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Can Water Get Colder Than 32 Degrees?
What countries still use Fahrenheit?
The countries and territories that use the Fahrenheit scale are:United States.Bahamas.Cayman Islands.Liberia.Palau.The Federated States of Micronesia.Marshall Islands..
Can you heat water to more than 100 degrees?
Liquid water can be hotter than 100 °C (212 °F) and colder than 0 °C (32 °F). Heating water above its boiling point without boiling is called superheating. If water is superheated, it can exceed its boiling point without boiling. … To experience this, put a container of bottled water into a bowl of ice.
What is the hottest liquid on Earth?
Quark/Gluon Plasma. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN smashed together nuclei at close to the speed of light forming a Quark/Gluon plasma at a temperature of 5.5 Trillion degrees Celsius, a temperature that usually only occurs during the biggest supernovas.
How long does it take to freeze water at 32 degrees?
How Long Does It Take Ice Cubes to Freeze? In most situations, ice made in a standard ice tray — those plastic models with space for a dozen tapered cubes — takes about three to four hours to freeze in your home freezer.
Will water freeze at 33 degrees?
Wind chill is a perceived air temperature, not a physical quantity. … Water will not freeze with the temperature air at or above 33 degrees, regardless of how far the wind chill is below freezing. Wind chill has no effect on inanimate objects, and they cannot be cooled below the ambient air temperature.
Does hot water freeze faster?
Hot water freezes faster than cold, known as the Mpemba effect. … Evaporation is the strongest candidate to explain the Mpemba effect. As hot water placed in an open container begins to cool, the overall mass decreases as some of the water evaporates. With less water to freeze, the process can take less time.
What is the coldest water on Earth?
A “supercoolometer”, a device that sounds like it should be used to measure hipsters, has found the coldest seawater on Earth, under Antarctic sea ice.
How can I make my fridge ice faster?
No worries, try this trick for ice cubes that freeze quickly: fill your ice tray with hot water and put it in the freezer. This phenomenon, called the Mpemba effect, may seem backwards, but actually works reliably well. You’ll get frozen ice cubes significantly faster by starting with hot water than cold.
Why does water not freeze at 0 degrees?
The freezing point of water drops below zero degrees Celsius as you apply pressure. … When we apply pressure to a liquid, we force the molecules to get closer together. They can therefore form stable bonds and become a solid even if they have a higher temperature than the freezing point at standard pressure.
What is the lowest temperature a human can survive?
The record for the lowest body temperature at which an adult has been known to survive is 56.7 F (13.7 C), which occurred after the person was submerged in cold, icy water for quite some time, according to John Castellani, of the USARIEM, who also spoke with Live Science in 2010.
Is ice always 0 degrees?
No, Ice generally forms at 0 degrees Celcius, but its temperature can go down to -273 degrees C which is absolute zero or 0 Kelvin. Yes ice can be warmer, water can freeze at 0.01 degrees Celcius which is the triple point for water.
Can water be below 32 degrees and not freeze?
The answer definitely isn’t 32 degrees Fahrenheit, even if that’s the freezing point of water. If the conditions are right, water can remain liquid all the way down to minus 55 degrees. … But up to that point, there’s still 87 degrees below the traditional freezing point at which water can remain liquid.
Can you freeze milk in ice cube trays?
You can freeze milk in any freezer-safe container. … The easiest way to freeze milk is in ice cube trays. The trays stack and don’t take up a lot of room in the freezer. Even better, once the milk is frozen (just overnight), you can transfer the cubes into a Ziploc freezer bag for even easier storage.
Why does America still use Fahrenheit?
Why Does the U.S. Use Fahrenheit Instead of Celsius? … That’s because virtually every other country in the rest of the world uses the Celsius temperature scale, part of the metric system, which denotes the temperature at which water freezes as 0 degrees, and the temperature at which it boils as 100 degrees.
Can water freeze at 39 degrees?
The new top layer gets colder until it too sinks. This is repeated until the top part of the water column reaches the same cool temperature. This temperature is not the freezing temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit, but 39 degrees. … This also means that water contracts at this temperature and takes up the least space.
Can ice water be colder than 32 degrees?
Pure frozen water is not magic. It can and will get colder than 32 degrees F. When you freeze water, it will remain for a time at 32 F as it is in the process of freezing, but once it’s all frozen, yes, it will get colder than 32 F.
What is the coldest temperature water can reach?
For water, the answer is -55 degrees Fahrenheit (-48 degrees C; 225 Kelvin). University of Utah researchers found that is the lowest temperature liquid water can reach before it becomes ice.
Why is 32 degrees the freezing point of water?
In the Fahrenheit scale, water boils at 212 degrees. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale that bases the boiling point of water at 212 and the freezing point at 32. … Because the mercury thermometer was more accurate, Fahrenheit decided to expand the Roemer scale by multiplying its values by four. |
Week 3: Wisdom
Topic(s): Wisdom, Courage
Big Idea of the Message: Esther is an amazing story of a young woman who wisely took
advantage of her new normal and, with God’s guidance, used it to save the Jewish people.
Application Point: We can be brave and wise in our new normal, following the leading of God and taking time to make smart decisions.
Key Scripture: Esther 3:1-15; 4:14
3 A little while later, according to King Ahasuerus’ wishes, Haman (son of Hammedatha, an Agagite) was promoted to a rank above all his fellow nobles in the kingdom. 2 The officials at the king’s gate all bowed down before Haman and paid him homage because the king commanded this. But Mordecai, the Jew, refused to kneel and refused to honor him.
3 Mordecai’s actions came to the attention of the king’s officials standing at the gate.
Officials (looking at Mordecai): Why are you disobeying the king’s command?
4 The officers questioned him daily about his disobedience to the king, but Mordecai refused to listen and bow down. The officers reported this to Haman to learn whether or not Mordecai’s excuse would be tolerated, for Mordecai had told them he was a Jew. 5 Haman was furious when he saw that Mordecai refused to bow and pay him the respect he was due. 6 But Haman wasn’t to be satisfied with killing only Mordecai, so he began to think of ways to destroy all of Mordecai’s people, the Jews, throughout the kingdom of Ahasuerus.
7 During the 1st month (the month of Nisan) of Ahasuerus’ 12th year as king, they cast lots (also known as “purim”) in the presence of Haman in order to select a day and month. [The lot fell on the 13th day of] the 12th month (the month of Adar), a day nearly one year in the future.
Haman (to the king): 8 All the provinces in your kingdom are overrun with one insignificant group of foreigners, people who haven’t adopted our customs. Their laws differ from all other peoples’, and they do not keep your laws. Therefore it’s not a good idea for you to tolerate them or their actions any longer. 9 If it is your wish, sign an order that these people be destroyed, and I will bear all the costs. I’ll pay 375 tons of silver directly to those who carry out the king’s business in order to relieve the royal treasury of the expense.
10 Not knowing which group of foreigners was being targeted, the king took his signet ring, the symbol of his power and authority, from his finger and passed it to Haman (son of Hammedatha, the Agagite), who hated the Jews.
King Ahasuerus (to Haman): 11 The money is yours and the people are yours also to do with as you wish.
12 On the 13th day of the 1st month, the royal secretaries were summoned. The king’s order was written down exactly the way Haman dictated it to all of the king’s rulers of the regions, governors of the provinces, and nobles of the ethnic groups. The orders were written in every script and every language spoken in the provinces in the name of the king, and they were sealed into law with his ring. 13 Messengers were sent out to all the royal provinces with the official law giving the order to destroy, kill, and annihilate all of the Jews. They were to kill everyone, including women and children, young and old, on the 13th day of the 12th month (the month of Adar), and they were free to take everything the Jews owned. 14 An official copy of the king’s order was to be issued to every province and read publicly, so that the people could get ready for that day. 15 The messengers were quickly dispatched by order of the king. Then the decree was publicly proclaimed in the citadel of Susa. As the king and Haman relaxed and drank wine, the city of Susa was thrown into chaos.
4:14 If you stay silent during this time, deliverance for the Jews will come from somewhere, but you, my child, and all of your father’s family will die. And who knows? Perhaps you have been made queen for such a time as this.”
Discussion Questions:
2. What convinced Esther to petition the king for the sake of her people? How did she prepare?
3. Have you ever needed to stand up for someone (whether a person or a group of people) who could not stand up for themselves? Or perhaps someone has defended you. Share about that time.
4. How might God use uncomfortable situations and life changes to help us be of service to him and others?
5. In what ways have you seen social media used to better someone’s situation?
6. In the recent weeks or months, for what or whom have you needed to be brave?
7. How can we pray for you? |
Sound mind
SOUND MIND. That state of a man's mind which is adequate to reason and comes to a judgment upon ordinary subjects, like other rational men.
2. The law presumes that every person who has acquired his full age is of sound mind, and consequently competent to make contracts and perform all his civil duties; and he who asserts to the contrary must prove the affirmation of his position by explicit evidence, and not by conjectural proof. 2 Hagg Eccl. R. 434; 3 Addams' R. 86; 8 Watts, R. 66; Ray, Med. Jur. Sec. 92; 3 Curt. Eccl. R. 671. Vide Unsound mind.
References in classic literature ?
He would have given worlds, now, to have that German lad back again with a sound mind.
Crisparkle allows such things their full weight in the preservation of his own sound mind in his own sound body, and that his just spirit is not likely to maintain one set of natural laws for himself and another for me.
And when he hitched his chair a little and dropped his voice to the low note of mystery, it flashed upon me that high professional reputa- tion was not necessarily a guarantee of sound mind.
Where was the wit of the sharp- sighted men of sound mind? Where the dexterity of the lawyers, eager to discover a flaw?
Let it be known to them, as I make it known to you, that being of sound mind, memory, and understanding, I revoke no disposition I have made in her favour.
HOMER: `A sound mind in a manly body, as I believe.'
Women must realise that without sound mind sound body does not exist.
'The constitution said only those who are of sound mind should be made Governor.
Later, the DC had made another statement that the detained suspect was not of sound mind.
class="MsoNormal"Is that MP really of sound mind? Hasn't he lost his mind?
Raila wondered aloud whether the MP was of sound mind.
"As Mayor Duterte celebrates his 74th birthday, we pray the Almighty to continue giving him a sound mind and a healthy body, that he may finish the goals he had set for the betterment of the country and people that he loved so well towards a future of progress and prosperity," he added. |
Fishing in low light conditions of the reservoir
When the sun comes over the horizon and all is plunged into darkness, it becomes difficult to catch fish. This occurs because after sunset the light entering water is reduced to such an extent that the fish no longer see in the dark bait. The same problem may occur in the morning and on a cloudy day when the sky is densely overcast. But often the problem is poor illumination of the reservoir occurs in the winter when the water bodies covered by a thick layer of ice.
The lack of light in water was also associated with presence of algae in the pond. Experienced fishermen in the course of years of practice, found that in the pond is heavily overgrown with algae, in summer, the illumination falls to 90% at a depth of 3 meters, and in winter, the same magnitude drops at a depth of 0.9 m. This lack of light is very detrimental to the fishing. Because even such fish as pike-perch, which is perfectly see in the dark, can not see the bait in the dark.
To solve this problem, you need to use bait with a fluorescent coating, but it is best to make your own lures and gums with luminous color. In terms of fishing, it is convenient to apply the paint, as it will dry some time and the fluorescent film. It is very important that she was very thin and flexible and could take the form of a spinner or crankbait.
Often, beginners make mistakes when applying such a film. They choose too bright a film that frightens the fish, what will attract her . For this reason, it is recommended to coat the bait only partially, and in most cases, and small strips or spots.
To fluorescent bait shone not very brightly and not scare away the fish. No need to highlight the bright lights and floodlights. She glowed in the water, enough to remove it from the water for 5-10 minutes to energize the fluorescent light. If fishing occurs at night, the bait is charged by a torch.
In conclusion, here are some tips that will be useful for beginners:
To make the bait visible in dark water, you need to stick on each side of the lure small circles or strips of fluorescent film;
When fishing at a distance from the bottom should stick tape on the belly of the lure that it is visible on all sides.
The tape should be attached and hang in front of a live bait, sinker, sinker bright so as to attract fish to the lure;
When trolling for trout or salmon glue a piece of the fluorescent film still on the Dodger, in addition to spinners and wobblers;
You can stick the small circle of film on the petals of a spinner so he was more visible in the dark water.
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Bradyrhizobium japonicum
From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
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Template:Biorealm genus
Gram-negative nitrogen fixing bacteria
Higher order taxa
Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Alphaproteobacteria, Order: Rhizobiales, Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae
Strains: Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110. Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. genistearum. Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. glycinearum.
Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Genus species: Bradyrhizobium japonicum
NCBI: Taxonomy
Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Description and significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated. Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is gram negative, rod shaped, nitrogen fixing bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with the soybean plant Glycean Max. It is located on the root tips of the soy bean plant Glycine Max and eventually begins to colonize in the root nodules of the plant itself. Within these root nodules, Bradyrhizobium japonicum is located in symbiosomes derived from the plant membrane. One to several of these bacteria can inhabit a single symbiosome. In the symbiotic relationship, the plant provides a safe environment with a constant supply of carbon for growth and energy. Such carbon sources come in the form of dicarboxylic acids, succinate, fumarate, and malate. The bacteria in turn, provides the plant with fixed nitrogen, which is nitrogen gas that has been reduced and is readily usable by the plant. This allows the plant to grow significantly in the absence of external fertilizer. It is important to have the Bradyrhizobium japonicum's genome sequenced because manipulation of its genome can produce benefitial and desirable traits, which can improve soy bean crop production. It was originally isolated from a soybean nodule in Florida, USA in 1957 through whole genome shotgun sequencing combined with bridging shotgun method.
Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?
Bradyrhizobium japonicum has a complete genome. It is made up of a single circular chromosome with 9,105,828 base pairs in length and has no plasmids. The average GC content was 64.1%. It has 8317 potential protein coding genes, 1 set of rRNA genes, and 50 sets of tRNA genes. A total of 167 genes for transposases/104 copies of insertion sequences were identified in the genome. It was remarkable that 100 out of 167 transposase genes are located in the presumptive symbiotic island. DNA segments of 4 to 97 kb inserted into tRNA genes were found at 14 locations in the genome, which generates partial duplication of the target tRNA genes. These observations suggest plasticity of the B. japonicum genome, which is probably due to complex genome rearrangements such as horizontal transfer and insertion of various DNA elements, and to homologous recombination. Replicon Type: chromosome.
Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Cell structure and metabolism
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
Gram-negative soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum, synthesize a variety of cell-surface carbohydrates. These carbohydrates include lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), nodule polysaccharides, lipo chitin oligosaccharides, and cyclic -glucans, some of which may provide functions important to symbiosis. It uses these structures to obtain the carbon energy sources from the soybean plant.
Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Treponema denticola is a bacterial pathogen and plant plastid. It causes periodontal disease and gum inflammation.
Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Application to Biotechnology
Current Research
[, Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Sato S., Minamisawa K., Uchiumi T., Sasamoto S., Watanabe A., Idesawa K., Iriguchi M., Kawashima K., Kohara M., Matsumoto M., Shimpo S., Tsuruoka H., Wada T., Yamada M., Tabata S. ; "Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110."; DNA Res. 9:189-197(2002)] Joe Bischoff, Mikhail Domrachev, Scott Federhen, Carol Hotton, Detlef Leipe, Vladimir Soussov, Richard Sternberg, Sean Turner. David J. Westenberg [, Heather A. Louch1, and Karen J. Miller1,2,* Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics1 and Department of Food Science,2 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802]
example: Glockner, F. O., M. Kube, M. Bauer, H. Teeling, T. Lombardot, W. Ludwig, D. Gade, A. Beck, K Borzym, K Heitmann, R. Rabus, H. Schlesner, R. Amann, and R. Reinhardt. 2003. "Complete genome sequence of the marine planctomycete Pirellula sp. strain 1." Proceedings of the National Acedemy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 14. (8298-8303)
Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano |
chapter 25: nuclear chemistry - jayne heier - .804 chapter 25 nuclear chemistry chapter 25 ......
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• 804 Chapter 25
Nuclear Chemistry
CHAPTER 25
What Youll LearnYou will trace the history ofnuclear chemistry from dis-covery to application.
You will identify types ofradioactive decay and solvedecay rate problems.
You will describe the reac-tions involved in nuclearfission and fusion.
You will learn about appli-cations of nuclear reactionsand the effects of radiationexposure.
Why Its ImportantFrom its role in shaping worldpolitics to its applications thatproduce electrical power anddiagnose and treat disease,nuclear chemistry has pro-found effects upon the worldin which we live.
Many medical diagnostic testsand treatments involve the use ofradioactive substances. Here, aradioactive substance known as aradiotracer is used to illuminatethe carotid artery, which runsthrough the neck into the skull.
Visit the Chemistry Web site to find linksabout nuclear chemistry.
• 25.1 Nuclear Radiation 805
Objectives List the founding scientists
in the study of radioactivityand state their discoveries.
Identify alpha, beta, andgamma radiation in termsof composition and keyproperties.
VocabularyradioisotopeX ray
Section 25.1 Nuclear Radiation
You may recall from Chapter 4 that the nuclei of some atoms are unstableand undergo nuclear reactions. In this chapter you will study nuclear chem-istry, which is concerned with the structure of atomic nuclei and the changesthey undergo. An application of a nuclear reaction is shown in the photo ofthe human neck and skull. Table 25-1 offers a comparison of chemical andnuclear reactions.
28 dominotiles (1 set)
Chain Reactions
When the products of one nuclear reaction cause additionalnuclear reactions to occur, the resulting chain reaction canrelease large amounts of energy in a short period of time. Exploreescalating chain reactions by modeling them with dominoes.
1. Obtain a set of domino tiles.
2. Stand the individual dominoes on end and arrange them so that whenthe first domino falls, it causes the other dominoes to fall in series.
3. Practice using different arrangements until you determine how tocause the dominoes to fall in the least amount of time.
4. Time your domino chain reaction. Compare your time with those ofyour classmates.
What arrangement caused the dominoes to fall in the least amount oftime? Do the dominoes fall at a steady rate or an escalating rate?What happens to the domino chain reaction if a tile does not contactthe next tile in the sequence?
Characteristics of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions
Chemical reactions
1. Occur when bonds are broken and formed.
2. Atoms remain unchanged, though they may be rearranged.
3. Involve only valence electrons.
4. Associated with small energy changes.
5. Reaction rate is influenced by temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts.
Nuclear reactions
1. Occur when nuclei emit particlesand/or rays.
2. Atoms are often converted intoatoms of another element.
3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons.
4. Associated with large energychanges.
5. Reaction rate is not normallyaffected by temperature, pressure,or catalysts.
Table 25-1
• The Discovery of RadioactivityIn 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen (18451923) found that invisible rays were emit-ted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials. The emittedrays were discovered because they caused photographic plates to darken.Roentgen named these invisible high-energy emissions X rays. As is true inmany fields, Roentgens discovery of X rays created excitement within the
scientific community and stimulated further research. At that time, Frenchphysicist Henri Becquerel (18521908) was studying minerals that
emit light after being exposed to sunlight, a phenomenon calledphosphorescence. Building on Roentgens work, Becquerel
wanted to determine whether phosphorescent minerals also emitted X rays. Becquerel accidentally discovered that phosphorescent
uranium saltseven when not exposed to lightproduced spontaneousemissions that darkened photographic plates. Figure 25-1 shows the darken-ing of photographic film that is exposed to uranium-containing ore.
Marie Curie (18671934) and her husband Pierre (18591906) tookBecquerels mineral sample (called pitchblende) and isolated the componentsemitting the rays. They concluded that the darkening of the photographicplates was due to rays emitted specifically from the uranium atoms presentin the mineral sample. Marie Curie named the process by which materials giveoff such rays radioactivity; the rays and particles emitted by a radioactivesource are called radiation.
The work of Marie and Pierre Curie was extremely important in estab-lishing the origin of radioactivity and the field of nuclear chemistry. In 1898,the Curies identified two new elements, polonium and radium, on the basisof their radioactivity. Henri Becquerel and the Curies shared the 1903 NobelPrize in Physics for their work. Marie Curie also received the 1911 NobelPrize in Chemistry for her work with polonium and radium. Figure 25-2shows the Curies at work in their laboratory.
Types of RadiationWhile reading about the discovery of radioactivity, several questions may haveoccurred to you. Which atomic nuclei are radioactive? What types of radia-tion do radioactive nuclei emit? It is best to start with the second questionfirst, and explore the types of radiation emitted by radioactive sources.
806 Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry
Figure 25-2
Both Pierre and Marie Curieplayed important roles in founding the field of nuclearchemistry. Marie Curie went onto show that unlike chemicalreactions, radioactivity is notaffected by changes in physicalconditions such as temperatureand pressure. She is the onlyperson in history to receiveNobel Prizes in two different sci-encesphysics in 1903, andchemistry in 1911.
Figure 25-1
A sample of radioactive uranium-containing ore exposes photo-graphic film.
• As you may recall, isotopes are atoms of the same element that have differ-ent numbers of neutrons. Isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei are calledradioisotopes. These unstable nuclei emit radiation to attain more stable atomicconfigurations in a process called radioactive decay. During radioactive decay,unstable atoms lose energy by emitting one of several types of radiation. Thethree most common types of radiation are alpha (), beta (), and gamma ().Table 25-2 summarizes some of their important properties. Later in this chap-ter youll learn about other types of radiation that may be emitted in a nuclearreaction.
*(1 MeV 1.60 1013 J)
Ernest Rutherford (18711937), whom you know of because of his famousgold foil experiment that helped define modern atomic structure, identifiedalpha, beta, and gamma radiation when studying the effects of an electric fieldon the emissions from a radioactive source. As you can see in Figure 25-3,alpha particles carry a 2 charge and are deflected toward the negativelycharged plate. Beta particles carry a 1 charge and are deflected toward thepositively charged plate. In contrast, gamma rays carry no charge and are notaffected by the electric field.
25.1 Nuclear Radiation 807
Figure 25-3
The effect of an electric field onthree types of radiation is shownhere. Positively charged alphaparticles are deflected towardthe negatively charged plate.Negatively charged beta parti-cles are deflected toward thepositively charged plate. Betaparticles undergo greater deflec-tion because they have consider-ably less mass than alphaparticles. Gamma rays, whichhave no electrical charge, arenot deflected.
Properties of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation
Property Alpha () Beta () Gamma ()
Composition Alpha particles Beta particles High-energyelectromagneticradiation
Description of Helium nuclei Electrons photonsradiation 42He 01 00
Charge 2 1 0
Mass 6.64 1024 kg 9.11 1028 kg 0
Approximate 5 MeV 0.05 to 1 MeV 1 MeVenergy*
Relative Blocked Blocked Not completelypenetrating by paper by metal foil blocked bypower lead or concrete
Table 25-2
Positive plate
SlotLead block
Gamma rays(no charge)
Zinc sulfidecoated screen
(1 charge)
(2 charge)Negative plate
See page 964 in Appendix E forModeling Radiation Penetration
• An alpha particle () has the same composition as a helium nucleustwoprotons and two neutronsand is therefore given the symbol 42He. The chargeof an alpha particle is 2 due to the presence of the two protons. Alpha radi-ation consists of a stream of alpha particles. As you can see in Figure 25-4,radium-226, an atom whose nucleus contains 88 protons and 138 neutrons,undergoes alpha decay by emitting an alpha particle. Notice that after thedecay, the resulting atom has an atomic number of 86, a mass number of 222,and is no longer radium. The newly formed radiosiotope is radon-222.
In examining Figure 25-4, you should note that the particles involved arebalanced. That is, the sum of the mass numbers (superscripts) and the sum ofthe atomic numbers (subscripts) on each side of the arrow are equal. Also notethat when a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, the product nucleushas an atomic number that is lower by two and a mass number that is lowerby four. What particle is formed when polonium-210 (21084Po) undergoes alphadecay?
Because of their mass and charge, alpha particles are relatively slow-moving compared with other types of radiation. Thus, alpha particles are notvery penetratinga single
View more > |
Why Sustainability Is Important For Everyone
To understand why sustainability is important, you must first start by answering the question, “What is sustainability”?
The Brundtland Commission in 1987 identified sustainability as Meeting our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It means having the wisdom and vision to see beyond the immediate and seeing what lies ahead.
The importance of sustainability is broken down into three major parts: economic development, environmental conservation, and social responsibility. These things do not just happen on their own but instead come from intentional and thoughtful planning and execution.
As a society, we need to be committed to health and quality of life. Healthy communities need an environment consisting of clean air, abundant, and clean natural resources. Having a non-toxic environment benefits us all.
As our population and communities grow, there is a greater for additional resources. This includes resources such as energy, clean water, and space for living. To have healthy communities, we need an environment that supports it. Public health is affected by the quality of our environment. The quality of our air and the quality of our water have a direct impact on our health.
Sustainability Is More Important Than Ever
More and more organizations are coming to see the importance of the impact they can have. As a result, their philosophies related to sustainability are changing in positive ways. Organizations are able to impact social and economic issues through their communities and beyond.
It’s not always easy when needing to balance competing objects. It comes down to considering the planet, people, and the profits of the organization. Businesses are looking for financial gain. They need a return on their investment and seek to increase their profitability. Of course, this can be achieved while taking a deeper view of the need for sustainability.
Managing sustainability has benefits such as addressing consumers’ desires related to the products they buy. More and more people are consciously choosing an eco-friendly lifestyle and search support companies that align with their values. As a result, this helps builds trust and engagement.
A benefit of conservation is that it oftentimes leads to more efficient processes. Attracting employees who align with your mission tend to be more engaged and care deeper about the success of the company. This can help lead to increased customer sales and loyalty from your customers. It will also serve you well to build credibility and enhance your brand awareness in a positive way that can help you stand out from your competitors.
Sustainability should extend to your partners and suppliers. Sustainable procurement requires that you look at your entire supply chain. Also, make sure they back up their claims.
Practical Ways To Live With Sustainability In Mind
Here are a few tips for practical ways to live in an eco-friendly, sustainable way.
• Drink tap water instead of bottled water
• Turn off the lights when not in use
• Use reusable food containers to bring your lunch, snacks, and drinks in
• Take advantage of recycling bins when you can
• Plant a garden to help grow some of the food you eat
• Conserve water with simple things like shorter showers and full loads of laundry
• Unplug electronics and other items that draw phantom power when not in use
• Think local first when purchasing your produce
• Bike or walk if you can to cut down on the use of fossil fuels
• Support fair trade
• Purchase eco-friendly, green products
By changing our habits and thoughts towards sustainability we can make a difference for our generation and most importantly future generations. |
The fear among some analysts when QE was implemented was that it would spur inflation. This was based on Fisher’s monetary identity, which is that money supply times velocity is equal to the price level times available supply, or MV=PQ. If Q, which represents the productive capacity of the economy, is fixed, and V is thought to be dependent upon the institutional arrangements for the circulation of money, and thus mostly fixed as well, raising M will only lead to higher P. If there is slack in the economy, Q could rise with steady prices, leading to
higher real output. However, at full employment, inflation is the only result.
In fact, what happened is that the reserves sat harmlessly on bank balance sheets, while the real economy grew slowly and velocity plunged. The chart below shows annual velocity of money (GDP/M2, or using the identity, V=PQ/M). Note that during the Great Depression, velocity plunged then as well. Economists during this period soured on monetary policy and mostly focused on fiscal policy. That shift of fiscal policy didn’t occur during the 2008 Financial Crisis.
It is unclear why expanding the money supply failed to boost lending. However, deleveraging was common to both periods of low velocity.
This chart shows household debt as a percentage of GDP. The plunge in the early 1930s coincides with a steady decline in household debt; the same is true now.1 If there is a drop in demand for loans, injecting reserves into the banking system won’t have much impact on the real economy. Conversely, shrinking the balance sheet should do nothing more than reduce the level of excess reserves on commercial bank balance sheets.
This article is courtesy of Confluence Investment Management, a participant in the ETF Strategist Channel.
1. It is interesting to note that velocity did rise in the early 1930s during the Great Depression. This was due to a horrific policy error where the Federal Reserve tightened policy into the teeth of the downturn, triggering a deeper drop in growth.
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Joan E. Grusec Ph.D.
Principles of Effective Parenting
Teaching Values to Your Child
Which values make for the happiest people?
Posted Oct 22, 2019
We all have a set of values (strongly-held beliefs) that influence how we behave. Parents play an important role in determining what those values are going to be for their children.
Different parents emphasize different values. For some, honesty and a sense of responsibility are especially important. For others, it is achievement and success. Other parents may have as a primary goal that their children value independence or curiosity or creativity.
What values do people have? And do they consider some to be more important than others?
The values people have and their relative importance have been studied extensively by Shalom Schwartz and his colleagues. They have found considerable similarity across a large number of countries in the values reported and the ordering of their importance.
Consistently, the values rated most important are trustworthiness, caring for others, and a commitment to equality, justice, and protection for all people and for nature. Consistently, the lowest-rated value is power—having control over people as well as having money, possessions, and social connections. Just above power is excitement and wanting to preserve cultural and religious customs. In the middle, between the higher and lower-rated values, are security, conformity, and achievement.
There are good reasons why values are ranked the way they are. Because we are social animals, we need to get along with each other. Being trustworthy, cooperative, helpful, and making sure that all people are treated fairly are good ways to avoid conflict and promote peaceful coexistence.
Power is rated lowest in importance, presumably because it harms group solidarity—people don’t like feeling that they are being controlled by others, so conflict arises. Achievement falls in the middle because people need to be motivated to work productively and solve problems.
Importantly, values involving caring for others and a commitment to justice cannot exist along with a value of power and dominance; we cannot be kind and caring at the same time as we control other people and their resources. Thus, as one value strengthens, the other weakens.
Joshua Clay/Unsplash
Source: Joshua Clay/Unsplash
What values do parents try to teach?
In 2014, the polling organization Pew Research Center asked American parents to select from a list of values what they thought were the most important ones to teach their children. These parents indicated that the most important values were being responsible, working hard, helping others, and being well-mannered, a list that overlaps quite nicely with Schwartz’s values of trustworthiness, caring for others, a commitment to equality, and conformity.
Are people better off if they hold certain values?
Are people happier, healthier, and more satisfied with life, as well as having a sense of meaning or purpose, if they have adopted one set of values rather than another? According to Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, intrinsic values—social responsibility, a desire for personal growth, and meaningful relationships—are more likely to be associated with happiness and well-being than are extrinsic values, such as financial success, physical attractiveness, and social recognition. This is because extrinsic values depend on external reward and recognition from others, whereas intrinsic values depend on feelings of personal satisfaction that come from one’s self rather than requiring others to make a judgment.
More support for the notion that values are associated differentially with feelings of well-being comes from the work of Lara Aknin and her colleagues. They examined the relationship between concern for others—donating to charity—and subjective well-being, using data that had been collected from more than 200,000 respondents in 136 countries; they found that both rich and poor people who said they had recently donated to charity were happier with their lives.
In another study, these researchers found that happiness increased when individuals recalled a time they had spent money on others rather than on themselves. As well, they were happier when they chose a gift for someone else as opposed to choosing one for themselves. This was true even when they did not know the recipient of the gift, and so there was no chance that their generosity would be reciprocated.
What are the best ways to help children learn values?
Whatever the values parents wish to encourage, the question is how to do it best. How do we teach specific values to children as well as make sure those values are translated into action? How do we get children to believe that they should respect others, do the best they can, and so on, and then act in accord with that belief? That is a question that has intrigued developmental psychologists for many years. And it will be the topic of future postings on this site.
Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas-Diener, R., . . . Norton, M. I. (2013). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 635-652.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Press.
Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., . . . Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 663-688. |
YESTERDAY the government announced that a potential vaccine against coronavirus had been created, with plans to roll it out across the country to help fight the virus.
The vaccine has been developed by pharmaceutical companies, Pfizer and BioNTech and early tests show that it could be up-to 90 per cent effective against the virus.
The companies hope to release the vaccine by the end of this month for a limited number of people.
If successful, older care home residents, medical and social care workers, and residents over the age of 80 could be first in line to receive the vaccine.
The medicine is a new type of vaccine which uses a tiny fragment of the virus' genetic code which will help the body to attack the Covid-19 virus.
It will be given in two doses, three weeks apart, and early information suggests that the government has purchased almost 40 million doses.
However, scientists do not know if the vaccine will provide lasting protection against the virus.
If not, then it may be necessary to have annual jabs, like many people do each winter for the flu.
Despite news of the vaccine, it is expected that measures such as social distancing and wearing face coverings will be expected to continue. |
Oscar Wilde
#wilde #decadentism #poetry
Oscar Wilde confused life and work, trying to artistically manage his own existence. He was a very prominent figure, the main exponent of English Decadentism, like Baudelaire was for France and d'Annunzio for Italy; indeed, we can say that Wilde was English aestheticism.
By Decadentism we mean a literary genre and an attitude that permeates the entire end of the century. The term was first used by Verlaine, referring to impressionist painting. In England, romanticism is undermined by the Victorian compromise which is based on English greatness, on philanthropism, on faith in science. The ideals of equality and freedom are set aside, the novel by Dickens and Thackeray reigns, focused on the step up and always with a happy ending. The backbone of economic England is the merchant class that makes Calvinist and Puritan moralism its own. The judgment of society becomes more important than the divine one, sex is a taboo. A law is enacted against male homosexuals (not against females because no one has the courage to explain to the queen that homosexual women also exist) Wilde will end up in jail, in Reading Gaol precisely, because he admits to being homosexual. Wilde does not care to hide his own tendencies, convinced of the need to break down moralistic conventions in favor of experiences. He flaunts his friendship with his Basil, that is, Lord Alfred Douglas, the great passion of his life. The process that will result from this friendship will mean his end as a writer and as a man. It is a tragedy of which Wilde will be aware from the outset and which seems almost sought by him. At the trial he will not clear himself in the name of the legitimacy of his being gay. He will pay for his ideas in person and will give the last, definitive brushstroke to an artistic life, not free, however, from the sense of guilt, which is found in all decadent poets, including D'Annunzio.
Since, therefore, all romantic ideals are in crisis, an attempt is made to substitute sensations for them, thus aestheticism is born. Sensations are no longer considered as the lowest part of man but are re-evaluated in a gnoseological perspective as a form of knowledge. English decadence is a new romantic flare that burns with sensations. Wilde, born in 1854, is culturally Anglo-Irish, influenced by the Dublin culture of the mid-nineteenth century, the aesthetic movements of Oxford and France. The puritan component is completely missing in him, his approach to life is in the sense of enjoyment.
Wilde overshadows important painters and poets such as the Pre-Raphaelites, Ruskin, Pater, Swinburne, with whom aestheticism has a more underground life, while he advertises it and takes it into the living rooms, where it takes hold with his life, the conversation, attitudes. But all his contemporary artists enter his circle and influence him. Morris embodies a practical aestheticism that would like to change life and tie it to art. Ruskin advocates a return to individual beauty, to Hellenic models, to Nordic Gothic. Pater wants liberation from Christianity, which prevents man from sensually enjoying earthly life. He tends to "art for art", understood as an aesthetic and no longer spiritual research. Dante Gabriel Rossetti hopes for the restoration of pre-Raphaelite painting, essential and not in style. In reality, his trait will be Botticellian, languid, refined, with a murky and melancholy sensualism that reflects the exhaustion, the discomfort, the lack of ideals of the time. The stylnovistic love is sensualized and Rossetti's Beatrice has just that mixture of innocence and perversity that Wilde likes so much. Swinburne is the greatest poet of English decadence, he proposes the return to paganity, to the fullness of life enjoyed and lived in all his experiences.
Characteristic of Wilde's first works is the decadent admiration of the Renaissance and of Shakespeare, who inspired his first poems.
O listen ere the searching sun
Show to the world my sin and shame
(San Miniato)
To drift with every passion till my soul
Is a stringed lute on which all winds can play
Requiescat, written in memory of a little sister who died at sixteen, is a typical Pre-Raphaelite expression, with something gothic.
Tread lightly, she is near
Under the snow
Speak gently, she can hear
The daisies grow
All her bright golden hair
Tarnished with rust,
She that was young and fair
Fallen to dust.
Lily-like, white as snow,
She hardly knew
She was a woman, so
Sweetly she grew.
Coffin board, heavy stone,
Lie on her breast,
I vex my heart alone,
She is at rest.
Peace, peace, she cannot hear
Lyre or sonnet,
All my life buried here,
Heap earth upon it.
The lily is ambiguous, it is an innocent flower but with an intense perfume, here it becomes a symbol of sexuality, like Pascoli's “nocturnal jasmine”. In the poem Madonna mia, where we find the image of the lily (as well as in Ave Maria Gratia Plena) we have a clear example of Pre-Raphaelite Stynovism.
And longing eyes half veiled by slumberous tears
Like bluest waters seen through mists of rain [...]
And white Throat, whiter than the silvered dove,
Through whose wan marble creeps one purple vein.
In Ave Maria Gratia Plena the image of the kneeling Madonna, "a kneeling girl with passionless pale face" refers to an aesthetic, graceful concept of religion. The whole scene is passionless, an act of pure beauty. Wilde tends to confuse ethics with aesthetics and the Catholic Church attracts English aesthetics because it appeals to the senses, amidst vestments, icons, hymns and unnerving smells of incense.
The yellow picture In the gold room, with impressionist images and correspondence between sounds and colors, refers to Shelley, D'Annunzio and Whistler's paintings.
Her ivory hands on the ivory keys
Strayed in a fitful fantasy,
Like the silver gleam when the poplar trees
Rustle their pale leaves listlessly,
Or the drifting foam of a restless sea
When the waves show their teeth in the flying breeze
Her gold hair fell on the wall of gold
Like the delicate gossamer tangles spun
On the burnished disk of the marigold
Or the sunflower turning to meet the sun
When the gloom of the jealous night is done
And the spear of the lily is aureoled.
And her sweet red lips on these lips of mine
Burned like the ruby fire set
In the swinging lamp of a crimson shrine,
Or the bleeding wounds of the pomegranate,
Or the heart of the lotus drenched and wet
With the spilt out blood of the rose-red wine.
Anche in Le Panneau c’è una descrizione, appunto, da pannello decorativo:
Under the rose tree’s dancing shade
There stands a little ivory girl,
Pulling the leaves of pink and pearl
With pale green nails of polished jade.
With The harlots house, from 1885, Wilde overcomes the mere decoration of his beginnings, conveying a message of disgust and weariness for the "deboscery":
Love passed into the house of lust.
It does so with words like harlot, cigarette and automatons, which are new to the poetry of the time. The saraband of automatons reminds us of Mary Shelley, Poe and Baudelaire. Much more successful and melancholy is To L.L., dedicated to his wife and the sense of guilt that lingers in the poet's soul after the end of family and love. It is no longer the Pre-Raphaelite style that saturates the poetry with smells and colors, but a sad and twilight atmosphere, which reminds us of D'Annunzio's The Rain in the Pinewood.
Could we dig up this long-buried treasure,
Were it worth the pleasure,
We never could learn love's song,
We are parted too long.
Could the passionate past that is fled
Call back its dead,
Could we live it all over again,
Were it worth the pain!
I remember we used to meet
By an ivied seat,And you warbled each pretty word
With the air of a bird;
And your voice had a quaver in it,
Just like a linnet,
And shook, as the blackbird's throat
With its last big note;
And your eyes, they were green and grey
Like an April day,
But lit into amethyst
When I stooped and kissed;
And your mouth, it would never smile
For a long, long while,
Then it rippled all over with laughter
Five minutes after.
You were always afraid of a shower,
Just like a flower:
I remember you started and ran
When the rain began.
I remember I never could catch you,
For no one could match you,
You had wonderful, luminous, fleet,
Little wings to your feet.
I remember your hair - did I tie it? |
Brain Tumor
A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in your brain.
Many different types of brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors are noncancerous (benign), and some brain tumors are cancerous (malignant). Brain tumors can begin in your brain (primary brain tumors), or cancer can begin in other parts of your body and spread to your brain (secondary, or metastatic, brain tumors).
How quickly a brain tumor grows can vary greatly. The growth rate as well as location of a brain tumor determines how it will affect the function of your nervous system.
Brain tumor treatment options depend on the type of brain tumor you have, as well as its size and location.
The signs and symptoms of a brain tumor vary greatly and depend on the brain tumor's size, location and rate of growth.
General signs and symptoms caused by brain tumors may include:
• New onset or change in pattern of headaches
• Headaches that gradually become more frequent and more severe
• Unexplained nausea or vomiting
• Gradual loss of sensation or movement in an arm or a leg
• Difficulty with balance
• Speech difficulties
• Confusion in everyday matters
• Personality or behavior changes
• Seizures, especially in someone who doesn't have a history of seizures
• Hearing problems |
English to Uzbek Meaning :: difference
farq, tafovut, nizo
Difference :
- farqfarqlarbeparvolik
Show English Meaning
Noun(1) the quality of being unlike or dissimilar(2) a variation that deviates from the standard or norm(3) a disagreement or argument about something important(4) a significant change(5) the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend
Show Examples
(1) I had never driven a 4X4 before but you don't notice any difference from a normal car except for the height.(2) Disgust for both Jews and women become for such men a way of asserting their own difference from mere mortal beings.(3) Tactics books are readily available, and in many instances there isn't a lot of difference from one to the next.(4) the gross margin is the difference between the total cost of the goods and the final selling price(5) he wouldn't know the difference(6) If the antecedent is more true than the consequent, then the conditional is less than the maximal truth by the difference between their values.(7) The Department of Labour examined data from 2001 when the pay difference was 40 percent.(8) The difference between the expected value and the certainty equivalent is the risk premium for the gamble.(9) But for the boy, a transformation has to be achieved to an awareness of an identity based on difference from the mother.(10) We retreat into our irony cages when we feel threatened by our difference from other people.(11) The question then becomes: how can we free difference from these normative connotations?(12) their difference from one another(13) there was a difference in their approach(14) The music is an odd blend of soft feminine jazzy folk-rock, with little difference from song to song.(15) It is claimed that there remains a substantial difference between that sum and the full amount of the loss.(16) But there was one crucial difference from all the other appeals I'd received.
Related Words
(1) make a difference ::
farq qilmoq
(2) time difference ::
vaqt farqi
(3) it makes no difference ::
u hech qanday farq qiladi
(4) big difference ::
katta farq
(5) spot the difference ::
farq spot
(6) potential difference ::
salohiyati farqi
(7) there is a difference ::
bir farq bor
(8) make difference ::
farq qilish
(9) age difference ::
yoshi farq
(10) tell the difference ::
farqni aytib
2. disagreement ::
3. balance ::
4. departure ::
5. remainder ::
6. difference of opinion ::
fikr farq
1. analogy ::
2. community ::
3. likeness ::
4. resemblance ::
Different Forms
difference, differences, indifference
Word Example from TV Shows
Dragons don\'t understand
the difference
Dragons don't understand the DIFFERENCE
Game of Thrones Season 7, Episode 7
What\'s the difference?
What's the DIFFERENCE?
The Big Bang Theory Season 5, Episode 19
I kind of split the difference.
I kind of split the DIFFERENCE.
The Big Bang Theory Season 8, Episode 23
Ask me the difference between a boson
and a fermion. Go ahead, ask.
Ask me the DIFFERENCE between a boson and a fermion. Go ahead, ask.
The Big Bang Theory Season 8, Episode 1
What\'s the difference?
What's the DIFFERENCE?
Game of Thrones Season 4, Episode 3
English to Uzbek Dictionary: difference
Meaning and definitions of difference, translation in Uzbek language for difference with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of difference in Uzbek and in English language.
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Our brain and body on Purpose
Our brain and body on Purpose
Purpose in life is one of the main components of positive wellbeing. It is commonly measured by a series of questions called Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being.1 These questions include, “How do you view your life? Is there meaning in your life? Do you set goals for yourself? Do you feel like you are able to reach those goals?”
People who score their sense of purpose highly in this questionnaire appear to have better cognitive function, longevity, sleep, cardiovascular fitness, and mood. Highlighted below are some of the studies that provide scientific evidence for the biological benefits of having a purpose in life.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most important public health issues of our time, and having a purpose in life may lessen the risk and symptoms in this debilitating condition. Recent studies at Rush University in Chicago, USA show that elderly with a positive sense of purpose in life may be able to reduce their cognitive decline by 50 percent. In fact, an elderly who score in the 90th percentile are 2.4 times less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease, as compared to those who score in the 10th percentile. They found similar results for patients with mild cognitive impairment. This association persisted even after adjustments were made for negative affect, neuroticism, and chronic medical conditions. Another study conducted at the University of Stirling, UK found that positive well-being which includes a sense of purpose in life had significant associations with gray matter volume in the insular cortex. Those with a high score had less cortical atrophy.
