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Polyhedral compound
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A polyhedral compound is a polyhedron which is itself composed of several other polyhedra sharing a common centre, the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram.
The best known is the compound of two tetrahedra called the stella octangula, a name given to it by Kepler. The vertices of the two tetrahedra define a cube and the intersection of the two an octahedron, which shares the same face-planes as the compound. Thus it is a stellation of the octahedron, and in fact, the only stellation thereof.
The stella octangula is one of only five compounds that are vertex-, edge-, and face-uniform, called regular compounds:
Regular compounds
Components Picture Vertices Face-planes Symmetry
2 tetrahedra 100px Cube Octahedron Oh
5 tetrahedra 100px Dodecahedron Icosahedron I
10 tetrahedra 100px Dodecahedron Icosahedron Ih
5 cubes 100px Dodecahedron Rhombic triacontahedron Ih
5 octahedra 100px Icosidodecahedron Icosahedron Ih
The compound of 5 tetrahedra actually comes in two enantiomorphic versions, which together make up the compound of 10 tetrahedra. Each of the tetrahedral compounds is self-dual, and the compound of 5 cubes is dual to the compound of 5 octahedra.
The stella octangula can also be regarded as a compound of a tetrahedron with its dual polyhedron, inscribed in a common sphere so that the vertices of one line up with the face centres of the other. The corresponding cube-octahedron and dodecahedron-icosahedron compounds are the first stellations of the cuboctahedron and icosidodecahedron, respectively.
Dual-regular compounds
There are four compounds which are composed of a regular polyhedron and its dual.
Components Picture Symmetry
2 tetrahedra 100px Oh
Cube and octahedron 100px Oh
Dodecahedron and
100px Ih
Great icosahedron and
Great stellated dodecahedron
100px Ih
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The Legacy Of Silent Film
When Louis and Auguste Lumiere first showed their short film The Arrival of a Train in 1895, they certainly had no inkling that, almost a hundred years later, it would be the film-within-a-film in Francis Ford Coppola’s 1992 adaptation of Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Nor could Carl Theodor Dreyer have suspected that his 1928 feature The Passion of Joan of Arc would one day be the major inspiration for Mel Gibson’s hugely successful 2004 torture-porn The Passion of the Christ. But no matter where these and other early filmmakers envisioned the medium a century or more later, or whether they even believed it would last that long, the movies we see today are undeniably the legacy of these pioneers of a nascent art form.
Besides the Lumiere brothers, who basically invented the cinematic scene with their early one-reelers, the earliest major influence on the movies of today was the French magician Georges Melies. His cinematic sleight-of-hand in short films like A Trip to the Moon brought about the innovation of stop-motion photography, a precursor to modern animated films, as well as a notable influence on special effects wizard Ray Harryhausen and Czechoslovakian puppet animator Jan Svankmajer. A Trip to the Moon was also the first science fiction film, which eventually led to more scientifically grounded movies like Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey and Ridley Scott’s Alien.
The American filmmaker Edwin S. Porter also contributed a great deal to the advancement of the new art form. Originally a sailor and electrician, Porter made one of the most important films of the first two decades of cinema with The Great Train Robbery in 1903, a prototype of the popular westerns of the decades to come. It also introduced many cinematic techniques that had not yet been used, including color tinting, close-ups, and panning shots; films had been mostly shot from single, static set-ups until that point.
Another innovation The Great Train Robbery introduced was the matte shot, a kind of superimposition in which one set of images is photographed in front of a screen, on which a previously photographed “background” is projected. This technique was thereafter widely used well into the 1960s, and even occasionally employed today, as in Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction. In addition, The Great Train Robbery could be said to be the first example of cinema violence, a concept that became extremely controversial in the late 1960s and early 1970s, eventually leading to the MPAA rating system still in place today.
The Great Train Robbery made Porter the most famous and influential American director of his time, but he was eventually displaced by one of his own writers, D. W. Griffith, who found his success as a director in 1908, working for the Biograph Company. Griffith went on to make The Birth of a Nation, America’s first feature-length film, in 1915. The film was a great advance in cinematic storytelling and is still recognized today as one of the greatest motion pictures of all time, but its portrayal of emancipated slaves after the Civil War was offensive to many even in 1915, and much of it is laughable today.
According to the movie, at the end of the war, rich plantation owners were not only displaced from their land, they were also relentlessly persecuted by ex-slaves and poor carpetbaggers. Who knew rich white folks had such a hard time? Luckily, one heroic white man founds the Ku Klux Klan, an apparently misunderstood organization that the film posits was the savior of America as we know it. Despite the controversy, or perhaps because of it, Birth was a box office success Griffith would never again equal. Probably his most successful and accomplished film after The Birth of a Nation was Broken Blossoms, a sad and beautiful tale of forbidden love and paternal brutality. In this regard, Spike Lee’s Jungle Fever is an interesting parallel: the two films share themes of interracial romance, as well as shocking incidents of a father killing his child.
On a lighter note, Griffith was also a major influence on other filmmakers of his time, including Mack Sennett, who later founded Keystone Studios. Though Sennett’s humor was broad, crude, and not actually very funny by today’s standards, many great comedic talents got their start at his studio, including Charles Chaplin, Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle, Harold Lloyd, and W.C. Fields. Arbuckle soon outgrew Keystone and began directing his own short films. Some of these, including The Cook, featured Buster Keaton, who went on to be one of the greatest talents of the American silent cinema. “Buster” was actually a nickname given to him as a child by the great magician, Harry Houdini, and a love of magic tricks and stunts is evident in Keaton’s films.
In fact, modern actor, director, and amazing stuntman Jackie Chan can be seen as a descendant of Keaton, using the same incredible timing, athleticism, and physical resilience to create cinematic joy. Both suffered for their art as well, regularly breaking bones and sustaining other injuries while doing all their own stunts. In fact, all the silent-era comedians did their own stunts, but Keaton’s were probably the most dangerous. He broke his neck making his 1926 feature, The General, which involves many dramatic stunts on board a moving steam engine. In one scene, Keaton is knocked off the train by a deluge of water, landing with the back of his neck across the rail. He didn’t find out until years later, after suffering constant unexplained headaches, that a fracture had occurred.
Keaton’s 1924 film Sherlock, Jr. was extremely innovative in that it introduced the now-standard convention of the out-of-body dream sequence, using double exposure to give the impression of Keaton’s spirit-body separating from his physical one. Another interesting technique Keaton pioneered in this film was later an inspiration for one of Woody Allen’s best movies, The Purple Rose of Cairo. It is a scene in which Keaton actually walks into a movie screen and becomes part of the action.
This is certainly evidenced in Chaplin’s 1916 short One A.M., in which he drunkenly encounters a variety of objects in his house, as well as in his 1925 feature, The Gold Rush. His iconic dance with two rolls on forks, creating the comical impression of two tiny legs supporting his enormous head, has been imitated many times, most notably in Benny and Joon, starring Johnny Depp, and an episode of The Simpsons in which Grampa takes up Chaplin’s immortal forks to impress a lady.
Potemkin is an overtly political film about the use of technology in order to seize power. In his essay “Politics and the Silent Cinema,” Michael Minden contrasts it with Robert Wiene’s 1919 masterpiece of German Expressionism, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, a film which Eisenstein “regarded as negative, unhealthy and representative of a futureless introspection which affronted the vibrant young medium of film.” It has also been called “something of a dead end” because “the artificiality and limited storytelling potential of such purebred expressionism restricted its use,” according to Louis Giannetti and Scott Eyman in their book Flashback: A Brief History of Film, but it has influenced modern cinema more than it might seem at first glance. Its geometrically impossible set design is a clear influence on filmmakers like Tim Burton and David Lynch; the somnambulist, Cesare, could easily be one of the zombies in George A. Romero’s Night of the Living Dead; and it is also notable as perhaps the first film with a twist ending, a clear precursor to later supernatural films from Carnival of Souls to The Sixth Sense and beyond.
Probably the most influential film to come out of the German Expressionism movement, though, is Fritz Lang’s Metropolis. The film, which opens with a series of dissolves between the various machines that make the city thrive, is a masterpiece of political science fiction and a clear middle step between the early Melies films and the special-effects pictures of today. Metropolis was one of the first to make extensive use of miniatures, paving the way for films like King Kong and 2001: A Space Odyssey. It was also the first movie to feature a humanoid machine, or robot, and its theme of the interdependence of man and machine has been a major influence on sci-fi literature and cinema such as Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner and the Wachowskis’ The Matrix. It was also an inspiration for Japanese artist/writer Osamu Tezuka’s now-classic manga of the same title, which was subsequently made into an animated film in 2001. Another Japanese animated film that owes much to Metropolis is Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in the Shell, based on Masamune Shirow’s graphic novel.
As a whole, German Expressionism was a major influence on the American film noir of the 40s and 50s, some of the best of which (Scarlet Street, The Woman in the Window, House by the River) were directed by Lang. This movement then gave birth to the French New Wave cinema of filmmakers like Jean-Luc Godard, Francois Truffaut, and Jean-Pierre Melville. Today, filmmakers like David Lynch, Martin Scorsese, and Quentin Tarantino have created their own new vision of this grand tradition.
One other French filmmaker from the silent era worth mentioning is Luis Buñuel, who went on making acclaimed and influential films for decades after the advent of sound. His most famous early film is a 1928 collaboration with Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dali, entitled Un Chien Andalou. The short film purposefully lacks a coherent story, but is awash with unforgettable images, most notably that of a woman’s eye being sliced with a razor blade, intercut with a shot of a dark cloud drifting across a full moon, just one of many perfect examples of graphic editing in the film.
Perhaps the most well-known example of the visual influence of Andalou on later films is found in the famous poster art for The Silence of the Lambs (1991), which incorporates the “death’s-head” moth in combination with another famous image from the short film to excellent effect. Buñuel’s surrealist cinema has left its mark on many other modern filmmakers, from Lynch to Alex Cox (Sid and Nancy) and Whit Stillman (Metropolitan), to name just a few.
Stanley Kubrick once said, “Silent films got a lot more things right than talkies” (as quoted in Flashback). While there have certainly been great innovations in film art since the silent era (with Kubrick himself at the forefront of much of it), analysis of these and many other great silent films proves that almost all the groundwork was laid in the first thirty years. Whether they are directly aware of the influence or not, all the filmmakers and innovators of the form today owe a debt to this rich and fascinating era of cinema.
About Ezra Stead
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Can Insulators Become Conductors?
Do insulators repel?
An insulator holds charge within its atomic structure.
A conducting object is said to be grounded if it is connected to the Earth through a conductor..
