scowling face, a piggish’ face, then it would be a pretty good candidate for the origin of mug. So does it? If you’ve read the other posts in this blog, you’ll know what to expect. Cassidy was a pathological liar and muc does not mean a face … scowling, beetle-browed, smiley or any other kind. Muc means a pig, or a bulge which is rounded or pig-shaped. Muca sneachta are snowdrifts. When someone frowns, they get a small rounded bulge on their forehead, which in Irish is called muc ar gach mala (a bulge on each brow). It is used in this way but the phrases quoted above “a scowling face; a piggish face … a piggish mug … a scowling, beetle-browed face” are not true definitions of muc. They are Cassidy inventions. If you asked somebody in Irish why they had a muc on them (without the ar gach mala bit), they would look at you in puzzlement and say that they don’t have a pig on them. What Cassidy is saying is a little like saying that ‘laughter’ can be used in English to mean a wrinkled face because people talk about laughter lines. It is pure and total nonsense. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Why do teeth aging How To Tell A Horse'S Age By Its Teeth (Health And Medical Video July 2018). All about age changes in the tooth. Teeth - formation in the oral cavity, consisting mainly of solid tissues. The tooth can be divided into three parts: the crown (the visible part of the tooth) root and neck (dividing element between the crown and root). The bulk of the tooth is dentin, solid bone formation, in the crown covered with enamel. Inside the tooth is a cavity - the root canal, filled with tooth pulp, or pulp. The canal opens at the end of the root through the opening through which the blood vessels and nerve fibers penetrate into the cavity of the tooth. Through the bloodstream the tooth receives nutrients through which the tooth enamel is constantly updated, like the skin. Nature has a competent mechanism of protecting teeth from damage, but with age it ceases to work: the enamel of the tooth begins to collapse. Age changes in the tooth The older we become, the more often we have to visit a dentist, and dentures in people after forty - a common occurrence. Lack of calcium and vitamins, poor care and heredity - all this provokes age-related changes in the tooth. The more the teeth are opened, the faster they will be lived years. When the body is young and full of energy, tooth protects itself by using natural mineralization process by which a tooth comes minerals to protect tooth enamel from destruction. In aging tissues, the mineralization process is inhibited, and nutrients to the tooth is not enough. Can I stop the changes? When the first artificial element appears in the oral cavity, it largely depends on the person himself. Proper nutrition, quality care and a regular visit to the dentist - the immutable rules, through which you can keep your teeth healthy for a long time. To date, the dentist can not only find the cells of destruction, but also determine the level of mineralization of the tooth. With the help of the tools that fill the defect protect the tooth elements, you can stop the process of demineralization and keep your teeth healthy for many years. Why do teeth aging Category Of Medical Issues: Diseases Leave Your Comment
The making of Cinema City At the end of the 19th century, Glasgow was the sixteenth largest city in the world, after experiencing the fastest population growth in Europe. In a hundred years, the number of urban dwellers had gone from less than 50,000 to 775,561 by 1901, and it passed the million mark with the annexation of Govan and Partick burghs in 1912. This fast population growth was linked with Glasgow's position as an industrial powerhouse, first as a textile and manufacturing centre, and then as a world leader in heavy engineering and metal-work. As a characteristic example of a Victorian city, Glasgow combined the extravagant mansions and office buildings of industrialists and bankers with the overcrowded inner-city lodgings and the masses of tenements that housed workers near shipyards and workshops. This industrial population was already notorious as a keen and discriminating music-hall audience, while the middle classes were well catered for in sumptuous theatres, concert halls, and tea-rooms. Moving pictures arrived in Glasgow in May 1896, on the back of a different attraction — ice skating. Arthur Hubner’s Real Ice Skating Palace had only been open for a week when it started advertising the Cinematographe, 'Direct from London, The Century’s Sensation'. Accompanied by a full orchestra and “entertainments of a high-class character”, the seven short films shown did not attempt to upstage the skaters. Hubner continued to include films in his variety entertainment, which could be enjoyed from the balcony by non-skating spectators at a cost of 1s. But the reception amongst the well-heeled patrons of the Skating Palace was lukewarm. In August 1896, the manager of the Britannia Music Hall hired Hubner and his animated pictures as a special attraction for the venue’s re-opening after the installation of electric lighting. Charging 2d for admission, the show was a resounding success. Over the following months, cinema appeared in a variety of contexts, as exhibitors tried their luck with different audiences. The cinematograph, or any of the other projection systems in competition, was often part of the programme for travelling 'concert parties' presenting respectable entertainment in large variety theatres (like the Empire Palace or hired halls, like the Waterloo Rooms. Shoppers could also encounter free film shows at Wilson's Colosseum, a department store on Jamaica Street which always put on special attractions during the Christmas season. Meanwhile, on the other end of town, George Green had brought the bioscope into the Old Barracks carnival, as a sideshow attraction to the fairground rides, exhibits and performances offered at Christmas and during Glasgow Fair. Cinema's novelty valued was couched in more aspirational terms when it appeared at the Royal Institute of Fine Arts, where it was presented as an exciting extension of photography, with the additional appeal of electricity "ensuring great brilliance and absolute safety". Catering for very different audiences, these shows brought moving pictures into existing formats and contexts of entertainment. The supply of new films was irregular and expensive, so exhibitors had to stay on the road, showing the same programme in different places. During the first ten years of moving picture exhibition, Glasgow had a steady flow of visiting companies that leased existing spaces for temporary shows, as part of Scottish or UK-wide tours. Travelling companies like the New Century Animated Picture Company or William Walker's cinematograph were able to use the large number of public halls, many of them owned by the Glasgow Corporation, which also hired their services for their own concerts. An amicable relationship was formed between the Corporation and some sectors of the cinema industry, in particular those claiming a connection with Temperance movements. Over the years, patterns started to emerge, with some companies staying on for longer seasons. One of the travellers with New Century Pictures, James Joseph Bennell, seized the opportunity and took over the Wellington Palace, a large hall belonging to the Good Templars in the working-class residential area of the Gorbals, just south of the city centre. Opened just before Christmas 1907, the Wellington Palace was just a couple of weeks behind Glasgow's first permanent picturehouse, an old music hall in Calton reopened by the English entrepreneur Ralph Pringle as Pringle's Picture Palace. This was followed by Pringle's Bijou Hall in March 1908 and the Govan Hall Pictures in August 1908. The transition to permanent places of film exhibition started outside the city centre, in relatively large halls, rather than the small store-front urban venues characteristic of the 'nickelodeon' era in other parts of the world. As J. J. Bennell admitted, this was a cautious strategy: Instead of building expensive theatres to attract an affluent audience, exhibitors leased large but unassuming venues in densely-populated working-class districts. Only after the success of these shows had confirmed that cinema was not a passing fad did exhibitors dare to invest in purpose-built venues. The first of these to open in the city centre was the Charing Cross Electric Theatre, in May 1910. After this milestone, however, growth was very quick, in the city centre as much as in the residential areas. The association with music hall continued, as Hengler's Circus (which replaced the Skating Palace), the Britannia, the Bridgeton Star Palace, the Empire, and the Tivoli all showed films. By 1915, there were around a hundred places showing films in Glasgow, a number that continued to grow after the First World War. By the end of the silent era, Glaswegians were amongst the most avid cinemagoers in the world, and Green's were opening the largest cinema outside the US - at the heart of Glasgow's theatrical district, and a far cry from the days of drill halls and fairground booths. By Maria A. Velez-Serna.
Fairchild F8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Fairchild F8 KL Fairchild F3850.jpg F3850, the CPU of the Fairchild F8 system. Produced 1975 Common manufacturer(s) Max. CPU clock rate ? MHz to 1.79 MHz Instruction set 8-bit The Fairchild F8 was an 8-bit microprocessor system created by Fairchild Semiconductor announced in 1974, shipped in 1975.[1][2] The engineers who designed the Fairchild F8 Microcomputer did so mindful of a set of goals. The computer needed to be electrically frugal. It needed characteristics that permitted easy interface to standard SSI and MSI components. It needed a moderate instruction set. It needed to be easy to incorporate into a design. The design needed to put the maximum number of computer components and circuits into the LSI components to minimize the package count. This approach reduced the time spent on designing support logic circuits. These goals resulted in a microcomputer with a multiplexed bus architecture, with just two buses for all functions: the time-multiplexed data bus and a 7-bit control bus for synchronizing the system's components relative to the data bus. The functions of the F8 were distributed among several devices resulting in system simplification. In the F8 the control bus regulates the use of the data bus through the use of timing signals and state controls. The phi clock divides the machine cycle into discrete phases depending on the instruction being executed. The five state control lines are a function of the instruction being executed. The control bus states regulate the control of information in the computer. The F3851 is the program storage unit containing 1K ROM. It is programmed in manufacturing using a mask that could be specified by the customer of Fairchild. The F3851A PSU, in the F8 Evaluation Kit 1, was filled with the Fairbug program that allowed inspection and modification of memory, jumping to routines, viewing registers, punching paper tape, and interacting with a teletype user. All 64K of memory could be addressed, and any section could be RAM or ROM. The Fairbug PSU was a demonstration of packing many routines into a 1K ROM. The program counter (PC) is maintained in the F3851 PSU. There is one program counter for each PSU in the system. Each PSU has a backup program counter. The PSU also contains a pointer register called a data counter, DC. The user only sees one program counter and one data counter. There are no restrictions in the F8 for how memory addresses are used. They can be either for program or data. Memory interaction has the feature of a Turing machine allowing the computer to put operands in memory and then use the operands as operators. The F8 has two bidirectional 8-bit ports built into every PSU. An interrupt in the F3850 is similar to a subroutine call. A power-on detection organizes the computer circuitry. The machine instructions can be grouped into six categories: accumulator instructions, branch instructions, memory reference instructions, address register instructions, scratchpad register instruction, miscellaneous instructions (interrupt, input, output, indirect scratchpad register, load, and store).[3] The Fairchild F8 microcomputer was made available in late 1975 to electronic design engineers. The board has three large scale integration devices packaged in 40-pin ICs: CPU, PSU, and SMI. This circuit board performed as a 64K 8-bit personal computer which interfaced to a Teletype. The design permitted additional interfaces to floppy disk and other devices. A program called Fairbug, which resided in a 1K PSU, allowed users to view and change memory and registers, and test programs written in the machine code. This device appeared at the beginning of the transition from time shared computers to personal computers. Fairchild provided development and evaluation kits for the F8, these kits included a 3851A PSU (Program Storage Unit) which contained a monitor in mask ROM, vectored to start at address 0x8080.[4] At power-on, the ROM was entered. The ROM monitor was referred to in Fairchild literature as FAIR-BUG.[5] The FAIR-BUG monitor is a constellation of routines for assisting product development engineers who interacted with FAIR-BUG from a Teletype. Fairchild extended FAIR-BUG as KD-BUG, for use with a keyboard and display.[6] FAIR-BUG main commands are single ASCII characters drawn from the set {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, M, N, P, R, S, W}. Register and memory locations were keyed in as parameters immediately after the command identifier. For example, the command M02F0-02FF results in the content of 16 bytes of memory being typed out by the Teletype. FAIR-BUG commands address all memory locations and all registers. These locations can be examined or modified by the programmer. FAIR-BUG contains five subroutines which are used in processing commands: Input 2 ASCII Bytes; Output 1 ASCII byte; Output the string CR, LF, Null; Output 1 ASCII byte; Input 1 ASCII Byte from a Parallel Input Device. FAIR-BUG is essentially a random access management routine for all memory, both RAM and ROM, and all registers including program counter, data counter, and scratchpad. The programmer is given the ability to plant any of the 70+ machine code instructions or operands into memory locations. The programmer can then use the G command to load a specific address into the program counter and execute the routine at that address. The objective in providing the FAIR-BUG routines in 1975 was to assist engineers in speeding up the creation of applications for the F8 ICs. The processor itself had no address bus — memory addresses were kept in each co-processor's own address counter and were manipulated through five control signals, reducing the number of pins and the associated cost. It also featured 64 bytes of scratchpad memory, accessed by the ISAR register in cells (register windows) of eight, which meant external RAM was not always needed for small applications. In addition, the 2-chip processor did not need support chips, unlike others which needed seven or more. The use of the ISAR register allowed a subroutine to be entered without saving registers, the ISAR would just be changed, speeding execution. Special purpose registers were usually stored in the second cell (regs 8-15), and only the first sixteen registers could be accessed directly. The windowing concept was useful, but only the register pointed to by the ISAR could be accessed — to access other registers, the ISAR was incremented or decremented through the window. The F8 ran at 1–2 MHz, yielding a 0.5 μs cycle time. The Fairchild F8 microcomputer evolved during 1974 and 1975.[7] The first set of integrated circuits were available to engineers in 1975. These 40-pin integrated circuits required documentation for putting the F8 microcomputer to work. The Preliminary F8 Microcomputer Data Book from Fairchild Semiconductor carries the date June 27, 1975. A Guide to Programming the Fairchild F8 Microcomputer also carries the date June 27, 1975. Another document titled A Timeshare Users Guide for the Fairchild F8 Microcomputer was published August 7, 1975 as Revision A. In September 1975 Fairchild published User's Manual F8 Design Evaluation Kit Number 1. These documents were meant to accompany the Fairchild F8 Design Evaluation Kit 1 which was being sold to engineers. Kit 1 was an 8-bit microprocessor on a single circuit board. The board had three 40-pin ICs: F3850, F3851, F3853. The F3850 held the Central Processing Unit. The F3851 held a Read-Only Memory that contained a program called Fairbug. The F3853 contained circuitry to interface to static random access memory of 64K bytes. The circuit board allowed a simple interface to a Teletype for interacting with the Fairbug program.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The F8 was released in a single-chip implementation (the Mostek 3870) in 1977. According to the CPU Museum, "in 1977 the F8 was the world's leading microprocessor in terms of CPU sales."[16] The F8 was used in the Fairchild Channel F Video Entertainment System in 1976 and in the VideoBrain Computer system in 1977. The patent document US4086626 lists David H. Chung as the inventor of the computer that we know as the Fairchild F8. The filing date for this patent was June 7, 1976. The invention was an extension of engineering work referred to in the patent under the Priority Date October 7, 1974. The owner of the patent was Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. David H. Chung's career included positions at Texas Instruments, Fairchild, and Sony.[17] 1. ^ "CPU of the Day: Fairchild F8 Microprocessor". The CPU Shack Museum. June 8, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013. 2. ^ "The Fairchild F8". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved August 18, 2013. 3. ^ Preliminary F8 Microprocessor Data Book, Introduction, Fairchild Semiconductor, June 27, 1975, Revision A 4. ^ http://www.bitsavers.org/components/fairchild/f8/Fairchild_-_F8_Microprocessor_Development_Support_Hardware_brochure_-_1975.pdf 6. ^ http://www.bitsavers.org/components/fairchild/f8/Fairchild_-_KD-BUG_User's_Guide_-_1978.pdf 7. ^ Patent: US3984813. Filing date: Oct. 7, 1974. Original Assignee: Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. 8. ^ The One-Card F8 Microprocessor Evaluation System Instruction Sheet, Fairchild Microsystems, February 13, 1976. 9. ^ F8 Microprocessor, Fairchild Semiconductor, 1975 10. ^ F8 Fairbug User's Guide, Fairchild Micro Systems, September 15, 1976 11. ^ User's Manual F8 Design Evaluation Kit Number One, Fairchild Semiconductor, September 1975, Revision B 12. ^ Schematic Drawing, F8 Microprocessor Design Evaluation Kit, Revision B, August 21, 1975 13. ^ Preliminary F8 Microprocessor Data Book, Fairchild Semiconductor, June 27, 1975, Revision A 14. ^ A Guild to Programming the Fairchild F-8 Microcomputer, Fairchild Semiconductor, June 27, 1975, Revision A 15. ^ A Timeshare Users Guide for the Fairchild F8 Microprocessor, Fairchild Semiconductor, August 7, 1975, Revision A 16. ^ "8-bit Microprocessors - F8 (3850)". Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-18. 17. ^ Patent document US4086626 External links[edit]
HTTP cookie (redirected from HTTP cookies) HTTP cookie (World-Wide Web) A system invented by Netscape to allow a web server to send a web browser a packet of information that will be sent back by the browser each time it accesses the same server. Cookies can contain any arbitrary information the server chooses to put in them and are used to maintain state between HTTP transactions, which are otherwise stateless. Typically this is used to authenticate or identify a registered user of a website without requiring them to sign in again every time they access it. Other uses are, e.g. maintaining a "shopping basket" of goods you have selected to purchase during a session at a site, site personalisation (presenting different pages to different users) or tracking which pages a user has visited on a site, e.g. for marketing purposes. The browser limits the size of each cookie and the number each server can store. This prevents a malicious site consuming lots of disk space. The only information that cookies can return to the server is what that same server previously sent out. The main privacy concern is that, by default, you do not know when a site has sent or received a cookie so you are not necessarily aware that it has identified you as a returning user, though most reputable sites make this obvious by displaying your user name on the page. After using a shared login, e.g. in an Internet cafe, you should remove all cookies to prevent the browser identifying the next user as you if they happen to visit the same sites. Cookie Central. References in periodicals archive ? The method makes it possible for deleted HTTP cookies to be respawned from stored data associated with the unique identifier. It] defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields. The HTTP Cookies returned by the target server in the Set-Cookie HTTP header are also managed by the Muse Navigation Manager in an automatic manner without the administrator intervention. The study noted that all three of these technologies were "more persistent" than the more widely recognized HTTP cookies, either by being well-hidden in the user's computer system or by being able to "respawn" after being deleted. The product includes support for WML Script, HTTP cookies, and optional encryption security using WTLS, as well as support for numerous WAP devices, including phones from Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens, and Motorola. For example, many Web browsers include tools that allow users to specify their preferences regarding HTTP cookies. Exploitation of the vulnerability allows an attacker to retrieve security and privacy-sensitive data such as authentication credentials, HTTP cookies and other details of HTTP session state, as well as the contents of any local file. They are collectively responsible for some of the Internet's best known distributed computing standards including: HTTP Cookies, SSL, HTTP Proxying, Server Push and Global Load Balancing. Lou Montulli is the inventor of several innovations on the web including HTTP cookies and holds multiple patents. accelerating HTTP and HTTPS traffic; -- supporting dynamic and streaming content; -- integrating content accelerators, content switches and content delivery services; -- protecting web sites from flash crowds; -- maximizing uptime; -- parsing URLs, host headers and HTTP cookies, and -- increasing the performance of e-commerce sites.
Penguins are mischievous birds’ and cannot fly do you agree Penguin’s introductions Penguins are beautiful birds before discussing it we should know a little bit about it. Color of this bird is black and white. It has a beak for eating food. Penguin’s habitat This bird can find on South Pole. This bird can live in snow and cold water. This bird has adopted himself according to the South Pole climate. Physical features of Penguins This bird cannot fly because its wings has changed into the flappers. These flappers help them in swimming and walk in snow. Usually they spend their time in water. Shape of its body suitable for swimming in water. Eating habits of penguins They spend their life both water and land. Hey feed themselves on sea foods such as krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life. Weight and height of Penguins Maximum weight of penguin recorded as 35 kg and height 1.1 meter. Minimum weight of this bird count such as 1 kg and height 40 cm. Life in water They are birds but their wings are not suitable for fly in the air. These wings are like as flappers and suitable for swimming. They can swim under the water such as birds fly in the air. Camouflage itself It has black and white color which helps itself for disguising in snow. Mostly sharks and seals hunt them. They don’t dive deep into the sea and catch their prey near the surface of water. Function of feathers and webbed feet Feathers on its body is a good insulator which keeps its body warm in cold weather. Its webbed feet help it for swimming in seawater and walking on snow. They can drink salty water. Living style of Penguins Thy live in large colonies such as 100 pairs in each colony. Maximum 2 eggs lay by a penguin. Their eggs are small. When a female lose its egg. It tries to steel others eggs. Penguins in our culture and life It has a big part in our life and culture such as stuffed toy and gift on wedding. There are several games and movies associated with it. Cartoonist also like to make cartoon of it. It is a mischievous bird according to this video. It makes you laugh and you will like its innocence. so alone… so alone… so alone… Not Alone! Leave a Reply
CNET también está disponible en español. Ir a español Don't show this again Visualizing data as distance: Wikipedia's a long, long drive The storage space in an iPhone 6S equals how many boxes of paper files? Stretch your brain with these vistas of data. Click on the above image to see the full Visualizing the Size of Databases infographic. Better Buys It's a good thing Wikipedia's online. Because it would take 3.3 million boxes of paper stretching 781 miles, the distance from Chicago to New York, to hold all the data it contains. And that could really, really crowd your home office. And that slim CD that's laying on your desk? It's no size slouch either. The 700 megabytes of data it holds would fit into 70 storage boxes filled with standard-size paper covered with data printed in a 10-point font. Lined up, those boxes would reach 87.5 feet, almost the length of a basketball court. Better Buys, which helps businesses find, research and compare software to match their needs, has worked up an infographic that physically visualizes the virtual storage space of products including an iPhone 6S, the master Netflix catalog and a typical desktop computer in the year 2016. And the site gave CNET a first look. This isn't, of course, the first time someone has translated digital data into real-life images or objects -- data visualization is all about making number and stats more tangible -- but it's always crazy to think of bits and bytes in terms of physical space. The infographic is also a good reminder of how far storage has come since the measly little 1.44 MB floppy disk, which would equal a mere 280 pages, according to Better Buys. The most mind-bending stat of all? All those exabytes of Google data would need so many storage boxes I'm afraid writing the number here might actually break the Internet.
Summary: Too often our living and worship become steeped in tradition and ritual. This sermon is a call to examine what we do and more importantly WHY we do it in an attempt to keep us from elevating the traditions of men above the law of God. Study Tools Study Tools Tradition for Tradition’s Sake Mark 7:1-23 (This message was preceded by singing "Joy to the World" as the opening hymn and the theme of "tradition" was introduced by a video clip of Fiddler on the Roof - from the prologue 1:55 (as the fiddler begins to play) through 3:57 (as Tevye says, "...and what God expects him to do.") According to Tevye, tradition is what keeps the people of Anatevka balanced. Tradition tells them what to wear, what to eat, how to sleep and how to work. Tradition guides their daily interactions, giving guidance to who does what when, where, why and how. Tradition gives the people their identity in the community and also in the eyes of God. The multi-tiered traditions of Anatevka are followed in order to show the faithful’s devotion to God. And yet… where did these traditions come from? How did they begin? Well, Tevye would tell us, but he doesn’t know and I would venture the educated guess that no one in Anatevka really knows why or how these traditions began. Yet, each day traditions are carried out. Letter of the law. I’s dotted. T’s crossed. Tradition for tradition’s sake! And that’s that! We all have traditions that we do simply for the sake of tradition. Take, for instance, this morning’s opening song. How many of you wondered why we were singing “Joy to the World” in August? “Joy to the World” is a Christmas song, right?! Has your pastor has lost her mind? No, not completely. But I do challenge you to point out to me what makes “Joy to the World” a song to only be sung at Christmas. Is there any mention of Bethlehem, shepherds, angels or mangers? No. Is there any mention of the infant Christ child? No. In fact, the second, third and fourth stanzas probably make this “Christmas” carol more appropriate for Easter, Ascension Day and Christ the King Sunday. But, tradition for tradition’s sake, relegates this song to be sung only on Christmas Eve! Now, trust me, I’m not asking to change that tradition - I can’t imagine a Christmas service without singing “Joy to the World,” - but deep down I wonder why we only sing it then. I did some research trying to find out about the Chrsitams tradition of “Joy to the World” and much like Tevye not knowing the origins of his traditions, little is known about the beginnings of this song, although it is often attributed to Handel due to its similarities to Handel’s Messiah in musical composition and the words of the refrain. Since there are so few known facts about who wrote “Joy to the World” and why we sing it at Christmas, that many musicians ask the same question I have posed to you… How did this song about Christ’s second coming get stuck in the celebration of Christ’s birth? The answer is simple… Tradition! (Of course). And who are we to question tradition? Let’s just leave it as it is, so no one will get angry. We will go on singing “Joy to the World” at Christmas time. Tevye and the citizens of Anatevka will go on living their daily traditions. And everyone will know who’s who and what’s what. But our gospel teaching today discourages us from living a tradition for tradition’s sake type of life. Jesus wants us to be aware not just of how we are living, but WHY we are living that way. The Pharisees noticed that Jesus’ disciples did not participate in the washing of their hands before the meal. Now, this hand-washing was not concerned with health, sanitation and hygiene. This was the ritual washing of the hands. Like so many other aspects of the Pharisees’ life, the way to wash your hands was prescribed to them, handed down as tradition. One source described the ancient handwashing ritual went like this: First you would hold your hand with fingertips pointing up and pour the water down them until the water ran down the wrists. Then you would clean the palm of the hand with the fist of the other. Finally, with fingertips pointing downward you would pour the water until it ran off your finger tips. Then you’d switch hands. According to tradition, this was the ritual handwashing that was pleasing to God. The Pharisees were very upset that Jesus’ disciples did not participate in this handwashing ritual before eating. They could not believe that these “good Jewish boys” didn’t live according to the traditions of the Temple and the elders. To which Jesus turns the tables and asks them why they live according to the traditions of men rather than by the commandments of God. There is no doubt in my mind that the Pharisee’s hand-washing ritual at some point in history was indeed born out of the commandments of God. Yet through the years and over the centuries and millennia the tradition remained while God’s commandment was forgotten. Download Sermon With PRO View On One Page With PRO Browse All Media Related Media Be Different PowerPoint Template PowerPoint Template Talk about it... Nobody has commented yet. Be the first! Join the discussion
Write & Earn Favorites Edit The history of football squad numbers explained 1.70K // 07 Jun 2016, 15:18 IST Ivan Zamorano Ivan Zamorano (L) had a “+” sign between the numbers on his jersey Ever wondered what separates a good manager from a great one? The answer is simple. The difference lies in the ability to see beyond what the human eye permits. In short, a great manager is a visionary. And legendary Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman was a visionary. Among other things, he introduced the concept of squad numbers which at that time seemed insignificant but over the years has changed the way the game is viewed and marketed. It was in a game against Sheffield Wednesday in 1928 that Chapman’s side was seen wearing stripes. The motivation behind this idea was to bring about awareness in his players with regard to their relative positions on the pitch. Also read: 5 players with unusual jersey numbers He assigned squad numbers in ascending order starting with the goalkeeper and moving forward from right to left and up the pitch. Those were the days of the 2-3-5 formation with two defenders at the back, three midfielders in the centre of the park and five players up front. So Chapman assigned number 1 to the goalkeeper; the two defenders were given numbers 2 and 3; the midfielders wore numbers 4, 5 and 6 and the five in front wore numbers 7-11. Subsequent changes in formations brought about changes in squad numbers as well. With the 4-4-2 system gaining prominence, the midfielders wearing numbers 5 and 6 dropped back. Number 4 remained in the middle with 8 playing alongside him while 9 and 10 were the strikers up front. 7 and 11 played down the wing. At the back, 2 and 3 moved to the flanks. But this was the system prevailing in Great Britain. As different formations were developed in different countries around the world, the system of assigning squad numbers was also different. Here’s looking at how squad numbers were assigned in different countries: In the land of the Samba, the formation that was initially employed was 4-2-4. This is how the squad numbers were assigned: 2-Right Wingback 3-Centre Back 4-Centre Back 5-Holding Midfielder (Defensive) 6-Left Wingback 7-Right Winger 8-Centre Midfielder 9-Centre Forward 10-Attacking Midfielder 11-Left Winger In the early days, football in Argentina developed independently almost without any European influence. As such, their method of assigning squad numbers was slightly different form the rest. The formation usually employed was 4-3-3 2-Centre Back 3-Left Back 4-Right Back 5-Central Defensive Midfielder 6-Centre Back 7-Right Winger 8-Right Midfielder 9-Centre Forward 10-Left Midfielder 11-Left Winger However, it is important to point out that with changes in formations over the years, the system of assigning squad numbers has vastly changed. Barring the Spanish League where goalkeepers have to be assigned numbers 1, 13 and 25, there are no restrictions with regard to the numbers worn by players. Ronaldo famously wore number 99 for AC Milan; former Barnet manager Edgar Davids had assigned number 1 to himself with the hope of “starting a trend”; defender William Gallas donned the number 10 jersey during his spell at the Emirates Stadium and more recently, forward Samuel Eto’o turned out for Everton wearing number 5. The Italian Serie A has a reputation of assigning all sorts of ridiculous jersey numbers. During his Parma days, Gianluigi Buffon wore number 88. At Inter, Ivan Zamorano opted for number 18 when he had to vacate number 9 for the incoming Ronaldo. However the forward went on to add a small plus (+) sign between 1 and 8 thereby depicting that he was still the number 9. The likes of Ronaldinho, Andriy Shevchenko and Mathieu Flamini have played with 80, 76 and 84 on their backs respectively, for AC Milan. In international tournaments, however, numbers are usually allotted from 1-23 given that the squad comprises 23 players. And generally, the given system of assigning numbers to players on the basis of their positions is partially, if not completely followed. Away from the field, the introduction of squad numbers changed the game for the spectators and the players. To begin with, it was easy for fans in the stadium to spot the players. Further, as the years went by, certain numbers were entrenched in the culture and heritage of various clubs. Some jersey numbers hold a legendary status At Manchester United, the number 7 is considered special. The likes of Cristiano Ronaldo, George Best and David Beckham have all donned that number for the Red Devils. At Inter Milan, number 4 is special amongst the fans largely due to the fact that Javier Zanetti served the club for almost two decades with that number on his back. After hanging up his boots, the club went on to retire that number. Many clubs do not assign number 12 to any player for that is reserved for the fans who are recognized as the “twelfth man”. Apart from the fans, the numbers mean a lot to the players as well. Wearing an iconic number at the club or the country level gives them a sense of pride. In recent years, players have begun using their jersey numbers to build their own brands. A popular example in this regard is Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo who has named his own clothing line “CR7”. Rio Ferdinand also has a clothing line and it’s named #5(after his squad number at Manchester United). Herbert Chapman introduced squad numbers with the objective of improving his players’ sense of position. But over the years, it has become an integral aspect of the game. In fact, when a club signs a new player, one of the first things that the fans look forward to is the squad number assigned to the player. To conclude, one can well say that squad numbers occupy a key position in football both on and off the pitch. Fetching more content...
Diet & Nutrition food poisoninig Doggie-Bag Safety and Other Healthy Food Strategies In the past, many people grocery shopped nearly every day and cooked their own food. But times have changed. Today, many older people find it easier and more convenient to eat out at a restaurant, or get ready-to-eat foods from a deli, take-out counter, or grocery store. But, according to the experts at NIH SeniorHealth, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, you should always make sure that the prepared food you eat is safe. When you go out to eat, check out the eating establishment to see how clean it is. The SeniorHealth experts say that dishes should be clean, floors swept, and restrooms sanitary. If the dining room is dirty, the kitchen may be, too, they say. And that can lead to gastric problems. Don’t hesitate to ask your food server how the food is prepared before placing your order, the SeniorHealth experts say. If the server is not sure or does not know, ask to speak with the chef to make sure that meat, poultry, seafood and eggs won’t be served raw or undercooked. If you ordered a hot meal, it should be steaming. If it’s not, the experts say, or if it doesn’t look right, send it back. A good rule, the SeniorHealth experts say, is to steer clear of the same foods you’d avoid at home. Specifically: raw or undercooked meat or poultry any raw or undercooked fish, or shellfish, or food containing raw or undercooked seafood e.g., sashimi,found in some sushi or ceviche unpasteurized, refrigerated pâtés or meat spreads unpasteurized (raw) dairy products, and juices. Some soft cheeses such as feta, queso blanco, queso fresco, Brie, and Camembert are made with unpasteurized milk raw or partially cooked eggs and foods commonly made with raw eggs such as raw cookie dough and cake batter, eggnog, and Caesar salad dressing unwashed fresh vegetables, including lettuce/salads hot dogs and luncheon meats, unless they are reheated until steaming hot or 165 degrees Fahrenheit uncooked sprouts, such as bean, alfalfa, clover, or radish sprouts. ready-to-eat meat or seafood salads. If you ask for a doggie bag, make sure to refrigerate your leftovers within two hours, and within one hour if the temperature is 90 or above. If you won’t be getting home soon enough, put the food in a cooler with ice or freezer gel packs, the SeniorHealth experts say. If that’s not possible, leave the food at the restauran . If you’re getting hot food delivered from Meals on Wheels or a restaurant, keep it at a temperature of at least 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The SeniorHealth experts say you can use a preheated oven, chafing dishes, warming trays, or slow cookers. Use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature of the food. If you are eating the food much later, they say, divide it into small portions, place it in shallow containers, and refrigerate or freeze it. Cold foods that you buy or have delivered should be kept cold, at 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Refrigerate cold food within two hours of receiving it, or within 1 hour if temperatures are 90 degrees Fahrenheit or above, the SeniorHealth experts say. . If you want to reheat your meal — whether you bought it hot and then refrigerated it or bought it cold — you should heat it to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, until it is hot and steaming. When reheating food in the microwave oven, cover and rotate the food for even heating. You should also stir the food to make sure that all parts are fully heated. Additionally, the SeniorHealth experts say, allow the food to stand a short while before checking the internal temperature with a food thermometer. Above all, they say, don’t hesitate to get rid of food that is no longer safe. Throw away any perishable food that is left at room temperature for more than two hours. Don’t keep refrigerated leftovers more than 3 to 4 days. Even if the food looks and smells fine, it may not be safe. When in doubt, throw it out. For more information on health issues, visit
Pages Menu Categories Menu Posted on Jul 9, 2006 in Front Page Features, War College Pearl Harbor – History’s Most Costly Hit-and-Run By Jay Kimmel The meticulous planning and “successful” execution of the surprise attack on U.S. naval and army forces at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, produced the worst, or one of the worst, consequences in the military history of the world. Millions of people, both military and civilian, either died or were permanently injured as a result of the war in the Pacific. The reluctant principal designer of the attack upon America’s Central Pacific forces, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, expressed his own great reservations when he said, “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve.” The admiral had been an exchange student at Harvard University as a language officer from 1919-1921. He was keenly aware of the industrial capacity of U.S. companies, such as Ford Motor Company. He was also aware of the potential resources of the United States. Yamamoto clearly did not underestimate the Depression-era military of the U.S. that was ranked behind the nation of Portugal. Nor was he fooled by anti-war pacifists who literally dominated the politics of the post-World War decades. Admiral Yamamoto was one of the few to recognize that the American will to fight back with an overwhelming vengeance would follow the day that would become known as the “…a day that will live in infamy.” As a senior military officer, he did what his country ordered him to do. Major provocative elements motivated the militant new government of Imperial Japan to expand by conquest. The “imperialist strategy” brewed intently along with Japan’s technological advances, their critical need for raw materials, and aggression toward Manchuria, China, and by July, 1941, the conquest of Indochina. Hostilities intensified toward “ABCD Encirclement” (i.e., American, British, Chinese, and Dutch strangleholds on the Pacific). Expansionist plans were also fueled by the lust to become a great colonial power like their ABCD counterparts. The militant new government of Japan, aligned with Axis Germany (Tripartite Pact, September, 1940), was quick to interpret U.S. embargos of oil and scrap metal as “acts of war.” Well before December 7, 1941, Japan informed the U.S. that such embargos would be considered acts of war. Tremendous pressure was also placed on Japan’s militant government by the ultra-nationalist, secret, Black Dragon Society of Japan. It was the specific fear of that ruthless group that lead FDR to set up Japanese internment camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor for all persons of Japanese descent living near the West Coast of the United States. The “Bushido Code,” which traces its origins to the warrior code of the Samurai, directly contributed to the desire to challenge the weakened ABCD nations with a “fight to the death” confrontation for regional supremacy. Western European nations with colonies throughout the Western Pacific (Britain, France, and the Netherlands) faced domination by Japan’s military ally, Nazi Germany. China was weakened by centuries of poverty and constant warlord strife. The Chinese lacked an effective military force to resist Japan’s aggressiveness. The United States, the remaining opposition, likewise had a ridiculously small military force (except for aircraft carriers and B-17’s), an image of “softness and unwillingness to fight,” and little more than an antiquated naval force concentrated at Pearl Harbor. Battleship technology was fast becoming obsolete by the end of the World War in 1918. On July 21, 1921, Brigadier General Billy Mitchell had proved that a plane can bomb and sink any ship from the air in minutes. General Mitchell, in fact, testified before a Congressional House subcommittee in February, 1921. He stated that, “… 1,000 bomber aircraft could be built and operated for the cost of one dreadnaught….” It was obvious to all who would listen that aircraft bombs, submarine torpedoes, or mines could sink a ship for pennies compared to the horrendous cost of a battleship. The proof was not well received by navy traditionalists, but was an established fact decades before the assault on Pearl Harbor. The exception tends to be the aircraft carrier. America’s three carriers in the Pacific (Lexington, Saratoga and Enterprise) were outnumbered and protected by aircraft that were inferior to Japan’s Mitsubishi fighter aircraft and experienced pilots. One of America’s best long-range weapons at the time, B-17 bombers, were attempting a landing in the midst of the Pearl Harbor attack. All were unarmed and either damaged or destroyed. The B-17’s on the ground on the following day at U.S. bases in the Philippines experienced the same fate. Foggy weather conditions south of Formosa (Taiwan) prevented a simultaneous assault on American bases in the Philippines. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked multiple Oahu targets, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, and assorted islands in the Pacific. Failure to respond to “appropriate war warnings” fell exclusively on the two commanders at Pearl Harbor, not General Douglas MacArthur, or to those higher up the chain of command. In this writer’s opinion, however, President Roosevelt was morally obligated to maneuver and to interpret “world incidents” in a manner that contributed to the preservation of western civilization in war-torn Europe. The president’s motives can be imputed to be noble, far-reaching, and intended to preserve democracy, not fascism and slavery for much of the world. Every U.S. president has had to make decisions that could result in the loss of some lives. Pearl Harbor was one of those crushing decisions. No one, apparently, had any idea just how hard Japan could hit. In FDR’s “Infamy” speech he stated, “…the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.” Obviously, as a former Undersecretary of the Navy, FDR was fully aware that the most far-reaching attack in world history was not planned and executed in merely a couple of days or even a couple of weeks. Above all, FDR could not be held personally accountable and function as the president. USS Arizona burns during the attack The U.S. political environment following the disastrous and pointless loss of life in the Great War or World War of 1914-1918 dictated that no politician would drag young American men and women into another dirty war of attrition on European soil. Therefore, an “incident” had to be extremely provocative to alter the prevailing antiwar mindset. At the presidential level, something very significant had to be done before the British Isles were lost to Nazi Germany. Sinking the U.S. river gunboat, Panay, in the Yangtze River of China was insufficient. Sinking of American merchant marine ships in the Atlantic was insufficient. Nazi atrocities against all persons of Jewish descent were insufficient. Atrocities against Gypsies, homosexuals, mentally retarded, mentally ill, physically imperfect, or even those opposing National Socialism were insufficient. The rape of Nanking, China, was insufficient. The impending loss of the British Isles was insufficient. America needed an incident of great national humiliation and tragedy that each American could feel in their gut to change the anti-war stance. The vicious ferocity of the Japanese attack and reported lack of provocation on a Sunday morning, and the disastrous sinking of the USS Arizona was sufficient. [continued on next page] Pages: 1 2 Post a Reply
Triage From Afar: Star Trek and Emergency Medicine Multiple casualties in the tactical environment or a disaster area that exceed both human and materiel resources require rescuers to triage rapidly, so the limited resources may be used for the most critical casualties. In the tactical environment, one may have to do so under fire, thereby increasing the chance of sustaining injury. In disaster zone, precious time may be wasted by attempting to access and treat vocal casualties, while delaying treatment for higher priority patients. Nonetheless, current methods for triage require rescuers to assess casualties one-on-one, delaying further the time to locate, triage and treat the most critical. A recent article in The Army Department Medical Journal succinctly captured the crux of problem noting: Physiologic status assessment in casualties can be problematic in the military setting, where physical access to the injured individual may be complicated by terrain, weather and hostile action. Likewise, some civil sector settings may challenge first responders, particularly when victims are located remotely. The lack of a remote triage capability may therefore result in the medic attending to either a) a Soldier who is uninjured but caught in the vicinity of combat; or b) a Soldier under severe fire who has an injury that is deemed unsalvageable. Indeed, a combat medic may place himself in harm’s way to assist a Soldier who may not even be injured or may be unsalvageable. Data collected during the Vietnam War indicate that the fatality rate of US Army medics was double that seen in infantrymen.1 There is an initiative to remedy this situation within the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security. DHS, in cooperation with Boeing and Washington’s School of Medicine in St. Louise, developed a “Standoff Patient Triage Tool” in 2009 that allows a rescuer to assess pulse, body temperature and respiration. As the article from Science Daily notes, “The magic behind SPTT is a technology known as Laser Doppler Vibrometry, which has been used in aircraft and automotive components, acoustic speakers, radar technology, and landmine detection. When connected to a camera, the vibrometer can measure the velocity and displacement of vibrating objects. An algorithm then converts those data points into measurements emergency medical responders can use in their rapid assessment of a patient’s critical medical conditions.”2 Although the technology is not yet available, it is an interesting approach. In addition to the above-mentioned, the US Army is currently seeking technologies that will allow them to have stand-off monitoring capabilities. Researchers seek to assemble a system that is functional from a human factors perspective (i.e., Soldiers will wear it and it will not hindered the mission) and useful with regard to discerning physiological signs of hemorrhage from normal combat stress. For instance, mental status and blood pressure, while useful, are unreliable indicators of hemo-dynamic stability.1 Moreover, they take time to gather. Researchers have therefor sought other “markers” that one can use to discern hemorrhage from stress. To this end, they investigated ECG readings, which can be attained remotely. Unfortunately, the readings are not sensitive enough. Another alternative is using “energy monitors” and algorithms that can detect physiological changes. The challenges are many, however. Location of monitors, for example, require Soldiers to have an uninjured limb. In the age of IEDs, this may be difficult, though researches found that in all but 6% of reported casualties an arm was viable for monitoring. While technological challenges remain, the ability to quickly triage casualties in a tactical or civil disaster scenario is becoming more likely. Although these futuristic Star Trek device or Soldier-worn monitors lack feasibility currently, researchers are getting closer. Article:Triage Tech 1. Ryan K, Rickards C, et al. Advanced Technology Development for Remote Triage Applications in Bleeding Combat Casualties. The Army Medical Department Journal. 2011;4/5/6:61-71. 2. Department of Homeland Security. “Triage Technology With A Star Trek Twist: Tricorder-like Device.” ScienceDaily, 1 Jun. 2009. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. SOFTT Added to TCCC Instructions The SOF Tactical Tourniquet has always been TCCC approved, but until recently, it has been overlooked when it comes to official TCCC instructions and guides. Here is the link to the most recent Care Under Fire PowerPoint produced by the TCCC board that outline the instructions. Furthermore, the second link below has many other training aides for all phases of tactical medicine. CUF Link General TCCC Links How to:One-handed Tourniquet Application A principal learning objective taught in many tactical medical training programs is self-application of tourniquets. Although reports from current battlefields estimate the frequency of one-handed application at less 1/10 of 1% (o.oo1), it is still a valuable drill for those working alone (i.e., law enforcement officers). Unfortunately, the technique taught is often incorrect, as most disregard the fact that if one is applying a tourniquet to one’s limb, the limb is probably injured. Therefore, as the video demonstrates, one ought to train for real-world application. Risks of Rubber Band Tourniquet Use Rubber band tourniquets (RBT) have gained popularity in the law enforcement community over the past 24 months. The compact size and nominal cost make them attractive to cash-strapped, and over loaded with respect to equipment, LEOs. Furthermore, as LEO commanders seek to outfit their personnel with live saving equipment while grappling with budget constraints, RBTs seem like a viable option. However, upon further consideration, they may not be the BEST choice due to inherit dangers of RBTs with regard to function and application. The function of RBTs is simple: one applies it proximal to the injury, wrapping it around the limb until hemorrhage control is achieved, using the elasticity of the rubber to create greater circumferential pressure with each wrap. Initially, this seems easy and straight forward. However, due to the nature of elastic wraps one must be cautious when using one as a tourniquet, due to the difficulty in controlling the applied pressure. As noted in the Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, “[t]he pressure induced by the rubber bandage increases at a rate of 3 to 4 times the initial pressure when the bandage is stretched after each wrap.”(1)(3) This is dangerous due to the shearing effect generated on the underling tissues, specifically the nerves. In fact, Graham et al found that at above 300mm Hg shearing forces increased exponentially.(2)(3) With RBTs this is concerning as “[t]he pressure applied to the limb could easily exceed the safe limits and put the limb at risk of complications because the rubber bandage is capable of generating pressures in excess of 1000mmHg beneath it.” “At such extremely high pressure,” Ogbemudia continues, “neurovascular damage becomes likely and makes the use of the RBT relatively unsafe.”(1)(3) He does explain how, in a controlled environment such as a surgical suite, a RBT can be made safe by placing a BP cuff under to monitor pressure. Obviously, this is not optimal in the tactical environment. There are also difficulties faced when applying a RBT with respect to generating adequate circumferential pressure to stop arterial hemorrhage. Applying a RBT to an extremity, especially an upper limb, mobility is required in order to wrap it around the limb a sufficient number of times. If there has been any bone involvement, this may be an excruciating affair. Furthermore, if, due to pain associated with application, the casualty does not achieve hemorrhage control, he must then un-wrap the RBT multiple times, then re-wrap it in the hopes of achieving enough pressure. Unfortunately, the reverse is true. In an attempt to generate enough pressure, one may generate too much unknowingly. Compared to a windlass-style tourniquet, for instance, one must only turn the windlass an additional 180 degrees, thereby tightening it to achieve more tension. Tourniquets issued within DOD, unlike RBTs, are difficult to over tighten when used one-handed and according to the manufacturers’ directions due to the nature of the webbing and knot interface. Finally, when compared to standard tourniquets used by the majority of DOD and many state and local LEOs, a RBT has multiple variables that must be considered that relate to the pressure generated. In this case, variables are defined as inconsistencies between casualties and application each time a tourniquets is used. They are compared as follows: Windlass style tourniquets have 2 variables: 1) limb circumference; 2) degrees rotated. RBT tourniquets have 4 variables: 1) the percentage of stretch applied with each turn (composition and elasticity of the material, which affect the restoring force of the polymers); 2) the number of layers of the RBT; 3) the degree of overlap; 4) the circumference of the limb. In the end, a RBT can be used as a field tourniquet. However, it is not the best option for LEOs. The benefits of cost savings do not outweigh the potential problems and risks associated with rubber band tourniquets. [1] Ogbemudia A et al. Adaptation of the rubber bandage for the safe use as tourniquet. Journal of Medicine and biomedical Research 2006; Vol. 5 No. 2 pp-69-74. [2] Graham B et al. Perinerual pressures under the pneumatic tourniquet in the upper and lower extremity. Journal of Hand Surgery 1992: 17B: 262-6. [3] McEwen J. A. and Casey V. Measurement of hazardous pressure levels and gradients produced on human limbs by non-pneumatic tourniquets. Accessd at Tourniquets and Scientific Studies A tourniquet is a piece of live saving equipment. With that in mind, it is troubling to know that officers are either carrying tourniquets, or contemplating the purchasing of tourniquets, that are questionable with regard to effectiveness. What is more, they are making these decisions based on a questionable scientific study, most of which they did not completely read ( TQReport). It is not being hyperbolic to state that what it is arguing is a matter of life or death. If you question that, then please revisit the last blog entry. One not wanting to read the entire study is understandable. It is 90 pages of dry, scientific writing. At first glance, the study is methodologically sound. It is constructed to test the effectiveness of tourniquets in an environment that simulates combat conditions. However, after one reads the study completely, there is one glaring deficiency. The study did not test which tourniquets achieved 100% occlusion. I Repeat: IT DID NOT TEST IF TOURNIQUETS ACHIEVED 100% OCCLUSION. That should be the FIRST criterion a tourniquet must meet to continue a study. While the ISR study (see below) tested tourniquets that could achieve 100% occlusion, the Navy study did not, so all other criteria are irrelevant. Instead, it tested how easy it was to apply an ineffective tourniquet. As the study states: Applications to arms were performed one-handed, but use of both hands was allowed for applications to thighs. A maximum of 5 minutes was allowed to apply the tourniquet, after which time the trial was terminated as an “application failure.” Application of the tourniquet was successful if the subject vocally declared, “Tourniquet on” — indicating that he had reached a point just before continued tightening would produce unbearable pain and had secured the device — within 5 minutes of being handed the test tourniquet. Upon such a declaration, a double event mark was recorded to mark the end of the application time period. The subject was asked to remain still throughout the remainder of the procedure. Although the above may not seem like an issue, it is. First, applying a tourniquet until one thinks he/she has achieved hemorrhage control is not how it works. One applies a tourniquet to stop bleeding. One must continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops. It is as simple at that. Second, using pain as indicator to cease applying pressure is not a good indicator. Doing so requires one to extrapolate the findings of a conscious, non-traumatic subject and apply them to an injured patient that has experienced enough trauma to require catastrophic-hemorrhage control. Savvy distributors and manufacturers of different tourniquets have begun using this study to tout the effectiveness of their product. Beware. They are doing so based on the age-old assumption that consumers will not take the time to read all 90 pages. For example, they are giving potential consumers a chart that gives you a snapshot of the test that enumerates the tourniquets from best to worst. Please read the studies for yourself and make an educated decision. There are two tourniquets approved for use by the Army’s Institute for Surgical Research (ISR) (ISR Tourniquet Study). Do not let the desire to carry a tourniquet that is small–and possibly ineffective–outweigh the need to achieve hemorrhage control. Furthermore, short transport times DO NOT compensate for an ineffective tourniquet that can INCREASE bleeding. Finally, rid yourself of the disturbingly-common attitude that you will not actually need one . If that is the case, save yourself both money and weight and just don’t carry one. However, read the below post before doing so. If you have any comments, please email them to
Jump to content BrainDen.com - Brain Teasers • 0 Sign in to follow this "Flipping" Dimes and Pennies Place two dimes and two pennies in a line with a space between them like this: P P D D _ _ _ _ _ Using a sequence of moves, switch the two groups of coins to achieve this position: D D P P _ _ _ _ _ Moves are of two types: 1. slide a coin to an (adjacent) empty space. 2. jump a coin over another coin into an empty space. Type (1) move: P P D D _ _ _ _ _ Type (2) move: P D P D _ _ _ _ _ The underlines show the (only) five legal locations for the coins to occupy. What is the smallest number of moves needed? Share this post Link to post Share on other sites 2 answers to this question Create an account or sign in to comment You need to be a member in order to leave a comment Create an account Register a new account Sign in Already have an account? Sign in here. Sign In Now Sign in to follow this • Recently Browsing 0 members No registered users viewing this page.