Scientists at Johns Hopkins University, USA recently examined the importance of civic engagement, a prominent feature of having a purpose in life, in a prospective randomized study. They assigned a group of elderly to participate in a tutoring program for children in underprivileged elementary schools in Baltimore. These elderly individuals took pleasure and experienced a meaningful satisfaction in helping children improve their academic performance. They underwent brain MRIs and cognitive evaluation at the beginning, at one year, and at two years. As compared with the control group, the “civic engagement” group had better cognitive function and their hippocampus had less atrophy. In fact, some elderly men in the intervention group had expanded the volume of their hippocampus by 1.6 percent.
Increasing evidence suggests that having purpose can serve as a powerful intervention to reduce the burden of stroke. Findings from a study conducted at the University of Michigan indicated that finding meaning in life is associated with a 22 percent reduced risk of clinical strokes.5 Another study of older adults with a high sense of purpose showed that they are better able to recover their cognitive function after a stroke. Examining the link between valuing life and post-mortem changes in the brain reveals that having a purpose in life is associated with a 50 percent reduction in the number of macroscopic cerebral infarcts. The factor that mediates this strong protective effect can be attributed to better blood pressure, better cardiovascular condition, and/or better sleep.
Between 40 and 70 percent of older adults have some form of sleep problems, which in turn are associated with several medical conditions such as high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, stroke, cognitive decline, and depression. Changing outlook in life and setting goals can be a way to remedy sleep disturbances and its associated dire consequences. For example, one study found that a strong sense of purpose in life is associated with a 16 percent reduced odds of developing sleep disturbances. The protective effect for insomnia may be in part due to lower stress levels in individuals who set and achieve meaningful goals.
Frailty and Mortality
Frailty is defined as impairments in multiple body systems, decreased physiological reserves, and a decline in ability to maintain homeostasis. Physical criteria include unintentional weight loss, weakness, self-reported exhaustion, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. Elderly with a sense of purpose in life are less likely to develop frailty. The association persists even when the results are adjusted for household wealth, depressive symptoms, cognitive functions, BMI, smoking, and chronic medical conditions. The exact mediating factor is not known and may be related to lower levels of inflammation in individuals with a higher sense of purpose. Higher well-being is associated with lower blood concentrations of the inflammatory marker such as C-reactive protein, plasma sIL-6R, and fibrinogen.
Evaluation of data from 1,238 older adults showed that, during a five-year period, those with the highest sense of purpose in life have 57 percent lower risk of mortality. The biological benefits that underlie this correlation may include better cardiovascular health, lessen chance of chronic diseases, and better ability to deal with stress.
Purpose: A Powerful Therapy
Clearly, having a purpose in life is a powerful tool that can improve the quality of life for everybody and lessen the burden of several chronic medical conditions in our society.
It will contribute to greater well-being and better overall health.
Copyrights © 2020 Vhesta. All Rights Reserved. |
Question: What Is The Importance Of Finance?
What are the 6 principles of finance?
There are six basic principles of finance, these are:Principles of risk and return.Time value of money.Cash flow principle.Profitability and liquidity.Principles of diversity.Hedging principle..
What is finance and what is its importance?
Finance is the elixir that assists in the formation of new businesses, and allows businesses to take advantage of opportunities to grow, employ local workers and in turn support other businesses and local, state and federal government through the remittance of income taxes.
What is the work of banking and finance?
The banking and finance industries include a wide variety of careers, including positions in asset management, loan processing and financial planning. The required level of education will vary, but many individuals possess a bachelor’s degree. Positions often favor candidates who have completed graduate coursework.
How does finance affect your life?
Personal finance skills help you to understand how much you earn, what are your monthly expenses, and help you to budget within that income. … Personal finance affects even the little necessary things like transport bills, and grocery, as well as the longer-term goals like saving and investments.
What is the basic principle of finance?
There are six foundational principles that can be used to study finance: money has a time value; the higher the reward, the greater the risk; diversification of investments can reduce overall risk; financial markets are efficient in pricing securities; a manager’s and stockholders’ objectives may differ; and reputation …
Why is finance so important?
Undoubtedly, finance is one of the most important aspects of a business. With huge funds, daily cash flow and continuous transaction, managing and monitoring all of the above turn necessary. … To be specific, financial management helps the organization determine what to spend, where to spend and when to spend.
What are the basics of finance?
Basically, finance represents money management and the process of acquiring needed funds. Finance also encompasses the oversight, creation, and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets, and liabilities that make up financial systems.
Why Banking and Finance is important?
Its importance as the “lifeblood” of economic activity, in collecting deposits and providing credits to states and people, households and businesses is undisputable. In all economic systems, banks have the leading role in planning and implementing financial policy.
What are 3 functions of a bank?
– Primary functions include accepting deposits, granting loans, advances, cash, credit, overdraft and discounting of bills. – Secondary functions include issuing letter of credit, undertaking safe custody of valuables, providing consumer finance, educational loans, etc.
What is the meaning of banking and finance?
The network of institutions and laws that provide a great variety of financial services. At its most basic, banking involves an institution holding money on behalf of customers that is payable to the customer on demand, either by appearing at the bank for a withdrawal or by writing a check to a third party.
What is the main goal of financial management?
How can financial managers make wise planning, investment, and financing decisions? The main goal of the financial manager is to maximize the value of the firm to its owners. The value of a publicly owned corporation is measured by the share price of its stock.
What is the importance of finance in your everyday life?
Financial management helps you in Budgeting your income. Budgeting helps in planning your income where your money should be spent, how much income should be saved, how much should be invested. According to your lifestyle plan, stick to what you have budgeted, avoid overspending and direct your money towards savings.
What are the benefits of finance?
Here are the top five benefits of financing:Boost sales. Financing can help your business close more sales by giving customers the flexibility to make regular loan payments that work with their budget constraints. … Increase average order value. … Improve cash flow. … Attract new customers. … Earn repeat business.
What are the 5 principles of finance?
There are five overall principles to managing the financial transactions of sponsored research funds. Policies and procedures within Research Accounting Services have been developed in support of these principles. The five principles are consistency, timeliness, justification, documentation, and certification. |
Ethical Management Procedures Manage Ethical Management Procedures Manage There are so many instances in life where ethics play a major role in decisions that we, as humans, make. Ethical decision making processes take place mostly when conclusions are reached that directly effect people, but what are ethics? The Random House-Webster’s Dictionary of Modern English defines ethics as: The branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of actions and the goodness and badness of motives and ends. This paints a pretty clear picture of what it means to make ethical decisions. This sounds like if you just follow your conscience then it would be fairly easy to come up with the right verdict. There is only one flaw in respect to this hypothesis; it doesnt always work.
A prime example of this is the space shuttle Challenger accident that took place on 28 January 1986. This accident, That affected many lives beyond those of the crew, was a direct result of managerial breakdown. The text offers two paths which managers can take when formatting decisions. The first of these are programmed decisions which are routine, repetitive, well structured situations through the use of predetermined decision rules. If we clearly analyze the Challenger Case we can see that this set of principles doesnt apply. There was no standard operating procedure here for unreliable O-rings. This was not an assembly line where one flaw will shut down an entire days work. This was a space craft with people in it and the only profit to be made here was the advancement of science.
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As stated in the text when we begin to get into Nonprogrammed decisions we can see that as situations become random and illstructured they seek the advise of upper levels of management. This was a very random problem that occurred with the defective O-rings, therefore it would have worked its way up to the higher managerial departments for approval. The Rational model tells us that when managers make these decisions, no matter how random they may be, that they have all the information fully and most importantly that they understand it properly. In a role where others peoples lives are in your hands this becomes essential to success. When reading the material about the challenger case it becomes clear that the upper levels of management that were responsible did not possess all of the information. This is their fault, they should have made sure that they completely understood all vital information.
I Know this first hand, being a noncommissioned officer in the Army I needed to actively seek out all information to make sure that my subordinates knew more than I did. You can delegate tasks but you can never delegate responsibility. This sounds stupid but it makes sense. Another aspect that plagues the ethical decision making is that of biases. This is a large factor in the decision to launch.
There was a tremendous amount of governmental heat coming down to get this shuttle of the ground. When this kind of pressure is inflicted it is very easy for the pros to outweigh the cons which in turn creates biases in decision making processes. The main element that led to the biases in this tragedy was anchoring and adjustment and overconfidence, The management team settled for the decision to launch and justified it as a please all tactic. The had pressure to launch and therefore put to much faith in equipment on its reputation alone when they knew it was not 100% goof-roofed. It is easy to see that there were many factors that disrupted ethical thinking in this cse.
Every manager is going to misjudge their actions from time to time. However, in this business there was no margin for error, and human lives were lost. This is sad but the real tragedy lies in the fact that all managers new this outcome was very possible. Legal Issues. |
The role of women in foraging and horticultural based societies
More Essay Examples on Woman Rubric Even though the technology is simple, it requires knowledge to find and fashion the appropriate tools.
The role of women in foraging and horticultural based societies
Cultural universal Habitat and population[ edit ] Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.
Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coastlived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.
Social and economic structure[ edit ] Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America are an exception to this rule.
Multiple Choice Quiz
Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousnesslanguagekinship and social organization.
In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: At the " Man the Hunter " conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population.
Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition. At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, " Notes on the Original Affluent Society ", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", as Thomas Hobbes had put it in According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well.
Types of Societies
Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. The first of these studies looked at time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.
This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years. Mutual exchange and sharing of resources i. The man carries a bow, three steel-tipped arrows, and a hat that resembles the head of a jabiru stork as camouflage to approach near enough to deer for a shot.
The woman carries a steel-tipped digging stick and a carrying basket for collecting wild tubers. Photo by Russell D. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian.
Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food Kelly[34] Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithicbut the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.
It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategywhich may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists.
The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.In the United States and other industrial societies, breastfeeding practices may look different from foraging or agricultural societies.
A mother may cut her time of breastfeeding short in order to return to a . Thus, women and men enjoy equality and cooperation to survive in foraging societies, men dominate in horticultural and agrarian societies, and women begin to regain ground in industrial societies.
The analysis also takes into account macro- and micro-level "discount" factors that affect the amount of leverage a woman can get from money earned. Chiefdom societies were larger than tribal societies, but were still foraging, pastoral, or horticultural.
The role of women in foraging and horticultural based societies
In chiefdoms, some individuals would have greater political influence or power than others, but the foundation of this power came from their high status kin groups. 1.
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The role of women in foraging and horticultural based societies. 2. How a woman's status is impacted by her participation in food procurement. Subsequently, classifying a society in terms of its level of political integration has proven to be a useful tool in comprehending the wide range of human cultures and societies from small foraging communities to modern nation states.
In kin-based types of economic systems, social obligations fulfill the role of money. The primary focus of this section will be subsistence strategies as they influence other types of behavior.
Anthropologists frequently categorize groups by their subsistence strategy, or how they get their food.
Gender and Economy |
Drug Abuse: Problems and Solutions
Drug Abuse: Problems and Solutions
Drug abuse has been spread in many countries. Billions of dollars are spent internationally preventing наркомания, treating addicts, and fighting преступление, связанное с наркотиками. Although drugs threaten many страны (сообщества), their effects can also be combated успешно.
Drug abuse causes многочисленные проблемы for countries and communities. The medical and психологические эффекты (последствия) are very obvious. Наркоманы cannot function as normal члены общества. They neglect or abuse their families, and eventually require дорогое лечение or hospitalization. Huge полицейские ресурсы are needed to fight контрабанда and dealing. Криминальные группировки and mafia underworlds develop with the money from drugs.
However, the угроза (зло) of drugs can be fought. Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at home and in school about наркотики. People need осознавать последствия so that they can make avoid this проблема. A second подход is to increase police manpower and powers to stop наркодилеры and to enforce the закон. However, the main цель should be the user. Families and адвокат (поверенный) need to talk to children and people at risk. Parents need to look after their children and help them. Jobs are needed to give people a role in society.
В заключение, although the problem of drugs may seem impossible to eliminate, there are some important шаги that can be taken to weaken the влияние наркотиков on society. The опасность from drugs is too great to ignore.
Exercise 14. Scan Text 4 and comment on the following:
- Drug abuse has become a serious problem in our society.
- What are the causes of this and what are some solutions?
Exercise 15.Give the summary of the text above.
Talking Points
Exercise 16.Ask and answer with a partner.
1. Is overcoming drug abuse possible without professional assistance?
2. What is the specific prevalence of drug abuse?
3. What are negative influences of substance abuse among young people?
4. Where can teenagers get information about the influence of drugs: via the mass media, social clubs, rehabilitation centres or schools?
Exercise 17. Present your own views on the following:
Ø Health risks of drug abuse.
Ø Concerns of the countries for potential problems of drug abusing in the future.
Ø The role of the governments in solving this problem.
Ø The drug problem in sport.
Exercise 18. In class, discuss the following:
You are attending the conference on drug abuse. Present some of your solutions. Prepare a plan of action to combat drug-taking in sport. Use the information from the text:
Ex-Olympics Chief Wants to ‘Go Soft’ on Drugs
Juan Antonio Samaranch, the former president of the International Olympics Committee (IOC) has angered many British sportsmen, sportswomen, and sports administrators. In an interview with a Spanish newspaper, he demanded that some performance-enhancing drugs be legalized in sport. In his opinion, only drugs which harm health need to be banned.
Cycling has one of the worst reputations for drug abuse in sport.
Many officials and cyclists really believe that using certain drugs is no different from having a special diet. So it is perhaps not surprising that the directors of Spain’s top two cycling teams agreed with Mr. Samaranch’s point of view, saying that such a decision would improve the image of their sport.
However, Mr. Samaranch’s comments upset British experts, who have been asking for stricter controls, fearing that more freedom would make the current problems even worse. Sir Arthur Gold, an anti-doping campaigner, and the president of the Amateur Athletic Association, called Mr. Samaranch’s comments ‘unwise’.
Craig Reedie, the chairman of the British Olympic Association (BOA) said that the BOA was opposed to the use of all performance-enhancing drugs, whether they can harm an athlete’s health or not.
The former British world-record holders Steve Oven and Steve Cram also spoke out against Mr. Samaranch’s views. Mr. Oven asked, “How do you define dangerous? Is it when someone dies?”
Meanwhile, a leading British distance runner, Jon Brown, said that the banned performance-enhancing drug EPO was being used as much in his own sport as in cycling.
As a result of the controversy, the IOC announced a special conference in Lausanne to review the fight against doping in sport.
Exercise 19. Make notes on the text. Speak on the following:
1. Mr. Samaranch’s opinion.
2. People who support his opinion.
3. Reasons for their support.
4. People who disagree with Mr. Samaranch.
5. Reasons for their disagreement.
6. Further action suggested.
Focus on Grammar
Exercise 20. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
Start with: “The passenger said…”
1. “All baggage from flight number 790 has already arrived, but my luggage isn’t there”.
2. “My luggage was damaged during unloading”.
3. “My suitcase is damaged”.
4. “The suitcase opened and the things fell out”.
5. “The baggage check has been torn off my suitcase”.
6. “I’ve lost my baggage claim check”.
7. “I have only one bag (briefcase, attaché case) to carry on”.
8. “There are no prohibited things in my luggage”.
9. “I haven’t anything liable for duty”.
10. “I have only my personal belongings”.
11. “These are for my personal use”.
12. “I’ve got a small bottle of perfume”.
Exercise 21. Change the following questions into Indirect Speech.
Start with: “The passenger asked…”
1. “Where can I get a baggage cart?”
2. “I’ve got... dollars. Must I show that amount on the declaration?”
3. “Do I have to pay duty on these things?”
4. “Which bus do I take from the airport to the centre of the city?”
5. “Can I make a phone call from here to another city?”
6. “I’ve left my raincoat (hat, briefcase, etc.) on the plane. How can I get it?”
7. “To which conveyor will the baggage from flight number 572 come?”
8. “Who can I see about it?”
9. “Where’s the baggage claim area?”
10. “Should I get on the red or green line?”
11. “Where should I put my suitcase?”
12. “Can I cash travellers’ checks?”
Exercise 22. Change the sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. Jake said, “Does the government in Argentina impose any regulations on foreign trade?”
2. I asked Linda, “Do the government regulations discourage foreign trade?”
3. I asked the government official, “How many natives do we have to have in our Board of Directors?”
4. Norman asked, “Do the locals have the controlling interest?”
5. I asked the manager, “Do we have to file a plan and indicate whom we are going to fire?”
6. I asked the Customs officer, “What is to be shown at the departure gate?”
7. We asked the airport official, “Where can we get our baggage?”
Exercise 23. Fill in the gaps with one of the introductory verbs from the box below in Past Simple:
agree, invite, warn, accuse, boast, complain, insist, explain, exclaim, remind, suggest, promise
1. “Will you come to the ball?” he said to her. He _______ her to go to the ball.
2. “I’m the best student of the Customs Academy,” he said. He _______ about being the best student of the Customs Academy.
3. “Yes, I’ll lend you some money,” he said to Jane. He ______ to lend Jane some money.
4. “What a beautiful dress she is wearing!” he said. He ______ that she was wearing a beautiful dress.
5. “He never buys me flowers,” she said. She ______ that he never bought her flowers.
6. “Let’s go for a picnic,” he said. He ______ going for a picnic.
7. “You stole the money,” Tom said to Jim. Tom ______ Jim of stealing the money.
8. “Don’t forget to hang out the washing,” she said to me. She ______ me to hang out the washing.
9. “I promise I’ll write to you,” she said to him. She _______ to write to him.
10. “You must finish the report,” she said to him. She ______ on finishing the report.
11. “Would you like to spend the weekend with us?” They ________ her to spend the weekend with them.
Exercise 24. Change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech.
1. The manager said, “We will arrange a meeting on Friday”.
2. I said, “They won’t come to our office till 12 p.m. today”.
3. Jake said, “I will help you to work on this new software”.
4. The boss said to the manager, “Examine the market, please”.
5. I said to John, “Try to contact the Sales Department”.
6. Jack said to me, “Don’t sign this agreement”.
7. The supplier said to the office director, “Pay in advance”.
Exercise 25.Change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech.
Start with: “The passenger said (asked)…”
1. “I have to pass through pre-flight formalities”.
2. “Where does the airport bus leave from?”
3. “Where is the bus stop?”
4. “I will register my ticket as soon as I arrive at the airport”.
5. “Where can I get a taxi?”
6. “Can I get to the city from here by subway?”
7. “I am going to buy some post cards”.
8. “Which way is to gate number 7?”
9. “Where is the baggage check room?”
10. “I haven’t got any dutiable articles”.
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Majuro is the capital of the Marshall Islands, a country in the Pacific Ocean. Majuro is an atoll, or a ring of coral islands surrounding a pool of water.
Majuro is home to almost half the people of the Marshall Islands. Most of the people of Majuro live on three small, connected islands. These islands have government buildings, a college, and a cultural museum.
Most of the Marshall Islands’ economic activity takes place in Majuro. Many people have jobs in government or tourism. Fish and coconut processing are big industries. Majuro has a seaport and an airport.
After World War II the Marshall Islands were governed by the United States. The U.S. government gave up control in 1986. Then Majuro became the capital of the independent Marshall Islands. Population (2004 estimate), 20,800.
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Quick Answer: Why Is It Important To Maintain Confidentiality In Schools?
Why it is important to maintain confidentiality in the workplace?
In today’s increasingly litigious and highly competitive workplace, confidentiality is important for a host of reasons: …
In the wrong hands, confidential information can be misused to commit illegal activity (e.g., fraud or discrimination), which can in turn result in costly lawsuits for the employer..
What is school confidentiality?
Confidentiality is defined as ‘something which is spoken or given in private, entrusted with another’s secret affairs’. The confider is asking for the content of the conversation to be kept secret.
What does it mean to maintain confidentiality?
Why is it important to protect information?
Key pieces of information that are commonly stored by businesses, be that employee records, customer details, loyalty schemes, transactions, or data collection, needs to be protected. This is to prevent that data being misused by third parties for fraud, such as phishing scams, and identity theft.
What are boundaries of confidentiality?
Confidentiality is based upon mutual respect, trust and honesty. The boundaries of confidentiality are within Door 84 unless there is specific permission granted by the young person or participants or there are child protection issues.
How do you maintain confidentiality in the workplace?
Ten ways to protect your confidential informationProper labelling. … Insert non-disclosure provisions in employment agreements. … Check out other agreements for confidentiality provisions. … Limit access. … Add a confidentiality policy to the employee handbook. … Exit interview for departing employees. … Consider notifying the new employer.More items…•
Why is it important to maintain confidentiality?
Why is it important to reassure parents of confidentiality?
So it is good idea to keep every information given by parents or carers as being confidential, including contact details, medical information and the child’s record. We need to reassure them that any confidential information will not be passed on to others, to become the source of gossip or interest.
Why is it so important to treat information about children with confidentiality?
Child care programs routinely handle confidential information about enrolled children, families, and staff. … This information is shared only when it is necessary. This is important especially when there are specific health and safety concerns. Maintaining confidentiality also builds trust in child care programs.
Why is it important to maintain confidentiality of meetings discussions and actions?
Importance of Confidentiality at Work Confidentiality is of paramount importance. … This is because if it reaches the wrong hands, it can be considered as a breach of confidentiality and the employee may even be dismissed for it. Also, employees should not discuss any business dealings with the clients, outside work.
How do you protect patient confidentiality?
5 ways to maintain patient confidentialityCreate thorough policies and confidentiality agreements. … Provide regular training. … Make sure all information is stored on secure systems. … No mobile phones. … Think about printing.
What are the advantages of confidentiality?
The primary benefit of confidentiality is that it can enable a business to keep sensitive business information secret from the public and competitors. |
December 4, 2020 4:32 am
Artificial Intelligence could be for cybersecurity: Here’s why
The repetitive nature of cyber security work makes AI an ideal replacement
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Though it would be convenient, the fact that more and more organizations have dealt with cyberattacks doesn’t mean that similar attacks will stop anytime soon. As long as the economic incentives remain, the number of attacks will only increase, especially as money from successful ones flows back into the cybercrime infrastructure. If cybersecurity is already daunting for many organizations, is there a way to make protecting data any more manageable in the coming year? IEEE asked a number of experts what cybersecurity advances they expected to see in 2018, and one answer was fairly unanimous: .
For many organizations, analysts in security operations centers spend their days sifting through hoards of log files for suspicious activity. The repetitive nature of this work makes AI an ideal replacement, says Kayne McGladrey, IEEE Member, Director of Services at Integral Partners (US): “Artificial intelligence has been shown to be good at pattern recognition and correlation over a vast number of data points, and can make connections faster than human analysts would.”
“As a result of constantly-evolving cyber threats, building static defense systems for discovered attacks is not enough to protect users,” says Kevin Curran, IEEE Senior Member, Professor of Cyber Security at Ulster University, Northern Ireland (UK). Due to the rapid rate of change, “more sophisticated techniques such as are now needed to discover the embedded and lurking cyber intrusions and cyber intrusion techniques.”
Developing cybersecurity-specific AI with machine learning capabilities isn’t exactly easy. Unfortunately, other factors will make the challenge even harder. Andre Leon S. Gradvohl, IEEE Senior Member, Professor at the University of Campinas (Brazil), points to the emergence of cybercrime-as-a-service, “which, in a nutshell, means that we can buy or rent kits for practicing ransomware or malware.” And while AI and machine learning can help monitor for these attacks, “cyber criminals may also have these tools and can use them to promote attacks.”
So while the path forward in cybersecurity remains daunting, artificial intelligence stands to be a helpful force, as it does in other industries.
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This week in English intervention, Year 11s, Phillipe, Josh, Ugbaad, Mayuri, Connor and Kristian developed an exceptional piece of creative writing. The pupils were challenged with writing a creative piece together, without seeing what the other pupils were writing. They were allocated a section of the story and could only focus on that. Their final piece was brilliant. Please take a moment to read their response below. Well done!
It was sharply freezing. No scream could be heard; but only those of one in pure plight. He peacefully prayed while the rapid darkness enclosed him. Alone. No screams could be heard.
He was looking at the rose petals in a sentimental way. His hands gripped firmly onto the stem like he didn’t want to lose it. The flower looked depressed. His fingers were scraping the ice away, freeing the mind forged manacles inside.
He looked at the bruised flower with grief, the clouds quickly turned black and began to cry. The man’s body began to become heavy from the weight of the sky’s tears. The sky’s sorrow was contagious, as before he knew it – the man began to cry. So heavy the lamp’s flame burnt out. Tears continued to fall.
The bench sighed sympathetically. With every sniffle and sob it clung tighter. Desperately persevering to ignite his withered flame. His tears fell like bullets, piercing the tough, time-worn timber, as he fell back in agony.
Endlessly wondering, why it had to happen to him. Why is it that every time he anxiously sees her, he still gets the same butterflies as the night they met, even when he is rested six-foot under silky, soft soil. Gazing into her most treasured flower like it was her beautiful eyes that once used to love him.
Of course, he grieves, why would he not? The storm heading closer, closer and closer. Monstrous growls from the tenacious thunder echoes all around him, as if he was not alone, reminding him that he as no one. In a room blocked off and trapped. And he will never gain back what he lost.
This is Phillip, and this is his story. |
Question: How Do You Spell Entwine?
What does entwined mean?
transitive verb.
: to twine together or around.
intransitive verb.
: to become twisted or twined..
What is another word for entwined?
What is another word for entwined?tiedclenchedhardknittedknottedsnarledtangledtauttensetight31 more rows
What does tangle mean?
: to twist or become twisted together into a mass that is hard to straighten out again. tangle. noun. Kids Definition of tangle (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : a mass that is twisted together and hard to straighten a tangle of yarn a tangle of branches.
What is tangle hair?
Tangles are caused when the outer layer of your hair (cuticle) is damaged and opens up. The open cuticles block each other and form knots. Basically, a hair knot forms when two single strands of hair wrap around each other to become intertwined.
What does mockery mean?
The noun mockery means ridicule or making a fool out of someone. Mockery of your history teacher is unwise just before she grades your mid-term exams. Mockery is making fun of or mocking someone or something. The act of mockery often involves copying someone’s behavior or speech, making it look absurd, like a parody.
What does Aqueduct mean?
1a : a conduit for water especially : one for carrying a large quantity of flowing water. b : a structure for conveying a canal over a river or hollow.
Is it entwined or intertwined?
You may use either word in your examples without changing the meaning. “Entwine” is more often used with two things twisted together or with one thing enclosing another. “Intertwine” is more often used with more than two things twisted together. But both words mean twisted together.
What does Ravel mean?
(Entry 1 of 3) intransitive verb. 1 : to become unwoven, untwisted, or unwound : fray. 2 : break up, crumble.
What does the word sinuous mean?
adjective. having many curves, bends, or turns; winding: a sinuous path. indirect; devious: sinuous questions. characterized by a series of graceful curving motions: a sinuous dance.
Are ravel and unravel synonyms?
ravelen “to tangle, fray, unweave,” from rafel “frayed thread.” The seemingly contradictory senses of this word (ravel and unravel are both synonyms and antonyms) are reconciled by its roots in weaving and sewing: as threads become unwoven, they get tangled.
What is the meaning of tangled up?
Definition of ‘tangle up’ If a person or thing is tangled up in something such as wire or ropes, they are caught or trapped in it.
What is inextricably intertwined?
If two or more things are inextricably linked, they cannot be considered separately. FORMAL adv ADV with v. Religion was for her inextricably linked with life itself.
What things intertwine?
Things that intertwine are twisted or mixed together. You have to intertwine yarn to make a scarf. When things intertwine, they’re all mixed up together — it’s hard to separate them. To make any type of clothing, threads have to be intertwined.
What weave means?
verb (used with object), wove or, especially for 5, weaved; wo·ven or wove; weav·ing. to interlace (threads, yarns, strips, fibrous material, etc.) so as to form a fabric or material. to form by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material: to weave a basket; to weave cloth.
What is the antonym of connected?
connected(adj) joined or linked together. Antonyms: unrelated, separated, separate, uncoupled, off-line, obscure, detached, unattached, unconnected, isolated, wireless, disjoined, asternal, off, exploded, apart(p)
Is entwine a word?
verb (used with or without object), en·twined, en·twin·ing. to twine with, about, around, or together.
Do ravel and unravel mean the same thing?
You ravel something when you put it together — as in weaving it together. When you unravel it, you make a mess of it. But imagine that you have have put different pieces of wool together on a wheel, in a particular order, to weave them together. |
The Term “Feminism” Means a Lot more than you think!
Tanaya Dewan(Translated by Tahiya Islam):
Near and dear ones know me as a feminist, so whenever any issue occurs, they all grab the opportunity to have an argument with me. Sometimes, it so happens that the other side is deliberately trying to create a heated argument just to get a reaction!
Some often jokingly say, “You will always take a woman’s side because you are a feminist.”
My question is, what do these people think of feminism?
I think I know what these people understand by feminism. They believe, a feminist is such a woman who will roam around in bikini regardless of the occasion just to prove her feminism. They also believe, fighting for women’s rights ignoring men’s rights, taking a woman’s side even if she is wrong and establishing the opposite scenario in front of others, torturing men in every sense and building a grudge against men with no reason whatsoever define feminism.
There is a group of people (mostly men and at times, women) believe that feminism solely indicates the above mentioned features. If you all think that the meaning of feminism lies within this conception then I will ask you to educate yourself more about feminism.
Let me help those kinds of men and women by stating Wikipedia’s definition about feminism
“Feminism: (In Bangla= Naribad নারীবাদ) is a philosophy of the twentieth century, which indicates women’s freedom and equality in comparison to men’s in every aspect of civilization. Feminism emphasizes on establishing women’s equality in the society, especially emphasizes on the factual proof of men and women’s equality in every aspect.”
Feminism demands that not only women are more capable than men but also they are no less than men in contributing for the society.
The main purpose of feministic actions is to diminish the prevailing gender inequality in the society. These actions indicated such movements and activities which have the potential to ensure the maximum participation of women in social, political, cultural and economic sectors of the country. Right to vote, right to be the rightful heir, right to be educated, right to have equal respect in a marriage, equal rights in business and politics, equal remuneration for everyone, right to get a maternity leave- these are the fundamental rights believed by a feminist. From the ancient times, women are prone to being tortured. So, feminists believe in and try their best in establishing overall equality for women in the society.
Feminists work for establishing their body rights and respect along with fighting for saving women and young girls from rape, sexual and family abuse. According to several opinions, a feminist can be of any gender; either a man or a woman who strongly believe in the definition of feminism.
After analyzing the definition given by Wikipedia, if there is still any confusion prevails among anyone, then for them, in easiest words- Feminism means ensuring women’s rights physically, mentally, socially, personally, politically, culturally and economically.
Ask your conscience and please let me know, if any of the above mentioned criteria are illogical?
Or are you that egotistic that you are not up for any logical explanations?
Okay, if you do not believe in feminism, I hope you believe in humanity. You should, at least for your own good. My question to you is, if you can think of your own good, then why cannot someone else think the same?
Please do not differentiate between men and women, rather consider everyone as human beings. The way you feel hunger, every other person feels too. The demands that you have, everyone also has those demands. The way you jump when you are happy, others go through those emotions too. More than half of the problems will be reduced if one can put him/herself in others shoes.
The human rights you are thinking of, these exact same rights are expected and wanted by women as human beings. The movements or protests that are conducted by a group of people for the establishment of the women rights are called feminist actions. People who support these movements are known as feminists.
The original article was published in Bengali on July 2, 2017.
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Federal congress
Science before, during and after the government shutdown
Flavia A Tejeda's picture
On December 22, the federal government of the United States suffered a partial closure which lasted for 35 days, resulting in the longest governmental closure in history. This closure, the result of a budget dispute between the President and the House of Representatives, affected more than a quarter of the US government agencies. Among the affected agencies, directly and indirectly, were leading research agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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February 9, 2015
Still Life: Ways to Make Your Pictures Move
Documentary filmmakers often use still images—mostly photographs—to help tell their stories, and prefer to have “camera moves” that complement the visual flow. Until a few years ago, the most popular way to accomplish this effect was with a motion-control camera stand. Today, some producers are using computer-editing software. As an editor, I have experience with both methods.
The camera stand method involves moving the image in front of the camera and using a zoom lens. This is a real optical zoom, so resolution isn’t lost when honing in on a small area. Some systems can shoot film as well as video.
Roland House, the Arlington, Virginia-based post house, employs a “Manipulator,” a large stand with a camera pointing down at the art, which lays on a table that can move two-dimensionally in any direction and is controlled by computer. The operator uses joysticks to frame and mark the beginning and end of a move, then registers the length of the move on the computer. The move is approved in real time, then recorded on tape.
A good operator can adjust the ramp speeds of starts and stops to look smooth, and the moves are almost always straight-line. The system is capable of more, but it involves identifying “key frames” and viewing in a trial-and-error fashion—a time-intensive process. With acquired skill, a good operator can shoot up to 12 moves per hour.
Visual Productions, based in Kensington, Maryland, employs what CEO Berle Cherney calls “Animotion.” With this optical system, the art sits on a vertical two-dimensional surface that moves in front of the horizontally pointing camera. Cherney doesn’t use a computer; he programs moves in real-time using sliding potentiometers for speed and a rotary dial resembling a car’s steering wheel for direction. This system, which can shoot both film and video, allows the operator to make constant adjustments, depending on the composition of the art. The moves don’t look at all mechanical, and can be viewed while being programmed. The digital system memorizes the move and can play it at different speeds. A skilled operator of this system can often shoot more than 20 smooth, fluid moves per hour.
In the software-based motion-control arena, Adobe After Effects and Stagetools Moving Pictures are two systems that share crucial characteristics. In order to avoid loss of resolution when zooming in, images have to be scanned at high resolutions, then imported into the program. For the most basic point-to-point moves, the operator needs to establish the starting and ending compositions, enter the timing and render the move. Then it can be viewed in real-time. Under the best of circumstances this process takes about ten minutes, but can be considerably longer. It took seven minutes to render a straight-line, 15-second move. The same move at 30 seconds took almost twice that time.
Most straight-line moves look mechanical. To avoid this, the operator can program “key frames” within the move. Starts and stops can be difficult, but they can be refined. Original images can be manipulated in programs like Photoshop. There’s room for versatility, but the big downside is time: three to five moves per hour might be a good pace. Cost analysis is not simple. If you own capable editing equipment and software and do your own editing, you’ll save money, but spend lots of time. If you pay an editor, it could easily cost the same or more than optical systems.
All of these motion-control systems have merit, and each is appropriate in the proper circumstance. If I’m using only a few stills, and have the software on my computer, I’d use that. If I’m working at an on-line facility that has something like a Manipulator, and it’s convenient to work there, and I have a limited number of stills, I would go through the process there. If the use of stills is critical to the production, and I need to get the most creative treatment, I would go to someone like Cherney, or Ed Joyce of the Boston-based Frame Shop, both of who, based on their years of experience, can offer surprisingly effective suggestions.
Don’t make these decisions lightly. Editors are generally not trained to design composition and movement, yet because of the capabilities of the equipment, they’re often expected to design title sequences, special effects, and motion-control. I’ve worked with the specialists. They bring as much to the production as a live-action cameraman. They work fast, and suggest choices I never would have thought of. The end result is unquestionably better, it takes less time and the producer saves money.
You can get there from here. Your route depends on how you choose to travel.
Jamie Crausman is a free-lance editor in the Washington, DC area. He has also been active in product development, beta testing, and training for Discreet Logic. |
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I recently saw a news article in which vitamin D was suggested for preventing Swine Flu.
Q:I recently saw a news article in which vitamin D was suggested for preventing Swine Flu. Is there any basis for this idea? Should I use vitamin D instead of getting a flu shot?
A:There is a lot of excitement in the medical world about vitamin D as a preventative — or even as a treatment! — for a wide variety of problems, including infectious diseases such as influenza and colds. The basic idea is as follows: Vitamin D is essential for certain parts of the immune system to function properly. The body gets much of its vitamin D from the action of sunlight on the skin. During the fall and winter, most people get too little sunlight exposure and become deficient in vitamin D. Their immunity to flu and colds therefore declines, making them susceptible to flu infections. This is why flu epidemics tend to occur during these months.
Epidemiologists have long noticed that flu epidemics don’t follow the patterns expected of a disease that is transmitted simply by the infecting of people who are well by people who are sick (i.e., by people who are coughing, sniffling, and spewing virus-laden fluids). For example, it has been noticed that in the tropics there is no special “flu season”, whereas in temperate regions epidemics occur mainly in the fall and winter. And there are other ways in which actual flu epidemics don’t match their expected behavior.1
Various explanations have been proposed for these discrepancies.1 The explanation that appears to make the most sense is the one mentioned above involving vitamin D deficiencies. This explanation accounts for many of features of real epidemics. For example, vitamin D deficiencies are more severe during the fall and winter in temperate regions, but in tropical regions people get good sun exposure all year round, and therefore have no seasonal deficiency.
How much vitamin D should one take to protect against the flu? Very little research has been done to find out, but experts have made some pretty good guesses from the existing data:
• For prevention, at least 5000 i.u. of vitamin D3 per day.2
• To treat an existing flu infection in an adult, 140,000 i.u. of vitamin D3 per day for 7 days.2
Long-term use of more than 40,000 i.u. per day is unwise because in some people these dosages may cause excess calcium build-up in the body (‘hypercalcemia’).3
I myself use 25,000 i.u. per day. I often miss a day, but this is no problem because the body stores this vitamin long enough to even out the peaks and valleys in the dosing schedule. I use LifeLink’s high-potency vitamin D3 product: D3ZO. (I helped to design the formulation, so I trust this product more than I do any of the other D3 brands.)
I definitely don’t recommend that vitamin D be substituted for a flu vaccination. They work by different mechanisms and should be seen as complementary preventions. One is a back-up for the other. Flu vaccinations can easily fail to provide adequate protection against fast-mutating flu strains such as Swine Flu or Bird Flu. When these flu strains suddenly become resistant to the current vaccine, there is no time to reformulate the vaccine before a major epidemic occurs. In this case, those who have been taking high-dose vitamin D can have an advantage over everyone else. I always get a flu shot each year, and now I have the extra confidence that comes from having vitamin D protection as well.
For more information on this vitamin, such as its use to prevent cancer and osteoporosis, see LifeLink’s monographs for D3ZO and for Formula CS Plus.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this “Ask Dr. Zarkov” article contains no medical advice whatsoever — it contains biological information. Nothing in the article constitutes an effort to persuade readers to use, or not to use, this biological information as a basis for action.
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Zucchini–or zucca in Italian, has a long history of more than 7000 years ago. From it’s origin in the northern parts of South America to Europe where their cultivation began, it is now used in various dishes and also good for our health thanks to its nutritional benefits.
This ubiquitous summer squash contains zero fat, but has a good amount of potassium–even more than the banana. It is full of antioxidant that are found in the skin and seed, and also contains a significant amounts of vitamins B6, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin K, and manganese. This makes zucchini, also known as courgette, a nutrient-dense food that you should include in your diet.
Zucchini Benefits:
Improves digestion
Regular consumption of zucchini can help to improve digestion, reducing constipation and other digestive issues. It can also help prevents ulcers, IBS, and colon cancer.
Rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutriens, zucchini helps get rid of the body of free radicals and excess inflammation. The lutein in zucchini encourages skin health by reducing inflammation responses. It also promote skin hydration, this means when the skin is exposed to sunlight, lutein reduces the inflammation response and cause less damage to the moisture barrier of the skin.
Lower blood sugar level
Unhealthy diet high in carbohydrates and low in fibre could worsened diabetes problems. By incorporating zucchini in your diet, you increase your fiber intake. You feel full longer with less carbohydrates intake, thus blood sugar levels is reduced, and insulin sensitivity is increased. Your body doesn’t require excessive amount of insulin to process sugar, and as a result this diet change your risk of developing diabetes.
Supports healthy heart
The fiber and potassium properties in zucchini helps to maintain healthy blood circulation. It is low in fat and sodium, and also low in fiber such as polysaccharide which lowers cholesterol levels.This combination works synergistically to maintain good circulation, which is necessary for healthy blood pressure and a healthy heart.
Zucchini also provides folate, a vitamin needed to break down the dangerous amino acid homocysteine, which can contribute to heart attack and stroke.
Helps protect the eye-sight.
Zucchini is a good source of vitamin C, beta-carotene, manganese, zeaxanthin and lutein. Zeaxanthin and lutein fight free radicals and reduce the risk of developing age-related eye conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration.
Reduces fatigue and improves mood.
A good source of vitamin B, especially folate, riboflavin and B6, zucchini can help to boost energy production in the body. These vitamins also helps in various brain cognitive functions.
Helps weight loss
Because zucchini is high in water and fiber and low in calories, it is a good substitute of carbohydrate and sugary food. By incorporating zucchini in your diet, in the long term it can help weight loss.
Protects against inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory compounds such as vitamins A and C, glutathione peroxide and superoxide dismutase are found in zucchini skin. For this reason, it is advised to eat the skin together with the flesh. Consuing zucchini regularly reduces oxidation and inflammation within the body, boost the body’s immunity and protects against disease associated with inflammation.
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Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany & Andrea Ghez of the US won the Nobel Physics Prize on October 6 for their research into black holes, the Nobel jury said. The physicists were selected "for their discoveries about one of the most exotic phenomena in the universe, the black hole," the Nobel Committee said. Penrose, 89, was honoured for showing "that the general theory of relativity leads to the formation of black holes". Genzel, 68, and Ghez, 55, were jointly awarded for discovering "that an invisible and extremely heavy object governs the orbits of stars at the centre of our galaxy," the jury said. Ghez is just the fourth woman to receive the physics prize since 1901 when the first Nobel prizes were handed out. The term "black hole" refers to a point in space where matter is so compressed as to create a gravity field from which even light cannot escape. Meanwhile, two Americans and a British scientist were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Medicine on October 5 for their contribution in identifying the Hepatitis C virus, which causes cirrhosis & liver cancer. Announcing the prize in Stockholm, the Nobel Committee said that that the work of Harvey Alter, Charles Rice, and Michael Houghton has helped explain a major source of blood-borne hepatitis that couldn’t be explained by the hepatitis A and B viruses. The winners would normally receive their prize at a formal ceremony in Stockholm on December 10, the anniversary of the 1896 death of scientist Alfred Nobel who created the prizes in his last will and testament. But the in-person ceremony has been cancelled this year due to the coronavirus pandemic, replaced with a televised ceremony showing the laureates receiving their awards in their home countries. |
Attach an adjective to uncover its limitations.
By attaching an adjective to an idea, we highlight the once invisible limitations, and we become conscious of current shortcomings. It opens our minds to new possibilities and potential opportunities.
1. Select your own object, issue, or topic of study.
It can be one of the solutions that you came up with, a time period, or even a product you created.
2. Attach an adjective or descriptive phrase to it.
The adjective must point out some reality of the situation. Ideally, this should be some feature that is limiting or taken for granted.
3. Then consider whether your phrase suggests new possibilities or opportunities.
The characteristics of the adjective will clarify the hidden limitations of your idea and will help you see how it can be further improved,
Take action!
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3. hardwood
What is Hardwood?
What is hardwood?
American black walnut, hardwood, timber, wood Hardwood is an organic, often visually attractive material that comes from the trunks and branches of trees.
It is used in the construction of many everyday items such as furniture, doors, the framework of some buildings, musical instruments, flooring, tool handles and even the fascias in some (usually expensive!) cars.
Hardwood grain, wood grain, timber Generally, the long fibres of hardwoods are densely packed, making the wood harder and so suitable for applications which call for fairly tough surfaces.
Real wood flooring, hardwood, timber While hardwood is usually more expensive than softwood and often has a more complex and aesthetic grain structure, softwood scores for some applications because of its comparative lightness, lower cost, and the fact that it’s generally easier to cut and shape.
Wonkee Donkee on information about softwood, hardwood, wood, timber
What is hardwood used for?
Piano, hardwood, timber, grain Where to begin? Hardwood is used for tables, chairs, flooring, turned wooden bowls and lamp stands, tool handles, construction work that needs to last (beams, joists and frames), carved ornaments, pianos and other musical instruments – the list seems endless.