Is plastic a good insulator?
Is a good insulator?
Is human body a good conductor of heat?
Human body is a poor conductor of heat or we can say its an insulator of heat.
Is Earth a semiconductor?
So yes the Earth is both conductive and non conductive.
Is there a conductor or insulator?
It is because wood is an insulator while metal is a conductor. When we come in contact with a conductor, there occurs a flow of electrons from one body to another….Difference between Conductors and Insulators.ConductorsInsulatorsThe resistance of a conductor is very lowThe resistance of insulator is very high6 more rows
Are insulators just as important as conductors?
The opposite of a conductor is an insulator. An insulator opposes the flow of electricity. Insulators are important to keep us safe from electricity. The wire that carries electricity to your computer or television is covered with a rubber-like insulator that protects you from getting electrocuted.
What are 5 insulators?
Insulators:glass.rubber.oil.asphalt.fiberglass.porcelain.ceramic.quartz.More items…
What happens when two insulators are rubbed together?
When insulating materials rub against each other, they may become electrically charged . Electrons , which are negatively charged, may be ‘rubbed off’ one material and on to the other. The material that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The material that loses electrons is left with a positive charge.
Do insulators have electric field?
We define a conductor as a material in which charges are free to move over macroscopic distances—i.e., they can leave their nuclei and move around the material. An insulator is anything else. … There can be no electric field inside a conductor.
Can an insulator charge a conductor?
As for C, both insulators and conductors can be charged. As for D, this has nothing to do with the conductive properties of materials. |
Why do wildebeests spend their whole lives migrating in a circle?
By: Cristen Conger
Crossing rivers during the annual wildebeest migration in Africa often results in casualties. See more African animal pictures.
Ken & Michelle Dyball/Getty Images
In 2007, part of Kenya's Mara River became a mass grave for a thundering herd of wildebeest. Around 10,000 of the animals, which are also called gnu, died while attempting to cross at a bend in the river. When the first in the group reached the water, the current was too swift to ford, and hundreds behind followed in suit, not realizing the danger. That single event wiped out an estimated 1 percent of the wildebeest population in Africa [source: National Geographic News]. Although the number of casualties in that incident was particularly high, drowning at river crossings is one of the more dismal common occurrences of wildebeest life in the Serengeti.
That herd of wildebeest was traveling along its annual migration path. Like the monarch butterfly's epic 3,000-mile (4,828-kilometer) trip to Mexico every year, the wildebeest's migration is one of the most fascinating and large-scale in the world. At least one million wildebeest complete a semi-circular path from the Serengeti in Tanzania to grazing areas to the north in Kenya. The precise route and starting time change every year, but the wildebeests cross around 1,000 miles (1,609 kilometers) of land, with hundreds of thousands of zebra and Thomson's gazelles alongside them.
Wildebeests look like a cross between a moose and a bull. Growing up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) tall, the animals have skinny legs, a lean body and a large head with two curved horns. At first glance, you'd probably guess that they're part of the bovine family, but wildebeests are actually a relative of the antelope. Their common name comes from the phrase "wild beast" in the Afrikaans language. Despite their bulky bodies, wildebeests don't rank at the top of the food chain in their plains and savanna habitats in Africa.
Grass-grazing wildebeests -- and their calves in particular -- are targets of carnivorous cheetahs, lions and hyenas. In the first months of the year in the Serengeti when hundreds of thousands of female wildebeests give birth, the predators may pick off the newborns. That mass birthing period marks the beginning of the seemingly everlasting wildebeest migration.
Annual Wildebeest Migration
HowStuffWorks 2008
The great wildebeest migration from the Serengeti plain in Tanzania to the northern Masa Mara region in Kenya is a treacherous trip. An estimated 3 percent of the herd can't survive the clockwise circuit, whether due to predation, exhaustion or natural elements. The wildebeest move at an average pace of 6 miles (10 kilometers) per day, continuously searching for fresh land to graze on [source: Wolanksi et al]. Grass is what drives the wildebeest to migrate along the same general route their entire lives; the herds chow down on up to 4,000 tons of it daily [source: Williams].
At the beginning of the year, the wildebeest congregate en masse below the Ngorongoro Crater on the Serengeti. The rainy season from November to December nourishes the land, and acres of short grasses sprout up. Shorter grasses, which contain higher levels of protein, sodium, calcium and phosphorus, are healthier for the wildebeest. Since female wildebeest give birth at the beginning of the year, they especially benefit from the nutrient-rich food [source: Sinclair and Arcese]. The grasses usually last during a brief dry spell from January to March, and then the rains pick up in the spring. During this time, the wildebeest follow the rains and the flourishing grass southwest.
But when the dry season sets in starting in June, the grasses on the eastern Serengeti die. When that happens, it's time for the wildebeest to head north. Taller grasses in the northwestern portion of the Serengeti don't share the same nutritional quality as those in the southeast, but they're better than no grass at all. From June to October, the herds of wildebeest trek north into Kenya, curving back down south when the rainy season approaches again in November. Once they return to the southeast, the plain is lush with the desirable short grasses, and the cycle begins again.
One million wildebeest in the Serengeti plain migrate in an enormous circle each year.
Winfried Wisniewski/Getty Images
Wildebeest are anatomically well-suited for the migratory life. For one thing, wildebeests have special flaps in their nostrils to block dust kicked up by the herds [source: Estes]. If they feel threatened by a predator along the way, wildebeests are nimble on their feet, able to gallop in short bursts as fast as 40 miles per hour. Their high-set shoulders and lower hindquarters don't make them particularly attractive, but that build allows them to run for extended periods of time at a steady pace [source: Estes]. Even their calves are specially equipped for survival: The young can learn to walk and run on their spindly legs in as little as four minutes after birth [source: Williams].
In recent years, however, the numbers of wildebeest in Africa have declined. The population in the Serengeti has remained the most stable, but the expansion of farmland threatens their livelihood. Human encroachment in wildebeest migration grounds led to the extermination of a herd in Botswana in 1983. The government there erected a fence that inadvertently blocked the herd's escape from a dry, grassless area, killing 65,000 head of wildebeest [source: Flores].
Fortunately, much of the land in the Serengeti is federally protected from poaching and settlement. Otherwise, the African wildebeest's circle of life might be stamped out.
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Dik-dik: The Tiny Antelope With the Embarrassing Name
Dik-dik: The Tiny Antelope With the Embarrassing Name
The name dik-dik comes from the repetitive 'dik' sound the tiny female dik-dik makes when she feels threatened.
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Related HowStuffWorks Articles
More Great Links
• "10,000 Wildebeest Die in Mass Drowning." National Geographic News. Oct. 1, 2007. (Oct. 30, 2008)http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/10/photogalleries/wildebeest-pictures/
• Estes, Richard D. "Wildebeests of the Serengeti." Natural History Magazine. September 2006. (Oct. 30, 2008)http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/0906/0906_feature.html
• Flores, Graciela. "Good fences, good neighbors?" Natural History Magazine. June 2006. (Nov. 3, 2008)http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_5_115/ai_n16519927/print?tag=artBody;col1
• Robbins, Jim. "For Wildlife, Migration is Endangered Too." The New York Times. March 9, 2004.
• Sinclair, Anthony Ronald Entrican and Arcese, Peter. "Serengeti II." University of Chicago Press. 1995. (Oct. 30, 2008)http://books.google.com/books?id=YV5Qg2GSyWwC
• Williams, Lizzie. "Africa Overland." Struik. 2005. (Oct. 30, 2008)http://books.google.com/books?id=Q-qPSsfpgwQC
• Wolanski, Eric; Gereta, Emmanuel; Borner, Markus; and Mduma, Simon. "Water, Migration and the Serengeti Ecosystem." American Scientist. November/December 1999. |
Frequently Asked Questions
About AZOMITE Mineral Products
What is AZOMITE?
Where does AZOMITE come from?
AZOMITE is mined from an ancient volcanic ash deposit in central Utah, USA. Scientists believe that the unique chemical make-up of AZOMITE was created when an ancient volcano erupted and the ash settled into a seabed.
The combination of seawater, fed by hundreds of rivers rich in minerals, and the rare and abundant minerals present in volcanic ash created the AZOMITE mineral composition unique to its deposit. Today, this geologic characteristic is an outcropping known as a “hogback”. The minerals are gathered and packaged by AZOMITE Mineral Products, Inc. for distribution all over the world.
What effect does AZOMITE have on plants?
According to research and customer reports, plants grown with AZOMITE produce more and larger fruits and vegetables per plant that are better tasting — with evidence of improved nutritional benefits. AZOMITE has shown these positive results in a wide variety of plants in both field and laboratory.
What does the name AZOMITE mean?
What AZOMITE Mineral Products are available?
AZOMITE is available in five forms including UltraFine, Micronized, Field Grade, Pelletized, and Granulated.
UltraFine is AZOMITE powder is 90% passing a 450 mesh screen and is the finest available AZOMITE grade. It is perfect for injecting into trickle or drip irrigation systems, can be added to a spray tank, or mixed in a watering can for Home Lawn & Garden use.
Pelletized AZOMITE is produced from Micronized powder using a beneficial binder and a pellet extruder and breaks down into fine powder immediately when in contact with water, rain or irrigation.
Will AZOMITE work on any soil?
AZOMITE Mineral Products has documented numerous University, fertilizer company, AZOMITE Distributor, and farmer field test research results. These show positive results on a variety of soils and plants all over the world. The pH of AZOMITE itself is alkaline, however adding AZOMITE does not seem to raise the pH of the soil or soil-water, so it can be used on any pH soil or soil type.
How is AZOMITE applied to the soil?
AZOMITE Field Grade is moderately dusty and is available for easy soil application in a broadcast or drop spreader, or by hand, although the spread pattern will not be as even as that with granular or pelleted due to the inconsistent particle size in the Field Grade product. Granular AZOMITE can be applied by hand, or with spinner, tail-wager, or drop spreaders. Granular AZOMITE takes several days to break down in the soil once it is applied and exposed to irrigation or rainfall. Pelletized AZOMITE can be applied by hand, or with spinner, tail-wager, or drop spreaders, and breaks down into fine powder immediately when in contact with water, rain or irrigation.
What types of plants is AZOMITE effective on?
How is AZOMITE different from fertilizer?
What is the Law of the Minimum?
If I use AZOMITE, can other fertilizers be reduced?
Can too much AZOMITE be toxic?
Is AZOMITE organic?
Is AZOMITE a bentonite?
Is AZOMITE a rock dust?
Yes, but it is very different from the few glacial rock dust products on the market. AZOMITE is a mineralized, compacted volcanic ash in origin, which makes it volcanic rather than glacial.