Learn The Tricks To Sound Nutrition Success Nutrition is not always foremost on your mind when you are younger. But as you get older, you will wish that you had paid closer attention to nutrition in your younger years. This article has the tips you need to act right now. Vitamin D is an important part of a healthy diet. It assists in bone and teeth formation by maintaining calcium and phosphorous levels in the body. Vitamin D also helps in immune function and cell growth. Lowering cancer risk is yet another benefit of vitamin D. Foods marketed as health foods are not always as healthy as you may think they are. Be sure to always check the nutritional information on the packaged or prepared foods that you eat and pay attention to the serving sizes as well. A snack food may have small amount of fat per serving, but if you eat several servings at a time, the small amounts of fat can add up. http://blogs.rediff.com/reid460allegra/2017/06/05/consume-for-good-nutrition-with-these-healthy-tips/ to live a healthier lifestyle is to calculate how many calories you need on a daily basis. The amount of calories you need every day varies with every person depending on many different factors such as sex, weight, height, body type, etc. Once you calculate your daily caloric needs, you can count your calories to ensure you stay at your daily need. Give your children the chance to help you make choices when grocery shopping. Kids are more likely to eat vegetables that they had a hand in selecting. collagen powder bloating may find new foods since brightly colored things will catch their eye. If you are dealing with a picky eater, try to give them smaller portions at each meal. By doing this, they won't feel overwhelmed with the amount of food in front of them and if they are hungry, they will be more inclined to eat their entire meal since it is not a huge serving size. Make healthy substitutions in your favorite recipes. If there are certain meals you love to eat, try modifying instead of eliminating them from your diet. Skim or 1 percent milk in place of whole, low-fat cheese and butter substitutes all can allow you to keep your favorite foods on the menu. Cooking your vegetables with water rather than oil is a great way to cut down on the level of fat that you eat. Steamed or boiled veggies are as tasty as fried ones. If oil is a must for you, use only a small amount of vegetable oil in place of butter. To reduce your body's uric acid levels, eat foods that have a high alkaline content. Alkaline balances your body's ph levels and helps eliminate acidifying toxins such as uric acid. Foods that contain a high level of alkaline include swiss chard, sweet potatoes, and watermelon. Herbal teas are also high in alkaline. Substitute slices of fresh raw vegetables for potato chips. Sometimes, when you have the munchies, nothing will do except something crunchy. Potato chips are not a healthy choice! click for more up some celery, squash, zucchini, cucumber or whatever other crunchy vegetables you can find. Add some low calorie salad dressing and munch away! Ways To Make Your Hair Grow Fast Even If It is Damaged - Black Women's Natural Hair Styles - A.A.H.V Muffins and quick breads make great snacks, but they can be very high in fat and calories. To make them healthier, substitute ripe, mashed bananas for the butter or oil in the recipe. Another great, healthy substitute is applesauce. This way, your snack will be lower in fat and higher in nutrients. A weekly trip to your local farmer's market can be a great thing for your nutrition plan. At the farmer's market you are likely to find an assortment of produce that is healthier, and often cheaper, than what you'll find in a store. You will also find lots of healthy treats like honey, jam and different kinds of sauces. If you do not eat your breakfast, you already are placing yourself in a bad spot at the start of the day. Going without breakfast might seem like a valid way to cut calories. Skipping breakfast will typically lead you to eat unhealthy snacks later on. When all is said and done, you'll probably wind up eating more calories than you would've if you had a healthy breakfast. If you think you are prepared to make some changes in your life to improve your diet and make smarter food choices, take the fresh ideas you learned here and apply them in your own life. You will find that good nutrition becomes the habit that makes you happier and healthier. Leave a Reply
Thursday, 13 November 2014 Mmm, That’s Tasty! by Neville Gardner School Journal June 2012 WALT: Begin to use a range of scientific symbols, conventions, and vocabulary. SC: Complete a small science report on the taste + smell experiement 1. There are 5 main flavour receptors. Sweet, Salty, Bitter, Sour and Umami. List some foods fit each of the flavour receptors. SHARE • Coffee • Vanilla • Salt KFC • Lemon Grapefruit • Sugar candy floss Umami (savoury) • tomatoes meat 1. Record the words you didn’t know before. Add a picture or sentence to describe what they mean. Papillae (p.26) A small fleshy part of the tongue. Receptor (p.26 ) they recognize tastes and send info to the brain texture (p.25) the feel or look of something recognise (p.28) identify something that you have had before Question: Do our taste buds require smell? our taste buds require smell to help us taste they do that by smelling because if smells nice it probably tastes nice. Hypothesis: I think that we won't be able to taste much. because we partly use our nose and eyes to taste. 1.Cover your eyes and block your nose. 2.Then but a jelly bean in your mouth chew but don't swallow. 3.See what you can taste then let go of your nose then see what you can taste. Observations: when I blocked my nose I could only taste sweet but when I let my nose go I could taste the jellybeans properly. Conclusion: my hypothesis was correct when i did the experiment i could only taste sweet not the proper flavour.
Tuesday, 20 May 2008 Earthquake Lights and other Earth lights Earth lights are a rare anomalous light phenomenon, mistaken throughout history as dragons, UFOs, and ball lightning before being recognised as a separate category. One leading theory is that they are produced by tectonic strain in minor fault lines, so that they are literally generated by the earth. In America they've been called "spooklights" or "ghost lights" since at least the 1950s, but Persinger and Lafrenière were the first scientists to recognise the phenomenon, in the late 1970s. The lights were renamed and brought to wider public attention by Paul Devereux in 1982 with his publication "Earth Lights". They appear in many colours, shapes, and sizes, though the basketball-sized globular orange variety seems most common. Most sightings occur at night, when some lights can be seen from miles around. They're reported to be able to move against the wind and reach extraordinary speeds. Their terrestrial nature means that though many sightings are sporadic, there are some locations where they appear relatively often. It's through studying these hotspots, such as Hessdalen in Norway and the Engligh Pennines, that their characteristics become evident. History and Folklore Since earth lights are a local phenomenon, the "local hotspots" that give rise to them often become ingrained into local culture and folklore, and supernatural stories accrue round them over the years. In Ireland, for example, the lights are faeries; in Asia they're gods; and in America they're the ghosts of Native Americans. The word "haunt" is often used to describe the tendency for earth lights to be bound to specific locations (e.g. Devereux 1989, p.25), exposing the general perception in folklore of the lights as being the spirits of the departed. For example, there was a successful plot to kill the King of England, St. Edward the Martyr, in 978 by his stepmother Queen Elfrida, who wanted her own son to take the throne. The deed was done in Corfe Castle in Dorset. It's recorded that "[a] year after the murder a pillar of fire was seen over the place where the body was hidden, lighting up the whole area. This was seen by some inhabitants of Wareham, who raised the body." On 9th March 1170, a "wonderfully large dragon" was seen over St. Ostwyth in Essex, and had been "borne up from the Earth through the air". It went on to destroy a house. (Devereux 1989, p.36, attributes this to Ralph Niger, i.e. Radulphus Niger, a mediaeval chronicler and theologian born in c.1140). Even more extravagant displays are recorded. The sky over Nuremburg in 1561 was said to be filled with all manner of shining tubes and crosses, battling with one another, though of course this is difficult to interpret in a modern scientific context—it could have been the aurora borealis, which is recorded to have displayed itself over Nuremburg thirty years later. More concretely, in 1900 two mountains in the mesopotamian region were said to have played a kind of large scale tennis with one another, exchanging balls of light: This exchange (in 1900?) ensued between Keklujek and Ziaret, two peaks in the Taurus Mountains south of Harpoot, Mesopotamia. "The weapons were balls of light," the respected climatologist Ellsworth Huntington was told by resident natives. "A ball of fire is sometimes seen to start from one mountain and to go like a flash to the other." This fiery bombardment occurred day or night, but only when the sky was clear. Wrote Huntington in Monthly Weather Review (July 1900): "I became thoroughly convinced of its truth." Larry E. Arnold For more information on this, see the full reports in Lights in the Taurus Mountains. In the 20th century, with the advent of war came foo fighters (WWII, Atlantic) and ghost rockets (post-WWII, Scandinavia). The interpretation of mysterious lights as a function of the context in which they are seen has always made the historical record difficult to reinterpret in an objective scientific manner. Yet burgeoning attempts at both that and the collection of new evidence started in the latter half of the century. Scientific Investigation It is Michael Persinger who coined the phrase "Anomalous Luminous Phenomena" to avoid having to use the term UFO, with its negative connotations. The Tectonic Strain Theory that he posits with Gyslaine Lafrenière states that ALP are "natural events, generated by stresses and strains within the earth's crust", and goes on to submit that the magnetic disturbances associated with the strains can mar the observational integrity of witnesses to the events. Their work predates Devereux by several years, but Devereux devoted as much work to singling out and identifying the phenomenon as he did in offering possible explanations for the mechanism behind it. On 3rd November 1996, the British science show Equinox aired a program called Identified Flying Objects mainly featuring Paul Devereux, but also containing interviews with Derr, Persinger, Akers, and some of the other personalities involved in earth light research (this is how my attention was drawn to the phenomenon). Here's how the show was described at the time: "Using extraordinary earthlight footage and expert opinion, tonight Equinox travels to Marfa, and to other earthlight spots in Mexico, Norway, and the Australian Outback, to witness these investigations that may take science into a new era - the era of Identified Flying Objects." Accompanying the show was a booklet produced by the Broadcasting Support Services. In 2003, Dr. Marsha Adams along with some other prominent researchers including Prof. Erling Strand started the IEA, the International Earthlights Alliance, a research organisation devoted to the study of earth lights. Notable Locations Most of these historical events were what are known as "flaps": they took place over a short time period and then went away. But the most interesting earth light events are those that occur in a specific location over a long period of time, and there are quite a few locations worldwide that are still active today. The most famous of these are probably Hessdalen, in Norway; the Min Min Lights, in Australia; the Bang Fai Phaya Naga, in Thailand; and the Hornet Spooklight and Marfa Lights, in America. There are an almost innumerable amount of locations in total though, for example even several in just the relatively small land space of the British Isles. Project Hessdalen This propensity of the lights to occur in specific locations makes scientific study slighly more possible. One of the most well known studies is that of Project Hessdalen, established in 1983 by Prof. Erling Strand under the aegis of Østfold University College. During the early 1980s the lights, known locally as Hessdalsphenomena, were seen hundreds of times per year. Whilst activity has decreased somewhat now, there are still up to twenty sightings per year, and research is ongoing. Min Min Lights [Min Min Hotel] Reconstruction of the Min Min Hotel. Credit: Rita Robb. Another famous location where Earth Lights are seen is Boulia, in Queensland, Australia. There the lights are called "min-min lights" after the Min Min Hotel from which they were first seen by westerners. The word "min" is an Aboriginal word of unknown meaning. In April 2000, the Australian government opened a new Min Min Encounter Centre that cost $2M ASD to build. The original hotel burned down in 1918—according to Christopher Leonard in Outback Australia, the Permanent Frontier—but has been recreated inside the new centre. Prof. Jack Pettigrew of the University of Queensland caused a stir in 2003 with an excellent study of his called The Min Min Light and Fata Morgana published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry that claims the Min-Min lights to be merely refracted lights from up to 300km away made visible by temperature inversions. Pettigrew isn't the first to have claimed that the lights are caused by temperature inversions, but is the first to have actually experimented with producing the effect himself. The mirage explanation is often used to explain earth lights, and likely does account for a large proportion of the finds, but it has been pointed out that the Min Min light has been visible for over 70 years, since even before the introduction of cars (@@ ask Prof. Pettigrew about this?). Maureen Kozicka wrote a book about the lights called The Mystery of the Min Min Light, which is a collection of stories collected from the field. The book is unavailable on Amazon, and I've been unable to locate even its ISBN number. It was published by Bolton Imprint. According to Hayman (2004), "Kozicka in her book lists the decades in which the sightings occur. The most frequent sightings (36) occur between 1950 and 1959, with only 12 between 1940 - 49 and 16 in the following decade." Bang Fai Phaya Naga The bung fai paya nak, or Naga fireballs in English, spring up every October from the Mekong River in Thailand. Even Time magazine has covered the event, reporting that "each year, anything from 200 to 800 of the fiery orbs are sighted along a 100-kilometer stretch of the river". The October full moon is the most likely time for the orbs to appear, and as a result up to 400,000 people visit the river to catch their appearance. The rate at which they are seen on that night is variable, and may depend on the weather: in rainy years, less appear?. [Naga Fireballs 1] [Naga Fireballs 2] Photos of the Naga fireballs. © Tourism Authority of Thailand and Teera Mongkolkachit of GMM Pictures. Used with permission. (Source) Local tradition states that the fireballs are from the nak, a serpent from Buddhist legend. Modern science disagrees, of course. There was quite a controversy in Thailand recently when a news station there, iTV, presented a programme stating that the fireballs were faked, and nothing more than tracer rounds fired by the Lao army (the river denotes the border between Thailand and Laos). People living by the river claim that this is absurd since the lights have been seen along the river for decades. The official scientific line, corroborated by a statement from Thailand's Ministry of Science and Technology, is that the fireballs are nothing but natural phosphene and methane gas being released from the river. This is the same mechanism as is commonly proposed to be behind Will-o'-the-wisp. Their investigations, with Mahidol University, continue, and though many people have accepted this explanation, there are still disagreements. Professor Montri Boonsaneur, for example, is quoted in the Time article as saying that bubbles of methane could not be propagated by the turbulent river. Reports of when in the day the fireballs actually appear vary, but generally place them at being early evening: after sunset, but before midnight. The first moon of October is also the last month of the Buddhist three-month lent, so people flock to Phon Phisai, Sung Kom, Sri Chiang Mai, and Pak Khad districts, not only to see the Bang Fai Phaya Nark (there are almost as many spelling variants as there are visitors) but to celebrate the end of that period. In 2005 it falls on Tuesday, 18th October, and it looks to be quite the occasion. American Spooklights There are also many locations in the United States where earth lights are seen, though they go by the names "ghost lights", "spooklights", or the local name of the light there. The most famous examples include the Maco Station Light (North Carolina), Brown Mountain Light (North Carolina), Hornet Spooklight (Missouri; see also the Hornet Spooklight Booklet), Marfa Lights (Texas), the Yakima Lights (Washington), Anson Light (Texas), Dover Light (Arkansas), and the Hebron Light (Maryland). The St. Louis Light (Saskatchewan, Canada) is also rather famous. Nomenclature and Synonyms As is usual when you have a relatively rare phenomenon for which there is no standard scientific term, a range of synonyms for the phenomenon will result. This is especially true for the Will-o'-the-Wisp, for which there may be as many as thirty terms just in English; but it's also true for earth lights. Here are some of the more common synonyms: • Anomalous luminous phenomena, ALP (Persinger) • Earth lights (Devereux) • Geophysical meteors (Ol'khovatov) • Ghost lights (coll.) • Nocturnal lights (Hynek) • Spooklights (coll.) In an attempt to find out which of these is the most commonly used, on the 3rd October 2006 I took pairwise Googlecounts of each of the terms. This was to minimise the amount of false positives in the results. For example, a lot of the search results for "earth lights" are actually about NASA photographs of the earth at night; but perhaps all of the results for [earth-lights spook-lights] are going to be about the anomalous light phenomena. Once the average of each of the pairings are taken, this is the result: Name Average Pairwise Googlecounts earth-lights 716.2 88, 815, 574, 904, 1200 spook-lights 691.2 16, 1200, 743, 716, 781 "nocturnal lights" 527.4 23, 904, 709, 220, 781 "geophysical meteors" 463.8 6, 815, 46, 709, 743 ghost-lights 317.8 33, 574, 46, 220, 716 "Anomalous Luminous Phenomena" 33.2 88, 6, 33, 23, 16 "Earth lights" just marginally edges out "spooklights" to the top spot, even though it's a relative neologism. It's also remarkable that "nocturnal lights" and "geophysical meteors" score quite highly over "ghost lights". It may be that the damping algorithm could be improved somewhat, but it's an interesting metric nonetheless. For reference, here are the raw Googlecounts performed on the same day: • earth-lights: 82,000 • "nocturnal lights": 40,200 • ghost-lights: 30,000 • spook-lights: 24,100 • "geophysical meteors": 4,920 • "Anomalous Luminous Phenomena": 519 There are also local terms for earth lights, such as Hessdalsphenomenon that appears to have been coined by Prof. Erling Strand to pertain to the lights in Hessdalen. Even I once coined an alternative word for earth lights, in a whimsical attempt to make references to them more easy to find on search engines: geolumina. I'm aware that it's a greek prefix tacked to a latin suffix (or vice versa), but as C.P. Scott once said: "Television? The word is half Latin and half Greek. No good can come of it." On the phrase "ghost lights"specifically, the OED has a citation dating from 1879: "Folk-Lore Sept. 215 A. F. says that he himself saw what they call a ghost-light.", with a probably erroneous note "ghost-light, ?= CORPSE-CANDLE 2". It doesn't mention any of the other forms, so far as I can tell. It would probably be difficult to trace the antiquity of the word spooklight, especially; you'd have to sift a lot of local, small-town American publications most likely. Earthquake Lights Several people have reported seeing earthquake lights prior to the recent earthquake near Lima, Peru. If you've seen these lights too, I'd be very grateful if you could tell me about your experience using the feedback form at the very bottom of this page. There are three videos of the lights that I know of, here (50 secs in), here (30 secs in), and here. Please let me know if you have any more!) 10 mins before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China Earthquakes have long been accompanied by the appearance of "bright, luminescent, multicoloured sky glows" (Wagner, 1978) that can take place any time before, during, or after the seismological event. They've been recorded throughout history, but modern science has only started to take them seriously since the photographs of the Matsushiro earthquake lights taken by Yutaka Yasui between 1965 and 1967 (Derr, 2005). There have since been extensive observations of several events, but the phenomenon currently remains unexplained. The first recorded mention of earthquake lights comes from Callisthenes (not Thucydides as is commonly reported), who wrote of an earthquake of 373 BC that "[a]mong the many prodigies by which the destruction of the two cities, Helice and Buris, was foretold, especially notable were both the immense columns of fire and the Delos earthquake". Powell and Finkelstein (1971) quote an old Japanese haiku that has been subsequently re-quoted in almost every EQL summary written: ... (Continued below) 30 mins before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China May, 09,2008, 2 days b4 this chinese deadly earthquake, somebody took those photo in Linyi, Shandong province, east China, which you can see lot “line-shaped” cloud, and somebody spot it is Earthquake Cloud and predicted a 6+ earthquake will happen within 2 days, but they dont know where. Of course, nobody believe them that time. Then, 12, May, a 7.8 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan province, west China. China Earthquake cloud China Earthquake cloud ... The majority of reports, however, start to flood in in the 20th century. After the 1930 Idu Peninsula earthquake in Japan, for example, researchers collected over 1500 reports of unknown lights. And the Tangshan earthquake in China on 28th July 1976 was accompanied by a "colorful, flashing light display [that] was seen in the sky 200 miles away"*. In 1988 and 1999, the Saguenay region of Quebec had thirty eight instances of EQL activity, most of which were category three in Frederic Montandon's 1948 EQL taxonomy (in Lueurs et Malaises d'Origine Seismique?), as reported by Corliss (2000): 1. Seismic lightning (no thunder); 2. Luminous bands in atmosphere; 3. Globular incandescent masses; 4. Fire tongues, small mobile flames near the ground, like Will-o'-the wisps; and 5. Flames emerging from the ground. Marcel Ouellet even wrote about them in Nature on 6th Dec 1990, in a piece called Earthquake lights and seismicity where he notes that "[f]ireballs a few metres in diameter often popped out of the ground in a repetitive manner at distances of up to only a few metres away from the observers". Lights were often seen before and after the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan. In a landmark 2003 paper called Rocks That Crackle and Sparkle and Glow Friedemann T. Freund of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center proposed a theory that high-energy distortions of into p-type semiconductors allowing an electric charge cloud to rock can turn them propogate through the rock. Later work with France St. Laurent discusses this and its application to the Saguenay EQLs. Also in that year, Carl Raymond of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory found that an Inferometric-Synthetic Aperture Radar may be able to detect earthquakes before they happen. Credit: TUVPO. A few years ago, the Turkey UFO & Paranormal Events Research Org., otherwise known as TUVPO, furnished me with some images of earthquake lights recently taken in Turkey. TUVPO's aim was to investigate the possiblity of using earthquake lights to predict upcoming earthquakes, hence (perhaps indirectly) providing an early warning mechanism. Their site appears as of 2004-11 to have gone down, but at least I still have the pictures that they sent to me that they obtained from a Turkish television station: Photograph 1, and Photograph 2 Date: 1999-07-25; Place: Latitude: 40,70N, Longitude: 29,91E; Observation duration: 20 minutes; Height from ground: approximately 540 meters; Source: amateur videos sent to the television channels Star TV and Kanal 6 have been examined by us (TUVPO); Approximate size of ALP: 35 cubic meters; Approximate ALP radiation: 10,000 kelvin. Photograph 3, Photograph 4, and Photograph 5 Date: August 16 1999 at 00:02 a.m. (local time); Place: Sefaköy, florya/istanbul; Observation duration: 9 minutes; Height from ground: approximately 325 meters; Source: amateur videos sent to the television channel Kanal 6 have been examined by us (TUVPO); Approximate size of ALP: 5,15 cubic meters (changes); Approximate ALP radiation: 4,000 kelvin. Kimyo Earthquake Lights The famous picture of earthquake lights at the top of this page, used courtesy of the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, was taken by T. Kuribayashi at 03:25 JST on 26th September 1966, by Mt. Kimyo, Japan. It was one of the photographs of the Matsushiro quake that brought EQLs to the brink of being officially recognized and studied. The luminousity lasted approximately 90 seconds, and the camera was pointing north. Curious cloud formations linked to quakes CAN unusual clouds signal the possibility of an impending earthquake? That’s the question being asked following the discovery of distinctive cloud formations above an active fault in Iran before each of two large earthquakes occurred. Geophysicists Guangmeng Guo and Bin Wang of Nanyang Normal University in Henan, China, noticed a gap in the clouds in satellite images from December 2004 that precisely matched the location of the main fault in southern Iran. It stretched for hundreds of kilometres, was visible for several hours and remained in the same place, although the clouds around it were moving. At the same time, thermal images of the ground showed that the temperature was higher along the fault. Sixty-nine days later, on 22 February 2005, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 hit the area, killing more than 600 people. In December 2005, a similar formation again appeared in the clouds for a few hours. Sixty-four days later, an earthquake of magnitude 6 shook the region (International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol 29, p 1921). Guo and Wang suggest that an eruption of hot gases from inside the fault could have caused water in the clouds to evaporate. Another idea is that ionisation may be involved: Friedemann Freund at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, recently demonstrated that when rocks are squeezed, positively charged ions form in the air above. The trouble is that ions usually help to form clouds, not dissipate them. The authors say that if recognisable cloud formations precede large quakes, they could be used for prediction, but other seismologists are sceptical. “There is no physical model that explains why something would suddenly occur two months before an earthquake, and then shut off and not occur again,” says Mike Blanpied of the US Geological Survey’s Earthquake Hazards Program. From issue 2651 of New Scientist magazine, 11 April 2008, page 12 are clouds claimed to be signs of imminent earthquakes. The analyses of earthquake clouds as a form of earthquake prediction are generally not accepted by seismologists and other scientists. Satellite photo of china earthquake Anonymous Absolom said... So much useful data for everyone! Country Beef and Rice 6 December 2011 at 15:41 Post a Comment Subscribe to Post Comments [Atom] Links to this post: Create a Link << Home
覚える: to put something new into your memory. Like "Learn 10 kanji a day." 思い出す: to retrieve something which you learned before. "I remember the last time I saw him - in 1985 on a beach." 記憶: one's memories 習う: to learn, to take lessons in (ie the guitar) (not sure if it can be academic as well) 学ぶ: to study in depth (ie your major in college, a langauge)
Monday, June 21, 2010 What is a Procurement Code of Conduct? Remember the movie, Do the Right Thing? That's pretty much what a purchasing code of conduct is for a company trying to be socially responsible. The code is a statement of ethical principles and appropriate practices that the company adheres to, and expects its suppliers and sub-contractors to adhere to as well. Socially responsible codes of conduct for purchasing often cover things like worker safety, environmental quality, child labor standards, and so on. Need more information? Newspaper archives are one of the best online research tools.
FARC peace deal Political Integration as a Strategy of Conflict Resolution: The FARC in Colombian Elections April 18, 2018 The FARC, or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) as they were originally called, have functioned as a Marxist-Leninist guerilla group founded in 1964, composed mainly of farmers and laborers whose goal was to fight the inequality and repression in Colombia. Mainly operating in rural areas, the FARC had an estimated 20,000 active fighters at the height of their power in the early 2000s. The FARC were a part of a dark period of Colombia’s history, when guerilla groups, paramilitaries, and drug lords provoked violence across the nation. Why Colombia Rejected Peace, and How It Will Move Forward October 19, 2016 Colombians’ decision to reject the deal that would bring peace to their country after 52 years of armed conflict shocked the Colombian government, the FARC rebel group, and the world on October 2. In late September, Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos signed the accord with rebel leader Timoleón “Timochenko” Jímenez and then put the deal to a popular vote, expecting an easy win over his opponents who were calling for Colombia to say “no” to the deal. Al Jazeera's "Endgame": Is An End In Sight? October 10, 2016 Rodrigo Vasquez–a self-described producer, film director, creative director, designer, cameraman and journalist from Buenos Aires, Argentina–has traveled to dozens of countries around the world where he has reported on issues of social, political and economic injustice. For an installment in Al Jazeera’s news program People & Power, Vasquez took his camera into the jungles of Colombia to investigate the state of the hemisphere’s longest lasting guerrilla war. Subscribe to RSS - FARC peace deal
Charlotte Brontë and the Ghostly Place of Women Written by Morgan Aprill “A sudden bell rang in the house—the prayer-bell. Instantly into our alley there came, out of the berceau, an apparition, all black and white. With a sort of angry rush—close, close past our faces—swept swiftly the very NUN herself! Never had I seen her so clearly. She looked tall of stature, and fierce of gesture. As she went, the wind rose sobbing; the rain poured wild and cold; the whole night seemed to feel her” (392). The ghostly image of a nun described in the quote above comes from Villette (1853), a novel by Charlotte Brontë. The book’s protagonist, Lucy Snowe, believes the nun to be the ghost of a woman who had supposedly been buried alive at the foot of a tree outside the school. At first, this ghost appears in the attic of the school and only Lucy sees her. The other characters make fun of her and are skeptical of Lucy’s vision. However, she sees the nun other times in the novel, and later on her friend M. Paul does as well. The image comes to represent Lucy’s questioning of her own burgeoning sexuality, something she tried to keep closed off. The Rue Fossette, the name of the school where she works, was once a convent where women who had given a vow of chastity resided and dedicated their lives to God. The story behind the ghostly nun that haunts Lucy tells of a young nun who was cruelly punished for some transgression against her vows: “The legend went, unconfirmed and unaccredited, but still propagated, that this was the portal of a vault, imprisoning deep beneath that ground, on whose surface grass grew and flowers bloomed, the bones of a girl whom a monkish conclave of the drear middle ages had here buried alive for some sin against her vow” (107-108). One of the possible transgressions made by this nun is connected to a break in her vow of chastity, and we see Lucy struggle with her own sexuality throughout the novel. Lucy begins to see the ghost just as she develops potentially romantic relationships with Dr. John and M. Paul, and Lucy works very hard to prevent herself from acting out in ways a woman should not. The first time she sees the nun is when she is alone in the attic, reading a letter from Dr. John. She is overcome with her feelings for him, and soon after she sees the nun who represents the punishment women could expect if they let their romantic feelings get out of hand. She later confronts Dr. John about seeing this image, and he warns her not to tell of her vision to others. He talks of how he is working to restrain his love for Ginevra Fanshawe, a coquette in the school, connecting Lucy’s vision even more with the struggle to restrain sexuality. Again, as she takes the letters that she had been coveting from Dr. John and buries them near the tree under which the nun is said to be buried, the nun appears to her, representative of Lucy’s struggle with her feelings for Dr. John and later M. Paul. As she does with the crazy woman in the attic in Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë is using this element of the supernatural to comment on the state of women during the time period. A woman’s sexuality was to be repressed and punished, but it was always there, lurking like a ghost—or a monster in the attic. Works Cited: Brontë, Charlotte. Villette. 1853. New York: Bantam Dell, 2007. Print. One comment on “Charlotte Brontë and the Ghostly Place of Women 1. qualitypoint says: Currer Bell’s Doodle for her birthday. Comments are closed.
Posts Tagged ‘Foggy Bottom’ Bernardo de Gálvez Statue On today’s lunchtime bike ride I rode to Gálvez Park, a small park located at Virginia Avenue and 22nd Street (MAP) in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood, to see a statue entitled Bernardo de Gálvez. The statue is part of a series, entitled “Statues of the Liberators,” honoring liberators and other national figures of western-hemisphere countries. The statues can be found along Virginia Avenue between 18th and 25th Streets, near the Headquarters of the Organization of American States in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood. The statues were erected by various Latin American countries, and are maintained by the National Park Service. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Viscount of Galveston and Count of Gálvez, was the Spanish Governor of Louisiana from 1777-1785, prior to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During his time as governor he staged a three-year military campaign that tied up significant numbers of British troops, allowing the . to capture British-controlled territories such as Baton Rouge, Pensacola, and Natchez. Gálvez also aided the American settlers with supplies and soldiers. Later he was among those who drafted the Treaty of Paris of 1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the Revolutionary War. In appreciation, America’s new president, George Washington, took Gálvez with him in the parade on July 4th. This is the reason that many U.S. cities and landmarks are named for him. Galveston, Texas, Galveston Bay, and St. Bernard Parish Louisiana are examples of these. And on December 16, 2014, the United States Congress conferred honorary citizenship on Gálvez, citing him as a “hero of the Revolutionary War who risked his life for the freedom of the United States people and provided supplies, intelligence, and strong military support to the war effort.” The statue, depicting Gálvez atop his horse, was sculpted by Juan de Ávalos of Spain, and sits atop a marble base that is inscribed, “Bernardo De Gálvez, the great Spanish soldier, carried out a courageous campaign in Lands bordering the lower Mississippi. This masterpiece of military strategy lightened the pressure of the English in the war against American settlers who were fighting for their independence. May this statue of Bernardo de Gálvez serve as a reminder that Spain offered the blood of her soldiers for the cause of American Independence.” It was installed in its current location on this day in 1976. The bronze equestrian statue is idiosyncratic in that it both celebrates a Spanish loyalist and was paid for and donated by King Juan Carlos of Spain to the American people in celebration of the United States Bicentennial. It is Gálvez’s role as a helper of the rebellious colonies during the Revolutionary War which the statue celebrates. Gálvez02 Gálvez03 General John A. Rawlins Statue On this lunchtime bike ride I visited Rawlins Park, which is located between 18th Street, 19th Street, E Street and New York Avenue (MAP), in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood. Located on the eastern end of the park is a statue of General John A Rawlins, and it is the a focal point of the park named after him. The monument and park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service. The statue was installed in 1874, and was relocated in 1880, and then again 1886, before eventually being located in Rawlins Park. The bronze statue, which rests on a granite base, is part of a group entitled “The Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.” which are spread out through much of the central and northwest areas of the city. They are listed as a group on the National Register of Historic Places. John Aaron Rawlins was born on January 13, 1831, in Gelena, Illinois. When his father left the family and departed for California for the great gold rush in 1849, the teenaged Rawlins became the head of the family. Despite receiving little formal education, he became a lawyer and was admitted to the Illinois State Bar a few years later in 1854. He began practicing law, and became involved in state politics. This led t0 becoming the city attorney in the city of Galena beginning in 1857. Rawlins was a Douglas Democrat, and was a successful politician with a passion for military life by the time the Civil War broke out on April 12, 1861, when troops attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Two days later, President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers, and a mass meeting was held in Galena to encourage recruitment. Recognized as a military professional for his prior service, an unassuming ex-captain of the Army, who also clerked for Rawlins’ brother in his leather store, was asked to lead the ensuing effort. That man was named Ulysses S. Grant. Grant would soon Rawlins became Grant’s aide-de-camp and his principal staff officer throughout the Civil War. Rawlins also became Grant’s most trusted advisor and , according to Grant, nearly indispensable. But perhaps Rawlins’ greatest contribution was being instrumental in keeping Grant, who was known to be a heavy drinker, from excessive imbibing throughout the war. Within eight years Grant would become President of the United States, and appoint Rawlins his Secretary of War. However, Rawlins’ health declined after taking office. and he would serve as Secretary of War for only five months. Rawlins was diagnosed with tuberculosis, a disease that claimed the life of his first wife, Emily Smith, nearly eight years earlier. He died in D.C. at the age of 38 on September 6, 1869. He was survived by his second wife, Mary Hurlburt, and two of his three children. He was originally buried in a friend’s vault in Congressional Cemetery, but was subsequently moved to Arlington National Cemetery. Note: If you stop by Rawlins Park soon, you will have the added benefit of seeing the statue of General John A. Rawlins flanked by a grove of some of the most beautiful magnolia trees in our nation’s capital. Rawlins04 Rawlins03 Rawlins02 Rawlins05 The American Meridian Memorial As I was riding around the campus of George Washington University on this lunchtime bike ride, I happened upon a marker that I hadn’t seen before. As I would come to find out, it is The American Meridian Memorial. Located on a small bluff near the corner of 24th and H Streets (MAP) in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom Neighborhood, it was once considered by some to be the center of the world, establishing a geographical line that separated the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Prior to 1850, different countries measured longitude from different meridians. Because there was no agreement for a prime meridian, the way there is with latitude and the Equator, prime meridians and associated maps were identified in Greenwich, Paris, Rome, and various other European centers. American navigators tended to use either the French meridian at Paris or the British meridian at Greenwich. Beginning in 1850, the United States established and began to measure distance from the American Meridian. The Federal government officially used this line, which ran along 24th Street, to measure distances on land, survey the West, coordinate the nation’s clocks, and record the start of new days. However, few navigators at that time adopted the American Meridian, as they owned charts that gave distances relative to Paris or London, rather than 24th Street in D.C. In fact, the United States continued to utilize the Greenwich Meridian for longitude at sea. But land surveyors welcomed the ability to measure from the new American Meridian rather that a line that lay across a broad ocean. So as teams of American surveyors and mapmakers ventured steadily westward, those square boundaries of the Western states were all measured in appealing round numbers from the American Meridian. Oregon would be the first to use the American Meridian in 1859 when it became a state. The southeastern border of the new state would be exactly 42 degrees West of the American Meridian. Colorado Territory in 1861 would be next to use the Meridian, establishing it’s eastern (27°W, Am) and western (34°W, Am) borders with the newly established meridian. The eastern border of Wyoming is exactly 27 degrees west of 24th Street, Arizona is 32 degrees west, and the Utah-Nevada border is 36 degrees west The United States, via an act of Congress, officially abandoned the American Meridian in 1912, when it accepted the meridian at Greenwich as the international standard. Thus, the American Meridian was relegated to history. Today, the meridian marker is one of three reminders in D.C. of the evolution of cartography in this country. Meridian Hill Park was named for a stone obelisk that was erected there along the original prime meridian in 1804. The stone marker there is long gone, but the park named after it remains. And the third remnant of the pre-Greenwich Meridian age is The Zero Milestone, which is located on The Ellipse directly south of the White House. With the advancement of technology, one day the Greenwich Meridian may be a thing of the past as well. AmericanMeridian02[Click on the photos to view the full-size versions] Statue of the Prophet Daniel There are a number of different public works of art on the grounds of the Headquarters of the Organization of American States, located at 200 17th Street (MAP) in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of northwest D.C. And on this lunchtime bike ride I went there to see a statue entitled The Prophet Daniel, which is located north of the building and behind some trees near the corner of 17th Street and C Street. The eight-foot statue depicts the prophet Daniel, one of four Major Prophets in Hebrew Scripture, along with Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. Daniel was the hero and traditional author of the book which bears his name, and nearly all that is known about him is derived from the book ascribed to him, making the book more than a treasure of prophetic literature but also one that paints a picture of Daniel as a man of God. Daniel was born around the 6th century B.C. Although there is not much known about the early years of Daniel’s life, it is thought that he came from an upper class family, perhaps even from a royal family. His lifetime spans the whole of Jewish captivity in Babylon, where as a teenager Daniel was taken, along with other hostages, on the orders of King Nebuchadnezzar. Daniel and the other hostages were taken into the Babylonian court and the account given in the book of Daniel begins to unfold. The statue of Daniel was a gift from the Brazilian government in 1962. The statue is made of concrete, and shows significant signs of weathering and age, with many of its details faded and cracked. It is a replica of a soapstone statue sculpted in 1804 by a prominent Brazilian sculptor named Antônio Francisco Lisboa, also known as Aleijadinho, which translates as “The Little Cripple.” Aleijadinho was born in 1738, and for the first half of his exceptionally long life was perfectly healthy, and considered a man-about-town and a womanizer, despite his religious upbringing and beliefs. As a talented artist, he was much in demand and set up a workshop with apprentices while still a young man. But in the late 1770s, Aleijadinho’s entire life changed. He began to suffer from a progressively debilitating disease, thought to have been either leprosy, scleroderma or syphilis. As the progressively severe effects of his disease took its toll, Aleijadinho became a recluse and would only venture out in the dark. His physical condition became so bad that he lost his fingers, toes and the use of his lower legs. It is said that at times the pain would get so unbareable that his apprentices had to stop him hacking away at the offending part of his body with a chisel. In spite of his physical disabilities he also became increasingly obsessed with his work. In fact, working with hammer and chisel strapped to his wrists by his apprentices, who moved him about on a wooden trolley, he actually increased his productivity. And it was under these conditions that he sculpted what is widely considered to be his masterpiece, the 12 massive figures of the prophets and the 64 life-size Passion figures for the Basílica do Senhor Bom Jesus de Matosinhos. The Twelve Prophets are arranged around the courtyard and stairway in front of the church. The statue here in D.C. is a replica of the figure Daniel from that series. Unfortunately, the series of figures was his swansong, as failing eyesight finally forced him to stop working. Aleijadinho died in 1814 at the age of 76, impoverished, forgotten and a recluse. He is buried in a simple grave in the church he attended all his life, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, in Ouro Preto, the Brazilian town where he was born and spent his entire life. ProphetDaniel02 ProphetDaniel03 ProphetDaniel04 The Story of Daniel in the Lions Den What is perhaps the best known story about Daniel is that of him in the den of lions, which took place near the end of his life when he was in his 80’s. Through a long life of hard work and obedience to God, Daniel had risen through the political ranks as a one of the administrators of a pagan kingdom. In fact, Daniel was so honest and hardworking that the other government officials were jealous of him and wanted to remove him from office. So they tried to use Daniel’s faith in God against him. They tricked the king into passing a decree that during a 30-day period, anyone who prayed to another god or man besides the king would be thrown into the lions’ den. Daniel learned of the decree but continued to pray and worship God. So the other government officials turned him in, and at sundown they threw Daniel into the den of lions. At dawn the king found Daniel still alive and asked him if God had protected him. Daniel replied, “My God sent his angel, and he shut the mouths of the lions. They have not hurt me, because I was found innocent in his sight. Nor have I ever done any wrong before you, O king.” (Daniel 6:22, NIV). The king then had the men arrested who falsely accused Daniel, and along with their wives and children, they were all thrown into the lions’ den, where they were immediately killed by the beasts. Then the king issued another decree, ordering the people to fear and show reverence to the God of Daniel. Amerigo Vespucci Statue With the holiday weekend celebrating America’s birthday now over, I decided on this lunchtime bike ride to visit a statue of our country’s namesake. So during this ride I visited the grounds of the Pan American Union Building, which serves as The Headquarters for the Organization of American States, located on 17th Street between C Street and Constitution Avenue (MAP) in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of northwest D.C. One of the sculptures there is of an early Italian explorer named Amerigo Vespucci, who is the namesake of the continents of North and South America, and subsequently the United States of America. The stone sculpture depicts a bust of Amerigo wearing a sea-farer hat of his era, and stands on a circular stone pedestal base with a relief of the globe inscribed on it. The base also contains an inscription which reads, “Amerigo Vespucci, 1454 – 1512.” Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454, in Ognissanti, Florence, Italy, the third son of Ser Nastagio Anastasio and Lisabetta Mini, members of a prominent Florentine family comprised of statesmen, philosophers, and clergy, which intermarried with the renowned Medici family who ruled Italy for more than 300 years. After being educated by his uncle, Amerigo worked for the Medicis as a banker, and later as a supervisor of their ship-outfitting business in Seville, Spain, where he moved in 1492. Amerigo’s position allowed him to see great explorers’ ships being prepared before they sailed off in search of new discoveries. In fact, Amerigo’s business helped outfit one of Christopher Columbus’ voyages, giving him the opportunity to talk with the explorer with whom he would one day be compared. Fascinated with books and maps since he was young, his meeting with Columbus further fueled a fire burning inside him for travel and exploration. The fact that his business was struggling helped Amerigo, already in his forties, decide to leave the business behind and set out on his own voyage to see the “New World” while he still could. Although historians are unsure of exactly how many voyages he embarked on, through his travels Amerigo was the first to be able to demonstrate that South America and the West Indies did not represent Asia’s eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus’ voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate and previously unknown landmass. Based on the work of a German clergyman and amateur cartographer named Martin Waldseemüller, he labeled a portion of what is today Brazil as “America”, deriving its name from Americus, the Latin version of his name. Later, in 1538, a mapmaker named Gerardus Mercator applied the name “America” to all of the northern and southern landmasses of the New World. The continents have been known as such ever since. So here in the District of Columbia, a name which references Christopher Columbus and was chosen at a time when many people were still upset that we hadn’t actually named our new nation Columbia, I visited the statue of Amerigo Vespucci. And although he never visited here on any of his voyages, Amerigo’s name is forever associated with our 239-year old country. Vespucci03 Vespucci02 An Inuksuk As I was riding my bike down Constitution Avenue on this lunchtime ride, I saw what looked like an unusual pile of rocks on the grounds of the Organization of American States, which is located at 200 17th Street (MAP) in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood. As I stopped to explore it further, I realized that it was, in fact, a pile of rocks. However, it was not just a random pile of rocks. It was actually an inuksuk. An inuksuk (also spelled inukshuk, plural inuksuit) is a man-made stone landmark or cairn, which can vary in shape, size and complexity. Historically, the most common type of inuksuk is a single stone positioned in an upright manner, although the appearance of some inuksuit suggest that their construction was likely the effort of many, if not an entire community. The inuksuit have their ancient roots in the Inuit culture, but they are also used by the Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. This region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and, therefore, has few natural landmarks. The word inuksuk means “something which acts for or performs the function of a person.” The word comes from Inuk, meaning “person,” and suk, meaning “substitute.” Inuksuit are used for a variety of purposes, including a marker for travel routes, fishing places, camps, hunting grounds, holy grounds, or to mark a food cache. There are even examples of Inupiat in northern Alaska using inuksuit as drift fences to assist in the herding of caribou into contained areas for slaughter. The inuksuk I saw on this ride serves as public art, and an Inuit cultural symbol. It was a gift from Canada to the Organization of American States to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the country’s admission to the Organization. The inuksuk was built in April 2010 by Peter Taqtu Irniq, an Inuk artist and Canadian politician. Inuksuk01 Inuksuk03 Full Count With the unusual amount of snow and ice and the bitter cold temperatures we have had to endure here in the D.C. area this winter, it sometimes feels as though summer will never arrive. But it is, indeed, coming. And one sure sign of summer’s impending arrival is baseball season’s opening day. So take heart, because one month from tomorrow is the official start of the 2015 season. To celebrate this fact I chose to ride to the Federal Reserve Annex on this lunchtime bike ride. Now that may seem like an odd choice, but I chose it because of an art installation entitled “Full Count,” which may be found on the north lawn of the grounds of the annex, located near the intersection of Virginia Avenue and 20th Street (MAP) in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of northwest D.C. Full Count is a collection of four life-size bronze figures depicting a baseball pitcher, a catcher, a batter and a home plate umpire. Created by American sculptor John Dreyfuss, the statues are arranged to capture the pinnacle moment of America’s official pastime – a moment when anything is possible. As the pitcher contemplates what pitch he will throw to home plate, 60 feet and 6 inches away, the batter stands tall as he prepares to take his stance to await the pitch and a chance to take a swing. The catcher and umpire lean in close. It’s not just the batter’s turn at the plate that is at stake. The entire game can hinge on this moment. It’s a full count, and the next pitch could be the most important of the game. Will the batter foul it off and prolong the drama? Or maybe it will be a strike, and the batter’s team will go down in defeat. Perhaps it will be every little leaguers dream – a walk-off homerun. It is all up to your imagination in the moments that you experience “Full Count.” But for now it’s back to reality, as the snow on the ground near the statues attests. It is still just over a month until opening day at Nationals Park and other ballparks around the country. And the players are still far away, at spring training in warm locations like Florida or Arizona. So for now, we just have to remember that like baseball and the boys of summer, the warm weather will be here soon enough. FullCount01a FullCount03 FullCount04 FullCount02 FullCount05 Statue of Aleksandr Pushkin While on a bike ride on the campus of George Washington University I came across a statue of the Russian poet and author, Aleksandr Pushkin. This made me wonder whether or not there are any statues of American literary figures in Russia. Later, when I was trying to find out information about the statue from my ride, I got the answer to my question. The statue of Aleksandr Pushkin was a gift from the government of Moscow to the city of D.C. as part of a cultural exchange between the two cities. In return, a statue of American poet Walt Whitman was erected in Moscow. Located at the corner of 22nd Street and H Street (MAP), in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood, ground was broken for the statue on June 6, 1999, the 200th anniversary of Pushkin’s birth. The statue was completed over the forthcoming year, and dedicated on September 20, 2000. It depicts the author in front of a column on which stands the winged horse Pegasus, symbolically representing poetry and creative inspiration. The Pushkin statue is thought to be the first monument in the United States which commemorates a Russian literary figure. Aleksander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born into Russian nobility on June 6, 1799, in Moscow. He published his first poem at the age of fifteen. And by the time he finished school as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious Imperial Lyceum near Saint Petersburg, his talent was already widely recognized within Russian literary circles. After completing school, Pushkin became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital. After five years in exile, he was granted permission to personally petition Tsar Nicholas I for his release, which was granted. However, some of his writings were subsequently found in the possession of radicals after the Decembrist Uprising in Saint Petersburg, and Pushkin quickly found himself under the strict control of government censors, and was again unable to travel or publish at will. But it was during this time that Pushkin wrote some of his now most famous works. Pushkin eventually was able to regain favor with the Tsarist government. However, many including Pushkin speculated that it was because of his marriage to the young Nataliya Nikolaevna Goncharova, who he had met when he was almost 30 and she was only 16 years old. Natalya had many admirers, among them the Tsar himself. Natalya accepted Pushkin’s marriage proposal only after she received assurances that the government had no intentions to persecute the poet. And later, when the Tsar gave Pushkin a court title, the poet became enraged, feeling that the Tsar intended to humiliate him by giving him the lowest court title solely so that his wife could properly attend court balls and events. By 1837, Pushkin was faced with scandalous rumors that his wife had embarked on a love affair. In response, the poet challenged Natalya’s alleged lover, her brother in-law Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d’Anthès, to a duel. Notoriously touchy about his honor, Pushkin fought as many as twenty-nine duels during his lifetime. The one with d’Anthès would be his last. Although the other man was injured, Pushkin was shot through the spleen and died two days later, on February 10, 1837. Although he was only 37 years old at the time of his death, Pushkin was somewhat prolific in his writing, particularly in comparison to more recent writers. He wrote narrative poems, verse novels, dramas, prose, and fairy tales in verse. And his writing is so complex that works which originally comprised only about a hundred pages would require two full volumes of material to translate and fully render its meaning in English. Because of this difficulty in translation, Pushkin’s verse remains largely unknown to English readers. However, in his native Russia he is considered by many to be their greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. I doubt I will ever ride to Moscow State University in Russia to see the statue of Walt Whitman, which was unveiled by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in October of 1999. Perhaps I will be able to read more about it someday from a Russian blogger. But there are places here in D.C. associated with Walt Whitman, who was a resident of the city for ten years. I plan to ride to some of those places in the future. United States Institute of Peace United States Institute of Peace Organization of American States Headquarters Building The Organization of American States Headquarters Building On this lunchtime bike ride I rode to the headquarters for the Organization of American States (OAS), known as the Pan American Union Building, which is just off of Pennsylvania Avenue and across the street from The Ellipse, at 200 17th Street (MAP) in northwest D.C.’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood. The OAS is an inter-continental organization which was founded in April of 1948 by the United States and 20 Latin American countries. Officially, the organization was established in order to achieve among its member states – as stipulated in Article 1 of its Charter – “an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence.” Unofficially, however, the reasons for its formation were somewhat different than the charter’s stated intent. The Latin American member states wanted a political institution to deal with intra-hemispheric disputes based on their fears that the United States, intent on its anticommunist crusade at that time, might engage in unilateral interventions against Latin American governments. For the United States, it was intended to serve as a protection against communist penetration of the Western Hemisphere. The United States insisted that the charter include a statement condemning “international communism or any totalitarianism” as “irreconcilable with the tradition of the American countries.” For the Latin American delegates, the key article of the OAS charter stated that, “No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State.” The OAS has had some successes, including settling border conflicts between various member countries, such as the truce and subsequent resolution of the Soccer War between Honduras and El Salvador in 1969. However, in generally it never actually functioned as any of the member states had intended, and neither side got what it had hoped for when it was formed. The OAS proved a disappointment to the United States because the other member states did not share its own Cold War zeal against communism. This was evidenced by the organization’s refusal to approve direct action to remove what the United States felt were “communist threats,” most notably in Fidel Castro’s Cuba. For the other member states, disappointment in the OAS centered around the organization’s failure to curb the United States use of unilateral force in other situations, such as the U.S.-orchestrated overthrow of the government of Guatemala in 1954, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, and its intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965. The OAS has grown over the years to a total of 35 countries, and now includes Canada and 14 additional independent countries in the Caribbean. However, since the end of the Cold War, the OAS’s importance in intra-hemispheric affairs has continued to diminish. The OAS’s original charter members, listed in alphabetical order, were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Countries that were subsequently admitted, in chronological order of when they became a member, are Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Grenada, Suriname, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Bahamas, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Canada, Belize, and most recently, Guyana, which was admitted in 1991.