Hardwood veneers, timber, veneered wood
Hardwood veneer
Because of the relatively high cost of hardwood, and the fact that some hardwoods are becoming scarce due to over-exploitation in some parts of the world, many “hardwood” items, particularly furniture, are in fact just a thin veneer of hardwood bonded to a core of softwood or medium-density fibreboard (MDF).
Veneered bureau, wood veneer, hardwood Because the veneer is used on all the visible sides and edges, the impression is that the product is made entirely of expensive hardwood. An advantage of veneered wood is that it is usually less likely to split, crack or warp over time than pieces made from solid wood.
Genuine end grain, hardwood, wood, timber, learn
How can you tell if furniture is veneered or solid wood?
You can usually tell by checking for end grain. For instance, a table top will have two long edges parallel with the direction of the wood’s grain. The other two, usually shorter, ends will have end grain, where the grain has been cut laterally. It looks like a matrix of minuscule dots and sometimes shows parts of the shaded rings – the “growth rings” – of the tree it came from.
Veneered edge of wood, timber, hardwood, softwood, learn Look where you would normally expect to see end grain on a piece of furniture. If the grain runs in lines along the edge, the furniture is veneered. If it looks like end grain, it’s solid.
How is hardwood formed?
Heartwood, hardwood, timber, grain
As the trunk and branches of a tree grow bigger, the long, narrow inner cells they are composed of deteriorate and die, leaving behind just the cell walls, which become what is known as the heartwood.
Sapwood and bark, how does wood grow, hardwood, timber
The living part of the trunk or branch is the part known as sapwood, just inside the tree’s protective covering, the bark. The sapwood continues to transport nutrient from the ground to the higher reaches of the tree, while inside the dead wood continues to expand with each successive growing season.
The heartwood is what – after being sawn and planed – becomes the hardwood timber that can be used in literally thousands of different ways.
Drying hardwood
Wood going into a kiln, hardwood, wood, timber, drying After felling and usually (but not always) after being cut into large, initial shapes, hardwood is either left to dry naturally over months or even years, or quickly dried in a purpose-built oven, known as a kiln.
What types of tree does hardwood come from?
Oak leaf and flower, hardwood, timber Hardwoods come from broad-leaved deciduous trees – the type, such as oak, ash and beech, that bear flowers in spring or summer, develop some form of fruit, then lose their leaves in the autumn.
Confer trees, softwood, hardwood Softwoods, on the other hand, come from evergreen, coniferous trees, typified by fine, needle-like leaves.
So how hard is hardwood?
Balsa model aeroplane, hardwood, timber
Some hardwoods are soft
Some hardwoods are not hard. Balsa wood, known for its lightness and ability to bend – making it useful for making model aeroplanes – is a good example of a soft hardwood.
Lignum vitae sinks in water, hardwood, timber, dense wood
Some are so dense they sink
However, some woods, like lignum vitae, are so dense – and therefore hard – that they sink in water. This type of wood is used for tools, such as wooden hand planes, that need to be particularly tough and enduring.
Softwoods and hardwoods, timber, wood It’s also true that some softwoods can be quite hard, but generally speaking, hardwoods are hard and softwoods are softer.
What sizes of hardwood are available?
Hardwood tree, crooked, random shapes, timber
Random is the key word
Hardwood can be very different from softwood when it comes to size. The key word here is “random”, because hardwood trees generally don’t grow straight (their crookedness is what often gives them attractive, swirly grain), and the width of trunks and branches varies considerably.
Sawing hardwood to size, timber, timber merchants
Custom sizes
While many timber merchants do have some off-the-shelf sizes for you to choose from, they usually also provide custom sizes and can be very helpful in meeting unusual requirements.
However, you will most likely have to pay for any wastage when rough-sawn hardwood is cut to a particular size for you.
Rough sawn oak, hardwood, timber, wood
Rough-sawn or planed
You can buy hardwood rough-sawn . . .
Hardwood planed all round, PAR, timber, wood . . . or prepared to some extent.
PSE (planed square edge) hardwood is planed on one side (which provides a reference for planing and squaring up the other sides). PBS (planed both sides) is planed on opposite sides, while PAR (planed all round) is planed on four sides (but leaving the short, “end grain” ends unplaned as length is the dimension that is most likely to change when the wood is cut to fit into a project).
Why your piece of wood might be smaller than you think
Planing wood, hardwood, size smaller after preparation If you order hardwood in specific sizes and it’s prepared to some extent (planed on one or more sides), you may find that your wood is actually smaller than quoted. This is because the sizes used in the industry are often based on rough-sawn wood, which loses a little of its thickness or width, or both, when it is planed.
Mallets made from very hard wood, hardwood, timber
Hardness and load-bearing ability
Firstly – and perhaps most obviously – most hardwoods are hard and strong, which makes them suitable for applications where the wood is likely to get knocked about – such as tool handles, cricket bats and mallets – and where load-bearing is important.
Hardwood garden bench, wood, timber, strength, durability Where endurance is an important factor, hardwood is again the natural choice.
Some types of hardwood, wood, timber
The range of natural hardwood colours – including reds and browns of different intensities and shades, practically black and almost white – provides a wide choice when it comes to flooring, furniture, panels, window frames and the internal and external walls of buildings.
Hardwood grain, wood, timber
Another aesthetic consideration is grain, the often linear but sometimes twisting, swirling visible lines in the wood’s surface resulting from the dried out, linear cell structure of the tree’s heartwood. Some hardwoods are particularly sought after because of their intricate grain structure.
British Standards logo, timber standards, wood, hardwood
Did you know?
Timber for building is graded according to British Standard (BS) EN 338:2003 Structural Timber, which gives six grades for hardwoods, from D30 up to D70. The numbers represent the characteristic bending stress for each strength class.
The BSI Kitemark is a registered trademark of The British Standards Institution and the use of it is with kind permission.
Summary of hardwood’s advantages and disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages
• Hardness and strength
• Endurance
• Attractiveness – colour and grain
• Better fire resistance (although burns longer and provides more heat than softwood when used as fuel)
• Higher cost
• Geater weight
• Generally more difficult to cut and shape
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Decree 770
Atwood based The Handmaid’s Tale on reality, including recent history. Shannon Quinn gives some examples:
During her research process in the 1980’s, Margaret Atwood found an article about a fundamentalist Christian group in New Jersey called The People of Hope, who wanted to return to the old ways of society spelled out in the Bible. The group was started in 1975 by a New York stockbroker and ordained Catholic priest named Robert Gallic. They called the women “The Handmaidens of God”. Atwood took a pen and circled the word “Handmaidens” with a pen. She found the name for her dystopia’s subservient female characters, and the inspiration for the fictional religious group who would take over the government.
Women in The People of Hope were subservient to men, and children were not allowed to date. Marriages between young adults were arranged by their parents.
And of course you don’t even need to look to a New Jersey cult: the Amish have been fetishizing The Old Ways since before the ways were old. There are pockets of fundamentalism all over the US and there are some in Canada. Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Quiverfull, Haredis, Islamists – throw an apple core in any direction and you’ll hit one.
One of the specific events that Margaret Atwood found during her research process was “Decree 770” in Romania. This was a law that passed in 1967 that made abortions and all forms of contraception illegal. This had nothing to do with religious beliefs. It was an action that the government believed was necessary for the future of their country.
They wanted more people, see, so they enslaved women to get them.
The Communist Party wanted the population to increase from 23 million to 30 million in a single year, so they enacted Decree 770. After the change of law in 1967, and women no longer had access to birth control, the number of babies born that year skyrocketed to roughly double what they had been the year before. Thousands of new preschools and nursery schools had to be built. Orphanages were overflowing with children whose parents could not afford them.
Aside from making abortions illegal and taking contraception off of store shelves, women’s bodies were literally policed. Decree 770 forced women to visit the gynecologist once a month to check for pregnancy, and police officers stood in the halls to make sure women complied. If a woman was pregnant, the doctors followed her progress very closely.
Jeezus. There I was thinking that idea was fiction…
In the world of The Handmaid’s Tale, one of the biggest problems in society that lead to the cult’s political takeover is pollution. One of the missions of Gilead was to clean up the environment and un-do the damage done by mankind with toxic dumping grounds and locations of radiation spills. In the show, they clean carbon emissions by 78%, but it comes at the cost of women’s lives. The “un women”- mostly lesbians, radical feminists, and adulterers, are forced to clean up radioactive materials in a place called “the colonies”. They literally work themselves to death, as their bodies fall apart from radiation-related disease.
During the 1970’s, prisoners in the Soviet Union were forced to do manual labor in uranium mines to gather enough material for their arsenal of atomic bombs. Obviously, prisoners were exposed to extremely high levels of radiation. The average lifespan of a prisoner in these mines was just two years. Everyday, trains filled with new prisoners would arrive at the mines. They estimate there were roughly 5,000 men who died working there. It was common for prisoners to collapse, and die on the spot. Their overseers would smash their heads in if they fell, because they did not want anyone to escape by faking their death.
Dystopian fiction is superfluous; humans have already thought of it all.
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Container Types:
A premade plastic container, <40 quarts (38 L)
Typically, a premade plastic container, ~50 quarts (47L). Easily moved.
A large, shallow container, typically custom-made and stacked on top of each other. Often around 2-4 m long, 1.2 m wide, .4 m tall.
A large, typically custom-made container. Similarly sized to a bed, but typically .6-1 m tall, and standalone units. Made from anything from plywood to plastic to concrete blocks. Typically not moveable, or rarely moveable.
A whole room that has been converted into one cricket rearing space.
Assorted Vocabulary
When eggs are collected from a bin of breeding crickets, the eggs from that particular group are kept together for the entirety of their life cycle from eggs, hatching, growth/development, and eventual harvesting. When the eggs are collected into hatching bins, they are labeled (usually with blue painter’s tape and dark pens/markers) with the Batch number ( #____), date the eggs were collected (month/day/year), Bin number of origin (B___)), and the Origin of parent crickets (BCF, Top Hat, or Premium).
Breeding Trays
These are the metal trays that we fill with moist peat moss or coconut coir and place in the cricket bins for the breeding age crickets to lay eggs.
Paired appendages on the rear end of a cricket.
Circadian Rhythms
The natural internal physiological process of living organisms that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Typically the rhythms originate from within the organism but they can be altered by external cues and like sunlight and temperature.
The second most common building block of organic life behind cellulose, chitin is a protein somewhat analogous to keratin, the protein we use for hair and nails and birds use for feathers, beaks, and claws. In the majority of humans, chitin is digested as a calorie-less dietary fiber; recent research suggests many more people than previously suspected have the capacity to digest chitin into usable protein. In their original form, crickets offer somewhat of a lower form of protein in comparison to more common vertebrate meat animals. There are various potential ways to soften chitin for improved digestibility.
Cricket Bins
These large white cricket bins do not have lids and are not meant to close shut as the bins for the younger crickets do. After the crickets have matured into young adults, they are moved into a cricket bin (one batch per bin) and remain there for the rest of their lives.
This is the coconut husk-based material that is used instead of regular soil as the bedding material for recently hatched crickets (eggs/pinheads) and for egg-laying material for breeding-age crickets.
Crickets do not regulate their own body temperature and fall into a hibernation-like state called, “diapause” when their environment is very cold. They can stay in diapause for hours and reanimate if taken out of the freezer too soon. Most food-grade cricket farmers have a good story or two about insufficiently frozen crickets reanimating in chef’s kitchens post-delivery.
When crickets mature to adults, they can no longer absorb all the water that they need from the humid air around them. We provide them with water with modified chicken water feeding dishes in the cricket bins. The systems are basically a water jug (or jar) that is screwed into a plastic dish so that the water is released slowly, instead of all at once. We only use RO water in these water-feeding dishes, just as with the sprayers. So that the crickets do not drown in the plastic dishes in pooled water, we place multiple layers of paper towels in the dishes to absorb the water. The crickets can drink the water more easily from these paper towels in the water feeding dishes, and you don’t have to replace the water in the cricket bins.
Dry food
Food that has a low water content including chicken feed, rabbit pellets, and powders.
Process of applying powdered nutrient to a cricket.
Animals that are unable to generate internal heat, and obtain heat from their external environment (cold-blooded).
Egg Cartons
These are large egg cartons that help to create a cricket-friendly environment inside of the pinhead and cricket bins. Because of the way that crickets behave, they need to be able to climb, jump, and hide in nooks and crannies. By providing egg cartons in particular arrangements in their bins, the crickets are kept happier and healthier. BCF binds the egg cartons together in the large white cricket bins in groups of 12 with string to keep them orderly and to make the bins easier to clean.
The external skeleton that supports and protects an invertebrates body.
This is the general name for the waste products and by-products of the crickets. You’ll recognize frass as the “gunk” or the “stuff” that collects at the bottom of the cricket bins, along with some of the crickets who have died before harvesting. The frass is made up of cricket droppings, the molted exoskeletons, and the excess cricket feed that has been spilled in the bins. We save the frass and dead crickets that collect at the bottom of the pinhead bins and the cricket bins regularly and filter them into 2 different products with a frass filter.
Frass Filter
This is a piece of equipment that separates the dead crickets and cricket molt from the cricket droppings and residual cricket feed. We will be selling these two materials—dead crickets + molt and cricket poop + residual cricket feed—as separate non-food grade products for a variety of uses such as animal feed, fish feed, and/or compost.
Feed trays
These are the smaller plastic trays that we place in pinhead bins and in the cricket bins to provide the crickets with food.
Freezing Bins
These bins are where we transfer healthy “food-grade” cricket batches that have been harvested. The information that was on the painter’s tape/label for each harvested batch of crickets should also be on the freezing bin for those same batches. The crickets will be frozen in these containers and after about 45 minutes of being frozen, will be dead. In order for the crickets to remain “food-grade”, they must remain frozen up until they reach the customer.
Is a measure of how easily a substrate can be broken into small fragments, crumbled or reduced to a powder (typically between your fingers).
Gut loading
High-quality food is fed to crickets to increase their nutritional content prior to being harvested.
Grow out container
Is a container which crickets grow and develop through their nymph stages to adults. It is not usually associated with breeding.
Hatching Bins
These are the small transparent plastic “shoebox size” bins with accompanying plastic lids. We place batches of eggs and COIR or peat moss that have been laid by our breeding crickets in these bins and create optimum conditions for the eggs to hatch in them.
Harvesting Bin
Once a batch of crickets has been marked for harvest, we transfer them to a large blue plastic bin, called a harvesting bin. After a batch of crickets is in a harvesting bin the goal is to collect them into smaller bins for freezing. We carry out this transfer with the aid of a cricket tower.
Harvested Crickets
These are the healthy crickets that have been intentionally collected and frozen by batch. These harvested crickets are considered “food-grade”, and should remain frozen until they reach the client.
Harvest Tower
This is the tower-shaped cardboard structure that we place in the harvesting bin when we want to concentrate many crickets in one area. The crickets climb onto the tower, and when enough of them are on there, we will take the crickets that are on the tower and put them into a freezing bin in preparation for freezing.
Heat sink
Material which transfers thermal energy from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.
Soil which repels water making water absorption difficult.
Incubation Chamber
The room (or tent or external building) used for incubating eggs and allowing pinheads to grow in a hotter, more humid environment for the first 7-10 days of life. Typically a small fraction of the total floorplan.
Also known as an incubation room, hatchery.
Micro flies
Small flies that can move through normal fly screen.
Chemical reactions which sustain life processes such as growth, repair, and reproduction.
Shedding or casting off of part of the body like the exoskeleton or skin as a result of growth. This can happen at certain points throughout the year, or at a specific point in the life cycle.
Also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis
A long tubular organ at the rear of the abdomen of the female that’s used to deposit eggs. It can be used to burrow into a substrate to semi-bury the eggs.
Peat Moss
This is a type of bedding material/egg-laying material that can be used for the crickets instead of regular soil.
Pinhead Bins
Once the eggs have hatched, the pinheads are transferred to a dark black/brown plastic bin with folding flaps instead of a lid at the top. The pinheads live in these bins until they are transferred to the cricket bins.
Rearing Room
The main space where crickets grow from approximately their third juvenile instar until adulthood. Typically the largest space in a cricket farm.
Also known as main rearing room, rearing chambers, main production floor.
RO or Reverse Osmosis Water
This specially filtered water is what should be used for the crickets. At the warehouse, cricket water containers can be refilled from the RO water tank (pictured).
RO Water Sprayer
A piece of equipment used to moisten the COIR or peat moss for the eggs/young pinheads, and breeding adult breeding trays. This is also used to wet the paper towels that are placed in the pinhead bins to provide the pinheads with water. The sprayer operates by pressing a button at the base of the rigid part of the hose to “turn the water on”. When the water pressure is low, simply pump the handle on the sprayer several times, and the pressure should improve. |
Is it safe to run or exercise outdoors?
• There’s little risk to be infected if you’re exercising outside by yourself
• The CDC recommends you wear a mask when you’re in public
• Avoid high-traffic times and crowded areas
The coronavirus pandemic has presented a catch-22 for people who like to go running and participate in other forms of exercise outdoors. Though fresh air and sunlight may provide extensive benefits to our mental health—which, let’s face it, is really needed in these uncertain times—others worry that the risk of exposure and transmission to the virus outweighs those benefits.
The short answer is that running or cycling outside solo produces minimal risk. Angela Rasmussen, a Columbia University virologist, told Vox that the risks of virus transmissibility in the air outdoors though airborne aerosols are “likely quite low.”
“Outside, things like sunlight, wind, rain, ambient temperature, and humidity can affect virus infectivity and transmissibility, so while we can’t say there are zero risks, it’s likely low unless you are engaging in activities as part of a large crowd,” she said. Solitary outdoor exercise is likely low-risk—although that risk has not yet been definitively measured.
“I think relatively little COVID-19 transmission would occur outdoors, except perhaps in large crowds,” agreed Benjamin Cowling, a professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of Hong Kong. “Running is good for health, and transmission risk should be minimal, both for others, if a runner were infected, or for the runner, if they passed by infected people.”
Do I need to wear a mask while running?
However—and this is a big however—runners should engage in common-sense practices while exercising outdoors, both for their own safety as well as the health and peace of mind of anyone they may encounter on paths or sidewalks. This is especially true in large cities and urban areas. And yes, this includes wearing a mask or other face-covering while exercising.
The CDC already strongly recommends that everyone wear a mask of some kind when they leave their home, and some cities and states now even require it.
Dr. David Nieman, a health professor at Appalachian State University and director of the Human Performance Lab at the North Carolina Research Campus, told Runners World that the optimal plan for those who want to exercise outside is to go out for solo runs and enjoy the outdoors—but to time your activity in less crowded areas or when you know the trails will be less crowded. The emphasis, according to Nieman, is going alone.
“When people congregate together and someone sneezes or coughs, droplets get onto objects that people touch, and then people touch their face,” Nieman said.
Does wearing a mask make it more difficult to run or cycle?
Obviously, running or cycling with a mask—particularly, in nice weather—is going to be less comfortable than running without a mask.
“Airflow will be restricted, so your body will have to work harder to perform at the same rate as you would without the mask, and that becomes exponentially true as the intensity goes up,” Patrick Davitt, the director of the University of Sciences’ Health Science Program, told the Philadelphia Inquirer. “The faster and harder you’re breathing, the more the mask is going to affect that.”
Dr. Grant Lipman, a clinical professor of emergency medicine at Stanford University who studies extreme athletes and wilderness medicine, said exercising in a face mask will “create a warm and humid microclimate around your face” due to the mask trapping exhaled breath. It essentially turns the bottom half of your face into a “mini-sauna.”
To avoid that effect, and to achieve the greatest comfort during a strenuous workout, Lipman suggested wearing a buff. Geared toward runners and other athletes, these buffs consist of a tubular facial covering that is typically used as a headband, but can also be stretched over the nose and mouth. Typically made from thin and synthetic fabrics, buffs are designed to reduce heat buildup and additionally promote more airflow than standard surgical masks.
But for those who absolutely cannot bear wearing a mask or facial covering outside while exercising, Davitt suggested finding less crowded areas and avoiding peak hours.
“As long as you’re running alone in an unpopulated area, you can keep the mask at home,” he adds. “But if you see someone in your oncoming path, cross the street well in advance. It’s just common courtesy as a runner.”
Nieman also recommended bodyweight exercises or running on a treadmill at home, if possible, for healthy individuals who don’t feel comfortable exercising outdoors.
It should go without saying, however, that those who are sick or at-risk of spreading the virus should not go out whatsoever, as the main concern is infecting those who are at high risk, such as the elderly or immunocompromised. “If you do have flu or coronavirus, or have fever, sick people think wrongly they can ‘exercise the virus out of the system’ or ‘sweat it out,’ that’s a myth. It’s actually the opposite,” Neiman said.
Sources: New York Times, Vox, Philadelphia Inquirer, Runners World
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Welcome, Foolish Mortals: The History of the Haunted Mansion
Welcome, Foolish Mortals: The History of the Haunted Mansion
It had been sitting, seemingly abandoned, for years…
The mysterious building in the far corner of New Orleans Square towered above the land in opulent style, causing all guests to wonder at what could be taking place inside it. But they would not wonder for long. Finally, the mansion’s gates were opening, and its secrets were available to the public. Even though its visionary founder, Walt Disney, had been gone for 3 years, the Imagineers were still able to finish the dream. The long-awaited happy haunts were assembling for a swinging wake.
But how did the Haunted Mansion get its start? What made it become one of the most famous attractions in theme park history? The answer to that question is found in the mansion’s origin, way back in time; at the beginning. The very beginning…
In 1951 Walt Disney began brainstorming what would become one of his most important achievements: a Disney theme park. Walt had been frustrated with local parks where kids and adults had so little that they could do together, so he made up his mind to create a theme park where families could do everything together. At the time, this concept was referred to as Mickey Mouse Park and would be located across the street from the Walt Disney Studio in Burbank, California.
This was where the idea for the Haunted Mansion was born.
Legendary artist Harper Goff was called upon to conceptualize ideas for concepts that might be found in the park. One of these concepts, was a drawing of a graveyard path, leading to a crumbling Victorian mansion off on a distant hill. This would be the first ever mention of a haunted house attraction for a Disney park.
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Harper Goff Concept
Eventually, the concept for Mickey Mouse Park grew into something much more than a small diversion, and it became abundantly clear that the 11-acre lot across from Disney’s Burbank studio would not be enough space to contain the rapidly growing plans for Walt’s theme park idea. So, a new location was found in Anaheim, and the park was renamed Disneyland.
However, during this time, there were so many concepts for the new park, that they could not all make the final cut. Many ideas were inevitably put on hold, and when the park opened in 1955, many of the attractions that had been created for Disneyland were set aside for future expansions. Harper Goff’s haunting concepts happened to be one of these delayed ideas. Luckily, Disneyland became a smash hit, and many of the delayed concepts were resurrected to accommodate the public’s seemingly never-ending appetite for themed Disney entertainment.
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Disneyland Opening Day
In 1957, Walt brought out the haunted house concept as a possible element of an upcoming expansion to Disneyland. He was planning on opening a brand-new land on the far corner of Frontierland, and he needed new attractions for the area. It would be called New Orleans Square, and would also be home to plundering pirates…but that’s a story we’ll cover later. Walt went live on BBC stating that he planned on building a “retirement home” for happy haunts who no longer had a place to live because their original homes had been destroyed over time.
“The nature of being a ghost is that they have to perform, and therefore they need an audience.”-Walt Disney
The haunted house would be a premier New Orleans Square attraction, and Disney had something extra special in mind for its debut. Being the master storytellers that they were, Disneyland’s “Imagineers” wanted to craft an immersive experience. None of them were content with throwing together a bunch of haphazard spooky carnival ideas and calling it a day. Walt especially wanted a real story, something to provide consistency and quality; elevating his haunted house above the generic ones you’d find at the town fair. To this end, he tasked Imagineer Ken Anderson with brainstorming a story and a possible layout for the haunted attraction.
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New Orleans Square Concept
Ken Anderson had been a Disney animator for many classic films, and he had also previously worked on Fantasyland’s famous “dark-rides”, (like Snow White’s Scary Adventures). And although the Fantasyland rides weren’t meant to be too scary, he knew a thing or two about playful spookiness…and he also knew how to tell a good story. Walt was famous for family entertainment, and it was almost certain that he wanted the haunted house to be much more lighthearted than other haunted attractions found across the country; making Ken Anderson a logical choice for lead designer.
Still, early concepts for the ride tended towards the scarier side of things, and although some ideas stuck, the story would go through several unused iterations before Walt Disney would even begin considering construction. We’ll cover these unused concepts in a future article, but it’s important to know that they ranged anywhere from a concept based on an evil sea captain and his unsuspecting bride, to an idea revolving around an entire family dying mysterious and sudden deaths. There was even a concept based on a never-ending ghostly wedding feast! You can see why Disney didn’t want to use some of these creepier concepts for his family park!
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Ken Anderson
But since he had announced it already, Walt couldn’t delay the project for too long. He had to come up with something concrete to show the public. At the same time, he strove for quality and never wanted to rush anything. So he came up with a clever compromise.
They would begin construction on the facade that guests would see when they visited the park, but take more time to perfect the attraction behind the scenes. So, even though the inside of the mansion was facing major story delays and roadblocks, the outside would soon come along rather nicely. In 1958, Ken Anderson had drafted a pencil sketch inspired by a Victorian-era antebellum mansion. The drawing had a decaying, run-down, and creepy look, which artist Sam McKim made into an official display painting. Walt liked the look of the house, but not the state of repair that it was in. He didn’t want a ramshackle, rotting house to be a visual blight in his pristine and clean Disneyland. So, he told his Imagineers to make the outside look nicer, saying:
“We’ll take care of the outside and let the ghosts take care of the inside.”
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At around the same time, Walt brought on Imagineers Yale Gracey and Rolly Crump to design the special effects that would be placed into the ride. Both Gracey and Crump had made a name for themselves at Disney for their technical wizardry and mastery of imaginative special effects. Walt had them spend a huge amount of time perfecting the tricks that would sell the story of a ghostly retirement home. They tinkered away, day and night, crafting the greatest illusions and special effects of their entire careers. In fact, the special effects created by Gracey and Crump for the Haunted Mansion deserve their own article, but suffice it to say that they were so numerous and well-made, that they earned the pair a prestigious new title: “Illusioneers”! This is a nickname which is still used today for Disney special effects artists!
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Yale Gracey
Despite these breakthroughs, the development of the story was not going well. To the untrained eye, it would have seemed like everything was coming together nicely, but in actuality the project was dangerously behind schedule, and the attempts to come up with a satisfying story had so far met with disaster. The Haunted Mansion was slowly dying, and it would take more than a nice façade or state-of-the-art special effects to save it…
Read Part 2 HERE!
Childhood Innocence: The History of It’s A Small World
Childhood Innocence: The History of It’s A Small World
The Year was 1966, and Walt Disney smiled cheerfully as a crowd gathered in the far corner of his magical kingdom known as Disneyland. It was a beautiful day for a Grand Opening, and Walt was pulling out all the stops to make sure this would be one to remember. There were celebrities, balloons, fanfare, family, friends, and a whole crew of cameramen gathered around a little “canal” leading into a charming looking building; a façade that would put a smile on anyone’s face. The crowd cheered and clapped as little children representing countries from around the world each poured a bottle of water shipped from their country into the man-made river. The balloons were released into the air. Walt Disney smiled even wider as his boat drifted down the river into the building and disappeared as he waved to the crowd.
It was a celebration the little ride deserved, because it was one of Walt’s favorites. Perhaps you’ve heard of it? Or you at least have the tune stuck in your head! It’s a Small World, after all!
It seems impossible, but Small World has only grown more popular since that day in 1966. It seems daunting that, more than 50 years after its debut in Disneyland, it’s still entertaining the young, and the young at heart, who ride it. But what’s even more astounding is the origin of the happy singing dolls; which goes back even further than that special day at Disneyland.
In 1963, Walt Disney was called up by Hollywood friend Joan Crawford with a very interesting proposition. Crawford was the widow of Pepsi’s former president Alfred Steele, and she was desperately looking for an attraction for Pepsi to sponsor at the already famous upcoming World’s Fair in New York. Pepsi was on a deadline and time was running short. Joan Crawford believed Walt Disney, who was already working on four other attractions for the fair, was the only one who could create a worthy attraction for the Pepsi brand on such short notice. It would be a tribute to UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), but other than that, Pepsi had no idea what it would look like.
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Walt, who already happened to have an idea lined up, jumped at the chance to get funding for another of his wild ideas. With only 11 months to prepare the attraction, far less time than any other thing he had contributed to the fair so far, Walt immediate jumped at the task. He wanted to make something truly special; something that would touch the hearts of millions and bring a smile to their faces. It would be a little boat ride with children from around the world in adorable doll form called “Children of the World”.
Truth be told, Walt wanted a change of face from what he saw in the rest of the world. It was the time of the Cold War. Tensions were high, and a possible nuclear war loomed on the horizon. Culture was changing, and unrest was breaking out all over the country. Walt was sick and tired of the fear which clouded the atmosphere and aimed to make this new attraction a ray of sunshine to the anxious public; a symbol for the World’s Fair and its idealistic look at the future.
So, Walt brought on board the happiest crew of “Imagineers” that had ever set sail on a Disney voyage. Walt put his favorite artist, a Disney color stylist and children’s illustrator named Mary Blair, in charge of most of the project. With Mary’s unique style helming the design of the attraction, other talented artists had clear direction on where to go. The husband and wife team of Marc and Alice Davis were immediately set to work on designing the iconic look of the dancing dolls and breathing personality into them; Marc imagined the characters, while Alice lovingly clothed them in fashion of her own design. A younger Imagineer named Rolly Crump, who had repeatedly impressed Walt with his very unique creative style, was given the task of designing the Doll’s toys and accessories, as well as the kinetic “Tower of the Four Winds” which would anchor the outside of the ride and draw attention to it. Lastly, master modeler Blaine Gibson sculpted out the physical dolls under Walt’s direct supervision. Strangely enough, every single one of these Imagineers, save for Mary Blair, would eventually work together again on Disneyland’s great masterpiece Pirates of the Caribbean; and most of them would contribute to the Haunted Mansion too!
The result of this all-star team of Imagineers was nothing short of magical, as the ride exceeded all of Walt’s expectations. But it was the music of the ride that would elevate it from a great ride, to one of Walt’s favorites. The Sherman Brothers of Mary Poppins fame were inspired by the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 to write a song of hope to go with the ride. They specifically made it as catchy and simple as they possibly could, so that it could be translated easily and sung in multiple languages. At first, they wrote it as a slow Ballad, but on prompting from Walt for something more upbeat and cheerful, they sped up the tempo. The resulting song “It’s a Small World” moved Walt so much that he decided to change the name of the entire ride in honor of it, and it was subsequently moved to the World’s Fair in 1964.
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the Sherman Brothers and Walt Disney
Despite its extremely short production time, the now renamed It’s a Small World was a huge hit, becoming one of the most popular attractions at the fair. But it wasn’t only children who were flocking to it. There was something deeply innocent about the ride which spoke to the hearts of downtrodden adults everywhere. Whether they were 9 or 99, Small World made them think of a simpler time when the threat of nuclear missiles wasn’t at their doorstep. It gave them hope that maybe the world would one day be at peace again. It’s a Small World seemed to reach out and speak to the child in everyone.
Even today, the original Small World continues to entertain and delight children of all ages with its message of hope and unity. And with versions at Disney parks all around the world, it’s continuing to bring smiles to faces everywhere…Just like it did to Walt over 50 years ago.
The Wild History of Splash Mountain!
The Wild History of Splash Mountain!
Legends of the Magic Series:
The year was 1983. The Disney Parks seemed to be changing every day, and the designers of these shifting magical environments were faced with some rather daunting tasks at about the same rate. In fact, up-and-coming Imagineer Tony Baxter had a major problem on his hands. Tony had been launched into a career that he could have never imagined; thrust into the spotlight with the massive success of designing Big Thunder Mountain Railroad in 1979. Now others were looking at him to lead them into this new era of Disney Parks. If you would have told Tony Baxter that he would become one of the most successful Disney artists of all time when he was first hired as an ice cream scooper in 1965, he would have thought you were crazy.
But nevertheless, here he was, with dozens of people looking at him to fix all the park’s problems. Unfortunately, during 1983, there happened to be a very specific large problem at Disneyland. Actually, Disneyland had a few issues that eventually played into each other. The first was that The Disney Company was about to have a change in leadership, and that change seemed to be going in a very specific direction. The Disney Company was looking to widen its audience beyond just children and animation. As a result, Disneyland executives were getting more and more interested in thrill rides, something that Disneyland was sorely lacking, compared to other theme parks. It was a tall order, and after the success of Big Thunder (which just so happened to be the type of thrill ride they were looking for) they had immediately turned to Tony Baxter for another similar experience.
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The second problem facing Disneyland was that all the original Imagineers (Disneyland designers/builders/engineers etc.) were retiring, and a second generation was in the process of discovering their place in the parks. These new Imagineers were attempting to honor tradition, while simultaneously trying to forge a new path. A very fine line to walk, especially when the leadership of the company was set on the goal of thrill. As a result, some of the attractions that were seen by the new management as more outdated, (all of which were rides that were overseen by the original Imagineers, the new artist’s mentors and idols) would have to close, or at least be refurbished, which caused distress from those new Imagineers that wanted to honor the work of their predecessors.
The third problem, while comparatively trivial to the aforementioned issues, would prove absolutely crucial in the future. The problem was a section of Disneyland known as Bear Country…Rather it was the attendance of this section. Unfortunately, there was no Galaxy’s Edge at the time, and the land was cut off from the rest of the park. The land’s location at the far corner of the park, tucked away behind New Orleans Square, with no other path leading in or out, caused dwindling interest and low attendance. Few guests wandered past the haunted mansion into Bear Country’s single entrance. The area was often virtually deserted. Disneyland was desperately looking for a way to boost the area’s draw to guests.
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These problems mulled around in Tony Baxter’s mind for a quite some time, but he couldn’t think of any way to solve them effectively. There were just too many variables and he was being drained creatively by all of the projects management seemed to throw at him. He was at a loss for what to do. That was, until one fateful day when Tony happened to be daydreaming in California’s rush hour traffic. Tony suddenly received an unexpected and brilliant epiphany; he could solve all three problems at the same time! His brain bursting with imagination, Tony Baxter rushed straight to his boss, unable to keep the idea to himself. In a legendary pitch, Tony Baxter explained his idea to Disney executives in almost exact detail what he had conjured up.
His idea, called Zip-A-Dee River Run (later changed to Splash Mountain when the ride’s production was green-lit in 1984), would be an old-school log flume type thrill ride, fulfilling the desire of Disney executives to draw in older audiences. But this log flume wouldn’t be just any thrill ride! It would be a highly-themed and immersive ride that would take the amusement park staple of a log flume to the next level. But How would they do that, you ask?
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To understand that, we must first go back in time to 1946 and the release of a live-action/animated hybrid film called Song of the South. Disney may have had the best intentions in mind when they made Song of the South, and had never meant to offend anyone, but due to several crucial mistakes and sheer ignorance, they created what soon became a very controversial film. Ashamed of their mistake, Disney would never release the film to a home audience (for more information on the troubled history of Song of the South, we recommend reading the excellent book “Who’s Afraid of the Song of the South” by Jim Korkis.) However, when he was younger, Tony Baxter happened see Song of the South in theaters, and he chose this obscure film as the property to base the ride on.
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Tony Baxter was convinced that most of the animated sequences featured memorable and cute characters that could be extrapolated from the more controversial aspects of the feature and planted into a new story. If they removed the controversial aspects of Song of the South, and focused on the cute animated characters, building a new story grown out of the cartoon “cat and mouse” chase segments of the film, that it would be a perfect theme for a ride to fit into Bear Country (later changed to Critter Country for Splash Mountain’s debut). At the time, executives were convinced that a majority of Disneyland guests would not be familiar with Song of the South or would not have seen the movie. They reasoned that guests would assume that it was an original property and that they could retool the characters as Disneyland mascots instead of references to Song of the South. Still the characters continued to gain controversy over the years, and the connection to the film, however small, would eventually effect the future of the ride in a big way… more on that later.
Back in the design phase: the Imagineers were back in their element solving difficult problems. By pure luck, Song of the South’s animated critters happened to be designed by legendary first-generation Imagineer Marc Davis who also just so happened to have been the designer for the soon to be extinct attraction America Sings, an outdated stage show featuring a huge cast of Audio-Animatronic animals. Because of this amazing twist of fate, the imagineers could simply reuse most of America Sing’s cast as characters in Splash Mountain because they looked like they belonged in the same world! So, besides a reskinning of two Animatronics into Brer Fox and Brer Bear, the rest of the America Sings animals were simply reprogrammed to synchronize with the new show and moved over to Splash Mountain!
But even after all these creative solutions, there were still some rather large obstacles that the Imagineering team needed to overcome. After all, building a Disney attraction is no easy task. After 4 years in production, Splash Mountain had risen well over its budget at a cost of over $75 Million and would continue to rise in cost to an estimated $85 million by the time it finally opened; which is more than the entire Disneyland park cost in 1955, even adjusted for inflation!
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As a result, during the year of 1988, Imagineers were looking for a way to save some money on the tail end of this construction behemoth. Tony Baxter suddenly realized that his earlier decision to recycle many of the audio-animatronics from America Sings had saved the company millions. If it wasn’t for that foresight, it would have never been green-lit, or would have been cancelled halfway through construction.
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Finally, after five years in development, including 80 hours of reprogramming for every single Animatronic, and an additional three months to rewire them, Splash Mountain opened to the Imagineer’s great relief on July 17th, 1989; the 34th anniversary of Disneyland! The ride was an instant success and soon spawned beautifully redesigned versions at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disneyland.
And although it’s a fan favorite around the world, it’s controversial film roots have finally caught up with it. After careful consideration, the Imagineers were faced with a brand new problem: retooling Splash Mountain with a brand new theme not connected to Song of the South. And with Disneyland’s Splash Mountain situated right on the edge of both New Orleans Square and Critter Country, it would make sense that the new property that it’s based on would have some footing in both worlds. Hence the decision to utilize the Princess and the Frog…a film that has deep roots in New Orleans, and a wonderful connection to the lovable animals found in Critter Country! It just goes to show that any problem, no matter how big, can be solved if we’re willing to put our imagination to work! Who knows, maybe your next big idea will come during rush-hour traffic!
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Which version of Splash Mountain is your favorite?
Walt Disney’s Final Dream: Legacy of Utopia (The EPCOT that never came to be Pt.3)
A Tribute to 95 Years of the Walt Disney Company
(Note: This is the final part of a 3-part post. You can find Part 1 HERE and Part 2 HERE.)
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“Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney… and to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disney’s dream come true. May Walt Disney World bring joy and inspiration and new knowledge to all who come to this happy place … a Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play and learn together.”
Roy O. Disney, Walt Disney’s brother and lifelong partner, stood in front of dozens of cameras on October 25th, 1971 as he dedicated the Walt Disney World Resort. Roy had always been camera shy, and it wasn’t easy for him to be the center of attention. That was always Walt’s thing. But now Walt Disney was gone. Roy had lost his best friend and business partner five years earlier, and although half a decade had passed, Roy still missed him terribly. It just wasn’t the same without Walt.epcot 52To honor his brother, Roy, then acting as CEO of the Walt Disney Company, had decided to officially rename Disney World as Walt Disney World; a small but powerful change that reminds the world who it was that started the Disney magic in their hearts. Roy decided to do everything he could to ensure that his brother’s final dream came to be. If Roy had anything to say about it, EPCOT, Walt’s final dream for a utopian city, would come true. He would make it a reality, no matter how much the board protested.
But sadly, it was not to be. A mere two months after he gave the dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy passed away. On December 20th, 1971, Roy Disney died at age 78, and the Walt Disney Company was left without the stable leadership of either of its founders.epcot 48Due to this, EPCOT would sadly never come to be. But that does not mean that all the ideas which came with it had to die. In fact, although we will probably never get to see Walt Disney’s final dream come to fruition, we can still see sparks of it in the final design of what became Walt Disney World.
3: Revisiting Utopia
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It wasn’t as if nobody tried to make Walt Disney’s dream of EPCOT a reality. Even after Roy’s death, members of the board who believed in Walt’s dream still championed the cause. In the late 1970’s Card Walker, Disney’s CEO at the time, even tried to get the board interested in the concept again. But every time the concept was brought up, it was shot down as too risky. Perhaps it was risky without the guiding vision of Walt Disney. With Walt Disney, nothing had seemed impossible. But after his death, the company was thrown in to turmoil, functioning on a “what would Walt do” philosophy, but without the actual vision and endless enthusiasm that the man himself had. It was a rough time for the company.
The result of this philosophy led to a sort of compromise. The Disney Board would allow the Walt Disney World resort to expand and add another theme park in honor the idea of EPCOT, but they would not actually build the city. So, the Imagineers, many of whom had known Walt Disney personally, decided to pour their hearts and souls into this ‘new’ EPCOT. Even if it wasn’t going to be the dream that Walt had in mind, they were determined to pay tribute to it as much as possible.
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A team of dedicated artists and craftsmen poured over the plans for EPCOT, trying to see what they could keep from the concepts and what would have to be removed. They settled upon the seemingly opposite concepts of technological innovation and honoring world culture. On one side of the park, Walt’s idea to show off the latest technology to visitors around the globe was repurposed as Future World. On the other side of the park, Walt’s idea of having a common place where the history and culture of every country could be honored and practiced came to be reimagined as World Showcase.
The Monorail went on to become the major transportation system for the entire Walt Disney World Resort, even if it wasn’t used quite the same way it was originally planned. The PeopleMover sadly never became the traffic-eliminating system that it was intended to be for future cities, but it was beautifully realized in the Magic Kingdom where guests can still get a taste for Walt’s vision for ease-of-access transportation today.
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Even EPCOT’s major means of funding was derived from Walt’s original plans. Partnerships with the world’s leading corporations, and even with the governments of the countries that the Imagineers would honor, led to the creation of a sort of permanent world’s fair and helped make sure that EPCOT would have the money it needed to get started. The leaders of industry from around the world would make sure that EPCOT would be up-to-date with the latest technological wonders and attractions, just like Walt had planned for the homes of his original concept.
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It’s hard to tell if EPCOT as it was originally intended would have been a success, but Walt Disney proved time and again that he was a man who could accomplish the “impossible”. It would have been fascinating to find out if that would have been the case in this instance. Even though EPCOT evolved into something different from what Walt originally planned, it doesn’t mean that it isn’t good! In fact, EPCOT was a resounding success and a phenomenal park; proof that the spirit of Walt Disney lived on in the hearts and minds of those who knew him. So, next time you visit the park, take a moment to stop and imagine what might have been, and allow yourself to be inspired by Walt Disney’s final dream. (<<PREVIOUS PAGE) (<FIRST PAGE>)
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Lifelong best friends, partners, and brothers Walt and Roy Disney pose with child actress Margie Gay for a publicity shot in 1925; a mere 2 years after founding their company.
Walt Disney’s Final Dream: Living in Utopia (the EPCOT that never came to be Pt. 2)
A Tribute to 95 Years of the Walt Disney Company
(Note: this is part 2 of a 3-part post. You can find Part 1 HERE, and Part 3 HERE)
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The one and only Walt Disney stands in front of a giant map covered in a circular design, a broad smile forms on his face as he gushes with excitement over his newest and greatest dream. Once more, he addresses the audience as if they were an old friend.
“EPCOT will take its cues from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry. It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed but will always be introducing, and testing, and demonstrating new materials and new systems. And EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world for the ingenuity of American free enterprise.”
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He wanders back to the chair that has been prepared for him by his staff. In hindsight, one might realize that Walt’s health had already been waning as he grasps for the chair and sits down heavily; but at that time, very few people knew how sick he really was. Regardless of how sick Mr. Disney was, he always had time to share his dreams with the world, and that fact never changed. He continued;
“I don’t believe there’s a challenge anywhere in the world that’s more important to people everywhere than finding solutions to the problems of our cities. But where do we begin? How do we start answering this great challenge? Well, we’re convinced that we must start with the public need. And the need is not just procuring the old ills of old cities. We think the need is for starting from scratch on virgin land and building a special kind of new community.”
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You can see it in his eyes, the joy and the eagerness to make EPCOT become a reality, and although Walt passed away before it could be realized, the plans still exist. We can still see what he had planned for the culture of his final dream.