Does AZOMITE contain heavy metals?
Far less than those found in a typical soil sample. Chemically, AZOMITE is a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), which carries a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS) classification. In addition AZOMITE is listed for certified organic agriculture use by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI). AZOMITE is a natural product from the Earth, which has not been chemically altered and cannot harm the environment.
Is AZOMITE radioactive?
No. AZOMITE is not radioactive and does not have the capacity to emit alpha particles, which can harm humans or animals. The findings of a gross alpha/beta test report prepared by the ALS Environmental Laboratory Group of Fort Collins, Colorado, reveal that the alpha radiation values present in AZOMITE are lower than those from a sample taken from the ALS parking lot. Beta emission is actually consistent with the potassium in AZOMITE. AZOMITE’s alpha number, averaged from 6 samples, gave a value of 5.8 pCi/g. A value greater than 20 pCi/g is required to even warrant documentation.
What is the Cation Exchange Capacity of AZOMITE?
Is AZOMITE available for human consumption?
We do not market AZOMITE for human consumption.
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Fraud Prevention Blog
5 Ways To Spot Fake Money
Posted by Sean Trundy on Wed, Sep 19, 2012 @ 02:21 PM
secret service counterfeit warningKnowing how to spot fake money is a skill that every cash handler should know. With advances in desktop publishing and laser printer technology, creating counterfeit money is becoming easier and easier - and thus, more accessible to a larger number of people willing to risk jail for a few dollars. The most common amateur counterfeits are usually 20s and 100s.
While "professional" counterfeiters use sophisticated counterfeiting techniques that can fool the naked eye upon examination, the majority of counterfeits you might encounter in circulation* can be spotted if you know what to look for and are willing to make a close examination.
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(* although, be warned - a rising tide of professionally made "mass produced" counterfeits stemming from organized crime families in South America is changing this)
1. Color Shifting Ink. Modern bills are imprinted with overt (or visible) security features that help identify counterfeit money. The most prominent is the color shifting ink used on bills produced after 2006. To identify the color shifting ink look at the lower-right hand corner of the bill's face. Notice the printed numeral and tilt the bill back and forth. Depending on the angle at which you view the bill the color will shift from grey to green and back again. This is the first step in identifying fake money. Color shifting ink is very difficult to replicate and usually cannot be done on a laser printer.
2. Intaglio Printing. This type of printing uses intricately carved plates and extremely heavy printing presses to "imprint" the currency. Imprinting means to physically alter the surface of the paper the money is printed on. This creates a distinctive raised or ruff feeling to the currency that you won’t find on currency printed without intaglio printing.Look at the image of Benjamin Franklin on the $100 dollar bill. The very fine detail along his eye and face as well as around the oval surrounding his face are nearly impossible for a laser printer to replicate. Of course, that is a good spot to rub your finger or thumb along the bill to feel the "raised ridges" that result from intaglio printing.
3. Counterfeit Pen. Sold cheaply to many store owners, this pen serves only one purpose and that is to determine the type of paper used to create the fake money. U.S. currency is printed on cotton based paper. Paper typically milled for use in copiers and laser printers and such is made from wood pulp. The counterfeit pen is filled with iodine. The iodine reacts with the wood pulp and turns from brown to black. If the pen does not turn brown the paper is made of cotton. CAUTION: this pen will only tell you if the paper is not made from wood pulp. It will not tell you if the bill, printed on non-wood pulp paper, is fake.
4. Watermarks. Every modern U.S. currency contains a water mark security feature. By holding the bill up to the light you should be able to see a water mark next to the portrait of the president on the bill.
5. Security Thread. Look for a woven thread running from the top to the bottom of the bill. UV Counterfeit FeaturesThis thread is not printed "onto" the paper, rather it is woven into and part of the underlying paper the bill is printed on. This is very difficult for counterfeiters to replicate in fake money.
Knowing what to look for and how to detect fake money is only part of the battle. There are other covert security features that can quickly and easily be identified with counterfeit money detection tools such as magnetic ink detectors, UV lights or machine readable character devices. These tools make strong sense when you handle a large volume of currency and your front line cash handlers need extra assistance in identifying fake money.
Topics: counterfeit money, fake money, counterfeit money detectors |
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What is a bank?
There is a wealth of information and jargon out there surrounding banks and investment. Here at Blue & Green Tomorrow, as part of our “What is…” series, we’re looking to aid our readers in understanding of these terms. This latest addition considers, “What is a bank?”
A literal definition of a bank as produced by is a financial institution licensed as a receiver of deposits. There are two types of banks: commercial/retail banks and investment banks. In most countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank.”
A commercial or retail bank is the type with which most of us are familiar. Their primary function is to manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to individuals and small businesses. On a daily basis, consumers use these banks for basic checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit and home mortgages.
Investments banks do not take deposits. They assist individuals, corporations and governments in raising capital through providing services such as underwriting and corporate reorganisation to institutional clients.
With many banks now offering an online service with the inclusion of higher interest rates and lower fees, the consumer’s decision of which bank to do business with is often based on the convenience of the service provided.
The large proportion of society uses a bank, or certain aspects of a bank, every day. Despite this, little attention is paid to where our money actually goes once deposited.
Your bank statement, whether received online or through the post, implies that your money, however much it may be, just sits, and doesn’t go anywhere. In fact, this is not true.
At the end of the day, a banking institution is a business and a business is there to make a profit. To make this profit, the bank lends your money to corporations, public institutions and even governments with interest.
Depending on who you bank with, this could mean that your money may be involved in heavy polluting industries or even an oppressive regime.
What are the green and ethical options?
Blue &Green Tomorrow strives to help you make well-informed choices on where your money is best placed. As previously reported, there are a number of banks and building societies with prominent green and ethical credentials.
The Co-Operative Bank has robust green and ethical policies which govern its current accounts, savings and investment products.
The policy it has put in place covers human rights, the arms trade, corporate responsibility and global trade, genetic modification, social enterprise, ecological impact and animal welfare.
It also seeks to help in lending to projects within the renewable energy and carbon reduction sectors – with onshore wind being a particular area of interest.
The Ecology Building Society offers a range of green savings accounts and mortgage options. As stated on its website, “We believe in the concept of sustainability throughout the ‘footprint’ of a mortgage, from the way it’s funded to the ultimate impact it makes on the environment.”
The building society’s mortgages support building practices that respect the environment sustainably and have low impact on communities.
Charity Bank invests through loans to benefit charities and communities. It offers saving accounts and cash ISAs to consumers.
Its vision is to “have a thriving third sector that brings about real social change and a society where social return is considered as important as financial return.”
The bank’s core values, which run throughout the organisation are to be honest, people focused, responsible, innovative and committed.
Triodos Bank offers green and ethical savings accounts and investments. The bank was established in 1980 in the Netherlands and now has significant operations in the UK.
Triodos ensures that its investments lie in environmental, community-based and art and culture projects. It makes money working towards positive environmental, social and cultural change.
But as well as considering the bank you use, there other key green and ethical issues to take into consideration.
Responsible Lending
Does the bank you are considering have responsible lending policies that ensure that its products and services are targeted in an appropriate manner? Does it provide help and advice to customers who may fall into financial difficulty?
Climate Change and the Environment
It is not just where these banks invest their money but also how it runs its business. Does it have polices in place to lower its carbon emissions or offer its customers green products?
Financial Exclusion
There are an estimated two million people in the UK without even the most basic bank account. Is your bank doing anything to address this situation?
If you would like to know more about which banks are the most green or ethical, or you would like advice in making a more ethical choice, fill in our online form and we’ll put you in contact with a specialist financial advisor.
Further reading:
What is a credit card?
Guide to Sustainable Investment
Sustainable banks outperforming mainstream counterparts
What is green investment?
What is ethical investment?
Banking on ethics
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Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste (in English, Northwest Treeplanters and Farmworkers United), more commonly known by the acronym PCUN, is the largest Latino union in the state of Oregon. PCUN is located in Woodburn, Oregon. According to the Statesman Journal, the meetings which led to the formation of PCUN were held at Colegio Cesar Chavez, the nation's first fully accredited and independent Latino college. PCUN was founded by Cipriano Ferrel, who graduated from Colegio Cesar Chavez. PCUN has organized the creation of migrant housing and farmworker housing. Cipriano Ferrel worked closely with Cesar Chavez. |
Environment » Climate Change
The best books on Clean Energy
recommended by Jerry McNerney
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You have calculated that your energy
In your book
Tell me about Hubbert’s Peak by Princeton geologist Kenneth Deffeyes.
Hubbert was a geophysicist who worked for the oil companies. He created a method of modelling and measuring the American oil reserve back in the 50s. His model predicted what our oil consumption curve would look like. It’s very mathematical, but the curves he came up with were pretty astonishing in predicting that the US would reach peak oil between 1965 and 1970. He was within a year or two of being exactly right.
Expanding that model to the whole earth is difficult because we don’t know exactly what the reserves are, but the same methodology applies. If we had a good handle on the reserves we would be able to tell pretty accurately when the world will reach peak oil, and what the fall-off of oil reserves is going to look like after that point. So it’s a very important work, solidly based in science.
Deffeyes tells the story of how Hubbert developed this model, and he projects that the world will reach peak oil production within the next decade. The book is a warning that we should all heed, but it’s also a brisk read for people who are interested in the substance and science of energy issues.
What are the implications for international relations of reaching peak oil?
It’s very challenging – pretty scary actually – because we’ve become so dependent on fossil fuel that if we run short people are going to demand that we take steps to access more resources. That means potential military operations to secure oil fields and pipelines. It might mean offensive military action to secure our oil future. And the US is not the only country in this situation. China is very dependent on fossil fuels for its industrial growth, and not just China but every industrialised country in the world. So the implications are significant, and we don’t want to find ourselves going down the path of competing for scarce resources in worldwide conflicts.
Deffeyes argues that public policy can’t delay the peak of oil production. But your next book, Winning The Oil Endgame, suggests some solutions.
In this book, environmentalist Amory Lovins and his co-writers lay out a roadmap for how we can create a vibrant economy while ending oil dependence. They are very market based, and look at our energy challenges as economic questions. They present ideas about how we can incentivise by using oil more efficiently and replacing fossil fuels with other fuels whenever possible. It’s a very forward-looking book. If people were to pay attention to what is recommended in there, I think we could find a way forward without as much risk as we are facing now.
The book is based on a strategy co-funded by the Pentagon, and proposes to cut US oil use in half by 2025. What is the plan and is it possible?