Help talk:Time function From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Language code[edit] [1] Two-letter ISO 639-1 codes only allowed - try it (639-1 / 639-3): • {{#timel: xg \| \| hr}} → lipnja • {{#timel: xg \| \| hrv}} → June • {{#timel: xg \| \| de}} → Junis • {{#timel: xg \| \| ger}} → June • {{#timel: xg \| \| pl}} → czerwca • {{#timel: xg \| \| pol}} → June --Bonč (talk) 23:52, 26 April 2016 (UTC) What about BCE dates?[edit] What about BCE dates? This is an encyclopedia. Encyclopedias include BCE dates in articles on history, religions and biography. So the sorting and formatting of BCE dates are important functions to consider in Wikipedia. Which makes their absence from the discussion conspicuous. For example here: 1. They didn't sort the date column because the historians who care of the page don't know how. 2. Also they used BC instead of BCE. This provides some clues as to what to do: ISO 8601 prescribes, as a minimum, a four-digit year [YYYY] to avoid the year 2000 problem. It therefore represents :years from 0000 to 9999, year 0000 being equal to 1 BC and all others AD. However, years prior to 1583 are not automatically allowed by the standard. Instead "values in the range [0000] through [1582] shall only be used by mutual agreement of the partners in information interchange."[10] To represent years before 0000 or after 9999, the standard also permits the expansion of the year representation but only by prior agreement between the sender and the receiver.[11] An expanded year representation [±YYYYY] must have an agreed-upon number of extra year digits beyond the four-digit minimum, and it must be prefixed with a + or − sign[12] instead of the more common AD/BC (or CE/BCE) notation; by convention 1 BC is labelled +0000, 2 BC is labeled −0001, and so on.[13] 1. There needs to be prior agreement. 2. There needs to be a function to display March 15, 44 BCE when given -0044-03-15 (or -00440315) as input. 3. This should be done so that both a. columns are sortable b. dates are readable by historians, grade 6 students, and other laypeople. (I've also posted this in "Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Date autoformatting", because what they say should correspond with what is made available here.) (talk) 19:45, 6 August 2017 (UTC) The {{Dts}} template creates a hidden sort key, which allows dates to be sorted in chronological order. As an example, the year 204 BC sorts in the same order as if it were -204. I haven't tested what would happen if you said the year was 0. The appearance of the date in the table can be selected from several formats. What the Dts template does not allow for is Julian vs Gregorian calendar. So people creating a table would have to do one of three things: 1. Express all the dates in the Julian calendar. 2. Express all the dates in the Gregorian calendar; 3. Make sure none of the Julian or Gregorian dates are close enough that the order would come out wrong. The lack of support for the Julian calendar also means the year functions described on this page are not reliable for computing the time between two dates if either or both of the dates are Julian. As for BC vs BCE, see WP:ERA. As for the idea that ISO 8601 requires agreement among the communication partners to use dates before 1583, this is why Wikipedia does not use the YYYY-MM-DD format for dates before 1583. We also don't use the YYYY-MM-DD format for Julian calendar dates. These formats could (but don't need to be) used with the Dts template, as long as their changed to a different format for display to the reader if they are Julian or before 1583. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:56, 6 August 2017 (UTC)
Phase Transition (redirected from change of state) phase transition [′fāz tran‚zish·ən] A change of a substance from one phase to another. Also known as phase transformation. Phase Transition (also phase transformation), in a broad sense, a transition of a substance from one phase to another upon a change in external conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and magnetic or electric fields; in a narrow sense, an abrupt change in physical properties upon a continuous change in external parameters. The difference between the two definitions of “phase transition” is made clear by the following example. In the narrow sense, the transition of a substance from the gaseous to the plasma state (seePLASMA) is not a phase transition, since the gas is gradually ionized; however, in the broad sense, it is a phase transition. In this article, “phase transition” is discussed in the narrow sense. The value of the temperature, pressure, or other physical quantity at which a phase transition occurs is called a transition point. A distinction is made between two orders of phase transitions. In a first-order phase transition, the thermodynamic properties of a substance, such as the density or the component concentration, change abruptly. In this case, a completely specified amount of heat, called the heat of transformation, is released or absorbed per unit mass. In a second-order phase transition, some physical quantity that is equal to zero on one side of a transition point gradually increases from zero with increasing distance on the other side of the transition point. In this case, the density and concentrations change continuously, and heat is neither released nor absorbed. Phase transitions are widespread in nature. First-order phase transitions include evaporation and condensation, melting and solidification, sublimation and condensation to the solid phase, and certain structural transformations in solids, such as the formation of martensite in an iron-carbon alloy. In antiferromagnets with one axis of sublattice magnetization, a first-order phase transition occurs in an applied magnetic field that is parallel to the axis. At a certain field strength, the sublattice magnetic moments are turned in a direction perpendicular to the field; that is, the sublattices flip. In pure superconductors, a magnetic field causes a first-order phase transition from the superconducting to the normal state. At a temperature of absolute zero and a fixed volume, the phase with the least energy is the thermodynamically stable phase. In this case, a first-order phase transition occurs at the pressure and applied-field values where the energies of two different phases become equal. If the pressure p, rather than the volume V, is fixed, the Gibbs free energy Φ, or G, is the least energy in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, and phases with the same values of Φ are in equilibrium with one another at a transition point. At low pressures, many substances crystallize into loosely packed structures. For example, crystalline hydrogen consists of molecules located at relatively large distances from one another. The structure of graphite is a series of relatively widely spaced sheets of carbon atoms. At sufficiently high pressures, large values of the Gibbs free energy correspond to such friable structures. Under such conditions, stable close-packed phases correspond to smaller values of Φ. Therefore, at high pressures, graphite transforms into diamond, and crystalline molecular hydrogen should transform into atomic—that is, metallic—hydrogen. At standard pressure, the quantum liquids 3He and 4He remain liquid down to the lowest temperatures attained (T ~ 0.001°K). The reason for this behavior lies in the weak interaction of the particles and the large amplitude of the particle vibrations at temperatures close to absolute zero; such vibrations are called zero-point vibrations (seeUNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE). However, an increase in pressure (to 20 atmospheres at T ≈ 0°K) results in the solidification of liquid helium. At nonzero temperatures and at a fixed pressure and temperature, the phase with the least Gibbs free energy—that is, the minimum energy minus the work of the pressure forces and the quantity of heat imparted to the system—is still the stable phase. The existence of a metastable equilibrium region in the vicinity of a phase-transition curve is characteristic of a first-order phase transition. For example, a liquid may be heated to a temperature above the boiling point or supercooled to below the freezing point. Metastable states exist for a long time because the formation of a new phase with a lower value of Φ, which is thermodynamically more favorable, is initiated when the nucleation of the new phase commences. A gain in the value of Φ when a nucleus forms is proportional to the volume of the nucleus, and a loss is proportional to the surface area of the nucleus, that is, to the value of its surface energy. Small nuclei that form increase Φ; therefore, such nuclei are highly likely to decrease and vanish. However, nuclei that attain some critical size grow, and the entire substance undergoes a transition to a new phase. The formation of a nucleus of critical size is a very unlikely process and seldom occurs. The probability that nuclei of critical size will form is increased if foreign inclusions of macroscopic size, such as dust particles in a liquid, are present in the substance. Near a critical point, both the difference between phases in equilibrium and the surface energy decrease, and nuclei of large size and fantastic shape readily form, thus affecting the properties of the substance (seeCRITICAL PHENOMENA). Examples of second-order phase transitions, which take place below a specific temperature in each case, include the occurrence of a magnetic dipole moment in a magnetic substance upon a transition from the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic state, the occurrence of antiferromagnetic ordering upon a transition from the paramagnetic to the antiferromagnetic state, the occurrence of superconductivity in metals and alloys, the occurrence of superfluidity in 4He and 3He, the ordering of alloys, and the spontaneous polarization of a substance upon a transition from the paraelectric to the ferroelectric phase. In 1937, L. D. Landau proposed a general interpretation of all second-order phase transitions as points where symmetry changes. According to Landau’s interpretation, a system has higher symmetry above a transition point than below it. For example, above the transition point, the directions of the elementary magnetic moments—that is, the spins—of the particles in a magnetic substance are randomly distributed. Therefore, the simultaneous reversal of all the spins does not alter the physical properties of the system. Below the transition point, the spins have a preferred orientation, so that the simultaneous reversal of the spins changes the direction of the system’s magnetic dipole moment. Another example is a binary alloy in which the atoms of the two species A and B occupy the points of a simple cubic lattice. The disordered state is characterized by a random distribution of the A and B atoms over the lattice points, so that a slip of the lattice by a distance equal to the lattice constant does not change the properties of the lattice. Below the transition point, the atoms of the alloy are arranged in an ordered manner: . . . ABAB . . . . The slip of such a lattice by a distance equal to the lattice constant leads to the replacement of all A atoms by B atoms or vice versa. As a result of the establishment of order in the arrangement of the atoms, the symmetry of the lattice is lowered. Symmetry itself appears and disappears abruptly. However, the quantity that characterizes asymmetry, which is called the order parameter, may change continuously. During a second-order phase transition, the order parameter is equal to zero above and at the transition point. Similar behavior is exhibited by, for example, the magnetic dipole moment of a ferromagnet, the electric polarization of a ferroelectric, the density of the superfluid component in liquid 4He, and the probability of finding an A atom at the appropriate lattice point of a binary alloy. The absence of discontinuities in density, concentration, and heat of transformation is characteristic of second-order phase transitions. However, precisely the same pattern is observed at a critical point on the curve of a first-order phase transition. The similarity turns out to be very profound. In the vicinity of a critical point, the state of a substance may be characterized by a quantity that serves as the order parameter. For example, in the case of the critical point on a vaporization curve, this quantity is the deviation of the density from the mean value. As we move along the critical isochor from the high-temperature region, the vapor is homogeneous, and the density deviation is equal to zero. Below the critical temperature, the substance stratifies into two phases; in each phase, the deviation of the density from the critical value is nonzero. Since the phases differ little from one another in the vicinity of the transition point of a second-order phase transition, the formation of large nuclei of one phase in the other phase, known as fluctuations of concentration, is possible, just as it is in the vicinity of the critical point. Many critical effects in second-order phase transitions are associated with this situation, including the unlimited increase in the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnets and in the dielectric constant of ferroelectrics (the increase in compressibility in the vicinity of a liquid-vapor critical point is analogous to such increases), an unlimited increase in heat capacity, the anomalous scattering of neutrons in ferromagnets, and the anomalous scattering of electromagnetic waves, for example, of light waves in a liquid or vapor (seeOPALESCENCE, CRITICAL) and of X rays in solids. Dynamic phenomena also change substantially; this is associated with the very slow dissipation of fluctuations. For example, a Rayleigh line is narrowed near a liquid-vapor critical point, and spin diffusion is inhibited in the vicinity of the Curie point of ferromagnets and the Néel point of antiferromagnets (seeSPIN WAVE). The mean size, or correlation radius R, of fluctuations increases as the transition point of a second-order phase transition is approached and becomes infinitely large at the transition point. Recent advances in the theory of second-order phase transitions and critical phenomena are based on similarity theory. In the approach used, it is assumed that if R is taken as the unit of length and if the mean value of the order parameter of a cell with an edge R is taken as the unit of the order parameter, the overall picture of fluctuations will depend on neither proximity to a transition point not the specific substance. All thermodynamic quantities are then power-law functions of R. The power-law indexes, which are called critical exponents, do not depend on the specific substance and are determined solely by the nature of the order parameter. For example, the exponents at the Curie point of an isotropic material, the magnetization vector of which is the order parameter, differ from the exponents at a liquid-vapor critical point or at the Curie point of a uniaxial magnetic substance, where the order parameter is a scalar. In the vicinity of a transition point, an equation of state has the characteristic form of the law of corresponding states. For example, in the vicinity of a liquid-vapor critical point, the ratio (ρ – ρc)/(ρl – ρv) depends only on (p – pc)/(ρl – ρv) × KT, where ρ is the density, ρc is the critical density, ρl is the density of the liquid, ρv is the density of the vapor, p is the pressure, pc is the critical pressure, and KT is the isothermal compressibility. If an appropriate scale is chosen, the form of the dependence is the same for all liquids (seeCRITICAL PHENOMENA). Theoretical calculations of critical exponents and equations of state have been found to be in good agreement with experimental data. Approximate values of critical exponents are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Critical exponents of thermodynamic and kinetic quantities 1 For example, the variation of density with pressure or of magnetization with magnetic field strength Note: Tc is the critical temperature TTc ...............–3/2 Heat capacity ...............3/16 Susceptibility1 ...............2 Magnetic field ...............–5/2 Magnetic moment ...............–1/2 Rayleigh line width ...............–3/2 The further development of the theory of second-order phase transitions is associated with the use of the methods of quantum field theory, particularly the renormalization group method. The method makes it possible in principle to obtain critical exponents to any required accuracy. The division of phase transitions into two orders is somewhat arbitrary, since there are first-order phase transitions with small discontinuities in heat capacity and in other quantities and small heats of transformation in the presence of highly evolved fluctuations. A phase transition is a collective phenomenon that occurs at rigorously specified values of temperature and other quantities and only in a system that has in the limit an arbitrarily large number of particles. Landau, L. D., and E. M. Lifshits. Statisticheskaia fizika, 2nd. ed. (Teoreticheskaia fizika, vol. 5.) Moscow, 1964. Landau, L. D., A. I. Akhiezer, and E. M. Lifshits. Kurs obshchei fiziki: Mekhanika i molekuliarnaia fizika, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1969. Brout, R. Fazovye perekhody. Moscow, 1967. (Translated from English.) Fisher, M. Priroda kriticheskogo sostoianiia. Moscow, 1968. (Translated from English.) Stanley, H. Fazovye perekhody i kriticheskie iavleniia. Moscow, 1973. (Translated from English.) Anisimov, M. A. “Issledovaniia kriticheskikh iavlenii v zhidko-stiakh.” Uspekhifizicheskikh nauk, 1974, vol. 114, issue 2. Patashinskii, A. Z., and V. L. Pokrovskii. Fluktuatsionnaia teoriia fazovykh perekhodov. Moscow, 1975. Kvantovaia teoriia polia i fizika fazovykh perekhodov. (Novosti fundamental’noi fiziki, fasc. 6.) Moscow, 1975. (Translated from English.) Wilson, K., and J. Kogut. Renormalizatsionnaia gruppa i ∊-razlozhenie. (Novosti fundamental’noi fiziki, fasc. 5.) Moscow, 1975. (Translated from English.)
Pass the Carbohydrates, Please Intense training can create big muscles and improve speed and performance. But heavy training can also stress athletes’ bodies, draining them of the ability to effectively repair themselves or fight off disease. Research has suggested that decreased glutamine, an amino acid formed in the body, might be one reason for impaired immune systems during intense training. These researchers attempted to understand the way carbohydrates in the diet and intensity of exercise affected glutamine levels in the blood and muscles. They tested five male bike racers during three days of intense exercise on two different diets. One diet regimen provided 45% of the calories from carbohydrates, and the other was 70% carbohydrate. At different times in the study, the athletes’ blood was drawn and their muscles were tested to see how much glutamine was present in the muscles. The study showed that the high-carbohydrate diet resulted in higher levels of glutamine in the blood throughout the days of intense exercise. Concentrations within the muscles, however, were about the same with each diet. The authors noted a small decrease in muscle glutamine while on the lower carbohydrate diet, although it wasn’t that significant. They suggest that future research should include more subjects to get a better idea of glutamine concentrations in the muscles. The study also showed that the amount of dietary carbohydrate did not affect levels of glycogen within the muscles. (Glycogen is basically extra carbohydrates stored in the muscles and liver.) Glycogen is needed to help the body form glutamine. The authors feel it is possible that their study’s restriction on eating until two hours after exercise affected this measurement. They also feel it is possible that tissue damage from the intense exercise may have kept the glycogen levels low after exercise. It appears that a diet higher in carbohydrates reduces the amount of protein taken in by the athlete. The higher carbohydrate diet seems to have had a role in the higher levels of glutamine in the blood. Further research will be needed to help athletes find a diet to maximize their health during periods of intense training.
Home School Life Journal From Preschool to High School "Let us strive to make each moment beautiful." Saint Francis DeSales World War I, part 3: American Becomes Involved ,1917-1920 World War I monument, Elkton, Maryland World War I, Hands-On Style Making a submarine model, World War I, Hands-On Style The Zimmerman Note, 1917, World War I, Hands-On Style Russia Changes Their Government The Russian army suffered terriable defeats and the war caused shortages of food in Russia. The Russian people began to starve and many blamed it on the tsar. Riots broke out and workers went on strike. Tsar Nicholas gave up his throne. By 1917, the Bolsheviks, now known as the Communists, led by Lenin seized power and made peace with Germany. We learned a lot about ships and submarines or U-boats this week. First we review the things we had learned four years ago when we had studied this period before and made boats and submarines.Then we learned about it in more detail. Britain had blockaded German ports when it declared war. Britain hoped to lure Germany into a Naval battle since that was Britain's strength.The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany. By 1917, Germany announced that any ship would be sunk on sight. Germany wanted Britain to withdraw from the war by depriving the island of food and other supplies. The figured that their best chance of winning the war would be if Britain opted out, France alone could be defeated, and that this had to be achieved before the US entered the war. America Enters the War Outraged by the sinking of the ships without warning, especially the Lusitania, America considered entering the war. Then a coded message to the German Ambassador in Mexico was intercepted by British Intelligence and decoded. It suggested that if Mexico entered into a war with America, Germany would give Mexico Texas. America enters the war by sending troops to France and eventually engage in 13 campaigns, during the period 1917–1918. As a writing activity, students can write a series ofdiary entries from a soldier's point of view. Start with one at enlistment and then others that describe being in the war. A good example of how to do this can be found at ABC'S to ACT's. Woodrow Wilson delivers his 14 points speech. President Woodrow Wilson 28th President Served: 1913-1921 Party: Democrat Wife died in 1914; he remarried in 1915 Federal Reserve Act passed – one government owned central bank Struggled to keep America out of World War 1, until his second term in 1917 Oct. 1919, suffered a stroke that left him almost totally incapacitated – This was kept from the public by his wife Home in Washington, D.C. now a museum, the Woodrow Wilson House and the $100,000 bill Treaty of Versailles, 1919 Treaties are signed and the League of Nations is formed. For Our Timeline: Pancho Villa, the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920 Father Flanagan and Boy's Town, 1917 Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 maps from Knowledge Quest Comparison of countries in Europe from 1914-1918 and 1919 to 1929. Walt Disney Walt Disney Walt Disney was a teenager during WWI. He became the cartoonist for his school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage. After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross. Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918. Notice his sketch on the ambulance. related posts: sources and inspiration: • Hero Over Here, A Story of World War I, Kathleen V. Kudlinski (This is actually more about the Flu Epidemic than the war, but it does touch on the flavor of the war, too.) 1. I didn't know Walt Disney was involved in WW1, that's kinda cool. 2. Anonymous6.4.13 Loving all your hands on stuff. I am so looking forward to studying modern history!
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel ESL Icebreakers for Adults - Get Moving Updated on August 3, 2015 ESL icebreakers are great to start off a class, to get students moving after a break, or to wake them up at the end of class. These ESL icebreakers for adults get your students out of their seat! Moving the body will move blood to the brain and hopefully get your students motivated to speak in English. Getting students out of their seats can be easy and fun! 1. True/False Walls Clear the tables and chairs to the side because you will need space. One side of the room is TRUE and the other side is FALSE. Say a sentence and students have to tell you what they think the answer is by physically moving to that side of the room. Instead of TRUE/ FALSE, you can use: YES/NO or ADJECTIVE/ NOUN, PRESENT/ PAST, NEWS/ GOSSIP, or.....the possibilities are endless. 2. Headline News You'll need the local free newspaper so you can cut up the photos of the top stories. Then number the pictures and post them around the room. In pairs students go around the room and discuss what they think the headline or caption of the photo is. After you can reveal and even give each pair the news story so they can summarize and retell to groups. At the end they will all know a bit more about what is happening in the country they are studying in and around the world. 3. Discussion Circles Students stand in two circles. The outer circle is facing in and the inner circle is facing out so they each have a partner. Give students 5 minutes to discuss a topic that you provide or answer a conversation starter. STOP. The inner circle moves along one so they do the same with a new partner. Possible topics: Environment, Movies, Travel, Internet, Games, Marriage, Education. 4. Fruit Basket Put the chairs in a circle and then remove one chair so one person is standing in the middle. Each person says a fruit, it is not a problem if they say the same fruit as someone else and you can even tell them that they can tell them to only use 5-6 fruit if they are beginners. The person in the middle says a fruit such as "Apples and Bananas". Then all of the students who are apples and bananas must stand up and find a new seat. The person in the middle also looks for a seat. Someone will be left standing. The person in the middle can also say "Fruit Basket" and then everyone must stand and find a new seat. This may seem young and childish but I've played this before with great success with ESL adults of all ages. Remember to set the rules that they cannot move to a seat that is beside them. 5. Guess the Word Have students stand back to back in pairs. One student has a list of 10 words and they have to explain the words to his/her partner who guesses. There is no body language or gesture so they have to be good at describing and listen carefully to each other. Everyone in the class is doing the same so the class becomes vibrant with English speaking words and guesses. You can create lists based on topics or vocabulary they have studied, or random. It's good to give each pair a different list. When it's time to switch they change lists with another partner. Laminate your cards and you can use them again and again in all of your classes. 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment No comments yet. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. (Privacy Policy) Google AdSenseThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Index ExchangeThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) SovrnThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Facebook AdsThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) AppNexusThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) OpenxThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) Rubicon ProjectThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy) TripleLiftThis is an ad network. (Privacy Policy)
False flag From Issuepedia Jump to: navigation, search A false flag is, essentially, a misrepresentation of nationality or allegiance in an operation of national, military, or political significance -- leading to the appearance that an operation was carried out by operatives of a particular organization in order to inspire negative sentiment towards that organization. It is basically a form of smear tactic. Historical Examples The sinking of the USS Maine (1898), later determined to have been accidental, was used by the mainstream media of the time -- i.e. newspapers owned by Hearst and Pulitzer -- to prevent a peaceful resolution of existing disputes with Spain, in spite of the lack of clear evidence, and is generally seen as being a precipitating cause of the Spanish-American War which began two months later. (This is where the cry "Remember the Maine!" comes from.) The papers essentially painted a false Spanish flag over an incident whose causes were not yet known. 1933: While responsibility for the Reichstag Fire has never been conclusively placed, there does not appear to be any evidence of the vast Communist plot for which the incident was used as evidence and thence justification for suspending key parts of the Weimar Constitution, which in turn allowed the arrest of the Communist delegates in the German Parliament, leaving the Nazi Party a majority. 1939: Nazi operatives attacked the radio tower at Gleiwitz (at that time a German town) while posing as Polish nationals -- creating the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany and therefore popular support for the Nazi invasion of Poland. 1962: Operation Northwoods (1962) was a CIA plan to blame Cuba for a terrorist attack as a pretext for a "justified war" against them. A number of implementations were suggested, but all were rejected by President Kennedy. The existence of these plans only became public knowledge in 1997. ~2011: "Black bloc" provocateurs break shop windows during Occupy protests in various cities, leading newspapers to report or imply that the Occupy protesters were violent and destructive. (Possibly 2017: Black bloc actors again pose as anti-fascists while using fascistic tactics (attacking without provocation) at a small right-wing protest in Berkeley, CA. It appears that although most of the BB were in fact antifa legitimately chasing known fascists out of town, at least one or two of them were right-wing provocateurs; it's not clear yet who did what to whom.) Issuepedia Usage In the years after the 9/11 attacks, the term false flag has been increasingly used to refer to any deadly event, not necessarily directly perpetrated by the "flagging" government but possibly merely encouraged or permitted by them, and then carefully blamed on a particular target (government or other threat) so as to build domestic support for a war on the blamed party. Issuepedia uses the term engineered provocation for this meaning, as there may or may not be an actual "false flag" involved. Related Pages version 2 to file
URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19399.htm The structure of a joint The structure of a joint Joints, particularly hinge joints like the elbow and the knee, are complex structures made up of bone, muscles, synovium, cartilage, and ligaments that are designed to bear weight and move the body through space. The knee consists of the femur (thigh bone) above, and the tibia (shin bone) and fibula below. The kneecap (patella) glides through a shallow groove on the front part of the lower thigh bone. Ligaments and tendons connect the three bones of the knee, which are contained in the joint capsule (synovium) and are cushioned by cartilage. Review Date 1/29/2018
Federal hatchery raises a mountain of trout US - In Arkansas, they coddle a lot of trout. In one federal hatchery alone, 1.3 million, or 500,000 pounds, of trout are reared each year. Situated below the humongous dam at Norfork Lake in the Ozark Mountains, the Norfork National Fishery Hatchery boasts some other big numbers and features. The main configuration is a straight field of 96 raceways, each a couple of feet wide and some 30 feet long. The raceways, where young trout swim, are infused with 24,000 gallons of water a minute - which comes at that speed from 100 feet below the surface of Norfork Lake. On the top of the hill overlooking the net of raceways are two aerator buildings. The cold lake water (44 F.) is gravity fed into the aerators and the oxygen-rich flow slides down massive outdoor pipes - like those used to transport oil across desert fields. The rejuvenated water is what the young trout rely on. And there is more. In the main building are indoor incubation tanks - at least I’d call them that. Tiny fish are put into long rectangular spas and allowed to grow to about two or three inches before being thrown in the foremost flume at the tender age of four months. But the weird science show is actually in another room, the egg hatchery room. In a darkened space, three giant, glowing jars sit by a cold wall above a moist cement floor. In each two-foot high ewer is a swirling mass of eggs, like some kind of living lava lamp. The eggs are orange, like old-fashioned creamsicles, and if you bend down close to the glass, you see the individual living pellets. But the awe of a miracle doesn’t stop there. Inside every viable egg are two black dots - each half the size of a pepper flake. The dots are the embryos’ eyes. All at once, you realize thousands of eyes are looking at your glass-distorted face. The mind boggles at the thought of how all this unformed life might be reacting. After showing me around the more visited features, Kenneth W. Boyles, the manager of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hatchery at Mountain Home, takes me up to the aerator buildings. Even before he completely opens the door to the larger of the two, the noise is overwhelming. It’s the unmistakable sound of rushing water, but overgrown like a giant waterfall, like the sound heard at the bottom of Niagara Falls. Strange, too, because as Boyles tells me, there are no generating motors in the aerator buildings. Electricity is not part of the process. A series of large vertical pipes are cut with open bottoms and the water foams in powerful torrents to huge drains across the grated floor. Put together the open pipes look like the exhaust of a powerful rocket, except it’s not fire being emitted, but water. In this process, ox ygen is added and the cold, reinfused water serves the system’s growing trout. Source: The Mercury the Fish Site Editor Learn more
No April Fools: A falling space lab could hit the Midwest and this is what the public could see's Chris Gebhardt Chris Gebhardt of joins the Matt Bubala Show to talk about Tiangong-1, China’s falling space lab. This estimate went from a nine day window to a four day window, where the most likely day will be April 1. The time of day is uncertain, but if it happens at night, it’s possible to see a fireball in the sky. Gebhardt says Tiangong-1 is China’s first space station prototype, since they are not part of the International Space Program. This space station has helped China learn how to dock and live for a period of time on it. However, it has used all of its useful propellent, and unlike a tracked NASA spacecraft, there is no certainty where it could crash. “We are totally relying on gravity, it’s hard to predict,” Gebhardt says. Factors that could come into play are atmospheric conditions and how fast the spacecraft is falling. It’s about nineteen thousand pounds and most of the spacecraft is expected to burn up before it even re-enters the surface of the Earth. However, since there have been situations where this has happened in the past, NASA needs to make the public aware. “Some parts that could survive re-entry are the heavier elements in the engine,” Gebhardt says. While there have been no confirmed cases of space debris injuring someone or causing property damage, Gebhardt says it’s still important to talk about. In the event parts may turn up in your backyard, Gebhardt says the debris could be toxic and local authorities should be called immediately.
Knowing When Your Expectations of Your Child Aren’t Realistic Sometimes for parents, and even therapists, it’s difficult to know when our expectations for a certain child are unreasonable. Complicating this is the reality that every child develops according to their own unique time table. So how do we know if our expectations are unrealistic? We sat down for a conversation with Jamie Waldvogel, BCBA, and founder of Minneapolis-area based ABA practice Behave Your Best, to pick her brain for answers to this question. As Jamie explained, “The conservative way to approach the situation is to assume that if the child is showing unwanted behavior, our expectation is probably too big right now.” That’s right… Current, recurring unwanted behavior usually means a child lacks the skills or motivation to meet our expectations. That doesn’t mean your child will never be able to achieve the change you hope to see. For right now, however, they need help working through some additional steps in order to get there. So what’s a parent to do? Featured Programs: Pepperdine University - Online Master's in Applied Behavior Analysis. GRE scores are not required to apply. BehaviorAnalysis@Simmons - MS in Behavior Analysis online. No GRE required. BACB®-Verified Course Sequence. Capella University - MS in Applied Behavior Analysis Saint Joseph's University - Online Bachelor's or Master's Behavior Analysis Degrees and Certificates George Mason University - Online Applied Behavior Analysis Graduate Certificate Recognizing Skill Limitations Versus Stubbornness If we ask a child to perform long division and they can’t figure it out, we don’t get mad and punish them. Instead, we assume they simply lack the necessary skills in that area. In the same way, it isn’t reasonable to punish or scold a child who fails to “eat politely” or “ask kindly” just because they haven’t mastered these skills yet. Jamie says that toilet training offers a great example of where things can go awry: Mom starts teaching Ava to use the potty chair … Ava has some success with this new skill … Mom backs off on reminding Ava to use the potty chair … Ava starts having accidents … Mom gets frustrated, because it appears that Ava knows what to do, but just won’t do it, so she thinks the child is being obstinate or engaging in a power struggle. What went wrong? After a few successes, Mom started expecting Ava to initiate using the toilet on her own. If Ava knows what to do so when Mom provides cues, then she should know what to do on her own, right?. Some kids will make the leap from parent-initiated toilet use to self-initiated use, but the reality is that many won’t. In these cases they need continued practice with appropriate toilet training methods as well as help learning to recognize when they need to use the toilet so they can go and ask Mom or Dad for help. If you’re feeling stuck, fear not– all is not lost. Jamie says that ABA’s see toilet training issues fairly often, so even if it seems like you’ve tried everything, consulting with a professional may turn up some new ideas…or help you know whether or not your child simply needs a bit more time working on their skills. Understanding What Motivates Your Child So maybe Mom and Ava worked with their local BCBA and broke down the skills she was still missing. Now she knows how to use the toilet when needed, but she just isn’t doing so consistently. What’s missing? Think about it from Ava’s perspective: • Ava is playing with her favorite set of legos. • Ava feels the need to urinate. • Ava realizes that in order to urinate, she needs to leave her legos. • If Ava urinates in her pants, right there, she can keep playing with her legos—Mom might not even realize there is a problem until Ava finishes the castle she is building. • Ava decides it is preferable to stay where she is and urinate. The motivation to keep building her castle is stronger than the motivation to avoid wetting herself, so Ava stays where she is. This means that Mom needs to find some positive reinforcers to help increase Ava’s motivation to use the toilet. A common one is offering a small piece of candy or preferred food item every time Ava successfully uses the toilet. This reinforcer will slowly be phased out as Ava begins using the toilet consistently. Recognizing That Children Often Develop Skills at a Different Pace We all know that every child is unique, but sometimes we unconsciously place expectations on our children based on the timetable their siblings or a friend’s child followed. Jamie says that regardless of whether your child is typically developing or working through a developmental disorder, recognizing their individuality is essential. She shares the example of a family who discovered this with their own two children. In order to have a good day, the oldest child needed advance prompts of anything that would be happening… or anything he’d be expected to do. So the parents would say, “First we’re going to do this, and then this, etc.”. Their second child, however, responded completely differently to these prompts. Hearing the prompts aroused anxiety, which fed problem behaviors. “So what works really well for their firstborn,” says Jamie, “causes the unwanted behavior in their second born.” So maybe your firstborn—or your friend’s child, or all of the other kids in your therapy practice—learned to fall asleep without help or to navigate transitions at school with no real drama. That’s great! But realistically, some kids will face more challenges and if we base our expectations on comparisons we will only become frustrated, and by projecting that frustration, cause the child to experience anxiety. True progress happens when we recognize the limitations of a child’s current skills, take an honest look at what motivates their behaviors, and ultimately, adjust our expectations to the individual.
This question deals with the historical and contemporary definitions of worthy and unworthy poor. Evaluate what populations might have been considered "unworthy" poor in earlier eras but considered "worthy" poor now. Example: Single parents, orphans from economically disadvantaged families. Best answer When it comes to family, friends, co-workers, and others we trust, we normally assess actions. With people we know less well, however, especially strangers and entire groups, we quickly... view the full answer Get this answer with Chegg Study
Way of Knowing: Lesson Six - Question One What is the difference between joy and pleasure, and why do a lot of spiritual traditions denounce pleasure? It is a very wise question you’ve been prompted to ask in your willingness to be a creator. Hmm! There is, indeed, a difference between joy and pleasure. In your human realm, in the realm of the body-mind, joy and pleasure are often deeply confused. And so the mind becomes hoodwinked into pursuing pleasure, believing it will find joy. How, then, to distinguish between the two? Pleasure is dependent on a specific energetic state temporarily passing through the nervous system of the body. Joy is a quality of recognition in the Spirit, or the Deep Mind, or the Heart, that transcends all conditions. A mind that is awake can know joy in the midst of what appears to be the hardships that can pass by in life. By way of my own experience as a man upon your plane, your world would say that my crucifixion was a very painful experience. There was a lot going on in the body, but I was in a state of joy, not a state of pleasure. When I danced and sang and drank some wine and broke bread with my friends, I experienced pleasure. That is, the food substances, the vibrations of the music, created a temporary pattern of energy in the nervous system that elicited certain reactions within the brain-mind and the body itself — pleasurable sensations. I learned, because I was taught to learn, that pleasure is exactly the same as pain in this regard. It has a beginning and an end, and it passes through the physical body and the nervous system and the brain, and that’s it. I learned that joy was becoming free of all illusions of separation. Imagine that the depth of your mind was truly like a spacious ocean that could contain all waves that arise within the field of the body-mind without any resistance at all, without being disturbed in its depth. There could be a great storm on the surface, but the depth of the ocean is undisturbed. Joy is a quality of awareness that is brought about through the release of illusions and the correction of how the mind thinks and how the heart feels. Joy is a quality of being that is not dependent on health or disease, money or poverty, birth, death, loss, or gain. To gain something in the world does not increase joy. It may, temporarily, give you pleasure. That should give you enough to think about in regard to that part of your question. Why have certain spiritual traditions denounced or sought to have their practitioners get out of the pleasure trap? Well, frankly, just because of this. Because the human mind equates pleasure with joy. And therefore, when unpleasurable sensations, such as sadness, such as confusion or doubt, or such as a physical sensation from an illness is passing through the body, the mind wants to get out of that state and create a different state. But that is merely the realm of duality in which there is no freedom. True joy comes when no passing state of feeling in the body is denied or judged, but rather, embraced and experienced because that mind realizes it is not the passing state — it is not limited or identified with the passing state. The joy-filled mind can cry like no one has ever cried before. The joy-filled mind can embrace sadness to the depth, the greatest depth, that could be imagined. The joy-filled mind is the mind that observes all things, trusts all things, allows all things, embraces all things, transcends all things. Joy, then, is a quality of Knowingness. Pleasure is a physiological state — very temporary — of the body-mind. Why, then, would any spiritual teacher say, Be very careful. Don’t seek pleasure. Simply because the mind can become addicted to confusing joy and pleasure. And therefore, whenever things aren’t going right, it will try to recreate a temporary pleasurable state in the body. But all that does is continue the rut of the mind’s misidentifying itself as the body. It keeps it in the realm of temporality and not in the realm of the eternal. Now does that mean that you should refuse pleasure? Absolutely not! Just don’t seek it. What do I mean by that? I have said to you many times that the body cannot be used to get. It can only be used to give. The Healed Mind does not need to use the body to get anything, for It sees that the body is merely a temporary communication device. It receives communications from other forms of life, other beings — rocks, trees, and human beings, and the wind and the waves and the stars — and It communicates Itself, It communicates Mind, through the body. Many, for instance, in the realm of sexuality, are trying to use the body to get something called the pleasurable state because they think that pleasure is the same as joy. But the Awakened Mind, no longer misidentifying joy and pleasure, allows pleasurable states to pass through the body-mind, but only as a secondary effect of Its decision to use the body to enjoin with sexuality for the sole purpose of communicating to another: I see you in your perfect innocence and would celebrate it by joining with you whole-bodily. So It is involved in giving, and the pleasurable states, that may or may not come and are always perhaps a little different, are only secondary. And that afterward, that Mind doesn’t give it a second thought. It doesn’t say, Wow. The lights and bells and whistles didn’t come on. It just wasn’t what it should have been. That kind of mind is involved in getting, because it needs pleasure, because it believes that pleasure is the same as joy. Joy is the recognition that, I and my Father are One. And in all contexts, I can choose Love over fear. Therefore, indeed, there is a reason that many spiritual traditions have warned its students about the pleasure thing. Often that has gotten misinterpreted and gone beyond the point of its usefulness. If a mind denies or suppresses pleasure, it has the same effect as the mind that becomes addicted to pleasurable states. It will put out as much energy to resist a passing physiological state as the addicted mind will put into seeking pleasurable states. Either one is imprisonment. Therefore, my suggestion for you is: Do not seek pleasure, but rather, seek the Kingdom. Be the presence of Love. And when pleasurable sensations pass through your awareness in the body-mind, notice them, accept them, and be done with them. Just like when so-called unpleasurable states — sadness, anger, fear, whatever it is that is arising — notice it, embrace it, let it pass through. Get on with being the presence of Love. Does that help you in regard to your question? Response: Yes. Jeshua: Did it bring any illumination? Response: [laughing] Yes. Jeshua: Then indeed, beloved friend, remember: The body simply cannot accomplish getting anything. It can be used for grand things — the extension of Love. That, in itself, usually will generate acceptable, passing, pleasurable sensations. Do you have anything else, then?