2: Inspiring Day-to-Day Life
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Every resident of EPCOT would be required to work on Disney property, at either the theme park, or somewhere in the city itself. There would be absolutely no difference between the living conditions of apartments and homes, save for the fact that the homes would be reserved for workers with families. Both would have access to the same amenities, and they would both have the same high-quality city transportation.
Speaking of transportation, EPCOT would have had the most innovative transportation system in the western hemisphere. Everything would be connected by the highly efficient, quiet, and clean Monorail system. The line would start at the Transportation Hub located right outside the city airport, travel through all of the outlying areas of EPCOT, through the city center, all away around the surrounding land, and then circle back to the Transportation Hub. All areas of EPCOT would be easily accessible and connected by Monorail. But it doesn’t even stop there!
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Residents wouldn’t even have to walk to the monorail if they didn’t want to. Each house would be located only a few yards from the unobtrusive PeopleMover line, a system of continuous carriages chained together and looping on a track without stopping. It was specifically designed by Imagineers to eliminate noise and traffic. It’s a similar concept to the conveyor belt walkways you find at the airport that never step moving, allowing passengers to simply step on at their leisure. Both the Monorail and the PeopleMover would be utilized at a much smaller scale in the Walt Disney World that exists today.
The transportation system was supposed to be so comprehensive as to eliminate the need for automobiles entirely! In fact, you would never see one in EPCOT; as the cars of tourists, and even the trucks used for transporting goods into EPCOT would only be utilized underground! That’s right, EPCOT was supposed to be built on the second level of the city! To keep pedestrians safe, and to keep “backstage” out of guest’s view, all outside transportation would take place under the very streets of EPCOT’s homes!
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As Walt Disney stated in that fateful EPCOT film, his city was meant to be at the cutting edge of technology; testing new ideas in a safe and friendly environment. To this end, Walt intended to partner with the world’s leading industries to constantly update the homes and apartments of EPCOT’s residents. They would always have first access to the latest home appliances and amenities, for no additional charge! It was quite possible for a resident to come home from work to find a brand-new stove installed in their house.
EPCOT would be a symbiotic relationship between the Disney Company, other American corporations, and the residents that lived there. In return for helping fund the building of the city, leaders of industry would receive Disney’s financial help and a free platform to test their newest products on the open market; all for a reduced manufacturing cost. The new products would then be tested by the very people who helped make them, EPCOT’s own residents; allowing the first users of a new product to be the ones that were most deserving of it. All these elements would work together to form a sort of BETA testing ground to find out what would or would not work for the rest of the world.
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Everything would be connected, not being able to survive apart, but functioning strongly as a unit. Everyone in EPCOT would belong there. It may not have been a perfect utopia, but at least it would be relatively comfortable and efficient for everyone! No one would be in EPCOT unless they were needed.
So, it’s sad to see that none of this came to be after Walt’s untimely passing. It would have been amazing to see whether EPCOT could be accomplished the way it was intended. For now, the original EPCOT is a simply a dream that we can be inspired by. If anybody could have done it, it would have been Walt Disney!
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But as most people know, a good idea never dies at Disney; it waits for an opportunity to be revisited and reimagined in new ways. So, what happened to the ideas of EPCOT? Next week we tackle what became of this idea and how elements from Walt’s City of Tomorrow can be glimpsed, even if just for a moment, in what became known as Walt Disney World! (NEXT PAGE>>) (<<PREVIOUS PAGE)
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Walt Disney’s Final Dream: Utopia Lost (the EPCOT that never came to be)
A tribute to 95 years of the Walt Disney Company
(Note: This is Part 1 of a 3-Part Post. You can find Part 2 HERE, and Part 3 HERE)
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“And now, here is Walt Disney.” The narrator says as the camera focuses on an older gentleman sitting on a desk amidst concepts and artwork.
Walt Disney, the famous dreamer and architect of fantasy, warmly welcomes everyone during a special television program on October 27th, 1966; proceeding to explain what he’s been planning next. His eyes sparkle and a childish smile sneaks onto his lips. He’s filming this program to tell the world about his newest and greatest vision; the Florida Project, also known as Walt Disney World. With enthusiasm that is infectious, Mr. Disney points to a large map of Disney World and addresses the audience.
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“But the most exciting, and by far the most important part of our Florida Project, in fact the heart of everything we’ll be doing in Disney World, will be our Experimental Prototype City of Tomorrow. We call it EPCOT.”
He points to the top of the map, to an area of land that makes Disneyland look like a small garden by comparison. It’s a massive area of land, miles across, and it so happens to be Walt Disney’s greatest dream; a utopia of innovation and inspiration. It’s a new project dedicated to making the world a better place, something that Mr. Disney always wanted to do. You can also tell by the look of pure joy on his face that it is something which he cannot wait to accomplish…
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But sadly, he never had the chance.
Walt Disney passed away a month and a half later.
On December 15th, 1966, the world was shocked by the loss of one of America’s most beloved icons, a mere ten days after his 65th birthday. It was sudden and unexpected, and the world was not ready for such a loss. The people grieved, and the dream of EPCOT never came to be…at least, not how it was originally intended.
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But what was the original intention for this ‘City of Tomorrow’? Why did it never come to be?
To celebrate 95 years of the Walt Disney Company, we will be uncovering the mysteries of this final Disney dream!
1: The Revolutionary Design:
In the 1960’s, after the enormous success of Disneyland, Walt wanted to take his ‘Imagineering’ to the next level. After seeing the sleazy motels, businesses, and tourism that popped up around Disneyland because of its popularity, Walt became dissatisfied with the chaos of the city. He desired a place where living and working were safe, comfortable, and beneficial to all. Thus, the idea for Disney World was born; a place for people to live and work that would have enough space for Walt to dream up anything that he could possibly imagine…and keep the chaos of the outside world from encroaching on it. It would be his own little world for people to work, live, and play. There would be a real Disney city in Disney World, not just a new theme park!
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Walt’s city would be a futuristic, carefully planned, well-organized, and beautiful near-utopia…at least, as close to utopia as imperfect humans could get; even Walt knew that they would make plenty of mistakes and that his city would be far from perfect, but that didn’t stop him from trying. He was determined to at least make it cleaner and more organized than similar American cities at the time; meticulously designed to provide ease-of-access to its citizens. This City of the future soon became known as EPCOT, The Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow.
Inspired by revolutionary designs in city planning, specifically the garden city movement started by Ebenezer Howard in his book ‘Garden Cities of To-morrow’, Walt tasked his Imagineers with the careful and meticulous planning that EPCOT would require. The city design may have seemed simple at first glance, but each facet of the project had a million details that needed to be attended to.
The concept of EPCOT was for a radial city; a series of interconnected rings that could be built outward from the circular city center. This would theoretically keep the city connected and organized, preventing overcrowding and minimizing frustration with transportation and living conditions.
The City Center would contain the downtown and commercial areas of EPCOT. It would be here that the Cosmopolitan Hotel/Convention Center would be built; grounding EPCOT at the geographical center of the city as the tallest structure for miles around. This area would be surrounded by shops and restaurants themed to different nations and countries from around the world; catering to foreign residents and the multi-cultural audiences that wished to experience EPCOT; a concept that would eventually inspire the World Showcase section of the current EPCOT theme park. In addition, the city center was to be completely enclosed by a transparent dome to protect it from outside weather conditions and pollution.
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The second ring, referred to as the Green Belt, would contain the city’s public services, such as pools, libraries, parks, post offices, stadiums, and schools. The Green Belt would then connect to the third ring, which would contain the low-residential areas. This suburb-style area would be divided into petal shaped loops. In a green area in the center of the petals, there would be recreational spaces for the residents, with the houses and amenities circling them.
The final ring of the city, the rim of EPCOT, was to hold the high-density apartment housing and would also be EPCOT’s tourist hub; all incoming visitors would arrive at EPCOT’s airport located near this area. Walt didn’t just want EPCOT to be an isolated city, but rather an example to the rest of the world of how cities could be in the future. He wanted it to inspire visitors from around the globe to return home and make their own cities better.
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And indeed, the planned culture and lifestyle of EPCOT was very inspiring! You can read how in Part 2 HERE! Or, if you want to learn what eventually happened to the EPCOT concept, you can just move on to Part 3 HERE!
We’re sorry that we must divide this up into multiple parts! We promise that we’d be putting them all in one if there wasn’t so much to talk about! There’s FAR too much information to properly cover in a single post and we didn’t want to try and cram it in all at once. Thank you for your patience!
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5 Obscure Disney Park Characters that Fans Can’t Get Enough Of
5 Obscure Disney Park Characters that Fans Can’t Get Enough Of
We all love Disney characters, but did you know that there are some obscure ones that Disney Park fans go particularly crazy for? Ever wondered who that Michael Jackson character is? Or that man with the purple suit at EPCOT? This is the place to be!
If you’re interested in more details about these characters’ history, beyond why they’re so popular among fans of the parks, we will be making separate posts for them in the future! However, today we are simply giving a quick background for each so that you get a basis of why fans love them!
So, without further ado…
Orange Bird:
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This cute little guy was created in a sponsorship deal with the Florida Citrus Commission (FCC). The FCC required that Disney, a company known for its recognizable cartoon characters, would create a mascot to use in the marketing of Florida’s citrus products in return for funding WDW’s version of the Tiki Room (Tropical Serenade). Not wanting to lose a sponsorship from a large and wealthy coalition of Florida citrus growers, Disney jumped on the task. Thus, the Orange Bird was born.
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The character was featured heavily in not only the marketing for the 1971 attraction, but also in several ad campaigns for the FCC up until the late 70’s. The Orange Bird continued to be featured in educational films made for the FCC and in the parks until 1987, when Disney finally stopped working with the FCC. As a result, the character virtually vanished from the parks. However, something about the character resonated in Japan when it showed up in Tokyo Disneyland. In fact, the Japanese were absolutely obsessed with the Orange Bird aesthetic and he experienced a bit of a revival in popularity as a result, which quickly spread to the United States. In 2012, the Orange Bird finally returned to the Magic Kingdom with force and the character became an icon for ‘in-the-know’ nostalgia fans.
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Captain EO:
In the 80’s Disney commissioned some of Hollywood’s biggest names to make attractions; in hopes of widening Disney’s audience. To this end, they commissioned George Lucas, at the height of his popularity after Star Wars, to make several attractions for Disney. One of these attractions, and the most expensive film ever produced at the time would be directed by the legendary Francis Ford Coppola (The Godfather) and star the one and only Michael Jackson in the title role! This ‘masterpiece’ became the wild musical space-opera known as Captain EO.
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Sadly, reviews for the show were mixed, and the attraction was eventually removed after ten years due to the dwindling crowds. However, 80’s kids never forgot the wild musical space opera that was Captain EO, and when the King of Pop passed away in 2009, the film saw a massive resurgence in popularity; causing Disney to revisit the film as a tribute to Michael. Ever since then, Captain EO has become a Michael Jackson icon…even outside the parks!
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Hatbox Ghost:
The Hatbox Ghost was another resident created for the Haunted Mansion in 1969, but unlike other tenants of the mansion, the Hatbox Ghost had a gimmick that made him special; his ghostly head disappeared from his shoulders and reappeared in the Hatbox that he was holding! The gimmick was a big deal at the time, and so the Hatbox Ghost was featured prominently all over promotional materials for the ride. When the ride opened, fans clambered to see the Hatbox Ghost and others like him. But after just a few short weeks, the Hatbox Ghost mysteriously disappeared! Rumors spread like wildfire about why it was removed, with some people even reporting that he had never been there in the first place!
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But, the character (who really was there for a few weeks, despite what some would say) was simply removed early on because his gimmick did not work as intended. However, the myths and speculation about ‘Hatty’ became so popular and outrageous, that Disney could not pass up such a good PR opportunity. With much fanfare, the Hatbox Ghost was updated with new technology and inserted back into the Disneyland mansion, where he has been resting to this day.
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Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is a very special character to Disney fans. In fact, his importance in Disney is unparalleled by any other Disney character besides Mickey Mouse himself…and most people don’t even know it!
Believe it or not, Oswald predates Mickey Mouse as Walt Disney’s first fully-fleshed cartoon character! So why haven’t more people heard of him? Well, unfortunately, Walt Disney was swindled out of the rights to the character by his distributor in 1928; along with almost all his staff! Broke, and with no character to his name, Walt desperately searched for a new character that would save him; the result of this despair-ridden brainstorming was none other than Mickey Mouse himself! So, you could say that Oswald was directly responsible for the creation of Mickey Mouse. The lessons Walt learned from that betrayal helped shape the entire company from that day forward.
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In 2006, nearly 80 years later, the rights to Oswald were finally bought back by Disney; proudly placing ‘Mickey’s Older Brother’ back in the family where he belonged, much to the joy of longtime Disney fans everywhere!
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Figment And Dreamfinder:
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Arguably the most popular characters on this list, Dreamfinder and Figment may be two separate characters, but true fans know that you cannot really have one without the other! As evidenced by the lackluster response to Figment’s recent solo career, the lovable dragon from our imaginations just isn’t the same without his red-bearded best friend. These guys are the unofficial mascots of EPCOT and are beloved by fans worldwide.
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They were originally introduced as EPCOT’s first walkaround characters, appearing to promote their upcoming ride; Journey into Imagination. When the ride opened in 1983, it was a massive hit, and the imaginative duo became the most popular feature at EPCOT. However, in 1999, Disney made what some fans consider to be the company’s biggest mistake ever. Announcing that Journey into Imagination would close for a simple refurbishment, fans were shocked and appalled to find that Disney would reopen the ride as the completely different, vastly inferior, Journey into Your Imagination instead! They even removed the iconic Dreamfinder and figment from the entire attraction!
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Due to the huge outcry from fans, Disney soon closed the attraction and once again changed it to the now current Journey Into Imagination with Figment; bringing back Figment, but not Dreamfinder. It lessened the outcry a bit, but diehard fans still yearn for the original attraction to return!
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What’s Your Favorite Obscure Character at the Parks?
Disneyland Almost Failed!
Disneyland Almost Failed!
Disneyland Almost Failed!
On July 17th, 1955, one of Walt Disney’s greatest dreams became a reality. Disneyland opened its gate for the first time, and the world would never be the same! But what if we told you that this dream was very close to dying before it even got off the ground? What if I told you that, without Walt Disney’s seemingly endless perseverance and dedication, Disneyland might have failed?
Some Disney fans are already aware of the fascinating and disastrous day that happened almost 65 years ago, but for those of you who aren’t familiar with the story, we hope that you leave today with greater appreciation for The Happiest Place on Earth and the extreme effort that it took to make it come to life!
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The story begins in the early days of the Disney Studios, when Walt was inspired by visits to amusement parks with his daughters in the 30’s and 40’s; reportedly, he came up with the concept while watching his daughters riding a carousel from a nearby bench. He was frustrated that there weren’t enough experiences at the park that he and his daughters could enjoy together and he made up his mind to one day build a park where kids and grown-ups could play together. Thus, Disneyland was born!
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The development for Disneyland was long and tedious, yet undeniably fascinating. We don’t have the time to cover all that history today; that’s a subject for another time. But the long and short of the ordeal was that Walt Disney’s plans continued to grow…and grow…and grow, until his ambitious dream began to worry the money-men. However, Walt was determined to see the culmination of his dream project no matter what happened. So, Walt continued to fund-raise, promote, invest his own money, and even borrow against his own life insurance to get the project up and running!
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Naysayers surrounded the project. The Disney Board argued that Amusement Parks weren’t their type of business, Roy Disney (Walt’s brother and business partner) warned Walt against the financial ruin it would cause if it failed, and even Amusement Park experts told him that nobody would be interested in a ‘family park’ that (at the time) wouldn’t sell alcohol! Most critics even went so far as to call Disneyland Walt’s worst decision ever, and a foolish idea that was doomed to fail. It seemed that most people thought that Disneyland would never work. In hindsight, we know this to be false, as Disneyland was not only a huge success, but it also reshaped the Theme Park Industry as we know it. However, during its construction it was a legitimate fear that Disneyland would not succeed. Many people were very worried.
Then came Black Sunday.
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Black Sunday was the name that Disney Executives gave Disneyland’s opening day of July 17th, 1955 due to the perceived disaster of the theme park’s debut. The park opened to the public and press with what was, at the time, considered a disaster of epic proportions. First, the opening day was meant to only be open to the media and special invited guests; instead, twice as many people as expected showed up! This was due to a vast number of counterfeit tickets sold to the public, and even a few people climbing the fence and sneaking through gates. In fact, about half of the 28,000 people in attendance that day had entered Disneyland illegally.
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The opening day festivities were broadcast worldwide on ABC, hosted by Art Linkletter, Bob Cummings, and future President Ronald Reagan! although this seems like an amazing idea, unforeseen broadcasting problems quickly mounted with so many unexpected guests. People tripped over television cables left and right, problems sprang up around technical issues and mistakes, cues were missed, responsibilities were mismanaged, and there was even an improvised ‘skit’ involving Linkletter looking for his lost microphone (he really had misplaced it but tried to hide the fact by making the search an ‘impromptu adventure through Disneyland’).
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In addition, a regional Plumbing Strike forced Disney to chose between water fountains and toilets. Of course, Walt chose the latter for sanitary purposes. However, since Pepsi sponsored the park’s opening, guests mistook the lack of working water fountains as a greedy way to force them into buying soda! Soda and food ran out very quickly due to the demand of so many guests. Parents threw their kids over the shoulders of the crowds to get them on rides faster, and people cut in line (not that the last one has changed all that much). The Mark Twain Riverboat even began to sink when guests continued to force their way on, even after Cast Members told them that the boat had reached peak capacity! There were even the problems resulting from unexpected weather, as the unusually high temperature of 101° Fahrenheit caused the newly poured asphalt to become soft. This led to things like high heels sinking into the sticky substance.
By the time the park closed for the day, it seemed as if Disneyland had been the failure that everyone had been expecting it to be. If we were there on that day, without the benefit of hindsight, we would have probably said the same thing. To all who heard about it, the day seemed like a nightmarish disaster.
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Today, historians recognize that most of the perceived disaster was due to bad luck, and the park being unprepared for so many people. They now can objectively see that the park was a success with fans from its very first day, despite what it had looked like in the moment, and the second day attendance proved this. the park managed very well on its second try and the insanity of Black Sunday became a legendary false alarm as Disneyland quickly became one of the greatest tourist destinations in the world. Walt Disney’s vision finally became a reality, but not without a few scares along the way!
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If Walt hadn’t stuck with his dream and persevered against all odds, Disneyland might have never existed!
What do you think was the craziest thing to happen on Black Sunday?
The Lost Land of Disney’s Animal Kingdom
The Lost Land of Disney’s Animal Kingdom
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The Lost Land of Disney’s Animal Kingdom
Disney’s Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort has always been one of the most fascinating theme parks in the world. However, Animal Kingdom was originally supposed to be even more fascinating than it already is. It was supposed have three separate types of animals featured in the parks; The animals of today, the animals of days gone by, and the animals of fantasy. Obviously, two of these can be found readily enough across the park, with the acres of live-animal habitats and a whole land devoted to Dinosaurs. But what about the animals of fantasy? It turns out that Imagineers had planned plenty of fantasy in the park, but most of it never came to be. However, one of these scrapped concepts was particularly intriguing; the legendary plans for a realm called Beastly Kingdom.
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Unsurprisingly, Disney had originally planned for mythical creatures to be a larger presence in the park; intending them to be the centerpiece of Animal Kingdom’s first major expansion in the years following its opening. It certainly made sense for Disney, a company associated with myth and fantasy, to play to their strengths. So naturally, a massive amount of concept art and development was directed to the creation of a large and intricately themed land based on humanity’s greatest legends.
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Divided into two opposing sections, the concept for the land called Beastly kingdom was intended to be an immersive world surrounding the creatures of mythology. The ‘Dark Side’, located to the left of the entrance, would showcase more heart-thumping thrills, while the ‘Light Side’ on the right would focus more on family attractions.
The Dark Side opened with a twisted path leading through a dark and brooding forest that exited into a large Stonehenge-styled courtyard. There, guests would enter a medieval village that sat under the looming shadow of a crumbling castle tower. Inside the tower, the first of Beastly Kingdom’s E-Ticket attractions would reside; The Dragon’s Tower!
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Guests entered the decrepit fortress to find a roller-coaster/Dark Ride hybrid that would bring them face to face with a fire-breathing animatronic dragon. The guests would board ‘bats’ that flew on a coaster track in a mission to steal back the gold that had been hoarded by a mighty dragon deep within the bowels of the ancient castle; witnessing a supposedly immersive interior filled with grand halls, battered armor, old swords, and piles of endless gold. It was intended to end in a very close and personal encounter with the dragon itself before guests narrowly escaped certain doom. Located in a sub-section of this land, there was going to be shops and eateries surrounding the lagoon of a giant sea-serpent.
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To the right of the entrance, an entirely different path awaited the young at heart; a land of goodness and light. The ‘Light Side’ of Beastly Kingdom would stand in stark contrast to its darker neighbor, supposedly beginning with a path through peaceful woods that opened onto Olympian architecture and Greek statues of an area called ‘Fantasia Gardens’. Here, a tranquil boat ride for the whole family would take you into the mythical world of Disney’s Fantasia (1940) letting you drift past musical scenes from the film, in a visually fantasy of the Disneyland ‘Small World’ variety.
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But Fantasia Gardens, however cute, was simply meant as secondary experience to compliment Beastly Kingdom’s second E-Ticket attraction; Quest for the Unicorn. This walk-through attraction would allow the guests to go on a journey into their most beautiful dreams. Designed as a maze/interactive adventure attraction, Quest for the Unicorn would allow guests to travel through a hedge labyrinth, and past breathtaking sets designed to transport you into a child’s storybook. While there, guests would attempt to locate hidden statues which gave them clues to make it to the center of the maze. Once guests successfully navigated the steps to the center, they would be rewarded with a beautiful chamber of bubbling pools and glittering caves. And there in the center of it all, would be a beautiful animatronic unicorn.
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All in all, Beastly Kingdom was to be a feat of Imagineering that would require all of their vast skills. So, what happened to this enchanted realm of Unicorns and Dragons?
Sadly, at the time Beastly Kingdom was in development, Disney was not ready to commit to the large sum needed for its construction. Due to unforeseen complications at Disney’s overseas parks, the company was not yet willing to risk so much money on an expansion to a park that was already successful, and thus Beastly Kingdom was put on hold. However, Disney would keep delaying the project due to bad luck, and it never really had the time to take off. However, Joe Rohde, the Imagineer in charge of Beastly Kingdom, would continue to hold onto those concepts even through the tough times; eventually spinning them off into new projects like Expedition Everest.
But finally, with Director James Cameron’s support, and the acquisition of the rights for a popular movie called Avatar, an elaborate new land would finally have the financial backing that it needed. Joe Rohde took the old ride concepts for Beastly Kingdom, and reworked them into the amazing new land called Pandora: The World of Avatar and subsequently built Avatar Flight of Passage (using concepts from Dragon’s Tower) and Na’vi River Journey (using both Fantasia Gardens and Quest of the Unicorn).
Sadly, the legendary Beastly Kingdom will probably never be built the way it was originally intended. However, there is now a new world full of mythical creatures and immersive environments that you can visit. Even though it’s not the same as Beastly Kingdom, the spirit of adventure and escapism remains through the talented designs of Imagineers that worked on the original Beastly Kingdom. As for us, we are more than happy to have an alien world filled with floating mountains and otherworldly creatures! Believe us; The World of Avatar is worth it!
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Google's AI Proves Better at Detecting Breast Cancer Than Doctors
Illustration for article titled Googles AI Proves Better at Detecting Breast Cancer Than Doctors
Image: Google, via Nature
Google, in its bid to move into healthcare, reports that researchers have successfully trained AI to detect breast cancer with greater accuracy than doctors. In a Google-funded study, a team of independent researchers from various hospitals and universities, researchers from Google Health, and engineers from DeepMind (a Google-owned UK-based AI company) compared analyses of nearly 29,000 mammograms from UK and U.S.-sourced datasets. The study reports that they found 9.7% and 2.7% reductions in false negatives in the U.S. and UK, respectively, and false positives reduced by 5.7% and 1.2%, respectively. This was despite the fact that the AI had less information to work with. In its control study, Google gave six radiologists 500 randomly-selected mammograms from its U.S. dataset, along with access to patients’ age, breast cancer history, and previous mammograms.
Google provides limited information on the demographics of its survey sample, but if the AI works for a diverse population representative of the real world, AI can help to detect hard-to-spot cancer hidden behind dense tissue. The paper also indicates that it could “reduce the workload” for radiologists in the UK, where, unlike in the U.S., patients customarily get second opinions on each mammogram.
There’s undoubtedly more to come this decade, as Google expands into healthcare tech. CEO Sundar Pichai has called healthcare one of the biggest areas of AIwhere the benefits will playout for the next 10 to 20 years.” The latest cancer study builds on Google’s previous effort to detect the spread of breast cancer through deep learning. Over the past few years, Google’s been training AI to detect diabetic eye disease and heart disease, as well as analyzing data on the progression of multiple sclerosis. It attempted a product in 2014, a microchip-embedded smart contact lens that would detect blood sugar levels, although work on the lens was halted when tears weren’t found to be sufficient to measure blood glucose. In that context, its Fitbit acquisition–including Fitbit’s subsidiary Fitbit Health Solutions, aimed to wed health insurance costs with Fitbit data–makes a lot of sense.
Being Google, the company will gladly scoop your data as a shady means to benevolent ends. In 2017, UK authorities accused Google of using illegally-obtained health records for 1.6 million people for a DeepMind study on kidney injuries. Just a few months ago, the Wall Street Journal reported that the company allegedly amassed healthcare data on millions of Americans without their knowledge in a typically top-secret sounding mission called “Project Nightingale.” (Google noted that its data collection was HIPPA-compliant.)
In an outside response to the study, Etta Pisano, a professor in residence of radiology at the Beth Israel Lahey Medical Center, urged the medical community not to get ahead of itself. Speaking with Gizmodo, Pisano pointed to the failure of early computer-aided detection, CAD, which was first introduced in the nineties and “showed great promise in experimental testing, but fell short in real-world settings”–it proved no greater diagnostic accuracy than human findings, and Pisano writes that “it has been speculated” that doctors were more likely to dismiss the results, given CAD’s tendency to over-mark images of shapes which weren’t actually cancerous. However, Pisano writes that breast cancer screening “is perhaps an ideal application for AI in medical imaging” with a substantial dataset to work from and a more binary determination than diagnoses which have to consider manifold factors.
Google doesn’t seem to make moral determinations with its powers, but here’s hoping that the company finds a better payoff in healthcare than drone imaging and state censorship.
Staff reporter, Gizmodo. wkimball @ gizmodo
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All of those numbers seem pretty low. The training set of 29000 seems low by orders of magnitude compared to what you usually hear about with deep learning training. And declaring victory after comparing results with just SIX humans is a little weird. |
Working with Viewable Area Graph
Viewable Area
Is the horizontal width that the Previzion camera sees at any unique combination of zoom and focus. The viewable area value is defined by the combined effects of entry pupil and focal length.
The Previzion Camera
In order to understand how this impacts Previzion rendering, study the illustration below. It shows the difference in positions of the physical camera and the virtual camera. The virtual camera is the position that Previzion renders from. The virtual camera position is defined physical camera position with the entry pupil offset added in.
Calculating Viewable Area
The illustration below gives a more mathematical approach to understanding viewable area and shows how entry pupil and focal length both are important factors in describing what the virtual camera (aka previzion, aka your-post-renderable camera) sees during render time. |
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Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves
Bass Reeves (1838-1910) was an African American sheriff in Arkansas, who brought in hundreds of convicts. He was born as a slave, but then escaped his abusive master. He was one of the first African Americans to work in law enforcement west of the Mississippi River.
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Bass Reeves Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. |
Is The Black Death Still Around?
What are the 5 symptoms of the Black Death?
Signs and symptoms include:Fever and chills.Extreme weakness.Abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting.Bleeding from your mouth, nose or rectum, or under your skin.Shock.Blackening and death of tissue (gangrene) in your extremities, most commonly your fingers, toes and nose..
What was the last pandemic in the USA?
The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide during 1918-1919.
How many people died from the Black Plague?
25 million peopleThe plague killed an estimated 25 million people, almost a third of the continent’s population. The Black Death lingered on for centuries, particularly in cities.
Does the black plague still exist in 2020?
Today, however, plague is essentially extinct in that part of the world. Across the Atlantic, the United States still sees between one and seventeen cases of the infamous bacterial disease each year. At least 106 people have been infected since 2000, with twelve deaths.
What does the Bible say about locusts?
The Book of Exodus, Chapter 10, Verse 4 says, If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow. Exodus 10:12 says, And the Lord said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand over Egypt so that locusts swarm over the land and devour everything growing in the fields, everything left by the hail.”
What did the black death do to your body?
Bubonic plague causes fever, fatigue, shivering, vomiting, headaches, giddiness, intolerance to light, pain in the back and limbs, sleeplessness, apathy, and delirium. It also causes buboes: one or more of the lymph nodes become tender and swollen, usually in the groin or armpits.
Is there a vaccine for the plague?
Because human plague is rare in most parts of the world, there is no need to vaccinate persons other than those at particularly high risk of exposure. Routine vaccination is not necessary for persons living in areas with enzootic plague such as the western United States.
When did the Black Death End?
1346 – 1353Black Death/Periods
What are the 12 plagues?
PlaguesTurning Water to Blood: Ex. 7:14–24. … Frogs: Ex. 7:25–8:15. … Lice or gnats: Ex. 8:16–19. … Wild animals or flies: Ex. 8:20–32. … Pestilence of livestock: Ex. 9:1–7. … Boils: Ex. 9:8–12. … Thunderstorm of hail and fire: Ex. 9:13–35. … Locusts: Ex. 10:1–20.More items…
How did the the black plague start?
The plague is thought to have originated in Asia over 2,000 years ago and was likely spread by trading ships, though recent research has indicated the pathogen responsible for the Black Death may have existed in Europe as early as 3000 B.C. READ MORE: See all pandemic coverage here.
Does the Black Death still exist today?
In the Middle Ages in Europe, massive plague epidemics killed millions of people. Plague has not been eliminated. It can still be found in Africa, Asia, and South America. Today, plague is rare in the United States.
How did Black Death End?
How did it end? The most popular theory of how the plague ended is through the implementation of quarantines. The uninfected would typically remain in their homes and only leave when it was necessary, while those who could afford to do so would leave the more densely populated areas and live in greater isolation.
Is the Black Death eradicated?
It’s been virtually eradicated in the developed world, but according to the WHO, there were 783 reported cases and 126 deaths caused by the plague worldwide in 2013. In Madagascar, the bubonic plague has killed 71 people and infected 263 since September.
What is the last plague?
The Great Plague of 1665 was the last and one of the worst of the centuries-long outbreaks, killing 100,000 Londoners in just seven months. All public entertainment was banned and victims were forcibly shut into their homes to prevent the spread of the disease. |
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Lies and Deception
In organisations, amongst other things, there is an expectation of the following from their members:
1. that they agree to decisions made
2. that they pass on necessary information
3. that they stick to agreements and
4. that they disclose mistakes.
However, if all employees met these named expectations, then:
1. decisions could no longer be circumvented or cleverly adapted,
2. retained information could not be used by the lower levels of the hierarchy for the clever direction of bosses,
3. agreements would become a straight-jacket and a self-confinement, if the associated dialogue could no longer be accessed and
4. mistakes could constantly attract attention and would, thus, undermine trust, where this would not be necessary at all if secret improvements were made.
In short, every organisation would immediately be worse off or not function at all anymore without lies and deception. What counts here, therefore, is that one must see the good in the bad just as much as the bad in the good. All trust between people and social systems would immediately collapse, if complete transparency, absolute honesty and unlimited openness were practiced. Which friendship, which relationship would survive if the other knew everything one ever thought and felt about them? Seen in this light, lies and deception are important elements which enable social co-existence. As with all phenomena, the solution is not morality or an appeal to morality, but the readiness to examine carefully in which regard the lack of transparency or the extenuation of circumstances are serving whom or what, or what things are useful or damaging. |
What Happened to Puerto Rico’s Economy?
August 29, 2019 Topic: Security Region: Americas Tags: Puerto RicoGovernmentEconomyRetirementPension
What Happened to Puerto Rico’s Economy?
Persistent failure to pay required contributions—combined with population and economic decline—have led to the collapse of Puerto Rico’s pension fund, sending it spiraling into bankruptcy.
After weeks of protests in July, Puerto Rico has a new governor. And although this latest season of unrest was sparked by a series of misogynistic and homophobic texts from the now-former governor, dubbed “Ricky Leaks,” the people have been deeply upset with conditions in Puerto Rico for a long, long time. After all, most of Puerto Rico’s youth has grown up amid an economic crisis that has dragged on for multiple years.
What is the source of this chaos? Well, there are several factors at play. But one of the most devastating is easily the mismanaged pension fund for employees of the government—the biggest job provider in Puerto Rico.
Back in mid-2017, government coffers only had eight cents per dollar owed to its retirees. Combined liabilities of government-sponsored pension plans—which, other than its main retirement fund, the Employee Retirement System (ERS), includes smaller teachers’ and judicial retirement funds—were at an estimated $50 billion. Add that to an estimated $74 billion in bond debt, and Puerto Rico was forced to file the biggest bankruptcy in U.S. government history.
For years, Puerto Rico has failed to adequately fund ERS, which racked up a huge pension debt. Up until its collapse in 2017, Puerto Rico’s ERS was a system that guaranteed a certain income upon retirement. These kinds of pension funds are sponsored by an employer (in this case, Puerto Rico’s government) and are designed to be prefunded. Basically, what this means is that employee and employer contributions to the plan, together with the interest accumulated over the years, have to be enough to provide monthly checks to retirees.
But, as noted, Puerto Rico’s government has consistently failed to make the needed annual payments in full. As a result, it ran out of assets in July 2017 and has turned into a pay-as-you-go system—the most expensive way to fund retirement. With this method, there’s a lack of assets returns generated by the prefunded alternatives. So when using the pay-as-you-go system, plan sponsors are missing out on asset gains because they don’t invest in anything in the first place. Consequently, much more government revenue (such as taxes) would have to be spent to generate the same amount of retirement income.
Puerto Rico is not the only place that has defined benefit pension plans. In fact, most government employees, teachers, and first responders have similar plans across the United States. Some have struggled with their pension systems while others have been able to achieve positive reform. Unfortunately, Puerto Rico’s unique socioeconomic situation heavily influenced the default.
Here’s Why the Pension Problem Exists
The lack of pension prefunding does not necessarily mean imminent bankruptcy because retirement benefit sponsors or governments can write pension checks using tax revenue and other income. But in Puerto Rico’s case, benefit payments continued to grow in a time when there was a population and economic slowdown—key factors in assessing risk of bankruptcy. Puerto Rico’s population has been steadily declining since 2004 and is now at a forty-year low. As the population declined, the labor supply diminished, which led to economic decline.
So, as the pension payment burden gradually became a larger and larger share of overall expenditures, pension debt became a bigger problem.
In other words, there was simply not enough money in the pot to cover all of the country’s obligations, including pensions.
These factors—persistent failure to pay required contributions combined with population and economic decline—have led to the collapse of Puerto Rico’s pension fund, sending it spiraling into bankruptcy.
As a result, not only will there be no defined benefit plan for new employees, but the proposed changes mean cuts for retirees and significant changes for current employees. These people have been counting on a certain income and aren’t getting all of it. And, although the defined benefit portion of the plan was closed, the employer still has to pay benefits directly out of government income—or, in other words, taxes.
The moral of the story is that reckless pension fund management can have serious consequences for everyone with defined benefit pension plans in areas that are experiencing demographic shocks, like population decline. Currently, the city of Chicago, and states like Connecticut and Vermont, all battle some form of demographic problem and pension debt. So, if they don’t want to become the next Puerto Rico, then they’d better revisit their pension debt management.
After all, even in the case of bankruptcy, the problem of pension debt is not going anywhere. It only gets transferred to future generations. When it comes to pensions, running a pay-as-you-go system isn’t the best use of taxpayers’ money. Going forward, Puerto Rico could offer alternative solutions that would limit the liability of employers and provide retirement security for all future and current employees. But if they’re going to fix their system at all, they’ve got to do something about their pensions first.
Jen Sidorova is a Young Voices contributor and a policy analyst at the Reason Foundation. You can find her on Twitter @Jen_Sidorova.
Image: Reuters |
Electromagnetic pollution: what are we exposed to?
Electromagnetic pollution: what are we exposed to?
Electromagnetic pollution
With the increasing proliferation of technology and telecommunications, electromagnetic pollution has grown. But do you know exactly how it affects you?
Technological development and the expansion of connections in recent decades has changed the natural electromagnetic environment around us. Today, we are all connected to a complex mix of weak electric and magnetic fields, both at home and at work, from those that produce electricity generation and transmission to household appliances and industrial equipment, to those others produced by telecommunications and the diffusion of radio and television.
It’s very important to highlight that the phenomenon of electromagnetic fields (EMF) is not a new thing. Our entire species and the planet itself has always been exposed to natural magnetic fields that have an important role in preserving our delicate ecological balance. Furthermore, electromagnetic pollution comes with the introduction of artificial electromagnetic fields (generated by man-made technologies) and has existed since humanity used electricity, only it has advanced as technology is increasingly included in our lives.
Exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields has been demonstrated to produce biological effects, of which 8 of them have been repeatedly confirmed by science with serious health implications, and some more people have even manifested other health conditions that are still under study.
However, this does not mean that we should stop using the technology or stop its advance, but rather that we must understand the electromagnetic problem to find solutions and thus avoid the effects that artificial electromagnetic fields can cause.
Understanding more about electromagnetic pollution
EMF pollution or electromagnetic pollution -also called electrosmog- is generated by emissions from one or more sources of the same or different frequencies. For example, power lines and signals such as radio, television, and telephone waves emit electromagnetic fields at different frequencies, their effects add up and impact us daily.
Nowadays, people are permanently exposed to both the electromagnetic fields produced by the electronic devices they use and also the electromagnetic signals from telecommunications. Although this phenomenon occurs to a greater extent in large urban centers, today it is very difficult to find a single place on the planet that is free of artificial radiation.
What is electrosmog?
The word smog comes from the terms of smoke and fog, which means air pollution by escape gases in metropolitan areas. The term electrosmog then refers to all electromagnetic fields artificially generated by man-made technologies and the resulting permanent exposure of people and the environment to them.
Electromagnetic smog is classified as non-ionizing radiation. This means that electromagnetic waves do not produce the necessary energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules, a difference from ionizing radiation such as radioactivity.
There are two types of electrosmog and they are subdivided as follows according to their emission source:
– Low-frequency electric and magnetic fields: Electric and magnetic fields in the low-frequency range are generated when electrical energy is created, transported, or applied, for example, in alternating current circuits and common electrical appliances.
– High-frequency electromagnetic fields: High-frequency electromagnetic fields are transmitted via wireless transmissions, such as WiFi, telephone signals, or baby monitors. Microwaves in kitchens also use high-frequency electromagnetic fields to heat food.
Biological effects
In recent years, a growing concern has been raised about the effects of electromagnetic pollution, and there are lots of questions about the health effects related to numerous sources of electromagnetic fields, such as power lines, microwave ovens, displays, security devices, radars and, more recently, mobile phones and their base stations.
In the past 30 years, approximately 25,000 articles have been published on the biological effects and medical applications of non-ionizing radiation. Even though some people think that more research is needed, the scientific knowledge in this field is now broader than that of most chemicals.
There is no doubt that short-term exposure to very strong electromagnetic fields can be harmful to health. But society’s current concern is with the possible long-term health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields of lower intensities than the necessary to trigger immediate biological responses.
The WHO International EMF project was launched to respond scientifically and objectively to societal concerns about the potential dangers of low-intensity electromagnetic fields. Currently, large research efforts are being devoted to studying the relationship between electromagnetic fields and cancer. Also, there are some studies underway to look for possible carcinogenic effects of the electricity grid frequency fields.
For example, the FDA and the Interphone study have already investigated and studied in depth the possible types of cancer that electromagnetic contamination could generate. These studies have provided new evidence and bases for new research. Even IARC has already rated artificial electromagnetic waves as 2B type carcinogens.
Another research objective of many current studies is the long-term health effects of using mobile phones. Although no overt deleterious effects have been discovered so far, further research attempts to determine whether less obvious effects could occur at very low exposure levels.
Although there is much to study and understand about this problem, now, with Noxtak technology, we provide solutions to protect ourselves against electromagnetic fields without the need to stop using everyday devices or block the waves. Our technology, the first non-blocking solution for EMFs based on real science, has been awarded multiple times, and it’s certified by independent laboratories.
We invite you to visit our products section to learn more about our solutions and, if you wish to receive more information of interest such as this, subscribe to our newsletter using the form at the bottom of this page. Soon, we will be publishing more information on this and other topics.
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Last updated on 5/27/20
Build and Interpret a Polynomial Regression Model
Linear and logistic regression are powerful modeling techniques for regression and classification. However, they suffer from a major drawback; the assumption of linearity, which enforces a very strong approximation of the data. In the real world, linearity between variables is rare.
There are multiple ways to move beyond linearity using the context of linear regression. In this chapter, we will focus on polynomial regression, which extends the linear model by considering extra predictors defined as the powers of the original predictors.
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Build polynomial regression models.
• Select the best order of the polynomial.
• Reduce structural multicollinearity
• Understand the concept of overfitting.
• Fit a quadratic interpolation with numpy.polyfit.
Polynomial Regression
Consider a univariate regression, where the outcome y is a function of a predictor X:
You can extend that regression by adding powers of X : X2 , X3 up to Xp such that:
You have created a polynomial of X of order p with p2
A polynomial regression is linear regression that involves multiple powers of an initial predictor.
Now, why would you do that? Two reasons:
1. The model above is still considered to be a linear regression. You can apply all the linear regression tools and diagnostics to polynomial regression.
2. Polynomial regression allows you to handle nonlinearities in the dataset. You are no longer constrained by the linearity assumption.
Let's look at a simple example.
The Dataset
We will work on a classic dataset used in statistic courses; the Ozone dataset, which consists of 111 observations of the following four variables:
• Ozone: daily ozone concentration (ppb)
• Radiation: solar radiation (Langley's)
• Temperature: daily maximum temperature (degrees F)
• Wind: wind speed (mph)
These observations were gathered over 111 days from May to September 1973 in New York. The target variable is the concentration of ozone.
As you will see, the relationships between ozone and wind and ozone and temperature is not entirely linear. So let's explore the data by plotting the relations between the variables with seaborn pairplot.
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
df = pd.read_csv('ozone.csv')
# drop Day and Month columns and rename Solar.R as Solar
df= df.drop(columns = ['Day', 'Month']).rename(columns = {'Solar.R': 'Solar'})
Scatter plots and histograms of the ozone dataset
Scatter plots and histograms of the Ozone dataset
These scatter plots are all far from being nice and linear. In particular, the curvature in the scatter plot Ozone vs. Wind is an indication of nonlinearity between the variables.
When do we need polynomial regression?
There's a reason to think that the relationship between the outcome and one of the predictors is not linear. You can assess this by looking at the scatter plot of the variables.
How Polynomial Should We Be?
The next question to answer is the maximum power of a variable we should add to the linear regression model. To illustrate the answer, we will compare three different models, each involving a different set of powers of the original variable.
Create a new variable as the square of the wind, and another as the cube of wind:
df['Wind2'] = df.Wind**2
df['Wind3'] = df.Wind**3
Build three models:
import statsmodels.formula.api as smf
M1 = smf.ols('Ozone ~ Wind ', df)
M2 = smf.ols('Ozone ~ Wind + Wind2', df)
M3 = smf.ols('Ozone ~ Wind + Wind2 + Wind3', df)
Let's compare the results with results.summary(). To save space, we're not reproducing the summary of the three models, but just focusing on the main metrics:
• Wind : -5.5
• 9.2e-13
• Wind : -19.44,
• Wind2 : 0.65
• 1.1e-10
• 8.3e-07
• Wind :-32.26
• Wind2 : 1.92
• Wind3 : -0.04
• 0.00017
• 0.016
• 0.105
These results show that adding new powers of the original variable does increase the performance of the model (R-squared increases, log-likelihood decreases). However, the p-values for the coefficients show that the coefficients M1 and M2 are reliable; but for M3, the p-value associated with Wind3 is well above 0.05 and can't be trusted.