They are suggesting a Manhattan Project approach – a crash programme to develop biofuels. I think concentrating resources around that sort of challenge could really help. Transportation needs in this country consume quite a lot of petroleum resources. If we become extremely efficient, and find biofuels to add to the mix as they suggest, we’ll be in much better shape. Then we need to make our buildings and our airplanes more efficient. There are ways to incentivise the airline companies to do that – it all needs to work together. We need to do several things at once, and if we do then we’ll create jobs and make ourselves more secure while cleaning up the environment. So the book presents a win-win-win strategy for the oil endgame.
That brings us to Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, which is a manifesto for a new industrial revolution written by a chemist and architect.
This talks about ways to evolve efficiently. It calls for products that can be circulated infinitely in industrial cycles. It envisions using products in a whole new way. In this vision, consumers become borrowers: You make products with sustainable resources and when you’re done using them, you find a way to recycle or to integrate them back into the environment in a healthy way.
How can public policy facilitate the design revolution proposed in Cradle to Cradle?
That’s an excellent question. The philosophy is that when you use and discard something, it either gets completely reused or is discarded in a way that’s healthier for the environment. So it’s really a different philosophy, and it’s going to take a pretty significant change in our mindset of how we develop and use resources to get there.
The most important aspect of creating a “zero waste” society is finding ways to encourage the chemical industry to create materials that are durable, recyclable and non-toxic. The book says we can find a way to make all the products we need with fewer and safer resources. It goes through a list of materials that can be used and it’s a fairly short list, whereas the list of chemicals out there is in the tens of thousands. Public policy can influence what type of materials enter the industrial cycle.
What can Congress do to help us become a clean energy nation?
It’s an economic issue. The tools are there, it’s just a matter of finding the right policies that will encourage the development and use of new energy technology that is clean and renewable. We need to give incentives for energy efficiency. That means incentives for developing electric vehicles that people feel comfortable with – vehicles that have the same convenience as a gas vehicle, so they have to be able to go 300 or 400 miles on a single charge. It’s really a matter of putting the right resources and incentives in place to get people to make investments in clean energy, and to make sure that those investments pay dividends. If we can put those incentives in place without them costing too much, the payback in the long run will be significant.
And we’ll create jobs. Right now we’re spending about $1bn a day for oil imported to this country. We’re creating jobs overseas. If that billion dollars a day was spent in this country, creating energy with our own ingenuity and our own hard work, that would also create an enormous number of energy jobs. And there’s secondary jobs that come with them, too. We need Congress to get the message that the future of this country is in clean energy. I feel proud to carry that message in Congress while I am there to represent all the interests of my constituents.
Clean energy faces a bit of a headwind at the moment. People point to the bankruptcy of the solar panel company Solyndra – which received $535m worth of US government-guaranteed loans during the
administration – as evidence that the government should not guarantee loans to favoured industries, even the clean energy industry. Do you dispute that argument?
Solyndra happened to be competing with Chinese companies. The Chinese have absolutely no compunction about putting all kinds of resources into their industry so that they can outcompete our companies. That puts us at a disadvantage. It’s not a good argument to say that the failure of one company is an indication that the whole industry has a problem. Moreover, oil, gas and coal companies have had government subsidies for 100 years or so, so I think it’s reasonable that renewable resources companies can look to the government for help both in research and in incentives.
We not only want to develop the resources for our country, we want to develop the manufacturing. We want to develop products to sell both in the US and overseas. Let me give you an example. The wind technology that I developed, as part of a team, we developed in this country. But it is now being manufactured overseas, especially in Germany, because we didn’t have the right policies in place in the US – the incentives were over there. So we developed the technology but as they are paying top dollar for energy in Germany, the manufacturing went over there and that’s where it stayed.
What were the specific policies that favoured the technology being developed there?
They have good tax incentives for development, installation and production. But the chief policy was that utility companies were required to buy renewable power, and that caused the renewable energy industry in Germany to just explode. They have more windmills in Germany than we have in the United States. So Europe and Asia have both policies and manufacturing capacity. The US still has the know-how to create the next generation of technology, but if we’re going to lead in clean energy then we have to get back in the fight for the future.
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Jerry McNerney
Congressman Jerry McNerney (Democrat) is the US Representative for California's 11th congressional district. He holds a PhD in mathematics and is an engineer and energy specialist. McNerney is an advocate of renewable energy, and author of the recently published book Clean Energy Nation: Freeing America from the Tyranny of Fossil Fuels
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Cancer and it's Impact on Mental Health
mental health / selfcare tips / world cancer day / February 03 2021
The World Cancer Day takes place every year on the 4th of February. It’s a day where people unite and take action against cancer. This global event aims to save millions of preventable deaths by raising awareness about cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and the latest research.
Mynurva understands the significance of this event and what it aims to do. To show our support, we have written this short article about how cancer can affect mental health and what can be done to ensure that cancer patients, their family members, friends and caregivers are all looking after their mental well-being during such a challenging time.
How can cancer affect you mentally?
Cancer can change one’s life dramatically; there will be a lot of uncertainty and confusion during this time, leading to unstable emotions and feelings. Some days you may feel optimistic about the process and outcomes, but there may be other days when you may experience loneliness, anger, depression, and distress.
If these uncomfortable emotions are constant and overwhelming, it may negatively impact your mental well-being and influence how you live your life daily. Below we have a few tips on how you can manage these emotions so that you can look after your mental health and well-being during and after cancer:
1. Support from your closed ones
Being diagnosed with cancer can cause many intense and overwhelming emotions which may be challenging to manage and handle alone. Keeping these emotions to yourself can cause you to feel powerless and lonely.
During this time, seek support from those closest to you so, don’t be afraid to reach out to your loved ones. Try to spend time with them and share your concerns and feelings.
1. Be organised and educate yourself about the effects of cancer and treatments
Educating and being informed about treatments, medications, and side-effects will allow you to stay prepared. If you aren’t clear about something or have questions and concerns, talk to your doctors and nurses. Additionally, ask for resources, books or leaflets that may give you more insights on what you can expect during and after cancer diagnosis and treatments.
1. Relaxing Activities
Do things that you find relaxing. Whether it's meditations, treating yourself to a spa day or a warm bath with some soothing music, find some time to look after your body and mind.
1. Physical activities
Keeping active improves your physical health and encourages positive mind-set. If you don’t often work out, start with something small like walk around the block for 15 minutes, short stretching exercises or yoga session at home.
1. Eat well
During treatment, eating can be difficult due to side effects such as a change in your sense of smell and taste, losing your appetite, feeling sick, constipation, and more. Thus, cancer patients may lose weight and have less energy which can harm their mental health. This is why eating healthy is crucial; it helps you keep your strength and energy up and help you cope with treatment side-effects, fight off infections, and help you recover faster.
1. Sleep well
It is essential to maintain a good night routine and get enough sleep regularly. Have an excellent pre-bed routine and aim to get at least 8 hours sleep. If you have rough any nights, take short naps during the day to regain your energy.
1. Hobbies
Creative activities and hobbies such as drawing, writing, knitting and cooking can be relaxing and fulfilling. It will help you take your mind off things allowing your mind and body to relax.
1. Phycological Service and Therapies
Having unstable emotions during and after cancer is typical, but if you are regularly feeling anxious, depressed, stressed out and worried, you may want to seek help from a therapist or a counsellor. You can even join support and therapy groups if you feel like sharing and listening to those in the same situation.
Tips for the caregivers, family and friends.
Your role as a caretaker is a crucial one. You need to be supportive and ensure that you have a positive mind-set. Understanding that your loved one is probably feeling overwhelmed and highly emotional and sensitive, so listen well and respond carefully. One of the most effective ways to show support is by simply being present and responsive.
Furthermore, you as a caretake also need to take care of your mental well-being. Acknowledge your feelings and emotions and take care of yourself. Know that it is okay to have bad days and ask for help; talk to your closest friends, family members or seek help from other sources such as online support communities, programs and services.
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Write simple essay
Write simple essay
Write simple essay
Write simple essay
The proper way to write a cause and effect essay is to create a chain of events which link together in a logical fashion to create the essay. Steps Writing Your Essay 1 Research the topic. How do you define failure? If you cannot find a human editor, a good practice is to read it backwards or use software to check for spelling and grammar errors. Academic essays can vary in length, from quite short to extremely long. Are we left hanging on the edges of our seat?
When events happen in sequence: The essay should sound like it has a good flow and understandable words. This structure serves as a foundation for your paper. Review the instructions for your essay, if applicable. If you put down all the facts like a reporter, the story should tell itself. Even if they are longer, they all normally follow the same basic structure, seen below: Following the basic essay structure, compare and contrast essays can be arranged either sequentially point by point , or chunking by the object.
Your thesis statement will have two parts. You’re stating facts that you can back up with research. Each body paragraph will have the same basic structure. Being caged in shelters not only causes animals to suffer but also drains local government budgets. Write a thesis statement that summarizes the ideas that you plan to present.
Definition essays explain the meaning of terms or concepts. If your title and first paragraph make the reader want to read your essay, then your last sentence makes the reader remember you.
Choose one to three of your strongest ideas that support your topic. Every section see below should be only one sentence in length , and they should only be written in the present tense. You will use words to evoke emotions in your reader, so choose your words deliberately. Jot these subjects down. Expository essays aren’t about opinions. The thesis statement is the core concept.
Generally, you want three arguments or pieces of evidence to support each main idea. Every year, thousands of unwanted and abused animals end up in municipal shelters. The last paragraph of your essay will briefly summarize the above points and make a closing statement.
Be sure that your structure in expository essays is very linear, making it easier to connect the dots. People who have small living quarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats.
Classification essays organize a topic into groups starting with the most general group and narrowing down to more specific groups. Look at your outline or diagram. The structure is taught because it is thought to be helpful when teaching children about essay structure. How is your essay an exploration of the things that you learned?
Should it be a general overview of the subject or a specific analysis? Draw more lines off these main ideas and include any thoughts you may have on these ideas. Structure Introduction — comparing WWI and WWII in terms of build-up and execution, necessary pieces of history for understanding the essay Body paragraph one — a way in which both wars are similar — the sides were more or less the same, with Germany on one side, and Britain on the other being the main contenders Body paragraph two — a way in which both wars are similar — while the events themselves differed, there were a number of incidents which everyone decided to let go, until the one inciting event where they could no longer do so.
If needed, rearrange sentences and paragraphs into a different order. Why is North Korea allowed to remain? When you write the essay, this will become your first paragraph. Don’t mess with structure in expository essays.