The four-year European Total Diet Study (TDS) will analyze a wide variety of food stuffs for an array of contaminants, such as heavy metals and minerals. The selection of products is based on national consumption data and will allow estimating total dietary exposure to the selected contaminants which can be used towards a better risk assessment. The study has the advantage that measurements will be based on real food stuffs rather than food simulants. However, analysis will be limited to those substances for which sufficiently good analytical methods exist. Compounds eventually measured will be a mix of contamination from the original food itself, residues of processing aids and detergents, as well as migration from food contact materials. 27 institutions in 19 European countries participate in the project which is scheduled to be completed in early 2016. Read more: Federal Institute of Risk Assessment, Germany (BfR)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 7th Edition Published by McGraw-Hill Education ISBN 10: 007351117X ISBN 13: 978-0-07351-117-7 Chapter 10 - Problems: 10.87 -583 kJ/mol Work Step by Step Compute moles of N2H2: 6.50 g / 30.0298 g/mol = 0.21645 mol Determine enthalpy per mol: 126.2 kJ / 0.21645 mol = 583 kJ/mol (to three sig figs) Since the reaction is exothermic, the final answer is: -583 kJ/mol Update this answer! Update this answer
• volcano Shishaldin is a classic volcanic cone. Volcanoes . . . IN SPACE! The largest volcano known to humanity is not actually on Earth! Olympus Mons is a dormant shield volcano on Mars that is taller than three Mount Everests and is about as wide as the entire Hawaiian Islands chain. The most volcanically active body in our solar system is not Earth at all. It’s Jupiter’s moon Io. At any one time, Io has 400 active volcanoes, which can shoot plumes up to 500 kilometers (300 miles) into outer space! In 2001, a volcano in Io’s Surt region produced the largest eruption ever recorded, covering 1,900 square kilometers (1,180 square miles), an area larger than the city of Los Angeles. Decade Volcanoes The “Decade Volcanoes” form a list of what could be considered the most hazardous volcanoes on the planet. The 16 decade volcanoes are: • Avachinsky-Koryaksky, Russia • Colima, Mexico • Etna, Italy • Galeras, Colombia • Mauna Loa, USA • Merapi, Indonesia • Nyiragongo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo • Rainier, USA • Sakurajima, Japan • Santa Maria/Santiaguito, Guatemala • Santorini, Greece • Taal, Philippines • Teide, Spain (Canary Islands) • Ulawun, Papau New Guinea • Unzen, Japan • Vesuvius, Italy Subglacial Eruptions One of the most mysterious types of volcanic eruptions is a subglacial eruption, which takes place on ice-covered volcanoes. Subglacial eruptions often result in flooding, as glaciers are heated by hot magma and volcanic gas. This sudden, violent flooding of glacial meltwater is called a jökulhlaup. Volcanic Deities Volcanoes are such powerful forces of nature that many cultures in volcanically active regions have sophisticated mythologies supporting gods and goddesses of volcanoes. • Vulcan (for whom volcanoes are named) is a Roman god. • Hephaestus is a Greek god from whom Vulcan developed. • Pele is a Hawaiian goddess. • Ruaumoko is a Maori god. • Xiahtecuhtli is an Aztec god. • Ayanju is a Yoruba orisha, or deity. • Kagu-Tsuchi is a Japanese kami, or spirit. A volcano is a feature in Earth’s crust where molten rock is squeezed out onto the Earth’s surface. This molten rock is called magma when it is beneath the surface and lava when it erupts, or flows out, from a volcano. Along with lava, volcanoes also release gases, ash, and solid rock Volcanoes come in many different shapes and sizes but are most commonly cone-shaped hills or mountains. They are found throughout the world, forming ridges deep below the sea surface and mountains that are thousands of meters high. About 1,900 volcanoes on Earth are considered active, meaning they show some level of occasional activity and are likely to erupt again. Many others are dormant volcanoes, showing no current signs of exploding but likely to become active at some point in the future. Others are considered extinct Volcanoes are incredibly powerful agents of change. Eruptions can create new landforms, but can also destroy everything in their path. About 350 million people (or about one out of every 20 people in the world) live within the “danger range” of an active volcano. Volcanologists closely monitor volcanoes so they can better predict impending eruptions and prepare nearby populations for potential volcanic hazards that could endanger their safety. Plate Tectonics Most volcanoes form at the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates. These plates are huge slabs of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle, which fit together like pieces of a puzzle. These plates are not fixed, but are constantly moving at a very slow rate. They move only a few centimeters per year. Sometimes, the plates collide with one another or move apart. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. The two types of plate boundaries that are most likely to produce volcanic activity are divergent plate boundaries and convergent plate boundaries. Divergent Plate Boundaries At a divergent boundary, tectonic plates move apart from one another. They never really separate because magma continuously moves up from the mantle into this boundary, building new plate material on both sides of the plate boundary The Atlantic Ocean is home to a divergent plate boundary, a place called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Here, the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates are moving in opposite directions. Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hot magma swells upward and becomes part of the North American and Eurasian plates. The upward movement and eventual cooling of this buoyant magma creates high ridges on the ocean floor. These ridges are interconnected, forming a continuous volcanic mountain range nearly 60,000 kilometers (37,000 miles)—the longest in the world. Another divergent plate boundary is the East Pacific Rise, which separates the massive Pacific plate from the Nazca, Cocos, and North American plates. Vents and fractures (also called fissures) in these mid-ocean ridges allow magma and gases to escape into the ocean. This submarine volcanic activity accounts for roughly 75% of the average annual volume of magma that reaches the Earth’s crust. Most submarine volcanoes are found on ridges thousands of meters below the ocean surface. Some ocean ridges reach the ocean surface and create landforms. The island of Iceland is a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The diverging Eurasian and North American plates caused the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull (in 2010) and Bardarbunga (in 2014). These eruptions were preceded by significant rifting and cracking on the ground surface, which are also emblematic of diverging plate movement. Of course, divergent plate boundaries also exist on land. The East African Rift is an example of a single tectonic plate being ripped in two. Along the Horn of Africa, the African plate is tearing itself into what is sometimes called the Nubian plate (to the west, including most of the current African plate) and the Somali plate (to the east, including the Horn of Africa and the western Indian Ocean). Along this divergent plate boundary are volcanoes such as Mount Nyiragongo, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Mount Kilimanjaro, in Kenya. Convergent Plate Boundaries At a convergent plate boundary, tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. Oftentimes, this collision forces the denser plate edge to subduct, or sink beneath the plate edge that is less dense. These subduction zones can create deep trenches. As the denser plate edge moves downward, the pressure and temperature surrounding it increases, which causes changes to the plate that melt the mantle above, and the melted rock rises through the plate, sometimes reaching its surface as part of a volcano. Over millions of years, the rising magma can create a series of volcanoes known as a volcanic arc. The majority of volcanic arcs can be found in the Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped string of about 425 volcanoes that edges the Pacific Ocean. If you were to drain the water out of the Pacific Ocean, you would see a series of deep canyons (trenches) running parallel to corresponding volcanic islands and mountain ranges. The Aleutian Islands, stretching from Alaska to Russia in the Bering Sea, for instance, run parallel to the Aleutian Trench, formed as the Pacific plate subducts under the North American plate. The Aleutian Islands have 27 of the United States’ 65 historically active volcanoes. The mighty Andes Mountains of South America run parallel to the Peru-Chile Trench. These mountains are continually built up as the Nazca plate subducts under the South American plate. The Andes Mountains include the world’s highest active volcano, Nevados Ojos del Salado, which rises to 6,879 meters (over 22,500 feet) along the Chile-Argentina border. Hot Spots For many years, scientists have been trying to explain why some volcanoes exist thousands of kilometers away from tectonic plate boundaries. The dominant theory, framed by Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963, states that these volcanoes are created by exceptionally hot areas fixed deep below Earth’s mantle. These hot spots are able to independently melt the tectonic plate above them, creating magma that erupts onto the top of the plate. In hot spots beneath the ocean, the tectonic activity creates a volcanic mound. Over millions of years, volcanic mounds can grow until they reach sea level and create a volcanic island. The volcanic island moves as part of its tectonic plate. The hot spot stays put, however. As the volcano moves farther from the hot spot, it goes extinct and eventually erodes back into the ocean. A new and active volcano develops over the hot spot, creating a continuous cycle of volcanism—and a string of volcanic islands tracing the tectonic plate’s movement over time. For Wilson and many scientists, the best example of hot spot volcanism is the Hawaiian Islands. Experts think this volcanic chain of islands has been forming for at least 70 million years over a hot spot underneath the Pacific plate. Of all the inhabited Hawaiian Islands, Kauai is located farthest from the presumed hot spot and has the most eroded and oldest volcanic rocks, dated at 5.5 million years. Meanwhile, on the “Big Island” of Hawaii—still fueled by the hot spot—the oldest rocks are less than 0.7 million years old and volcanic activity continues to create new land. Hot spots can also create terrestrial volcanoes. The Yellowstone Supervolcano, for instance, sits over a hot spot in the middle of the North American plate, with a series of ancient calderas stretching across southern Idaho. The Yellowstone hot spot fuels the geysers, hot springs, and other geologic activity at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. While some data seem to prove Wilson’s hot spot theory, more recent scientific studies suggest that these hot spots may be found at more shallow depths in the Earth’s mantle and may migrate slowly over geologic time rather than stay fixed in the same spot. Principal Types of Volcanoes While volcanoes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, they all share a few key characteristics. All volcanoes are connected to a reservoir of molten rock, called a magma chamber, below the surface of the Earth. When pressure inside the chamber builds up, the buoyant magma travels out a surface vent or series of vents, through a central interior pipe or series of pipes. These eruptions, which vary in size, material, and explosiveness, create different types of volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are some of the most easily recognizable and imposing volcanoes, with steep, conic peaks rising up to several thousand meters above the landscape. Also known as composite volcanoes, they are made up of layers of lava, volcanic ash, and fragmented rocks. These layers are built up over time as the volcano erupts through a vent or group of vents at the summit’s crater Mount Rainier is an impressive stratovolcano that rises 4,392 meters (14,410 feet) above sea level just south of Seattle, Washington. Over the past half million years, Mount Rainier has produced a series of alternating lava eruptions and debris eruptions. These eruptions have given Mount Rainier the classic layered structure and conic shape of a composite volcano. The volcano’s peak has also been carved down by a series of glaciers, giving it a craggy and rugged shape. Volcan de Fuego and Acatenango are a pair of stratovolcanoes that stand more than 3,700 meters (12,000 feet) above sea level near Antigua, Guatemala. While the volcanoes are considered twins because of their similar shape and size, they are made of different types of lava and have distinct eruption histories. While Acatenango erupts infrequently today, Fuego is considered to be the most active volcano in Central America, erupting more than 60 times since 1524. Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes are built almost exclusively of lava, which flows out in all directions during an eruption. These flows, made of highly fluid basalt lava, spread over great distances and cool in thin layers. Over time, the layers build up and create a gently sloping dome that looks like a warrior’s shield. While they are not as eye-catching as their steep stratovolcano cousins, shield volcanoes are often much larger in volume because of their broad, expansive structure. Shield volcanoes make up the entirety of the Hawaiian Islands. The Kilauea and Mauna Loa shield volcanoes, located on the “Big Island” of Hawaii, rise from the ocean floor more than 4,500 meters (15,000 feet) below sea level. The summit of Mauna Loa stands at 4,168 meters (13,677 feet) above sea level and more than 8,500 meters (28,000 feet) above the ocean floor, making it the world’s largest active volcano—and, by some accounts, the world’s tallest mountain. The smaller volcano, Kilauea, has been erupting continuously since 1983, making it one of the world’s most active volcanoes. The Galapagos Islands are also made up of a series of shield volcanoes. Isabela and Fernandina islands have flatter tops than other shield volcanoes because lava erupts from fissures around their tops and along ridges at their bases. As a result, the volcanoes rise at the top and grow outward at the bottom—but not in the middle, making them look like an “inverted soup bowl.” Pyroclastic Cones Pyroclastic cones are the most prolific type of volcano on Earth. They can develop as part of stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, or independently. Also known as cinder cones, they form after violent eruptions blow lava into the air. In the atmosphere, the lava fragments solidify and fall as “cinders” around a singular vent. Often formed from a single eruption or short series of eruptions, pyroclastic cones only stand at heights of tens of meters to hundreds of meters. Parícutin, Mexico, is a unique pyroclastic cone. It was the first volcano to be studied for its entire life cycle. Emerging from a cornfield in 1943, Parícutin’s explosive eruptions caused it to reach 80% of its height of 424 meters (1,391 feet) during its first year of activity. In that time, lava and ash buried the nearby town of San Juan. Over the next eight years, Parícutin built the remainder of its cone—and then went quiet. Geologists learned a great deal about the evolution of volcanoes in Parícutin’s short, nine-year life. Lava Domes Lava domes are like shield volcanoes in that they are built entirely of lava. This lava, however, is too thick and sticky to move great distances. It just piles up around the volcano vent. Lava domes are often found on the summit or flanks of a volcano, but they can also develop independently. Like pyroclastic cones, they only reach a few hundred meters, as they are formed during singular eruptions or slow lava releases. One of the most iconic lava domes developed after the devastating 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique. For almost a year, a lava dome grew out of a summit crater created from the eruption, reaching a height of more than 300 meters (1,000 feet). Known as the Tower of Pelée, the obelisk-shaped structure was twice the height of the Washington Monument. It ultimately collapsed into a pile of rubble after 11 months of growth. Other Important Volcanic Features Some volcanoes experience such large, explosive eruptions that they release most of the material in their magma chamber. This causes the land around the erupting vent or vents to collapse inwardly, creating circular depressions called calderas. Depending on their intensity and duration, volcanic eruptions can create calderas as much as 100 kilometers wide. Crater Lake, Oregon, is in a caldera about 10 kilometers (6 miles) wide. Crater Lake’s caldera resulted from an eruption that occurred more than 7,000 years ago. The volcano's magma chamber collapsed, then filled with water from rain and snow, creating the lake. Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States. Deception Island, located off the coast of Antarctica, experienced a violent eruption roughly 10,000 years ago. The volcano summit collapsed, forming a caldera 7 kilometers (4.4 miles) wide and flooded with seawater. The caldera gives Deception Island its horseshoe shape, which opens to the sea through a narrow channel. Deception Island’s unique geologic structure makes it one of the only places in the world where ocean vessels can sail directly into an active volcano. Much like calderas, craters are depressions left after a volcano experiences a large eruption. While calderas are formed by the collapse of material inside a volcano, craters are formed as materials explode out from a volcano. Craters are usually much smaller than calderas, only extending to a maximum of about one kilometer (.62 mile) in diameter Many volcanoes have multiple craters caused by different eruptions. The Maly Semiachik volcano, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula in far eastern Russia, has six craters at its summit. The youngest of these craters, Troitsky, filled in with water and snowmelt, creating a lake 140 meters (459 feet) deep. The lake is highly acidic, as volcanic gases continue to be released into the water from the active volcano below. Lava lakes are also found in volcanic craters. Erta Ale, a volcano in Ethiopia, has a lava lake in its summit crater. Lava lakes are where magma has bubbled up to the surface and pooled in a crater. Volcanologists can fly over Erta Ale’s summit crater to see how the lava lake is behaving and predict future behavior. Types of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic eruptions are as diverse as volcanoes themselves—which is to say, very diverse! Some of the ways volcanologists have classified these eruptions are based on the heights they reach, the types of materials they eject, and the explosiveness of these ejections. Hawaiian eruptions are the calmest eruption type. They are characterized by steady lava eruptions known as lava fountains or fire fountains. Lava fountains are able to reach heights of up to 2 kilometers (1.2 miles). The highly fluid lava associated with Hawaiian eruptions flows easily away from the volcano summit, often creating fiery rivers and lakes of lava within depressions on the surrounding landscape. These eruptions are named after the Hawaiian Islands, where they most often occur. Kilauea, which has been erupting continuously since 1983, has produced lava flows covering more than 100 square kilometers (37 square miles) on the island of Hawaii. These flows continuously destroy houses and communities in their path, while also adding new coastline to the island. Strombolian eruptions are characterized by short-lived outbursts of lava rather than steady fountaining. The lava is thicker and has a higher gas content than that of Hawaiian eruptions. Large gas bubbles rise from the magma chamber, pushing the pasty lava upward until the bubbles explode at the summit vent. These explosions can reach heights up to 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) although most don’t go higher than a few hundred meters into the air. Strombolian eruptions are named after the Mediterranean island of Stromboli, Italy. Considered by many to be the most active volcano on Earth, Stromboli has been erupting almost continuously for 2,000 years. The island’s eruptions are almost always Strombolian in nature: Small gas explosions eject blobs of lava into the air a couple of times per hour. Vulcanian eruptions are short-lived but much more explosive than Strombolian eruptions. Very thick lava causes gas pressure to build up in the magma chamber. When this pressure is finally released it creates canon-like explosions that can travel faster than 350 meters per second (800 miles per hour). Lava, rock, and ash are propelled up to 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) in the air, although most eruption columns are between 5 and 10 kilometers high. These plumes of material have the ability to drift moderate distances away from the eruption site. The 2013 vulcanian eruption of Sakurajima, on the island of Kyushu, Japan, covered the nearby city of Kagoshima in a thick coat of ash. Reaching as high as 50 kilometers (35 miles) in the atmosphere, Plinian eruptions are the largest of all eruption types. Much like vulcanian eruptions, they eject materials at speeds of hundreds of meters per second. Plinian eruptions, however, are more sustained than the coughing fits of vulcanian eruptions. These consistent eruptions result from the volcano’s magma and growing gas bubbles rising at a similar velocity. Plinian eruptions are the most destructive type of eruption. They release a deadly mixture of lava, ash, and volcanic rocks such as scoria and pumice, which can fall kilometers away from the eruption site. They are also characterized by pyroclastic flow, a fluid mixture of fragmented materials and extremely hot, toxic gases. In 79 CE, a series of Plinian eruptions from Mount Vesuvius buried the nearby Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum (in what is today Italy). The cities and their 13,000 inhabitants were buried in volcanic ash and rock. Rainfall mixed with the ash and created a concrete-like substance that preserved the city for thousands of years. Surtseyan eruptions occur where magma or lava interacts with water, most often when an undersea volcano reaches the ocean surface. Another term for this sort of interaction is a phreatomagmatic eruption. When heated rapidly by lava, water flashes to steam and expands violently, creating the most explosive of all eruption types. This aggressive interaction between water and heat is able to fragment lava into very fine grains of ash that can reach heights of 20 kilometers (12.4 miles). Tonga’s islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha'apai are actually the tops of a single, large underwater volcano. In 2009, the volcano erupted for several days, causing steam and ash to explode from the water to altitudes of 5 kilometers (3.1 miles). While the eruptions killed all signs of wildlife on and around the islands, it also added hundreds of square meters of land to Hunga Ha’apai. Volcanic Hazards Volcanoes are some of Earth’s most potent natural hazards and agents of change. They release enormous amounts of energy and material, engaging natural processes that can modify landscapes at a local, regional, and even global scale. Many volcanic materials and processes pose a threat to human, animal, and other ecological communities. Volcanic Gas Volcanoes regularly release volcanic gases that can be dangerous at concentrated levels. Carbon dioxide and fluorine can collect in soil or volcanic ash, causing crop failure, animal death and deformity, and human illness. Volcanic eruptions can also release massive amounts of sulfur dioxide, which rises into the stratosphere. There, it reflects incoming solar radiation while absorbing outgoing land radiation, leading to a cooling of the Earth’s temperature. In extreme cases, these “volcanic winters” can cause crop failures and drastically affect weather. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, Indonesia, cooled the average global temperature by as much as 3° Celsius (5.4° Fahrenheit), causing the “year without a summer.” Landslides and Lahars The enormous energy of volcanic eruptions can cause large landslides that move at speeds of more than 100 kilometers per hour (60 miles per hour). Mount St. Helens, Washington, is a stratovolcano that had an explosive Plinian eruption in 1980. The eruption produced the largest landslide in recorded history, covering a 36-kilometer (14-mile) area of land with ash and rocks. Reaching speeds of 50 to 80 meters (165 to 260 feet) per second, the landslide had enough power to surge over a ridge 400 meters (1,312 feet) high. Landslides can mix with surrounding rivers, ice, snow, or rain to produce watery mixtures called lahars. This mixture of water, rock, and debris creates a sludge that can obliterate almost anything in its path. The 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, caused small lahars of rock, ash, and melted snow to flow down into the surrounding river valleys. The lahars gained momentum and size as they traveled the riverbeds, ultimately destroying more than 5,000 homes and killing more than 23,000 people. Pyroclastic Flows Explosive eruptions sometimes produce pyroclastic flows, a mixture of hot rock fragments and toxic gases that move almost like a liquid out and away from the volcano. Reaching speeds greater than 80 kilometers per hour (50 miles per hour) and temperatures between 200-700° Celsius (392-1292° Fahrenheit), pyroclastic flows knock down, shatter, bury, or burn anything in their path. Pyroclastic flows are responsible for the haunting figures from Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy. While many scientists thought residents of Pompeii suffocated to death from volcanic gases released during Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 CE, new studies suggest that they actually died from extreme heat produced by the volcano’s pyroclastic flow. Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo and the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology recently discovered that the pyroclastic flow that reached Pompeii produced temperatures of up to 300° Celsius (570° Fahrenheit). These extreme temperatures are able to kill people in a fraction of a second, causing them to spasm in contorted postures like those found amongst the plaster casts of Vesuvius’ victims. Volcanic Ash Huge plumes of volcanic ash can spread over large areas of the sky, turning daylight into complete darkness and inhibiting air traffic. (During the eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull in 2011, flights to and from northern Europe were suspended for more than a week.) Volcanic ash conducts electricity when wet and can contain concentrated levels of toxic materials, posing threats to humans that come in close contact with it on land. The 1994 double eruption of Vulcan and Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea covered the nearby city of Rabaul in a layer of ash up to 75 centimeters (about 2 feet) deep. Rains turned the ash into a cement-like substance that was heavy enough to collapse 80% of the buildings in the city. Volcanic Monitoring and Research Volcanic hazards can be incredibly dangerous to human life. In the United States alone, 54 volcanoes are a very high or high threat to public safety. By closely monitoring volcanic activity, volcanologists can warn people of impending eruptions. While these warnings are not exact predictions, they do provide communities with the valuable time they need to protect themselves against volcanic hazards and ensure their safety. Volcanologists predict volcanic activity by taking real-time measurements and comparing them against what happened in the past. They use a variety of instruments and technologies to monitor temperatures, gas emissions, water levels, ground movements, and changes in the landscape. These measurements paint a clear portrait of a volcano’s current state, which volcanologists then interpret against historical data. Volcanologists issue eruption warnings when these measurements stray far from the norm or mirror those that preceded a historic eruption. Different countries use different systems to issue eruption warnings to the public. All of these systems categorize their alerts based on the probability and severity of an impending eruption. Typical volcanic behavior is often represented by the number 1 or the color green, while an imminent and potentially destructive eruption is typically represented by the number 4 or the color red. A number of international organizations lead the way in volcanic monitoring and research, providing invaluable information to scientists, volcanologists, and the public alike. The Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program documents current activity for all the volcanoes on the planet through publicly available data, reports, and images. The program also keeps the world’s only archive of volcanic activity from the last 10,000 years. As part of the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) created a list of 16 "Decade Volcanoes" to study because of the high risk they pose to public safety. Mount Nyiragongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, is dangerously close to the city of Goma. Its 2002 eruption killed 50 people and forced roughly 450,000 people to evacuate their communities. The Santa María Volcano, which sits right above the city of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, has been continuously erupting since 2003. The Decade Volcanoes program has brought together geologists, volcanologists, and government officials to closely study these volcanoes and create risk-mitigation plans for potential eruptions. • Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry absorb Verb to soak up. acid Noun chemical compound that reacts with a base to form a salt. Acids can corrode some natural materials. Acids have pH levels lower than 7. active volcano Noun volcano that has had a recorded eruption since the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago. aggressive Adjective forceful or offensive. altitude Noun the distance above sea level. Encyclopedic Entry: altitude ancient Adjective very old. atmosphere Noun layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. Encyclopedic Entry: atmosphere basalt Noun type of dark volcanic rock. border Noun natural or artificial line separating two pieces of land. Encyclopedic Entry: border boundary Noun line separating geographical areas. Encyclopedic Entry: boundary buoyant Adjective capable of floating. caldera Noun large depression resulting from the collapse of the center of a volcano. Encyclopedic Entry: caldera canyon Noun deep, narrow valley with steep sides. Encyclopedic Entry: canyon cast Noun impression formed when a liquid substance is poured into a form or mold, and then hardens into that shape. categorize Verb to arrange by specific type or characteristic. channel Noun waterway between two relatively close land masses. Encyclopedic Entry: channel cinder cone Noun hill created by tiny bits of lava blown out of a volcano and fallen down around the volcanic vent. Also called a scoria cone. coast Noun Encyclopedic Entry: coast collapse Verb to fall apart completely. collide Verb to crash into. column Noun strong, vertical support structure, such as a pillar. concentrated Adjective items gathered closely together in one place. concrete Noun hard building material made from mixing cement with rock and water. conduct Verb to transmit, transport, or carry. contort Verb to distort or bend out of shape. convergent plate boundary Noun area where two or more tectonic plates bump into each other. Also called a collision zone. correspond Verb to match or be similar to. craggy Adjective rugged or rocky. crater Noun bowl-shaped depression formed by a volcanic eruption or impact of a meteorite. Encyclopedic Entry: crater crop Noun agricultural produce. Encyclopedic Entry: crop crust Noun rocky outermost layer of Earth or other planet. Encyclopedic Entry: crust data Plural Noun (singular: datum) information collected during a scientific study. debris Noun remains of something broken or destroyed; waste, or garbage. deform Verb to put out of shape or distort. dense Adjective having parts or molecules that are packed closely together. depression Noun indentation or dip in the landscape. destroy Verb to ruin or make useless. destructive Adjective devastating Adjective very destructive or damaging. diameter Noun width of a circle. divergent boundary Noun area where two or more tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Also called an extensional boundary. diverse Adjective varied or having many different types. dome Noun shape that is half of a sphere. Encyclopedic Entry: dome dominant Adjective main or most important. dormant volcano Noun volcano that has erupted in the past but is unlikely to erupt soon. duration Noun length of time. eject Verb to get rid of or throw out. electricity Noun emblematic Adjective symbolic or representative. emission Noun discharge or release. endanger Verb to put at risk. energy Noun capacity to do work. ensure Verb to guarantee. erode Verb to wear away. erupt Verb to explode or suddenly eject material. evacuate Verb to leave or remove from a dangerous place. exclusive Adjective limited to a few characteristics. extinct Adjective no longer existing. fissure Noun narrow opening or crack. flank Verb to be or place at the side of something. flood Noun overflow of a body of water onto land. Encyclopedic Entry: flood fluid Noun material that is able to flow and change shape. fraction Noun portion or section. fragment Noun piece or part. geologist Noun person who studies the physical formations of the Earth. geophysics Noun study of the Earth's physical properties and processes. geyser Noun natural hot spring that sometimes erupts with water or steam. Encyclopedic Entry: geyser glacier Noun mass of ice that moves slowly over land. Encyclopedic Entry: glacier Hawaiian eruption Noun relatively gentle volcanic eruption characterized by consistent, effusive flows of low-viscosity lava. hazard Noun danger or risk. Horn of Africa Noun large peninsula in northeast Africa, including the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Also called the Somali Peninsula. hot spot Noun intensely hot region deep within the Earth that rises to just underneath the surface. Some hot spots produce volcanoes. Encyclopedic Entry: hot spot hot spring Noun small flow of water flowing naturally from an underground water source heated by hot or molten rock. iconic Adjective event or symbol representing a belief, nation, or community. imminent Adjective likely to occur soon. impending Adjective upcoming or about to happen. infrequent Adjective rare or not often. inhabit Verb to live in a specific place. inhibit Verb to slow or prevent. instrument Noun intensity Noun measure of magnitude. international organization Noun unit made up of governments or groups in different countries, usually for a specific purpose. Encyclopedic Entry: international organization interpret Verb to explain or understand the meaning of something. inverted Adjective reversed or upside-down. lahar Noun flow of mud and other wet material from a volcano. landform Noun specific natural feature on the Earth's surface. Encyclopedic Entry: landform landscape Noun the geographic features of a region. Encyclopedic Entry: landscape landslide Noun the fall of rocks, soil, and other materials from a mountain, hill, or slope. Encyclopedic Entry: landslide lava Noun molten rock, or magma, that erupts from volcanoes or fissures in the Earth's surface. lava dome Noun feature formed as lava hardens over a volcanic vent. lava fountain Noun phenomenon where lava is forcefully but not violently ejected from a volcano through a fissure or vent. lava lake Noun lava pooled in the center of a volcano's caldera or crater. liquid Noun state of matter with no fixed shape and molecules that remain loosely bound with each other. magma Noun molten, or partially melted, rock beneath the Earth's surface. Encyclopedic Entry: magma magma chamber Noun underground reservoir that holds molten rock. mantle Noun middle layer of the Earth, made of mostly solid rock. Encyclopedic Entry: mantle massive Adjective very large or heavy. measurement Noun process of determining length, width, mass (weight), volume, distance or some other quality or size. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Noun underwater mountain range that runs from Iceland to Antarctica. mid-ocean ridge Noun underwater mountain range. migrate Verb to move from one place or activity to another. mitigation Noun process of becoming or making something milder and less severe. modify Verb to change or alter. molten Adjective solid material turned to liquid by heat. momentum Noun speed, direction, or velocity at which something moves. monitor Verb to observe and record behavior or data. mountain range Noun series or chain of mountains that are close together. natural hazard Noun event in the physical environment that is destructive to human activity. obelisk Noun tall, tapering, four-sided stone structure. obliterate Verb to destroy completely. ocean vessel Noun ship, boat, submarine, or other vehicle able to travel the ocean. parallel Adjective equal distance apart, and never meeting. phreatomagmatic eruption Noun volcanic activity driven by the direct interaction of magma and an external body of water. plaster Noun paste-like material made of crushed stone (usually lime, gypsum, and sand), water, and fiber. Plinian eruption Noun powerful, violent volcanic explosion characterized by pyroclastic flows and ejection of material high into the atmosphere. plume Noun single, upward flow of a fluid, such as water or smoke. potent Adjective very powerful. potential Adjective precede Verb to go before. predict Verb to know the outcome of a situation in advance. prepare Verb to assemble or get ready for something. pressure Noun force pressed on an object by another object or condition, such as gravity. probability Noun chance or likelihood of something happening. prolific Adjective very productive or abundant. public Noun people of a community. pumice Noun type of igneous rock with many pores. pyroclastic cone Noun hill created by tiny bits of lava blown out of a volcano and fallen down around the volcanic vent. Also called a cinder cone. pyroclastic flow Noun current of volcanic ash, lava, and gas that flows from a volcano. Encyclopedic Entry: pyroclastic flow radiation Noun energy, emitted as waves or particles, radiating outward from a source. rain Noun liquid precipitation. Encyclopedic Entry: rain reservoir Noun natural or man-made lake. Encyclopedic Entry: reservoir ridge Noun long, narrow elevation of earth. rift Noun break in the Earth's crust created by it spreading or splitting apart. Ring of Fire Noun horseshoe-shaped string of volcanoes and earthquake sites around edges of the Pacific Ocean. Encyclopedic Entry: Ring of Fire river Noun large stream of flowing fresh water. Encyclopedic Entry: river river valley Noun depression in the earth caused by a river eroding the surrounding soil. rock Noun natural substance composed of solid mineral matter. rubble Noun rough pieces of stone. rugged Adjective having an irregular or jagged surface. scoria Noun type of rough, crusty volcanic rock. sea level Noun base level for measuring elevations. Sea level is determined by measurements taken over a 19-year cycle. Encyclopedic Entry: sea level severity Noun harshness or intensity. shield volcano Noun large, gently sloping volcano made from fluid lava. significant Adjective important or impressive. sludge Noun liquid waste, such as that from the coal mining and cleaning process, also called slurry. snow Noun precipitation made of ice crystals. soil Noun top layer of the Earth's surface where plants can grow. solidify Verb to make solid. stratosphere Noun level of Earth's atmosphere, extending from 10 kilometers (6 miles) to 50 kilometers (31 miles) above the surface of the Earth. stratovolcano Noun steep volcano made of hardened lava, rock, and ash. Also known as a composite volcano. Strombolian eruption Noun mildly violent explosion of a volcano. subduct Verb to pull downward or beneath something. subduction zone Noun area where one tectonic plate slides under another. submarine Adjective suffocate Verb to be unable to breathe. summit Noun highest point of a mountain. supervolcano Noun volcano capable of ejecting more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. surge noun, verb sudden, strong movement forward. Surtseyan eruption Noun phenomenon where a volcano erupts in an ocean, sea, or lake. suspend Verb to temporarily stop an activity. sustain Verb to keep going. tectonic plate Noun massive slab of solid rock made up of Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle). Also called lithospheric plate. temperature Noun degree of hotness or coldness measured by a thermometer with a numerical scale. Encyclopedic Entry: temperature terrestrial Adjective having to do with the Earth or dry land. theory Noun explanation that has not been proven as fact. thermometer Noun device that measures temperature. Encyclopedic Entry: thermometer toxic Adjective traffic Noun movement of many things, often vehicles, in a specific area. trench Noun long, deep depression, either natural or man-made. valuable Adjective worth a considerable amount of money or esteem. velocity Noun measurement of the rate and direction of change in the position of an object. vent Noun crack in the Earth's crust that spews hot gases and mineral-rich water. volcanic arc Noun chain of volcanoes formed at a subduction zone. volcanic ash Noun fragments of lava less than 2 millimeters across. Encyclopedic Entry: volcanic ash volcanic gas Noun gas such as water vapor or carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere by a volcano. volcanic island Noun land formed by a volcano rising from the ocean floor. volcanic winter Noun drop in global temperatures due to volcanic debris in the atmosphere blocking the sun. volcano Noun Encyclopedic Entry: volcano volcano hazard Noun specific danger posed by an active volcano: gas, lahar, landslide, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, or tephra. volcanologist Noun scientist who studies volcanoes. vulcanian eruption Noun volcanic eruption characterized by a violent outburst of thick volcanic smoke and gas. weather Noun Encyclopedic Entry: weather wildlife Noun organisms living in a natural environment.
Sure Shots Kids with ADHD must squirm to learn, study says Kids with ADHD must squirm to learn, study says Excessive movement common among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is actually vital to how they remember information and work out cognitive tasks, a new study shows. For decades, frustrated parents, teachers and coaches have barked at fidgety children with ADHD to be still, pay attention and concentrate. But new research conducted at the University of Central Florida shows that if you want ADHD kids to learn, you have to let them squirm. The foot-tapping, leg-swinging and arm-shaking movements of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are actually vital to how they remember information and work out complex cognitive tasks, according to a study published in an early online release of the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. The findings show the longtime prevailing methods for helping children with ADHD may be misguided. "The typical interventions target reducing hyperactivity. It's exactly the opposite of what we should be doing for a majority of children with ADHD," said one of the study's authors, Mark Rapport, head of the Children's Learning Clinic at the University of Central Florida. "The message isn't 'Let them run around the room,' but you need to be able to facilitate their movement so they can maintain the level of alertness necessary for cognitive activities." The research has major implications for how parents and teachers should deal with ADHD kids – and that carries over into youth sports, too with coaches teaching skills and running practices. The study suggests that a majority of students with ADHD could perform better on classroom work, tests and homework if they're sitting on activity balls or exercise bikes, for instance. The study at the UCF clinic included 52 boys ages 8 to 12. Twenty-nine of the children had been diagnosed with ADHD and the other 23 had no clinical disorders and showed normal development. Each child was asked to perform a series of standardized tasks designed to gauge "working memory," the system for temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning and comprehension. Children were shown a series of jumbled numbers and a letter that flashed onto a computer screen, then asked to put the numbers in order, followed by the letter. A high-speed camera recorded the kids, and observers recorded their every movement and gauged their attention to the task. Rapport's previous research had already shown that the excessive movement that's a trademark of hyperactive children -- previously thought to be ever-present -- is actually apparent only when they need to use the brain's executive brain functions, especially their working memory. The new study goes an important step further, proving the movement serves a purpose. "What we've found is that when they're moving the most, the majority of them perform better," Rapport said. "They have to move to maintain alertness." By contrast, the children in the study without ADHD also moved more during the cognitive tests, but it had the opposite effect: They performed worse. ADHD Coaching Attention Concentration Related Stories Subscribe to get the latest news
Monday, September 13, 2010 Quiz #365 (2010-3-10) Solution Click on picture(s) for a larger view. Answer by Margie Joy, Peter Wilkinson, and Tony Leukering Margie Joy provided a fairly thorough answer, so the solution will start there. "This week’s quiz bird, shown from below (so no upper markings) seems to be fairly small. It has a short, dark, somewhat-forked tail; dark head and throat with a fairly well-defined lower border; a pale band or collar that extends at least around the side of the neck; small, pointed bill; pale undersides with some erratic dark streaking extending onto the undertail coverts; and pointed wings. The underwing coverts are fairly dark, contrasting with slightly paler flight feathers. Because the underside of the bird is in shadow, it’s difficult to tell if the flight feathers are really this pale or if bright sunlight from behind makes it seem so. But there is at least some contrast. "The pointed wings restrict the possibilities to swallows and a few flycatchers. The short tail eliminates the flycatchers, leaving me with the swallows (including martins) to consider. The wings of Cliff and Cave swallows are generally less pointed and the tails more square than those of the other swallows. Underwing coverts are pale, not dark like the quiz bird’s. I looked twice at Cliff Swallow, however, because of the dark head/throat, heavily streaked undertail coverts, and pale collar or neck band, but couldn’t make the other marks fit. Tail shape eliminates Barn Swallow. "Swallows with white or pale throats in all plumages (Bank, Violet-green, Tree, and Bahama) can be eliminated. Northern Rough-winged Swallow can have a dusky (but not really dark or with a well-defined lower border) throat in some plumages, muted (not dark) streaking on the underparts, and the tail is square. That doesn’t quite fit so it’s out, too. "That brings me to martins. There are several accidental martins on the ABA list, but none fits the quiz bird’s description, leaving me with Purple Martin. Sibley shows this kind of dark, erratic streaking (incoming dark adult feathers) on underparts on male Purple Martin in first summer plumage. The underwings, as shown in my field guides, are fairly dark overall but do show some contrast between flight feathers and darker coverts. So far, so good. I struggled a bit with the pale collar that I see on the quiz bird; it seems to have more contrast than that shown in field-guide illustrations. I will chalk that up to poor lighting and variability of individuals, and stay with Purple Martin as my answer." Thanks, Margie! I had meant to provide a caveat with the picture when I posted it indicating that the picture was taken in New Jersey and was not an ABA-area rarity. Fortunately, no one attempted one of the south-of-the border purple Progne martins, as they can be VERY difficult to separate from Purple. Additionally, Peter Wilkinson (our resident UK resident) provided his thoughts (and correct they were) about ageing and sexing the quiz bird. "Anything but purple, of course, in this plumage. Interesting mo(u)lt limit, apparently suspended after the two innermost primaries. I haven't managed to track much down on this, but this is presumably a second calendar year male (one reference says adults start with the outermost secondary, which this clearly hasn't) but if this isn't going to finish the remaining primaries until it is back in its winter quarters, they are going to be 15+ months old." Thanks, Peter! I took this picture from the roof of my house in Villas, Cape May Co., NJ, on 20 August 2010, a time at which southbound Purple Martin migration has nearly completed at that latitude. Incorrect species provided as answers: Northern Rough-winged Swallow - 2 Cliff Swallow - 1 Congratulations to the 12 of 15 getting the quiz correct: Robert McNab Al Guarente Claire Mix Peter Wilkinson Su Snyder Chuck Carlson Margaret Smith Tyler Bell Bryan Guarente Joel Such Marcel Such Thomas Hall Answer: Purple Martin
Canada In The 1920s And 1930s Essay ...Sabrina Chiodo Nosic, Z CHC2O1 April 2nd 2015 1920s and 1930s Scrapbook Activity Roaring 20s 1) Five new products that emerged during the 1920s are upright electric toaster, dishwasher, table lamp, hair dryer, and egg cooker. These products are all electrical and technology-based. 2) a) Five examples of slang from the 1920s are cat’s meow (very sharp), all wet (out to lunch), dogs (shoes), bunk (nonsense), spiffy (fashionable). b) Three examples of these slang words used in sentences are, “You’re looking quite spiffy today!”, “That book is filled with bunk.”, and “The cook’s knife is the cat’s meow.” 3) Three things that a teacher was not allowed to do in the 1920s was not to dye their hair, not to wear bright colors, and to have no company with men. 4) Four characteristics of men and women’s fashions in the 1920s was dark-colored clothing, hats were often worn, they were inexpensive, and full matching outfits were in style. 5) Five dances of the 1920s were the shimmy, the fox trot, the strut, the waltz, and the tango. 6) The Group of Seven was a group of landscape painters, who encouraged Canadians to appreciate the beauty of the landscape of Canada. 7) Three forms of entertainment in the 1920s were picnics, snowshoeing, and dancing. 8) Five popular sports in the 1920s were golf (Sandy Sommerville), basketball (Noel Robertson), hockey (Bill... 0 Replies to “Canada In The 1920s And 1930s Essay” Lascia un Commento L'indirizzo email non verrà pubblicato. I campi obbligatori sono contrassegnati *
Solar Flares A solar flare is a an explosion on the surface of the Sun, it occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the suns atmosphere is suddenly released. Particles are heated and accelerated in the solar atmosphere and radiation is emitted across the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. The energy released in a flare is ten million times greater than the energy released from a volcanic explosion. Solar flare up close Inside a flare, the temperature can be as high as 100 million degrees Kelvin. Solar flares tend to eject solar matter, mostly protons and electrons, into space. These events are called coronal mass ejections. A Solar Flare Up Close. National Geographic video on solar storms A montage of solar storms and flares. No comments:
Wellness Retreat and Health in Hanover - Banner 4 The Bowel Small intestine tumb intestinal cross-section chartTake a look at your thumb, if possible compare it to someone else's. Your small intestine is about the size of your thumb and about 26 to 30 feet long. As food passes through this organ, tiny little villi absorb tiny particles of nutrition into the blood stream to feed the body. If food is coming out the same way it went in, like corn for example, then we didn’t get any nutritional value out of that food. Instead, we just put our body through a lot of turmoil. We could look at it this way... We are not necessarily what we eat, but what we absorb! If we don’t chew our food enough it won’t be broken down enough to be absorbed. Once food has traveled through the small intestine over 90% of the nutrition is absorbed into the blood. The remaining is passed along to the large intestine which acts as a dehydrator, passing the fluid to the kidneys and sending the rest as waste to be removed from your body. Large Intestine This is where we run into trouble. This organ has a hard enough time cleaning itself without chunks of food accumulating. Waste has to chug all the way up, across, down and out of this organ. Anything getting caught builds up inside. Our bodies are 96 degrees - how long would you keep food at that temperature and still consider using it as food? One famous actor (starring in many of our favourite westerns) ate three times a day and eliminated three times a day and didn’t think he had a bowel problem. His autopsy revealed 75lbs of fecal matter in the large intestine and some of it was 30 years old. He had warning signs such as stomach and lung cancer and finally died of bowel cancer. He didn’t target the source of the problem. There are many bowel problems, here are a few. prolapsed bowel chart There are very little muscles holding this organ in shape; it is designed to hold only 7-20lbs of fecal matter. When it droops it puts pressure on other organs in the body, such as reproductive organs, prostate and uterus cancer. Could this be the link? diverticuli chartDiverticuli Apparently 90% of North Americans have these pockets and most don’t know it. We are all guilty of needing to use the washroom and instead we hold it. Just like our pets - we get home from work and they are trying to be good little puppy dogs and hold it. Why are they getting the same diseases we are? That organ has a hard enough time cleaning itself. Why create more stress? Kids! When at school and you need to use the bathroom, go! We all know the story of the kid that cried wolf. Do not abuse the washroom privileges because if your teacher catches on he/she won't let you go even when you need to. This could seriously affect your health! stricture chart This organ is so weak and starved of nutrition that the walls are collapsing in together. This narrow passageway makes moving waste very difficult. Common symptoms include pencil thin movements and sometimes even painful movements. colitis chart Look at how inflated this intestine is. This organ has been known to stretch 12 inches in diameter with just a small opening for the waste to move through the middle. When this happens the brain signals the body to not send the water over to the kidneys, but to use it to flush this "toilet". Common symptoms include loose stools and an urgency to go have that bowel movement. This can be very life changing and embarrassing. Waiting to go to the bathroom is not healthy! Some adults do not go out for dinner because their spouse sits alone at the table while they're trying to leave the washroom. small intestineCrohns Disease This is a problem with the little villi in the small intestine. These villi can break and get infected. This is very painful and can become a very serious health hazard. Consider this: if the villi are responsible for absorbing nutrients into the blood and they are stripped or coated with cheese, gravy, bread (flour + water = glue) then how is this nutrition supposed to get into the blood? What is your body going to feed on if nutrition is not in the blood? Help your body clean this up and repair itself so it can function properly. Wellness Retreat and Health in Hanover - Image Right 3 Contact Us Alternate Health Spa Wellness Retreat tel: 519-364-0466 email: info@spawellnessretreat.com
Thursday, September 10, 2009 Why Pursue Wealth? What does wealth indicate? Should wealth be a goal? Does money buy happiness? How much money buys happiness? How does money bring happiness? How often do you need to receive money to be happy? How to use money for happiness is the job of an economist. Money encourages sharing by providing a way of valuing effort. The value of a product is defined by the effort used to create it. The value of a transaction doesn't come from the dollar value, it is derived from the meaning given by the people involved in the transaction. This is why the value of an item can change over time.
OpenSCAD is a free software program for 3D CAD modelling. Instead of an interactive environment it uses a descriptive description language to build objects. Dave Flynn will explain this and more: 1. What is Open SCAD? 2. What type of project is Open SCAD and 3D printing good for? 3. Organizing the part so it will be printable. 4. What is manifold anyway? 5. Building a complex part from simple objects. 6. In a demo of the process I will recreate a wheel from my Tank project. Speaker: Dave Flynn Meetup Event Page
Poetry of Programming - Puzzle Based Introduction to Functional Programming The course was presented at the 2017 Clojure/conj conference! Here are the slides, the abstract, and the recorded video of the talk. This is a Clojure programming course designed for non-programmers, in particular for Liberal Arts students with some college/high school algebra background. The course discusses the functional core of the language. It is offered at Akita International University in Japan (MAT245). Try the language online: replumb(cljs) reepl(cljs) repl.it(clj) Poetry of Programming Book Comments are welcome! When reporting errors please specify the version number. These tutorial notes usable for self-study. However, it is expected that at some point one will face difficulties in the learning process. Here some guidelines for that situation. How To Code It? Exercises and assessment Assignments are for lab work. In case of running out of time, they become homework problems. Reading Exercises are for traditional paper-based exams. The task is to determine what the one-liners evaluate to. Coding exercises are for practising how to turn ideas into source code. Plans are given, the task is to express them as Clojure code. Extra problems Mini-projects require a bit more work than exercise problems. Attila Egri-Nagy Course Introduction 2017/18 Winter The purpose of the course is to experience the joy of computer programming. Serious fun that can easily be turned into an important skill in career planning. Course Introduction 2017 Spring 3. You like math. 4. You would like to understand how computers work. 5. You like the idea of an intellectual adventure. 6. You are planning a career in information technology. Original blog entry on how this project started
Unhealthy foods, toxins, stress and sedentary lifestyle produce a series of physical disease that can give origin to more serious conditions, such as gastrointestinal or sleep disorders, difficulty in concentrating, tiredness, or – in people genetically predisposed – they may also contribute to the onset of diabetes or cholesterol, as well as being the main causes of obesity. First of all, it is important to help our body to get rid of toxins. Toxins are some kind of poison that has harmful effects on the organism. They can come from food or chemicals used to grow or prepare aliments, but also from the air we breathe or the water we drink. Our bodies process toxins through liver and kidneys and eliminate them in the form of sweat, urine and feces. But sometimes it is necessary to help natural detoxification mechanisms to prevent any negative effects of toxins in the body. Physical activity A healthy and natural diet can help to prevent many diseases and to keep an optimal quality of life. It should always be associated with regular exercise: physical activity can support your body in getting rid of toxins stored in fat cells, but it also helps maintain a healthy weight while metabolism is improved. Experts recommend 30 minutes of physical activity (walking, jogging, cycling, aerobic dancing, swimming…) five or six days per week. In this way a healthy weight is maintained while toxins are expelled. detox your body Juice Cleansing Having a correct feeding is essential for detoxing: we already know all benefits of (clean) water and the importance of drinking a lot every day for hydration and removal of harmful waste from the body. In addition to water, taking daily vitamins, minerals and fiber content in fruits and vegetables should be the first rule to be observed to detoxify. An effective method to ensure the supply in your body of valuable nutrients and cleanse from toxins is Juicing. As a matter of fact, this is the easiest and fastest way to increase your fruit and veggie intake: instead of ingest, for example, 300 grams of carrots, three slices of pineapple, two oranges, a portion of spinach and the juice of one lemon, it is possible to replace with a juice made of all of these ingredients. The supporters of juice diet suggest many possibilities to adapt the consumption of fruits and vegetables drinks to your lifestyle and your personal aim. If you want to cleanse deeply your body from toxins, there is the opportunity to follow a specific program for a few days in which you should consume only green juices, following a specific preparation and, after the cleansing, gradually returning to usual diet. Otherwise, you can permanently introduce juicing in your life, in place of breakfast for example, to lose weight or avoid unhealthy foods. Few people know that acupuncture can help you to cleanse any blockages of toxins in the body. It is a part of holistic medicine (the most important treatment component of Traditional Chinese Medicine) and consists on a natural diuretic effect because it helps body detoxify by the elimination of toxins through the urinary tract. Acupuncture is so effective because its treatments act on the micro systems of the whole body to stimulate brain and reduce appetite and cravings… It releases zones in the body that may be blocked due to toxins or other unsafe substances that can contribute to many diseases, and it seems that people treated with acupuncture could feel better almost instantly. That’s why it is an excellent way of cleansing and purifying, besides being commonly used for drug detox programs. However, it is essential to experience acupuncture only under the supervision of a licensed acupuncturist or a medical doctor.