This case concludes that adding a square of the original variable improves the model, but adding another power no longer leads to a reliable model. The best degree for the polynomial is two.
Exercise: As an exercise, carry out the same analysis on the ozone vs. temp variable. Define three models:
• M1: Ozone ~ Temp
• M2: Ozone ~ Temp + Temp^2
• M3: Ozone ~ Temp + Temp^2 + Temp^3
Compare the results of the three regressions. You should come to the conclusion that a second degree polynomial improves the model, but a third degree polynomial degrades it. The solution is in this lesson's screencast.
Selecting the Best Degree of the Polynomial
Selecting the best degree of the polynomial follows the same process as selecting the best model and set of predictors by analyzing the different metrics and statistics available in the regression summary.
Overfitting is an important concept in machine learning, which we will explore more in-depth in Part 4 of this course. Overfitting means that the model is so close and sensitive to the dataset, that it becomes ineffective for predicting new values, or for extrapolation.
In the graph below, we compare a polynomial regression of degree 2 (blue line) with one of degree 5 (orange line) on a random subset (n = 30) of the Ozone ~ Wind data. As you can see, the degree 5 interpolation is very sensitive to the points on the right of the graph. If we were to use that degree 5 polynomial to make predictions based on new values, the accuracy would be worse than with the more robust 2nd-degree polynomial.
Overfitting polynomial regression
Overfitting polynomial regression
Selecting the optimum degree for a polynomial regression comes down to balancing the model’s complexity with its explanatory power. The best model is one that accomplishes the desired level of explanation or prediction with as few predictor variables as possible.
What About the Collinearity?
Consider our quadratic model: Ozone ~ Wind + Wind^2. The variables Wind and Wind^2 are very correlated:
r = np.corrcoeff(df.Wind, df.Wind2)
print("r = {:.2f}".format(r))
r = 0.97
It seems we have a violation of the collinearity assumption, which states that predictor variables should be decorrelated from one another for the linear regression to be reliable.
Fortunately, this is not the case.
What you see here is not multicollinearity related to the nature of the data where two predictors are correlated by chance as a consequence of some unknown confounder. We have a polynomial called structural correlation, and it is not a problem for linear regression.
Structural Correlation Is OK
We can show that structural correlation between predictors does not degrade the performance of the model.
One way to remove the correlation between X and X2 or between X and some functions of X is simply to center the variable Xc=Xmean(X). Then Xc and X2c are less correlated.
df['Wind_c'] = df.Wind - df.Wind.mean()
r = np.corrcoef(df.Wind_c, df.Wind_c**2 )
print("r = {:.2f}".format(r[0,1]))
r = 0.30
We see a very significant decrease in correlation.
If we build the model M4:OzoneWindc+Wind2c based on the centered variable Windc , we get exactly the same results for M4 as we did for M2:OzoneWind+Wind2 with the exception of the coefficients and associated statistics and confidence intervals. The correlation between the two predictors ( Wind and Wind2 ) has no impact on the overall quality of the linear model.
In this chapter, we used polynomial regression to bypass the constraint of linearity between the predictors and the outcome.
The key takeaways from this chapter are:
• There's usually no reason to consider polynomials with degrees higher than three.
• Correlation between the powers of a variable does not induce multicollinearity.
• Selecting the best degree for the polynomial regression follows a similar model comparison process as with simple regression.
• NumPy polyfit is a simple method for polynomial interpolation useful for graphic exploration.
This concludes Part 3 of the course! You should now be comfortable working with logistic regression, handling categorical variables, and tackling nonlinearities with polynomial regression.
In Part 4, we will work with linear and logistic regression to make predictions. We're moving away from statistical modeling and stepping into machine learning. Fun stuff, right?
Example of certificate of achievement
Example of certificate of achievement |
NASA Wavelength Resources Collection
1902 result(s)
Solar Week Wednesday: Learn About the Active Sun
Time Warp
In this inquiry investigation, students conclude that the motion of the Earth is linked to the changes we observe such as the length of the day. Students learn about the reason behind the Earth's time zones. An optional water clock and sand clock making activity supports this investigation.
Make a Watershed Model
Students will create a three-dimensional model from a two-dimensional topographic map.
Beyond the Solar System
This is a unit in 7-8 sessions about objects outside of our solar system, including galaxies and the universe. Learners will investigate the contents of the universe, why light years are used to measure distances in space, the lifespan of a star, and detecting extrasolar planets.
My Spacecraft and Cassini
This is a lesson about spacecraft design. Learners will hear the NASA solutions to the problems they wrote about in an earlier lesson. They will then write a nonfiction piece comparing their spacecraft to Cassini, and share their writing with the class.
We're All Connected
In these activities, students continue to explore the idea of interaction among Earth components as they identify processes in the Earth system and indicate how they illustrate an interaction between two of the Earth system components.
The Scoop on Soils
This science-based storybook provides an introduction to soil description and sampling. Simon, Anita and Dennis follow their dog, Scoop, and find themselves in the middle of an adventure in soil.
Cosmic Survey: What are Your Ideas About the Universe?
In this activity, a three-part questionnaire launches students into discussions about where objects in space are located, and when they formed - an introduction to the concepts of structure and evolution of the universe.
Space Place: Make a Star Finder
Learners will make a "star finder" toy and play a game to find a constellation in the night sky.
Calculator Controlled Robots: Hands-on Mathematics and Science Discovery Educator Guide
Using a graphing calculator and a Norland Research calculator robot, students create programs in TI-BASIC to direct their robot through a variety of tasks. Ten robot missions and three exploration extensions are included in this lesson booklet. |
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What is Cross Linux From Scratch?
Cross Linux From Scratch (CLFS) is a project that provides you with step-by-step instructions for building your own customized Linux system entirely from source.
Why would I want a CLFS system?
Many wonder why they should go through the hassle of building a Linux system from scratch when they could just download an existing Linux distribution. However, there are several benefits of building CLFS. Consider the following:
CLFS teaches people how to build a cross compiler
Building CLFS teaches you how to make a cross-compiler and the necessary tools, to build a basic system on a different architecture. For example you would be able to build a Sparc toolchain on an x86 machine, and utilize that toolchain to build a Linux system from source code.
CLFS teaches people how to utilize a multilib system
CLFS takes advantage of the target system's capability, by utilizing a multilib capable build system.
CLFS teaches people how a Linux system works internally
Building CLFS produces a very compact Linux system
When you install a regular distribution, you often end up installing a lot of programs that you would probably never use. They're just sitting there taking up (precious) disk space.
CLFS can be built from most Unix Style Operating Systems
You can build CLFS even if you don't have Linux running. Our build instructions have been tested to build from Solaris and the BSDs.
CLFS is extremely flexible
Building CLFS could be compared to a finished house. CLFS will give you the skeleton of a house, but it's up to you to install plumbing, electrical outlets, kitchen, bath, wallpaper, etc. You have the ability to turn it into whatever type of system you need it to be, customized completely for you.
CLFS offers you added security
What can I do with my CLFS system?
A by-the-book CLFS system is fairly minimal, but is designed to provide a strong base on which you can add any packages you want. See the CBLFS and BLFS projects for a selection of commonly used packages.
Who's who:
Project Co-Leader:Ryan OliverArch: x86, x86_64, sparc, mips, powerpc
Project Co-Leader:Jim GiffordArch: x86, sparc, mips, powerpc
Project Co-Leader:Joe CicconeArch: x86, x86_64, mips, alpha, sparc, hppa, arm
Editor:Ken MoffatArch: x86, x86_64, powerpc
Editor:Matt DarcyArch: x86, x86_64, sparc
Editor:Jeremy UtleyArch: x86, x86_64, sparc, mips, powerpc, 1.x Release Manager
Editor:Chris StaubArch: x86 Proofreader
Editor:Manuel Canales EsparciaXML/XSL Editor
Editor:Justin KnierimArch: x86, sparc, FTP & Website Maintainer
Editor:Nathan CoulsonBootscripts
Editor:Jonathan NormanArch: x86, x86_64 & 1.2 Release Manager
Editor:William HarringtonArch: x86, x86_64, ppc64, sparc, mips, powerpc
Editor:Andrew BradfordEmbedded
Referenced by:
Name Authors Publisher
Building Embedded Linux Systems Philippe Gerum, Karim Yaghmour, Jon Masters, Gilad Ben-Yossef O'Reilly
Last modified 17 months ago Last modified on Jun 28, 2019, 9:57:50 AM |
How to Simplify 108/812
Are you looking to calculate how to simplify 108/812? In this really simple guide, we'll teach you exactly how to simplify 108/812 and convert it to the lowest form (this is sometimes calling reducing a fraction to the lowest terms).
To start with, the number above the line (108) in a fraction is called a numerator and the number below the line (812) is called the denominator.
So what we want to do here is to simplify the numerator and denominator in 108/812 to their lowest possible values, while keeping the actual fraction the same.
To do this, we use something called the greatest common factor. It's also known as the greatest common divisor and put simply, it's the highest number that divides exactly into two or more numbers.
In our case with 108/812, the greatest common factor is 4. Once we have this, we can divide both the numerator and the denominator by it, and voila, the fraction is simplified:
108/4 = 27
812/4 = 203
27 / 203
What this means is that the following fractions are the same:
108 / 812 = 27 / 203
So there you have it! You now know exactly how to simplify 108/812 to its lowest terms. Hopefully you understood the process and can use the same techniques to simplify other fractions on your own. The complete answer is below:
Convert 108/812 to Decimal
108 / 812 = 0.133 |
Mandamados - The Ceramists and the Miraculous Archangel Michael
1. General Information
2. The Monastery of Mandamados:
2.1 History and Religious Folklore
2.2 The Miraculous Icon of the Archangel Michael
2.3 Visiting the Monastery
3. Religious Festivals
4. Traditional Products of Mandamados
5. The Ceramists of Mandamados
6. Activities
7. Nearby Attractions
General Information
The municipality of Mandamados is located in the northeast region of Lesvos and covers a total area of 119.6 square kilometers. Together with the homonymous village of Mandamados, the municipality includes the settlements of Kapi, Kleio and Pelopi. Approximately 3.210 permanent residents live in the area.
The village of Mandamados is steeped in rich history and awe-inspiring religious folklore. A number of historical facts and popular legends embellish the history of its Monastery of Taxiarches (Saint Michael the Archangel), reminding believers of the intervention of the divine into the life of mortals and of the miraculous force of religious faith.
The Monastery of Mandamados:
History and Religious Folklore
The monastery of Taxiarches had already been established just outside Stenakas, a city near the original Mandamados, before the 10th century AD. The Byzantine state was in full command of the island and the Aegean seas were being ransacked by Saracean pirates. The monastery was fortified to withstand attack by outsiders and resembled a fortress - a thing that attracted the attention of the pirates and compelled their savage wish to invade it.
The Saracean pirates set sail for Lesvos and approached the monastery in the night. Soon enough, they were forcing their way into the shrine, exterminating any monk standing in their way. A young monk named Gabriel witnessed the violent events unravelling before his eyes and fled to the roof of the temple. All other inmates to the monastery lay dead in a pool of their own blood.
The pirates charged after Gabriel when, suddenly, the roof of the temple became transformed into a raging sea. An angry soldier-angel with a flaming sword was striding the waves. The pirates dropped their loot and ran away in terror. Gabriel, suddenly alone in the aftermath of the tragedy, tried to envisage the angel’s face, remembering the sweet countenance of Saint Michael the Archangel.
Longing to paint the Archangel’s face, Gabriel began sponging the dead monks’ blood off the floor, all the while praying to Saint Michael that the Lord rest his brothers and he be able to depict the Archangel’s face in an icon seen by many and admired by all.
The Miraculous Icon of the Archangel Michael
The icon of Saint Michael the Archangel decorates the contemporary monastery of Mandamados, a destination for hundreds of pilgrims each year. It is claimed that it was created by the hand of the apprentice monk called Gabriel in the 10th-11th century AD and fashioned out of clay made from the monks’ blood mixed with earth. This image of the Archangel is imprinted into the minds of believers and it is worth witnessing its simplicity and awe-inspiring prowess.
Another breathtaking icon of the Archangel is set in the entrance to the monastery. Immensely tall and armored, Saint Michael casts a watchful glance over the monastery grounds.
Visiting the Monastery
A visit to the Monastery of Mandamados is highly recommended whether you’re eager to pay your respects to the Archangel, wander around the monastery’s peaceful grounds or merely enjoy a dish of the famous honeyed ‘loukoumades’ of Mandamados in the nearby café.
Religious Festivals
If you happen to be on Lesvos in springtime, do no miss the celebrations in honor of Taxiarches a fortnight after the Orthodox Easter. It is a major cultural and religious event in the area, when Mandamados is saturated with visitors. The festivities are traditionally spectacular and will give you an insight into the ancient rites and celebratory practices of the region.
Traditional Products of Mandamados
The village of Mandamados is inhabited mostly by olive-oil producers, farmers, skilled ceramists and manufacturers of dairy products. The dairy products of Mandamados are made using traditional techniques and are widely admired for their quality. While in the village, do have a taste of Mandamados cheeses and yogurt, the latter still sold in the traditional ceramic ‘gragoudes’ (husks). A jar of Mandamados honey - which is prized for its quality nationwide - will be a great present to bring home to your loved ones.
The Ceramists of Mandamados
Mandamados is also known for its ceramists. These highly skilled artists create, display and sell their works in the village and preserve the ancient techniques of their craft. If you are on Lesvos in August, do pay a visit to the Lesvian Ceramics Exhibition that takes place in the village each summer. It showcases the creations of local ceramics artists and hosted in the local exhibition and events hall - the renovated premises of a former oil-press and a prime example of industrial architecture in the beginning of the 20th century.
Mandamados is set amidst a landscape of farm holdings and olive groves - the surrounding natural wealth is majestic to gaze at and swarming with wildlife. The village itself is traditional with quaint houses, cobblestoned alleys and a central square crowned by the church of Saint Basil (circa 1750). Have a stroll in the village and pay a visit to the local events hall, which also operates as a museum. You can learn about the different stages in the production of olive oil here, and the equipment on display was once constructed in Smyrna and used in the olive-press industry of yesterday.
Nearby Attractions
A tour of the municipality’s smaller settlements is recommended if you’re keen to enjoy a traditional meal in Kapi, gaze at the old neoclassical mansions of Kleio or admire the bridge at Pelopi.
The beaches at Kalostasi, Lagada and Agios Stephanos are the best in the area. Nature lovers will be interested to visit Tokmakia, a cluster of volcanic islands opposite Mandamados and accessible only by boat.
• Adres: Mandamados Lesvos
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Internal Rhetorics: Toward a History and Theory of Self-Persuasion
by Jean Nienkamp
Southern Illinois University Press, 2001
Cloth: 978-0-8093-2406-4 | eISBN: 978-0-8093-9015-1
Library of Congress Classification BJ42.N54 2001
Dewey Decimal Classification 128.4
Since its early history in Greek culture, traditional rhetorical study has focused primarily on persuasive language used in the public sphere. There has been little study, however, of what Jean Nienkamp calls internal rhetoric, which “occurs between one aspect of the self and another” inside one’s mind. Nienkamp opens the study of internal rhetoric by discussing how the concept developed alongside traditional classical and modern rhetorical theory.
Nienkamp shows how we talk to ourselves, or more specifically, how we talk ourselves into things: justifications, actions, opinions, theories. She explains that just because we see ourselves as divided, as torn in different directions by conflicting desires, duties, and social mores, it does not mean that we are fragmented, nor does it mean that we are split into discrete identities that neither interrelate nor interact.
In this groundbreaking study, Nienkamp identifies two major aspects of internal rhetoric: “the conscious ‘art’ of cultivated internal rhetoric” and “the unconscious ‘nature’ of primary internal rhetoric.” Selecting a small number of figures from the history of rhetoric—including Isocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, Lord Shaftesbury, Richard Whately, Kenneth Burke, Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, George Herbert Mead, and Lev Vygotsky—Nienkamp argues for a “version of the rhetorical self that takes into account both the ways we are formed by and formulate internal and external rhetorics and the ways our physical bodies act as a contributing scene—an agora—for internal rhetoric.”
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What particles does an atomic nucleus consist of? What do you know about these particles?
From protons and neutrons. The proton has a positive charge equal to the elementary one, the neutron is not charged. The mass of the proton is 1836 times greater than the mass of the electron, the neutron – 1839 times.
Remember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position. |
Book Title
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Standard Edition 9th Edition
Fin 33334
February 26, 2019
You invested $1,650 in an account that pays 5 percent simple interest. How much more
could you have earned over a 20-year period if the interest had compounded annually?
A. $849.22
B. $930.11
C. $982.19
D. $1,021.15
E. $1,077.94
The sources and uses of cash over a stated period of time are reflected on the:
A. income statement.
B. balance sheet.
C. tax reconciliation statement.
D. statement of cash flows.
E. statement of operating position.
What is the variance of the returns on a portfolio comprised of $5,400 of stock G and
$6,600 of stock H?
A. .000709
B. .000848
C. .001097
D. .001254
E. .001468
Which two of the following are the primary reasons why firms temporarily accumulate
large cash surpluses?
I. cyclical activities
II. desire to invest funds
III. daily operations
IV. fixed asset purchases
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I and II only
D. III and IV only
E. I and IV only
The static theory of capital structure advocates that the optimal capital structure for a
A. is dependent on a constant debt-equity ratio over time.
B. remains fixed over time.
C. is independent of the firm's tax rate.
D. is independent of the firm's weighted average cost of capital.
E. equates the tax savings from an additional dollar of debt to the increased bankruptcy
costs related to that additional dollar of debt.
A bond that can be paid off early at the issuer's discretion is referred to as being which
one of the following?
A. zero coupon
B. callable
C. senior
D. collateralized
E. unsecured
You are looking at a one-year loan of $10,000. The interest rate is quoted as 10 percent
plus 5 points. A point on a loan is simply 1 percent (one percentage point) of the loan
amount. Quotes similar to this one are very common with home mortgages. The interest
rate quotation in this example requires the borrower to pay 5 points to the lender up
front and repay the loan later with 10 percent interest. What is the actual rate you are
paying on this loan?
A. 15.00 percent
B. 15.47 percent
C. 15.55 percent
D. 15.79 percent
E. 15.84 percent
The plowback ratio is:
A. equal to net income divided by the change in total equity.
B. the percentage of net income available to the firm to fund future growth.
C. equal to one minus the retention ratio.
D. the change in retained earnings divided by the dividends paid.
E. the dollar increase in net income divided by the dollar increase in sales.
The Cat Box acquired The Dog House. As part of this transaction, both firms ceased to
exist in their prior form and combined to create an all-new entity, Animal World. Which
one of the following terms best describes this transaction?
A. divestiture
B. consolidation
C. tender offer
D. spinoff
E. conglomeration
Your firm spends $54,000 a week to pay bills and maintains a lower cash balance limit
of $45,000. The standard deviation of your disbursements is $12,100. The applicable
interest rate is 4.5 percent and the fixed cost of transferring funds is $55. What is your
opportunity cost of holding cash based on the BAT model?
A. $1,318
B. $1,864
C. $2,204
D. $2,311
E. $3,709
You just sold 600 shares of Wesley, Inc. stock at a price of $31.09 a share. Last year,
you paid $30.92 a share to buy this stock. Over the course of the year, you received
dividends totaling $1.20 per share. What is your total capital gain on this investment?
A. -$618
B. -$102
C. $102
D. $618
E. $720
You have just made a $1,500 contribution to your individual retirement account.
Assume you earn a 12 percent rate of return and make no additional contributions. How
much more will your account be worth when you retire in 25 years than it would be if
you waited another 10 years before making this contribution?
A. $8,306.16
B. $9,658.77
C. $16,311.18
D. $16,907.17
E. $17,289.75
You are comparing the current income statement of a firm to the pro forma income
statement for next year. The pro forma is based on a four percent increase in sales. The
firm is currently operating at 85 percent of capacity. Net working capital and all costs
vary directly with sales. The tax rate and the dividend payout ratio are fixed. Given this
information, which one of the following statements must be true?
A. The projected net income is equal to the current year's net income.
B. The tax rate will increase at the same rate as sales.
C. Retained earnings will increase by four percent over its current level.
D. Total assets will increase by less than four percent.
E. Total liabilities and owners' equity will increase by four percent.
Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. An aging schedule helps identify those customers who are the most delinquent.
B. The percentage of total receivables that falls within a certain time period on an aging
schedule will remain constant over time even if the firm has seasonal sales.
C. Normally firms call their delinquent customers prior to sending them a past due
D. A constant average collection period over a period of time is cause for concern.
E. It is common practice when a customer files for bankruptcy to sell that customer's
receivable at face value.
North Side, Inc. has no debt outstanding and a total market value of $175,000. Earnings
before interest and taxes, EBIT, are projected to be $16,000 if economic conditions are
normal. If there is strong expansion in the economy, then EBIT will be 35 percent
higher. If there is a recession, then EBIT will be 70 percent lower. North Side is
considering a $70,000 debt issue with a 7 percent interest rate. The proceeds will be
used to repurchase shares of stock. There are currently 2,500 shares outstanding. North
Side has a tax rate of 34 percent. If the economy expands strongly, EPS will change by
____ percent as compared to a normal economy, assuming that the firm recapitalizes.
A. 38.80 percent
B. 45.26 percent
C. 50.45 percent
D. 53.92 percent
E. 61.07 percent
A market maker who acts as a dealer in one or more securities on the floor of the NYSE
is called a:
A. floor trader.
B. floor post.
C. specialist.
D. floor broker.
E. commission broker.
Which one of the following inventory items is probably the most liquid?
A. a custom made set of kitchen cabinets
B. metal cabinets for dishwashers
C. wheat stored in a grain silo
D. a customized drilling press
E. a partially built modular home
Atlas Industries combines the smaller investment proposals from each operational unit
into a single project for planning purposes. This process is referred to as which one of
the following?
A. conjoining
B. aggregation
C. conglomeration
D. appropriation
E. summation
Atlas Entertainment has 15-year bonds outstanding. The interest payments on these
bonds are sent directly to each of the individual bondholders. These direct payments are
a clear indication that the bonds can accurately be defined as being issued:
A. at par.
B. in registered form.
C. in street form.
D. as debentures.
E. as callable.
Which of the following grants its owner the right to purchase an asset at a stated price?
I. American call
II. European call
III. American put
IV. European put
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. II and IV only
E. III and IV only
Assume that Major Manuscripts, Inc. is currently operating at 95 percent of capacity
and that sales are projected to increase to $20,000. What is the projected addition to
fixed assets?
A. $0
B. $1,493
C. $1,529
D. $1,546
E. $1,588
The Olive Vase has 56,000 shares of stock outstanding with a par value of $1 per share
and a market value of $11 a share. The company just announced a 3-for-4 reverse stock
split. Currently, you own 400 shares of this stock. What will the total value of your
shares be after the reverse stock split?
A. $3,300
B. $4,400
C. $5,500
D. $5,867
E. $6,333
National Home Rentals has a beta of 1.38, a stock price of $19, and recently paid an
annual dividend of $0.94 a share. The dividend growth rate is 4.5 percent. The market
has a 10.6 percent rate of return and a risk premium of 7.5 percent. What is the firm's
cost of equity?
A. 7.05 percent
B. 8.67 percent
C. 9.13 percent
D. 10.30 percent
E. 11.56 percent
A reverse stock split is defined as:
A. an increase in the number of shares outstanding that does not affect owners' equity.
B. a firm buying back existing shares of its stock on the open market.
C. a firm selling new shares of stock on the open market.
D. a decrease in the number of shares outstanding that does not affect owner's equity.
E. a decrease in both the number of shares outstanding and the price per share.
Webster United is paying a $1.10 per share dividend today. There are 350,000 shares
outstanding with a market price of $23 per share. Ignore taxes. Before the dividend, the
company had earnings per share of $1.74. As a result of this dividend, the:
A. retained earnings will decrease by $350,000.
B. retained earnings will increase by $385,000.
C. total firm value will not change.
D. earnings per share will increase to $2.84.
E. price-earnings ratio will be 12.59.
The basic lesson of M&M Theory is that the value of a firm is dependent upon:
A. the firm's capital structure.
B. the total cash flow of the firm.
C. minimizing the marketed claims.
D. the amount of marketed claims to that firm.
E. size of the stockholders' claims.
Financial planning accomplishes which of the following for a firm?
I. determination of asset requirements
II. development of plans to contend with unexpected events
III. establishment of priorities
IV. analysis of funding options
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I, III, and IV only
D. I, II, and III only
E. I, II, III, and IV
The _____ tells us that the expected return on a risky asset depends only on that asset's
nondiversifiable risk.
A. efficient markets hypothesis
B. systematic risk principle
C. open markets theorem
D. law of one price
E. principle of diversification
Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. Money market accounts are low-risk, high-return investments.
B. The rate of return earned on short-term securities tends to exceed that earned on
long-term securities.
C. U.S. Treasury bills are well suited for short-term investments.
D. The income earned on U.S. Treasury bills is exempt from all taxation.
E. Short-term investments tend to have high levels of default risk.
The option to wait:
I. may be of minimal value if a project is dependent upon rapidly changing technology.
II. is partially dependent upon the discount rate applied to the project being evaluated.
III. is defined as temporarily shutting down a project for a period of time.
IV. has a value equal to the NPV of a project if it is started at a later date minus the
NPV if the project is started today.
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I and II only
D. II, III, and IV only
E. I, II, and IV only
Which of the following affect the value of a call option?
I. strike price
II. time to maturity
III. standard deviation of the returns on a risk-free asset
IV. risk-free rate
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. II, III, and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
The market has an expected rate of return of 10.7 percent. The long-term government
bond is expected to yield 5.8 percent and the U.S. Treasury bill is expected to yield 3.9
percent. The inflation rate is 3.6 percent. What is the market risk premium?
A. 6.0 percent
B. 6.8 percent
C. 7.5 percent
D. 8.5 percent
E. 9.3 percent
Which of the following represent potential gains from an acquisition?
I. increased use of debt
II. lower costs per unit produced
III. strategic beachhead
IV. diseconomies of scale
A. II and III only
B. I and IV only
C. I, II, and III only
D. I, III, and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
Dan is comparing three machines to determine which one to purchase. The machines
sell for differing prices, have differing operating costs, differing machine lives, and will
be replaced when worn out. Which one of the following computational methods should
Dan use as the basis for his decision?
A. internal rate of return
B. operating cash flow
C. equivalent annual cost
D. depreciation tax shield
E. bottom-up operating cash flow
You are currently selling 72 units a month at a price of $210 a unit. Your variable cost
of each unit is $130. If you switch from your current cash sales only policy to a net 30
policy you think your sales will increase to a total of 95 units per month. The monthly
interest rate is 1.5 percent. What is the net present value of this proposed switch using
the accounts receivable approach?
A. $104,557
B. $114,829
C. $134,822
D. $136,516
E. $141,520 |
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Social conditions
After independence, the gap between the authorities' efforts to improve living conditions and what is possible to achieve is still great. Privatization has been slow; the resistance depends, among other things, that the authorities want to curb the negative social consequences that reforms can bring. Social concerns that manifest themselves in xenophobia, anti-Semitism and ethnic contradictions, unlike neighboring countries, have therefore been relatively limited by independence. The extremist groups are small with very limited influence. Belarus' lack of democratic development and political isolation affects the social situation. Unemployment is growing as industries are closed down, and agriculture has also declined. Visit AbbreviationFinder to see the definitions of BEL and acronym for Belarus.
Society of Belarus
An important reason why the transformation is slow is, in addition to structural problems and lack of democracy, the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl accident, which caused extensive damage to the environment. The whole country is basically an ecological disaster area. A large number of settlements have been abandoned, and 40 percent of the country's area is estimated to be contaminated by radioactive emissions. The worst affected are the southern and southeastern parts of Belarus. UNICEF reports on continuing negative effects on the health of the population (2002). One in four children born in areas affected by the Chernobyl disaster suffer from some form of illness. Problems with alcohol and drug abuse, trafficking in women, increased poverty and a deteriorating health situation are growing.
In 2011, there were 38 doctors and 113 beds per 10,000 residents. Belarus allows international adoptions to Europe and the United States. Sweden provides assistance for increased democratization and for the promotion of human rights in the country.
Belarus - Minsk
Minsk, Belarusian People, Capital of Belarus; 2 million residents (2018). Minsk, located on the river Svislatj, is the country's administrative, cultural and industrial center. The manufacturing industry comprises the production of machines, motors, means of transport and electrical technology as well as consumer goods. In addition, there is the food and clothing industry as well as the chemical and graphic industries. Minsk is the central hub of Belarus's rail network and has an international airport. The city has universities (founded in 1921) as well as several colleges and academies. The Second World War meant an almost complete destruction of the city, and the few building monuments mark Peter-Paul Cathedral (1622).
Minsk, first mentioned as a fortification in 1067, became part of Poland-Lithuania in the 1300s. At the second partition of Poland in 1793, the city of Russia fell. Minsk was occupied by German forces during the First World War. During the Soviet period, Minsk was the capital of the Belarusian Soviet Republic and since 1991 has been the capital of independent Belarus.
At Minsk, a major invasion was fought during the Second World War on July 5-10, 1941. After the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, advances went so fast that Soviet troops could not retreat. A pocket was formed around Białystok and Minsk, where about 350,000 men were enclosed by the German generals Heinz Guderians and Hermann Hoth's armor groups; 328,000 people were captured, the rest fell. The war was included, among other things. 3,000 tanks and 1,800 guns. Despite its dimensions of success, it did not affect the campaign at large because of the enormous Soviet reserves of reserves, unknown to the Germans.
In Minsk, in June 1941, 80,000 Jews lived, which corresponds to one third of the total population of the city. On July 20, a ghetto was established to bring Jews of Minsk and the surrounding countryside. In total, 100,000 Jews lived in the ghetto. Most of them were murdered in Minsk in 1942-44 or deported to extermination camps.
In July 1944, the Soviet army carried out a maneuver. As a result, 100,000 German soldiers were called into the city. 40,000 of them are estimated to have fallen. The fierce fighting resulted in the city being further destroyed; 80 percent of the buildings were damaged when the Red Army marched into Minsk.
Other Countries in Europe
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Encryption Cannot Have A Backdoor
The USA and other governments around the world are making a stand for backdoors to allow access to encryption and call it “legal access”. They claim they need this access to prevent criminal and terroristic behaviors. This legal access will allow Governments to have full access to encrypted written and voice communications along with phone calling records via the backdoor. Phone records are often used in business espionage for competitors to access proprietary information such as contacts and clients. In the cyber world this translates to: if phone calls and records are accessible to governments then hackers, criminals and terrorists will also have access. If we allow legislature to demand a backdoor, it won’t be long before the criminals and terrorists are accessing data through the same backdoors.
iPhone Security - Risks and Dangers of Mobile Communications
iPhone security
Because of the current structure of the mobile communications system, smartphones have become significantly more vulnerable to "cellular hacks" compared to other computer devices. The two major concerns when it comes to mobile communications are eavesdropping and automatic rebilling. On analog networks such as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), anyone within your range with a scanner could pick up your cellular signal and listen to every single one of your personal and private conversations. With the recent move towards CDMA and GSM digital networks, your phone calls are now encrypted for your protection, however, eavesdroppers with the right patience and determination can decrypt your calls and still listen to your conversation.
iphone spyware
Is Your Privacy Threatened by iPhone Spyware?
As an iPhone user, we know that you value your privacy quite highly. Like the majority of those using iPhones, they would probably feel uneasy if they found out they were under constant surveillance by an unknown hacker having access to their private conversations and e-mails. Yet with the new generation of iPhone app spyware which has just hit the market, this situation is actually happening to some people. As you well know, the iPhone is an incredibly useful tool that helps to organize your life, communicate more effectively with family and friends, and get access to huge amounts of data whenever you need it. And all this comes from one compact, handheld package which slips easily into your pocket. 10 years ago we could only have dreamed of this. However, there is a hidden, dark side to the current smartphone craze. Many people do not realize this, but just as desktop and laptop PCs could become infected with spyware, this also applies to your iPhone.
KryptAll K iPhone Tax Deductions
Your KryptAll K iPhone, computer, Internet service, software, and cell phone are possible tax deductions if you must use them to run your business. Businesses that are required to provide information security to remain compliant such as HIPAA, SOA, GLBA, require secure communications that KryptAll may provide.
© 2015-2020 Krypt-All. All Rights Reserved. |
Indian dairy brand Amul is known for keeping up with the latest trends and happenings in the world and depict it through their ads. The Amul Topical ads have created a remembrance among all users today. In its latest ad, Amul talks of the archaeological finds from 4,500 years ago of the Indus Valley Civilization. It refers to a study published in the journal Nature, which presents some evidence of cheese-making in India and South Asia so many years ago. Based on this interesting finding, Amul India has made its latest ad calling their brand "Harrapa se Har cuppa tak". Amul's 'Flatten the Curve' Topical amid COVID-19 Lockdown Brings in Positivity and Hope!
A study led by a researcher from University of Toronto Mississauga, has studied archaeological finds from the Kotada Bhadli settlement which is located in present-day Kutch district of Gujarat. There have been similar excavated findings of human settlements in the past. This used to be a settlement in the Indus Valley Civilization from 3BCE. They found some absorbed lipid residues in ceramic vessels. They also found a evidence of dairy processing. So based on the finding of cheese likely being made and consumed by Harrapans, Amul being a leading dairy brand, chanced upon the information to make their latest ad.
Check Amul Topical Ad on Harappan Archaeological Findings:
From festivals to birthdays, Amul makes interesting ads on current issues. The Amul mascot girl is seen holding a plate of cheese and the dairy processing tools in front of her. With a pun-intended text of "Harappa se Har Cuppa tak" they market how everyone loves having Amul cheese. People have liked this witty take on this crucial information of history.
(The above story first appeared on LatestLY on Oct 26, 2020 07:42 PM IST. For more news and updates on politics, world, sports, entertainment and lifestyle, log on to our website |
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When Your Back Hurts, Don’t Let Back Pain Knock You Flat
Is your back hurting? You’re in good company. In any 3-month period, about 1 in 4 adults in the U.S. has at least one day of back pain, mostly in the lower back. The back is a complicated structure. Its center is the spine, which is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae, stacked in a column. The nerves of the spinal cord run in a tunnel through the middle of those bones. Spongy discs between the vertebrae act as cushions. Ligaments and tendons hold everything together. A lot of things can go wrong with your back. A strained muscle
Back Pain
Fibrous Dysplasia
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How the wear-resistant steel can be used and how to process it?
Date:Jul 03, 2019
How the wear-resistant steel can be used and hoe to process it?
Wear-resistant steel is a general term for steel materials with high wear resistance, which is used wildest of wear-resistant materials nowadays. At present, the commonly used wear-resistant steel plate is a product made by welding a certain thickness of a hard layer with high hardness and excellent wear resistance on the surface of ordinary low carbon steel, or low alloy steel with good toughness and plasticity by surfacing welding method. In addition, there are cast wear-resistant steel plates and alloy hardened wear-resistant steel plates.
Common applications:
Wear-resistant steel is widely used in mining machinery, coal mining, engineering machinery, agricultural machinery, building materials, electric machinery, railway transportation and other departments.
For example, the ball of the ball mill, the liner, the teeth of the excavator, the bucket, the rolling wall of various crushers, the tooth plate, the hammer head, the track plate of the tractor and the tank, the blower plate of the fan mill, the coal mine scraping Medium trough plate, trough, ring chain for bulldozers, blade for bulldozers, shovel teeth, linings for large electric wheel hoppers, roller bits for perforation of oil and open iron ore, etc. It is also mainly limited to the application of wear-resistant steel subjected to abrasive wear, and all kinds of machines with relative motion will produce various types of wear, which will improve the wear resistance of the workpiece.
Grinding media (balls, rods and liners) used in ore and cement mills are high-consumption steel wear parts. In the United States, most of the grinding balls are forged or cast from carbon steel and alloy steel, which account for 97% of the total ball wear. In Canada, the ball consumed in the grinding ball accounted for 81%.
According to the statistics of the late 1980s, China consumes about 80 to 1 million tons of grinding balls per year. The annual consumption of mill liners is nearly 200,000 tons, most of which are steel products. The central trough of the scraper conveyor in China's coal mines consumes 60,000 to 80,000 tons of steel plates per year.
processing methods:
1. The steel plate cutting method is suitable for cold cutting and hot cutting. Cold cutting includes water jet cutting, shearing, sawing or abrasive cutting; thermal cutting includes oxygen fuel flame cutting (hereinafter referred to as "flame cutting"), plasma cutting and laser cutting.
2. Cutting method: Through the relevant process test, master the general characteristics and cutting thickness range of various cutting methods of steel plates.
3. The flame cutting method of high-grade wear-resistant steel is as simple as the cutting of ordinary low-carbon and low-alloy steel. When cutting wear-resistant steel thick plates, you need to pay attention! As the thickness and hardness of the steel sheet increase, the tendency of the crack at the edge of the cut increases.
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Question: How Many Types Of Spoon Are There?
What is a 5 pronged fork called?
The word trident, of course, comes from the Latin words “three” (tri) and “teeth” (dentes), but Momoa’s weapon in the movie has five prongs..
What is a big spoon called?
How many types of forks are there?
35 different typesThere are more than 35 different types of forks and each of them has either two, three or four tines.
Which spoon is which?
What is the smallest spoon called?
coffee spoon The smallest utensil in this category, hence sometimes called a small spoon.
What are tiny forks called?
Snail Forks are small forks used for aperitifs, for skewering olives, snails, canapes and other tidbits and appetizers. Snail Forks are just one of many table accessories produced by 3V Venosta.
What is a 5 o’clock spoon?
What is the purpose of a demitasse spoon?
A demitasse spoon is a diminutive spoon, smaller than a teaspoon. It is traditionally used for coffee drinks in specialty cups and for spooning cappuccino froth. It is also used as a baby spoon, and in some surgical procedures.
What is the spaghetti spoon called?
This tool is also known as a spaghetti server or spaghetti serving spoon. …
What spoon is smaller than a teaspoon?
Dessert spoon – The spoon between the teaspoon and tablespoon at 10ml, quite often used for not only desserts but also cereals. Soup spoon – a large rounded bowl perfect for cupping liquids. Coffee spoon – a spoon used for coffee cups, usually slightly smaller than the traditional teaspoon.
What are the different types of spoons?
Types of SpoonTypes of Spoon.Table Spoon.Serving Spoon.Fruit Spoon.Tea Spoon or Coffee Spoon.Dessert Spoon.Long Drink Spoons.Salad Spoon.More items…•
Which spoon is used for eating?
What size spoon do you eat cereal with?
What size is a chef’s spoon?
about 40 mlThe spoon pictured is typical of what an Indian restaurant chef might use although the actual size might vary. The one shown here is about 40 ml but anything between 40 – 60 ml will be adequate.
Why is a fish fork different?
The second type of fork is the fish fork. This fork is special because its left tine is slightly larger than the other tines. There also will be a notch on the side of the fork. The purpose of both of these details is to allow the user to remove the bones and skin from their fish using the left tine.
What is the difference between a teaspoon and a dinner spoon?
A Matter of Size While size varies substantially by manufacturer, a dinner spoon is always larger than a teaspoon. A typical teaspoon measures 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 inches in length, while a dinner spoon measures around 7 to 7 1/2 inches in length.
Is a soup spoon a tablespoon?
What is the use of spoon?
What is a rice spoon?
A shamoji (杓文字, しゃもじ) or rice paddle is a large flat spoon used in East Asian cuisine. It is used to stir and to serve rice, and to mix vinegar into the rice for sushi. Shamoji are traditionally made from bamboo, wood, or lacquer, and nowadays often from plastic. |
GeoTab: Hyper Local Temperature Data
Health Transportation Infrastructure
The Geotab data unit is exploring the utility of GPS data in predicting temperature at a hyper-local level. Using GPS data generated by Geotab's GO devices, analysts were able to obtain ambient air temperature at 153m x 153m level. In a white paper, Geotab illustrates how real-time, hyper-local temperature data can be used to discover bridges most likely to be slippery during cold weather in Montreal, Canada. This information can help prioritize maintenance and alert drivers.
Region: North America
includes kosovo |
Fat Shaming Can Be Major Cause of Health Disorders
NDTV Food | Updated: January 27, 2017 13:43 IST
Fat Shaming Can Be Major Cause of Health Disorders
• Fat shaming can take a toll on mental and physical well being
• Experts examined 159 adults based on surveys and medical tests
• The study was published inthe journal of The Obesity Society
A lot of people are subjected to fat shaming - at work, in school and almost every day. It is a form of prejudice where people are extremely critical of your appearance. Researchers from Penn Medicine believe that people who are obese or overweight face the stereotype of being lazy, incompetent or unattractive and are constantly blamed for their excess weight. According to this study, this kind of an attitude can take a toll on their health and put them at the risk of other diseases like heart trouble and metabolic diseases. The study was published in the journal of The Obesity Society, led by a research team from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
Experts examined 159 obese adults, the majority of whom were African American women, who completed baseline questionnaires measuring depression and weight bias internalization before any intervention was given. Weight bias internalization hapens when people apply the negative weight remarks to themselves like believing that they are lazy or unattractive. Participants also underwent medical examinations, which determined whether they had a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors, such as high triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference, which are associated with heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other obesity-related health problems.
weight loss
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Initially, no significant results were found but when the people were divided in two groups of "high" and "low" levels of weight bias internalization it was found that those with high internalization were three times more likely to have metabolic syndrome, and six times more likely to have high triglycerides as compared to participants with low internalization.
Researchers explain that exposure to weight bias and stigma has a negative effect on the person's mental and physical health that can lead to a physiological stress response like increased inflammation and cortisol levels.This can further trigger unhealthy behaviors such as overeating and avoiding physical activity. They also point out that larger, longer-term studies are required to further asses the possible biological responses and behaviors that may occur.
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COVID-19 can survive on bank notes, phone screens for 28 days: study – New York Post
The research study likewise discovered that the infection stopped being contagious within 24 hours at 104 degrees on some surface areas.
Previous laboratory tests have actually found that the infection can endure for 2 to 3 days on bank notes and glass, and as much as six days on plastic and stainless steel, though outcomes vary.
The researchers stated that considered that proteins and fats in body fluids can also significantly increase infection survival times, the study might assist explain the obvious determination of the virus in cool environments.
“It truly enhances the value of washing hands and sterilizing where possible and certainly cleaning down surface areas that may be in contact with the infection,” Riddell stated about the research study.
Scientists at Australias science agency CSIRO conducted the experiments on the SARS-COV-2 virus at 68 degrees– space temperature– and in the dark to get rid of the effect of ultraviolet light, as studies have shown that sunlight can eliminate the bug, Reuters reported.
“So in the genuine world outcomes would likely be shorter than what we had the ability to show,” Shane Riddell, the lead researcher in the research study released Monday in the Virology Journal, informed the news agency.
“Fresh mucous is a hostile environment for infections as it includes lots of white cells that produce enzymes to ruin viruses and can also consist of antibodies and other chemicals to neutralize infections,” Eccles stated.
By comparison, the flu infection has actually been shown to make it through on surface areas for 17 days.
There also is proof that it can be spread by particles hanging in the air.
“Viruses are spread out on surface areas from mucus in sneezes and coughs and filthy fingers and this research study did not utilize fresh human mucus as a car to spread the virus,” he told the BBC.
The infection that causes COVID-19 can survive far longer than previously believed– staying contagious on surfaces such as bank notes, glass, phone screens and stainless steel for 28 days, according to a brand-new study.
Experiments done at 68, 86 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit showed the virus made it through longer at cooler temperature levels, longer on smooth surfaces and longer on paper bank notes than on plastic ones.
Teacher Ron Eccles, previous director of the Common Cold Centre at Cardiff University, criticized the Australian research study and stated the tip that the virus could endure for 28 days was causing “unneeded worry in the public”.
“In my opinion transmittable viruses will just continue for hours in mucous on surface areas instead of days,” he included.
The SARS-CoV-2 infection particles, which trigger COVID-19, isolated from a client in the U.S.APIn the study, the virus was dried in an artificial mucus on a variety of surface areas at concentrations similar to samples from coronavirus clients and then recuperating the bug over a month.