Do some analysis to see what makes them work. You won’t get anywhere without a proper plan. Cleaning a litter box is a quick, painless procedure. Also, make sure that your paragraph order makes sense. However, if you’re submitting to an essay contest or writing an essay for college admissions, your title and introduction have to hook the reader if you want to meet your objectives.
Are we sexualising children? Is access to constant entertainment a good thing or a bad thing for society? In a narrative essay, you can use first person. What is it that interests you?
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Write body essay
Write body essay
Write body essay
Write body essay
Main point in the paragraph presented as the topic sentence The mistrust that existed between the states also created an obstacle for unification How do I write the body of an essay? Knowing how to write the body of an essay will make all of your writing sound better. Links Write the Body Paragraphs In the body of the essay, all the preparation up to this point comes to fruition.
Also, your teacher will want to throw his chair through a window after struggling to decipher the meaning of your paragraph. To achieve unity, you want to avoid any random, off-point ideas. After that first cup of coffee, things may finally start making sense. How to write the body of an essay 1. If you are quoting, be sure to transcribe from your source exactly, word-for-word.
See the introduction sample below for an example of how to do this. Purdue OWL — In-Text Citations MLA You have done a lot of hard work gathering your sources and selecting quotes.
To achieve coherence, a paragraph should be clear and logical, with sentences that flow together well. In this lesson, we’ll discuss how you can develop your argument and write coherent and unified body paragraphs so that your essay score won’t be a nightmare.
You are not trying to argue any point the essay is just about information. Instead, you can just weave the facts about Mali into your essay and provide a parenthetical citation for the Factbook. How to draw in your reader Some ways to get your reader interested are: Sample body of an essay: We hope this page was helpful and provided you with some information about how to write the introduction, body and conclusion of an essay. A memorable scene or one with suspense, or intrigue works well – but use only a few sentences to describe it.
Achieving Unity in Body Paragraphs We know that the word unity has to do with things being joined together, and that meaning applies to essay writing, too. The first part is the point of your thesis statement.
Evidence — Here is where you substantiate your claim with a direct quote or text that is paraphrased. Even an idea that seems to be sort of connected to the main idea of your body paragraph may be taking you off track if it doesn’t directly support or relate to your topic sentence. Explain a point per paragraph again but alternate items in the different paragraphs. When incorporating concrete evidence, it is crucial to explain specifically how the evidence supports the topic sentence, rather than just sticking in a quotation without any analysis.
Good points follow a formula: For example, you might explain that children who learn to manage money well when they’re young tend to be better with money as adults; children might benefit from earning money for doing chores so that they develop a good work ethic early; and when children learn about money, they tend to become more appreciative for what they have, and they may learn the importance of charitable giving at a young age. This isn’t as hard as it sounds.
Paragraphs contain three main sections: If you are bored by your topic and you show it, your reader will be bored. Once you have fleshed out each of your body paragraphs, one for each main point, you are ready to continue. Effective support can include properly cited quotations, hypothetical examples, real world events and personal anecdotes.
Will the fashion continue to keep pace with our fast-paced, ever-changing, global world? You want the text of the quote to be formatted correctly, and you want your citations to be correct. That point should connect with the overall focus of the essay as described in the thesis statement.
For that, check out our site for Parenthetical Citations. Your essay body paragraphs need to make sense, too. That is what you want to do in your intro. Start with a quote that is related to your topic 2. Explanations use logic to fully explain the point raised in the topic sentence.
Inside each body paragraph, the writer incorporates explanation, analysis and specific examples that examine the topic and defend the thesis statement. The paragraph shouldn’t have to be long to support a point. How do I write a conclusion? The above structure can be modified based on the paper you are writing. It works well is the quote is slightly ironic or has a double meaning or talks about some great truth that relates to life as a whole and relates to the book.
Use FIRST 25 discount code right now! It would be easy to scribble down a few sentences making really broad points in one of your body paragraphs like: Learning how to write the body of an essay is not difficult, but it does take some practice to master the different types. It would be accomplished like this: The topic sentence summarises the paragraph in the same way that the thesis statement summarises the whole essay.
Explain how one point affects both items in each sentence. One reason Martin Luther King Jr was a great leader is that he motivated others to take action.
Write the conclusion of essay
Write the conclusion of essay
Write the conclusion of essay
Write the conclusion of essay
What is the significance of your findings? The conclusion should match the introduction in terms of the ideas presented and the argument put forward.
The reader will be expecting this so it gives your essay a sense of completion. Highlight the position or lesson the essay promotes. In fact, it’s the time to step back and focus on the big picture. Strategies Echoing the introduction: The conclusion is the place where you tie everything together for your readers, not where you introduce new information. The conclusion provides a forum for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your thesis given the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic.
This paragraph should include the following: The first sentence of this paragraph should include the reverse hook which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the second paragraph. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.
Our society is no longer prepared to tolerate unnecessary cruelty to animals for science and entertainment. Ask a question that challenges the reader to take action or reconsider their own view. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens. However, it is the conclusion that wraps everything together and prompts the reader to take action or ponder further. Then circle the sentences in the conclusion above which cover each part and write the number for each part in the margin next to it, e.
But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again. Writing conclusions to argumentative essays Conclusions are just as important as introductions. The Five-Paragraph Essay A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay. An essay is a long piece of writing and it is written in paragraphs An essay consists of three major parts: The second sentence leads up to the thesis statement which is the third sentence.
Presents one or two general sentences which accurately summarise your arguments which support the main premise 3. Remember to support the points you have gathered. It usually consists of one paragraph, but this depends on the length of the essay and the amount of background information the context requires. The last sentence uses the words “one blind eye” which was in the quotation.
They make up the conclusion to another argumentative essay. Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may also contain a reflection on the evidence presented, or on the essay’s thesis. Writing your own argumentative essay Back to Writing introductions to argumentative essays Back to Front Page. Your last sentence should be elegant, to the point, and provocative. Suggestions Answer the question “So What? The first sentence of the concluding paragraph uses the principal words from the quotations from each paragraph of the body of the paper.
My goal may not be an easy one to achieve, but things that are worth doing are often not easy. Introductory Paragraph See, first, Writing Introductory Paragraphs for different ways of getting your reader involved in your essay. Note that in the second paragraph “feeling” came first, and in this paragraph “sight” comes first. The bulk of an essay, both in form and substance, is contained in the main body. Trust that the evidence was laid out in the body.
But it all starts with illustrating the point of your essay. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional concluding hook that signals the reader that this is the final major point being made in this paper.
Make it clear what you’re saying and how many points you’re making. This expression provides the transitional hook for the last paragraph in the body of the paper. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher.
What are the implications of your conclusions for this topic and for the broader field? This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. If you use a piece of startling information, follow it with a sentence or two of elaboration. The mini- outline tells the reader that this paper will present Poe’s use of imagery in three places in his writing: This first sentence also lets the reader know that this paragraph will deal with descriptions of people: Make sure, however, that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary as this reduces the impact of the argument you have developed in your essay.
By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. What sentence s leaves the reader with an interesting final impression? The conclusion of the essay The function of the essay’s Conclusion is to restate the main argument.
Others slept in their parents’ arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our cars. It reminds the reader of the strengths of the argument: Example Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidate’s qualifications and positions on the issues.
Don’t use too many high-flying, two-dollar words in your conclusion. The introduction and conclusion complete the paragraphs of your essay. They’re your ideas, so take ownership of them. Remember, your thesis is the main point of your essay, something you’re arguing for. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American.
Conclusions This resource was written by Jaclyn M. If we fail to meet our obligations in this area, we will be sacrificing our present and future well-being merely in order to appease out-dated notions of family life and to achieve short-term financial savings. No new information is presented in this paragraph. Avoid summarizing your points exactly as you wrote them.
Work on assignments
Work on assignments
Work on assignments
Work on assignments
Starting the first week, I was assigned a combination of substantive assignments, along with some observational experiences that were truly incredible. Just get it written down and recorded. Things just didn’t work out as planned Our target audience includes those students who value the high-quality writing.
Gradually pour the liquid into the flour, working it in carefully with a wooden spoon Then, you floss with unwaxed, bologna-flavored string. There are too many of them making relatively the same offers. V P at amount It will probably work out cheaper to hire a van and move your own things.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2. There will be no more papers and lectures in their lives anymore. You will see that these are the fair prices because you will not find the papers so original and well-written elsewhere. We secure typing assignment from various companies including DPC’s or Daily Profit Companies. V on n Work is also a noun. We’re supposed to be running a business here.
However, if the software is used for performing inspections keep in mind that a record of the employee associated is maintained. When you buy a custom research paper at Essayhave. Inmates at CCA facilities who participate in structured work programs or volunteer job assignments derive a similar sense of meaning from a job well done. Don’t worry if what you write now isn’t neat. V P n not pron If I’ve had a bad day I’ll work it off by cooking. Not only was I given the opportunity to sit in on deal meetings, but I was also given the opportunity to draft documents, conduct research, and work on assignments similar to those given to the junior associates at the Firm.
She pretends to be someone else for some time and gets to feel the other side of reality. Let our service give you the freedom of planning your free time the way you want. If you wish to use our cleaning software inspection tools, work assignments can be assigned to supervisory areas. We know what students want and how to give it to them.
Aiming a paper at your audience happens in two ways: I’ve been working on my assignment. Your writing should have a point, and you should be able to say it in a sentence. Do not feel compelled to answer every question unless the instructor asks you to do so.
Talk to coworkers, managers, and anybody else that you need to consult, whether in a formal meeting or not. On-the-fly Changing of Assignment Employee: The facts and figures your instructor has been sharing with you during the course might be insufficient for answering all of the questions. Most undergraduates think of their audience as the instructor. The final scores will not be that impressive but at least no one is getting a stroke. While I had a general sense of the practice areas that interested me, I really wanted to explore different groups, while at the same time receiving substantive work in those groups in which I had the most interest.
The instructor may be really laid back in class but still expect you to sound formal in writing. Find out if elements such as page length and citation format see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial are negotiable. Will it inform, record, or persuade? For help with understanding the role of argument in academic writing, see our handout on argument. Sometimes they suggest the thinking process your instructor imagines you will need to follow to begin thinking about the topic.
Create and Edit Assignments. We know that the process we have can seem too high for some students. She went for a brisk walk to work off her frustration Social science classes often expect more research. Is it to gather research from a variety of outside sources and present a coherent picture? Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms and practices into meaningful clues to the type of writing your instructor expects.
Before we’ve lost your attention, let us say that Essayhave. You can also ask a reference librarian for help. Be careful to avoid the other extreme as well: We create a personal account for every client. Is it to size up a problem and chart a course, or is it a review of work already done? Janitorial staff like the objectiveness of the process.