A Gas Model Made of Magnets Magnets are great stuff and everyone loves them, there are so many things you can do with them, including creating a model of the crystalline structure of solids, just as [Cody´s Lab] did using a bunch of magnets inside a pair of plexiglass sheets. Crystal structure of ice. Image from Wikemedia Commons. Many materials have their atoms arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure — a crystal — including most metals, rocks, ceramics and ice, among others. The structure emerges when the material solidifies looking for the minimum energy configuration. Every atom interacts with its neighbors via microscopic forces forming several patterns depending on the specific material and conditions. In his macroscopic world, [Cody´s Lab] used the magnets as his “atoms” and the magnetic repulsion between them represent the microscopic forces. Confining the magnets inside two transparent walls, one can see the formation of the crystal structure as magnets are added one by one. This is an excellent teaching resource and also a fun way to play with magnets if you want to give it a try. Or if you want another magnet hack, we have tons of them, including implanting them in your body, or making your own with 3D printing. Continue reading “A Gas Model Made of Magnets” Invention Killed the Inventor The desire to innovate and change the world can drive one to take dangerous risks. Sometimes, inventors pay the ultimate price. Inventors can be early testers of a device under development, and sometimes pushing the limits of what’s possible has deadly consequences. In this era of warning labels on coffee cups, it’s perhaps worth taking a look back at some inventors of the past who lost their lives in the pursuit of building something new. Continue reading “Invention Killed the Inventor” Model of a Transmission Line Transmission lines are the kind of thing that seems to confuse beginners. After all, the fact that short-circuits can have infinite impedance and open-circuits can behave like a short is not intuitive at all!. That’s why we like [Tinselkoala]’s latest video that shows a nice model of a transmission line. It helps to understand the line as inductors and capacitors in series-parallel connection. Any pair of wires used to transmit electrical power have tiny amounts of inductance and capacitance. This is not a problem with DC or low-frequency AC, but when the frequency is sufficiently high, weird things start to happen. The energy tends to escape as radio waves, and current reflects from discontinuities such as connectors and cable joints. For this reason, transmission lines for high frequency signals use specialized construction to minimize those effects and reduce power losses. [Tinselkoala] has built a model of a transmission line using coils and capacitors to simulate the inductance and capacitance of the line, with LED’s placed between the coils. He feeds the system with the signal generator with frequencies from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. In his words, they act as simple “visual voltmeters” to show the peaks and nodes of the standing waves of voltage in the line. It is relatively simple to build your own version if you want to experiment with this fascinating subject. You will only need some magnet wire, capacitors, resistors and LED’s. If the subject sounds interesting to you, here you can find an excellent introduction to transmission lines. Continue reading “Model of a Transmission Line” A Brief History of Radioactivity More than one hundred years ago, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium emitted penetrating rays similar to those used by Wilhelm Röntgen to take the first X-ray image (of his wife’s hand), starting a new era of far-reaching applications. There are of course many dangers that come with the use of radioactivity, but there are also many beneficial uses for our society. Continue reading “A Brief History of Radioactivity” Cheap and Easy Emergency Butane Stove The Surface Area to Volume Ratio or Why Elephants Have Big Ears There are very few things that are so far reaching across many different disciplines, ranging from biology to engineering, as is the relation of the surface area to the volume of a body. This is not a law, as Newton’s second one, or a theory as Darwin’s evolution theory. But it has consequences in a diverse set of situations. It explains why cells are the size they are, why some animals have a strange morphology, why flour explodes while wheat grains don’t and many other phenomena that we will explore in this article. Continue reading “The Surface Area to Volume Ratio or Why Elephants Have Big Ears” Easy Free Piston Stirling Engine Stirling engines are really cool machines, invented by Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling in 1816 to rival the steam engine, they are one of the most efficient engines ever conceived. Building one is a very rewarding experience, but it has a certain level of difficulty. However, [Attila Blade]’s version of a free-piston type Stirling engine is simple enough to be built in a matter of minutes. To build the engine you only need a test tube, steel wool, a latex glove, an O ring and some wire. The construction is straightforward as you can see in the video. The whole engine rocks on the wire frame which also makes it different to most other Stirling engines that you can watch on the net. The free piston is just one type of several possible configurations for a Stirling. The most common one, is the beta type, usually made with soda cans, but it is much more difficult to build than [Attila Blade]’s engine. This is definitely a fun project that you may want to try, and is also a great way to learn thermodynamics concepts. Even if you don’t build this particular version, there are many other possibilities using mainly household items, or you can also check the very interesting history behind the Stirling engine.
Vitamin D and Sun Exposure //Vitamin D and Sun Exposure At last, summer has arrived in New England, after the blistery Nor’easters and chilly spring season. The sunshine and the salty brine of the ocean is calling to the residents of the seacoast to break out the bathing suits, flip-flops, sunscreen, and to get a daily dose of Vitamin D! Why is Vitamin D Important? Vitamin D has continually gained recognition over the years for its ability to optimize health due to its many roles in the human body. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the body with exposure to sunlight, and it can be obtained through diet and appropriate supplementation. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that has properties of both a vitamin and a hormone, thus it has many functions: • It is required for the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus, which is associated with maintaining strong and healthy bones. • It protects against muscle weakness and is involved in regulation of the heartbeat. • It is also important in the prevention and treatment of breast, colon and skin cancer, and osteoarthritis. • Vitamin D enhances the function of our immune system, and is necessary for thyroid function and normal blood clotting. Unfortunately, it is estimated that more than 40 percent of American adults have a vitamin D deficiency. (1) As many as 70-80 percent of Hispanic-Americans and African-Americans may be deficient in vitamin D. Those with more coloring in the skin have a harder time absorbing vitamin D from sunlight. (2) In addition, those whole live above the 37th latitude obtain virtually no vitamin D between November and March. How to optimize your vitamin D levels safely and effectively Expose more skin. Vitamin D is made from cholesterol in the skin. Studies recommend exposing around 1/3rd of your skin to the sun for 10-30 minutes. (3) However, be sure to prevent burning if you’re staying in the sun for longer periods of time. Applying sunscreen. Sunscreen will reduce the production of vitamin D in the body by about 95-98%. (4) To maximize your vitamin D production, spend the first 15-30 minutes in the sun without sunscreen, then apply. Choosing the right sunscreen. Not all sunscreens are created equal. It is important to choose a sunscreen that is safe and protective. Zinc oxide based mineral sunscreens are best and work by blocking sun rays from penetrating the skin. Some of my favorite non-toxic sunscreens included DeVita Solar Protective Moisturizer SPF 30, Rubber Ducky, and DermaE Mineral Sunscreen SPF 30. It is important to avoid sunscreens that contain oxybenzones. These compounds are absorbed into the blood stream can cause allergic reactions, and are disruptive to hormones. Yes, hormones. Oxybenzones act like estrogens when they enter to body and have been associated conditions like endometriosis. (5) Is there a need for a vitamin D supplement? The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency increases in proportion to distance from the equator. If you live above the 37th parallel it is crucial to build up your vitamin D stores in the summer months. There are foods that contain vitamin D, such as cod liver oil, swordfish, salmon, tuna, beef liver, egg yolks, and sardines. However, to obtain sufficient amounts of vitamin D from diet, you would have to consume these foods nearly every day. (2) The form of Vitamin D in food is not fully active. It requires conversion by the liver, and then by the kidneys, before it becomes fully active. This is why people with kidney and liver disorders are at a higher risk for osteoporosis. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. This means that your body can mobilize its own reserves if your daily intake or production is lacking. This also means that excessive doses of vitamin D can build up to toxic levels. To optimize your vitamin D stores, I recommend working with a licensed health care provider who can order testing to assess vitamin D levels. Based on results, you can work with your health care provider, who will suggest a safe and appropriate dose. It is clear that vitamin D is necessary to human health. However, there is much debate as to how much supplementation is optimal. Aside from lack of sunshine in the winter months, and limited supply of foods, certain health conditions utilize vitamin D more readily. Vitamin D plays a large role in modulating the body’s immune response. For example, deficiency in vitamin D is associated with increased autoimmunity as well as increased susceptibility to infection. As immune cells in autoimmune disease are responsive to the ameliorative effects of vitamin D, the beneficial effects of supplementing vitamin D deficient individuals with autoimmune disease may extend beyond the effects on bone and calcium. (6) North Coast Family Health in Portsmouth, NH offers focused laboratory testing to assess your vitamin D levels, along with a comprehensive assessment of your health history and current concerns to create an individualized treatment plan. Call our office at 603-427-6800 for more information and a free 10- minute consult. In the mean time, enjoy soaking up some all natural vitamin D from the sun! Written by Dr. Miranda LaBant 1 Forrest, K., Stuludreher, W. Prevalance and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Research. 2011. 31(1):48-54. 2 Balch, P. Prescription for nutritional healing 5th Ed. Penguin group. New York, NY. 2010; 60-62 3 Rhodes, L., Webb, A., Fraser, H., Kift, R., Durkin, M., et al. Recommended summer sunlight exposure levels can produce sufficient (> or =20 ng/ml (-1)) but not the proposed optimal (> or = 32 ng/ml (-1)) 25-(OH-D) levels at UK latitudes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2010. 130(5): 1411-8. 4 Holick, M., Vitamin D Deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. 19;357(3): 266-81. 5 Wang, J., Pan, L., Wu, S., Lu, L., Xu, Y., Zhu, Y., … Zhuang, S. (2016). Recent Advances on Endocrine Disrupting Effects of UV Filters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8), 782. 6 Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the Immune System. Journal of Investigative Medicine : The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 59(6), 881–886. 2018-06-29T17:19:01+00:00 June 28th, 2018\|
Te Kete Ipurangi Navigation: Te Kete Ipurangi Te Kete Ipurangi user options: What is giftedness? Do any of these describe you? • You see patterns in problems, and links to problems you have solved before. • Numbers and number problems ‘just make sense’ to you. • You often see how to solve a problem before others in the class. • You are very good at explaining maths ideas to others. • You learn new things in maths quickly. • Once you start working on a maths problem you want to keep working on it until you solve it. • You can solve puzzles more easily than others. • You can get bored in maths class when you have to repeat something you already know and can do. • You enjoy maths challenges and sometimes like to do them in your own time. • You see connections between maths ideas easily. • You like creating your own sophisticated constructions (e.g. with lego) • You get frustrated when asked to explain problem solving strategies step by step when you can just see the solution. If some of these sound like you, then you may well be gifted at maths. Being gifted at maths does not just mean that you get better scores in tests than other people. It can mean a whole lot of other things. A good definition of giftedness is: “…those with exceptional abilities relative to most other people. These individuals have certain learning characteristics that give them the potential to achieve outstanding performance.” (Office of the Minister of Education, 2002) What can I do? If you are gifted then you are most likely looking for interesting and challenging maths activities. Here are some places to look: You may be interested in participating in competitions. Some of these may be arranged through your school and others you may have to ask about. The Australian Maths competition is held every year in late July or Early August, students up to year 12 can enter. The Junior Maths Competition is held in late March or early April, it is aimed at students in years 9 to 11.
Study your flashcards anywhere! Download the official Cram app for free > • Shuffle Toggle On Toggle Off • Alphabetize Toggle On Toggle Off • Front First Toggle On Toggle Off • Both Sides Toggle On Toggle Off • Read Toggle On Toggle Off How to study your flashcards. H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key A key: Read text to speech.a key Play button Play button Click to flip 77 Cards in this Set • Front • Back Sustainable site planning...(select all that apply) A. Pays attention to development intensity and location B. Reduces construction costs C. Protects natural and cultural amenities D. Conserves natural resources and building materials All of the above List physical attributes that may be mapped at a site scale A. Soils, topography, hydrology, geology, climate B. Circulation, elevation, weather, soils C. Soils, topography, hydrology, geology Which of the following hazards may influence site selection? A. Shallow bedrock B. Hard pan soil C. Expansive Clay Soil D. Shallow Water Table E. Silty Soil An ordinal map conveys what? A. Measurements with continuous spatial distribution B. Divides one attribute value by another C. Gradation or ranking of elements D. Site attributes measured at an interval scale Which of the following are reference maps? A. Topography B. Flooding Hazard C. Bathymetry D. Land Use Types A, B, C Map type that expresses information about a single, spatially distributed attribute Thematic Map Type of Map created to aid transportation Base maps typically include: A. Property Boundaries B. Public right of ways and easements C. Soils D. Topography E. Existing buildings F. Existing Street and Utilities G. Adjacent property owner and uses A, B, D, E, F, G Creates remotely sensed topographic survey, more accurate than aerial topography and takes less time than a field survey Direction that the slope faces Slope Aspect Without mitigation, regional hydrology can have what impact? (Select all that apply) A. Reduced streamflow during prolonged periods of draught B. Increased volume and rate of run-off discharge C. Increased frequency and severity of flooding D. Reduced time needed for run off to reach surface water E. Decreased filtration of surface water A, B, C, D Impervious soils that don't allow for waste water treatment Hard pan soils Areas with hydrophytes and hydric soils Marshes, swamps, bogs Areas without soil but with hydrophytes Aquatic beds, seaweed covered rocky shores Areas without soils and without hydrophytes Gravel beaches and tidal flats a scale that shows attribute values that do not imply rank or order Nominal Scale a scale that shows gradation or ranking of elements Ordinal Scale a scale that has attributes with continuous spatial distributions. Interval scale a map that expresses attribute data as discrete classes or categories. chloropleth map a map that displays the locations and numerical values of a single attribute. Isopleth map rock that originates from molton mass igneous rock tends to be a soft stone like travertine or sandstone; impervious soil horizon such as shale formed from other rock materials after geologic process of pressure, heating, deviatory stress, chemical treatment, marble quartz, slate move of sand due to wave and tidal action littoral drift put these soils in order from strongest to least strong: silt, gravel, hardpan, clay,massive bedrock, sedimentary rock, sand clay, silt, sand, gravel, hardpan, sedimentary rock, massive bedrock a summary report of the exploration of the subsurface soils and how they are to be used as construction materials. basic information in this report includes: summary of all subsurface exploration data, interpretation and analysis of subsurface data, specific engineering recommendations for design, discussion of conditions for solutions of anticipated problems, recommended geotechnical special provisions geotechnical report a test to determine the amount of nutrients in a soil soil test type of soil that drains quickly, light weight, non-expansive, erodible sandy soil type of soil that's a small grain size, high permeability, highly erodable silty soil type of soil that is slow draining or impervious, heavy weight, expansive, low erodibility, low water availability at a low moisture content clay soil blend of soil types, highly valuable agricultural soil, very good drainage, slight erosion potential, highly fertile, easily worked the measure of a soil to decrease in volume under the pressure of a given weight bearing capacity the ability of a soil to be deformed under pressure without breaking apart soil plasticity minimum moisture content at which the soil will flow under its own weight liquid limit the ability of a soil to return to its original shape after being subjected to a load condition soil elasticity soils with high levels of iron appear to have ___ color, anaerobic soils can be ___ in color the arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area the study of the origin and evolution of landforms an earth science compromising the study of soils and rocks and the processes by which they can change Q = Cia q- designates peak discharge measured in cubic feet per second c- designates the rational runoff method coefficient i- designates rainfall intensity measured in inches per hour A- drainage area measured in acres found in northern climates, have acidic soil, have rich deposits of organic material such as peat the filling in of stream channels with sedminet wind that blows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation drainage wind disorder related to plant tissues organic matter in a recognizable form, including leaves and partially decomposed matter o horizon heavy, non-recognizable organic matter mixed with minerals a horizon nutrients left by rain water leeching, hardpans & clay pans develop here b horizon partially weathered rock fragments c horizon d horizon types of alkali soil halophytic, xerophytic acidic soil hydric soil NPK, calcium, magnesium, sulphur neutralize acidic soil with __, ___ lime, calcium nitrate neutralize alkaline soil with ___, ___, ___ sulfur, gypsum, lime sulfer samples are taken along a baseline, points can be selected with a grid commonly employed in land-use surveys; rapid assessment of site windshield survey most productive and diverse ecosystem salt marsh a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater soil that is blue in color and anarobic hydric soil how large is a township? 36 square miles that are divided up into sections USGS quandrangle maps typically show things except type of land use, demographic information ____ slopes are hottest in the summer ___slopes receive the most sun in the winter months ___ slopes offer the most desirable microclimates ___ slopes receive cold winter winds soil that has a wide range and even distribution of soil particle sizes, in which the small soil particles fill the voids created by the larger grains well graded soils that contain various particle sizes, in which gradation between particle sizes is broken by the absence of some particle sizes gap graded soil consists of a single range of particle sizes uniformly graded soil defined as soils that are easily broken apart by hand friable soils slope inventory and analysis maps generally adhere to which of the following conventions light values = higher elevations, dark values = lower elevations which parking stall configuration requires the narrowest drive aisle 45 degrees the maximum cross-slope of an ADA accessible walkway what is added to soil to aid in water retention? and also increases soil acidity? peat moss what is added to soil to improve drainage? site distance studies are used to determine? location of vehicular access points
The Leading eBooks Store Online 4,293,432 members ⚫ 1,430,845 ebooks New to Learn more Cambridge IGCSE Modern World History Cambridge IGCSE Modern World History by Ben Walsh Buy this eBook US$ 35.18 It provides a winning combination of features that will meet the needs of all students: - Clear, engaging and provocative author text brings the 20th Century period to life and summarises complicated history clearly without being simplistic - Focus Tasks (exactly targeting each focus point of the 20th Century part of the syllabus) steadily deepen students' understanding of the content while progressively building their history skills - Original and relevant source material - written and visual - is used for historical investigation not just for illustration - Exam Focus and Revision Tips help students acquire both the necessary content knowledge and the essential conceptual understanding In its previous editions this book has provided students with what they need to achieve their best possible results, and provided teachers with what they need to teach a rewarding and worthwhile course. It's a winning combination. How this book will help you to succeed in Cambridge IGCSE History Section 1: Core Content Option B - International Relations since 1919 Part 1 The Inter-War Years 1919-1939 1 Were the peace treaties of 1919-23 fair? 2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success? 3 Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? Part 2 The Cold War and the Gulf, 1945-2000 4 Who was to blame for the Cold War? 5 How effectively did the USA contain the spread of Communism? 6 How secure was the USSR's control over Eastern Europe, 1948-c.1989? 7 Why did events in the Gulf matter c.1970-2000? Exam Focus: core content option B Section 2: Depth Studies 9 Germany, 1918-45 8 Russia, 1905-41 10 The USA,1919-41 Exam Focus: depth studies This book is supported by online Teaching and Learning resources powered by Dynamic Learning. These provide extensive ICT-based activities for all key topics which will help refine students' historical thinking and focus their revision. Hodder Education; November 2013 337 pages; ISBN 9781444164435 Read online, or download in secure PDF format Title: Cambridge IGCSE Modern World History Author: Ben Walsh; Michael Scott-Baumann; Ray Ennion
Everyone's sleep pattern changes throughout life: Babies sleep the day away, while seniors often get by on a handful of hours nabbed here and there. Sleep habits also change depending on your age. You might find yourself waking up earlier or staying up later. It may become harder to fall asleep or stay asleep because, as you get older, you're more vulnerable to specific sleep disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome, insomnia, or sleep apnea. "Sleep is basically a critical state," said Christopher Drake, PhD, a sleep researcher at the Henry Ford Sleep Disorders and Research Center and an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences at the Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit. "It's critically important to our survival, and our sleep needs change as we grow and age." Children and Sleep "It's most likely due to the fact that their brains are in a developmental stage," said Drake. "They're still growing, and our brain thrives on sleep. When we sleep, we solidify the things we learned during the day. For infants that involves a lot of new material." Teenagers and Sleep Teenagers can have a troubled relationship with sleep. They need at least 8½ hours of sleep a night, but physical, emotional and social changes often hamper their ability to get the length of sleep they need. One study found that only 15 percent of teens reported actually getting the minimum hours of sleep on school nights. "Biologically, they are more prone to have it happen because of changes in their circadian rhythm, but then they make it worse for themselves by staying up late," said William Kohler, MD, medical director of the Florida Sleep Institute in Spring Hill, Fla. "Their biological clock gets reset to a later hour. A student stays up late and sleeps to noon on the weekend, [so] his brain has reset the clock later, and he's not going to be able to get the sleep he needs for the school day." Adults and Sleep Adults typically need 7 to 9 hours of sleep a night, but this can vary widely from person to person. "There's no absolute number," Dr. Kohler said. "Some people only need 4 or 5 hours of sleep; others need 9 to 10 hours." This variability means that adults need to pay attention to their rhythms and figure out the amount of sleep that's right for them. They need to determine for themselves the length of sleep that leaves them feeling refreshed and alert throughout the day. Seniors and Sleep Sleep disorders become more common as people age because some chronic conditions have side effects that can disrupt seniors' sleep. Because they are less able to maintain quality sleep, seniors tend to suffer chronic sleep deprivation that causes them to nod off during the day. "It's becoming more and more clear that as we age, we need less and less sleep," Drake said. "It's not a huge effect, but it's something that's becoming well established in the literature. It may have something to do with the fact that we need less of that developmental brain power that occurs as we sleep."
How Tech Has Changed Our Lives Through the years, we've watched technology grow like a child budding into adulthood: It starts out mostly crying and pooping, then crawling, gradually learning to walk, and finally able to run at a speed we all wish we could keep up with. We've seen technology fail, and we've seen it succeed. We've poked fun at it when it doesn't make sense, and we've praised it when it's absolutely brilliant. We've yelled at it when it runs out of power, and we've fixed or replaced it when it gets run down. We treat technology as a family member—even if that is a little co-dependent. You can't blame us, though; it's certainly made aspects of our lives easier: We're no longer forced to send letters through the postal service, book vacations through travel agents, shop in stores, visit the library for research material, or wait for our photos to be developed. Thanks to technology, all of these activities can be performed either digitally or online. At the same time, though, technology can make life more convoluted—especially when something doesn't work right or doesn't do what it's supposed to: Say, for instance, a GPS device tells you to turn the wrong way on a one-way street (yikes!), or a computer erases all of your important data (ouch!). Unfortunately, it's not always easy to understand how a product or service works, not to mention whether or not to hold off on adopting it until a better, shinier thing comes along. A perfect example is the ever-evolving video format. We've gone from Betamax to VHS to DVD to HD DVD/Blu-ray to just Blu-ray (and everything in-between, of course). It can take years before a technology catches on, and even more time before we see a significant price drop. For the most part, however, technology does us more good than harm: It's reconnected us with old college roommates, helped us learn a foreign language, and encouraged us to exercise. Follow us as we look back at how technology has changed our lives—for the better and for the worse—in terms of communication, computing, dining, entertainment, and travel.—Next: Communication >
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Do magnetic Feilds Exist? 1. Oct 16, 2009 #1 Hello sorry if this is noob question... Its my 1st year! Well we have learn that magnetic fields are created by moving charges, current loop or straight conductor. I realised that in some frames of reference, the magnetic field will not exist, rather it is replace entirely by an electric field. I also know magnetic fields cannot be isolated and therefore as far as i know there are no fundamental "magnetic" particles. but I have heard of magnetic monopoles. I also learned that magnetic fields in all materials are actually created by small "current loops" or moving charge interactions between atoms. Does this mean magnetic fields do not exist, or are a simplification of complex dynamic electric interactions, which can be simplified by changing your frame of reference? 2. jcsd 3. Oct 16, 2009 #2 It is sufficient to consider one reference frame in which the magnetic field exists. Field mutual transformations do not invalidate their physical sense and existence. For example, the electron is a magnetic dipole in all reference frames. 4. Oct 16, 2009 #3 User Avatar Science Advisor Magnetic fields cannot always be transformed away. It turns out that [itex]E^2-B^2[/itex] is the same in all frames of reference. So is [itex]\vec{E} \cdot \vec{B}[/itex]. This means that you cannot change frames in order to make a purely electric field look purely magnetic (or vice versa). Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges, although many elementary particles also produce them even when at rest. The resultant fields look the same as they would if produced by an ordinary loop of current. 5. Oct 18, 2009 #4 electric fields are funn! 6. Oct 18, 2009 #5 Andrew Mason User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper "Fields" are one way to model how electric, magnetic and gravitational forces work at a distance. But it is just a model that allows us to give predictable results. Whether there is something "actually there" is probably not answerable. It depends on what is meant by "something" and what is meant by "there". Richard Feynman put it this way: "[URL [Broken] Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics Richard Feynman, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965 Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017 7. Oct 19, 2009 #6 In classical physics, all these electric/magnetic fields business is but a good way to describe effects of matter have on each other's motion when they possess a property call "charge". At the end of the day, no body actually measures electric or magnetic field but velocities and accelerations of the particle whose motion they affect. Nevertheless fields are useful because they make it easy for us to visualize certain effects. I am still quite unsure about the above statements when we are talking about quantum mechanics though. Not only are electromagnetic field (or Gauge field) treated identically (in principle) to other "matter field" in QFT as just another term in the Lagrangian; there are phenomena like the Aharonov-Bohm effect that tells us not only magnetic field, but the potential also have physical reality. 8. Oct 19, 2009 #7 It is not so. Static electric and magnetic forces are measurable directly, so it is not a problem to figure out what the field values are. In a wave mechanics (QM) the wave is present everywhere. The topology of experimental set is important. 9. Oct 19, 2009 #8 Andrew Mason User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper And how do you measure forces if not by measuring masses and accelerations in some direct or indirect fashion? 10. Oct 19, 2009 #9 By dynamometers, for example. No accelerations, just an elastic force to counter-balance. 11. Oct 19, 2009 #10 Andrew Mason User Avatar Science Advisor Homework Helper This is just a clever indirect way of measuring force using mass and acceleration. You have to determine the spring constant in order to measure the electro-magnetic force. You calibrate the spring by measuring masses and accelerations. 12. Oct 19, 2009 #11 Let it be! 13. Oct 24, 2011 #12 An electromagnetic field has a magnetic field component in every reference frame. So, yes, magnetic fields exist.
Find us on Google+ Diameter: 6,779 km Distance from sun: 227,900,000 km Surface area: 144,798,500 km² Length of day: 1d 0h 40m Gravity: 3.711 m/s² Circumference: 21,297 km Mass: 639E21 kg (0.107 Earth mass) Length of Year: 686.98 Earth Days Surface temp: -87 to -5 C Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the seventh largest.Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars.Mars has been known since prehistoric times. Of course, it has been extensively studied with ground-based observatories. But even very large telescopes find Mars a difficult target, it’s just too small. It is still a favorite of science fiction writers as the most favorable place in the Solar System (other than Earth!) for human habitation. But the famous “canals” “seen” by Lowell and others were, unfortunately, just as imaginary as Barsoomian princesses. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965. Several others followed including Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976. Ending a long 20 year hiatus, Mars Pathfinder landed successfully on Mars on 1997 July 4. In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers “Spirit” and “Opportunity” landed on Mars sending back geologic data and many pictures; they are still operating after more than three years on Mars. In 2008, Phoenix landed in the northern plains to search for water. Three Mars orbiters (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Express) are also currently in operation. Mars’ orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of about 30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and perihelion. This has a major influence on Mars’ climate. While the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F) on the day side during summer. Olympus Mons Olympus Mons, Mars Mars has some of the most highly varied and interesting terrain of any of the terrestrial planets, some of it quite spectacular: • Olympus Mons: the largest mountain in the Solar System rising 24 km (78,000 ft.) above the surrounding plain. Its base is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km (20,000 ft) high. • Valles Marineris: a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep (top of page); • Hellas Planitia: an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter. Much of the Martian surface is very old and cratered, but there are also much younger rift valleys, ridges, hills and plains. (None of this is visible in any detail with a telescope, even the Hubble Space Telescope; all this information comes from the spacecraft that we’ve sent to Mars.) Southern Highlands, Mars Southern Highlands The southern hemisphere of Mars is predominantly ancient cratered highlands somewhat similar to the Moon. In contrast, most of the northern hemisphere consists of plains which are much younger, lower in elevation and have a much more complex history. An abrupt elevation change of several kilometers seems to occur at the boundary. The reasons for this global dichotomy and abrupt boundary are unknown (some speculate that they are due to a very large impact shortly after Mars’ accretion). Mars Global Surveyor has produced a nice 3D map of Mars that clearly shows these features. The interior of Mars is known only by inference from data about the surface and the bulk statistics of the planet. The most likely scenario is a dense core about 1700 km in radius, a molten rocky mantle somewhat denser than the Earth’s and a thin crust. Data from Mars Global Surveyor indicates that Mars’ crust is about 80 km thick in the southern hemisphere but only about 35 km thick in the north. Mars’ relatively low density compared to the other terrestrial planets indicates that its core probably contains a relatively large fraction of sulfur in addition to iron (iron and iron sulfide). Like Mercury and the Moon, Mars appears to lack active plate tectonics at present; there is no evidence of recent horizontal motion of the surface such as the folded mountains so common on Earth. With no lateral plate motion, hot-spots under the crust stay in a fixed position relative to the surface. This, along with the lower surface gravity, may account for the Tharis bulge and its enormous volcanoes. There is no evidence of current volcanic activity. However, data from Mars Global Surveyor indicates that Mars very likely did have tectonic activity sometime in the past. There is very clear evidence of erosion in many places on Mars including large floods and small river systems. At some time in the past there was clearly some sort of fluid on the surface. Liquid water is the obvious fluid but other possibilities exist. There may have been large lakes or even oceans; the evidence for which was strenghtened by some very nice images of layered terrain taken by Mars Global Surveyor and the mineralology results from MER Opportunity. Most of these point to wet episodes that occurred only briefly and very long ago; the age of the erosion channels is estimated at about nearly 4 billion years. However, images from Mars Express released in early 2005 show what appears to be a frozen sea that was liquid very recently (maybe 5 million years ago). Confirmation of this interpretation would be a very big deal indeed! (Valles Marineris was NOT created by running water. It was formed by the stretching and cracking of the crust associated with the creation of the Tharsis bulge.) Early in its history, Mars was much more like Earth. As with Earth almost all of its carbon dioxide was used up to form carbonate rocks. But lacking the Earth’s plate tectonics, Mars is unable to recycle any of this carbon dioxide back into its atmosphere and so cannot sustain a significant greenhouse effect. The surface of Mars is therefore much colder than the Earth would be at that distance from the Sun. Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed mostly of the tiny amount of remaining carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%) and traces of oxygen (0.15%) and water (0.03%). The average pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 millibars (less than 1% of Earth’s), but it varies greatly with altitude from almost 9 millibars in the deepest basins to about 1 millibar at the top of Olympus Mons. But it is thick enough to support very strong winds and vast dust storms that on occasion engulf the entire planet for months. Mars’ thin atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect but it is only enough to raise the surface temperature by 5 degrees (K); much less than what we see on Venus and Earth. South Polar Cap, Mars South Polar Cap Early telescopic observations revealed that Mars has permanent ice caps at both poles; they’re visible even with a small telescope. We now know that they’re composed of water ice and solid carbon dioxide (“dry ice”). The ice caps exhibit a layered structure with alternating layers of ice with varying concentrations of dark dust. In the northern summer the carbon dioxide completely sublimes, leaving a residual layer of water ice. ESA’s Mars Express has shown that a similar layer of water ice exists below the southern cap as well. The mechanism responsible for the layering is unknown but may be due to climatic changes related to long-term changes in the inclination of Mars’ equator to the plane of its orbit. There may also be water ice hidden below the surface at lower latitudes. The seasonal changes in the extent of the polar caps changes the global atmospheric pressure by about 25% (as measured at the Viking lander sites). Mars shot by HST Mars by HST Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed that the conditions during the Viking missions may not have been typical. Mars’ atmosphere now seems to be both colder and dryer than measured by the Viking landers (more details from STScI). The Viking landers performed experiments to determine the existence of life on Mars. The results were somewhat ambiguous but most scientists now believe that they show no evidence for life on Mars (there is still some controversy, however). Optimists point out that only two tiny samples were measured and not from the most favorable locations. More experiments will be done by future missions to Mars. A small number of meteorites (the SNC meteorites) are believed to have originated on Mars. On 1996 Aug 6, David McKay et al announced what they thought might be evidence of ancient Martian microorganisms in the meteorite ALH84001. Though there is still some controversy, the majority of the scientific community has not accepted this conclusion. If there is or was life on Mars, we still haven’t found it. Large, but not global, weak magnetic fields exist in various regions of Mars. This unexpected finding was made by Mars Global Surveyor just days after it entered Mars orbit. They are probably remnants of an earlier global field that has since disappeared. This may have important implications for the structure of Mars’ interior and for the past history of its atmosphere and hence for the possibility of ancient life. When it is in the nighttime sky, Mars is easily visible with the unaided eye. Mars is a difficult but rewarding target for an amateur telescope though only for the three or four months each Martian year when it is closest to Earth. Its apparent size and brightness varies greatly according to its relative position to the Earth. There are several Web sites that show the current position of Mars (and the other planets) in the sky. More detailed and customized charts can be created with a planetarium program. Mars’ Satellites Mars has two tiny satellites which orbit very close to the Martian surface, Deimos and Phobos by with no comments yet. Leave a Reply
Beating Yeast Infections Guide Candida Yeast Infections: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments How To Prevent Yeast Infections On Skin Infants may develop a candidal skin rash in the diaper area. Vaginal candidiasis vulvovaginitis, yeast infection - see Preview vaginal infections is common, especially in pregnant women with diabetes or taking antibiotics. Symptoms of these infections include a white or yellow cheeselike discharge from the vagina and burning, itching and redness along the walls and outer area of the vagina. Another word about vaginal douche - not only can the vaginal douche cause allergic reactions, it can also alter the natural balance of goodness and bacteria in a woman's vagina. This in turn can create an environment that allows Candida to burst, resulting in a yeast infection. Showering can also lead to other health problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial vaginosis, complications of pregnancy, and cervical cancer. Yeast infections are not so much "caught" even though they can be passed between sexual partners that "grown" from their own yeast cells into the vagina. The classic example of this is the increased risk of having a yeast infection after taking antibiotics. Antibiotics reduce the normal bacteria in the vagina, and the yeast takes the opportunity and breeds quickly, causing a yeast infection. The acidic environment of the vagina helps maintain yeast growth. If the vagina becomes less acidic, too many yeasts can develop and cause a vaginal infection. Yeast infections are so common that every third woman will get one in their life. Half of all women have more than one infection during their lifetime. Yeast infections can be very uncomfortable, but are usually not serious. The symptoms are as follows If you have symptoms of a yeast infection, your doctor will probably want to talk to you about your symptoms and will examine you to make sure that a yeast infection is the cause. Updated: April 28, 2018 — 11:44 pm
New Radar System for Flying Cars! New Radar System for Flying Cars We have all heard of the expression, “flying under the radar” but have you ever considered that flying under the radar would be necessary in the very near future with the advent of flying cars in our cities? New object-detection technology proliferated after World War II when radar was used for the first time in real-world scenarios. In the beginning, Military pilots had trouble seeing things at low altitudes, where buildings and hills severely would limit the range of the radar. Pilots then got used to being spotted on the new radar systems and so would hug the terrain, flying beneath the radio waves that would detect their presence. After the second world war, the airline industry also adopted the technology and came to rely on radar detection systems for safe passage through crowded airspace but unlike the military aircraft during WW2, civilian aircraft had no need to fly under the radar. But aviation is bracing for great changes in the very near future with the arrival of autonomous drones and flying cars. This means that the skies below 500 feet will become extremely congested and we can imagine the future will have flying vehicles in the same volumes as we have on the present road networks. In the not so distant future, we will see flying cars whisking passengers across towns and cities all over the world. Automated flying machines carrying out a myriad of domestic tasks. As compelling as these visions are, the vehicles can’t stay invisible to the air-traffic-control systems that need to track them and keep everybody safe. Conventional mechanical radar systems, the ones we are used to seeing—large dishes that rotate in endless circles—will still form the backbone of aviation tracking systems for the foreseeable future but new detection systems will have to be developed to help fill in the blind spots. So Raytheon, a major U.S. defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics, has set its sights a bit lower to use a pun. The defence contractor has developed a low-power radar it says can fill in the gaps missed by conventional systems. Instead of having single units that sit on towers or mountaintops, spinning and scanning up to 200 miles out, Raytheon proposes distributing smaller digital systems, en masse, across the landscape. Whether this is a good idea, we would have to consider that, as it is a question for debate? New Radar System for Flying Cars The one-square-meter units, like upright white pizza box with electronically scanned array technology that is more precise and more tunable than what’s in use now. And when spread across the terrain on cell towers, buildings, and hilltops, they should be able to track aircraft at much lower altitudes than is currently possible with conventional radar systems. Raytheon’s lead engineer on the program, Michael Dubois said, “This ‘agile-beam’ concept allows you to redirect a pencil-like beam to follow a target, whether it’s a flying car or an airplane or a drone,” “While conventional radar systems can only track a few targets, these systems can keep their eyes on many. You can do that with higher resolution and much faster update rates, the engineer added, since the beam never rotates away from the target.” Active electronically scanned arrays are already in use in modern fighter jets, including the F-22 Raptor and the F-35 Lightning II, but the flying car technology should be far less expensive than the military systems. Because the array is widely distributed across the terrain, it won’t pick up as much radio frequency interference from buildings, weather, or land masses. Units can be networked together to increase resolution and more precisely filter out that clutter. This could be key to tracking small drones and giving autonomous air vehicles enhanced situational awareness at low altitudes. Dubois. Went on to say: “You can track aircraft, but you can also leverage it for microscale weather analysis, including 3-D wind information, and down to extremely localized tracking that could help future air vehicles as well as the general public,” “When you get into really small areas, you can even help, for instance, hobbyists flying model rockets or airplanes or drone operators working to ensure a clear path for their own flights.” Low-power radar networks will likely be one of a variety of solutions for future air mobility, with another key being ADS-B, the increasingly ubiquitous system that uses GPS data to automatically broadcast an aircraft’s position. ADS-B has its own limitations: To work, it must be installed on the aircraft in question. It can’t monitor weather or look for birds. So radar still matters. In a recent demonstration for government agencies, Raytheon’s system actively tracked flights within 20 miles from a single unit, and provided detailed enough data to “guide a pilot to touchdown with surgical precision,” The low-power radar technology, which is actually now in its third generation could be ready by mid-2019, with large-scale production following that. Raytheon promises costs similar to or better than full-size radar systems covering the same area. Civil aviation air-traffic-control networks will be the main target for this system to start with, but the new technology could also be adopted by industry customers as well in the future. In the meantime, though, Raytheon is working to develop all the possible applications for the technology, so that, one day, flying under the radar will be nothing more than a tired cliche. New Radar System for Flying Cars Full History Check Irish & UK Check Finance Check
Mormon leaders teach patriarchy In 1996 the associated press had an article in the newspaper saying, "Mormon Church President Gordon Hinckley said that although women are forbidden the faith's priesthood, they still can contribute by 'working hand in hand with the priesthood.'" "Hinckley also reiterated that where possible, mothers should forego full-time jobs in favor of raising their children at home." "'It is well-nigh impossible to be a full-time homemaker and a full-time employee,' Hinckley said in a sermon directed to the women of the 9.6 million-member Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." Hinckley said that even though women do not hold leadership positions over men "I know of no other organization in all the world which affords women so many opportunities for development, for sociality, for the accomplishment of great good, for holding positions of leadership and responsibility." "Mormon women have their own auxiliary, the Relief Society, and also can serve in leadership roles in programs for children and young women. But only men can serve as bishops of local congregations, for example, or in the all-male hierarchy of the church." "'It was the Lord who designated that men in his church should hold the priesthood,' said Hinckley .... In a '60 Minutes' interview, Hinckley said only men hold the Mormon priesthood 'because God stated that it should be so. That was the revelation to the church.'" He is correct. It is God's will that only men lead other men. As usual there is Cain fighting against what is true. The article quotes a woman who has been excommunicated by the church for writing feminist criticisms of patriarchy: "Lavina Fielding Anderson pointed out that no revelation specifically excluding women from the priesthood has ever been published or announced. I think what we have here is a case of interpretive drift. Doctrine is being invented to bolster a tradition." The newspaper article goes on to say, "The priesthood ban against women has been criticized for years by a small minority of Mormon women. Some have been excommunicated or otherwise disciplined for raising the issue publicly.". Hinckley is quoted as saying that he understands that many women have to work for economic reasons, but he says they should not work just to have "an elaborate home, fancy cars and other luxuries." The Andelins say the same thing. To me, the only way to solve the problem that some women have to work for economic reasons is to solve the spiritual problem of not living in a trinity and trinities living in a community together. The argument of feminists in the Mormon and Catholic church that there is no written statement against women leading men is ridiculous. Both religions believe in the Bible and it clearly states the case for patriarchy. The Mormons have a statement of their belief of how people should order their families. The following is some thoughts they have on the traditional family: The Proclamation on the Family states: Wives have a responsibility to follow their husband's counsel and instructions. It should be mentioned that they have a responsibility to follow their own husband's counsel, the husband they personally chose and selected, and not anyone else. No other man, whether he holds the priesthood or not, has any authority over them (e.g., congregation leaders only issue callings to women with the approval of their husbands). However, a husband's authority is only valid if it is consistent with righteousness and the will of God. We have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion. .... No power or influence can or ought to be maintained by virtue of the priesthood, only by persuasion, by long-suffering, by gentleness and meekness, and by love unfeigned; By kindness, and pure knowledge, which shall greatly enlarge the soul without hypocrisy, and without guile ...... and thy dominion shall be an everlasting dominion, and without compulsory means it shall flow unto thee forever and ever." (D&C 121:34-46, emphasis added) If a father tries to unrighteously instruct his family, then his authority evaporates and no one should follow him. Enemies of the Church often state that Latter-day Saint women are "under the thumb" of their husbands. Such descriptions are not only untrue, but offensive to Latter-day Saint men. This condescending attitude also tends to irritate Latter-day Saint women who don't appreciate such disrespect regarding their chosen lifestyles. As noted above, a husband has no power or authority to compel his wife to do anything. Yes, he presides, but only as long as it is accordance with her wishes. If a wife chooses not to follow her husband's counsel, then there is absolutely nothing he can do about it. A Husband only governs a wife as far as she chooses to be governed. Finally, since these issues are utterly foreign in faithful LDS families, it seems a little bizarre that we are talking about them in the first place. In homes where the gospel is taught and followed, you will find a greater degree of happiness and satisfaction in family life than you will anywhere else. Latter-day Saints simply have a program that works. While individual families may be repressive and dysfunctional, most Latter-day Saints believe that the defect is not inherent in the structure. Indeed, the family is viewed as the source of both men's and women's greatest work and joy, not only on earth but also in eternity. We hear so much about emancipation, independence, sexual liberation, birth control, abortion, and other insidious propaganda belittling the role of motherhood, all of which is Satan's way of destroying woman, the home, and the family--the basic unit of society. The common thinking of today is that men and women are not different. There is a push for androgyny. Dr. Alvin Poussaint in his Introduction to Bill Cosby's book Fatherhood says, "Men have been struggling with the unfamiliar demands and challenges of this new model of fatherhood. Many have modified their behaviors to some degree in order to adapt more comfortably to changing social and family patterns. In the process of this change, many fathers have seen new possibilities for their own fulfillment by taking a greater part in child-rearing responsibilities. A new movement has been spawned that has been pushing American men and women closer to the acceptance of androgynous fatherhood -- men who take a significant share of nurturing responsibilities for children and the home, tasks that were previously assigned exclusively to women." The Andelins effectively explain how damaging it is to blur the sexes. Advocates of androgyny think they are restoring "balance" to parenting roles but are in reality unbalancing the family. This confused doctor continues saying that men must "give up old-fashioned ideas about so-called manliness, 'who wears the pants in the family,' and what constitutes 'women's work' as opposed to 'men's work.'" Men, he says, "can be 'primary care givers' and can provide 'mother love.'" He goes on to praise "househusbands." All of this is sad especially since it's placed in a best seller by Cosby and influences many people. Many books against the traditional family In a review of She Works/He Works in the New York Times the feminist writer Carol Tavris writes that only "3 percent of all families" fit the traditional pattern of the man as sole breadwinner. She says, "Yet conservatives have ... wailed so noisily about the allegedly catastrophic consequences of change." She says the authors show that the new marriages of today are better. One reason is that because both men and women work, "these couples 'do not feel the gut-wrenching vulnerability' of economic disaster if one partner loses a job." Another reason dual earning families are healthier is "studies repeatedly have found, employed wives are not as depressed and anxious as 1950's homemakers were, nor do their children suffer." Oh, yeah? For those of you reading this who do not like the traditional family then these kind of books will be for you. Liberals see the "new" family as "thriving." I don't. Ms. Tavris continues, "Just as wives aren't the selfish careerists of media stereotype, Ms. Barnett and Ms. Rivers say, neither are husbands 'brutish, uncaring, lazy slobs who are dead set against change.' Today's fathers, they find, are 'not the distant, work-obsessed fathers of the 1950's'; most are closely involved in all aspects of their children's care...Also contrary to stereotype, men's participation in household chores has risen dramatically." Yeah, right. She ends her article saying that the book brings "good news that 'collaborative couples,' who are now the norm, are healthier and happier than those constrained by the segregation of the past." What is the future? Women aren't going to give up their wonderful jobs: "Women who need and enjoy their jobs aren't going to give them up. People who are unhappily married aren't going to stay together. Teen-agers aren't going to have a mass conversion and choose abstinence until they marry -- if they do marry." Oh, yeah? She ends saying that anyone who teaches differently "is not only delusional but cruel." Helen Andelin writes, "Now let us turn our attention more fully to one of the most important requirements of man's successful leadership -- your obedience. The first law of Heaven is obedience, and it should be the first law of every home. It is the foundation of an orderly home, a successful family, and the successful lives of the children. The wife is the key. When she sets an example of obedience to her husband, the children follow. It has not only immediate benefits, but far-reaching effects on their entire lives." "On the other hand, when the wife refuses to obey her husband, she sets a pattern of rebellion for her children to follow. They learn from her that they don't have to obey an instruction if they don't want to .... When such children are turned out into the world they have difficulty obeying the law, or a higher authority, such as leadership on campus or in their work. The problems of rebellious youth can often be traced to homes where the mother disobeyed the father or showed lack of respect for his authority." "English satirist C. Northcote Parkinson passed judgment on the campus revolution in America in the 1970's, and blamed the whole thing on women. He told a Los Angeles audience that the trouble in American colleges is based on disrespect for authority learned in the home. 'The general movement, I think, begins with the female revolution,' he said. 'Women demanded the vote and equality and ceased to submit to the control of their husbands. In the process they began to lose control of their own children.' Mr. Parkinson said that in his own Victorian childhood, 'Pop's word was law, and Mother's most deadly threat was, 'I shall have to inform your father.' Nowadays, the mother can't appeal to the children in that way because they have denied paternal authority themselves.'" "On the other hand, women who are strictly obedient to their husbands, showing honor and respect for their authority, set an example of obedience for their children to pattern from. Several years ago I was visiting my daughter in a distant state when our son came from a neighboring university to visit. They visited for some time while I listened in. One point in the conversation caught my attention acutely." "Paul said to Kristine, 'When we were growing up I would never have thought of disobeying Dad, would you, Kristine?' She said emphatically, 'No, I would never, ever have thought of disobeying Dad!' I broke into the conversation by asking, 'Why would you never have thought of disobeying your father?' Their quick response was, 'You were the key, Mom, because you always obeyed Dad, even when it was very difficult.'" Women must take criticism from men, not give it Aubrey Andelin touches on a crucial point in a marriage, but I feel he doesn't explain it forcefully enough and that point is on how a man guides his wife. Helen's book, I am afraid, can also be misinterpreted by women. Dr. Andelin says that a husband should not be "harsh or critical" if his wife makes mistakes. He goes on for several paragraphs explaining how the man should be "patient, forgiving, understanding and sympathetic." Then he says, "When a woman continually makes mistakes which burden others, it becomes her husband's obligation to teach her .... If she is a poor housekeeper or poor cook, perhaps he can encourage her to get instruction. She needs to know how important it is to you to have a well-organized home and meals which are adequate and on time. She must know that a part of the success in her life is to become adept in these skills, and a serious responsibility attaches to it." Isn't this being critical? Isn't this acting like a boss who gives an order? I agree that a man should not be harsh, but he has to be critical. To lead means to give orders and if the leader sees the follower not doing as he wants he must point it out and that is criticism. The problem is that followers often think they are being attacked instead of being humble and appreciative of receiving a negative view of their performance. How many women are going to hear a husband tell her to take cooking lessons? About as many men who are going to just love the constructive criticism that they should take driving lessons. What woman is going to take an order, no matter how nice he gives it, that she should check out a book on housekeeping so she can learn to be neat and organized? What would be the reaction the average woman will have if a husband tells his wife, "Honey, I really love you and I know how hard you work taking care of the children. Now I don't want you to make a mountain out of molehill and I can't say enough how I am not perfect and that I don't think I'm a better person than you, but I think you could use some help in keeping the house neater. The expert on housecleaning is Don Aslett who has books and a great video on how to clean and organize a house. I would like for you to go the library and check it out. I also think you should study books on Fung-shui that show how to arrange furniture so it spiritual. And there are some good books on diet such as Bodystat that will show you how to feed me better and it will help you lose that extra 50 pounds you have. And I think you should study Helen Andelin's book on raising children, All About Raising Children. She is an expert mother and will show you how to raise our children. Again, I can't say enough of how great you are and that we both have equal value and I am not a perfect person, but I'm the head of the house and this is my direction. Please do this starting tomorrow morning." What wife in America is going to humbly listen to this or anything a husband has to say? The response in this culture would be the woman immediately attacking the man for being harsh and insensitive and not worthy of giving her one direction because he has not earned it. Women do not see men as vertical to them. Men and women see themselves in a horizontal relationship in which there is constant voting and compromising. They are, in effect, roommates who constantly try to find the middle way. Let's continue with Dr. Andelin: "If she is habitually late, help her understand how inconsiderate it is to keep others waiting. She may not understand that such a habit is a selfish disregard for the time and comfort of others. Teach her as you would a child, if her fault is a childish one. If she spends money foolishly, she can be taught the principles of economy either by yourself or by special instruction .... If this instruction is given with kindness, free of sarcasm or ridicule, and with an assurance that you don't consider yourself perfect, a woman will usually respond favorably. Otherwise she will resent unexpected criticism, especially when she's tired or busy." Dr. Andelin has a devout Mormon wife and he leads an exemplary life. Most wives do not believe that their husbands are their guide, boss, leader, or whatever you want to call it. I don't care how a man sugarcoats his directives, he's going to have a fight on his hands and hear what's wrong with him and that he should spend time getting the log out of his eye before he focuses on what he perceives to be a speck in his wife's. And it is a speck compared to the massive problems she thinks she has with her pathetic husband. Andelin makes no sense when he goes on to say, "In review, we can say that it's never wise to criticize. Express sympathy and be understanding and forgiving. Help her overcome the problems caused by her failure." We don't live in a day and age where the average person respects authority. A tiny percent of the Christian community believes in being humble to leadership. Part of that is understandable because there is so little good leadership from any man. But for women to throw out men and seek leadership makes things worse. At some point somebody has to stop the merry-go-ground and fulfill their role. Helen teaches women to follow their husbands, even if they are wrong. But she weakens her argument by saying they are not to be doormats and have to be treated with respect. She doesn't go into detail and so many women will interpret this as being they will not follow a man until he's almost perfect. The atmosphere of this world is one of competition between men and women, not harmonious cooperation. U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents get along better than most marriages. There is more harmony between President Clinton and Vice President Gore than there is between President Clinton and the First Lady. In the first relationship Clinton does not fight and in the second he fights. Hillary doesn't see her position as subordinate to her husbands. She is not his follower. She can talk back. The only time a woman should not follow a man is when he is physically abusive or grossly immoral. There are very few men who are like this and Helen correctly says the woman should leave the home for her safety, but should also look within herself to see how she had a hand in encouraging him to do such things. In some cases, people, both men and women, are simply insane or possessed. But those are extremely few in number. It takes two to tango. Many women do not understand they have played a part in creating an atmosphere for some men to lose control. Most men and women don't take the time or effort to study marriage and family. If there is a problem, they just resort to drinking, affairs, food, work or some other denial and many just give up and file for divorce. Most marriage counselors don't help because they're trying to figure out their own life and haven't got a clue how to fix themselves or anybody else. Father says not to go to them. Marriage counselors usually end up advocating divorce hoping that they will be lucky in the next marriage. They do not know God's plan. They do not counsel women to obey and men to lead. Men are wimps and women hate them for it. And because so many women had Fathers and other men in their lives who were wimps and far from perfect they will fight any man, no matter how good he is, if he tries to guide them. Helen says women should be tactful with men and be careful about saying anything that may cause him insecurity. How many women do that? Most men have no interest in leading or striving because the women in their lives have near total contempt for them. Men are a mixture of scary monsters and little boys to women. Helen teaches that obedience from women will inspire men. She has many testimonies to prove it. Her ideology works and the feminists who rule this country have an ideology of so-called equality that does not work. It's a black and white issue. Take your pick. Helen explains, as Father often says, that women must see they are in a vertical relationship. Once women deeply understand and live by this principle then there will be an end to the battle of the sexes. And Helen says women should do this not because it is manipulative, but because it is a principle from God. We are to do things more because it is right, not because of what we will receive -- even though we will receive what we want. The focus is on giving, not receiving. The focus is on chopping the wood and building a fire in the fireplace so your loved ones can be warm on a snowy night instead of focusing on building a fire so you can be warm. As Zig Ziglar says you can have everything in life you want if you will only help others get what they want. Women must understand that they must take criticism so the man can learn leadership. And women must understand that men know better overall what needs to be done, not only outside the house but inside as well. Women must understand that the man is the center of the house, not the woman. She is the vice-president in the home and must teach her children to obey their father by showing in her deeds that she obeys too. It would be great if men could lead perfectly, but they don't. Women must follow anyway. In the end, the man will find the right way. Women must learn patience. They must stop turning to government and themselves to solve society's problems. They must follow their husband's lead and then all will be well with the family and the nation and the world. Men must understand their role and never give up their power. They must not be intimidated by women who criticize not only the directions, orders, commands, suggestions or whatever you call it, but also how the man says it. They should try to be kind but the bottom line is that it doesn't matter how True Father or the average father in the average home says it, women must obey and not smart back. Women must bite their lip when they are criticized if they feel he is being unfair. They should give him a chance to grow in leadership. If he can't get his wife to follow then how much self-esteem can he have in society. First Corinthians 13 teaches us to be patient. It is not the woman's job to correct her husband. God corrects men by speaking to him directly or speaking through other men. This is why marriages are basically doomed to unhappiness because men do not have their souls knitted to other men under the same roof and women do not have other women to talk to and share the burdens together. True Christians have at least found growth stage happiness by living the values taught by everyone from St. Paul to the Andelins. Father is building on that by adding the trinity. Father is not abolishing patriarchy but fulfilling it and deepening it so that women are assured of being protected, provided for and properly led. One husband is not enough. Women need to be in a community of Godly men. That's when marriages and families will be completely happy. That is the completed testament age. The Andelins don't know this, but they do know a lot and we must be humble to them. Someday they will hear about trinity and must humble themselves to Father and his higher vision. Women have to understand that men have lots of Abels, central figures, and authorities that they must act toward as the wife acts toward the husband. Men have customers to please, church leaders to understand, military commanders to obey, the Messiah to follow, and ultimately God to tune into to and follow. Women say they to have to follow God and the Messiah. But God and the Messiah want women to follow them by following their husband. This is a law of the universe as powerful as gravity. Fight it and you will suffer terribly. America has fought this principle for the social experiment of communism that teaches androgyny. Take a look at our country. It's a mess. There are lots of books by Christian men and women teaching the true order of love. But if you can't read a number of them, at least study the Andelin's. Previous Home Next
Wednesday, 8 December 2010 The Hot Cross Bullfrog Affectionately named after, and in similar proportions, to the bakery snacks produced by the village markets at the bottom of the overgrown mountains, the Hot Cross Bullfrog is a carnivorous predator largely avoided by the rest of the mountain fauna. Surpassing many of the other reptiles in its vicinity, the HCB has priority over its prey, and is thus able to maintain the high demands of its circulatory system. The bullfrog survives mostly in areas of magmatic rock. The shell upon its back prevents the extreme temperatures from tearing the areas of flesh that are stretched over large skeletal or muscular frames. The shoulders of the bullfrog have evolved to develop partially exoskeletal plates, to prevent the vulnerable, thinner, and repeatedly stretched flesh of the muscular shoulders from being torn by the flammable molten compounds released through the creature’s warts. The shell appears almost like a collection of small islands supported above a molten core, which refreshes the density of the shell, often impacted by larger, brave, and perhaps foolish predators. The bullfrog often resides underneath small flows of molten rock for a limited time, to refresh the deposits and temperature within the shell. This molten liquid is also supplied to the rear feet, sustained by a vascular system which is similar in composition to the thicker, leathery warts which also contain excess deposits of this highly flammable, corrosive liquid. The hands and rear feet of the reptile are home to small, jagged claws, and a fiery touch, respectively. This vascular system also runs from the tail, under the torso of the beast, supplying the mouth with a practical means of cooking and neutralizing poisonous prey, while allowing the beast to warm its young, supply their smaller systems and shells with ‘fuel’, and warn off other creatures. The HCB is vulnerable at night, and likes to remain in difficult-to-reach areas of extreme temperature, to attempt to keep its bright features hidden in the darkness.