Some specialists have expressed doubt on the real danger positioned by surface transmission considering that the coronavirus is primarily transmitted when individuals cough, sneeze or talk. |
A Guide for Beginner Bird-Watchers
A Guide for Beginner Bird-Watchers
Hearing birdsong on a quiet morning is a lovely way to wake up. Most people recognize a few common species of birds, such as robins, sparrows, and chickadees. If birds intrigue you and you like the outdoors or even just looking at your yard through a window, consider becoming a birder. Birding is a fun activity that’s accessible, relaxing, and educational. Here’s a guide for beginner bird-watchers.
Get a Bird Book or Bird Identification App
Field guides are intended to help you identify the birds you see. Guides for common backyard birds or for all the birds on your continent can teach you a lot about the subtle differences in markings, calls, and colors that various species display.
You can also download different bird identification apps to make identifying birds as simple as a check of your phone. The Cornell Ornithology Lab is a recognized resource for all things bird, and their app, called Merlin, will help you identify your avian friends.
Wake Up Early
Many birds are active early in the morning, when they’re eager for breakfast. Putting up a bird feeder in your backyard attracts a variety of species and can provide hours of birdwatching pleasure. Adding a birdbath to provide water could increase the number of feathered visitors in your yard. If you’re not a morning person, that’s okay: some birds, such as owls, are active at night, and many others like the cool of evening.
Widen Your Circle
When you’ve gotten to know most of the birds in your own yard, it’s time to venture beyond your property line. Visit a local forest preserve with your guide or your app in hand and find a good spot that offers a variety of habitats. Some birds like to perch on tall grasses, while others prefer trees or shrubs. Some species like to feed on the ground. Pick a place where two different types of features meet, such as a pond surrounded by grasses and shrubs or a stand of trees next to a meadow.
Get the Proper Gear
If you’re a beginning bird-watcher, it isn’t necessary to spend a lot of money on fancy binoculars. Any type that’s reasonably lightweight so that you can walk around comfortably with it will do. Once you have more experience and you’re hooked on birding, you can invest in a quality pair.
There’s no dress code to bird watching other than to wear inconspicuous colors (not white!). Birding is a year-round activity, so dress for the weather and wear comfortable shoes for when you want to walk from one location to another.
Take a notebook to jot down the names of birds you identify and any questions about what you see when you’re out and about that you want to research.
With patience and the ability to remain still and to enjoy your natural surroundings, you’ll build your list of birds you can identify by appearance and song. Eventually, you can join your local birding club and venture out with friends to spy migrating species or rare visitors.
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UNI sociologists team up with the University of Mississippi State to study how people stepped up during this pandemic
In the early months of the pandemic, University of Northern Iowa student Hannah Van Theemsche designed and built mobile wooden stands stocked with free masks made by a local nonprofit group. Her goal was to help homeless and underprivileged populations stay safe.
What started as a graduation project from UNI’s Textiles and Apparels program grew to help serve the community. Van Theemsche is one of many people throughout the country, including numerous Panthers, to pitch in and manufacture or distribute personal protective equipment (PPE) when it was in short supply in the early months of COVID-19.
Now, a study by a team of sociologists from the University of Northern Iowa and Mississippi State University is looking into the factors that led to this massive communal effort, as they seek to understand why people chose to volunteer their money, fabric, time and skills during a national crisis.
UNI sociology professor Marybeth Stalp, along with colleagues at Mississippi State University, set up a qualitative study looking at how people were responding to help during the pandemic. The study, which is in progress, has found that women were more likely to be associated with large networks of PPE manufacturers, while men were more likely to work alone. The study has also shown that women are more likely to focus on sewing and distributing cloth masks, hospital gowns, surgical caps and shoe covers, while men are more likely to focus on making ear guards and face shields via 3D printing or use brew kits to make hand sanitizer.
“Making PPE in these ways provide a sense of control for makers, and also a sense of purpose -- they feel better connecting with others to make more, and to help more people in need," Stalp said.
UNI has also been involved in these efforts. Administrators, faculty and students were part of a scaled-up project in April that assembled 10,000 face shields for UnityPoint Health hospitals. Plastic face shields for medical workers were made on 3D printers in UNI’s Additive Manufacturing Center. The chemistry, biology and physics departments collected spare personal protective equipment, donating some 500 items including goggles, face shields and lab coats along with thousands of exam gloves. And theatre students and Textiles and Apparels Program students both sewed protective masks for the community. |
Uloga glazbe u dubrovackom pastoralnom teatru u 16. stoljecu. (The Role of the Music in the Pastoral Theatre in Dubrovnik during the Sixteenth Century)
Risultato della ricerca: Articlepeer review
The 16th-century pastoral plays in Dubrovnik (Ragusa), like the Italian ones which inspired them, are marked by the strong presence of sounds, songs and choruses to increase the fantastical and sentimental emphasis of the performances.Their evolution, from Dzore Drzic eclogues to the pastorals of Antun Sasin, and through Mauro Vetranovic's "Orfeo", is characterized by the acquisition of a Petrarchian language in the Croatian pieces of Nikola Naljeskovic. In the Dubrovnik pastoral plays, unlike the Italian ones, the presence of shepherds, nymphs, and rustic men (the "vlasi", Engl. Walachians or Morlacks) as well as the fantastic and comic elements, is constant. Music supports a narrative function, in the form of comment, or a decorative one, in the form of "intermedio". It also serves as a guide through the development of the plot in certain pieces written by Naljeskovic and Marin Drzic, who, at salient points, insert choral, solo or mimic passages like the "moresca". Only rarely instruments are cited in courtly form: the use of terms taken from Slavic folklore is common, even though it was certainly the consort that accompanied music on stage.The Croatian lemma "intermedj" appears at the end of the 16th century in Sasin's pastorals "Flora" and "Filide". The normative importance of the "intermedio" is enhanced by the fact that until c. 1640, operas based on the Italian libretti use "arie" and incidental music, regressing to the level of the earlier pastorals.
Lingua originaleUndefined/Unknown
pagine (da-a)109-137
Numero di pagine29
RivistaArti Musices
Stato di pubblicazionePublished - 2004
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23 Things About Bipolar Disorder Nobody Talks About
But what else is important about bipolar disorder that we don’t talk about? To honor Mental Health Awareness Month, we teamed up with the International Bipolar Foundation to explore the unspoken corners of bipolar disorder, and asked what parts of bipolar disorder really need awareness not just this month, but every month.
Here’s what they had to say:
1. “The effects of various types of medications — from weight gain (or loss) to ‘brain fog,’ forgetfulness, word-finding difficulties… It’s frustrating and can lower your self-esteem.”
2. “It seems like no one, including doctors, wants to discuss the ‘hyper-sexuality
that can come along with bipolar mania. This can be a very shameful part of the illness. It can cause serious damage to the person suffering.”
3. “Manic states aren’t fun, like many think. You can become self-destructive, and often impulsive decisions are made that have potentially devastating consequences. It can be overwhelming to deal with racing thoughts, and I get incredibly irritable. I think mania reduces my inhibitions and I get aggravated much more easily. I also don’t sleep much at all when I’m manic. It’s not a euphoria for me, and it’s often followed by severe depression.”
4. “The media portrayal of the illness is very narrow. It focuses on the acute stage of mania and depression and rarely acknowledges that patients have stable moods and their symptoms can be in remission for a good deal of time.”
5. “Having bipolar can lead to darkness in your life. Mental illness is just as deadly as many other life-threatening diseases.”
6. “People don’t talk about how it actually feels to have bipolar. People talk about signs and symptoms, but not what it actually feels like going through them. How frightening it is to have it, how totally out of control it makes you feel. People without it don’t see it as debilitating — they know it as a ‘mood swing’ when it’s so much more.”
7. “People need to understand it is not an excuse, it is a disorder. Read about it before you judge.”
8. “I think nobody talks about the difference between our mood swings and our actual emotions we feel as human beings. I have encountered my legitimate feelings being mistaken for my mental illness. I feel like my mental illness gets blamed for anything negative I’m going through, taking away my right as a human being to feel those emotions.”
9. “The mixed episodes are rarely mentioned. People without bipolar often assume there’s only two phases, mania and depression, and they present in specific ways with specific symptoms. However, each episode can present itself uniquely and aren’t always pure mania or pure depression.”
10. “I’m very open about my bipolar disorder, but I never talk about hallucinations. People can handle when you explain highs and lows, but trying to explain hallucinations when manic is just a recipe for disaster.”
11. “It can take many years to get an accurate diagnosis and then find and receive a treatment plan that helps. Many patients suffer from co-disorders such as addictions. People, in general, don’t want to talk about bipolar disorder and tend to shun those who suffer from the illness.”
12. “The suicidal depression or the life-wrecking mania… they both affect everyone who loves you.”
13. “It is amazing how quick you can feel OK on meds and your mind says, maybe you don’t need this stuff. And then you’re manic or hyper-manic, which at some point will result in the dreadful depression — back at square one again.”
14. “You shed so many tears from pure frustration because no matter how hard you try, sometimes the anxiety and depression won’t let up. You try to be strong in public, but in private you roll up into a ball in anxiety and fear.”
15. “I hate the frightening paranoid symptoms — feeling unable to trust people, not feeling safe and in fear for my life.”
16. “There’s a stereotype of the manic-pixie girl who’s so mysterious and cool because of her illness. Stop romanticizing bipolar disorder. It is nowhere near glamorous.”
17. “Trying to decide which is more damaging to your marriage: medication side effects or unmedicated illness. Ever since I started medication years ago, I have had zero sexual desire.”
18.Children can have bipolar disorder, and even though the symptoms are different in children, it’s still a devastating illness for both the child and the family.”
19. “The awkward shift when you’re not up or down, but moving either up or down. The in between valley and plateau period. The time where you’re unsure how low you may go or how manic you may get.”
20. “Bipolar disorder is different for each person who has it.”
21. “People refer to bipolar disorder as another word for mood swings. It’s so much more than that. Also, no one talks about the impact it has on families, not just the individual.”
22. “People with bipolar disorder can have children and be good parents. It’s not easy by any means, but it’s possible with a support system you trust, made up of mental health professionals and loved ones. Having my girls was the hardest but most rewarding decision of my life. They are my light through the darkest of days.”
23. “The importance of a establishing a crisis action plan. Knowing who to call, where to go and giving prior consent to those in your support system to intervene during times of crisis.”
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An In Depth Look At Cavities
The best way to describe cavities is tooth decay. Tooth decay is influenced by our diet as well as our oral hygiene. If your family has a history of tooth complications such as disease or tooth sensitivity, then you could inherit this. This is a common occurrence, as many people inherit tooth complications that have been passed down from previous generations.
Adults suffering from dry mouth are at an increased risk for tooth decay. This is because of the lack of enough saliva in the mouth. Dry mouth is common, and is caused by radiation treatment, illness, and medications. People who smoke will also be plagued by dry mouth, as the hot tobacco smoke dries the saliva within the mouth.
Cavities are extremely serious, with neglect they can lead to further tooth decay complications, even tooth lose. This can cause destroy the nerves within your teeth, and cause abscesses. An abscess is even more serious than a cavity, as it effects the root of the tooth. A shocking revelation is that, if you leave an abscess untreated, you can die. Although many do not realize it, cavities are very serious, and can evolve into harsher complications.
You should visit your dentist regularly, as he will check for cavities. Without the dentist, its impossible to tell if you have a cavity or not on your own. Most cavities form below the gum line, so you will not be able to see them. However, if a cavity exists within the tooth, you’ll notice that the affected area will change in color. If this happens, drop everything, and make an appointment with your dentist.
Your diet is one of the greatest determining factors in getting cavities. If you like to eat a lot of sweets, or if you drink mostly soda, you are at higher risk. Foods rich in sugar or starch, are eaten by the bacteria the dwell within plague. The byproduct of this is acid. This acid is extremely harmful, it can diminish the dentin and enamel that encases your teeth. If you don’t take preventative actions, the acid will eat your tooth down so far, that it will either fall out or you will have to get it removed.
Over time, enamel can break down under the tooth surface, so while your teeth may look healthy on the outside they are weakening from within. As soon as the acid has eaten through enough enamel underneath the tooth surface, the surface will collapse in on itself, resulting in a cavity. After this occurs, and if you do not seek dental assistance, the cavity will spread until there is no more tooth for the acid to eat. Once all of your enamel is gone, your tooth root is left exposed, which is extremely painful to say the least.
Cavities mostly develop between teeth, near the gum line, or in the back of your mouth in the pits of your back chewing teeth. No matter their location, the easiest and smartest way to find them is by going to your dentist. Your dentist can perform x-rays and other diagnostic procedures. After that he can discuss how bad the cavity is and your options with you. If you get to him in time, you’ll be able to save your precious tooth, and stop the spread of cavities. |
Learning How To Suture Online
Spreading knowledge online is a common practice for professional students and recent college graduates. Some of the many subjects that you can learn online in order to increase your skill set include:
How to Shred.
Learning How To Suture Online
I knew very little about chemistry when I started college but had studied biology and chemistry in high school. I wanted to become a chemist when I finished school, so I began using chemistry supplies such as acid-base reversal, PEGs and analyzers.
Many theories say that having experience with chemistry, especially C4 (family of acids), helps people learn better chemistry by giving them that much more exposure to the topics they study. Those who can distill the structure of the chemistry are able to grasp in a deep level the science behind it and their original theory when they analyse it.
Every day I heard professors giving the chemistry demonstrations or participating in lab-based experiments. I thought that working in lab would give me access to everything I need to be a chemist: experimenters, equipment, recipes, office supplies and more.
But none of it really helped me with the things I needed to learn. I realized I needed a more efficient way to learn chemistry. Online chemistry programs were some of the first to offer them.
Online chemistry programs (or COCs) gave me a place to learn about chemistry in a completely different way. It replaced sitting in a chemistry lab for an hour each day where I’d listen to the instructor explain one chapter of the book to me. There, I’d be exposed to every chemical to review and analyze in class.
When I signed up for a chemistry program, I didn’t need the cost associated with attending a chemistry lab, since online options offered the same scale of knowledge and skills. Since I’d already written part of the paper that, the instructor would read aloud to me. I could then make notes about the steps and connect the link of the data. Everything was much faster and more engaging.
Another benefit of online chemistry programs was that they give you samples. It sounds basic, but until now I only had taken chemistry labs where I brought my own samples and had no way to synthesize chemicals at home.
Online chemistry classes offered complete chemical sets to create your own projects. If you’re not familiar with how laboratory chemistry works, it’s much easier to see how to use them in your own lab setting. You can taste the colours of chemicals and see how to make compounds or discover new chemicals you’ve never heard of before!
The cost of online chemistry classes are a third of what they were when I first got in college, so you can potentially save a lot if you’re looking to expand your chemistry education. Plus, in addition to continuing your school work, you can now take part in labs and labs, or even conduct experiments on your own.
One of the benefits of being in chemistry labs is that they’re a great place to practice the chemistry you’re learning in class. You can literally put something in a solution, put it back in a solution, and repeat the same steps over and over again to measure the two solutions to your liking. It’s this learning strategy that I find extremely helpful.
Many online programs offer labs that your take while you’re testing substances in class and the lab itself. If you’re a beginner in chemical synthesis, for example, you can see a room filled with chemicals while they’re being diluted and tested by student chemists. You can track how much dilution it takes to create the chemicals you want and how the gases are reacting with the solids. You can do this as many times as you want or as often as you want.
My chemistry teacher taught in a chemistry lab throughout my college career, so I tried to use it as often as possible. When she first started, my classmates and I never expected to get a good education of some sort. In the end, it wasn’t the lab’s fault; I completely underestimated the power of experimentation.
As I’ve grown in my research skills, I’ve discovered that chemistry is the second most fascinating subject I know about besides biology. Researching chemistry is all about the big picture of how chemistry works to create biological molecules and chemical reactions. But it’s also about small stuff like trivial technical mistakes and trivial ideas. You can really put these things together to tell a story.
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Who Does The Chloe Survery For Online Learning
Who Does The Chloe Survery For Online Learning
Why Do Learners Choose Online Learning: The Learners' Voices Ilgaz Gulbahar Y
Why Do Learners Choose Online Learning: The Learners’ Voices Ilgaz Gulbahar Y |
Nouns and Its Types
A noun names a person, place, animal or thing. Therefore, they are also called naming words. They are of different types. We will deal with them one at a time. Here's a list of all the major types of nouns and their explanation. Proper Nouns Common Nouns: The video given below covers common and proper … Continue reading Nouns and Its Types
The Basics of Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks matter! Yes, they do. Just read the following sentences given in the image: Image Source- The two sentences mean completely different things. The first one means that we should eat grandma like food whereas the second one tells us that someone is talking to grandma and telling her that they should eat … Continue reading The Basics of Punctuation Marks
Adverbs and Its Kinds
Whenever I teach adverbs to my grade 4 and 5 students, these resources prove to be really useful. Here's a look at some of them. Video 1: Adverbs and Its Kinds Video 2: Adverbs of Frequency Video 3: Adverbs of Frequency- Description of Different Words Happy learning! Do like, share, follow and … Continue reading Adverbs and Its Kinds |
Fire escape
Last updated
Fire escape in Greenwich Village Fire escape, West 10th Street, Greenwich Village, NYC.jpg
Fire escape in Greenwich Village
Lower part of a fire escape in New York. NY Fire escape 1.jpg
Lower part of a fire escape in New York.
Houghton's portable fire escape 1877 Houghton's Fire Escape 1877.jpg
Houghton's portable fire escape 1877
In the 1930s, the enclosed tubular chute type fire escape became widely accepted for schools, hospitals and other institution replaced the open iron ladder type. Its main advantage was people would have no reason to use it for anything other than a fire escape and patients could be slid down it in a fire on their bedding. [3]
Fire escape at the Krause Building on East 4th Street, Cleveland. Krause Bldg.jpg
However, with the rise of urban sprawl in the mid-20th century, particularly the increase in public housing in cities in the United States and Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, certain problems with fire escapes became clear. In the poorer areas of several major American cities, such as New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, fire escapes were commonly used for everything but their intended purpose.
High-rise fire escapes
The use of a fire escape is dictated by various local, state, and agreed upon international building codes, such as standards provided by the International Code Council (ICC), the International Building Code (IBC), or the International Energy Conservation Code. Both the 2012 IBC and 2012 IRC require emergency escape and rescue openings for residential buildings of 4 floors or less, in sleeping rooms and basements with habitable space, for means of emergency egress. A fire escape can be a window, and if above the first floor with an approved ladder, or door that leads to a porch with ground access or a fire escape ladder. [7] Federal rules, such as those of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), have requirements that follow ICC codes. [8]
In literature
See also
Related Research Articles
Fire drill
A fire drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other emergencies. In most cases, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building is evacuated by means of the nearest available exit as if an emergency had actually occurred. Fire drill procedures may vary depending on the building type, such as hospitals or high rise buildings, where occupants may simply be relocated within the building as opposed to evacuating the building. Generally, the evacuation is timed to ensure that it is fast enough, and problems with the emergency system or evacuation procedures are identified to be remedied. In addition to fire drills, most buildings have their fire alarm systems checked on a regular basis to ensure that the system is working. Fire alarm tests are often done outside normal business hours so as to minimize disruption of building functions and in schools they are often done during a time when students and staff aren't around or during the holidays where specialist fire alarm engineers will test the alarms in the building and repair or upgrade the system if needed.
Stairs Construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into steps
Our Lady of the Angels School fire 1958 school fire in Chicago, Illinois
Chute (gravity)
Iroquois Theatre fire A fire in a Chicago theater in 1903
The Iroquois Theatre fire occurred on December 30, 1903, at the Iroquois Theatre in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in U.S. history, resulting in at least 602 deaths.
Crash bar
Emergency exit
Emergency evacuation The urgent removal of people from an area of imminent or ongoing threat
Firefighting jargon includes a diverse lexicon of both common and idiosyncratic terms. One problem that exists in trying to create a list such as this is that much of the terminology used by a particular department is specifically defined in their particular standing operating procedures, such that two departments may have completely different terms for the same thing. For example, depending on whom one asks, a safety team may be referred to as a standby, a RIT or RIG or RIC, or a FAST. Furthermore, a department may change a definition within its SOP, such that one year it may be RIT, and the next RIG or RIC.
The International Building Code (IBC) is a model building code developed by the International Code Council (ICC). It has been adopted for use as a base code standard by most jurisdictions in the United States. The IBC addresses both health and safety concerns for buildings based upon prescriptive and performance related requirements. The IBC is fully compatible with all other published ICC codes. The code provisions are intended to protect public health and safety while avoiding both unnecessary costs and preferential treatment of specific materials or methods of construction.
Fire alarm system
Joelma Building
Edifício Praça da Bandeira, better known by its former name, Joelma Building, is a 25-story building in downtown São Paulo, Brazil, completed in 1971, located at Avenida 9 de Julho, 225. On 1 February 1974, an air conditioning unit on the twelfth floor overheated, starting a fire. There were 756 people in the building at the time. Because flammable materials had been used to furnish the interior, the entire building was engulfed in flames within 20 minutes. The fire was extinguished at 1:30pm, with 179 deaths and 300 people injured.
One Meridian Plaza
One Meridian Plaza was a 38-story high-rise office building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The 492-foot (150-meter) tower was designed by Vincent Kling & Associates and completed in 1972. The building was demolished in 1999, as a result of damage of a fire that began on February 23, 1991. The fire began on the 22nd floor and raged out of control for hours. An investigation of the fire, led by the Office of the Fire Marshal of the City of Philadelphia with assistance from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives' (ATF) national investigative response team, determined the blaze started after linseed oil–soaked rags ignited. Philadelphia firefighters fought the blaze, but struggled due to a lack of power in the skyscraper and insufficient water pressure from the building's standpipes. Three firefighters died in the twelve-alarm fire after becoming disoriented by heavy smoke. Firefighting efforts inside One Meridian Plaza eventually were abandoned, due to fears the structure would collapse. The fire was only brought under control once it reached the 30th floor, which was one of the few floors that had automatic sprinklers installed. Ten sprinklers held back the fire until it started burning itself out and was finally brought under control almost a full day after it started. The blaze seriously damaged the building, destroying eight floors and damaging neighboring buildings.
Elevator Vertical transport device
An elevator or lift is a type of vertical cable transportation machine that moves people or freight between floors, levels, or decks of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are typically powered by electric motors that drive traction cables and counterweight systems such as a hoist, although some pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
Brown Building (Manhattan) United States historic place
The Brown Building is a ten-story building that is part of the campus of New York University (NYU), which owns it. It is located at 23–29 Washington Place, between Greene Street and Washington Square East in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, and is best known as the location of the March 25, 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which killed 146 people.
Abraham Wivell was a British portrait painter, writer and pioneer of fire protection, credited with inventing the first effective fire escape system. After working as a hairdresser, Wivell established himself as a society portrait painter before concentrating his efforts on fire safety measures.
Winecoff Hotel fire
The Winecoff Hotel fire of December 7, 1946, was the deadliest hotel fire in United States history, killing 119 hotel occupants, including the hotel's original owners. Located at 176 Peachtree Street in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, the Winecoff Hotel was advertised as "absolutely fireproof". While the hotel's steel structure was indeed protected against the effects of fire, the hotel's interior finishes were combustible, and the building's exit arrangements consisted of a single stairway serving all fifteen floors. All of the hotel's occupants above the fire's origin on the third floor were trapped, and the fire's survivors either were rescued from upper-story windows or jumped into nets held by firemen. The fire was notable for the number of victims who jumped to their deaths. A photograph of one survivor's fall won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. The fire – which followed the June 5, 1946, La Salle Hotel fire in Chicago, and the June 19, 1946, Canfield Hotel fire in Dubuque, Iowa – spurred significant changes in North American building codes, most significantly requiring multiple protected means of egress and self-closing fire-resistive doors for guest rooms in hotels.
Escape chute
An escape chute is a special kind of emergency exit, used where conventional fire escape stairways are impractical. The chute is a fabric tube installed near a special exit on an upper floor or roof of a building, or a tall structure. During use, the chute is deployed, and may be secured at the bottom by a fire fighting crew some distance out from the building. Once the tube is ready, escapees enter the tube and slide down to a lower level or the ground level.
Rubber room (bunker)
Rubber room is the nickname given to the emergency egress bunkers located 40 feet (12 m) beneath the launch pads at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39; there is one below each of the two pads. Built in the 1960s for the Apollo program, and intended to provide a safe refuge for personnel on the launch pad in the event of an imminent explosion of the rocket, when a rapid egress of the pad is required and the normal evacuation methods would take too long. The bunker was designed to withstand the explosion of a fully fueled Saturn V rocket on the pad above, and could support up to 20 people for 24 hours.
<i>Donalds Fire Survival Plan</i>
Donald's Fire Survival Plan is an 11-minute Donald Duck educational cartoon released on May 5, 1966. The film was directed by Les Clark. This animated short focuses on fire safety in the home. The original release of this short included a live-action introduction from Walt Disney. It was re-released in August 1984 without the Walt Disney introduction.
2. Biography for Abraham Wivell
3. "Fire Victims Slide Safely Down Tubular Chute" Popular Mechanics, February 1930
4. "Air Conditioner Installation". New York City Department of Buildings . Retrieved 30 June 2014.
5. Dunlap, David W. (2015-03-18). "Considering a Counterintuitive Path to Escape a Fire: The Elevator". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-06.
6. "High Rise Fires: Rethinking Exit Strategies". 2015-03-29.
7. Architectural Testing: Exit requirements- Retrieved 2017-08-30
8. HUD ruling- Retrieved 2017-08-30
9. "The Glass Menagerie, scene 1". |
How snoring can kill you
How snoring can kill you
Your mom and family doctor have probably always agreed on at least one thing—getting a full night’s rest is essential to maintaining your good health, no matter what your age.
But if you toss and turn or snore, you may be causing long-term damage to your heart. In fact, according to the findings of a 2013 study, people who get less than six hours of sleep a night are at increased risk for conditions leading to heart disease and heart failure.
“There are many ways sleep disorders can affect the health of your heart,” says Dr. Raina Gupta, a neurologist and sleep medicine specialist at Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center in Chicago. “Sleep disorders can not only put added strain on your heart, night after night, but may contribute to abnormal heart rhythm and hormone levels in your body.”
According to Dr. Gupta, the most serious sleep disorder for the heart is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing pauses occur during sleep—often several times an hour—due to a blocked airway. The inconsistent, often severe, breathing issues not only causes a restless night’s sleep, but can lead to daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and atrial fibrillation (heart flutter).
“Prolonged atrial fibrillation is a common cause of stroke and heart failure,” says Dr. Ajay Baddi, a cardiologist with Advocate Heart Institute in Chicago. “With the irregular beat, the heart isn’t working as hard as it should to pump the blood from chamber to chamber. This means blood can clot in the heart and then be pumped up into the brain, causing a stroke.”
He says atrial fibrillation can cause the heart to enlarge and lead to heart attack and heart failure.
“Anyone who snores heavily, especially if it keeps your partner awake at night, should check with their physician about having a sleep study,” says Dr. Gupta. “The sooner you know whether or not you have sleep apnea and how severe it might be, the sooner you can be treated and avoid any possible long-term damage to your heart.”
Dr. Gupta says that insomnia, or a lack of sleep, also can cause issues with the normal heartbeat and have a similar effect on the heart muscle. The body is not allowed to get its restorative sleep time it needs to keep healthy.
“And poor sleep can change the hormones in your body, which affects the way fat is stored,” Dr. Gupta says. “Extra fat is stored, which can lead to an elevated risk of diabetes and heart disease.”
In addition to seeing a physician for any serious sleep issues, Dr. Gupta says there are steps to make certain you get a good night’s sleep:
• Participate in regular physical activity, but try to avoid working out prior to bed. Exercise is important for heart health, but getting your adrenaline going too close to bedtime can keep you awake.
• Studies show that red wine is good for the heart, but limit alcohol intake to one drink a day for women and two drinks for men. Over-consuming can interfere with sleep.
• Avoid caffeine at least a few hours before heading to bed.
• Develop a bedtime routine—take a warm soak in the tub, dim the lights or drink herbal tea. This will calm you and prepare you for a proper night’s rest.
“The medical evidence is very clear—there is a definite link between sleep and your heart health,” says cardiologist Dr. Baddi. “Regardless of gender, age or race, like exercise and proper nutrition, we all need sleep for a healthy heart.”
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1. It all makes sense that if your heartbeat is irregular then it could affect your health. I found it interesting about a blood clot forming in the heart that could eventually make its way to the brain and cause a stroke.
The other overlooked fact is the effect snoring can have on your partner. If the partner is being kept awake by the others snoring, then their health can also be affected – so you have one person’s snoring affecting the health of two people.
2. Katherine Dilworth April 25, 2017 at 6:09 am · Reply
nice blog…Snoring is seen more of a bedtime annoyance those who sleeping together, but little do they know that snoring could be a sign of an underlying health issue called Obstructive Sleep Apnea. I am facing the same. It is really very dangerous to our health is it ignore. Thank you.
3. I Snore every evening when I go to bed, my husband has to give me a big nudge to make me stop, as I said earlier this occurs every night all night and can be in different noise Ranges and Sounds, it is so bad that my husband said he will need to sleep in the living room unless we can get the snoring stopped, could you please give me some advise as this has gone on for over a Year every night. Many Thanks…. Shonat Kay
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Going to college is something to be proud of. Continuing your education is important to your future. You plan to study hard and graduate. Your endgame is to get a respectable job in your field. College is also expensive. There are options available to college students who qualify. Some students get scholarships and others get grants. You may have received these aids yourself. The reality is that many college students will have to take out loans to help pay for their college experience.
It was reported that as of this year there are over 44 million borrowers in the United States. The accumulated debt is estimated to be at 1.3 trillion dollars. That number is enough to make any college student nervous. You don’t want to find yourself buried under a load of debt when you graduate.
As you prepare for the school year, you can be proactive in managing your debt. Create a budget plan. Allocate money for groceries, books, gas money or transportation fare and lodging. Once you have budgeted for these, decide if there is any money that can be saved. Know how much “spending” money you have for other events and items.
Before using your spending money as yourself these questions:
• Is this a want or a need?
• Can I really afford it?
• Can I consider this an investment? Will it be rewarding in the long run?
• What is the reasoning behind this purchase?
• Is there something more realistic that my money can be spent on?
As with any debt, know your student loan situation. Even if you haven’t graduated yet, you should think ahead. Know that student loans need to be repaid and usually acquire interest.
Consider managing your debts with a plan.
• Make a running list of your debts and the total amount you owe on each.
• If you are currently making payments on debt, create a calendar to help track your payments.
• Know the minimum amount due for each debt. Know how paying more than the minimum will affect your debts and future payments.
• Consider any available payment plan options. Many federal student loans have repayment plan options available. If you qualify for these options, know how they work and how these plans affect your current debt and future purchases.
• Know your refinancing options. Pay attention to your current interest rates and check to see if refinancing would be beneficial to you. |
Buddhism and Life | What is Disease according to Buddhism?
What is Disease according to Buddhism?
An Yang-gyu | Prof. of Division of Buddhism, Dongguk University at Gyeongju
King of Healing and Medicine of Dharma
Buddhism gives deep insight into and teachings about the suffering of life. Of all the human suffering that inevitably accompanies life, the most prominent one is sickness; some form of ailment is unavoidable. Buddhism says there are four forms of suffering that humanity experiences: birth, aging, sickness and death.
Sakyamuni Buddha has been revered as both the king of healing and king of medicine. In the Four Noble Truths which embrace all teachings of the Buddha, one can see the Buddha’s role as a physician. The “truth of suffering” equates to recognizing the disease. The “truth of the cause of suffering” equates to finding the cause of the disease. The “truth of the cessation of suffering” equates to recognizing that the disease can be removed and health restored. The “truth of the path to the cessation of suffering” equates to a prescription that cures the disease. In the same way a doctor precisely diagnoses a disease and gives you a prescription to heal it, the Buddha taught the path to become free from suffering.
And just as a doctor gives each patient a different type of medicine according to the nature of the illness, so the Buddha taught appropriate teachings to people with different mental and spiritual ailments. The faith and practice devoted to the Medicine Buddha (or Healing Buddha) in Mahayana Buddhism may be understood the same way. As the Buddha who heals the suffering of sentient beings, the Medicine Buddha was widely revered and worshiped. If medicine heals physical illnesses and prolongs life, the Buddhadharma is medicine that heals both mental and physical illnesses. Thus, the Buddha’s teachings are called “the medicine of Dharma” and the Buddha “the king of medicine.”
Types of Disease
Numerous types of disease exist, but they can be largely divided into physical and mental. “Some people can be free from physical disease years and years, perhaps their whole life, but no one is ever free from some form of mental disease, not even for a moment. The only exceptions are those who have completely removed their defilements.” [Defilements (Skt. kleśa; Pali. kilesa) are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. Buddhism sees the three poisons of greed, hatred and delusion as the root of all defilements.] One who takes good care of their physical health may live without a major illness for a long time. However, no living being can escape psychological suffering even for a moment, say the Buddhist scriptures.
The apex of health is nirvana, a state of the complete absence of defilements, which are the pathogens of greed, hatred and delusion. True health is restored when all defilements are removed.
Buddhas and arhats who have completely eradicated their defilements are free from mental disease, but all others have some form of defilement that is a continual source of suffering.
Buddhism pays more attention to the healing of mental disease than physical disease. To the elderly householder Nakula the Buddha said, “The physical body holds lots of fear and suffering. This body has nothing substantial, but is just covered with thin skin. Relying on this body may give you fleeting joy, but that is an act of foolishness that the wise don’t cherish. Your physical body may be ill, but your mind must be free from illness.” This advice exhorts us to become free from mental suffering because although we cannot escape physical illness, we can keep our minds free from disease.
Diverse Causes of Disease
First, bad karma can be one cause of illness. The basic law of karmic retribution is: a good deed produces good fruit; an evil deed evil fruit. One who is prone to many illnesses from birth is likely to have created much bad karma in previous lives, including harassing or harming other living beings.
“Here is a man or woman whose nature is to harm others with their hands, a lump of dirt, stick or knife. Having committed these acts, they die and their body disintegrates; then they are born into unfavorable circumstances, into a place of suffering or in Niraya Hell. If they are neither reborn into unfavorable circumstances, nor into a place of suffering, nor in Niraya Hell after death, they are reborn as human beings. These people are prone to many diseases wherever they are.”
The above scripture teaches that one whose nature is to harasses or harm other living beings will be born into hell in severe cases or as humans in less severe cases. Once reborn a human, they are likely to suffer many illnesses due to bad karma from previous lives. The Buddha warns that the bad karma from killing is the primary cause of disease. Before domestic animals were killed for consumption, there were few diseases, but once they began to be butchered, “98 kinds of disease occurred.”
Second, unhealthy diet is mentioned as another cause of disease. The Buddha personally experienced the benefits of eating little and recommended his disciples to follow it. “I eat one meal a day. Since I began to eat one meal a day, I know neither struggle nor strife. My body is free from disease, my energy is firm and stable, and thus, I am comfortable and at peace. I advise you too to eat little.” Research on very old and healthy people reveals that eating little is an important factor in longevity. The Buddha also advised to avoid eating late at night. “Bhikkhus! I don’t eat at night. Because I don’t eat food at night, I am in good health and free from disease. I have vibrant energy, physical strength, and live a comfortable life.”
Third, Buddhist literature generally explains that an imbalance of the four great elements that constitute the physical body is another cause of diseases. Our physical body is formed by the integration of the four great elements. “People have four great elements that are earth, water, fire and wind, and a single one of these elements potentially causes 101 kinds of disease. When all four elements merge under certain conditions, 404 kinds of disease can occur at once. Such a person is extremely cold, extremely hot; experiences extreme hunger and extreme fullness; drinks excessively and feels extreme thirst. They have these diseases because they have lost the sense of proper time and place, and they have no discipline in sleeping and arising.” Thus, the scriptures reveal that an imbalance of the four great elements is usually caused by gluttony or bad life habits.
Fourth, the scriptures also say that defilements or afflictions cause disease. Greed, hatred, and delusion are widely known as the three poisons. Buddha says that the poisons of greed, hatred and delusion make humans sick. People suffer because they are taking in one or all of these three poisons. Thus, they can be the cause of the mental disease called unhappiness. These three poisons cause people to do all kinds of bad things. Greed, hatred, and delusion are the source of all bad karma; they do not arise from outside you but from inside the mind. Therefore, one’s state of mind decides whether one is happy or not.
Fifth, some early scriptures say that yakkhas or other evil beings enter human bodies and make them sick. Stories about evil beings like ghosts causing physical sickness are connected to the “Ritual of Feeding Ghosts to Heal Disease.” One who has strong attachments or holds an extreme grudge while alive may enter another human body to experience life again after death. This ritual offers food to these angry spirits and reads scriptures to them so they are released from their resentment to be reborn into a better world.
Positive Functions of Disease
Diseases are not unconditionally bad. If one doesn’t feel pain even though they are sick in body, it will be difficult for them to preserve their physical body safely. Because disease accompanies suffering, we can find its cause and get rid of it or avoid it. In this respect, a disease can be a kind of wake-up call to take care of your physical health. Disease may also lead one to enter monastic life. In the Buddha’s case, he went to the southern gate of the palace and saw a sick person, and seeing the suffering caused by disease firsthand motivated him to consider the path of a wandering ascetic. A true monastic might consider the following if they become seriously ill: “I am severely ill and may meet with death soon. Thus, I should practice sitting and walking meditation joyously. In that way I can earn what has not been earned, reap what has not been reaped, and awaken to what has not been awakened.” With a sense of urgency knowing that their life can end any minute, they practice even when they are ill. And after they are healed, they practice diligently thinking their practice might suffer if they have a relapse or are stricken with another disease. Thus, disease can motivate one to enter monastic life or to practice more vigilantly. When experiencing or even witnessing the suffering caused by disease, one can feel more urgently the need for practice.
Buddhism teaches that one can lessen such defilements as arrogance by reflecting on the inevitability of disease more often. “Living beings are conceited about their health when healthy, and this excessive pride in their health leads them to behave badly in thought, word, and deed. However, for those who reflect on the inevitability of disease, pride in one’s health decreases or is completely removed. For these reasons one should ponder the inevitability of disease from time to time.” “Do not desire to have no illness. Without physical illness, one is prone to become greedy and/or arrogant. Thus, the Buddha said, ‘Take the suffering of disease as good medicine.’” Greed easily arises when one has no physical illness because, with a healthy body, one wants to enjoy the five kinds of desire that arise from our attachment to things we see, hear, smell, taste and touch. A sick person can hardly think of enjoying such things. In this respect, a disease can be “good medicine” because it can help to purify the mind.
As long as we have the physical body consisting of the four great elements, we cannot fully avoid or remove physical disease. That doesn’t mean that we should neglect or not treat a physical illness. We should neither harm our health nor arouse disease through bad life patterns, including overeating. Mental illness is also caused by greed, hatred and delusion, and Buddhism teaches us to remove defilements to remain disease-free in our mind. When the cause of a disease is eradicated, health is restored. The apex of health is nirvana, a state of the complete absence of defilements, which are the pathogens of greed, hatred and delusion. True health is restored when all defilements are removed.
An Yang-gyu received his master’s degree from Dept. of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University, and PhD from Oxford University, U.K. Having researched at Tokyo University, Japan, he is currently a professor in the Division of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University at Gyeongju.
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Africa, the Mother Continent, is the second-largest continent on Earth. Its land surface area is about 11,724,000 square miles remarkably covering about the one-fifth area of the overall land surface of the planet Earth. It is the continent on Earth that was first inhabited by humans in primitive times. Therefore, it is sometimes nicknamed as the Mother Continent. It is the only continent that lies in all four hemispheres, Western, Eastern, Southern, and Northern Hemispheres. The geographical facts of Africa are difficult to contract because of the geographical richness of the continent, yet we have tried to share some major geographical facts with you.
The Sahara, the Swahili Coast, the Savannah, the Sahel, African Great Lakes, the Ethiopian Highlands, Southern Africa, and the Rain Forest are the main physical regions of the African continent. Each of these regions is famous for its unique and various species of animals and plants. The Sahara and Sahel cover large bands of the continent while some others areas such as the Great Lakes that are existing in isolation.
Seas and Oceans
It is bounded by the four big seas, the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea.
Most of the African surface area is covered by plains of the pediplain and etchplain types that strangely occur in steps. The Sahel is among the most famous plains of Africa. The Serengeti plains are among the most famous. They are in fact “endless plains” with a vast ecosystem spanning 12,000 square miles.
A large portion of Africa is covered by three deserts, the Sahara, the Namib, and the Kalahari. The Sahara is the largest non-polar desert in the world. It is also the world’s largest hot desert and the third largest desert. Its total surface area is 3,600,000 square miles that makes it comparable in size to America and China.
Africa has also a land of rivers. The river Nile is the world’s second largest river running near 4,258 miles. Niger, Congo, Senegal, Orange, Zambezi, and Limpopo are among other popular rivers in Africa.
A lot of islands are associated with it along the coasts. Among these islands, Madagascar is the most significant that is one of the largest islands in the world. The Azores and the Madeira, Canary, Seychelles, Socotra, Cape Verde, Bioko, Mauritius, and a few other islands are also associated with this gigantic continent.
Culture and Cuisine of Africa
The culture of Africa is hugely diverse but it is incredibly interesting. It varies from region to region and from one country to another. Each country and each region in Africa has its own tribes, traditions, rituals, languages, and cultural differences. It is interesting to note that even a small country like Uganda has more than thirty tribes. So, you can imagine how hugely diverse the culture of Africa is.
African cuisine is also as diverse as its culture. There is no such thing as “single African cuisine.” Drinking and eating habits of the inhabitants also vary significantly from one region to another. However, most of the African cuisines traditionally use locally produced cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, and other milk products. In some parts, the traditional diet consists of a combination of fresh vegetables, curd, milk, and whey.
We shall now share with you some of the most famous cultural products of Africa including tribes, cuisines, art, and languages.
There are hundreds of tribes in Africa. Only in the Omo River region alone, there are more than fifty unique tribes acting as specimens of diverse African tribal culture.
The largest ethnic group of the African continent is the Zulu tribe with approximately ten to eleven million people. The province of Kwazulu-natal is the center of the Zulu tribe and its traditions.
The Rift Valley region of Kenya and Tanzania is inhabited by the Maasai tribe. They are independent and proud people who have their own currency in the form of goats, sheep, and cattle.
As we have discussed earlier that African food is diverse but it mainly revolves around home-grown vegetables, fruit, meat, and dairy products. Couscous served with meat and vegetables, is the most famous dish in countries like Algeria and Morocco. People of Western Africa are fond of cassava, maize, millet, and plantains. Colonizers have also left their imprints on African cuisine that you can observe while visiting Africa. One such example is Kenya very people are fond of tea.
African Art
The art of sculpting is the most ancient art of Africa and it is still famous in the continent. Africans are the biggest contributor to this ancient art and they are adept sculptors.
Every African country has its own language and dialect. Arabic is the language of Northern African countries. Swahili is the most prominent language in the Eastern African countries. People of different countries can also speak English, French, and Portuguese influenced by the colonizers of the respective territories.
Some Interesting Facts about Africa
• Africa is the home of 1.1 billion residents that makes 16% of the total population. That makes it the second largest continent with respect to population.
• Africa is also the hottest continent on Earth comprising of deserts and drylands covering almost 60% of the total land area.
• After Australia, it is the driest continent as well.
• Africa is a fortunate continent with 40% of gold reserves, 90% of the platinum reserves, 60% of cobalt, and 30% of Earth’s minerals
• Africa has also oil reserves, Algeria being the fourth largest oil exporter
• Africa is home to Bir Tawil that is among one of the few places that are unclaimed by any of the country
• Africa also is the land of languages with more than 2,000 recognized languages. More than 25% of the languages of the world are spoken in Africa.
• Africa is, unfortunately, the most underdeveloped and the poorest continent with GDP that is just 2.4% of the world’s overall GDP
• Over 90% of the land is not suitable for agriculture
• Africa is also unfortunate in terms of the highest percentages of different diseases and undernourishment with all across the globe
• China is currently the biggest trade partner of Africa with $200 billion per annum trade between them
• Africa is also facing heavy deforestation than the rest of the world and degradation of productive land because of mismanagement and neglect.