The biggest inconvenience is that everybody wants to get a high GPA score no matter what. Like an abstract in an academic paper, the executive summary should include the major points, recommendations, and conclusions.
This enables our home typist to receive an endless supply of assignments to complete. These are then used to show quality in terms of supervisory area, as well as for individuals. Don’t forget, especially with email, that your distribution may quickly expand beyond the original recipients.
You do not talk about ‘homeworks’ or ‘a homework’. Weiner works for the US Department of Transport Therefore it should be recommended by the American Dental Association. We value the time and financial resources of our clients.
If you are looking for assistance regarding the big questions of the structure of our universe, you will be paired with someone whose interests and expertise include astrophysics. Moreover, I was given the opportunity to have direct contact with some of the most senior attorneys at the firm, seeing them interact with heads of companies, boards, and clients.
Wednesday, September 4, Ask your instructor what counts as acceptable evidence. Some busy readers may read only the summary. The Grim Truth With a few exceptions including some lab and ethnography reports , you are probably being asked to make an argument. But you do not have to explain every single word or issue. During my first two weeks, I was able to sit in on, and take part in, multiple client meetings and deal calls.
This is the reason why our prices are not as low they could be had we focused solely on the number of our clients.
Routine work assignments are built by adding rooms to it and the assumption that all routine work is performed. What kind of evidence do you need?
Work time school
Work time school
Work time school
Work time school
What kind of job, if any, did you have in high school? Be sure to set aside money each month to help cover tuition and other fees. You may also qualify for benefits such as vacation and sick time.
It can seem overwhelming to take on a part-time or full-time job while going to school, but it is possible to do this. The right job, one that helps you gain work experience in your field, can give you a head start. A schedule will also help you identify conflicting appointments or class times, and where you can fit in more free time.
Students with pizza delivery jobs have a sense of autonomy, and they can listen to their own music while they are working. As a result, persuade your child to sock away at least half of her earnings in a Roth IRA. Some students take it a step further and share school projects with their boss and turn their research into a solution that solves a problem at work. Choose a job that allows you to have a work-life balance and keeps you feeling fulfilled.
Figure out what steps you need to make it to where you want to go and set goals for yourself. When creating a schedule, remember to use what works best for you. Although it does take extra effort to hold down a job and still get good grades, you can do it.
Making time for relationships and to de-stress are important to being healthy and happy. Perna Related Charts Percentage of to Year-Old College Students Who Were Enrolled Part Time and Employed, to As College Board policy analyst Sandy Baum argues in a collection of essays I edited, Understanding the Working College Student: Focus on noting steps in larger processes, summary statements therefore, consequently , information that your professor repeats frequently, and everything written out on the board or in handouts.
There is a lot of camaraderie with fellow employees, the tips can be good, and employees typically receive discounted or free meals during their shifts. They were invaluable experiences and provided me with some much-needed autonomy and spending money, too. One potential strategy is to develop connections between employment and learning by incorporating into coursework the knowledge gained through work-based experiences. Perna is professor of higher education at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the Academe advisory board.
Being a member of a wait staff teaches patience, customer service, money management, food handling, food preparation, and multi-tasking skills that can pay off after high school. Regardless of the reason for working, trying to meet the multiple and sometimes conflicting simultaneous demands of the roles of student, employee, parent, and so on often creates high levels of stress and anxiety, making it less likely that students will complete their degrees.
Create a schedule This will help you stay organized and boost your confidence by having a solid plan to tackle your future assignments. Parents need to be part of this conversation, and step in when work is crowding out more important activities.
If your family has a lawnmower, this can be a real money-making opportunity for you. The pay will be minimum wage, or slightly more than minimum wage, and tips will be split amongst the staff. This means you could begin a k , qualify for health insurance and a tuition assistance program while attending college. Summer art festivals can also be an opportunity to sell art and handmade jewelry. Leave your email alone. Shelters hire minimum-wage employees to spend time with the animals and clean out their cages.
Mary Ziskin, Vasti Torres, Don Hossler, and Jacob Gross, researchers with the Project on Academic Success at Indiana University, use qualitative analyses to identify examples where instructors do not offer necessary assistance, either because they do not realize the challenges facing working students or because they do not believe they are obligated to offer any additional assistance. I also went out once or twice a week in the evening to collect money from my customers.
Work typically entails driving back and forth to the pizza place, picking up pizzas and delivering them to customers. At the very least, they’ll know when to expect you and when to leave you alone to conquer your other goals.
Just one online class can alleviate scheduling conflicts with work and school, and also allow you to be in class on your own time. Towards the end of the year, schools and churches hold arts and crafts fairs, and eager shoppers line up to buy Christmas ornaments, wreaths, and last-minute gifts. Benefits and Risks of Working While in High School Posted June 4, by Caitrin Blake in Featured Stories Featured Stories Many high school students have jobs out of necessity to help support their families; others work to earn spending money or contribute toward a college fund.
Learning in the field: Keep away from social media. With all of your responsibilities, you probably have a hard time finding time to get everything done, let alone give yourself any down time. But the more you practice managing your time, the better your work-life balance will be and the better you’ll be at your “real job” after you graduate. Students will learn responsibility, money management, and how to effectively deal with customers. There will be many times when you will need to sacrifice hanging out with your friends in order to finish studying because you have work the next day.
You want to maintain your friendships. The customers can be a pain, and shifts can run late into the evening, but restaurant employees also have a lot of fun at work. If you want a job that relates to your intended college major , get input from your guidance counselor, academic advisor, or internship department.
Some perks of working for a grocery store include short shifts, merchandise discounts, and schedule flexibility. Colleges and universities have an obligation to ensure that all students—including working students—can succeed on their campuses. Your brain is a muscle and like other muscles, constant repetition builds strength. The answer is no. However, some possible downsides to working for a car wash include getting soaking wet, ruining your clothing, and working for minimum wage.
Any job where you earn good money, and set your own hours, is a win-win for a high school student. On average, working students hold down 30 hour-per-week jobs. This can provide valuable on the job training that will make you much more competitive once you graduate from college. Restaurant Wait Staff The pay for professional wait staff at a restaurant will likely be well below minimum wage.
The share of full-time, traditional-age undergraduates working fewer than twenty hours per week has declined during the past decade to about 15 percent in , while the number working between twenty and thirty-four hours per week has increased to about 21 percent in
Write essay compare contrast
Write essay compare contrast
Write essay compare contrast
Write essay compare contrast
All of these features are inherent in both objects. Woods Conclusion 5 Outline your body paragraphs based on compare then contrast. No matter how you decided to organize your essay, you will still need to have the following types of paragraphs: You should tell about things fairly. In fact, this kind of assignment is actually quite straightforward, as all you need to do is compare and contrast two concepts, which is basically something we all do on a daily basis!
Part 2 Organizing Your Essay 1 Decide on a structure. A common mistake is when writer doesn’t explain the contrast between items. Make sure they have similar and dissimilar qualities, so there is enough material to focus on.
This paragraph summarizes the evidence presented. Instead, choose a few points that seem to be particularly important. First, you discuss how your subjects are similar. These are points of comparison ways they are similar. Now that you have acquainted yourself with the basic compare and contrast essay writing tips and rules, you can check out our compare and contrast essay samples to link theory with practice. Introduction with Thesis Paragraph 2: Conclusion This conclusion is wrapping up everything you have just proven in your paper.
This method of organization can be unwieldy, so if you choose it, be sure not to let your paragraphs become page-long lists of points about each subject. This organization presents all the comparisons first, then all the contrasts. You should analyze evidences and arguments to connect all the proofs to your thesis.
There should be at least three comparisons essentially three short body paragraphs in which you give an example from both topics of comparisons in each. The most common five methods to grab your reader’s attention, commonly used by professionals, are the following: How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Pre-Writing Phase How to start a compare and contrast essay?
Add to contacts Compare and Contrast Essay: There are several ways to write this type of essay. It should present your thesis and the direction of your essay i. Write the main body paragraphs in accordance with the structure you chose when making an outline—either block or point-by-point arrangement. When one is in the woods, one may be able to go fishing or swimming in a nearby lake, or one may not be near water at all. Each different section or body paragraph should tackle a different division of proof.
Afterward, they can move onto the body, which will support the opening paragraph by providing supporting evidence. For example, you could choose to compare bats and whales. The items you compare might be what we do or watch or talk about every day. This means that the body of the essay will begin with a number of paragraphs about their similarities and finish with a number of paragraphs about their differences. If a person goes to the beach during the right day or time of year, he or she can enjoy warm, yet refreshing water, a cool breeze, and a relatively hot climate.
Reading your essay aloud can also help you find problem spots. When making an outline for the items you chose to compare or contrast, ask yourself this question: Decide which organizational structure you will use for your compare and contrast essay. You may also be assigned with writing about many other different topics.
Essay structure Then you should choose a structure. With this structure, there is no need for an analysis at the end because its content is spread throughout the preceding paragraphs.
This type of organization switches back and forth between points. Look at the lists and diagrams you generated to help you find the evidence for your comparisons and contrasts. The key to a successful compare and contrast essay is following the selected organizational structure either block or point-by-point precisely, since this is normally one of the main criteria your instructor will check when grading the paper.
Here is a sample paragraph for a body paragraph that uses point-by-point comparison: Comparative Analysis With that said, a compare and contrast essay cannot be completed without conducting a comparative analysis, which the writer can use to lay out their thoughts about the subjects before sorting them into a neat and organized form. Look out for any grammatical errors, confusing phrasing, and repetitive ideas.
Which one you choose depends on what works best for your ideas. In addition, write about direction of the essay.
Write good essay title
Write good essay title
Write good essay title
Write good essay title
How do you fit with your friends, family and just immediate surrounding? Or is it a more free form, narrative essay? Steps Understanding the Structure of a Title 1 Craft a hook. Moreover, being a sociable person, I have many friends since I like to communicate with people and get to know new interesting individuals. Titles with puns or other fun wordplay, on the other hand, suggest that the reader can take the piece a little less seriously.
People tend to choose a number of themes of who they are and try to describe them all. Change the wording subtly so that you have several variations of the same title, then, read through the essay to see which variation is most effective in getting your point across.
I believe that friendship is one of the most important values in human life. Once you have answered that question, you are ready to go. A great essay title is attractive to the intended audience. Last but not least, a title should be attractive and interesting—but most importantly, it should be attractive and interesting to the audience for whom it was written.
Well, there is Bid4Papers. That has to do only with a small portion of who you are. My favorite subjects are chemistry and biology.