There’s nothing more aggravating than arriving at your destination groggy and red-eyed. Jet lag makes clear thinking difficult, leading to bad decisions at international business meetings, and recreational travelers find it detracts from the enjoyment of their hard-earned and time-limited vacations. Symptoms include fatigue and general tiredness, inability to sleep at night, loss of concentration, headaches, malaise and disorientation. It is caused by the disruption of biological rhythms as a result of rapid transitions across multiple time-zones. Such desynchronization of circadian rhythms also affects employees who transfer to night shifts. Preflight preparation isone of the most important aspects of combating jet lag. Before leaving, be sure you have all your affairs, personal and professional, in order. Avoid late farewell parties, so that you are not tired or hungover from a function the night before. Participate in regular exercise in the days prior to departure and if possible try to avoid exposure to people with flu or colds. Get a full night of sleep just prior to departure. There is evidence that jet lag is less acute on eastward rather that westward flights, as it is easier to force oneself to stay up later than normal than it is to fall asleep earlier than normal. Daytime flights cause less jet lag than overnight flights, which is why the latter are called “red-eye” flights. Due to cramped seating and ambient noise, don’t expect to get a good night’s rest on one of these flights. Drink plenty of non-alcoholic fluids, since the dry air in airplanes causes dehydration. Water is better than coffee, tea and fruit juices. Alcoholic drinks are a poor choice for combating dehydration, and demonstrate a markedly greater intoxicating effect when consumed in the rarefied atmosphere of an airliner compared to ground level. A blindfold, neckrest or blow-up pillow, and ear plugs can help you get quality sleep while flying. If there are some spare seats on the flight, lay across them, since it easier to fall asleep laying flat than sitting propped up. Get up and exercise frequently. Walking up and down the aisle, standing for short periods, and doing twisting and stretching exercises in your seat reduces discomfort from swollen legs and feet, and prevents potentially deadly Deep Vein Thrombosis. On long flights,get off the plane if possible at stopovers, and take a short walk around the airport. As far back as 1988 the Lancet report estimated “that over three years at Heathrow Airport, 18% of the 61 sudden deaths in long distance passengers were caused by clots in the lungs.” These clots originate in leg veins where blood pools and coagulates due to passenger immobility. There are many products purported to prevent or cure jet lag. One of them is melatonin, a hormone produced naturally by the body to produce sleepiness. Another product, No-Jet-Lag, has been proven effective in a scientific trial of round-the-world passengers and confirmed by longhaul flight attendants in a test conducted in cooperation with their union. Since it is a homeopathic preparation using extremely low dosages, No-Jet-Lag has no side effects and is compatible with other medications. If you plan to use melatonin, it is important to take it at the right time or it may make matters worse. When traveling east, on the day of the flight, take one dose of melatonin between 6 and 7 p.m. your time. On the day of arrival and for the next four days, take a dose of melatonin at bedtime (between 9 and 10 p.m.) local time of your new location. If you are on a stopover and will be traveling further east, take one dose of melatonin on the day before flying onward, again between 6 and 7 p.m. local time, instead of at bedtime). On the day of arrival at the final destination, take one dose of melatonin at bedtime (local time) and for the next four days. For westward travel, melatonin will not help if you are going less than five time zones to the west. For distant westward travel, on the day of arrival, take one dose of melatonin at local time bedtime and continue to do so for the next four days. If you wake up before 4 a.m., take a little more melatonin (half a dose) to get a complete night’s sleep. Dissolve this dose under the tongue, if possible, so it will be more fast-acting. Sleeping pills are not advisable, especially on the plane. They produce a drugged state which has little in common with natural sleep, and suppress natural body movement, not desirable in a cramped environment where the risk of DVTs is already high. Many over-the-counter sleeping pills are anti-histamines which tend to dehydrate the mucous membranes, creating a parched, sore throat when combined with the already dehydrating atmosphere inside the airplane. Hopefully these tips will help you arrive at your destination awake and energetic.
The Arrival of the Paddington Canal in 1801 In the eighteenth century networks of canals had grown up in the Midlands and North connecting coal fields, mines and factories. They carried bulk goods like minerals, building materials, timber and foodstuffs, in a world completely different from Paddington with its semi-rural, fashionable life. At this time Paddington and Westbourne were still villages in a sea of farmland; favourite dwelling places for ladies, gentlemen and artists, who may, or may not, have been either. There was the elegant new St Mary's Church built in 1791, a few new houses facing it across the Green, and Paddington Alms Houses on the Harrow Road. It was the edge of the country, with ponds, waste land and clean air, sweetly away from the pollution of London. pic34b The Grand Junction Canal linking canal networks to London. A. The first link to The Thames at Brentford. B. The Paddington Arm C. The Regent's Canal. However, in 1793, two years after the new church had been built, an Act of Parliament was passed to link the network of industrial canals in the Midlands, to London, at Paddington. The Vestry (the local Parish Council) did not want it. Their whole way of life would be upturned. Into their rural peace would come a ravening army of navvies, with a fearsome reputation. Page 33 Page 35 Updated February 3, 2011
Positive anything is better than negative nothing. – Elbert Hubbard – Elbert Hubbard Have you ever noticed that time tend to fly by really quickly when we’re happy and a minute feels like a year when we’re not? It’s actually a natural bias for us human beings to seek out negative events and circumstances and hold on to it for fast recall. While happy memories we usually have to consciously recall. Strange, isn’t it? Not that it’s a bad thing. It’s a part of self-preservation mechanism that let us acknowledge the problems and solutions. However, we usually focus too vividly on the negative that we set ourselves up for failure instead of success. So if we can will ourselves to focus on the positive instead of the negative, we can definitely even out the odds. If we can find a happy medium where we can acknowledge and address problems or failures or challenges without letting the circumstances pull us into a downward spiral. If we can find that middle ground where we can think with a clear head and stay positive then it’s most likely that we’ll be able to stay productive and motivated to reach our goals. 8 Ways to train your brain to stay positive 1. Attitude of gratitude When face with a challenge, first take stock of what is good in your life. This will help balance the negative bias and give your brain what it needs to get that boost to tackle the challenge the right way. 2. Challenge the negative When a negative thought pops into your mind, challenge it. Imagine you are an outsider looking in on that negative thought. (Think of it as an Obscura that has been extracted from the host … you’ll know what I mean if you’ve seen The Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.) Deconstruct it. Where it came from, why it exists, is it true and if it’s a reminder of old mistakes, then remind yourself that you learned from it and you’ll be able to deal with it better this time. 3. Think happy thoughts Remind yourself of the things that make you happy. Pick 2-3 things that you know will make you smile. The happy thoughts will definitely help chase away the negativity and give you a clearer vision and a clearer head to tackle any challenges coming your way. what makes you happy 4. Affirm positivity To take No. 3 a step further, create an affirmation to be used when face with negative situations. Repeating these positive affirmations with honest conviction to yourself time and time again every morning as a way to train your brain to believe in them. Stay realistic and logical. Pick a couple of affirmations that you want to use to represent your goals and values. I’m strong and resilient. I can handle everything that comes my way. Mistakes are to learn from. These affirmations will help influence how you interpret negative events in the future. 5. Stay in the now Stay present during the day and make a conscious effort to be in the now. Don’t worry about the future or dwell in the past. If you catch yourself daydreaming or thinking of past mistakes, bring yourself back to now. Now is where your power lies. You can’t do anything to change the past or the future. Now is the only time you can do something with. 6. Meditate Meditation is a great way to clear your mind and remind yourself to stay in the present. If you can take 5-10 minutes to meditate either after you wake up or just before you go to bed, that would be perfect. Repeat your affirmations and remind yourself to stay in the now. Remind yourself how strong you really are and that you can handle everything that comes your way calmly and positively. 7. Hang out with happy people It helps to perk up your emotions when you are around happy people. When you are around happy people, you feel happy and joyful as well. Don’t waste time with people, places and things that will drain your energy. 8. Find positive pursuits What do you like to do? What are the things or activities that you do that makes you happy? Schedule time for these activities. Do more of it and the positive energy will come looking for you. Some of these steps might take a bit of time to get used to. Creating a new habit takes time and a little bit of effort and consistency. But the end results would be worth the energy. So have you think positive thought today? var infolinks_pid = {PID}; var infolinks_wsid = {WSID};
Saturday, March 18, 2017 John Follin 1761-1841 John Follin Mary Ann Baker daughter of Writings of Samuel Follin John Follin Sr., Lieutenant, United States Navy My father, John Folin, was in the American Revolution as a sailor from Virginia, as I have heard him tell many times. From numerous reminiscenes that I have heard him repeat, I judge that he embarked as a sailor at Bellhaven now called Alexandria, Virginia, and that not long after his ship was attacked by a British vessel and chased for three days. He said that the balls fell thick and fast all around him and at first he was greatly scared but soon got so he did not mind it. His vessel was captured and he was taken to England with the other prisoners and held a year, then for some reason they were taken to the rock of Gibraltar and kept about about a year, when they were transferred to a British man-of-war in the same vicinity, where they remained for near another year. The idea probably was to have them aid the British in the defense of Gibraltar during the "Great Siege," the great fortress then undergoing a four year investment by the combined forces of France and Spain. As my father was a Scotch-Irishman he was claimed the choice of taking the oath of allegiance to King George III of a flogging. He chose the latter, and was tied to a grating and given thirty-nine lashes on his bare back. On the man-of-war they were often flogged for very trivial offenses. Frequently heard father speak of a man by the name of Adams from Philadelphia. While near Gibraltar Adams formed a plot to get away. The plan was to take the boat that belonged to the vessel and escape to the mainland. The plot was detected and Adams whipped three times with a doctor standing by each time to say how much he could stand and he was kept confined for a long time. Adams said: "The next time they would whip me; I'll go or die!" Finally he found a good opportunity. It was the custom it seems to keep the arms in a locked compartment. One day while nearly all the ship's crew was eating dinner Adams gave his friends a signal, the arms-house was locked, the guards overpowered, and Adams jumped into the boat and had a knife at the throat of the marine there. The others jumped in, the marine was put out and they rowed. Adams stood up and waved his handkercheif at those on the ship. They were fired on and Adams called loudly "Pull, boys! Pull!" He was the only one who was struck, but they got away and home to America. Those left on the ship, including my father, were treated harder than ever. in speaking of the whipping of Adams father said he bore it well, never even grunting. An officer standing by on one occasion, said: "Lay it on; damn rebel!" Adams replied: "I have a wife and children in Philadelphia and if you were in my place would you not try to get to them?" The only reply was "Give it to him!" Father spoke of the fine climate in the region of Gibraltar. There, as well as in England, they were given a chance to take the oath of allegiance to the British Crown. It seems that before father's vessel was captured they were going to Cadiz. While prisoners in England they were sometimes whipped and they had very little to eat. One day a butcher came into the prison followed by a fat bull dog. The boys soon had the dog skinned and father tried to get a piece of the meat but failed. The prisoners had a peculiar way of making money part of the time. One or two would escape and go to a certain house where the proprietor would hide them for a few days, waiting for the reward, when the runaways would be returned. The next day half of the reward would come back to them inside a loaf of bread or some such way. They managed to make an endless chain of it. Near the close of the Revolution father was on a cartel for exchange and he was taken to Philadelphia for that purpose. He walked all the way home from there, through Baltimore and Georgetown. He said he craved milk all the time and got plenty of it, begging for food until he reached home. Father was about 17 years of age when he went to the war. When I was a small boy there were two swords at home and I used to play soldier with them. I do not know their history. Joseph, my younger brother, had a large drum such as was used by the military and he learned how to beat it like a regular drummer. I have heard at least a half a dozen men from Washington and Georgetown urge father to apply for a bounty and a pension under the law. His reply always was: "No, I don't need it; my Government is poor and I can get along without it." Samuel Follin." Authenticity Affadavits and other information on this family can be found in "A Genealogical History of the Follin Family in America" By Gabriel Edmondston No comments: Post a Comment
Saturday, February 28, 2009 Why Pigeons Are Able to Navigate so Superbly! The Magnetic Organ In 1975, a researcher noticed that the bacteria he was studying always clustered at the north side of their culture dish. Even if he turned the dish so that they were at the south end and left it overnight, the next morning the bacteria were back at the north side. Each bacterium contained a chain of tiny magnets! The magnets were actually crystals of the natural magnetic mineral magnetite, the original lodestone of preliterate peoples. Somehow, the bacteria absorbed the soluble components from the water and put them together in their bodies as the insoluble crystalline chain. In 1971, another researcher reported on a lengthy series of experiments with pigeons. He found the same crystals of magnetite, as a submicroscopic mass located on the surface of the pigeon's brain. He found that the mass of crystals was full of nerve fibers that seemed to go into the brain. The magnetite crystals "tell" the pigeon's brain the exact direction of the Earth's magnetic field, and the pigeon uses this information to navigate with its amazing precision. The salamander has two separate magnetic navigational systems. One provides a simple compass, so that when traveling "cross country," it will go in a straight line. The other system enables it to return to the exact spot where it was hatched from its egg in order to mate and lay more eggs. The human "magnetic organ" has been found in the posterior wall of the ethmoid sinus, just in front of the pituitary gland. Humans have an innate ability to sense the direction of magnetic north, and this ability can be blocked by placing a bar magnet against a person's forehead for only fifteen minutes! The directional sense is disturbed for as long as two hours after application of the magnet. It is a sense organ that informs the organism of the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Nature has provided us with yet another organ that also senses the field and extracts even more significant information from it. Read the entire article here. No comments:
Thursday, 27 January 2011 In our lesson we looked at different fonts, and why they are chosen on different films. There are basically two types of font: Serif font - such as Times and Courier Sans Serif fonts - such as Arial and Verdana Serif fonts tend to be more traditional and often slightly more formal then Sans Serif fonts, which, are more modern and 'friendly' "Fonts convey an emotion without actually having to say the words." - Neville Brody By using Palatino, a Serif font, Pearl Harbor suggests that it's an old fashioned/ historical film. As they are tackling a serious past event, they want the whole presentation to represent that. Therefore, they choose a Serif font as it is known for being formal... also many newspapers use Serif fonts, so the title brings connotations of a newspaper headline from the past. Rocky on the other hand went for a more informal font, Franklin Gothic Heavy, as this suited the style of film much better then a Serif font. The title makes a really statement, big, bold and in capitals, reflecting the character of Rocky himself. The bold letters are squeezed together, and look as though their pushing out almost like a cleansed fist punching towards us, emphasising on the boxing theme of the film. No comments: Post a Comment
A Picaxe Weather Station - The Indoor Unit The Indoor Unit - Circuit Diagram The indoor unit uses an 18M2 Picaxe and houses the pressure sensor circuit and LCD display. The 5 volt regulator circuit is on the same PCB and is shown on the right:- The Pressure Sensor Circuit After a few false starts trying various pressure sensors, I settled on the easily-obtainable MPX4115A manufactured by Freescale Semiconductor. (Farnell Order code: 1457150). Although other sensors have a measuring range slightly more suited to barometric pressure measurements, most are not quite so easily obtainable here in the UK and they tend not to be available with what, for me, are easily-managed package sizes. Additionally, other sensors tend to operate at 3 volts requiring and additional voltage regulator and some voltage level-shifting circuitry to interface with a 5 volt Picaxe system. The MPX4115A outputs an analogue voltage proportional to the pressure which, for a barometer, means between about 3.79 and 4.25 volts. Although this is just about enough resolution to detect a 1 mBar pressure change, after some discussion on the Picaxe Forum, I added an MCP3422 Analogue to Digital Converter. This has the advantage that it can operate in full 16-bit mode (or higher) compared with the 10-bit mode (at best) of the native Picaxe. The MCP3422 can be connected (as in our circuit) in differential mode, with the analogue input from the MPX4115A sensor being applied to the +ve input pin and compared with a reference voltage (2.5 volts) applied to the -ve input pin from the potential divider formed by two 10K resistors and a 22 turn 1K preset potentiometer connected across the power rails. A major advantage is that this allows the output from the chip to be adjusted, thereby easily compensating for inherent errors in the MPX4115A and to provide a simple method of calibrating the sensor against a known local pressure standard (such as the data reported by a local airport). The MPC3422 actually has two differential inputs and, as the datasheet doesn't specify what to do with unused inputs, I tied them both to the -ve input on the input we're using. Output from the MCP3422 is an I2C interface and connects with the dedicated SDA and SCL pins on the 18M2 Picaxe - pins B.1 and B.4 respectively. Many thanks to 'matherp' in the above forum discussion for the code which worked straight off! (And thanks also to 'westaust55' for his help with the HP03 Pressure Sensor even though, ultimately, I decided to use the MPX4115A instead). From my point of view, the only disadvantage in using the MCP3422 is that it's a small surface mount device but I had it soldered to a beakout (or adaptor) board by my usual company. The Indoor Unit - The 18M2 Picaxe In addition to the I2C interface from the MCP3422 and the usual circuit associated with the programming socket, the remainder of the 18M2 simply handles the incoming data from the 433MHz wireless receiver, displays the data on the LCD display and passes the data out on the serial connection to the PC. To avoid the indoor unit "stalling" when the PC isn't running, there's no handshaking between the indoor unit and the PC. The indoor unit sends the data and moves on. It sends the data at approximately 2-second intervals to any data lost is quickly picked up next time round. I've brought three of the spare inputs on the 18M2 out to 'pads' on the PCB to connect to normally-open push buttons on the front panel. Switch S1 (input C.5) is used to turn the LCD backlight on and off. Switch S2, (input C.0) resets the "up/down indicator" alongside the pressure value (mBar) on the LCD display. The up/down indicator is just an up or down arrow character indicating whether the pressure is rising or falling. Switch S3 (input C.1) toggles the rainfall display on the LCD between the total in the previous hour and the current running total in current hour. There's not really enough space on the LCD to display both at the same time. Because the main program loop is predominantly serin and serout commands, which disable interrupts, I found there was no noticable benefit in using interrupts with the switches. In order to keep the software in the 18M2 as simple as possible, a push button has to be held for about 1 second to take effect. I'm not very happy with the way the switches react so this may still be "work in progress". Next Page - Building the indoor unit This site and its contents are © Copyright 2005 - 2011 - All Rights Reserved.
Plastic To Oil Conversion Technology Plastic To Oil Conversion Technology The waste plastic to oil conversion technology is also called palstic pyrolysis technology, by which we can get the plastic oil and carbon black. These two kinds of pyrolysis products can be applied to different fields. The plastic oil can not only be directly used as fuel oil in industries such as steel and iron factories, ceramics, power or chemical industries etc., but also can be refined to diesel. If further refined to diesel, it will have higher economic value and have more applications. The carbon black can be used for making construction bricks with clay or used as fuel. The pyrolysis technology can be applied into various kinds of plastics. For different plastic materials, we often get different oil ouput yield. Plastic To Oil Conversion Technology The following is the oil yield of different plastic materials for your reference: Polyvinyl chloride PVC, polyethylene: PE (such as films, bottles, electrical insulating materials, handbags, pipes, drums, bottles / calcium bottles, daily necessities, etc.): pure plastic has oil yield is about 95%. Polypropylene: PP (such as films, plastic rope, tableware, pots, barrels, furniture, bags, caps, car bumpers, etc.): pure oil yield 90%. PS (such as electrical appliances, stationery, cups, food containers, appliance housings, electrical fittings, foam products, toys, etc.): pure oil yield at 90%. ABS plastic: 40%. Pure white plastic sheeting: about 70%. To improve the average oil output and help users get more profits, we have developed two special methods. On one hand, we adopt tubular condenser which has larger cooling area and better cooling effect. On the other hand, we use unique catalyst which is made from 24 chemicals. So, the oil yield can be increased by 5%. So far, we have manufactured six models of plastic to oil plants to meet different customers’ demands. All of our plants have passed CE, ISO SGS certificates and have high quality guarantee. Our equipment mainly has the following advantages: 1. The reactor is 360-degree rotating. This special design makes the bottom of reactor heat evenly, which lengthens the service life of reactor as well as improves the pyrolysis efficiency. 2. By the extra gas recycling system, the gas can be recycled to heat the reactor as fuel, which reduces pollution and save energy. 3. In the dedusting system, three steps are used to dedust the hot smoke from reactor, more than 95% of the dust would be removed. The released gas is pollution-free and can be discharged in the air directly. 4. It is also equipped with safety device (alarm for over temperature and pressure, auto pressure releasing system, extra gas recycling system, fire fighting devices), which will guarantee safety in production process. output rate of waste plastic pyrolysis products We also provide the excellent services:(1)Machinery installation and worker training, till you can run the factory smoothly.(2)12 months guarantee period.(3)Regular phone call visiting and technology updating.(4)Free catalyst offering for one month’s running. (5)Free wear parts offering for one month’s running. Working method Batch Semi-Continuous Fully continuous Operating pressure Constant pressure Reactor rotate speed 0.4 turn/minute Not rotary type
Britain was an unknown land across the sea when Julius Caesar invaded but failed to conquer it in 55–54 BC. For almost a century afterwards the ‘client’ kingdoms of Britain were kept quiet with diplomacy and gifts. But when anti-Roman rulers came to power, in AD 43 the emperor Claudius launched another invasion, intent on regime change and military glory. Housesteads Roman Fort at sunrise Housesteads Roman Fort at sunrise This time the Romans enjoyed rapid military success. But gradual advance through southern England and Wales was halted in AD 60 by the rebellion of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni of East Anglia, incensed by the brutality of the conquest. The revolt was suppressed, but not before three recently founded Roman cities, Camulodunum (Colchester), Verulamium (St Albans) and Londinium (London), had been burned to the ground. The advance resumed in AD 70 with the conquest of Wales and the north. The governor Agricola (AD 77–83) even succeeded in defeating the Scottish tribes at the Battle of Mons Graupius in AD 83. Immediately after this victory, though, troops were pulled out of Britain to deal with invasions on the Danube frontier. Consequently the far north could not be held and the army gradually fell back to the Tyne–Solway isthmus. It was here that the emperor Hadrian, visiting Britain in AD 122, ordered the building of his famous wall. The emperor Antoninus Pius tried to reoccupy Scotland and built the short-lived Antonine Wall (AD 140–60). He was ultimately unsuccessful, however, and Hadrian's Wall became the northern frontier of the province once more. Hadrian addresses the British army This rare coin belongs to a series dedicated to the armies of the frontier provinces. Beneath the depiction of the emperor Hadrian (r.AD 117–38) and soldiers are the Latin words EXERC[ITUS] BRITANNICUS: ‘army of Britain’. © By kind permission of Geoffrey Cope (Petition Crown Collection) By now the three legions (army units of up to 6,000 men) remaining in Britain had settled in permanent bases. Auxiliary troops were scattered in smaller forts, mostly across northern England and on Hadrian’s Wall. In the pacified parts of the province cities had been founded as capitals for each of the tribal areas (the civitates) into which the Britons had been organised. A network of roads had developed and landowners in the south began to build Roman-style villas. Life for most ordinary Britons, who were farmers in the countryside, was slow to change. By degrees, however, they came into contact with villas, towns and markets. Here they could exchange their produce for Roman-style goods and see people dressing and behaving in Roman ways. Intaglio from Lullingstone Roman Villa This cornelian intaglio (engraved design) depicting winged Victory signing a shield is one of the finest ever found in Britain. Originally part of a signet ring, it was found at Lullingstone Villa in Kent. It may have been the personal seal of Pertinax, governor of Britain in AD 185–6 and later, briefly, Roman emperor. Shortly after AD 180 there was an invasion by tribes from what is now Scotland, who overran Hadrian’s Wall. Around this time most of the cities of Britain were enclosed within earthen defensive walls, which may have been linked to the invasion. The Roman Empire was ruled from Britain for a brief period in AD 208–11 when the emperor Septimius Severus came to campaign north of Hadrian’s Wall. Severus divided Britain into two provinces, Britannia Superior (south) and Inferior (north), with capitals at London and York respectively. This prevented too many troops from being concentrated in the hands of a single governor who might have attempted to usurp power. Aerial view of Hardknott Roman Fort in Cumbria One of Britain’s most remote and dramatically sited Roman forts, Hardknott in Cumbria was established in the reign of Hadrian (AD 117–38). After it was abandoned in the early 3rd century, the fort was used as a shelter by travellers and passing patrols. Alongside the cities, which acquired stone walls at this time, the 3rd century saw increased numbers of small market towns, villages and villas. Roman objects were now more common in even the poorest rural settlements. There were still threats to the province. In the north, beyond Hadrian’s Wall, the Picts had emerged as a formidable enemy, while the building of the ‘Saxon Shore’ forts around the south-east coast towards the end of the 3rd century was in response to seaborne raids from northern Europe. Britain was part of the separatist ‘Gallic empire’ from AD 260 until AD 273 and again broke away from Rome under the usurpers Carausius and Allectus (AD 286–96). Emperor Constantius I recaptured the province in AD 296, and when he died in AD 306 after a campaign against the Picts, his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed emperor in York. After Constantine’s conversion in AD 312, Christianity was adopted more widely across the empire, including Britain. In the 4th century Britain was reorganised as a ‘diocese’ consisting of four provinces, with military forces under the command of the Dux Britanniarumthe Duke of the Britains. Until the 360s this was a golden age of agricultural prosperity and villa building, especially in the south-west. But the later 4th century saw chronic insecurity and the great invasion known as the ‘barbarian conspiracy’ of AD 367. Confident new building had ceased by the 370s. Repeated attempts to usurp the empire by generals based in Britain (the last being Constantine III in AD 407) drained the diocese of troops. By AD 410 Britain had slipped out of Roman control, its inhabitants left to fend for themselves. 'step into englands story
Modern Technologies Today’s youth is exposed to digital technology to a degree previously unseen. Anyone who doubts the malleability of the adult brain should consider a startling piece of research conducted at Harvard Medical School. This makes third world countries to be a dependent system because working in the factories are routine work and this inevitably links to the issue of the idea of technology transfer. That said, many pilots wisely won’t trust smartphone apps directly as pertains to aviation, as smartphone tech in its modern incarnation is barely a decade old. John, the woodworker at Amish Country Gazebos, spends part of his time operating the computer-guided saw, which would look at home in any modern cabinetry shop.modern technology His dream is a nation of villages with small-scale cottage industries not ventured by modern technology. New science and technology offers breakthroughs in our life times and our children’s lifetimes that will significantly impact the world in which we live. Science helps humans gain increased understanding of how the world works, while technology helps scientists make these discoveries. Whilst using computer as the medium, technology crime is not that much different from traditional crime. Modern medicine also allows patients to manage chronic conditions that were once debilitating and life-threatening, such as diabetes and hypertension. The latest technology for solar panels are now popular keywords for web searches, which just proves that there are more and more people with questions about what is possible in this electrifying new area. It is very important that you have the latest technology to help you get that extra customer, or that extra praise that will go with word of mouth. In our modern life exportation and import are made simple only by means of modern technology.modern technologymodern technology
1955 - 1965 Years of Dolce Vita Istituto Luce Cinecittà "This is a society which, the terrors of the cold war now past and perhaps even in reaction to them, flourishes a bit everywhere." Ennio Flaiano Prosperity came to Italy in the fifties. This was not a sudden discovery but a victory resulting from years of hard work. After the moral and material devastation of fascism and war, the Italian people pulled up their sleeves and showed the world their persistence and creative talent in the fields of industry, art and entertainment. 1960 represented the key moment of the entire period, the year when Federico Fellini's movie "La Dolce Vita" was released. But was Italian life really so sweet? What was the cost of living at the height of the economic boom? Many Italians were amazed to encounter modernity for the first time. Rome's first supermarket opened in 1956... Apartment buildings, functional yet often anonymous, and economy cars were typical of the period between reconstruction and the economic boom. The Fiat 600 family car was introduced to the public for the first time on March 9, 1955, with 4 or even 5 seats and a top speed of 95 km per hour. The Fiat 500 was launched in 1957, aimed at Italians who could not afford the modest cost of the 600. In these years Italy could be described as a peculiar mixture of old and new. However, everyone was looking for progress – laborers, entrepreneurs, women and young people alike. The Roman actor Alberto Sordi best portrays the splendors and misery of the Italian boom in the Italian comedy movie genre. In the fifties, illiteracy fell to approximately 10% in Italy, even though differences between the North and the South remained very pronounced in this area. The emerging Italian television of these years was particularly puzzling. Labor and consumption went hand in hand and seemed to affect everyone in the same way, but significant imbalances persisted; while many Italians were still obliged to seek their fortunes elsewhere, the public entrepreneurial economy was involved in business all over the world and the middle classes were discovering mass consumption. For many, prosperity remained a dream that could only be realized far away from home. Italians are predominantly Catholic so they chose to be governed by a party with a strongly religious orientation, the Christian Democrats; but society continued on the road to the secularism imposed by modernization and even the Vatican in these years was open to changes in mentality. The Vatican Ecumenical Council, inaugurated by Pope John XXIII in 1962, started a fundamental dialogue between the Catholic Church and the secular world. In these years, Italian society experienced ground-breaking cultural and anthropological changes. These were marked by the role of women in the workplace and the new attitude of Italians towards sex, which within a few years, with the tremendous popularity of erotic movies and magazines, made Italy unique across the whole of Europe. Chronicle of a day in a woman's working life With its entrepreneurship and creativity, Italy appeared to be the best place to create an "entertainment society", both rivaling and in contrast to American culture. This refers not only to the world of courageous producers and local stars, but also to extraordinarily talented stars, for whom the term 'Hollywood sul Tevere' was coined, as well as a real and uniquely Italian culture, expressed not only in cinema or fashion, where many original records were seen in the following decades. The home of the Italian movie industry, Cinecittà, was created in the era of fascism in the thirties, but enjoyed its Golden Era in the fifties. Even the Americans preferred to shoot their blockbusters, such as “Quo Vadis?” or "Ben Hur", in Rome. The night life activities of the American and Italian stars on the Via Veneto in Rome inevitably created the 'paparazzo', an indiscreet and often intrusive photographer, as defined by Fellini himself in "La Dolce Vita". The movie quickly attained an iconic status and remains one of the bitterest and fiercest criticisms of the impact of modernization on Italian society. Credits: Story Curator — Roland Sejko Curator — Gabriele D'Autilia Credits: All media Translate with Google
On Feeling Well What makes us feel good or bad? Who decides our good or bad moods? It is habitual and practical to say ‘other people’, ‘circumstances’, ‘fate’ or ‘luck’. But could it be that for the most part it is us who create our own moods? Could it be that feeling good instead of feeling bad is a choice? If so, why do not we choose to feel good all the time regardless of people, circumstances, fate or luck? What if subconsciously we choose to feel good when we experience something pleasant, and in the same way we choose to feel bad when we experience something unpleasant. You might say that some people choose to feel bad even when they experience something good. “Nothing would make him happy”, I heard people say. The word choose implies control over what we think about. If we pause for a second and step away from our thoughts, imagine a conveyor belt grinding to a halt. Only this conveyor belt is ever so quick to resume from a halt. With our thoughts paused, we may ask ourselves, “How do I feel now?” For example, today I am not feeling so well. I have a cold which means I have to spend the day inside rather than outside in the sunshine. Our minds need a reason for the way we feel. I feel this way because I am doing this, I feel that way because I am experiencing that. I wish something else were happening to me so I would feel good. But how about I have a cold so I have to spend the day inside and can finally finish reading my book in peace. In every feeling of bad, we can find a cause for feeling good. It is only if we keep hanging on to that initial point of reference that our feeling will persist in its bad form. We all agree that the opposite to good is bad. And while there are some universally accepted bad things, what is good for one person may not be so for another. In fact, quite the contrary may be the case. What one may consider a good experience may be a very undesirable situation to somebody else. Some events that are unthinkable we say, if we happen to experience them, may lead us to change the direction of our lives and find a new meaning for the future. How many times did we hear or read a story about people who have experienced some trauma, physical or mental, only to emerge stronger and with a determination to make the most of their lives. This happens despite the bad feelings they inevitably experienced going through the unpleasant situation. It is also true that we mostly worry and have feelings about things that are uniquely unpleasant for us. We all have pet irritations that we know will make us feel bad, but we are so used to them that they become part of who we are. My top cause of feeling bad for years had been if something that I own got damaged. Someone else could not care less about their belongings being lost or destroyed, but they would be annoyed at receiving feedback about the work they did. I on the other hand welcome feedback as an opportunity to improve my work. No doubt that being sick, having a car accident, being the victim of a crime or suffering any other universally ‘unfortunate’ circumstance does not make us feel well. However, as hard as it may be to admit even these seemingly random events always have us as contributors to their happening to us. This is not to say that to feel well we have to accept responsibility for everything and everyone that happens to us. It also does not mean that every bad feeling will have an experience that caused it. While it helps to surround ourselves with people and situations that contribute to our feeling well, the true reason behind our feeling good or bad, happy or sad, rich or poor, healthy or sick, and any other feeling depends on our own acceptance of our true self. This is best seen in people who ‘have it all’, and yet are some of the most miserable people you would meet. ‘Having it all’ is not only about having a lot of money. Someone might be having difficulty trying to have a baby and for them having it all would be to get pregnant. To a sick person, health would be all they desire. But eventually even good health, plenty of money, and great relationships do not make up who we truly are. Our true self are not our thoughts and emotions, although they do emanate from it. Our true self are not the goals and dreams we have. Our true self are not our possessions and relationships. Our true self are not the irritations that make us feel this way or that way. Our true self is the I behind the ‘I’. The one that stops the conveyor belt of thoughts and observes them lying there or hanging there as it were in that fleeting moment of stillness. Whatever our understanding of the concept of true self we have all experienced catching ourselves thinking. That experience of observing our thinking process is based on our true self. Our true self is always constant and to be in touch with it is to feel well no matter what goes on or does not go on around us or inside us. To be in touch with our true self is to be accepting of who we truly are. Become a frequent observer of your thoughts and feelings. Our thoughts sometimes generate our feelings, just as our feelings cause more thoughts. No need to break this circle. The conveyor belt of thoughts and feelings is part of our human condition. Just observe what your mind is thinking and feel the strength this gives you. Believe in your true self. Ask yourself how do you feel at any given moment. If you feel bad, hit that pause button and quickly knock those irritations off the conveyor belt. Accept yourself as you are and do not compare your own thoughts to someone else’s. Feeling well is being who you already are. 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6 - 17 - Week 5 Introduction (10-23, Low-Def) of 5 Related Documents [BLANK_AUDIO]. We've reached Week 5 now, so let's do a, a preview of the, the major topics of the week, where we've labeled it Spacetime Switches. there are actually a number of different topics we're covering but the, the idea of Spacetime Switches comes from the Lorentz Transformation, which we'll be talking about, enables us to switch between different frames of reference very easily. But before that we'll have, we'll have the quotations of the week. We'll do that in a minute. we'll talk just briefly about convenient units for the speed of light. The concept of a lightyear. And the fact that if we measure distances in lightyears, a lightyear is a distance, the distance light travels in a year, as some of you may, may know. if we measure velocities in lightyears per year, then c, the speed of light, is simply one. By definition, it's one lightyear per year. It's the distance it travels in, in one year. And so, that and a couple of other tips that will make it a little easier for us calculationally when we do things. And then we're going to spend a little time looking at a case of time dilation and length contraction to build on the ideas we were working with. Last week we introduced and, and derived last week, you get some more familiarity with them, just struggle with them a little bit. Try to get a deeper understanding of it and we're calling this Star Tours part 1. That is we're going to send, in this case, Bob will go on a trip to a nearby star, five light, lightyears away. The nearest star to earth is actually about 4.2 light years away. We mentioned that in one of the one of the early problem sets. But I think we mentioned, mentioned in terms of the distance not in lightyears, but just in how long light would take to, to get there, it's about 4.2, 4.1, 4.2 years. Anyways, so, we're just going to imagine Bob taking a trip there. And we're going to analyze it from Alice's perspective as she watches Bob take the trip to the nearby store, and she's on Earth. So analyze it from her perspective, and Bob's perspective, we'll try to make sense of both their perspectives. And then we'll, we'll sort of hit a wall, hit a puzzle in that there will be something that really doesn't make sense, we'll get to. And so, we'll have to hold that aside for a minute. And because we won't be able to answer it yet and that's really what the next part here is. In order to answer it, we're going to derive the Lorentz transformation. Lorentz Transformation just like the Galilean Transformation allowed us to switch between different frames of reference. in a non-relativistic manner, the Lorentz transformation also derived by, by Einstein. But typically called the Lorentz transformation now. allows us to switch between different frames of reference when relativistic speeds are involved. And it actually is equivalent to the Galilean Transformation for slow speeds. So it, it subsumes the Galilean Tranformation. So, this will probably be the most algebra we do in the entire course. It will take us a while to get through it. Several video lectures, but we'll work our way through it and, and then get these transformation equations. Then we'll spend a little time exploring those transformation equations. Trying to understand them, seeing what they are telling us, see if they make sense from what we know so far. And then we're going to use those transformation equations. The, they're very general. They're useful in all kinds of ways but we're going to use them but we're going to use them to revisit this whole idea of leading clocks lag because this will turn out to be the key to understanding our Star Tours conundrum that we end up with, with there. so we're going to revisit leading clocks lag and do it quantitatively, find out exactly how much do leading clocks lag when you have, remember when you have a series of clocks moving by you, you're in one frame of reference. You see two or more clocks moving in another frame of reference past you, then the leading clock as it's moving past you in in that series of clocks, or two clocks, lags behind the rear clock. And we did that qualitatively before, now we'd like to figure out exactly how much does it lag behind that clock. And that's going to be the key as we discover to to figure out this, this problem we run into, that Star Tours part 2 here. And then we'll say a few words about the ultimate speed limit speed of light being an ultimate speed limit and why that might be so, what would happen if you could travel at the, the speed of light. And then finally talk about combining velocities, we did a little bit of this with sort of the Galilean Transformation idea where if you know, if you have a car and you have a basketball shooting machine that, that we talked about, and then a tennis ball out, out of the basketball that type of thing. In our every day experience, those types of things just add, you add the velocities, or if the velocities are opposite each other you subtract the velocities. Well, a similar idea in terms of the special theory of relativity, but it's a little more complicated. Because if the speed of light is an ultimate speed limit, what if you have something travelling at 0.9c, say Bob on his spaceship travelling at 0.9c. And then he shoots out maybe an escape pod or something, travelling at 0.5c away from him. So, he's travelling at 0.9c. 9 10th the speed of light. He shoots out of the escape pod at 0.5c, so that's 0.5c with respect to him travelling away. in classical physics we'd say oh, you just add the velocities. It's 0.9c plus 0.5c, Alice watching it over here. As Bob goes by and shoots off the, the escape pod, Alice would say presumably 0.9C plus 0.5C, 1.4C is the velocity of the escape pod as she sees it. But actually in fact you will never see anything go past the speed of light. And so, combining velocities here, and show us the new form for doing that, such that no matter you know, how fast Bob shoots out that, that space pod or whatever Alice will never see it go faster than the speed of light. Actually, it will never get up to the speed of light, but will never exceed the speed of light there. Okay. So that's sort of a rundown of where we're heading this week. Let's do the, the quotations of the week. Two short ones this time. First one, Einstein. It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer. It's not that I'm so smart, it's just that I stay with problems longer. Now I, I said Einstein quotation-wise, in actual fact, Einstein probably did not say this. It's one of those things that somebody invented at some point and it sounds good, it sounds like Einstein could have said it, it's certainly inspirational and, therefore, you see it all over the place. In actual fact, it's something he could have said because he certainly did stay with [UNKNOWN]. He certainly was very, very smart you know, hard to measure those types of things at a certain level. But great scientists also have this tenacity about them, and he was tenacious when he got onto a problem. We saw that in the special theory of relativity. It was about ten years of thinking about that, other things as well, but ten years from, about 1995, 1996, when he started in the university to year 1905, or [INAUDIBLE] 1896, if I said 1996, to 1905, ten years. And then, actually, the next ten years after that he spent a large part of time working on his general theory of relativity. It took about 10 years to work on that, as well as a number of other things as, as well. So that, that tenacity, that idea that I'm going to stay with this problem. Now, it's not always a benefit because if you, you know, go off in the wrong direction, you may be going off in the wrong direction for a long time. In fact many physicists or contemporaries of Einstein during the second half of his life felt that he had gone off in the wrong direction in terms of the physics of the day, which had gone in, in much more quantum mechanical direction and Einstein had some real problems with, with that. 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Search This Blog Friday, 13 March 2015 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents on May 6, 1856 in the Moravian town of Příbor, now part of the Czech Republic. He was the eldest of three brothers and five sisters. His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896) was a wool merchant. A remote and authoritarian figure, he had two sons from his first marriage. Freud did not get on with his dad. Freud's mother, Amalia (née Nathansohn), an assertive and good looking woman, was 20 years her husband's junior. (Jakob was 41 Amalia 21 when he was born.) Sigmund's two half-brothers, Emmanuel and Philipp, were almost the same age as his mother. His parents were struggling financially and living in a crowded rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when Sigmund was born. Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's house The Freud family was forced to flee to Leipzig when Sigmund was 3-years-old, due to riots that characterized the strong anti-Semitic feeling that prevailed within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After a year there his family moved again to Vienna, where discriminating laws against the Jews had been cancelled during 1850s and 1860s. Four of Freud’s five sisters died in Nazi concentration camps. He was originally called Sigismund Freud. His first name was used in anti-Semitic jokes and could be translated as "Leading mouth". So in 1875 he shortened it to Sigmund. Sigmund grew up a bookworm with no interest in more energetic activities. When only eight years old, he was reading the works of Shakespeare.In recognition of his brilliance, his parents privileged Sigmund over his siblings by giving him a room to himself, to study in peace. In 1865, the nine-year-old Sigmund entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. Located at 24 Taborstrasse, Vienna. He was ranked first in his class in 6 of 8 years of his schooling. In 1873 Sigmund graduated from the high school with honors. Apparently inspired by a public reading of an essay by Goethe on nature, he turned to medicine as a career. Freud at 16 with his mother He entered Vienna University to study medicine but was sidetracked by his growing interest in physiology and other diversions, which weren't part of the course. It took Freud eight, rather than the usual five years, to qualify as a Doctor. Freud originally thought of being a lawyer. Then in the mid 1870s he seemed destined for a career as a research zoologist. In 1876 Freud spent four weeks at Claus's zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting 400 mature eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organ. He had to concede failure in his first major published research paper. In 1882 Freud entered the General Hospital in Vienna as an assistant chief physician to train with the psychiatrist Theodor Meynert and the professor of internal medicine Hermann Nothnagel. Freud studied under Professor Charcotat at Salpêtrière Neurogical Hospital, Paris for 19 weeks in 1885-86. There the hypnotic treatment of women, who suffered from a medical state called "hysteria", led Freud to take an interest in psychiatry. Once he had set up in private practice in his Vienna home in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. Following the Nazi occupation of Austria, Freud fled to London. When he left Vienna for England he had no money. The Nazis had taken it all. In England Freud charged his patients between £75 and £100 an hour. . Freud made arguments about the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behavior. He called dreams the "royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious in mental life". Having watched a colleague battle with morphine addiction, Freud confidently prescribed injections of cocaine as a cure and then had to watch helplessly from the sidelines as Dr Von Fieschl descended into a drug hell, creating Europe's first cocaine addict.. His Psychoanalysis method aimed to bring to the surface the conflicts of the unconscious mind to help find the reason for disturbance. Patients revealed their unconscious conflict through talking. He was able to teach his patients to stand on their feet by lying on couches. Freud's work changed the whole approach to mental illness, for the first time symptoms had meaning and they were seen as sick people rather than weirdos. The Austrian founding father of psychoanalysis was given his famous couch by a client. Freud's critics would say that his psychoanalysis techniques resulted in the creation of a blameless man, by tracing his failings back to his childhood, when he was morally innocent. Thanks to his ideas, many adults claim to have a plausible reason to avoid responsibility for their actions. In 1925, Freud turned down $100,000 from movie mogul Samuel Goldwyn — who called him "the greatest love specialist in the world" — to advise on a film about Antony and Cleopatra. Freud had a considerable talent for writing seldom seen in scientists. Freud's 1895 Studies In Hysteria with Josef Breuer was a landmark in the history of Psychology as it revealed the existence of the unconscious mind, (the root of nervous illness.) His 1896 paper The Aetiology of Hysteria used for the first time the term "psycho-analysis." Sigmund Freud published Interpretation Of Dreams on November 4, 1899 in which he argued that understanding dreams can give an insight into our personality. It was slow to take off, the first edition selling only 351 copies in its first six years. However, in time it became the book that gave Freud worldwide recognition. In 1905 Freud published Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, in which he referred to the essence of comedy as "the awakening of the infantile." He did not believe that there was such a thing as a joke, it being just stuff from the unconscious and he felt laughter was just a way of dealing with fear. Freud's 1913 Totem and Taboo explored how culture and society are rooted in the prohibition against incest, an assertion contrary to the development of Carl Jung's studies Freud first met Martha Bernays (1861-1951), his sister's sister in law in 1882, but they couldn't afford to get married until 1886. The daughter of a prominent Jewish family, Martha's ancestors included a chief rabbi of Hamburg and Heinrich Heine. Martha was a devoted maternal wife to him and was famed for the care she took of her husband. She even put the toothpaste on his toothbrush. Martha's more intellectual sister Minna lived with her and Sigmund for 42 years. They had six children - Mathilde (1887-1978), Jean Martin (1889-1967), Oliver (1891-1969), Ernst (1892-1970), Sophie (1893-1920), Anna (1895-1982). Anna became a distinguished child psychoanalyst in her own right. whilst Oliver was named after Oliver Cromwell. A grandson Lucien (1922-2011 ) became a renowned painter. Other ancestors include the politician and writer Clement Freud, the TV presenter and journalist Emma Freud and fashion designer Bella Freud. Freud was a friend and colleague of the Swiss adherent of psychoanalysis, Carl Gustav Jung, until they split over their different takes on mystical experiences. In 1918 Freud lost his entire fortune which was tied up in Austrian State Bonds. A chronic migraine and sinusitis sufferer, Freud took cocaine to alleviate his sinusitis but found it did little for his headaches. One cause of Freud’s migraines was an Alpine wind called the Föhn, which dramatically changes the atmospheric pressure and temperature. From 1891 until 1938, Freud and his family lived in an apartment at Berggasse 19 near the Innere Stadt or historical quarter of Vienna Following the Nazi occupation of Austria and already a victim of their anti-Semitic policies, Sigmund Freud fled to London. En route to London, Freud was met by a group of admirers in Paris. They asked him "What did they do to you?" " They inhibited me" replied the refugee with a smile. Freud initially took digs at 39 Elsworthy Road, Primrose Hill, then sets up home at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead. It cost £6,500. His daughter, Anna, came with him. Sigmund Freud was totally disinterested in all music apart from opera. He felt that a "turn of mind in me rebels against being moved by a thing without knowing why I am thus affected." Freud had a vast collection of Greek painted vases. He was a keen zoologist as a youngster and was fond of dogs. Freud once had an orange chow called Jo-Fi who attended his analysis sessions sitting under his desk then came out at the end of his patient's session. In his old age Freud read Kipling's Jungle Book many times. He said it was one of those books that affect a persons 'weltanschauung' (Way of looking at the world). French writer Honoré de Balzac's 1831 novel La Peau de Chagrin was the last book read by Sigmund Freud before he committed suicide. Freud never learned how to read a railway timetable and was almost always accompanied on journeys in case he got lost. Often it was his sister-in-law Minna accompanying him as Martha disliked travelling. Freud was of Jewish descent but an agnostic himself. He was influenced by the anti Christian writings of Feuerbach. Freud claimed “At bottom God is nothing more than an exalted Father” and the devil is a “primitive feudal father”. Freud believed knowledge came through the sciences and also argued that religious beliefs can be “cured” by psychotherapy. He claimed, “when a man is freed of religion he has a better chance to live a normal and wholesome life.” Freud's childhood nursemaid was a devout Catholic and despite his lack of faith, he maintained a deep interest in Biblical history and religion, possibly influenced by her. Freud put it on record that he began his study of human nature with the Scriptures. He recognized the Bible to be an honest book about human nature. Towards the end of his life, Freud wrote Moses and Monotheism, in which he took up the idea that Moses got his monotheism from Egypt. Moses was an amalgam of two men, one an Egyptian who taught the Hebrews the monotheistic religion of Akhnaten and was murdered by the Hebrews, and the other a Midianite who taught the Hebrews to serve Yahweh, a volcano-god whose abode was Mount Sinai in western Arabia. In his analysis of the roots of anti-Jewish feeling, Freud wrote that Jews bear the reproach of other peoples as having killed God: "They will not admit that they killed God, whereas we do and are cleansed from the guilt of it." Freud began smoking tobacco at age 24, believing that it enhanced his capacity to work and that he could exercise self-control in moderating it. Initially a cigarette smoker, he later became a cigar smoker. In 1923 the first signs of Freud’s cancer of the jaw were detected. By the end of the year he was undergoing surgery whereby part of his jaw and palate was removed surgically and an uncomfortable metal roof was fitted to his mouth. From then on speech was very difficult for him and he had to endure over thirty surgical procedures; pain and discomfort marked the rest of his life. Freud continued smoking his 20 cigars a day even after he developed the oral cancer for seven years until a heart attack forced him to give them up. Freud, late 1930s. By David Webb from Alicante, Spain - Wikipedia By mid-September 1939, Freud's cancer of the jaw was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been declared to be inoperable. His doctor, friend and fellow refugee, Max Schur, administered fatal doses of morphine on 21 and 22 September . Freud died in his study at 20 Maresfield Gardens on September 23, 1939. After cremation Freud's ashes were placed in one of his Greek vases and deposited in the crematorium at Golders Green in London. Freud's major academic regret was that he did not get the Nobel Prize which he had long coveted. The psychiatric community remained hostile to his 'sexual' theories and even Albert Einstein refused to support Freud's candidacy. The term “Freudian slip” to indicate a mistake that may reveal a subconscious intention was first recorded in English in 1959. Sources Encyclopedia of Britannica, Daily Mail No comments: Post a Comment