(10) Comments
1. Super interesting post! There’s so little that I know about Africa, embarrassingly enough
1. Thanks for stopping by!!! Glad you enjoyed the post
2. Some amazing facts and great photos there. I enjoyed reading your post, thank you.
1. Thank you so much!!! I really apprecciate your comment
3. The pictures are beautiful, what an amazing continent. I really enjoyed reading the facts you listed! I had no idea Africa ranked so high population-wise! Thanks for sharing
1. Glad you discovered something new!!! Thanks for stopping by
4. Graham Crosby says:
Some brilliant facts in a very informative read. Thanks for sharing.
1. That’s so kind of you!!! Thanks for stopping by
5. I read a book by Paul Theroux about his overland trip in Africa, but that’s only one region in Africa. There’s so much to learn in Africa. Thanks for this article.
1. Thanks for stopping by. Africa is an incredible continent to discover, hope to travel there as soon as I can.
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4 Ways Wilderness Therapy Offers Help for Troubled Teens
May 11, 2015 | 0 comments
Over the past ten years, wilderness therapy has become one of the leading interventions offering help for troubled teens because of how effective it is. As an alternative to punitive measures like boot camps, and a happy medium between outpatient talk therapy and residential treatment, wilderness therapy provides a profound experience and has much to offer.
1. Experiential Intervention
By removing troubled teens from the environment in which they are struggling, wilderness therapy achieves a comprehensive experiential intervention. Providing this distance from the social and academic stressors of everyday life allows young people to recalibrate on many levels. The peace found in the wilderness setting contributes greatly to the therapeutic process. These types of programs involve group expeditions, camp chores, and daily tasks which provide help for troubled teens to develop work ethic and coping skills for normal life challenges, but in a protected, low-risk environment. Teens are able to bring these skills and tools back with them when they complete the therapy program.
2. Clinical Intervention
In addition to the general skill-building that wilderness therapy programs offer, any true wilderness therapy program will offer sophisticated clinical assessment and support. The programs are often designed to offer help for troubled teens who are suffering from a psychological disorder (depression, anxiety), learning difference, addiction, or behavioral or emotional challenges. These medical and mental health issues require specific interventions and each child’s treatment plan is individualized to meet his or her needs..
3. Wilderness Has a Positive Effect on Self-Confidence, Autonomy
Wilderness therapy programs necessarily involve some level of physical activity. This is therapeutic in itself; teens often accomplish objectives they have never had to deal with before. For example, they may scale a nearby mountain or build a personal shelter. This hands-on skill building leads to increased self-confidence and autonomy, as well as improvements in physical health as cortisol (stress) levels decrease, they go to bed with the sun and rise with the sun, and learn to prepare healthy, balanced meals.
4. Natural Consequences in the Wilderness
Interacting with the wilderness has inherent consequences – cause and effect. Many troubled teens have spent most of their lives resisting consequences imposed by authority figures or blame-shifting them on to others. This is not a healthy way to move through life, as troubled teens grow into adults who will ultimately have to deal with the ramifications of their choices. The wilderness therapy environment teaches this lesson in a gentle way; if a participant chooses to set up their sleeping shelter in a haphazard manner, for example, they may find that they get rained on and have to fix it in the middle of the night. These kinds of daily choices provide immediate and direct consequences, which can then be compared to ways that the participant may have enacted similar behaviors while at home.
While there are a plethora of treatment options that offer help for troubled teens who are facing behavioral, psychological, and emotional difficulties, and need intervention, the power of wilderness therapy changes lives and reunites families.
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Aurora Borealis (Iceland)
11 photos
Aurora Borealis (Iceland) (054) Jökulsárlón
Aurora Borealis (Iceland) (054)Jökulsárlón
Coordinates: 64° 6′ 48″ N, 16° 15′ 44″ W
An aurora borealis, sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights, is a natural light display in the Earth’s sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (around the Arctic). Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere due to Earth’s magnetic field, where their energy is lost.
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The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying color and complexity, most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere.
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June 29, 1995: The Sampoong Department Store Collapse
June 29, 1995 brought about the deadliest non-deliberate building collapse in history at the time. The Sampoong Department Store in Seoul, South Korea collapsed, killing 502 people and injuring 937.
Though the collapse itself was not intentional, 2 people were charged with negligence and found guilty of manslaughter for the collapse, which was preventable.
Leading up to the 1988 Summer Olympics which were to be hosted in Seoul, there was a boom in development in the area. International construction contractors were not able to take on any of the projects, so South Korean companies were entirely overloaded with work and thus, often built structures quickly to get through their work load.
The development of the Sampoong Department Store began in 1987 over land that used to be a landfill. The building was initially supposed to be a residential apartment complex, but during development, was shifted to a large department store. Thus, they had to remove a lot of support columns to add escalators and new floors instead. Woosung Construction refused to carry out the changes, so Lee Joon, the future chairman of the building, ignored their warnings, fired them, and used his own company to complete the work.
The building was finished in late 1989 and it opened to the public in 1990, attracting about 40,000 people per day in the 5 years it stood. But the building did not have any crossbeams or a steel skeleton, which meant the load wasn't transferred across all 5 floors. Lee had also made many other structural changes that made it more susceptible to collapse.
The 5th floor was originally not supposed to exist, then was supposed to be built to house a roller skating rink, and ultimately ended up housing 8 restaurants. The construction company advised that the building could not support another floor, but was fired. When the 5th floor was erected, the columns were supporting 4 times the maximum weight they were supposed to be holding.
And to add insult to injury, 3 15-ton air conditioning units were installed on the roof that also put the weight well over the limit. In 1993, the units were dragged across the roof, resulting in a crack.
By April 1995, the cracks were beginning to become more noticeable, but Lee's solution was just to move some stores from the top floor to the basement.
On the morning of June 29, 1995, the cracks were getting more dramatic, so the managers closed parts of the top floor, but did not issue any evacuation orders. The amount of guests inside of the mall was unusually high, so they did not want to lose the day's revenue. However, the managers were worried, so they left the premises themselves as a precaution.
Civil engineering experts were invited to inspect the building, and they revealed that the building was at immediate risk of collapse. 5 hours before the collapse, a loud bang was heard, the first of many, from the top floor. The vibration from the air conditioning was causing the cracks to continue to widen. An emergency board meeting was held when the managers realized the building was going down.
The directors all encouraged the immediate evacuation of the building, but Lee did not want to lose the day's revenue. However, he left himself, not even bothering to warn his daughter-in-law who was in imminent danger inside of the building.
At around 5:00 PM, the fifth floor ceiling began to sink. Store workers closed off access to the 5th floor. Even as it began to sink and hundreds of shoppers were still walking around without a care in the world, Lee did not carry out any repairs or evacuate the building. The store began to make cracking sounds at 5:52 PM, and the workers tried to start an evacuation of the building. But it was too late.
The roof gave in and the air conditioning units crashed through the 5th floor, which was already overloaded. The main columns that had been weakened to insert the escalators and collapsed. In less than 20 seconds, all of the columns on the south wing of the store had given way, killing 502 shoppers. More than 1,500 people were trapped inside the rubble. The disaster resulted in about $270 billion ($364 million in US 2020 currency) worth of property damage.
Rescue crews were on the scene immediately, but Seoul's mayor announced the rescues would be called off due to fears that the rest of the store would collapse. Massive protests broke out from friends and family of the people still trapped inside, encouraging them to work to find survivors inside. After nearly a week, the focus was on removing debris, but they kept their eyes out for trapped survivors.
2 days after the collapse, officials believed that anybody still inside would already be dead, and thus the efforts were focused on "recovery" and not "rescue". Some of the victims who were not rescued in the first few days were able to starve off dehydration by drinking rainwater. One man was rescued after 9 days, and told rescuers that trapped survivors had drowned from the rain and the water from the hoses used to put out the fire. 18-year-old Yoo Ji-hwan was pulled out after surviving for 12 days. And the last person rescued, 19-year-old Park Seung-hyun, was pulled out 17 days after the collapse with only a few scratches.
Dankook University's Professor Lan Chung, an engineer, headed the investigation. Leaking gas had been the suspected cause of the collapse initially because there had been 2 gas explosions in the city that year, but he did not find evidence of such an explosion. There were also concerns that there had been a terrorist attack, but the downward nature of the collapse ruled out an intentional explosion.
That lead to structural failure. Once they had aligned on that as the cause, they still did not believe it was negligence, but the unstable foundation it was built upon. But continued investigation proved that the building had been erected incorrectly. The lack of beams needed, the narrowness of the columns and the excessive weight all contributed. There should have been 16 steel reinforcement bars to the store's 8, reducing the strength by 20%.
Additionally, a fire shield had been installed to prevent the spread of fire from floor to floor, but this required the support columns to be cut further, which ironically contributed to the collapse.
Investigators were able to pinpoint the direct cause of the collapse: the moving of the air conditioning units 2 years before. They had been moved due to noise complaints, and instead of moving them with a crane, they were put on rollers and dragged across the roof, leading to the original cracking. It got worse and worse throughout the 2 years, and the ceiling finally could not take the weight anymore.
Lee continued to fret further about the financial losses than the loss of life. He was found guilty of criminal negligence on December 27, 1995, and was sentenced to 10 and a half years. It was reduced to 7 and a half years on appeal, though the prosecution argued for 20. He died on October 4, 2003, shortly after his release from prison.
Lee Joon's son, and the store's CEO Lee Han-Sang also received jail time, 7 years for accidental homicide and corruption.
Chung-Woo, a city official and chief administrator of the area where the store was located was sentenced to 3 years for bribery, as was a former area chief Hwang Chol-Min who accepted $12 million in bribes from Lee. He was sentenced to 10 years.
The families had asked for $361,000 per victim. The City of Seoul offered to pay $220,000 for each, arguing that they could not pay more. By August of 1995, the Lee family submitted a memo to the city, offering their entire wealth to compensate the victims. The settlement involved 3,293 cases totaling nearly $300 million 2020 US dollars, or $375.8 billion in 1995 Korean money.
The immediate reaction was extreme outrage that led to months of protests on the streets, and skepticism regarding safety in other recently developed buildings. The incident also revealed a lot of corruption among city officials who accepted payoffs without caring about public safety.
Though the families of the 502 victims wished for a memorial to be build on the grounds of the collapse, the memorial ended up being built elsewhere and the land sold to a private developer. Now, a luxury apartment complex lives on the grounds where 502 people lost their lives in 1995.
This is unfortunately not the first story I have written involving mass loss of life at the hands of preventable negligence in the spirit of speed and money. It probably won't be the last, either. Skirted safety features have lead to many disastrous fires and stampedes in clubs, bars and factories. When you care more about money than human lives, you will be willing to ignore the recommendations of those around you and continue with a project even once you know it may be deadly.
In this event, Lee Joon decided to fire those who advised against his risky build, and even as the building began to fall apart, cared more about the day's revenue than the lives inside. Ultimately, I wonder if the cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars per hundreds of victims, the collapse itself, and over 7 years of jail time was worth 1 day's revenue at his store.
Though this wasn't an intentional disaster, like a shooting or bomb, it was a preventable disaster, all the way up until the morning it happened. Some lethal disasters are tragic and completely random, but some just needed one person to speak up and 502 people would still be alive. This was one of those times, and it occurred 25 years ago today.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoong_Department_Store_collapse
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Period Film Review: Princess Kaʻiulani
Princess Kaiulani Movie
The first documented contact between Hawaiian inhabitants and European explorers was in the late eighteenth century, when an Englishman named James Cook came across the island and named it the “Sandwich Islands” in honor of his patron, the 4th Earl of Sandwich. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an influx of European visitors, whalers, explorers and so on, in particularly the British, but as with European contact with Native Americans, these new people brought diseases which, by the 1850s, decimated 1/5th of the Hawaiian population. By this time as well, the House of Kamehameha reached prominence, but the death of the childless King Kamehameha V in 1872 left the kingdom without an heir, and the subsequent power struggle between Kalākaua and Queen Emma, Kamehameha’s widow, opened the door for British and American intervention. The House of Kalākaua eventually gained preeminence, and it is from this dynasty that Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani descended.
The reign of her uncle, King Kalākaua, and then of her aunt Queen Liliʻuokalani, were tumultuous. Hawaii’s sovereignty was threatened both by the country’s prosperous white minority, but by the growing imperialist desires of America. The concept of “Manifest Destiny” reached its fruition by the 1880s and 1890s, and with European powers dominating Africa and Southwest Asia, the United States could look only West (or, rather East, to Asia) and South for their own “place in the sun.” The first major blow to Hawaii was the Bayonet Constitution of 1887, which stripped King Kalākaua of his personal authority and established a constitutional monarchy patterned after Great Britain. After his death in 1891, fears that Queen Liliʻuokalani planned to overturn the constitution and re-instate the previous absolute rule of her family dynasty prompted the overthrow of the Hawaiian king in 1893. As her aunt’s heir, Princess Kaʻiulani had been sent to be educated in England in 1889, but the events of 1893 prompted the now 18 year old to return to the land of her birth and people to fight for her country’s rights.
Though shy, upon reaching American shores, she made this forceful speech to a waiting public:
Her poise, her modern dress, and her intelligence shocked everyone, for the media had been prepared to greet a “barbarian” and “heathen”, not a woman who could speak four languages and speak well in all of them. However, despite the growing press surrounding her, her meeting with President Cleveland, and attempts to force the government to leave Hawaii be, the Republic of Hawaiʻi was declared in 1894. A counter-revolution was attempted in 1895, but when a cadre of weapons was discovered on palace grounds, Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of misprision of treason and imprisoned in her own home. Princess Kaʻiulani finally returned to Hawaii in 1897, now considered a private citizen of the republic. Her frail health turned for worse in 1898 when caught in a storm, and another illness dealt another blow, until she finally passed away March 6, 1899 from what many say was really of a broken heart.
Q’Orianka Kilcher portrays this forgotten princess with much sensitivity and skill, and though the script plays with historical license (particularly in beefing up a love interest), it stays true to the spirit of Princess Kaʻiulani and her family, and presents a fair view of the overthrow of the Hawaiian kingdom. Purchase the DVD or streaming at Amazon.
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Language & Poetry
The Vietnamese language was originally written in a script called Chữ Nôm which was derived from Chinese characters. It was not until the 17th century when Roman Catholic missionaries introduced a new French-like script called Quốc Ngữ to help spread Christianity. Today all Vietnamese literature is written in this script. When spoken, Vietnamese is phonetic thanks to the five Diacritics (´, `, ˀ, ~, •) placed above Vietnamese vowels.
Vietnamese poetry stems from the language being so flexible and lyrical. There are many types of structures for poems, literally known as "six-eight", "couplet of seven”, “sextuplet of eight”, etc. with words arranged to provide certain phonetic rhythms. Vietnamese poem citing is an entertaining art in which the poem reader practically “sings” the poem with traditional Vietnamese music played in the background. |
A jukuu.com example sentence for 我吃不了 is:
I don't think I can manage a huge fish like that.
(wǒ kàn wǒ chībuliǎo zhèmedà yītiáoyú)
It makes sense to me to say 我吃不了这么大一条鱼 (which I translate to "I can't finish this big of a fish") without the initial 我 (wǒkàn). Judging from the translation, 我看 means "I think" in this context, but then I would expect 我 (wǒxiǎng) or 我觉得, as 我看 ordinarily means "I see..." （e.g. 我看一下).
[NB. The English is non-literal, with "manage" instead of "eat".]
Question： What does 我看 do in the sentence 我看我吃不了这么大一条鱼?
• It is "I think" – fefe Sep 20 '17 at 2:00
我看: think; gather; Speculate or estimate from what you see;
I see the similar usage in English, where "let me see" could mean "let me think". However, 看, as the sense of 'think' in Chinese, is more widely used. The sentence you quoted is a good example.
You can use 我想 or 我感觉 in the sentence, 我想我吃不了这么大一条鱼。or 我感觉我吃不了这么大一条鱼。.
All these sentences are similar in meaning. If you really want to differentiate the nuance among them, you could consider 我看 as 'estimate based on what one sees', 我想 as 'I think...' and 我感觉 as 'I feel...'. Another point is 我看 might be less formal and more colloquial than 我想. That's why it's used more often in daily usage.
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From Collins, you can find this:
1. (= 认为) think (pt, pp thought)
⇒ 看成 (kànchéng) consider
⇒ 你看这事儿怎么办？ (Nǐ kàn zhèshìr zěnme bàn?) What do you think we should do about this?
The structure of the second example is the same as your sentence.
It is a common usage of "看". But perhaps only used after "我", "你", "你们", "您". But not after "他", a name, a noun, etc.
The comment reminds that when used in "怎么看", it can be used with "他" or others, like in "这事他怎么看" (How does he think of this)
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• And there is an internet meme "元芳，你怎么看？" , originally a line from the popular TV drama 神探狄仁杰。 – Huang Sep 20 '17 at 12:55
There are 2 meanings of Chinese word "看". 1: equals to "look" or "see". For example,我看见你，means I see you;看着我，means Look at me.
2: equals to "I think" or "In my opinion" For example,我看你是太大意了，means I think you are too careless; 关于这件事，你怎么看？means What's your opinion regarding this matter?
Back to your sample,我吃不了这么大一条鱼（I can't manage a huge fish like that.）It's telling a fact that I really can't finish such a huge fish.
But 我看我吃不了这么大一条鱼(I don't think I can manage a huge fish like that)It's telling an estimation or guess based on your experience that I can't finish such a huge fish.
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我看我吃不了这么一大条鱼。I don't think I can eat such a large fish. So 我看 means I think.
我看：我认为[wǒ rèn wéi] 认为:Make certain judgments about people or things；
我想[wǒ xiǎng] 想：Suppose;guess；
我觉得[wǒjué de] 觉得：Feel, Aware of that.
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Your Answer
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Font.SmallCaps property (Word)
True if the font is formatted as small capital letters. Read/write Long.
expression. SmallCaps
expression An expression that returns a Font object.
Returns True, False or wdUndefined (a mixture of True and False). Can be set to True, False, or wdToggle.
Setting the SmallCaps property to True sets the AllCaps property to False, and vice versa.
This example demonstrates the difference between small capital letters and all capital letters in a new document.
Set myRange = Documents.Add.Content
With myRange
.InsertAfter "This is a demonstration of SmallCaps."
.Words(6).Font.SmallCaps = True
.InsertAfter "This is a demonstration of AllCaps."
.Words(14).Font.AllCaps = True
End With
This example formats the entire selection as small capital letters if part of the selection is already formatted as small capital letters.
If Selection.Type = wdSelectionNormal Then
mySel = Selection.Font.SmallCaps
If mySel = wdUndefined Then Selection.Font.SmallCaps = True
MsgBox "You need to select some text."
End If
See also
Font Object
Support and feedback
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Vancouver Island
VANCOUVER ISLAND, 31,284 sq km, is Canada's tenth-largest island and the largest on the Pacific Coast of N America.
Physical Geography
The exposed top of a submerged mountain system, it lies parallel to the continent on a northeast–southeast axis, extending 460 km from JUAN DE FUCA STRAIT to Queen Charlotte Strait. JOHNSTONE STRAIT in the north and GEORGIA STRAIT in the south separate it from the BC mainland. A rugged spine of mountains rises to altitudes in excess of 2,000 m,...
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POS 2041 MDC Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Provides Freedom of Expression Discussion
I’m trying to learn for my Political Science class and I’m stuck. Can you help?
For each of the questions below, be certain to define the key terms, elaborate on that definition in your own words, and provide a concrete example. (3 Points each)
1. Identify the 4 main functions of the Bill of Rights (not counting “miscellaneous”) and be sure to give an example for each.
2. Define civil rights and explain why they are necessary.
3. Why is freedom of speech considered to be vital to democracy?
4. Define the concept of “selective incorporation” as it relates to Supreme Court decisions, provide examples.
5. Choose one (only one) of the following (a, b, or c) to respond to:
• Write an email to your Congressperson about a local civil rights issue,
– OR –
• Write a letter to the editor of the Miami Herald about restrictions on defendants’ rights in terrorist cases,
• Write a letter to your 12-year-old niece (or nephew) to explain why privacy is an important civil liberty (do not post it to FaceBook!).
Longer Answer: [Choose one to answer – not both.]
1. Identify the essential elements of a good democracy. Be sure to define all key terms and illustrate them with concrete examples. (5 Points)
1. Compare and contrast the Civil Rights issues in the Little Rock high school desegregation case with the Culture Wars (Gay rights) case from Oregon. Be sure to define all key terms and illustrate them with concrete examples. (5 Points)
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Hello, and welcome to CS631 "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment". This is week 12, segment 1. In this week, we'll cover a bit of a hodgepodge of topics. We'll cover a few topics grouped together as "Advanced I/O", and we'll conclude this week's materials with a very high-level introduction to basic encryption in the Unix environment, but first, let's revisit "syslog". As you may remember from our video on daemon processes from week 10, we had identified a need for processes without a controlling terminal to communicate events to the system administrator or the users, and we had mentioned the use of "syslog" for this purpose. So why do we need a special daemon that logs messages for us? --- Wouldn't it be easier to simply have our process open a log file at program startup in append mode, then write data to it whenever it needs to, and then close it upon exit? Seems simple enough. Now the thing is, a daemon may want to send different messages to different places. Or perhaps it's not the daemon itself, but the administrator would prefer if, for example, debugging statements went to one file, while important messages about certain critical events went to another file. --- No problem, let's have the process open two files and write the messages there as needed. Problem solved. --- But sometimes the process wants to also write to a terminal, if it has one, anyway. --- And certain events may be so important that they are written to the serial console. Well, all doable. --- But now consider that this is a very common pattern. All daemons on the system will have this, or similar needs. And not only do they want to write to their own files, sometimes you want to collect errors or warnings from all your daemons in the same file, --- ...so you now need to coordinate access by multiple processes to shared resources. --- and so the mappings between processes and file increases --- and becomes more complex. But not only that -- you also have to consider that now every process has to have write access to the logfiles in question. And most daemons run with a dedicated user, so you need to - grant granular write access, or allow the daemons to run with higher privileges - to write to all the files - and resources. So that gets messy quickly, as you can tell. --- Here, doesn't this image look nicer? If we had a central logging facility, then we can abstract all the messy work of handling files and all that away from the processes. You know - do one thing and do it well, then allow the daemon processes to simply make a few library calls. - Now that central facility still requires write access, but all the individual processes do not any longer, which also nicely allows us to run them with very limited privileges. - So in a way, we can think of this central logging facility of a daemon itself that juggles all the different messages submitted to it by the different applications. --- Here's a video of syslogd -- a daemon that requisitioned its groove back -- in action. Messages come in and are swiftly filed into the right files. Alright, let's see what this _actually_ looks like... --- Here, under /var/log, we see a number of files that are regularly and frequently updated. The names are reasonably self-explanatory: there's a maillog, an authlog, a log file for cron, and a file for generic messages. Different files have different permissions, depending on whether the messages received are considered to be possibly sensitive in nature or not. So let's take a look at the entries in the authlog. Here we see a number of messages from sshd, and some from sudo. The regular messages are not sensitive, so we can look at them as a normal user. We'll notice that the format across the files is consistent, with a field noting which process logged the message. Let's see which processes all have been logging information. We extract the fifth field from the file and count each instance. Ok, so a bunch of syslog, ntp, dhcpcd processes. Let's try to get rid of the process IDs. There, that's better. So we see we have around 10 processes that log messages, with most messages coming from the kernel, followed by dhcpcd, then ntpd. If we repeat this from all the log files, we see a few more daemons, hopefully showing the usefulness of having a central logging facility instead of having each one of these daemons implement all the same logic. How does syslogd know which messages should be sent to which of these files? Let's look at /etc/syslog.conf -- this file shows that there's a simple mapping of messages of certain types or priorities to log files. We'll see in a few minutes how we can log messages ourselves, but let's note that --- there are several ways that messages can be delivered to this central logging facility: - The kernel itself can submit messages via the log(9) function, allowing it to not have to implement actual logging logic. - Any process on the system can make a call to the syslog(3) library function, which we'll see in more detail in a minute. But in addition to that - and that's actually quite cool - syslogd can also - accept messages coming from the network, usually UDP port 514. This is really useful: imagine you have hundreds or thousands of hosts; you don't want to have to go to each host to investigate what happened on each. It'd be much easier to collect all the logs from all hosts in one central location and then look at those messages in one place. syslogd(3) allows for this to happen. - So all together, syslog kind of looks like this. Each of the mechanisms by which messages are accepted allow syslog to process them in a uniform manner and then distribute them according to its configuration and write them to a file, send them to a user, or itself send them on to another host. With all that, you can build a large scale, complex message logging system for your infrastructure. But let's look at how you as a programmer would use syslog(3): --- We have two calls to look at, openlog(3) and syslog(3). openlog(3) allows you to influence the behavior of the subsequent calls to syslog(3): - In order to differentiate your messages from those logged by other processes, you can prepend a string to each message. We've seen that in the example where each daemon processes uses its name for this prefix message. - You can further specify a number of logging options, such as to log the messages to the console or stdout in addition to the files, to log the process ID etc. - Next, you specify the so-called "facility", which is used by syslog to determine where to route your message. - syslog(3) itself is then called whenever you want to log a message. It hands the message to the syslog daemon tagged with the given priority, allowing the daemon to separate important messages from those that are informational only or used for debugging purposes. --- Let's illustrate the use of these library functions with an example. Here's our 'main' function, where we call openlog(3), specifying the program name as the prefix, asking syslog to also print messages to the terminal, with the process ID included. We picked the 'user' facility to identify our process as a regular user process. Then we install a few signal handlers and, if we were to ever exit normally, close the logs as part of our usual cleanup. Our signal handler then calls syslog(3) for each signal it receives, using different priorities for each of the signals we're catching. Here we go. We hit Ctrl+\ to send SIGQUIT and it is printed to the terminal with the process ID. But let's see if it also found its way into the log files. Yep, there it is. Let's try to generate the same signal again, followed by SIGINFO, which we can generate by hitting Ctrl+t. Note, by the way, that on BSD systems sending SIGINFO to a process automatically triggers some information about the process to be printed. But our signal handler still logged its message. Now let's send it SIGUSR1 from a new shell. That, too, gets logged. Now let's try SIGUSR2. Hmmm, nothing happens. Let's try again. If we switch back to the program, we see that it received the signal and syslog triggered the logging to the terminal, but nothing showed up in our logs! Let's send it SIGQUIT again. There, that was logged to the file. But also note that syslog added this statement here -- "last message repeated 3 times". That is, syslog is smart enough to detect duplicate messages and rather than writing those to the file, it will wait until a different message comes in. So if we send SIGQUIT a few times, followed by SIGUSR2, we see them logged over here like this. Now let's take a look at the configuration of syslog: Let's separate our messages into a different file by specifying user.notice to go to /var/log/usermsgs First we need to create the file, then restart syslogd. We note that syslogd itself logs messages via syslog. When we now start our program again, and send it the SIGUSR1 signal, we see that it still logs to /var/log/messages, but the message is _also_ logged to the file we specified. That is, we see that syslog has the ability to allow logging to multiple files at the same time. Now recall that we log the messages for the different signals using different priorities, with anything matching "notice" or higher being logged to the new file. But if we send SIGINFO, this information is _not_ logged to the new file, even though of course the signal is received, and per our openlog(3) directive logged to the terminal. Sending SIGUSR1 again, we don't get another message in our file since the message was just repeated, even if sent from a different process, but syslogd reports in /var/log/messages that the message was repeated. If we send SIGINFO, that isn't logged because "info" is of a lower priority than "notice", and we only instructed syslogd to log "notice" or higher here. SIGQUIT, for example. Since this central logging facility is rather useful, we cant not only log things via the library functions, but also via the command-line. For that, we have the logger(1) utility, which provides a simple interface to these library functions. For example, we can log a message with a local0 facility and a level of "info", or we can log a message in the 'user' facility. As before, if it's below "notice" it won't make it into our separate file, but higher priority messages do get delivered. Finally, we can send a message of level "emergency", which will be delivered to all logged in users on their terminal, as shown here. These messages still are logged to the file /var/log/messages. --- Ok, time to summarize. - syslog has been around for a while. It's been the de-facto standard for system logging on Unix systems since the 80s. - syslog has been standardized in RFC5424, which includes a definition of the network packet format; - By default, syslog will use UDP on port 514 for network connections, although nowadays you may also - see syslog traffic be transmitted over TCP, or wrapped in TLS. Some newer versions of syslog such as syslog-ng or rsyslog have added further enhancements, - but amongst a number of large scale organizations it's popular these days to use a different message relay service, such as elasticsearch or solr, for example. However, it's worth noting that there is a whole lot of equipment out there that simply cannot use anything different from standard RFC5424 format UDP to port 514 packets to relay messages. Network equipment comes to mind. Either way, syslog is a very convenient service that exhibits many of the properties of the Unix philosophy and is, as we've seen in our code example, rather easy to use. Give it a try! Thanks for watching - cheers! |
Dip pole
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Dip pole, any point on the Earth’s surface where the dip (magnetic inclination; i.e., the angle between the Earth’s surface and the total magnetic field vector) of the Earth’s magnetic field is 90 degrees—that is, perpendicular to the surface. There are two main dip poles, one on the Antarctic coast and one in Canada’s Arctic near Bathurst Island. Dip poles may occur locally over strongly magnetic mineral deposits.
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Cancer Researchers Train White Blood Cells to Attack Tumor Cells
Cancer Researchers Train White Blood Cells to Attack Tumor Cells
Neutrophil granulocytes can be trained to attack tumors using beta-glucan, a sugar found in fungi, oats, and barley
Dresden University of Technology
Immunotherapies that rely on training the body's non-specific defense could improve therapeutic options for certain cancer patients in future.
NCT/UCC/André Wirsig
Scientists at the National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC) and Dresden University Medicine, together with an international team of researchers, were able to demonstrate that certain white blood cells, called neutrophil granulocytes, can potentially—after completing a special training program—be used for the treatment of tumors.
In order to stimulate the training of this part of the innate immune system, the scientists used beta-glucan, a long-chain sugar molecule that occurs as a natural fiber mainly in the cell walls of fungi, oats, and barley. The immune training already became effective at the level of blood formation in the bone marrow, in the precursor cells of the neutrophil granulocytes. Based on this newly described mechanism, it is possible that novel cancer immunotherapies which improve treatment for cancer patients will be developed in the future. The scientists published their results in the renowned specialist journal Cell.
NCT/UCC is a joint institution of the German Cancer Research Center, the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine at TU Dresden, and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.
Tumor cells can evade the immune system in a variety of ways and in this manner nullify its protective effect. Immunotherapies aim at preventing these evasive maneuvers and at redirecting the natural defense mechanisms in the patient's body against the cancer cells.
Modern immunotherapies rely on the specialists of our defense system, such as T cells, dendritic cells, or certain antibodies. As part of the specific immune system, these are able to recognize suitable structures on tumor or immune cells and initiate or execute a precisely tailored defense reaction.
For the first time, scientists at NCT/UCC and University Medicine Dresden were now able to demonstrate that even the body's non-specific immune response can be weaponized against tumors. "Based on the mechanism described, new forms of cancer immunotherapy are conceivable which could improve the chances for treatment for certain patients in the future," says professor Triantafyllos Chavakis, director of the Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IKL) of the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden.
Related Article: Researchers May Have Discovered the Achilles Heel of Glioblastoma
Training of neutrophil granulocytes inhibits tumor growth
At the center of the described mechanism are special immune cells called neutrophil granulocytes—or neutrophils for short. These form the most common subgroup of the white blood cells and are part of the innate, non-specific immune defense. In contrast to the specific part of our immune system, the non-specific part of the body's own defense acts as a rapid response force: if pathogens enter the body or cells degenerate, it reacts very quickly and mostly stereotypically.
However, certain stimuli can also influence—or even train—the non-specific immune response. Training causes certain actors of the rapid response force to exhibit altered properties and perform their tasks better and over a longer period of time than before: the impact of the rapid response force increases. The researchers have now been able to demonstrate for the first time that this effect, which is already known to occur in infections, can also be used against tumors.
The neutrophil granulocytes play an important role in this process. In certain tumors, they accumulate in the environment of the tumor or migrate into it. These "tumor-associated neutrophils" can inhibit tumor growth, but some also have tumor-promoting properties. It is assumed that the tumor itself releases substances that turn the neutrophils into drivers of tumor growth. In experimental models, the scientists were able to partially reverse this process, which is detrimental to healing, by specially training the non-specific immune response.
In order to stimulate the immune system, they used the long-chain sugar molecule (polysaccharide) beta-glucan. This is a natural fiber found mainly in the cell walls of fungi, oats, or barley. Administrating beta-glucan caused the proportion of neutrophils with tumor-inhibiting properties to increase significantly and tumor growth to decrease.
Change in blood formation ensures long-term effect
Of particular importance in this context was proving that the reprogramming of neutrophil granulocytes already begins in the bone marrow. Here, from stem cells, various precursor cells develop and it is from these that the different blood cells emerge. The administration of beta-glucan altered the gene activity of the myeloid precursor cells. The neutrophils later also develop from these. "This causes the properties of the short-lived neutrophils to change in the longer term, towards activity directed against the tumor. This is because the precursor cells form neutrophils with tumor-inhibiting properties over a longer period of time," explains joint first author Lydia Kalafati from IKL and NCT/UCC.
As the next step, it would be conceivable to use the principle of neutrophil training in combination with already approved immunotherapies in cancer patients. "In doing so, we also want to investigate in which types of tumors the method works particularly well, in order to then use it in a very targeted manner in future," says professor Martin Bornhäuser, member of the managing directorate of the NCT/UCC and director of the Department of Medicine I of the University Hospital Dresden.
- This press release was provided by the Dresden University of Technology |
Why you should visit Portugal in 2020? Port wine - history and curiosities
Updated: Jun 30
It's much more than wine, it's part of a collective cultural heritage of work and experience, know-how and art that has been built and passed on from generation to generation.
Portugal has been producing wine for thousands of years and this asset quickly became an important export since the twelfth century.
Despite the remains of stone treading tanks and casks dating back to the third and fourth century that have been found throughout the region, records show that the Port Wine brand, or designation, appeared only during the late half of the seventeenth century, which coincided with the fast growth of Douro Region viticulture and wine exports.
Nowadays it is still a key product for the Portuguese economy, there is no doubt that it has been, throughout the years, one of the biggest international ambassadors of Portugal's name and culture.
A curious fact is that Port Wine export growth is, in part, due to a time of great rivalry between the maritime empires in the North, when the Flemish and the British, in the detriment of wines from France, increased their demand for Iberian wines, late in the seventeenth century. England, in particular, significantly increased its quantity of Port Wine imports, trading it in exchange for Codfish.
The wine trade proliferated and the English consumers grew and enthusiasm for finer wines. To respond to this demand, the merchants seized this opportunity as they started exploring the inlands on the Douro river on a search for increased quality wines and they were successful at it. They found, on the upper Douro river, in the middle of rocky hills and moderate climate, more full-bodied and robust wines.
These merchants had now to face a new challenge, the vineyards were found at a considerable distance from Viana do Castelo region, where the commercial hub of the English merchants was located. The solution was quite obvious, they decided to take advantage of the Douro River to carry down the wine to Oporto, which is also bathed by the Atlantic Ocean. Once there, the wine was transferred onto ships traveling to England. So, by this time, the name came quite naturally and became known as "Oporto wine" or "Port" as it is known today. Port Wine was originated by the need to preserve the wine from the long journey from Douro Valley to Porto and then to England. It started to be fortified with the addition of brandy. The process of fortifying Port today is totally different as the wine is fortified during fermentation and not after aging. With its tremendous success, as a result of the high demand and growing appetite for this wine on English territory, and as it happened with all great wines, Port Wine quickly became threatened by the rise of poor imitations, fraud, and infractions. This lead to a huge price drop and a large decline of the British demand.
Since then, the Portuguese government has introduced various measures to ensure the protection of the Douro wine farmers, the quality of the product, to avoid fraud, to balance production and trade, and to establish prices.
Fortunately, Port Wine was able to recover and maintain its reputation throughout history and is now one of the finest and most appreciated wines in the world.
Discover the lands of Port Wine:
It is an old name in the wine spectrum but it hasn't stopped evolving. New Port categories have been created during the twentieth century, with the introduction of Taylor's Chip Dry, which is a dry white Port, Late Bottled Vintage 1965, as an affordable aged wine that could be drunk straight away even without decanting and, more recently, in 2008, the first Pink Croft, a rosé style Port, was born.
Although more than 80 grape varieties (both red and white) can be used in the production of Port, only about 30 are recommended.
The modern vineyards are made up of a selection of 5 top red grape types generally considered to produce the finest wines: Touriga Nacional, Tinto Cao, Tinta Barroca, Tinta Roriz, and Touriga Francesa.
After reading this rich and amazing piece of history, it's impossible not to feel the urge to visit the stunning landscapes that give birth to great Ports, and to have a glass or two!
In case you didn't know, Portugal is becoming one of the best wine tourism destinations in the world.
Wine Adore Pte Ltd 10 Anson Rd, International Plaza, Singapore 079903
©2019 by Wine Adore |
Shock and Awe
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Shock and Awe
Shock and Awe
An Introduction To: African American Army Generals (1968-1992)
by Dr. Jimmie Jones, Colonel, US Army, Retired
the latter half of the 20th century was a turbulent time for race relations in the United States. In the public sphere, protests, riots, and violence were not uncommon when tensions reached their peak. But in the United States Army, a more peaceful transition took places as highly trained, highly intelligent African American officers rose through the ranks in a de-segregated military. Some of the names, like General Colin Powell, are familiar to the general public, but many more are not.
Dr. Jimmie Jones, himself a retired African American officer of the United States Army, presents here a comprehensive look at the evolving role of black officers in the army over the last several decades. The story he tells is one part history and one part charming narrative as he recounts his journeys around the country as an officer moving up the ranks and as an avid interviewer taking every opportunity possible to meet with the trailblazing men and women who broke barriers to become the first African American general officers in the army.
About the Author: Dr. Jimmie Jones was born and raised on a farm in north central Florida. As a child he attended segregated elementary and high schools. His numerous degrees from several different institutions include a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics, a Master of Arts degree in Counseling, and a Doctorate in Educational Leadership.
Dr. Jones served as a second Lieutenant in the Air Defense Artillery Branch of the United States Army. During his twenty-six years he served in Korea, Viet Nam and Germany commanding Air Defense Artillery units. As a Major, he served as a Personnel Assignment and Professional Development Officer in the Army Personnel Management Center in Alexander, Virginia. His final assignment was as Personnel Director for the Army National Guard in the Pentagon.
After his service, Dr. Jones worked in public schools across the country as a teacher, coach, and principal. He was also a professor at Everest University in Jacksonville, Florida and was the Founding Principal of the all-girl charter school Waverly Academy in Jacksonville.
Finally retired, Dr. Jones and his wife now live in Las Vegas, Nevada. He is an avid marathoner and golfer.
(2015, Paperback, 120 pages) |
Flossing – Commonly Asked Questions
Flossing – Commonly Asked Questions
Many people tend to view flossing as an accessory oral hygiene habit that does not exactly need to be done. Wrong idea. Most of us were not trained to floss when we were children because most of our attention was on learning and maintaining the habit of brushing our teeth. Yet surprisingly, flossing can be as equally important as brushing because there are some things it can do that brushing alone cannot. For example, taking out food particles trapped in between the teeth.
If you do not floss, then probably now is a good time for you to start cultivating that habit. After all,you do not want rotten food particles to be stuck in between your teeth and cause bad breath. Before you start, read through our answers to some commonly asked questions about flossing. This will give you an overview on the right way to floss.
What is dental floss made of?
Dental floss is made of either thin nylon filaments or plastic ribbons. It comes in a bundle usually 10 to 50 meters long.
What are the benefits of flossing?
The main benefit of flossing is the removal of stuck food particles. This prevents bacteria from amassing around those particles and feeding on them. Furthermore, with the absence of food particles and thus bacteria build up, you have lesser chance of developing bad breath.
How often should I floss?
You should floss daily at least once, especially following a meal. If you have gaps in your teeth and tend to pocket food, then it is advisable that you floss more often. Moreover, designate a time of the day when you can conveniently floss. You can choose to either floss in the morning or before bedtime. Whatever your chosen time is, what is important is that you develop flossing into a daily habit.
How long should I floss?
There is no specified length of time for flossing. Floss until you feel you have taken out all food particles from between your teeth. There is no need to rush either as flossing hurriedly can cause injury to your gums.
How much floss should I use?
Use as much floss as needed. Also, use only clean floss for each side of the tooth. Do not reuse the floss as this can simply carry the bacteria from one tooth to another.
What type of floss should I use?
There are many types of floss in the market and you may want to try them all before deciding to permanently use a certain kind. As a guide though, waxed floss is used by people with crowded or tightly spaced teeth. On the other hand, if you have rough tooth edges then a shred-resistant floss is best for you. |
China announces its step-ahead in Ultra-secure satellite transmission
Researchers obtained quantum physics to convey a ‘secrete key’ for coding and decoding data between two points of about 700 miles apart.
The world of human-made satellites, silent in the vacuum of space, might sound calm. It seems to be a high-flying war field widespread with hard situations, cunning, hoax, hacking, and the growing rivalry between the arrays of spaceship and space authorities.
As of the present time, scientists from China affirm new growth in making what seems to be a primary firm data bridge between a revolving ship and its ground-dwelling controllers. Odds have shown that Beijing might possess one of the super-safe planetary communication networks.
In a Nature on Monday journal, a group comprising of 24 researchers explain an accomplished experiment on the conveyance of a ‘secrete key’ that codes and decodes data between a satellite and two base points located approximately 700 miles from each other. The idea obtains quantum physics, which entails the present technology and appears to be absurd with probabilities of basic logic. It posits that a couple of well divided subatomic particles can still seem to be taking place gradually.
Taking measurements of one’s possession affects the measured results instantaneously as much as the two are millions of light in separation. Albeit Einstein termed quantum bombardment as ‘ a scary action from far.’
Authors from China who first reported accomplishment in a bombardment during a satellite operation in 2017 currently reveal that they have increased its functionality. They also show that there are low rates of mistakes, and it will better to use quantum bombardment for the transfer of cryptographic keys. The summary of the Nature journal states that researchers had an illustration showing the structure producing a safer channel that is resistant to attacks.
Old communication satellites used waves of radio to convey signals. On the contrary, the quantum communication satellites use a couple of looped photons, or in other words, light particles. Their characteristics remain twisted as one particle of light travels over a long distance. Information is sent by controlling the photons.
In August of 2016, China inaugurated the planet’s first satellite from the Gobi desert. The moon experimented with the conveyance of quantum data on photons. They named the spacecraft ‘Micius’ following the Chinese philosopher during the 5th century. The satellite produced a consolidated collection of laser light to provide quantum indications between two telescopes erected between earthy stations in Delingha and Nanshan in China, approximately 700 miles from each other.
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Question: What Are 3 Examples Of Assets?
Is owner capital an asset?
Owner’s equity is more like a liability to the business.
What are the 3 types of capital?
Businesses will typically focus on three types of business capital: working capital, equity capital, and debt capital.
Is a house a liability or asset?
A house, like any other object that comes into your possession, is classified as an asset. An asset is something you own. … Your house, an asset, subtracted by your remaining mortgage, your liability, results in your wealth due to your house. That’s commonly called your “equity,” but that has a murky definition, too.
Is money an asset?
Personal assets are things of present or future value owned by an individual or household. Common examples of personal assets include: Cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposit, checking, and savings accounts, money market accounts, physical cash, Treasury bills.
What are the 3 types of assets?
What are the examples of assets?
Examples of assets are -Cash.Investments.Inventory.Office equipment.Machinery.Real estate.Company-owned vehicles.
How do I figure out my assets?
In a nutshell, your net worth is really everything you own of significance (your assets) minus what you owe in debts (your liabilities). Assets include cash and investments, your home and other real estate, cars or anything else of value you own.
Is jewelry an asset?
Tangible assets: These are physical objects, or the assets you can touch. Examples include your home, business property, car, boat, art and jewelry. Liquid assets: Liquid assets are cash or the things that can be sold and converted to cash quickly, like readily tradable stocks and bonds.
What are the 3 sources of capital?
The main sources of funding are retained earnings, debt capital, and equity capital.
Is a vehicle a liquid asset?