Both sections may be good places to find keywords that could lead to a strong title for your essay. Capitalize all proper nouns within a title and italicize or underline the titles of major works novels, articles etc. An essay about Shakespearean comedy may be more playful, such as: But if your essay is about the development of Shakespearean comedy in Elizabethan times, you may have a less serious tone for your title.
Alternatively, you can look up a key quote or phrase that is not in your essay but reinforces central ideas or themes in your essay. To begin, simply type in your essay topic, choose a formula, and submit! To view all of the words in the database, just click on List All Words. A catchy title can make your paper stand out from the pile and give your reader a sense of the content, slant, and perspective of your essay.
Our writers have also had to demonstrate a solid writing and referencing skill during the screening process, so when you actually see their rankings, those truly reflect their skill by academic, college standards. Because every writer values their ranking within our system, there should be no instances of poor performance and thus your dissatisfaction. I like to receive and deal with challenging tasks. For example, expository essays typically have informative titles such as, “The Solar System: GradeSaver, 9 September Web.
Then, see if you can place commas or colons between them to create a title. Our writers have all been through a screening process to ensure that their knowledge, academic writing skills, and business ethic all conform to your expectations. On the nearly lethal comforts of a luxury cruise. Clever word play can give your title some punch and show that you are willing to be creative. A great title establishes the tone of the essay. Keep reading to find out! The atmosphere cannot but make me want to go there every time.
These are crucial words or phrases that apply to your topic and give your reader a sense of the content and angle of your paper. A forceful, direct title is perfect for an angry rant or a somber piece of persuasion. It may be more informative and to the point. Reserve Money 4Work process So can your writers write my paper for me?
Alone, neither part of that title would meet all the criteria I listed earlier. Part 3 Using a Quote or a Play on Words 1 Look for a key quote or phrase in your essay. The hook is the creative element that draws the reader in. It is especially important to go beyond the general theme in competitions where all contenders are responding to the same prompt.
Policy Contribute More to Global Warming than Any Polluter? The Title In scholarship essays, the title often makes a great deal of difference. We exchange new ideas, find many interesting things about each other and experience new things. Usually it is not enough to name the subject of the essay in the title.
Using the description of an image will give your reader a visual that will then frame the rest of the essay. A possible title could be: If your title appears to be very long, shorten it or move it onto two lines rather than one. Words will be pulled from an academic database and put together. Give, in addition, a sense of the argument of the essay.
Identify one central idea or theme for the start of your title. See the first example below. The Conventions of Shakespearean Comedy.
The best way to get to know people is to see how they react to stimuli. An especially provocative or descriptive line can really set the tone for your essay and save you a bit of brainstorming. Use an existing phrase and play around with replacing words in the phrase or adding a new spin to the phrase. Is your essay a straightforward, academic essay? I have to know! In addition to telling readers what an essay is about, really great titles also help to set the tone or mood of the essay.
This is the final part of the title that tells the reader where the content is located or what the setting of the essay will be.
Three words that sum up the paper may be: While a one-word title might work for some essays, others practically beg for long, descriptive ones.
For example, a playful and punny title might fall flat for a stodgy, humorless professor—you know the type. Avoid Unclear Definitions It is really easy to get lost when you are writing something as vague and as perspective-oriented as an essay about yourself.
Write my business plan for me uk
Write my business plan for me uk
Write my business plan for me uk
Write my business plan for me uk
Business Plans Plan for your business success… I have one goal — to help you get the finance you need. I appreciate friendship and people who surround me. There are plenty of guides that will help you to understand the law and make decisions to suit your business, such as the number of employees you need, what you should offer them and if they will be contractors or permanent.
How will you tell them about your business? Barclays Insurance Services Company Regardless of how the websites are constructed, people entering this business have a wide range of expertise in coding. Wil definitely be using her services again. Do you simply need a well-written essay? Do they already buy the product or service? Write a business plan Download free business plan templates and find help and advice on how to write your business plan.
The healthcare industry includes large corporations that own hospitals and also a multitude of small businesses such as physician offices, dialysis, orthopedic, and other health minded businesses. Just like the business plan writing service we provide, the brand identity design service is equally detailed. Keep in mind, as we all know, there are a multitude of personal fitness businesses at almost in every corner.
The Most Effective Essay Service Ever We’re not just efficient, we’re effective. We focus on long-term relationships with our customers so that you will never have to turn to another paper writing service. A comprehensive business plan is the best way to go about defining your business. Customer gave permission to use their concept on the website.
Why Order Your Essay From our Writing Services? Plan for your business Naming your business The name you choose for your business should reflect the image you want to project to your market. Note – this is not the same a business planning consultant. Further, food truck owners have banded together to start food truck trains.
Finding one that will write any part of your essay for free is even harder! Not to mention that it would be hard to write and navigate in between those themes. Surprising, our business plan writers have had numerous inquiries related to starting personal fitness businesses.
However, the popularity of Weebly has been expanded recently. Your job is to present the ordinary stuff that happens to you in a way that will make the reader want to know you better. Gal’s team ranges from experienced accountants and business plan writers to branding specialists, thereby providing a full turnkey service, including assistance on fundraising.
It can also help to convince customers, suppliers and potential employees to support you. The Business Plan Writer gets results: Moreover, being a sociable person, I have many friends since I like to communicate with people and get to know new interesting individuals.
The more substance you create out of your daily activities, the better. Individual Approach The perfect custom essay is not just about covering the topic and avoiding grammar mistakes; it’s about keeping up to your personal writing style and academic level.
You can order an essay and get it written from scratch in as little as 3 hours! Without a doubt, the writers here provide the best quality business proposals on the net. People tend to choose a number of themes of who they are and try to describe them all.
Gal and her writing team are simply incredible, and I couldn’t have asked for more attention to detail. On a final note, the instructor is able to keep overhead cost well because they are exploiting public access parks. Our prey is a good grade.
A description of the business’s day-to-day operations, facility, outside suppliers, and staffing requirements. Andrew put together a very professional business plan. Our priority has always been and remains to be on our business writers. Press Release Press releases are great for promoting new product launches, new hires and even a rebrand. IBIS claimed this business has revenues of 1.
They did a fantastic job worth the money and time A very dedicated team with an extremely strong work ethic. I was personally invited to contribute a chapter on the importance of business planning….
Further details can be found at www. You can now ask our writers for a free preview of your paper to help you choose the writer with the best writing skills! All Formats Available We work with all major citation styles: The concept usually entails including premium brand coffee and a modest price. We care about the grade you would get and everything else comes after that.
Drawing on Andrew’s experience and network enabled us to develop an extremely strong business plan and strategy, which will ultimately lead to our own funding successes… STEVE BALDREY London I sincerely recommend you use Andrew if you want a professional and detailed business plan… Thank you Andrew for all your help.
What are my responsibilities and what do I need to provide them with? Website design is still an oldie but goodie for starting a business. The main line should be that you are not a robot, and that it is your feelings and emotions that define you as a personality. This is because the healthcare industry is hugely profitable.
However, this is challenging because of the numerous competitors in such a centralized area. See our in-depth guide to writing a business plan. For an honorable mention, I personally just recently had a request for business plan related to distributing marijuana.
These businesses include yoga training, weight training, and Zumba type classes. That has to do only with a small portion of who you are. At least once per year, complete a comprehensive update of your plan in light of developments within your business and industry as a whole.
How to write a business plan. Physicians are incredibly knowledgeable regarding taking care of patients. In these trains, the food trucks show up at various locations on a weekly basis.
Our guide could help you write yours. There are companies that provide this service, or you could do it informally by asking friends and family. John Lewis essentially is a chain of upmarket department stores and is owned by The John Lewis Partnership, operating its full line of department [ Of course, this business establishment was in Colorado, which is legalized marijuana for recreational purposes.
You are a human being after all, and your life is not as simple as it may seem after years of school. What the purpose of your life? How will they benefit my business and help me to achieve my goals? A high quality branded business plan from a professional business plan writer. When to Review Your Business Plan: This shows that if somebody has a little bit of extra time to learn the craft, website design may be quite profitable.
Business Proposal A business proposal is not a business plan. The measurable goals and objectives of your business, with a timeline for achieving them. Personal fitness training business plan.
Writing a business plan Your guide to a successful business plan A good business plan defines what you want to achieve and how you intend to achieve it. Now, the instructor is looking for funding to expand their business. A Note From Our Business Plan Writers: |
5g network
What is 5G network technology and How it works?
5G, the fifth generation of mobile network technology, is a massive breakthrough not only in the internet speed but also in its highly reduced latency. Imagine playing real-time games like PUBG with no lag in your phone while traveling in an automated car traveling at a speed of more than 100 miles per hour. This might seem unrealistic but believe me this is the future of gaming, and everything else is on the brink of change forever with 5G.
If you look up into the corner of your phone, you’re probably accustomed to seeing a little indicator that says 4G LTE or 3G or 2G. And you have come to know that it probably has something to do with your phone’s connection to your mobile network.
G stands for generation and higher the rank of G, faster is the connection. Each generation has its own minimum connectivity speed and reliability that can classify the network to a particular generation. 1G allows us to talk to each other, 2G allows us to send messages, 3G gave us speedy data to browse the Internet and 4G LTE made it entirely a lot faster.
But all that’s gonna be soon-to-be past, because the new horizon is 5G. And while you may be thinking that 5G is simply a little faster, a bit more reliable and a little newer. It’s actually a massive breakthrough that’s gonna change the way devices hook up with the web.
Everything about 5G network technology in detail
5g network
5G will connect Humans & Machine like never before
What is the difference between 4g and 5g? (5G vs 4G)
Well first of all, it’s really fast with speed over 20 gigabits per second in wireless. It’s fast like a 100 to 250 times faster than 4G because by comparison 4G provides speeds on the average of about 10 to 20 megabits a second. So, that’s like going from streaming one Netflix movie in HD to streaming 400movies in 8k at the same time.
Speed comparison of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G
• 1G – 2 Kbps (First analog cellular communication)
• 2G – 64Kbps (Digital Cellular communication, GSM)
Source: https://its-wiki.no/
To be fair, 100 milliseconds is very fast. Human response time is about 200 to 300 milliseconds. But 5G will catch on right down to one millisecond, that’s almost real-time. Sounds Crazy yeah. And having the ability to send and receive information in what’s essentially real-time, means we can use 5G to exchange real-time interactions.
What does real-time interactions mean with 5G?
You will be ready to interact with people, objects, or characters controlled by somebody else with no lag on the other side. So, you can play a real-time first-person shooter on your phone and control virtual objects with people. At the same time place a headset and fly a drone or drive a car that’s somewhere else in the real-world.