Machine Learning in The Simplest Words Why should you care about Machine Learning? What impact will it have on your personal life, business or community? In this 5-minute read, I attempt to simplify Machine Learning to the basics by differentiating between Supervised vs Unsupervised Machine Learning. Let’s get started! Machine learning has become one of the most talked about subjects in the world today. It has made it easier for computers to produce models that can very quickly analyse large swathes of complex data and produce accurate results. For any organisation, this means there is a better chance of identifying profitable opportunities while minimizing risks and human error. The automobile industry, banks, governments, retail brands, and certain manufacturers are already taking advantage of machine learning technology in innovative ways: • Self-driving cars with automatic emergency response systems are products of machine learning • Governments use pattern recognition in images and videos to identify threats and enhance security • Retail outlets use it to customize customer experience • Banks use big data to market new products, balance risk, and detect fraud • Social media platforms, e-commerce companies, and streaming services use it to improve their product selections and recommendations There are so many other ways machine learning can be used to make business smoother and life easier; these are just a tip of the iceberg. To better understand how machine learning works, you need to know the different types and how machines function under them. The two types of machine learning are supervised and unsupervised learning. Supervised machine learning Under supervised machine learning, your data is labelled so that your algorithm can learn from it. On one hand, you have the input variables and, on the other, you have a corresponding output variable. For your algorithm to master the relationship between both sets of variables, you have to create a mapping function. Once the algorithm learns this mapping function, it will then be able to make accurate predictions on its own in the future. Here’s an illustration: You feed a machine with data about your customers. You teach it to identify high-value customers by the amount of money they spend on your business per month. You label the data with the customer’s name, amount spent per month, and items bought; these are the input variables. Then you attached a value (1, 2, 3, n) to the customer’s name to indicate whether they are high-value or not (this is the output variable). If you input enough data, the machine will then be able to identify customer value on its own in the future. This can then be used for promotional purposes targeting special customers. You can use the information to determine which customers will most likely respond positively to your marketing efforts. The majority of practical machine learning is supervised. Work Fusion, a software solution company, offers a service of this nature called Smart Process Automation. This allows you teach your business processes to a machine which will then take over the operations you have taught it in future. This eliminates human risk and speeds up your ability to deliver accurate results to your customers. Unsupervised machine learning With unsupervised learning, you have input variables but no corresponding output variables. The goal here is for the algorithm to determine the inherent characteristics and features in the data on its own. In the process, you learn more about the data and even start to notice things you couldn’t have noticed on your own. In unsupervised learning, you feed the machine with customer data but you do not label it. The machine will comb through and start to notice inherent features and characteristics in the data on its own. This is a continuous learning process for the machine and so, there are no right or wrong answers, just new insight. The machine learns on its own to separate customer data by spending levels, residential addresses or postal code, gender, age, categories most shopped in, etc. . . . So, now, you have a better understanding of how machine learning works. It is not magic, it is not supernatural but a great deal of science goes into it. Do you have any questions about supervised or unsupervised machine learning? Sign up for this Machine Learning Summit coming to cities near you or simply send me a tweet. Photo Source. You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Yesterday the Argentine navy abandoned its attempts to rescue 44 crew members on board a submarine that disappeared two weeks ago. Nobody has been able to find it. This puzzles me. All aircraft are required by law to have transponders in case there is a crash or some other emergency. In addition, airliners have “black boxes.” So why not submarines? When the Russians lost their Kursk submarine (12 Aug 2000; 118 deaths) it took them quite a while to find it. Same thing when they lost the K-129 submarine (8 March 1968; 98 deaths). We mount a device in each submarine that sounds a small alarm in the command and control area every hour on the hour. Each time the small alarm sounds, crewmen have five minutes to turn it off by flipping a switch. If crewmen do not turn it off in five minutes, the submarine automatically releases a number of buoys that float to the surface. Onboard the buoys are transponders that give their GPS locations. The buoys are simultaneously released from several places on the sub from nose to stern, in case one part of the sub has been destroyed. In addition, the submarine has numerous transponders aboard that are automatically triggered when the buoys are released. The transponders broadcast in several frequencies simultaneously, including the ELF band, which will penetrate the entire earth. We already communicate with submarines in this manner. The transponders on the buoys and in the sub give exact GPS locations at all times, albeit encoded. If security is an issue, then crewmen can temporarily deactivate the onboard transponders, but not the buoy transponders, which are only activated in emergencies, and automatically. Also the system can be activated manually on a moment’s notice by flipping a switch. If someone screws up and causes a false alarm, there’s no harm done. Strange how they don’t have something like this. Maybe some navies do, depending on the nation. Some submarines have manual items like this, but I’m talking about a fully automated system in case the crew are incapacitated. There are many types of marine emergency transponders used in boats that broadcast the GPS location. This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google+ photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
You are here Establishing a PPP Framework 21.5 Choice of Legal and Administrative Instruments to Create PPP Framework To be effective, PPP frameworks need to be documented. They also have to have some enforcement mechanisms. Governments need to make the following decisions. • How will the PPP framework be made binding on government officials? • How will the PPP framework be communicated to all stakeholders? • What will give legal force to PPP agreements? How frameworks are documented and given force varies widely between jurisdictions. In some cases, PPP frameworks are enacted as laws. In others, they are put in policy documents and manuals which the government commits to follow. Just as importantly, PPP frameworks do not stand alone: they build on, and incorporate, many pre-existing public sector management frameworks. These typically include public procurement and financial management frameworks. Some historical context is provided below to understand the choices that different jurisdictions make regarding the laws or other documents governing PPPs. This is followed by a discussion of how governments embody their PPP frameworks in laws and administrative documents. A description follows as to how these frameworks inevitably incorporate and build on existing public sector management frameworks. Add new comment
Bonphul APL > Benefits > Fitness The benefits of exercising are quite well known. From minimising chances of contracting diseases to enhancing cognitive functions, regular workouts and a proper diet are key to living a longer and healthier life. But while the virtues of staying fit are common knowledge, do we really know what’s happening in our body when we are exercising? As described by the European Lung Foundation, during exercise the heart and the lungs step into action. ‘The lungs bring oxygen into the body to provide energy and remove carbon dioxide, the waste product created when you produce energy. The heart pumps the oxygen to the muscles that are doing the exercise. When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute (12 litres of air) when you are resting, up to about 40–60 times a minute (100 litres of air) during exercise. Your circulation also speeds up to take the oxygen to the muscles so that they can keep moving.’ The vital role of oxygen during workouts, thus, is unmistakable. With more oxygen, there’s more energy and with more energy, you are able to drive yourself further in order to burn more calories. This is why having an oxygen optimizer installed in the place that you exercise could help you with your fitness to a great extent. This is because oxygen generators increase the concentration of oxygen indoors and this automatically results in your workout regime becoming more effective. While you could always control the intensity of your exercises, you couldn’t say the same for the air that you breathe while doing so, until now! So whether you work out at home on your treadmill or hit the gym, having an oxygen optimizer can prove to be highly rewarding in enhancing your overall fitness. Get yourself an OxyMax oxygen optimizer, give yourself the best air that money can buy, and see how much more calories you burn! Health Benefits Residential Solutions Commercial Solutions Real Estate
Conductivity landscape of HOPG surfaces containing ribbons and edges We present an extensive study on electrical spectroscopy of graphene ribbons and edges of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) using atomic force microscope (AFM). We have addressed in the present study two main issues (1) How does the electrical property of the graphite (graphene) sheet change when the graphite layer is displaced by shear forces? And (2) How does the electrical property of the graphite sheet change across a step edge? While addressing these two issues we observed (1) variation of conductance among the graphite ribbons on the surface of HOPG. The top layer always exhibits more conductance than the lower layers, (2) two different monolayer ribbons on the same sheet of graphite shows different conductance, (3) certain ribbon/sheet edges show sharp rise in current, (4) certain ribbons/sheets on the same edge shows both presence and absence of the sharp rise in the current, and (5) some lower layers at the interface near a step edge shows a strange dip in the current/conductance. We discuss possible reasons for such rich conducting landscape on the surface of graphite. Extensive theoretical and experimental studies have been made on layered graphite material to understand its complex electrical behavior. Recently, electronic properties of graphene nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanocones, fullerenes, and graphite edges, have attracted much attention from the point of view of basic research and applications. The motivation for studying carbon based nanostructures is to develop atomic or molecular nanometer scale electronic devices having a fundamentally different operating principle than conventional electronic devices. Due to its nanoscale size one can look at opportunities to increase the device density as well. The electronic property of nanoscale materials are strongly influenced by their geometries. The graphene sheets are generally self-assembled to arrive at various shaped nanoobjects such as carbon single-walled and multiwalled nanotubes, fullerenes, nanocones, etc.,. The electronic properties of these objects strongly depend on the manner in which these graphene sheets are cut and joined at the edges. Any new information and understanding related to graphene sheets will have an impact on basic research and applications of carbon based materials. (a)carbon atoms (b)graphite sheet,ribbons (c)zigzag edge (d) six point in the brillouin zone (e) finite overlap of CB VB HOPG is a periodical stack of 2D graphene sheets/ layers along the c axis. Each sheet is comprised of hexagonal lattice of carbon bonded by strong σ bonding in the a-b plane. See Fig.1 (a). The perpendicular π–orbital electrons are responsible for the conductivity along the a-b plane. The conduction occurs by the quantum mechanical hopping of these electrons. Each of these layers are weakly bonded to their neighboring layers by interlayer interaction forces. Because of the weak interlayers interaction forces, the graphene layers can easily slide against each other and peel off easily. In late 1950s and early 1960s the electronic property of graphite was evaluated using phenomenological models based on the symmetry of graphite. The dispersion relation of the bands was found to have a very slight overlap of the valence and conduction bands at the Fermi level, where the electron density is very low. This causes graphite to have semimetallic characteristics. Even though the change carrier concentration is very low, the electrical mobility of these carriers is high and its electrical resistivity along the plane is -40 μΩcm. The temperature coefficient of resistivity of HOPG is positive along the sheet and ρ≈104at room temperature. It has been pointed out the graphene sheet edges strongly affect the π electronic states. The edges of the graphene sheets are of two types (1) armchair and (2) zigzag edges. These two edges are shown in Fig.1 (b) and (c), respectively. It was shown theoretically that graphene sheets having zigzag edges possess edge states localized at the zigzag edges. In contrast, armchair edges have no edge states at its edges, hence making the armchair edge less conducting than the zigzag edge. ADD: Yizhuang Economic Development Zone, Beijing 100176, China. Fax: +86 10 80828912 Marketing center: +86-17701349487 Human Resources: +86-15313026852
Skylar McDaniel Sparta's government was very unusual. They had two kings of the city. Their citizens were only men that were in the army. If the men got hurt and could not fight, they were not a citizen. Men were the only people that could be in the army. That means that women and children and elders were not considered citizens. In Sparta the men were the ones who would go out and fight for the army. Women would not. Men who fought were considered citizens. The men wore a bronze helmet and a bronze breast plate. They had a spear for long range killing and they had a sword for short range, hand to hand combat. Spartan's ate meat. They covered the meat in blood before they ate it. They did this for the protein. It gives them more muscle strength. They women would stay in the village while the men were fighting. They would have to know some hand to hand combat encase anyone were to come to the village while the men were out fighting. Young boys were forced to got to military camps. They were forced to go at young ages so that they could get really strong. They would make them sleep outside and make them go hand to hand combat on each other. They did not give the kids much food because the kids had to steal food. If they got caught stealing they were punished. They were punished because they got caught. Not because they were stealing. Important buildings • Temple of Orthia Artemis 1. Temple used to worship • Spartan Assembly Hall 1. Meeting of Council of Elders and Assembly came together Big image 1. Battle of Thermopylae • They had 300 spartan's fighting • They were fighting a ton of other people • They did not win the battle Spartans: At the Gates of Fire Clip 5 interesting facts 1. Only men could be in the army 2. Only men could be citizens 3. They ate meat with blood on it for protein 4. Their armor and all their weapons were made out of bronze 5. Young boys had to go to a military camp to toughen up
23 July 2014 Near real-time measurement of forces applied by an optical trap to a rigid cylindrical object Author Affiliations + An automated data acquisition and processing system is established to measure the force applied by an optical trap to an object of unknown composition in real time. Optical traps have been in use for the past 40 years to manipulate microscopic particles, but the magnitude of applied force is often unknown and requires extensive instrument characterization. Measuring or calculating the force applied by an optical trap to nonspherical particles presents additional difficulties which are also overcome with our system. Extensive experiments and measurements using well-characterized objects were performed to verify the system performance. Glaser, Hoeprich, and Resnick: Near real-time measurement of forces applied by an optical trap to a rigid cylindrical object Our laboratory is interested in measuring the mechanical properties of a biological object, the primary cilium.1 Optical traps provide a localized noncontact method to apply a well-controlled force while simultaneously permitting the observation of the deformation (bending) of this organelle. Here, we present our progress toward this goal by demonstrating our ability to accurately measure the spring constant of our optical trap applied to a cylindrical object, in this case an Escherichia coli bacterium. Although use of optical traps2 to apply forces to spherical and near-spherical objects is well understood in the context of Mie scattering and its generalizations, trapping cylindrical objects such as bacteria and certain virus particles has largely consisted of qualitative experiments,1011.12 and use of scattering models to quantify the optical trapping of slender, cylindrical objects is greatly complicated by geometry.1314.15.16.17 Use of approximate methods18 including the discrete-dipole approximation19,20 the T-matrix,21 or the finite-difference time-domain22 to calculate the applied force is one common approach, but accurate calculation of the applied force (equivalently, the trap stiffness) requires detailed trapping beam specifications; knowledge of the refractive index of both the trapped object and the solvent; viscosity of solvent; and size, shape, and composition of the trapped particle, and typically assumes that the trapped object is homogeneous. For our experimental case of interest, none of this information is readily available and may require additional complex measurements to obtain. Similarly, optical trap calibration methods involving measurements of the power spectrum23,24 or scattering efficiencies2526.27 have only been experimentally verified using spherical objects. Consequently, alternative methods of calculating the applied force based on particle tracking have been developed.2829.30 The primary cilium31 is a singular protruding hair-like organelle possessed by most mammalian differentiated cells, genetically related to flagella, but in contrast to motile cilia present on some specialized tissue (e.g., airway epithelia), it does not actively move. Cilia are slender, protruding cylinders, approximately 0.2 μm in diameter, ranging in length from several to tens of microns and are anchored at one end to the centrosome within the cell body. A large and still growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the primary cilium coordinates an ever-lengthening list of cell signaling pathways including Hedgehog, Wnt, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, and the polycystins PC1 and PC2.3233. The primary cilium has recently emerged as an organizing center for a wide range of cellular functions including environmental sensing of light,48 odorants49 and osmolarity,50 mechanosensation,51,52 cell development,32 migration53 and differentiation,54 and planar cell polarity.46 The mechanotransduction response has been shown to significantly modify many cellular functions and yet is currently the least-understood ciliary function due to a lack of information about the mechanical properties of the sensor. In contrast to measurements that apply a known disturbance with fluid flow,55,56 optical trapping of cilia and flagella could provide improved information about the mechanical properties of these important organelles. Specifically, it is possible to measure the bending modulus57,58 and generated force,59,60 both of which modulate the biological role of motile cilia and flagella (mucociliary transport and microorganism propulsion) and sensory cilia (flow sensing).51,52 Finally, the capability of near-simultaneous trapping and observation of a biological response (for example, intracellular Ca2+ ratiometric imaging)1,37 could provide improved understanding of the biological role of this organelle. In the present study, we have constructed a calibrated optical trap apparatus that provides near real-time measurements of the transverse spring constant without requiring knowledge of optical properties of the trapped object, suspending solvent, and trapping beam geometry. Because the primary cilium is anchored at one end to the cell and thus a more complicated system than a free particle, we demonstrate here a first step—measuring the trapping force applied to an E. coli bacterium, a rod-shaped bacterium 1 μm in diameter and 3 μm long. Principles of Optical Tweezer Operation As constructed,61,62 optical tweezers create a single-beam three-dimensional (3-D) potential well due to a spatial gradient of the electric field, created by focusing a laser beam with a high-numerical-aperture microscope objective. Objects possessing a refractive index greater than the surrounding fluid medium experience a spring-like restoring force as they move away from the trap center. The trapped particles thus execute a modified form of Brownian motion due to the confining potential well. For a particle undergoing free one-dimensional Brownian motion, the mean-squared displacement (MSD) relationship is given by the well-known diffusion expression63 where the D is the diffusion constant for the particle, the angle brackets indicate an average over all time, and τ is the lag-time. A particle confined within a Gaussian potential well (corresponding to the optical trapping by a focused Gaussian beam) presents a modified MSD relationship64,65 where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of the fluid medium, ξ is the Stokes (viscous) drag coefficient of the trapped particle (ξ=6πμR for a sphere with radius R suspended in a fluid with viscosity μ), and κ is the spring constant of the optical trap. Note that D=kBT/ξ. While the spring constant and Stokes drag coefficient can be calculated analytically for the idealized case of a homogeneous spherical particle, a homogeneous suspending fluid, and aberration-free Gaussian beams, in general it is not possible to analytically calculate the spring constant of nonspherical particles of unknown composition trapped within an aberrated beam. Because our eventual goal is to calculate the force applied to a slender cylinder, we developed an algorithm based on particle tracking and fitted the calculated MSD curve using two free parameters corresponding to κ and ξ. We first track the position of a trapped object with a quadrant photodiode (QPD), calculate the MSD of the particle’s trajectory, and then use a fitting algorithm in which the spring constant and viscous drag are free parameters to calculate the stiffness of the optical trap. That is, measuring the trajectory of a trapped particle allows the calculation of the gradient forces generated by the optical trap without a priori knowledge of the physical properties of the trapped object. System Hardware Configuration and Software Architecture Hardware Configuration The laser tweezer apparatus shown in Fig. 1 is largely the same as discussed previously61 and operates as a single-beam 3-D trap. The source was a 0.5-W diode-pumped Nd:YAG continuous-wave single-mode laser. The optical tweezer was aligned to the optical axis of the microscope (Leica DM6000B, Wetzlar, Germany) using a 5-degree-of-freedom (x-axis, y-axis, z-axis, pitch, and yaw) mount. The laser beam was expanded to fill the back aperture of the objective lens. The objective lens used was a Leica 63X NA 0.9 U-V-I HCX long working distance plan apochromat dipping objective. The tweezer couples into the microscope through a lateral port, providing direct optical access to the fluorescence turret. A side-looking 1064-nm dichroic mirror (Chroma Technology, Bellows Falls, Vermont) mounted within the fluorescence turret provides the ability to perform the normal (visible) transillumination microscope viewing while the tweezers are operating. A KG-1 IR cutoff filter (Newport, Irvine, California) inserted above the fluorescence turret prevents the observation of the tweezer spot by a camera during operation. The trapping beam applies a force to objects by moving the microscope sample stage (Prior Proscan II Motorized H101/2 Stage); the trapping beam does not move. Fig. 1 Hardware configuration of the laser tweezer, microscope, and quadrant photodiode (QPD) data acquisition system. Tweezer beam path is indicated by a solid line. Components labeled as follows: (a) Tweezer module. (b) Side-looking dichroic mirror located in fluorescence turret. (c) Objective lens. (d) Sample plane. (e) Condenser lens. (f) Dichroic mirror. (g) QPD. (h) Tube lens. (i) Camera. (j) Five-degree-of-freedom tweezer mount. (k) Transillumination stage. (l) Incubator. (m) QPD data acquisition module. (n) Computer. Inset: photograph of experimental apparatus. To record the movement of a trapped object, a QPD (first sensor model QP50-6-SD2) records the location of the trapping beam centroid. The QPD is located downstream from the condenser lens. Use of a dichroic mirror (Qoptic Microbench, Fairport, New York) and laser line filter (1064 nm, Edmund Optics, Barrington, New Jersey) ensures that only the Nd:YAG light is incident on the QPD. Intensities were converted to voltage readouts within the QPD housing and then transferred to a National Instruments data acquisition device. This device recorded voltages at a user-specified frequency and exported a digital record of particle positions to the host computer to be saved and analyzed later. Software Architecture Tracking protocol We created a virtual instrument (VI) environment in LabView 2010 with a front panel that allows for customization of sampling frequency and duration of data acquisition. Our tracking VI recorded voltage outputs from the QPD, normalized the data via a reference voltage to remove the circuit noise, and displayed the particle information in real time on the front panel. Figure 2 shows the flow of data through the VI, and Fig. 3 presents an example of the VI’s voltage/position readout. Fig. 2 Flowchart detailing data progression within the data acquisition virtual instrument (VI). The incoming signal for the QPD is constantly pinged while the VI is running, allowing the user the ability to see a real-time feed of the laser spot on the surfaces of the QPD. Fig. 3 A sample of raw QPD output (‘X’ and ‘Y’ represent orthogonal directions). The dip is characteristic of a microsphere entering the trap. The recorded datasets are then converted and stored as .TDMS binary files, which are used for their low data-loss rate at high sampling frequency and low memory footprint. This file can then be directly imported into our MATLAB analysis algorithm. Stock data analysis methods are not well suited for the large data files produced by high sampling rates. Therefore, an algorithm was developed to manage the large sets of acquired experimental data. All the analysis procedures are called using the function QPDanalysisBulk(TDMSFolder,TDMSfileID,f). This function has user input variables for the root directory of the .TDMS file to be analyzed and the filename of said .TDMS. TDMS conversion to .MAT file type In order to begin the data analysis, our algorithm first converts the data from the .TDMS file into a .MAT file type for MATLAB to quickly perform the rest of the data analysis. The called function, convertTDMS(true, TDMSfileID), has been developed within a community of developers since late 2009. The function can be found via the MATLAB Central File Exchange and is offered open source to those who wish to make their own additions to the development of the code. In our toolbox, we utilized version 9 of the software and made no major changes to the function. Calculate the mean-square-displacement of trajectory With our time-series voltage data loaded into MATLAB, the algorithm proceeds to calculate the MSD for the trajectory of the trapped particle. For any given trajectory r(t) discretized into NT+1 time steps consisting of NA=NTτ+1 overlapping time intervals of duration τ, the position autocorrelation function is defined as63 The MSD(PosArray) function iteratively calculates the MSD for each lag-time, τ. PosArray is an array where each row is a position vector for a specific time. The function utilizes the fact that MATLAB can efficiently vectorize calculations on an entire array rather than computing them element-by-element. For example, the deltaCoords variable, which is the difference in positions between two row-vectors separated by dt, is computed by deltaCoords = PosArray[(1+dt:end),(1:2)]—PosArray[(1:end-dt),(1:2)]. This allows us to use the sum(deltaCoords^2, 2) function to sum each of the squares of the deltaCoord variable’s row elements and to finally take the average over all times for each dt. Remove linear drift of MSD The MSD curve can be split into roughly two sections. The initial (short-time) section of the curve represents an inertial timescale, whereas the latter section represents a long time limit corresponding to the restoring force of the optical trap. However, the long time limit is often not reached and as a result, the calculated MSD contains a linear drift. This experimental artifact is removed through the use of the function RemoveLinarDrift(MSDArray,maxlagtime,freq). The function first applies a linear regression to the long-time calculated MSD data. The linear regression is then subtracted from the experimentally acquired MSD data. The corrected MSD data allow the fitting of the idealized curve equation to the experimental data. An example of this curve can be seen in Fig. 4, which shows the removal of linear drift and resultant, corrected MSD. Fig. 4 Mean-squared displacement (MSD) data generated from a sample QPD output for a trapped microsphere. Note the linear drift in the Test Data series and its removal in the Corrected Data series due to our algorithm. Fit primary dataset to idealized relationship and store fitting parameters Once the experimental data have been corrected with the linear drift of the long-term limit removed, the algorithm fits the data to the idealized MSD function. Since our data have an arbitrary length and time units, we must introduce two conversion constants, α (normalized volts per meter) and β (seconds per desired time unit). The new model can be expressed as Thus, our model can be expressed in terms of a and b To enhance our fitting routine’s accuracy, we first fit the long-time portion of our data with a linear model to obtain the value of a. Next, we fit our data using a robust nonlinear least squares fit, supported by the MATLAB Curve Fitting toolbox. During this process, the stored value of a is substituted into the model so that b is the only free parameter. A graph of this fit is then exported as a MATLAB .FIG file and a high-resolution .PNG to the root folder. Figure 5 details an example of the quality of the fit achieved by the algorithm. Utilizing the relationships of the constants a and b, the software then solves for the spring and diffusion constants for the dataset. Finally, these values are stored in their own array to be appended with more values down the line. Fig. 5 Example of the results from the curve-fitting routine for the MSD data shown in Fig. 4. Note the fitting of the long time-scale portion of the graph lies nearly along the average, allowing for an accurate reading of the fitting constants. Subdivide primary dataset into data blocks During QPD data acquisition, it is sometimes observed that a second object either passes through the trapping beam or is even trapped as well, resulting in either two trapped objects or the initial object being ejected from the trap. This results in QPD data containing position jumps not characteristic to confined Brownian motion, requiring sections of the QPD data to be excised. To ease the process in manually excluding these datasets, the main data series is broken up into data blocks consisting of position data over 1-s time intervals. Repeat analysis on data blocks With the primary dataset subdivided into smaller data blocks consisting of 50 to 100 k data points, our analysis process is then iteratively applied to every data block. By repeating this analysis, we can produce results for the linear correction and fitting process as well as return a two-dimensional trajectory plot over the time interval. This trajectory plot will enable easy detection for which datasets should be excluded from analysis due to particle–particle interactions within the trap. Return fitting parameters, graphs, and raw data for user After analysis is performed on all data blocks, the software finally deals with the problem of length-scale conversion. As detailed elsewhere,23 for an object with a known diffusion constant, the conversion constant α is found by taking the ratio of the known diffusion constant with the fitted counterpart. We solved for α given the fitting constants a and b. The software then converts all the spring constants to physical units [N/m]. Finally, the algorithm stores all the retuned constant arrays, graphs, and raw time-series data into a folder hierarchy within the root directory. This allows for a simple organization scheme for the user’s convenience. The total data processing time varies with the data acquisition time, but as a guideline, 10 s of QPD data is fully analyzed in 5 min using an Intel Core 2 Quad Q9400 CPU running at 2.66 GHz with 3.5 GB of RAM. Experiments and Results Algorithm Calibration Simulation of a trapped particle executing confined Brownian motion was used as an internal consistency check of our data analysis algorithm. The Langevin equation for a Brownian particle moving within a 3-D harmonic potential (neglecting the inertial term) is given as where r(t) is the 3-D coordinates of the particle at some time t, r·(t) is the 3-D velocity vector, k is the strength of the trap along each of the axes, and W(t) is the white noise characteristic of Brownian motion. This differential equation can be solved for the position and gives the finite difference equation where ri=[xi,yi,zi] represents the position of the particle at time ti, and wi=[wxi,wyi,wzi] is a vector of Gaussian random numbers with zero mean and a variance of 1. For our simulation, wi is generated by where R is a 11×3 matrix of random numbers that are uniformly distributed in (0,1) such that the sum produces wi. The MATLAB code can be found freely at the link provided in Ref. 66 and can simulate 3-D trajectories for any number of particles given a sampling rate, time span, trap stiffness constant, and particles’ “radii.” Following Refs. 64 and 65, we independently generated a trajectory for a spherical particle in an optical trap using our system specifications and analyzed the simulated data with our toolkit. Our toolkit calculated the MSD fitting parameters for several sets of simulation data with varying sampling frequencies, time spans, trap strengths, and initial positions. The returned constants fit the provided values within a range of 5% from the expected values. Instrument Calibration We calibrated the optical trap fitting parameters using homogeneous spherical particles, and we will show that once calibrated, the fitting algorithm correctly returns the spring constant for (1) spherical particles trapped near a glass surface, (2) spherical particles immersed in glycerol, and (3) cylindrical objects (E. coli bacteria). Each test was chosen to verify the fitting algorithm using uncertainties in viscous drag (tests 1 and 2), changes in trap beam geometry (test 2), and changes in object geometry and optical properties (test 3). The optical trap was calibrated using 0.5-, 1-, 1.98-, 2.5-, and 5.46-μm diameter polystyrene microspheres (Bangs Laboratories, Fishers, Indiana), each stock solution diluted (by volume) 1:109 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Cellgro, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) to prevent the aggregation. Viscosity of PBS was measured with a Cannon-Fenske Routine viscometer (Induchem Lab Glass, Roselle, New Jersey) and pycnometer (Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills, Illinois), resulting in a value of 0.8816±0.0002cP at 25°C. The dilute suspension of (monodisperse) microspheres was placed within a hanging drop-type microscope slide, the laser trap was turned on, and the microscope stage was manipulated to bring a microsphere into the trap far from any solid surface using a camera for visual confirmation that a single microsphere was trapped. The height of the trapped particle relative to the microscope slide was recorded using the microscope’s internal z-axis encoder readout. During lateral movements of the stage, the distance between trapped particle and microscope slide remained constant. Comparing QPD output to Stokes drag measurements, shown in Fig. 7, allowed us to obtain a calibrated relation between QPD data and applied force for spherical objects, because the only variable is the particle diameter. The QPD recorded the positions of spheres before the stage was moved. After the QPD data was acquired, the stage was moved laterally at a known speed from its home position to second position approximately 2 mm away and then back to its home position. The test was performed at progressively higher stage speeds until the trapped particle fell out of the laser trap due to viscous drag. The stage speed at which the particle fell out of the laser trap was used to determine the drag force from the PBS solution on the microsphere using Stokes’ law. Validation of Trap Strength Algorithm As internal consistency checks, QPD data were collected for 60 s at sampling rates of 10, 50, and 100 kHz to determine potential effects from sampling rate. Other datasets were acquired for spot centroids located at various positions on the QPD to determine effects from misalignment. The aforementioned analysis was performed on each dataset, and the calculated spring constant was unchanged, indicating our system is quite robust. Next, a single large dataset was divided into smaller sets of 20,000 to 30,000 data points. The same analysis was performed on these subsets of data. The resulting spring constant of the entire set was compared with the spring constant results of the subsets of data, and the algorithm returned consistent spring constants. Taken together, our internal consistency checks demonstrate internal validation of our trap strength algorithm. Validation of Trap Strength Calculation Three experimental checks of the fitting algorithm were performed. First, we trapped microspheres near the glass surface as an experimental test of Faxen’s law.67 Next, we trapped microspheres suspended in glycerol rather than PBS. Finally, we trapped an E. coli bacterium, a rod-shaped object for which a closed-form solution to Stokes drag can be obtained, and for all tests, we compared the calibrated fitting algorithm output to the (maximum) viscous drag force. The first validation step was performed by comparing the QPD data to Stokes drag data for particles trapped at various heights above the slide (Fig. 6). This check was performed because while the fluid drag varies with height, approximately given by Faxen’s law,68 the trapping force does not (the small amount of light back-reflected off the fluid–glass interface can be neglected). The calculated spring constant did not show a variation in height, as expected. Fig. 6 Comparison of Stokes drag (diamonds) and fitted spring constant (squares) for 1.98-μm-diameter spheres trapped at fixed distances from a glass slide. The drag force varies with height; the fitted spring constant does not. Next, we trapped a 1.98-μm-diameter microsphere in glycerol (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Glycerol is approximately 1000 times as viscous as PBS (μ=1.416P), but because the MSD fit curve allows separate fitting of trap stiffness κ and viscous drag ξ, the trap force can be distinguished from viscous drag. As seen in Fig. 7, the calibrated algorithm correctly measured the spring constant. Thus, we demonstrated that our calibration curve is not sensitive to variations in solvent viscosity. Fig. 7 This graph shows the experimental results for the QPD algorithm calibration using microspheres (N=5 for each data point) overlaid on results of our algorithm output for N=5 microsphere suspended in glycerol and our algorithm output for a trapped (N=5) Escherichia coli bacterium. The error bars correspond to measured uncertainty in (vertical) Stokes drag and (horizontal) results of our algorithm. Additionally, because the objective lens is uncorrected for glycerol (at λ=1064nm, ngly=1.46, while nPBS=1.33), the objective lens introduced wavefront aberrations (primarily spherical aberration) to the trapping beam. Thus, this measurement confirmed the results of test 1 and also demonstrated that our fitting algorithm does not require detailed information about the trapping beam wavefront. We next optically trapped a cylindrical object, a single E. coli bacterium. E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium 1 μm in diameter and 3 μm in length. E. coli normally swim using a flagellum, so we first killed the bacteria with a brief exposure to intense ultraviolet light to avoid experimental artifacts. Once trapped, the bacterium oriented along the optical axis, and both QPD and Stokes drag measurements were performed. Critically important, the bacterium does not deform during the Stokes drag measurement. Modeling the bacterium as a cylinder of length L and radius R capped with hemispherical ends, the viscous drag at velocity U (fluid density ρ and viscosity μ) is given by The first term results from the two hemispherical caps, and the second term is the drag force per unit length for a cylindrical object51 and contains Euler’s constant γ=0.577. Again, as seen in Fig. 7, the calibrated QPD algorithm correctly computed the spring constant, demonstrating that our algorithm results are insensitive to object shape. Conclusion and Future Work In conclusion, we present a data acquisition and analysis toolkit based on particle tracking that allows near real-time measurements of the force applied by an optical trap to an object of unknown shape and composition. In addition, this analysis toolkit allows for a convenient calibration method for optical traps via the use of standard microspheres. This calibration step accurately calculates length-scale conversions, via diffusion constant ratios, as well as the effective strength of the trapping potential. Future work will be focused on applying the optical trap to a primary cilium, in an effort to measure the mechanical properties of this important organelle. Funding for this work, provided by the National Institutes of Health under Grant R15DK092716, is gratefully acknowledged. 1. A. Resnick, “Use of optical tweezers to probe epithelial mechanosensation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(1), 015005 (2010).JBOPFO1083-3668 http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3316378 Google Scholar 2. K. C. NeumanS. M. Block, “Optical trapping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(9), 2787–2809 (2004).RSINAK0034-6748 http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1785844 Google Scholar 3. J. A. Lock, “Calculation of the radiation trapping force for laser tweezers by use of generalized Lorenz-Mie theory. II. On-axis trapping force,” Appl. 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Lett. 97(10), 104101 (2010).APPLAB0003-6951 http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3486123 Google Scholar Joseph Glaser received his BS degree in physics from Cleveland State University in 2014 and is currently enrolled in the physics graduate program at Drexel University. David Hoeprich received his MS degree in medical physics from Cleveland State University in 2012. He is currently employed as a board-certified medical physicist at Applied Medical Physics In Radiology, Inc., located in Kirtland Hills, Ohio. Andrew Resnick is an assistant professor at Cleveland State University. He received his BS degree in physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1991 and his PhD degree in physics from the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 1996. His current research interests include cellular mechanotransduction and microscopy. He is a member of the American Physical Society, American Physiological Society, and Optical Society of America. Joseph Glaser, David Hoeprich, Andrew Resnick, "Near real-time measurement of forces applied by an optical trap to a rigid cylindrical object," Optical Engineering 53(7), 074110 (23 July 2014). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.53.7.074110 . Submission: Back to Top
Describe Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Srrs) and Describe to What Extent It Is a Valid Taxonomy of the Causes of Stress Topics: Life, Legal separation, Integers Pages: 1 (298 words) Published: April 5, 2010 Describe Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and describe to what extent it is a valid taxonomy of the causes of stress. The top five stressful events, which can happen in an individual’s life, are categorised as ‘death of a spouse’, ‘divorce’, ‘martial separation’, ‘jail term’, and ‘death of a close family member’. Also, events such as ‘vacation’ and ‘change in eating habits’ are considered to be minor life changes on the scale. Each event is attributed to an arbitrary value or ‘LCU’ (Life Change Units) ranging from one to a hundred. From this, an individual is given a cumulative score based upon all of the stressful events which have happened to them over the previous year. People with a sum total of between two hundred and three hundred life change units are supposed to develop major health problems. People scoring over one hundred units are likely to suffer a moderate period of ill-health (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). It can be said that there is a considerable bias in some of the items on the list of life events, favouring adults over younger individuals. Needless to say, teenagers suffer from stress, but it is unconvincing to argue that they need to cope with occurrences such as ‘death of a spouse’, ‘divorce’ or ‘marital separation’ and it is likely that they will not find ‘vacation’ stressful but the complete opposite. It also should be noted that stressful events including ‘exams pressures’ and ‘concerns about weight or appearance’ are not included in the forty-three life events, and these can be considerably stressful for younger people. This reiterates the fact that some items need to be added to the model, for this scale to be more generalisable in characterising the causes of stress. References Continue Reading Please join StudyMode to read the full document You May Also Find These Documents Helpful • Describe the Causes of War and Conflict. Essay • Describe What Your Role Essay • Rating Scales Essay • Describe immediate causes of the revolt of 1857 Essay • 1.1 Describe the social economic and cultural Essay • Essay on Describe and Evaluate Social Explanations of Aggression • What Is CloningThe Term Cloning Describes Essay • Describe What Your Role Responsibilities And Essay Become a StudyMode Member Sign Up - It's Free
A planet is a spherical ball of rock and/or gas that orbits a star. The Earth is a planet. Our solar system has eightplanets. These planets are, in order of increasing average distance from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranusand Neptune. The only object visited by humans other than the planet Earth is the Moon, which is not a planet. It is a satellite. The International Astronomy Union has an official definition for a planet. It states, "A 'planet' is defined as a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit." Planetary and Space Science publishes original articles as well as short communications (letters). Ground-based and space-borne instrumentation and laboratory simulation of solar system processes are included. celestial mechanics, including dynamical evolution of the solar system, gravitational captures and resonances, relativistic effects, tracking and dynamics. cosmochemistry and origin, including all aspects of the formation and initial physical and chemical evolution of the solar system. terrestrial planets and satellites, including the physics of the interiors, geology and morphology of the surfaces, tectonics, mineralogy and dating. outer planets and satellites, including formation and evolution, remote sensing at all wavelengths and in situ measurements. planetary atmospheres, including formation and evolution, circulation and meteorology, boundary layers, remote sensing and laboratory simulation. planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres, including origin of magnetic fields, magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts, and their interaction with the sun, the solar wind and satellites. small bodies, dust and rings, including asteroids, comets and zodiacal light and their interaction with the solar radiation and the solar wind. exobiology, including origin of life, detection of planetary ecosystems and pre-biological phenomena in the solar system and laboratory simulations. extrasolar systems, including the detection and/or the detectability of exoplanets and planetary systems, their formation and evolution, the physical and chemical properties of the exoplanets. Welcome to Planet Profiles: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune pluto Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto May God Bless you Article by: Mr. Jayesh Dave Date Write: 11 June, 2012