A liquid asset is either available cash or an instrument that has the capacity to be easily converted to cash. … Liquid assets differ from non-liquid assets, such as property, vehicles or jewelry, which can take longer to sell and therefore convert to cash, and may lose value in the sale.
Is a phone an asset?
There are several types of assets. That said, all assets are the same in that they have financial value to a business (or individual). Types of fixed assets common to small businesses include computer hardware, cell phones, equipment, tools and vehicles.
What are 5 assets?
Is a car an asset?
The short answer is yes, generally, your car is an asset. But it’s a different type of asset than other assets. Your car is a depreciating asset. Your car loses value the moment you drive it off the lot and continues to lose value as time goes on.
What’s your greatest asset?
That is probably because that is how the word asset is most often used today. But that is now what I mean. a useful or valuable thing, person, or quality….Your Greatest Asset – Asset DefinitionAgain, some might answer with a possession they own. … Some might say their good looks. … Some might say their athletic ability.More items…
Can a person be an asset?
Assets are persons or things that can produce value. People can be assets because of the value they bring to a relationship or organization. Things which are assets have value for the owner because they can be converted into cash. Cash on hand is also considered an asset.
Which assets can be converted into cash?
A liquid asset is an asset that can easily be converted into cash in a short amount of time. Liquid assets include things like cash, money market instruments, and marketable securities. Both individuals and businesses can be concerned with tracking liquid assets as a portion of their net worth.
What do Assets include?
Examples of assets that are likely to be listed on a company’s balance sheet include: cash, temporary investments, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses, long-term investments, land, buildings, machines, equipment, furniture, fixtures, vehicles, goodwill, and more.
Is capital an asset?
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Attach Virtual Disks
You can add storage to a VM by attaching an existing virtual disk.
1. Select the VM in the Resources pane, select the Storage tab, and then select Attach. Alternatively, on the Storage menu, select Virtual Disks then Attach Virtual Disk.
2. Select a virtual disk from the list.
3. To set access to the virtual disk to read-only, select the Attach as read-only check box. This setting can help prevent data from being overwritten or changed when multiple VMs access the disk. It also allows you to attach the virtual disk to many VMs. To allow write access to the virtual disk, clear the check box.
4. Click Attach.
Problems on an underlying SR can sometimes cause an attached virtual disk to become deactivated (“unplugged”). If this situation happens, activate it again from the VM’s Storage tab by selecting it and clicking Activate.
Attach Virtual Disks |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 22.djvu/245
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circle is completely closed for 315° by land, distant at farthest from five to seven miles. From Dutchman's Cap, bearing nearly due west, to the "Stac" off Iona, there is comparatively deep water of forty to fifty fathoms. The charts, however, show that rocks approach the surface. "Five-Fathom Rock," "Dangerous Overfalls," and soundings of less than ten fathoms, push half-way across the Passage of Tiree. Mackenzie's Rock, which dries in four feet, guards the other entrance, and no Atlantic surge could pass into Loch Tuadh or the Sound of Iona, without changing its direction twice and almost at right angles. But Donegal receives the impetus of the tremendous billows which break against the steep cliffs of Mizen Head, or rush up the narrow gorges with which the exposed coast of the Northern Hebrides is so deeply scored. Staffa is singularly sheltered. It makes it antecedently extremely improbable that this particular spot would be selected by the ocean as a place on which to "prove its strength." Wordsworth was both a landsman and a poet, and, as he says—
"In a motley crowd, each the other's blight,
Hurried and hurrying"—
only saw it. His language, however, has undoubtedly been made a vehicle of scientific error.
"Caves worn by the sea are due to the set of the currents, the force of the breakers, and the grinding of the shingle, which inevitably discover the weak places in the cliff, and leave caves as one of the results of their work, modified in each case by the local conditions of the rock" ("Encyclopædia Britannica"). Assuming that this is a complete statement of the law of marine erosion, how was Fingal's Cave "hollowed out of columnar basalt," and therefore rightly classed by Professor Boyd Dawkins, "among caves worn by the sea"? There is no current setting into this bay. The spring tides rise 1134 feet, neaps 8 feet, and range 412 feet. The maelstrom of that part of the ocean is "where Corryvrechan's surges driven" make "the caldron of the spectral sea," but to the south, behind Colonsay. The force of the breakers is inconsiderable. Either they are the result of local disturbance formed to the east of Tiree, or the ground-swell and heaving of the sea after a storm. The island is fully protected by its own foreshore. The perpendicular columns suggest an "unknown profundity of depth." But the basalt on the west is over 50 feet above the sea level. A spit of conglomerated trap or tufa prolongs under water a flat, rocky shore. There is a succession of rocks and shoals. The 20 fathom line is a mile distant, the 10-fathom half a mile, immediately followed by rocks, and 12, 15, and 9 feet of water. As the cave is in the southern face, it appears to be impossible, in the present state of the coast, that a wave with any momentum could strike directly upon that end of the island. As MacCulloch sat on one of the columns, though the long swell raised the water at intervals to his feet, the movement was silent, and the surface of the sea apparently undisturbed. There is |
Oncologist and writer Siddhartha Mukherjee suggests that what doctors fight against isn’t so much disease — it’s their own biases.
In the summer of 2003, I finished my three-year residency in internal medicine and began a fellowship in oncology. It was an exhilarating time. The Human Genome Project had laid the foundation for the new science of genomics, the study of the entire genome. And it was nothing short of a windfall for cancer biology.
Cancer is a genetic disease, an illness caused by mutations in genes. Until the early 2000s, most scientists had examined cancer cells one gene at a time. But once we could examine thousands of genes in parallel, the true complexity of cancers became evident. The human genome has about twenty-four thousand genes in total. In some cancers, up to a hundred and twenty genes were altered — one in every two hundred genes — while in others, only two or three genes were mutated. (Why do some cancers carry such complexity, while others are genetically simpler? Even the questions were unexpected — much less the answers.)
The capacity to examine thousands of genes in parallel, without making any presuppositions about the mutant genes, allowed researchers to find novel, previously unknown genetic associations with cancer. Some of the newly discovered mutations in cancer were truly unexpected: it turned out the genes did not control growth directly, but affected the metabolism of nutrients or chemical modifications of DNA. If cancer cells were dependent on mutant genes for their survival or growth — “addicted” to the mutations, as biologists liked to describe it — then targeting these addictions with specific molecules might force cancer cells to die. The battle-ax chemical poisons of cellular growth would become obsolete at last.
The most spectacular example of a new drug, Gleevec, for a variant of leukemia, had galvanized the entire field. I still recall the first patient whom I treated with Gleevec, a 56-year-old man whose bone marrow had been so eaten by leukemia that he had virtually no platelets left. He would bleed profusely from every biopsy that we performed; an oncology fellow had to meet Mr. K in the exam room with a brick-size pack of sterile gauze pads, and press on his biopsy site for half an hour to prevent bleeding. Read the rest of the article on TED
Siddhartha Mukherjee: Soon we’ll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill
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(redirected from Combinations)
Related to Combinations: Permutations
1. The act of combining (that is, by joining, uniting, or otherwise bringing into close association) separate entities.
2. The state of being so combined.
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
References in classic literature ?
"In the face of labor-saving machinery, of organized production, of the increased efficiency of combination, you would set the economic sun back a whole generation or so to the time when there were no great capitalists, no great machinery, no railroads--a time when a host of little capitalists warred with each other in economic anarchy, and when production was primitive, wasteful, unorganized, and costly.
"Then is it not irrational to destroy that cheap and efficient combination?"
That, gentlemen, is socialism, a greater combination than the trusts, a greater economic and social combination than any that has as yet appeared on the planet.
"When the combination of the trusts will control all legislation, when the combination of the trusts will itself be the government," Ernest interrupted.
While you diligently pursued that favorite phantom of yours, called profits, and moralized about that favorite fetich of yours, called competition, even greater and more direful things have been accomplished by combination. There is the militia."
"You do not understand the combination that has been effected.
Flier: 3 bladed propellor; 3 spaces diagonal in any direction or combination; and may jump intervening pieces.
Chief: Diadem with ten jewels; 3 spaces in any direction; straight or diagonal or combination.
A Dwar might move straight north three spaces, or north one space and east two spaces, or any similar combination of straight moves, so long as he did not cross the same square twice in a single move.
The efficient (non-dominated) set of attack method combinations derived as in Phillips (2009) may, under assumptions one to five above be represented as a combination of two combinations.
The team studied the way padlocks work to find a non-destructive way to crack their combinations. A typical combination padlock has 40 marked locations on its dial, but it turns out that there's enough play in the mechanism that if you enter a combination that's one number off, the lock will open.
The team used the Lexi-Comp online database to determine unsafe drug combinations. The software identifies three types of possible interactions: |
Tekes, Foundation for Research of Natural Resources in Finland & Marjatta ja Eino Kollin Säätiö: Ubiquitous Compounds of Birch Bark as a Sustainable Raw Material
The birch research consortium comprises a multidisciplinary research project including agricultural zoology/entomology, biology, industrial chemistry, medicinal chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry from the University of Helsinki, Technical Research Centre of Finland and scientific collaborators from Brazil, Germany, Israel, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland and the USA. The project is aimed at synthesizing new fine and specialty chemicals, focusing especially on the use of betulin and suberin as starting materials and to characterize their properties in terms of biological action, material science and physiological action. Birch bark is a highly ubiquitous raw material, and it contains approximately 40 percent betulin (dry weight) and 40 percent suberin. Vast amount of birch bark is produced as a side product of the forest industries, and presently it is not processed further. The new chemical derivatives of betulin and suberin open new avenues for interesting applications of these abundant natural products.
The specific objectives are (i) to synthesize new derivatives of betulin and suberin acid and phenolic derivatives from suberin; (ii) to study the synthesized compounds for their biological activities, properties, and potential for various applications, and (iii) to determine the relationship between chemical structure of betulin compounds and their biological activity.
The collection of new derivatives of Betula terpenoids, mimetics and analogues based on the major chemical constituents of the birch bark will be evaluated for their activity in vitro against several pathogenic microbes, such as protozoal parasites (Leishmania sp., Trypanosoma sp.), intracellular bacteria (Chlamydia pneumoniae) and drug-resistant bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Collaborators: Jose María Alunda (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain), Stewart Cole, (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland), Julie Frearson (University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland), Charles L. Jaffe (Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel), Kim D. Janda (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA), Sergio Schenkman (Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil), Pia Vuorela (Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland).
Gällande start-/slutdatum01/01/200431/12/2009 |
Birthdays are incomplete without cutting Birthday Cake and blowing out candles. We have been following the ritual of blowing out candles and making a wish since time immemorial. However, now, a new study has found that doing this might turn out to be harmful to your health. Yes, you read that right.
Bacteria on birthday cake increases to an alarming 1,400 percent
According to The Star, a team of researchers from South Carolina’s Clemson University has found that blowing out the candles on a birthday cake loads the dessert with a lot of bacteria. When a person blows out the candles, their saliva goes onto the cake.
The study found that the saliva multiplies the bacteria growth in the dessert by 1,400 percent.
The study was conducted by Clemson University Professor Dr. Paul Dawson and some of his undergraduate students. The shocking research conclusion forced them into considering about food safety. Dr. Dawson actually got the idea from his daughter while having a dinner conversation.
For the purpose of the study, the team put the cake icing on a foil on top of a Styrofoam wheel with candles. They all consumed pizza to boost the salivary gland before blowing out the candles. Then they lit the candles and blew them. In order to count the bacteria, the cake icing was diluted with sterilized water and put out on agar plates.
The colonies on the agar represented the presence of bacteria cells in the icing.
Research result to not ruin birthday parties
It was observed that each time the blow resulted in the spread of different kinds of bacteria. Surprisingly, it was found that some people transferred more bacteria than others.
Dr. Dawson is of the opinion that the research result shouldn't ruin birthday parties. He said that the human mouth is full of bacteria. However, most of them are not harmful to health.
Avoid blowing out candles when sick or infected
To be on a safer side, Dr. Dawson recommends people to avoid blowing out the candles if the candle-blower is sick or suffers from any kind of infection, but otherwise the practice is fine.
The researcher said that in case it was that serious issue it would not have been such a common practice of blowing cakes on birthdays. However, it is better to be safe than sorry.
This is not the first time that Dr. Dawson has performed such an interesting study. In the past, he has also shared an article that claimed that the practice of double dipping chips could risk the spread of infectious diseases.
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Japanese Prime Minister sets goal of zero emissions, carbon-neutral society by 2050
Japan's Prime Minister, Yoshihide Suga, unveils his climate policy in Parliament on Monday.
Japan's Prime Minister, Yoshihide Suga, said the country will aim to become carbon neutral by 2050.
In his first policy speech since taking office last month, Suga told Japan's parliament Monday that his "administration will put the maximum effort to realize the green society by setting a virtuous cycle in the economy and the environment."
In the past, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have criticized Japan for what they considered slow progress on cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
Japan emitted 1.24 billion metric tonnes (1.36 billion US tons) of greenhouse gas in 2018, down 3.9% from the previous year and 12% down from its peak in 2013, according to the environment ministry.
Greenpeace welcomed Suga's move, saying it is "precisely the kind of action the world needs" -- but cautioned that the commitment must be matched by policy.
Japan had previously said it would be carbon neutral as early as possible in the second half of the century, rather than set an explicit date.
"Responding to climate change is no longer a constraint on economic growth," Suga said.
"We need to change our thinking to the view that taking assertive measures against climate change will lead to changes in industrial structure and the economy that will bring about great growth."
Japan's target of no greenhouse gas emissions on a net basis by 2050 brings it into line with the European Union, which set a target of being carbon neutral by that same date last year.
Chinese President Xi Jinping in September pledged to make his country "carbon neutral" by 2060.
Japan is the world's fifth-biggest emitter of carbon dioxide, and while steps are being taken to increase renewable energy, it also plans to roll out new coal-burning power stations.
Smog in Tokyo, Japan's capital.
Later, Industry Minister Hiroshi Kajiyama told a news conference that plans for attaining key parts of the goal would be drawn up by the end of the year.
"Carbon neutrality itself is a growth strategy, and we must carry it out with all we have," he added.
To achieve its goals, Suga said new solar cells and carbon recycling would be key, and Japan would intensify research and development in those areas, along with digitalizing society -- a policy he has pushed since taking over from Shinzo Abe.
The announcement was cheered by policy makers and investors.
"Japan joining the EU in targeting carbon neutrality by 2050 is very welcome, and so is PM Suga's focus on green technologies and especially solar, as a growth driver," said Eric Pedersen, Nordea Asset Management's head of responsible investment.
But he also warned that Japan would need to start decommissioning coal power and stop building and financing new coal power abroad. |
Cuban Military Effectiveness, 1975–1988 Part I
A Cuban tank crew in Angola.
Cuban Operations in Angola, 1975–1976
After the 1959 revolution, Fidel Castro turned to Moscow for aid and assistance of all kinds. One key aspect of Russian support for the new Cuban communist state was to provide weapons, training, and all other forms of military aid, all of which the Cuban armed forces readily embraced. Cuban officers and pilots received extensive instruction from Soviet advisers, and many underwent training in the USSR. Cuban forces strictly employed Soviet tactics and doctrine in all types of conventional military operations. As a result, the Cuban military relied heavily on a Soviet-style of operations, as much as the North Koreans in the 1950s, and to a greater extent than any of the Arab states.
Angola, 1975–1976.
By late 1975, the Angolan revolution was in trouble. The communist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) had seized the capital of Luanda after the Portuguese pulled out earlier in the year, but by autumn, they faced multiple challenges. In the south, South Africa had invaded Angola from Namibia in support of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). In the east, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) was mounting its own offensive from Zaire bolstered by Portuguese special forces, Zairian regulars, and Western mercenaries. Finally, in the north, the secessionist Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) was fighting the MPLA for control of Cabinda province, also with Zaire’s backing. In July, the Cubans sent 50 weapons specialists to aid the MPLA’s army, the People’s Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), then added 480 combat advisors and trainers in September. But in October, the South African Defense Force (SADF) launched its invasion of Angola (Operation SAVANNAH) and made rapid gains. One prong of the SADF’s offensive drove 3,100 kilometers in 33 days, defeated FAPLA forces in several dozen engagements, and was only a few hundred kilometers south of Luanda by early November.
So, on November 4, Castro acceded to an Angolan request and sent 36,000 Cuban combat troops and 300 tanks to Angola to save the MPLA regime. A huge airlift (eventually with Soviet aid but initially all Cuban) began pouring Cuban forces into the country, and by the second half of November, 4,000 Cuban soldiers were fighting on all fronts.
By then, the Cuban advisors had already taken control of the war effort. In late October, the Cubans put together a plan to defend Luanda against the SADF/UNITA force threatening the capital from the south. At Catengue on November 2, a Cuban-led FAPLA battalion (with 50 Cuban advisors fighting alongside them) surprised an SADF/UNITA task force, which the South African commander commented provided the “best organized and heaviest FAPLA opposition to date.” But the South Africans were still the better army, and the Cuban/FAPLA force was eventually beaten and sent reeling.
Nevertheless, Cuban intervention turned the tide of the Angolan Civil War. On November 10, 1,000 Cuban and FAPLA troops backed by Cuban BM-21 multiple-rocket launchers (MRLs) met a combined force of 2,000 FNLA, 1,200 Zairians, and 120 Portuguese Mercenaries with armored cars and South African artillery support at Quifangondo on the Bengo River. The Cubans turned back several crossing efforts by the FNLA and their allies and then lured them into a prepared kill zone where the BM-21s hammered them. The battle stopped the FNLA offensive cold. From November 10 to November 14, other Cuban and FAPLA units defeated in succession four converging offensives by the FLEC and Zaire against Cabinda, nailing down Luanda’s control of its disconnected province.
Inevitably, the fighting in the south against the South Africans was the hardest. The South Africans had adopted Israeli military doctrine, Israeli officers trained many South African troops, and a large number of SADF officers had studied in Israel. The South Africans had learned well, and they moved and maneuvered in ways that must have made their mentors proud.
The first Cuban combat units arrived at the Queve River (about two hours’ march time from Luanda) on November 13. They threw a screening force across the river to hold back the SADF and then blew all three bridges, which gave them time to bring up additional forces and build a formidable defensive line along the river. The SADF shifted its primary axis of advance eastward, and attempted to flank the Cuban/FAPLA line by crossing the Nhia River. But on November 23rd, Cuban forces caught the SADF’s vanguard in an ambush at Ebo, and destroyed 60 percent of the South African armored vehicles. The South Africans would have their revenge in December, when another SADF formation smashed an inexperienced Cuban/FAPLA force of about brigade size in the Battle of Bridge 14. Still, the Cubans responded quickly, dispatching armor and motorized infantry reserves, which established a new defense line that the South Africans did not relish having to breach based on their recent experiences with the Cubans.
In January 1976, the Cubans and FAPLA went on the offensive in a series of Cuban-designed and -led offensives. They launched multiple attacks against the South African and UNITA positions in the Medunda hills south of Luanda. In ferocious fighting, Cuban infantry backed by the fearsome BM-21s pushed the SADF and UNITA out of these positions. This defeat convinced Pretoria that its bid to install a friendly government in Luanda had failed, and so the SADF pulled back to Namibia.
The Cubans quickly recognized that the South African withdrawal created an opportunity to smash UNITA and they sent armored columns south as fast as they could. These forces repeatedly demonstrated good combined arms, good use of tactical maneuver, a good ability to improvise solutions to tactical problems, and excellent speed of advance overall. The offensive covered 400 miles in a little over three weeks and crippled UNITA’s conventional military capability, forcing it to make the painful decision to revert back to guerrilla operations.
With the South Africans and UNITA tamed, the Cubans and Angolans turned back north to deal with the FNLA and their Zairian allies. This too was a highly impressive campaign led by a Cuban commander, Brigadier Víctor Schueg Colás. FAPLA units built around Cuban armored formations launched a sudden offensive that overran the main FNLA air bases at Negage and Camabatela and a day later the FNLA’s “capital” at Carmona. They then developed a pincer attack that captured the FNLA’s last major base at Sao Salvador. In addition to these tactical maneuvers, the entire campaign was a wide, operational-level envelopment of the FNLA defensive network, looping around broadly to the east, driving north, and then heading west to outflank the extensive FNLA defensive positions up the West African coast. So complete was the Cuban/FAPLA victory that the FNLA was never again able to pose a significant threat to the MPLA regime. By the end of March 1976, thanks largely to the Cubans, Angola was back in MPLA hands, the FNLA had been virtually destroyed, and UNITA was so badly battered that it took several years before it could even take up the fight again as a guerrilla force.
Cuban Operations in Ethiopia, 1977–1978
Ethiopia, 1977–1978.
The Cubans barely had time to enjoy their victory in southern Africa before they were pulled northeast. In 1974, the pro-Western emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, was toppled by a Marxist revolution. But the revolution threw Ethiopia into a state of semi-chaos with multiple insurgencies attempting to bring down the Derg, the revolutionary leadership in Addis Ababa. Inevitably, the countries of the Soviet bloc welcomed the new Marxist regime—all but one that is. The Marxist government of neighboring Somalia invaded Ethiopia in July 1977, believing that revolution and civil war had so weakened the Ethiopian military that Somalia could regain the disputed Ogaden region.
The Somali armed forces in 1977 were among the best-armed and most capable in sub-Saharan Africa, having themselves benefited from years of diligent Soviet mentorship. Mogadishu’s army boasted 35,000 troops with 250 tanks, 300 armored personnel carriers, and 66 aircraft including 40 MiG-21s. At Russian urging, the Somalis had largely motorized their infantry, enabling them to wage the kind of high-speed, maneuver war the Soviets preached. The Somalis also benefited from extensive intelligence on Ethiopian military positions and readiness provided by Somali guerrillas that Mogadishu had supported in the Ogaden for over a year.
Meanwhile, the US-trained Ethiopian military was in shambles from the revolution. On paper, Ethiopia had more men under arms (47,000), but fewer arms: no more than 100 tanks, about 100 APCs, no SAMs, and only about 36 aircraft (mostly F-5s and F-86s). The usual revolutionary purges had killed or ousted large numbers of officers, who were replaced by more junior men who lacked the experience or training of their predecessors. As the great historian of the Ogaden War, Gebru Tareke, has written, “the new government in Addis Ababa was beset by murderous power struggles at the center and multiple revolts on the periphery. . . . Insurgents had captured most of Eritrea, while Afar, Oromo, and Tigrayan rebels were causing havoc in their respective areas and beyond.” As a further complication, the United States had cut off arms sales and other military support after the revolution. The other superpower also added to Ethiopia’s woes: the Soviets (who still had large numbers of advisors in Somalia) assured their new Ethiopian comrades that Mogadishu would not invade, convincing Addis to leave few forces in the Ogaden.
To the chagrin of their Soviet allies, the Somalis invaded on July 13, 1977. It was the highly mobile Somalis who first displayed their mastery of Soviet military operations and put it to excellent effect. Somali armor and mechanized formations, employing Soviet tactics and doctrine, smashed the meager Ethiopian forces garrisoning the Ogaden. The Somali units exhibited good combined arms, and they used speed and maneuver to hit Ethiopian positions from multiple directions and so quickly overcame Ethiopian resistance. By early August, the Somalis had penetrated 700 kilometers into Ethiopia and seized 350,000 square kilometers.
The fighting got harder after that. The Somalis had conquered mostly open desert and now found themselves pushing into the more mountainous terrain of central Ethiopia to try to take the main population centers of the Ogaden. In mid-August, they assaulted the town of Dire Dawa, but their mechanized forces were stopped cold by aggressive Ethiopian counterattacks and a punishing air campaign from the Ethiopian air force, which had largely won air superiority thanks to its superior (Western) tactics and American-made AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.
The Somalis did better at Jijiga in early September. The fighting was vicious and control of the town changed hands several times, but in the end the Somalis concentrated their armor behind massive support from their artillery and MRLs and broke through the Ethiopian lines to not only take the town but overrun the strategically vital Kara Marda Pass beyond it. The Somalis then launched a pincer attack against the City of Harar, the fall of which would have solidified Somali control over all of eastern Ethiopia.
The battle for Harar would rage for four months, during which time the Somali government of Siad Barre broke its treaty with the USSR and tossed out all of its Soviet advisors. Siad Barre appears to have hoped that the Americans would step in to replace the Russians—and would be far more generous with their aid because they would not share Moscow’s divided loyalties between the two warring Marxist regimes. This combination of factors convinced both the Soviets and the Cubans that they had to act decisively to buck up the Ethiopian revolution and ensure that it was not undermined by the loss of so much territory. So in the late fall of 1977, Ethiopia began to receive Soviet military equipment, Cuban combat troops, and a large contingent of Soviet advisors—many of them former advisors to Somalia who went directly from Mogadishu to Addis Ababa, bringing with them a wealth of knowledge about the Somali military. By January, 3,000 Cuban combat troops were operating with the Ethiopians. A month later the force had grown to 18,000, complete with T-62 tanks, and General Arnaldo Ochoa Sánchez, who had commanded the final Cuban campaign in Angola in 1975–1976.
The Cubans first saw battle in late January, when the Somalis launched one last assault to take Harar, another pincer move to surround the city before reducing its defenses. This time they ran into the new Ethiopian 11th Division, built around the hard core of a Cuban armored brigade. The defenders blocked both Somali prongs and held them in place for several days, which allowed the Ethiopian Air Force to work them over. Then, on January 23, a pair of Cuban armored brigades led a counterattack that outmaneuvered and routed the Somali forces, inflicting the worst losses the Somalis had ever taken in a single action since the start of the war.
In February, the Ethiopians and Cubans launched a broad counteroffensive to expel the Somalis altogether. The operation was conducted by a half-dozen Ethiopian divisions, each built around one or more Cuban armored brigades that served as both the division’s offensive spearhead and operational reserve. On February 1, they launched a diversionary attack against Hawale, south of Dire Dawa, using artillery and a fixing attack by the Ethiopian 9th Division to convince the Somalis that the attack would come from one direction while Cuban armor and artillery outflanked their lines at Harewa to the north and rolled them up from the rear. At Jeldsea, barely a week later, they repeated the same performance.
The Cubans and Ethiopians then employed the same approach at an operational level, sending the Ethiopian 10th Division and the Cuban 102nd Armored Brigade to outflank the Kara Marda Pass altogether, while another Ethiopian division with another Cuban armored brigade pushed into the pass itself, again routing the Somali defenders. Freeing the Kara Marda Pass enabled an assault to retake Jijiga, where the Somalis counterattacked fiercely with armor and artillery of their own. The Cubans deftly parried each of these Somali thrusts, then employed a vertical envelopment, using Mi-8 helicopters to airlift a Cuban battalion behind the Somali lines. Jijiga was retaken and the Somalis lost roughly 150 tanks and almost 3,000 of their 6,000 troops.
Thereafter, the Ethiopian and Cuban forces routed the demoralized, scattered, and undersupplied Somali forces holding the southern Ogaden. In a series of rapid encircling maneuvers, Cuban mechanized brigades again led Ethiopian formations in obliterating the remaining Somali forces. When Somalia committed its strategic reserve (a mechanized brigade task force) Cuban pilots flying Ethiopia’s new MiGs and Sukhois busted up the Somali columns and sent them fleeing across the border. By the end of March 1978 the Ogaden was back in Ethiopian hands while the Somalis had suffered 8,000 dead and lost over 200 tanks and 25–30 combat aircraft.
Cuban Operations in Angola, 1987–1988
Back to Angola, 1976–1986.
Whatever one may think of Fidel Castro, he repeatedly proved himself a canny general. After his troops saved the Angolan revolution he hoped to bring most of them home. He recognized (before either the Angolan communists or the Soviets) that Angola’s war against UNITA had now degenerated into a counterinsurgency (COIN), and he wanted no part of it. He began withdrawing his forces but had only removed about 2,000 when he was forced to stop. Victory (albeit temporary) in the civil war provoked vicious infighting among the MPLA leaders, along with a decision to support Namibian insurgents of the South West African People’s Organisation (SWAPO) against the South African occupation. Pretoria responded with regular preemptive raids into Angola to prevent SWAPO from launching operations of its own. The first came at Cassinga in May 1978, and led to a brief firefight between a Cuban mechanized reserve that counterattacked the SADF force as it cleaned out a SWAPO base. The Cubans (fighting with nothing but old T-34s and BTR-152s) got the worst of it, but the battle convinced Castro that if he withdrew significant numbers of troops, the South Africans would have their way in Angola, and that would jeopardize the political hold of the MPLA in Luanda.
So the Cubans stayed. But they left the COIN war to the Angolans and instead focused on protecting the regime from a South African invasion. This left southern Africa a battleground among the alphabet soup of FAPLA, SWAPO, UNITA, and the SADF, with Cuban units only occasionally becoming involved. Over the next 10 years, South African forces mounted incursions into Angola over a dozen times, and in May 1981, the SADF took over the southern part of Angola’s Cunene province—both as a forward base to operate against SWAPO and a buffer zone to block SWAPO operations into Namibia.
In December 1985, with the war dragging on, the Soviets upgraded their advisory mission in Luanda and took control of the fight. They sent a senior Soviet general along with roughly 1,000 field grade officers—many of them veterans of Afghanistan—to serve as advisors, and charged them with bringing Angola’s debilitating war to an end. Despite their Afghan experience, the Russians believed that large-scale conventional operations to destroy the UNITA bases in southern Angola were the only way to end the insurgency. The Cubans knew better and argued against this strategy, but in 1986 Moscow got its way. With Soviet advisors attached down to company level, an army of 20,000 FAPLA troops with 150 tanks and a number of Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters, plus 7,000 SWAPO guerrillas, launched a massive offensive against UNITA. But UNITA was now being armed with American Stingers and TOWs, and a 3,000-man SADF force came to its aid. Not surprisingly, the offensive was a complete failure and the FAPLA troops were given a drubbing. Still, the Russian generals clung to their strategy.
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CBS and Nyss in Somalia
Early detection and early response to Covid-19
As a part of an emergency response to the Covid-19 pandemic, ICRC and SRCS started a community-based surveillance project using Nyss.
In Somalia, the access to health care is poor, and long term conflict has further deteriorated the health system’s ability to detect and respond to outbreaks. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) works with the Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS) to help the victims of conflict and natural disaster, providing emergency assistance and supporting the health care system.
In June 2020, ICRC and SRCS started a CBS project using Nyss as part of their emergency response to the Covid-19 pandemic. This Covid-19 CBS project links into their existing contract tracing activities, and forms part of the larger work to limit community transmission of the virus and supporting the health care system in Somalia. As the Covid-19 pandemic spread to Somalia, the country was hit by large floods following heavy rains. In order to respond to this double threat, ICRC and SRCS quickly adapted their Covid-19 CBS response to include reporting on diarrhoeal diseases. In some camp settings, they have also included reporting on potential measles and unusual events.
Currently, over 100 volunteers spread in nearly all regions of the country, are reporting in real time by sending an SMS to Nyss when they witness a health risk. When a pre-established threshold of reports is reached, Nyss automatically alerts health authorities and key ICRC staff. With this early warning, they can rapidly initiate a response and adapt their community activities to limit the spread. Meanwhile, the volunteers can initiate health promotion messages in the affected community.
Within the first two weeks of the CBS project, 63 alerts had been escalated to the Ministry of Health and ICRC for response.
In countries like Somalia, where the surveillance capacities of the health care system is challenged by unrest and limited infrastructure and access, providing early warning tools at community level is key to stopping the spread of disease. Without CBS, potential cases could go undetected. |
How do I combine 'Or, And' event in a block ?
• I read a document here ... t-features
but I don't find anything suitable for me.
I want to combine 'Or ,And' event in a block same as :
It is same as a code in java:
if ( (a = 1 && b = 1)|| c = 1 ){
Thank you !
• Try Construct 3
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• The first 2 you can combine in 1... system > Is between Values.
Or you can do it all in once by using logical operatiors in an expression. As you wrote yourself.
Compare ... first value ...(a = 1 & b = 1)|c = 1.. second value ... =1
But i am not a specialist in that.
• I think you can use this system condition below and put all of your ( (a = 1 && b = 1)|| c = 1 ) into the first expression and put 1 into the second expression:
Compare two values
Compare any two expressions (which can either numbers or text) with each other. They can be compared as Equal, Not equal, Less, Less or equal, Greater or Greater or equal.
Also, the comparison operator for AND and OR in C2 is not && and ||, but & and |.
You can use the following operators in expressions:
+ (addition)
• (subtraction)
* (multiplication)
/ (division)
% (modulo, remainder after division)
^ (raise to power, e.g. 5 ^ 2 = 25)
& (build strings, e.g. "Your score is: " & score)
There are also comparison operators =, <>, <, <=, >, >= for comparing values. They return 1 if the comparison is true or 0 if false.
& can also be used as logical AND, and | is a logical OR operator. These are useful combined with the comparison operators, e.g. score < 0 | health < 0, which also return 1 if true and 0 if false.
?: is a conditional operator, which allows you to test conditions in expressions. This is especially useful when used with the comparison operators and logical operators. It takes the form condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false
e.g. health < 0 | score < 0 ? "Game over!" : "Keep going!".
The condition counts as true if it is non-zero, and false if it is zero.
• I just use subevents. I think that's the easy way to go, unless you're running out of events.
• Yes, sub-events are the way to go. Click on any event and press "b", it'll create a sub-event.
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Wijk aan Zee
Life has never been autarkic for the Dutch village of Wijk Aan Zee, which is located by the sea.
In the Middle Ages people lived on what the sea offered them. Many sailors did not return.
Wijk Aan Zee is located in a narrow 5 km long corridor that connects the north and south of the Hollands. In agitated times, this corridor was an issue for the armies. During the war against Spain, around 1570, the Spanish army chose this place to station its troops at the siege of Harleem and Alkmaar. The village was almost entirely destroyed.
Two centuries later, in 1799, there was an Anglo-Russian invasion against Napoleon. The villagers did not like this battle.
In 1975, Hoogovens settled at the entrance of the village, eager to invest the place to produce steel. The village was again hit hard. It was from this date that the village decided to live and to resist the outside world that wanted to constrain it.
In 1996, all the inhabitants were photographed in order to show that they were all united in the resistance.
The village knows that the time is changing. There are no longer any fishermen. But tourism began in the late nineteenth century. The village has adapted to it. In the last decade came inhabitants working in town but preferring to live in a small community.
Wijk aan Zee is not just for tourism. Surrounded by the Hoogovens steelies, the village is glued to reality.
Here you will find the quietude necessary for reflection. Wijk Aan Zee also creates his own songs today. As well as its proper stories.
Important events
Summer markets, each Friday of July and August.
Wijk aan Zee
Cultureel Dorp van Europa (association)
Jan Van der Land
Email: seeyouontv@quicknet.nl |
How To Break The Couch Potato Habit
By eantiaging / November 21, 2020
Good health begins with eating nutritious foods. Sadly, most people fall for false advertising or simply do not understand what they are really eating and get tricked into thinking they are consuming healthy foods. The last thing you want is someone else labeling something as healthy that truly is not and suffering because you did not take a few moments to make your own educated decisions. Follow the steps laid out here to enjoy better health.
Add several hundred milligrams of raw garlic to your daily diet. A natural remedy, garlic is well known for its ability to help fight diseases from cancer to heart disease. The natural ingredients in garlic can help your organs. Add garlic cloves or extracts to your diet everyday.
Your protein intake should come from food sources other than meats. Protein can be found in a variety of different foods. Some of these are nuts, soy, tofu, yogurt and beans. You can add these to your diet by implementing them in dishes you cook or by eating them alone. Because of the vast array of options, you will have no problem getting protein into your diet in an variety of interesting ways.
Always look over the labels of processed and packaged foods. Reduced fat products can still contain high amounts of salt, sugar or other unhealthy additives. Avoid processed foods when dieting. Labels list ingredients contained in a product. If you are not familiar with the different scientific terminology used for different sugars and salts, consult a dietitian. You can also find a wealth of information online about what the words on food labels mean. If some of the ingredients listed on the label are artificial ingredients, it’s more than likely that the food is processed and unhealthy.
If you are travel a lot, you should carry snacks, like protein bars or something similar, in your laptop case. Finding a healthy meal in an airport can be hard. Waiting for your flight, hurrying through security and just waiting for the flight makes it hard to eat. Keep such items with you so that you have something nutritious to sustain you until you reach your destination.
Riboflavin is an essential component in any healthy diet. It’s needed to unleash the energy from the carbs, fat and protein found in the body. You also need it for iron transport and metabolism. Riboflavin is found in dairy foods, the same is true in enriched and whole grain products.
Eat at a more leisurely pace. Many people are often very busy and consequently, get in the habit of eating quickly. Take your time eating your meals. Chew very slowly and enjoy every single bite. This will make you feel fuller faster. It will also prevent you from overeating.
Because they’re cheaper to make, easier to control, and generally tastier, highly-processed grain products have become more common than whole grain ones. There is no argument that white flour is a better choice for some baked goods. Whole grains can help your digestive system, and have an overall better taste than grains that have been over-milled.
Would you rather not eat so much red meat? Consider using meat as a side dish or condiment instead of a main dish. It can be great for adding flavor and interest to dishes made predominately of grains or vegetables. The Mediterraneans and Chinese have been making use of this trick for ages, and they don’t suffer heart disease as much as a result.
Dark Chocolate
Sugar intake is at the forefront of any watch list for a healthy diet. Many people mistakenly believe that all fruit juice drinks are healthier than soda. Many times juice can have even more sugar than a soft drink. This is one of the reasons it is so important that you keep an eye on what you consume.
Dark chocolate is the chocolate of choice for nutrition-conscious consumers. Dark chocolate contains flavanoids and they are known to reduce a person’s blood pressure. These flavonoids also help with cholesterol by reducing your LDL levels while increasing your HDL levels. Eat some chocolate with a high percentage of cocoa for better results. However, enjoy dark chocolate in moderation because it is high in calories.
If you don’t particularly like preparing raw vegetables and fruits, consider drinking fruit juices instead. Drinking fresh juice will provide you with an excellent source of nutrients you need without having to go through the trouble of preparing the veggies and fruits. Drinking fruit juices can be hard on your teeth. By sipping your juice through a straw, you can prevent tooth decay.
Vegetables, in any of their forms, are a great food choice. Veggies have vitamins and minerals that have you healthy and feeling satisfied longer. To ensure the healthiest diet possible, you should strive to eat multiple servings of vegetables in various forms each day.
Add the natural nutrient inulin to your meals. It is in great foods, like leeks and garlic. It is a powerful carbohydrate and not only will it help you shed pounds, it can help prevent digestive problems. Garlic is great for boosting immunity, too. You can reduce the smell of garlic by blanching it first, or you can opt for a odorless garlic capsule.
When preparing food, the healthiest meat-cooking methods include roasting, baking, broiling, and grilling. Use a cooking spray, like Pam, instead of butter. If you brown beef, keep in mind that you should stain it and use hot water for rinsing. This will remove a lot of the excess fat.
One thing you can try is to go a while without eating grains. The diet of humans through the centuries has mainly consisted of meats, beans, fruits and vegetables. Humans only started eating grains recently. You may notice that you are feeling better once you have eliminated grains from your diet.
If you are diabetic, ask your doctor if you are allowed to have alcohol. Diabetics should be cautious when consuming alcohol, because it can cause blood sugar to drop.
If you want a delicious alternative to a regular meal, try eating canned salmon. It has loads of minerals that your body needs, without a ton of fat or carbs. Change things up every now and then. It is important that you don’t get bored with your diet.
Fruit Juice
When you are attempting to reduce the amount of refined sugar in your diet, watch out for corn syrup as well. In addition, watch the condiments, as many of them contain sugar as well.
Fresh whole fruit is a better option than fruit juice. It is quite common for sweetener to be added to fruit juice, whereas fresh fruit is more pure and contains only natural sugar compounds. Sodas can have less sugar than some of the fruit juices that are out there today. In addition, fruit contains essential minerals, vitamins and fiber, that can help to prevent chronic diseases, including stroke and other cardiovascular issues.
It may seem odd at first, but try adding some seaweed to your meals to make them healthier. Seaweed tends to be very good for you and contains a lot of essential vitamins. Seaside communities have long incorporated these kind of plants into their diets.
Select dairy items with care. While dairy products provide many nutrients including calcium, potassium, vitamin D and protein, you should choose low-fat or fat-free products. Milk should be skim or low-fat to reduce calories without sacrificing nutrients. If you are someone who is lactose intolerant, try drinking soy milk, rice milk or almond milk. Choosing a reduced fat cheese will help cut down on saturated fats.
Do not assume that taking lots of vitamin supplements will make the food you eat healthier. Supplements are meant to be additions to a healthy eating plan. Try not to take more than a single multivitamin per day, and try to get the majority of your nutrients from healthy food sources.
Use the odor of bananas, apples and peppermint to help with appetite. Foods like these have been found to be appetite suppressants. A lot of people think that the aroma of these foods will make your body think that it has just had food or currently is eating. With your appetite suppressed, you can maintain your weight easily.
Get into the habit of learning new and interesting recipes as a routine, and you can promote good nutrition and good habits in eating. Introducing new techniques and ingredients into your meal planning can break the monotony and make you look forward to healthy new meals. This will take away the obligatory feeling when you are creating a healthy dish.
Sweet potatoes are an excellent alternative to regular potatoes for its nutrition benefits. You can make mashed potatoes or french fries from them. Eat them with some butter and a small quantity of sugar. They also help with inflammatory issues, which regular potatoes can actually cause.
Go through your kitchen and get rid of unhealthy snacks, such as soda, cookies and other sweet treats. The healthy snacks you could replace them with comprises a long list. Think vegetable sticks, air popped low-fat popcorn or nuts and raisins as a starter.
The moment you begin to lose motivation, recall why you even made the effort in the beginning. By getting to the basics of why you set the goals you did, you are more likely to succeed with your goals.
Maintaining a food diary is a great way to stay on track. Try using online food diaries because they can help you keep up with all the foods you’re consuming by recording them and showing you their nutritional value. When you have a record of what you have eaten, it is easier to make adjustments where needed.
A balanced diet should include raw and cooked foods. You should try and make a third of your food uncooked food. That way, you’ll be sure to get at least some nutrients in their raw, uncooked state. More fresh produce can help you do this.
Try taking small steps when you first start out on the path to better nutrition. If you try to change everything at one time you are more likely to find the task daunting and resume older unhealthy eating habits. Make little changes over time and develop better habits. Instead of sodas and salty snacks, opt for teas and fresh fruit. As you become accustomed to these little changes, you can add more, a few at a time. Soon, you will see how much your hard work has paid off!
If your ideal is good nutrition, then eating a properly well-balanced diet is essential. Having the right balance of nutritional staples is key in each meal you consume. Strive for 20% protein, 50% carbs and 30% fat in every meal you consume.
If you enjoy eating eggs for breakfast, think about using only the whites, avoiding the yolk. This is because egg whites do not contain the same amount of cholesterol that the yolk has, making it better for you. Just two egg whites for every egg you would usually use.
You should not be starting your day off with a sugar-laden cereal. Many of these cereals are not only high in sugar, they contain all kinds of chemicals and preservatives. Switching to oatmeal is a great way to get a quick meal, and helps you stay full much longer than if you ate a bowl of sugary cereal.
If you want to improve your nutrition and increase your vitamin intake, consider adding juice to your diet regimen. Don’t drink orange juice, try drinking beet, carrot, or wheat-grass juice. If you want a more diverse taste you can mix different juices together. These juices are fortified with nutrients and are very good for the body.
Healthy Fats
Everyone can benefit from keeping their nutrition balanced. Your protein intake should amount to 30% of your daily diet; carbohydrates should account for 50%, and fats should account for 20%. Make sure all your carbs are not sugars either.
Healthy fats should be eaten every day. Healthy fats do not include those found in french fries, onion rings and hamburgers. Avoid these. Instead, opt for foods that are rich in healthy fats: legumes, some seafood and olive oil.
Children generally want to do what their parents do. You should include your children when you are fixing healthy meals and snacks and preparing their lunches. You can teach them all about great nutrition and how to develop the healthiest habits.
Sometimes, you may think you are eating healthy but you really are not. These miscalculations add up during your life. This article gave you sound nutrition advice. Implement the steps you read here, and you can be sure that you are making wiser nutritional choices.
Replace half of your sugary drink consumption with water. Sugared drinks are easily accessible and very tempting, so it is easy to let your consumption of them get out of hand. Monitoring your soda consumption will show you where you need to make changes.
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