The Hardest Puzzle In The World So I know what ya’ll were probably thinking when you first heard the title, “What’s so important if there’s a hard game that tests knowledge?” Except this post is about something totally different and more serious. I’m talking about Autism, a mental condition, present from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Also about special needs, a particular educational requirements resulting from learning difficulties, physical disability, or emotional and behavioral difficulties. Yes, you’ve probably heard before, “Every kid is special in their own way,” but what does it actually mean when people refer to special needs children. “This means any kid who might need extra help because of a medical, emotional, or learning problem. These kids have special needs because they might need medicine, therapy, or extra help in school — stuff other kids don’t typically need or only need once in awhile.” You may be thinking, “So what? I know what that is, but what more should I know?” Yes, you may know what is is, but no one I’ve ever met has ever had a full understanding of it unless they have a connection with someone who has it. However, whenever I touch this sensitive subject it’s as if people want to avoid it or just leave it out of the picture, but the truth is you can’t. Again I know some of you reading this know not to tease or think less of the special needs, which means you were taught right. On the other hand, some are less fortunate to not have. So, when they see someone talking differently or having a helping teacher they point and laugh, but once they find out what they have they immediately stop. That’s the problem no matter if they have specials needs or not they’re human. They’re just like us and all they’ve ever wanted is to be treated the same way as everyone else. I know it may seem like I’m ranting on and on about a subject you may not care about, but I do. Why do I seem to care a lot about this matter? Is it because I want a good grade, or is it because my parents forced me to? The reason I care so much about this matter because all my life I’ve lived around special needs. So what’s the point of this ongoing blog post? Well it’s me telling all of you to become friends with a special need. Please don’t let them wander the halls, eat alone at a lunch table, or to find that all the people they thought were their friends made nasty jokes about them behind their back. All I want is for you to open your heart to someone who needs it truly. Now is that too much to ask? I’m not asking you to dis all your friends, but to simply to make them feel accepted or hang with them with your original friends. If you think it’s too much of a risk because you might be judged by your friends, then I guess you gotta ask yourself this question, are you hanging around the right kind of people? Another question you might want to ask yourself if you would get embarrassed being seen with a special needs kid is, what kind of person does that make you? Is it worth the headache? Image result for football collisions blur Over the years, the number of concussions in the NFL has increased massively. Between 2014 and 2015, the concussion percent rose over 30%. The most common reason for concussions in the NFL is head on head contact, which is why they banned “head slaps” for good. The NFL continues to think of new rules and policies that could possibly decrease the amount of concussions. For example, they’ve advanced the “roughing the passer” penalty to make it more strict and inclusive, as well as the “unnecessary roughness” penalty. So the question is, what are more effective ways the NFL could further prevent concussions? In my opinion, the only reason NFL players still occasionally “bump heads” intentionally is because the consequence is bearable and not intimidating. The highest penalty for “unsportsmanlike conduct” is 15 yards in the current game. I think the consequence should be more lasting and punishing. I believe if a player is clearly headbutting on purpose and continuously, there should be talk of a possible suspension. The only thing 15 yards accomplishes is maybe a yell from the coach, but a short 1, maybe 2 game suspension will surely prevent players from making the same mistake. Also, most players keep quiet if they notice double vision, blurriness, or other symptoms of a concussion. They would rather play in the game and not miss any opportunity to compete. If players told someone right away if they were experiencing any symptoms, it would prevent their concussion from getting even worse. Even if this strategy won’t technically prevent concussions, it would stop the players from making the injury even worse. If a player notices any concerning symptoms, they should tell their coach immediately. Lastly, there are some ways players could prevent concussions by just being more aware on the field and knowing some strategies during play. All in all, even though the NFL has managed to decrease concussion numbers over the years, I think with these strategies, they could really put NFL concussions in the past. The World’s Fight for Elephants Within the past three years, 100,000 elephants were killed, mutilated, and stripped of their ivory tusks. Everyday, poachers are looking for more. In 2011, one out of every twelve elephants was killed. Because of these illegal killings, Africa’s population of elephants has decreased 64% over the past decade. The illegal killings of these creatures has caused a worldwide outreach to stop it. A company called Ivory Ella was created last year by five entrepreneurs with a mission; to save elephants all over the world. Ivory Ella makes clothes advertising their message to all. They make clothes in an effort to bring all people together and lead them to support their community. Ivory Ella donates 10% of their net profits to Save the Elephants, and organization built on the goal of putting an end to the illegal killing of elephants. On every shirt, the company shows their logo, along with a patterned elephant on the back. This aids in their mission to spread the word about elephants, and help protect them. Image result for ivory ella shirts In my opinion, Ivory Ella’s mission is imperative toward saving the population of elephants in our world. Without their support and donations, the amount of African elephants left would be a decision made by poachers. But poachers aren’t the only possible threats. Others include habitat loss, fragmentation, and overgrazing. Habitat loss is caused by new farms being built. With the assistance of Save the Elephants and Ivory Ella, these threats become less of an issue. They spread awareness and let you know what you can do to aid in the fight for elephants. For more information on how to help save the elephants, visit the link below: Save the Elephants ~ Sarah Donald Trump claims Voter Fraud from the Presidential Election Image result for donald trump Just last week, January 20, 2017, Donald Trump officially entered the White House for four years. Not even a week being in the White House, Trump has already suspected voter fraud. On Monday, he called for a “major investigation” because he believes that millions of people have voted illegally. Back in November, Trump won the role of president by a majority of electoral votes (33 votes). Many questioned Trump as he won his role of presidency by 16 votes, why he even was running for president. Prior to running, Donald Trump hosted a reality television show, The Apprentice, for 11 years. He also is a successful businessman as he has built many office’s, casinos, golf courses, and much more. So why did he run for president? According to the NY Times, Trump ran in an effort to gain stature. Cleary, Trump has but is slowly losing it as he said that there have been a mistake in votes. So far, he has not cited or proven any key evidence to why this is possible. Over the course of two tweets, Trump wrote, “I will be asking for a major investigation into VOTER FRAUD, including those registered to vote in two states, those who are illegal and … even, those registered to vote who are dead (and many for a long time). Depending on results, we will strengthen up voting procedures!” But what if Trump only won president with the help of voter fraud? Why would he be pointing this out? Trump exclaims that he is confident in his win and even if there was a voter sham, he still would’ve come out on top. “You have people that are registered who are dead, who are illegals, who are in two states. You have people registered in two states. They’re registered in a New York and a New Jersey. They vote twice. There are millions of votes, in my opinion,” stated Trump. Later he went on saying to various media reporters that he wants voting to be legitimate and real because voting for a president is a serious topic to discuss and vote on. Though he is right about voting being a serious deal, why wouldn’t voting be legitimate? Trump said that he does not want anyone to be registered in two states, or dead people that are registered or illegals voting. This is accurate, but this doesn’t mean that at least 15 million people voted illegally this past year. Still no evidence has been proved but Trump still believes that he is correct. The new president has had a hard time grasping that others don’t have the same view on this topic. ABC’s David Muir told Trump that the author of the report found no incriminating evidence. Donald Trump later called him “groveling”. Just because the proof from the report doesn’t match his opinion doesn’t mean that David Muir is lying. Trump has decided that he would like to speak with Republican Lawmakers in Pennsylvania and consider the best way to go about this problem. Hopefully there aren’t any further problems similar to this with Trump when he is in the White House. Who knows what’s in store for the United States for the next four or possibly eight years. ~ Mary Are You Looking For The Dream Vacation? Imagine in sitting soft sand, looking out at crystal clear water, filled with exotic fish, turtles, and coral. What more can you ask for? You can get all of this within U.S. territory and only a short, 5 hour plane ride away, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The U.S. Virgin Islands are a series of islands just East of Puerto Rico. The islands in this territory are St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix. I have traveled to both St. Thomas and St. John, and I can speak from experience and say that they both were unforgettable trips definitely worth taking. There are lots of different lodging options when staying in the U.S. Virgin Islands. You could stay in a beautiful resort, with private beaches, pools, and a glamorous suite with a view. You could also stay in a vacation rental, with a short walk to the beach, total safety and privacy, and plenty of space. These different hotels and vacation rentals also come with a range of prices to accommodate you and your financial needs. As you can see, the US Virgin Islands offer several different lodging options, but wherever you decide to stay, there will be always be a beautiful view! The food in the U.S. Virgin Islands is amazing everywhere you go. They serve quite a lot of fish and seafood. Seafood is often served with “johnny cakes.” They are made with flour, baking powder, shortening, and salt, then fried or baked and are quite popular on the island. Calallo soup is another popular dish, which is made of leaves from a daheen plant mixed with okra, local herbs and often various meats or seafoods. While, the islands have their own exotic kinds of food, they also serve a lot of American food, so don’t worry, it is not hard to find a great burger! Going to beaches is obviously the most popular thing to do when visiting the islands. There are several different kinds of beaches you can go to depending on your needs. Magen’s Bay, in St. Thomas is a very family friendly beach. They offer a clean, and well managed food and beverage concession stand, clean changing rooms and stalls, lifeguards who are trained and certified in American Red Cross, and of course, stunning, crystal clear water. Salt Pond Bay, on St. John, is beautiful, with unique coral and fish, but is not recommended for families. To get to the beach, you have to take a 15 minute hike, which is downhill on the way down, but is uphill when you are leaving. There also is very little parking, so it is recommended that you get there early, or else you will have to park in the street. And while there is one bathroom, it is not cleaned on a regular basis so can be very disgusting. Beautiful beaches are what these islands are known for, so do some research prior to your trip and find the one best for you! Besides going to beaches there are plenty of other exciting, or relaxing activities you can do! One exciting, and unforgettable activity you can look into is scuba diving. The Aqua Marine Dive Center, in St. Thomas, is an international scuba school, that also offers yacht charters to the best scuba spots around the islands. Although this would be a breath-taking experience, it is pricey, and not great for kids. Another incredible experience that I was lucky enough to experience was the Virgin Islands Ecotours, located in Charlotte Amalie, in St. Thomas. First, you will kayak through the beautiful mangroves to your snorkel spot, then you will snorkel through crystal clear waters and learn about the unique wildlife you are seeing. On my ecotour I saw an octopus, which I will remember forever! It’s also okay if you have never been on a kayak before, or have never used snorkel equipment before, you will have an amazing tour guide, that will help you every step of the way! I hope some day you have the chance to experience these incredible islands, because you will be wowed by what an amazing time you will have. If you would like to look further into this vacation spot, visit for more information. O Canada “Reaching Its Capital” Many people probably didn’t even know much about this country until Trump was running for America’s President in 2016 and we all threatened to move there, or when Drake released his newest album. Besides these reasons, what is the first thing that pops up in one’s head when they think of Canada. Most people would think of Canadian Bacon, Maple Syrup, and any other Hockey Team that’s not from America in the NHL. But besides that, most people in the world and especially Americans probably don’t know anything else about this country; disappointing. Most think many stereotypes about Canada such as “riding a dogsled to work everyday.” but, why not learn about another country so you won’t think it’s just “your friendly neighbor up north”, and “break” the stereotypes given to this country. For starters why not talk about everybody’s favorite part when visiting the country is its capital. The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is located in in eastern Ontario and is close to the Quebec border. In any capital there is always something to do. For starters, Ottawa has a great diversity among people who live there. Much of the people speak English and French, but one in five of the people from the city are from a different country, which means Ottowa is quite the diverse city. Besides being a diverse city, Ottawa has the world’s largest ice skating rink Rideau Canal. This ice rink offers something in those cold winter months that shouldn’t be missed. On average there are about 19,000 visitors that come to the rink and the best part is that it is free! If you forget your skates or don’t have any you can rent them there as well. This one wintery activity that nobody wants to miss, just make sure the ice is in good skating condition before going. Another great pace to tour in Ottawa’s Parliament Hill. Parliament Hill is where the federal government of Canada. This building is overlooking the Ottawa River. This building is has and interesting style called Gothic Revival and it is really a striking work of architecture in the heart of Canada’s capital. There are three separate parts in the building which incorporate the same style of architecture. This building has been through a lot though in its pass. In 1916, a great fire swept the building and the only room saved was the library. And most importantly, every July 1, thousands of people gather at this special building to celebrate Canada Day. The final interesting place to visit in canada is the Canadian mint. Now I know from personal experience what it is like to go here, because I have been here myself, but I have got to say this is gotta be one of the coolest places I have ever been. Not only does this museum give tours, it talks about Canada’s rich history and how it became to where it is today. This is where Canada’s beautiful coins are made and they even show you how. The also show collectible coins that are super cool. Inside the museum at the end of the tour there is also a 24k brick that you can attempt to lift, (its quite heavy). Overall I definitely recommend the Canadian mint. To conclude this long blog about Canada, and what to do in its capital Ottawa, I am proud to say that I wish I could go back and visit again and again. Canada is quite the lovely country with such a diverse culture, that it’s impossible to get bored there. Canada’s capital itself has got some of the greatest places to tour in the country and if anybody could go and visit Canada, well then you should. File:Ottawa Canada 1938.jpg
Slavery is the condition of a person being owned by someone else, forced to work, and without personal freedoms. Padrone system A padrone (from the Italian padroni for “patrons” or “bosses”) was a middleman in the labor trade, helping poor immigrants obtain transportation to North America, jobs upon arrival, and basic needs in an alien society. Molly Maguires The Molly Maguires was a secret Irish Catholic society, originally bent on terrorizing English mine and landowners in the name of labor justice. Mine War Labor organization and immigration Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Wobblies) Founded in 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was the most important of the radical labor organizations that operated in the United States and Canada. Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) labor leader Samuel Gompers was the most influential early labor leader in the United States. The son of Jewish parents who had emigrated from Holland to England in 1844, he and his family immigrated to New York City in 1863. The AFL-CIO is the largest labor organization in the United States, comprising some 66 self-governing national and international labor unions with a total membership of 13 million workers (2002).
Wednesday, January 25, 2012 Banana Warehouse The canals of Britain used to be the transport arteries of the country and helped facilitate the early industrial revolution. The building of the railways from the 19th century onwards and later on the modern road network helped consign business traffic on the canals to history by the 1970s (though it had largely gone well before that). Alongside today's rejuvenated and leisure focussed canal network we can still see the relics of the industrial and business transport past. The Banana Warehouse is an example of a former canal side business. The building in Birmingham was built around 1840 and was formerly owned by fruit merchants Geest, it is alongside the Grand Union Canal and has an canopy over the loading area. The building is Grade II listed and there are plans to renovate the building as part of the Warwick Bar Conservation Area plans. The Warwick Bar itself is the name of the lock that is alongside the warehouse (and can be seen in the photograph below). As the Grand Union and the Digbeth Branch Canals which join here were owned by different companies a stop lock was installed to stop water from being "stolen" from one company to the other. Banana Warehouse 1 comment:
Radiometric dating wikipedia the encyclopedia For example, in the The decay constant has dimensions of reciprocal seconds.In the special case in which parent and daughter atoms are present in equal quantities, the age of the specimen is the half-life of the parent isotope: The first assumption, that the amount of the daughter isotope in the original rock is known, is the weakest assumption.Radiometric dating utilizes the decay rates of certain radioactive atoms to date rocks or artifacts.Uniformitarian geologists consider this form of dating strong evidence that the Earth is billions of years old. As time goes on, some amount of the parent decays into the radiogenic isotope of the daughter, increasing the ratio of the concentration of the radiogenic isotope to that of the daughter. Various methods exist differing in accuracy, cost and applicable time scale. Leave a Reply 1. groundwater age dating using tritium 02-Dec-2017 04:01 2. dating and sports performance 21-Jul-2017 16:20 While watching his owner and friend play soccer, Tick Tock teaches them about the three kinds of touch and three part safety rule. 3. cougar dating san francisco 07-Feb-2018 06:40 4. Live sexe jasmin m chat 02-Oct-2017 12:49
Managing Opioid Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction in a Primary Care Setting Managing Opioid Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction in a Primary Care Setting Jean J. Bonhomme M.D., M.P.H. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry Morehouse School of Medicine [email protected] Opiates / Opioids   Opioids have morphine-like actions.   Natural opiates are alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy e.g.:   morphine,   codeine and   thebaine. Opiates / Opioids   Semi-synthetic opiates are chemically altered derivatives of natural opioids,   hydromorphone,   hydrocodone,   oxycodone,   oxymorphone,   diacetylmorphine (heroin) Opiates / Opioids   Fully synthetic opioids are artificial compounds with opioid activity, e.g.:   fentanyl,   methadone,   tramadol (ultram), and   propoxyphene (darvon). Opiates / Opioids   Endogenous opioid peptides are substances produced naturally by the body,e.g.: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins.   Morphine is “Endorphin’s evil twin” Key Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach): thought, movement Dopamine (DA): pleasure, motion Serotonin: relaxation, mood Glutamate: the brain’s accelerator pedal Gamma-amino-butryic acid (GABA): the brain’s brake pedal Endorphins (Enkephalins, Dynorphins): the brain’s natural painkillers Opiates / Opioids Opioids bind to opiate receptors concentrated in specific areas within the reward pathway (including the VTA, nucleus accumbens, and cortex). Opioids also bind to areas involved in the pain pathway (including the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord). Binding of opioids to areas in the pain pathway produces analgesia (decreased perception of pain). Brain Areas In Dependence: Brainstem and Thalamus Brain Areas In Addiction: N. Accumbens and VTA Brain Areas In Addiction: Prefrontal Cortex Opiates / Opioids Brain regions mediating the development of opiate or opioid dependence involve specific areas separate from the reward pathway, the thalamus and the brainstem. The parts of the reward pathway involved in opiate or opioid addiction were shown for Many of the withdrawal symptoms from heroin or morphine are generated when the opiate receptors in the thalamus and brainstem are deprived of morphine. Addiction Defined Addiction is defined as continued substance use in the face of adverse consequences. Extreme compulsion is the overriding feature. Examples - Using drugs and/or alcohol to the point of intoxication and grossly impaired function, e.g. a person gets arrested for drunken driving and their license is confiscated. Two days later they are on the road again and drunk. Punishment appears to be no deterrent. Key: In the presence of the substance, function deteriorates, but use continues. Dependence Defined Dependence is very different - defined as a state in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning. Example: A person has a ruptured disk in the lower back, with pain is so severe that they cannot work or take care of their children. When they are given an opiate pain medication, the pain is reduced to the point where they can function normally and responsibly. Key: In the presence of the substance, function normalizes. What is the Importance of This Distinction? DSM-IV does not make any distinction here. Usually neither do the criminal courts. In both instances, the person really needs the substance, but the consequences of their use are completely different. Not making this distinction lumps persons with a legitimate need for a controlled substance together with those who are actively misusing them. A crucial distinction: between people who are being helped and those who are harming themselves and others by their drug use. Example – Sickle Cell patient in ER. The Anatomy Underlying This Distinction Addiction is clearly a brain disease. Different parts of the brain are responsible for addiction (versus dependence) to opiates.   The areas in the brain underlying addiction to opioids are the reward pathway (including the VTA, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex).   All drugs of addiction appear to involve the reward pathway.   Those areas underlying dependence to morphine are the thalamus and brainstem. Dependence Explained It is possible to be dependent without being addicted, a very important distinction.   Even those who need very high doses of medication may not be addicted.   Most people treated with opiates in a hospital setting for pain control after surgery are unlikely to become addicted. There is usually no pattern of compulsive use and prescribed use is short-lived.   However, if one is addicted, they are most likely dependent as well (withdrawal, detox issues). Why Did DSM-IV Fail to Make This Distinction? There was some debate as to whether compulsive substance use leading to adverse consequences should be called “addiction” or “dependence.” It was felt by some that the term “addiction” was too pejorative and prejudicial, such that persons with a diagnosis of addiction would be very harshly judged. The term “dependence” was felt to be much less prejudicial, so by one vote, it was decided to use the term “dependence.” This has led to much confusion. Plans exist currently to change terminology for DSM-V. So How Do We Define Substance Abuse? In drug abuse, function may deteriorate in the presence of the drug and other adverse consequences may ensue, but there is no compulsion to continue using the drug. Example: A person uses a drug for recreational purposes for some time, then has a bad experience, such as an overdose or a brush with the law. They say it – I’m through with this stuff.” This is not addiction, because they voluntarily left it alone when it clearly became more trouble than it’s worth. A true addict cannot do this. Tolerance Explained Tolerance is defined as progressively decreasing response to a drug with exposure. Increased doses are necessary to get the same effect.   This usually refers to repeated or prolonged exposure, which is called chronic tolerance.   Rarely, sensitivity to a drug may increase with repeated exposure, called reverse   Having high tolerance, e.g. needing high doses of a drug is NOT addiction. The Withdrawal Syndrome Explained Withdrawal is a group of negative physical and mental effects resulting from discontinuation of substances by persons who have become habituated to their use. Withdrawal symptoms may include severe drug cravings as well as a group of negative physical symptoms that may occur when a person suddenly stops using a drug to which he or she has become dependent. Generally, the longer the drugs are taken and the higher the dose, the more severe the symptoms. Opioid Withdrawal: Signs and Symptoms dilated pupils, Opioid Withdrawal: Signs and Symptoms crampy abdominal pains, diarrhea, and muscle aches and pains. The Withdrawal Syndrome Does NOT Equal Addiction If you give adequate doses of opiates to a person in opiate withdrawal, often they can resume normal function. After being gradually tapered off, most people do not go back to using. By contrast, truly addicted people who have been incarcerated for years and are long past any remnant of the physical withdrawal syndrome may relapse on drugs within months, weeks, days or even hours of their release. Route of Drug Administration and Risk of Addiction Smoking is actually potentially the most addictive route of drug administration. Behavioral science has proven that the faster a reward or punishment follows an action, the greater the impact of that reward or punishment on future behavior. When a drug is smoked, it takes a short circulatory path, into the lungs, into the left side of the heart, and into the carotid arteries to the brain. Route of Administration and Addiction Potential Because of the enormous surface area of the lungs (roughly the area of a tennis court), high blood levels of the drug are commonly attained, as is the case with injection. This process takes only about seven seconds. Rapidity of onset of action is strongly associated with addictive potential. Just like training a dog with food rewards, if the reward follows quickly, the behavior better reinforced. Route of Administration: Bypassing Needle Aversion Consider how hard it is to give up cigarettes, cocaine addiction grew explosively when the smokeable crack form was introduced. Smoking is much more socially acceptable behavior than using needles or snorting due to our history of accepting tobacco smoking. Prescription pain pill use also made recreational opioid use more acceptable. Danger sign: when a drug is presented in smokeable or pill form, a major social barrier to initiating its use (called needle aversion) is removed. Pharmacological Half-Life and Addiction Methadone treatment, which only needs to be taken once daily to suppress withdrawal is much less likely to promote constant drug seeking behavior than oxycodone or heroin, which must be taken several times daily to maintain adequate blood levels. People addicted to heroin are practicing drug seeking / using behavior several times a day, every day, day and night. People on methadone take one dose in the morning and go about their business for the rest of the day. The Demographics of Substance Use Disorders The National Survey on Drug Use and Health An annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Estimates the prevalence of illicit drug use in the United States. Some of the more notable statistics from the 2004 study follow. Nonmedical Use of Psychotherapeutic Medications In 2004, 6.0 million persons were current users of painkillers or psychotherapeutic drugs taken nonmedically (2.5% of the An estimated 180,000 used heroin. After about calendar year 2001, the illicit use of prescription pain pills began to surpass heroin, and now does so by a wide margin. These include 4.4 million who used pain relievers. Mortality and Morbidity of Untreated Opiate Addiction Untreated heroin addicts suffer a death rate thirteen times that of the general population. More so today than ever, heroin is not the only opiate contributing to the landscape of addiction. Excess deaths and illnesses occur from a wide variety of causes, including but not limited to:   Drug effects, overdoses and interactions,   Intentional and unintentional injuries   Infectious diseases. The economic costs of heroin addiction in the United States Mark T L; Woody et al (2001) We estimate that the cost of heroin addiction in the United States was $21.9 billion in 1996.   Of these costs, productivity losses accounted for $11.5 billion (53%), criminal activities $5.2 billion (24%), medical care $5.0 billion (23%), and social welfare $0.1 billion (0.5%).   This economic burden highlights the importance of investment in prevention and treatment. Is the Problem of Opiate Addiction Likely to Increase? Increasing purity of heroin has been reported in the Southeastern U.S. – up to 70% pure on the streets of Atlanta. Purity is catching up with the Northeastern U.S. Increasing availability of Pharmaceutical opiates – 12 year olds have ordered Oxy-contin from offshore sites via internet. Newer opiates – Oxy-Contin, Fentanyl, etc. Effective non-injection delivery systems – smoking, snorting, eating the contents of fentanyl patches. Potential red flags for misuse of prescription opioids Medical history suggestive of “doctor Running out of medications repeatedly False claims of lost prescriptions Suspected theft of prescriptions/prescription Possession of numerous opioid medication Potential red flags for misuse of prescription opioids Family members or the practitioner may   unexplained changes in personality   marked mood swings, and   unusually pronounced drug side effects such as:   atypical drowsiness,   marked constipation or   confusion. Potential red flags for misuse of prescription opioids Taking more medication than prescribed or more often than prescribed Signs of taking medications in an unusual way, such as unexplained needle marks or nasal problems possibly due to crushing and snorting pills Changes in social behaviors may include changes in networks of friends, declining grades, frequent disciplinary actions or abandonment of favored extracurricular activities in school, excessive absenteeism or failing job performance Standardized measures of addiction severity Addiction Severity Index (ASI) - adapted to both alcohol (ASI-alc) and drug addiction Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment Scale for Withdrawal Symptoms (CINA) Narcotic Withdrawal Scale Opioid Treatment Options and the Primary Care Practitioner Opioid addiction treatment with pharmacologically-active opioids remains The efficacy of methadone in reducing eliminating heroin use has long been established, but methadone remains available principally in pain clinics and specialized dosing centers that may be geographically distant from users, especially users not residing in large cities. Opioid Treatment Options and the Primary Care Practitioner Widespread availability of buprenorphine offers a distinct advantage over methadone. The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 permits physicians to treat up to thirty patients with buprenorphine in office-based A DEA-licensed physician can obtain credentials to prescribe buprenorphine by taking a readily available 8-hour training program online or in class. Opioid Treatment Options and the Primary Care Practitioner Initially, an office-based practitioner may be allowed to prescribe buprenorphine preparations to a maximum of thirty However, after one year of practice permission may be obtained to increase the number of patients to 100 via physician request to SAMHSA. Opioid Treatment Options and the Primary Care Practitioner Buprenorphine also may be prescribed in the setting of a Methadone maintenance clinic, in which case the program may treat administration as similar to methadone with respect to:   observed ingestion,   random urine drug screens,   and earned take home medication. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Even at high doses, buprenorphine only partially activates the opioid mu receptor to approximately 40% of full output. In severely addicted patients, methadone, which activates the receptor fully, may be more efficacious therapeutically. High-dose methadone-treated subjects remain in treatment longer, exhibiting longer periods of abstinence and more drug-free UDS than buprenorphine patients. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Buprenorphine’s partial mu agonist activity may induce a milder withdrawal syndrome than most opioids, thus discontinuing buprenorphine may be easier. However, a misconception exists that people who taper off buprenorphine can easily remain drug free thereafter. Like methadone, many patients who terminate treatment may not be able to sustain abstinence. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Studies on opioid-related mortality demonstrate that risk of death increases substantially in the first year after discontinuing either methadone or buprenorphine, principally from relapse High-dose buprenorphine has been shown to be more effective than low-dose methadone in client retention and illicit drug-free urine screen rates. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Buprenorphine is largely self-administered, causing concern about inadequate frequency of monitoring. Some clients may purposely decide to use buprenorphine intermittently. In methadone clinics, patients receive random UDS. Those entrusted with one to four weeks of medication are subject to being called back randomly for UDS and mg. counts on remaining medication. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Outpatient methadone treatment can be effective in treating dual opioid and cocaine dependence, especially when combined with other behavioral and pharmacological interventions aimed at achieving sustained cocaine abstinence. Buprenorphine appears less effective than methadone in reducing or eliminating cooccurring opioid and cocaine dependence. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine A meta-analysis of thirty-seven studies involving a total of 3,029 patients found that high doses of outpatient methadone had greater efficacy than lower doses in sustaining heroin abstinence. Methadone was also preferable to buprenorphine for this purpose. Buprenorphine seems less likely to induce neonatal abstinence syndrome when pregnant women are treated. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Public and media concern about methadone diversion and potential overdose hazards fuel political pressure to uphold strict and complex regulations on methadone service delivery. Methadone clients typically must demonstrate treatment compliance for two years to be eligible to take home a month’s supply of Buprenorphine has less burdensome regulation and oversight requirements, allowing for home treatment much sooner. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine The side effect profile of buprenorphine appears milder overall than methadone. Methadone frequently causes chronic sweats, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. A study comparing sexual dysfunction in male patients dependent on heroin with those on methadone or buprenorphine found that fewer patients on buprenorphine reported sexual problems. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Methadone has been used widely for over thirty years, so much is known about long term effects. Buprenorphine was approved for opioid treatment in 2002, so the long-term effects of maintenance are less certain. Buprenorphine is fairly expensive. A month’s supply of a typical daily dose of 8-24 mg. sublingually may cost $200 to $450 per Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Buprenorphine exhibits ceiling effects on respiratory depression due to its intrinsic agonist/antagonist effects. This exceptional pharmacology offers an enhanced safety profile compared with methadone. However, buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression may be extremely difficult to reverse when it does occur. Bupreorphine has extremely high mu receptor affinity against even naloxone. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Fatal respiratory depression has been reported among addicts misusing buprenorphine intravenously, often together with benzodiazepines. Respiratory depression from buprenorphine may outlast the reversal effects of a naloxone bolus or short infusion, so sustained infusion may be required. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Buprenorphine exhibits poor gastrointestinal absorption (buprenorphine is administered sublingually in addiction treatment). Usually, buprenorphine is used as a combination preparation with naloxone (naloxone exhibits comparatively poor sublingual absorption) in order to prevent illicit injection. Thus, buprenorphine poses much less overdose hazard if ingested intentionally or accidentally by non-tolerant individuals. Pros and Cons: Methadone and Buprenorphine Chronic liver disease (especially Hepatitis C) is extremely common in the U.S. among injection drug users. Methadone maintenance has proven safe for patients with stable chronic liver disease, including advanced cirrhosis, often with little or no alteration in dose. However, sublingual buprenorphine is associated with elevated liver enzymes. Dual Diagnosis Explained Definition: A person who has both an alcohol or drug problem and a psychiatric problem is said to have a dual diagnosis. To recover fully, the person needs treatment for both problems. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 37% of alcohol abusers and 53% of drug abusers also have at least one serious mental illness. Also, of all people diagnosed as mentally ill, 29 percent abuse either alcohol or drugs. Psychiatric Problems Commonly Associated with Increased Risk of Substance Use Disorders The following table is based on a National Institute of Mental Health study, lists seven major psychiatric disorders and shows how much each one increases an individual’s risk for substance abuse.   Personality disorder -15.5%   Manic episode - 14.5%   Schizophrenia -10.1%   Panic disorder - 4.3%   Major depressive episode - 4.1%   Obsessive-compulsive disorder - 3.4%   Phobias - 2.4% Economics Pressures May Exist Toward Injection Drug Use Most drugs are very expensive to start with. As addiction progresses, tolerance grows, and more drugs needed to achieve the same effect, expense increases greatly over time. Drugs administered intravenously are typically about twice as potent as drugs ingested, and also may have a more rapid onset of action. A person who starts out eating pain pills or snorting opiates may face mounting economic pressure to begin injecting just to be able to afford enough drugs to avoid withdrawal. HIV Transmission and Injecting Drug Use Needle use can cause HIV to spread explosively through drug using populations. Part of the reason is that IDU’s often form very tight-knit groups with close social contacts for drug buying, transport and distribution. In the Ukraine, the HIV infection rate among IDU’s increased from 0% in 1994 to an estimated 31-57% less than two years later. Needles are not the only culprits. Almost any part of the paraphernalia used to prepare drugs for injection may be contaminated. Hepatitis C Overview Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), infects about 170 million people worldwide, about four times as many as HIV. An estimated 4 million in the U.S. are HCV infected at some point in their lives, with 2.8 million active carriers of the virus. Causes 8,000 to 10,000 deaths annually in the United States. A screening test for blood became available in 1992, but many people were infected before the blood test was developed. Low incidence of liver cancer in the U.S. but the rate is rising due to HCV, THE most common reason for liver transplantation in the U.S. Cancer of the Liver Called Hepatoma or Hepatocellular Carcinoma 75% of these tumors are found in association with cirrhosis of the liver. Low percentage of cancers in North America, but the rate is rising due to Hepatitis C Virus. In parts of Asia and Africa liver cancer comprises 20-30% of all cancers – these are areas of the world where viral hepatitis is common. Hepatitis B (HBV) The HBV infection pattern is much like HIV. HBV is transmitted by blood contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. In fact, one of the first theories about AIDS was that it was caused by a mutant hepatitis B. The risk groups: IDU sharing needles, syringes, spoons or water to inject drugs and straight or gay men or women having unprotected sex However, HBV is much more infectious than Local Needle Effects Black Tar Heroin “Mexican Mud”   More prevalent on West Coast, Southwest   Often the reasons people go to HIV testing facilities in San Francisco is the abscesses.   Severe abscesses can occur even with sterile injecting equipment.   Botulism has been reported. Bacterial Endocarditis Infection of the heart lining, valves Often unusual microbes in IVDU: Candida (yeast) Staph endocarditis is also common Can also result from dental neglect Long term heart valve damage is possible, which may be severe enough to require open heart surgery for valve replacement Long courses of IV antibiotics needed Dental Decay The overwhelming majority of dental decay seen in drug clients stems from factors predating drug treatment. Dental problems are NOT minor! There is risk of bacterial endocarditis, especially in those with damaged heart valves (previous endocarditis or other reasons). Pain due to untreated dental conditions may predispose to relapse. STD Rates Title: Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers. Authors: Hwang Lu-Yu ; Ross Michael W; Zack Carolyn; Bull Lara; Rickman Kathie; Holleman Publication: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 31(4). October, 2000. 920-926. A survey (cross-sectional type) was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. STD Rates Percentages of patients testing positive:   HSV-2, antibodies 44.4%;   HCV, antibodies 35.1%;   HBV, antibodies 29.5%;   HIV, antibodies 2.7%.   Syphilis antibodies 3.4%;   Chlamydia nucleic acid, 3.7%;   Gonorrhea, nucleic acid, 1.7%. STD Rates Out of 407 subjects, approximately 62% had markers for one of the STDs. Statistical analysis (logistic regression) was used to identify demographic / behavioral associations Conclusion: High prevalences of STDs among drug abusers indicate the need for integration of STD screening and treatment into drug treatment programs. Summation of key points The primary care practitioner is often called upon to distinguish between appropriate use and misuse of opioid pain medication. Addiction and dependence are not the same thing, and this is a vital distinction. Methadone and buprenorphine can both be useful agents depending upon the specific needs and history of the individual patient. Opioid use disorders are associated with a wide range of psychiatric and medical diseases that are seen often in primary care.
Wednesday, October 27, 2010 Heaven (Hebrew שמים shamayim) "heaven, heavens, sky, stars, as the visible universe," Heaven (as the abode of God). Also (Hebrew: רָקִיעַ raqiya`) "extended surface (solid), expanse, firmament," firmament (of vault of heaven supporting waters above), considered by Hebrews as solid and supporting 'waters' above. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. –Gen 1:8 Those who believe in heaven, especially those of the Judeo-Christian faith, generally hold that it (or Hell) is one of the two possible afterlife destinations all humans. In unusual instances, humans have had, according to many testimonies and traditions, personal knowledge of Heaven. They assert this is for the purpose of teaching the rest of humanity about life, Heaven, and God. While there are abundant and varied sources for conceptions of Heaven, the typical believer's view appears to depend largely on his particular religious tradition. Various religions have described Heaven as being populated by angels, demons, gods and goddesses, and/or heroes (especially in Greek mythology). Heaven is generally thought of as a place of eternal happiness. In old and new testament biblical religions, the belief in heaven appears to have supplanted the earlier concept of Sheol (mentioned in Isaiah 38:18, Psalms 6:5 and Job 7:7-10). Jewish converts to this concept of heaven and hell included the group known as the Pharisees. The larger, dogmatically conservative Sadducees maintained their belief in Sheol. While it was the Sadducees that represented the Jewish religious majority it was the Pharisees who best weathered Roman occupation, and their belief in Zoroaster's heaven and hell was passed on to both Christianity and Islam (in which heaven is referred to as Jannah (Arabic: جنّة‎), the Islamic conception of paradise). No comments: Blog Archive Desiring God Blog Youth for Christ International
Thursday, April 21, 2005 "Kilroy Was Here" Kilroy. The little cartoon bald head, peering over a fence that hid everything except his eyes and his long U-shaped nose... and sometimes his fingers, gripping the top of the fence. And his proclamation, "Kilroy was here." Graffiti itself goes back to ancient times. Graffiti is found in the ruins of Pompeii, on the walls of ancient Jerusalem, in ancient Egypt. Kilroy follows a long tradition, but was far more famous and all-present than any of them. "Kilroy was here" emerged during World War II, appearing at truck stops, city restaurants, and in military boardrooms. However, the first appearances seem to have been on military docks and ships in late 1939. "The mischievous face and the phrase became a national joke," according to author Charles Panati. In theory, he was a soldier, probably American, who travelled all over the world scrawling his immortal phrase. Clearly, the graffiti were scrawled by thousands of different soldiers, not a single one named Kilroy. WWII UDT (Under Water Demolition - later Navy Seals) divers swam ashore on Japanese held islands in the Pacific to prepare the beaches for the coming landings by US troops. They were sure to be the first GIs there! On more than one occasion, they reported seeing "Kilroy was here" scrawled on make shift signs or as graffiti on enemy pillboxes. They, in turn, often left similar signs for the next incoming GIs. The tradition continued in every US military theater of operations throughout and following WWII. In 1946 the Transit Company of America held a contest offering a prize of a real trolley car to the person who could prove himself to be the "real" Kilroy. Almost forty men stepped forward to make that claim, but James Kilroy brought along officials from the shipyard and some of the riveters to help prove his authenticity. James Kilroy won the prize of the trolley car which he gave it to his nine children as a Christmas gift and set it up in their front yard for a playhouse. Kilroy and Hitler - The Rumour No comments:
Delphi, Tholos (6220581621)-1- The Pythia (Greek: Πυθία [pyːˈtʰi.a]), commonly known as the Oracle of Delphi, was the priestess at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece. The Pythia was widely credited for her prophecies inspired by Apollo. The Delphic oracle was established in the 8th century BCE. The last recorded response was given during AD 393, when the Roman Emperor Theodosius I ordered pagan temples to cease operation. Select PropheciesEdit Delphic oracle in "Counting Potsherds" Edit With the threat of renewed Persian invasion led by Khsrish I (later "The Conqueror"), the Athenians consulted the Delphic oracle. Themistokles argued that the prophecy of "the wall of wood" referred to the Athenian navy but failed to persuade the Athenians to build triremes due to the lack of funds. His great rival Aristides argued the Athenians should fortify the citadel with beams of wood as well as stone to meet the prophecy. Since this was much less expensive, Aristides' proposal was implemented while Themistocles was ostracised, or exiled for 10 years.[1] Delphic oracle in "Miss Manners' Guide to Greek Missology"Edit Literary commentEdit In the original myth of Perseus, the boy is exiled when the Delphic oracle prophesies that he will grow up to kill King Acrisius. In Harry Turtledove's version, the same king hears the same information in "a prophecy"[2] but its source is not named. As this pastiche varies wildly from the source material, the Delphic oracle's existence in the story should not be presumed. 1. See, e.g. Departures, pgs. 15-16 and pgs. 23-24, pb. 2. E.g., Counting Up, Counting Down, p. 281, paperback.
The Malatesta Temple is the mausoleum church of the Malatesta family (who ruled Rimini between 1295 and 1528), and locals refer to it as the Cathedral or Dome of Rimini. Indeed, the edifice has been granted the dignity of a cathedral in 1809, meaning it is, chronologically, the third cathedral of Rimini. The construction works at the Malatesta Temple started in 1447 by order of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, ruler of the city of Rimini between 1432 and 1468. Yet, truth be said, the works carried out around 1450 under the supervision of Leon Battista Alberti were intended to restore, enlarge and bring to a more artistic expression a preexisting place of worship, that is, a Franciscan church dating back to the 13th century. Given the Renaissance views of Leon Battista Alberti, the exterior of the church is largely inspired from the classic antique architectural style. Thus, the exterior is in strong contradistinction from the Gothic interior dash of the edifice, which is no surprise, since another architect, Matteo de Pasti, was commissioned by Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta to design the interior. This place of worship was retained by the local history under the name of the Malatesta Temple due to two aspects. First of all, it is precisely a representative of the Malatesta family that initiated the widest project of renovation. Secondly, the concept of temple applies due to the fact the architectural structure Leon Battista Alberti wanted to implement (which he did, at least in part) mimicked the architectural structure of the ancient temples. The restoration works started in 1450 were never completed. However, the church strikes first and foremost by its marble façade, owed, as it seems, to Leon Battista Alberti. Malatesta Temple (Tempio Malatestiano) 35, Via 4 Novembre, 47921, Rimini, Italy 0039 0541 51130 35, Via 4 Novembre, 47921, Rimini, Italy Go to top
Thursday, June 25, 2015 Water Trees Deeply as Mercury Climbs "Summer temperatures can be hard on trees, especially landscape trees in our urban areas," says Kristin Ramstad, an urban forester with the Oregon Department of Forestry. "If they aren't well-watered, warm weather and prolonged drought eventually make trees more susceptible to insect and disease problems," adds Ramstad. Seems like a good time to remember that when temperatures in Oregon get warm and stay warm, it can take a toll on trees as well as people. The Oregon Department of Forestry suggests a few tips for keeping your trees healthy during times of heat stress. Symptoms of drought One of the first signs that a deciduous tree (i.e., trees like birches or maples that drop leaves in the winter) needs water is that its leaves begin to look dull, and sometimes, limp. More advanced symptoms of needing water are browning of leaves, wilting, and curling at the edges. Leaves may also develop a scorched or burned look, turning yellow or brown on outside edges, or between leaf veins. Leaves may even appear smaller than usual, drop prematurely, or turn brown but remain on the tree. When drought-stressed, the needles of conifers (evergreen trees such as Ponderosa Pine or Douglas-fir) may turn yellow, red, purple or brown. Watering tips Given their benefits, longevity, and contributions to the environment, give your trees higher watering priority than lawns. Keep in mind that if trees are only provided with shallow water every so often, they're probably only getting a fraction of what they need. Watering trees for short periods of time encourages shallow rooting, which can lead to future health problems for the tree. To make sure your tree gets the water it needs, saturate the soil within the drip line - that's the circle that could be drawn on the soil around the tree directly under the tips of its outermost branches. Using a regular hose or a soaker hose, water deeply and slowly - slowly is important, so the water doesn't run-off. To make sure it gets enough water, keep moving the hose around different areas under the tree. For conifers, water 3 to 5 feet beyond the drip line on all sides of the tree. Also, if you have a choice, water trees during the cooler part of the day. Another way to water trees slowly is to put a nail hole in the bottom (near the edge) of a five gallon bucket. Fill the bucket with water, and leave the slowly leaking bucket under the canopy of the tree. Do this twice or three times per tree, moving the bucket each time. Other tips: Use mulch Using mulch is an excellent way to care for trees in warm weather, as it helps the soil below trees retain moisture and stay cool. Mulch can be made of bark, wood chips, leaves and evergreen needles. Apply mulch within the drip line, at a depth of four inches, leaving a six-inch space between the mulch and tree trunk. Mulch will also help discourage weeds. Lastly, don't plant annual flowers or other groundcovers under the canopy of your tree, as they'll compete with the tree's roots for moisture and nutrients. Good tree care = a good investment Trees and forests enhance quality of life in many ways, providing shade, wildlife habitat, clean air, wood and other products, raising property values, and providing clean, healthy streams. What's more, on hot days, we all rely on the shade of the trees in our yards and communities. Therefore, it is a really good idea to keep our trees healthy and watered. For more information about trees and tree care:

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