Or better yet, let it drive itself, which might be one of the most important breakthroughs in the 5G network of self-driving cars. With high speed and relatively low latency rate automatic cars will be able to send data between each other, communicate with the traffic lights road sensors, and so on.
5G network features
Fid. 5G network real-time interactions
What’s so special about a 5G wireless technology?
Imagine a fleet of drones, flying over a field of crops, using sensors on the bottom, to sort pick feed and water individual plants all on their own. 5g will revolutionize the long run, and corporations have already spent billions to set up their networks and to fund new technologies that can use it.
Some potential problems with 5G network
Even if you’re standing pretty on the brink of the node like a couple hundred feet away. It only really travels well within direct line-of-sight. So, things like trees and walls and buildings block disrupt the high-frequency signal even if you are still on the brink of it. Rain in the air could also be a potential problem.
Is 5g technology dangerous?
5G network
Basically, we need more transmitters in the short-range, in order that each one can run at a lower power level than the previous 4G technology. And the UK government had also assured that the radiofrequency fields, placed near the general public, are many times below the guideline levels.
So how distant are we from reaping the benefits of 5g self-driving fleets and robot surgery, well at least a couple of years. New 5g technology is predicted to be fully unrolled in 2020. And over the subsequent two years we’ll be slowly phased in and experimented with it.
As sensors and transmitters are installed around the world, some companies like T-Mobile and Verizon have already launched home 5g networks in selected cities. But it’ll still take quite a bit of time for all the new hardware-software and brand-new innovations to work seamlessly together. Until then we’ll just need to keep dreaming of a bright new future.
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Saudis or Saudi Arabians are a nation composed mainly of Arab ethnic groups which are native to the Arabian Peninsula and live in the five historical Regions: Najd, Al-Hijaz, Asir, Tihama and Al-Ahsa; the regions which Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded on or what was formerly known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd in the Arabian Peninsula. Saudis speak one of the accents and dialects of the Peninsular Arabic, including the Hejazi, Najdi, Gulf and Southern Arabic dialects, as a mother tongue. It is also worth noting that there are Saudi Hejazis of Albanian, Bosniak, Egyptian, Hadremi, Jawi, Turkish, Bukhari, Levantine, Maghrebi, South Asian and Sub-Saharan African origins in the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah. According to the 2010 A.D.census, Saudi nationals represented approximately 19,335,377 making up 74.1% of the total population. Saudi Arabia is a state governed by absolute monarchy, with the king as its head of state.
The word Saudis refer to the name of the ruling family in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia today as an inclusive name for the people of the five regions:.
The ethnic Saudi population as of the 2010 ِA.D. official census was 19,335,377 making up 74.1% of the total population. The remaining population has 6,755,178 non-nationals representing 25.9%.
The first official population census of Saudi Arabia was in 1974. It had 6,218,361 Saudi nationals and 791,105 non-nationals for a total of 7,009,466. Of those, 5,147,056 people where settled and the number of nomads recorded were 1.86 million.
Until the 1960s, much of the population was nomadic or seminomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. 80% of Saudis live in three major urban centers—Riyadh, Jeddah, or Dammam. Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer. Despite the rapid growth in Saudi Arabia over the past decades, it is experiencing a rapid decline not only in mortality, but followed by fertility rates, which fell from about seven children on average per woman. In the last century to 2.4 in 2016, based on the latest population survey conducted by the Saudi Authority for Statistics.
Saudi Arabia has lagged far behind in increasing its population compared to its neighbors such as Iraq and Syria.
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Saudis were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups, a plurality belong to Haplogroup J-M267. Other frequent haplogroups divided between Haplogroup J-M172, A, B, E1b1a, E1b1b, G, H, L, Q, R1a, R1b, T, UP.
The cultural setting of Saudi Arabia is Arab and Islam, and is deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization. The Salafi Islamic movement, Which calls to understanding the Quran and the Hadith as understood by the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, like Forbidding the establishment of a shrine on the graves of the righteous. Following the principle of "enjoining good and forbidding wrong", there are many limitations on behaviour and dress are strictly enforced both legally and socially, often more so than in other Muslim countries. Alcoholic beverages are prohibited, for example, and there is no theatre or public exhibition of films. Things are slowly changing now, as a couple of theatres opened in 2018.
Daily life is dominated by Islamic observance and ruling. Regardless of whether the inhabitants of that city are non Muslim, this is still observed. Although they are not required to fulfil religious rituals or obligations, clothing must meet a certain standard. Five times each day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques scattered throughout the country. Because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims, the weekend is Friday-Saturday. In accordance with Salafi doctrine, only two religious holidays, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, were publicly recognized, until 2006 when a non-religious holiday, the 23 September national holiday was reintroduced.
Social life and customs
A portion of the original inhabitants of the area that is now Saudi were nomads known as Bedouin. They remain a significant and very influential minority of the indigenous Saudi population, though many who call themselves "bedou" no longer engage in "traditional tribal activities of herding sheep and riding camels." According to authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North, Bedouin make up most of the judiciary, religious leaders and National Guard of the country. Bedouin culture is "actively" preserved by the government.
Some of the famous cities in the past were: Jeddah, Tabuk, Al-Ula, Jubbah, Madain Saleh, Riyadh, Tayma, Dumat al-Jandal, Al-Shuwayhatiyah, Thaj, Tarout Island, Qaryat al-Faw, Al-Ukhdud, Ha'il, Qatif, Al-Yamamah, Mecca, Medina, Taif, Aflaj, Manfouha, Tirmidah, etc.
Greetings in Saudi Arabia have been called "formal and proscribed" and lengthy. Saudis tend "to take their time and converse for a bit when meeting". Inquiries "about health and family" are customary, but never about a man's wife, as this "is considered disrespectful."
The religion and customs of Saudi Arabia dictate not only conservative dress for men and women, but a uniformity of dress unique to most of the Middle East. Traditionally, the different regions of Saudi have had different dress, but since the re-establishment of Saudi rule these have been reserved for festive occasions, and "altered if not entirely displaced" by the dress of the homeland of their rulers.
All women are required to wear an abaya a long cloak that covers all, but the hands, hair, and face in public. Saudi women also normally wear a full face veil, such as a niqāb. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques. Foreign women are required to wear an abaya, but don't need to cover their hair.
In recent years it is common to wear Western dress underneath the abaya.
Saudi men and boys, whatever their job or social status, wear the traditional dress called a thobe or thawb, which has been called the "Arabic dress". During warm and hot weather, Saudi men and boys wear white thobes. During the cool weather, wool thobes in dark colors are not uncommon. At special times, men often wear a bisht or ' over the thobe. These are long white, brown or black cloaks trimmed in gold. A man's headdress consists of three things: the ', a small white cap that keeps the gutra from slipping off the head; the gutra itself, which is a large square of cloth; and the igal, a doubled black cord that holds the gutra in place. Not wearing an igal is considered a sign of piety. The gutra is usually made of cotton and traditionally is either all white or a red and white checked. The gutra is worn folded into a triangle and centred on the head.
More recently, Western dress, particularly T-shirts and jeans have become quite common leisure wear, particularly in Jeddah, Riyadh and Eastern Province.
Traditional footwear has been leather sandals but most footwear is now imported.
Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims. The government does not legally protect the freedom of religion. Any overseas national attempting to acquire Saudi nationality must convert to Islam. Saudi Arabia has been criticized for its implementation of Islamic law and its poor human rights record.
The official form of Islam is Sunni of the Hanbali school, in its Salafi version. According to official statistics, 85-90% of Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims, 10-15% are Shia. It is unknown how many Ahmadi there are in the country. The two holiest cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, are in Saudi Arabia. For many reasons, non-Muslims are not permitted to enter the holy cities although some Western non-Muslims have been able to enter, disguised as Muslims.
The large number of foreign workers living in Saudi Arabia includes non-Muslims. Irreligious population also exists in Saudi Arabia. Although there is no official published statistics by the Saudi government, according to a Gallup poll, 5% of Saudi Arabians are irreligious. They may not enter Mecca either.
Policy of exclusion
According to scholar Bernard Lewis, the Saudi Arabian policy of excluding non-Muslims from permanent residence in the country is a continuation of an old and widely accepted Muslim policy.
The classical Arabic historians tell us that in the year 20 after the hijra, corresponding to 641 of the Christian calendar, the Caliph Umar decreed that Jews and Christians should be removed from Arabia to fulfill an injunction the Prophet uttered on his deathbed: "Let there not be two religions in Arabia." The people in question were the Jews of the oasis of Khaybar in the north and the Christians of Najran in the south.
was generally accepted as authentic, and Umar put it into effect.... Compared with European expulsions, Umar's decree was both limited and compassionate. It did not include southern and southeastern Arabia, which were not seen as part of Islam's holy land.... the Jews and Christians of Arabia were resettled on lands assigned to them -- the Jews in Syria, the Christians in Iraq. The process was also gradual rather than sudden, and there are reports of Jews and Christians remaining in Khaybar and Najran for some time after Umar's edict.
But the decree was final and irreversible, and from then until now the holy land of the Hijaz has been forbidden territory for non-Muslims. According to the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence, accepted by both the Saudis and the declaration's signatories, for a non-Muslim even to set foot on the sacred soil is a major offense. In the rest of the kingdom, non-Muslims, while admitted as temporary visitors, were not permitted to establish residence or practice their religion.
While Saudi Arabia does allow non-Muslims to live in Saudi Arabia to work or do business, they may not practice religion publicly. According to the government of the United Kingdom:
Saudi Arabia still gives citizenship to people from other countries. |
Question: Can Elephant Can Jump?
Do elephants lay down to give birth?
Females give birth while standing.
The birth itself lasts only a few minutes.
A single calf is usually born head and forelegs first..
What would happen if an elephant jump?
Jumping could lead to crippling injuries if the large beasts were to trip and fall, Hutchinson said. In addition, most animals jump as a means of escape, an option elephants don’t require, Hutchinson said.
Can elephants get up if they fall?
Their large size makes it difficult for them to get up from the ground. However, recent research has found that elephants need to lie down to get rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
Are elephants afraid of mice?
Theories abound that elephants are afraid of mice because the tiny creatures nibble on their feet or can climb up into their trunks. However, there’s no evidence to back up either of those claims. … It’s more likely that elephants, which have relatively poor eyesight, simply become startled when mice dart past.
Can an elephant kill a lion?
But males are no layabouts — they’re effective killers in their own right, particularly when they target larger prey like elephants and buffalo. Aside from humans, lions are the only predators powerful enough to kill an elephant. … Even a single male can overpower a young elephant.
What animals can kill a lion?
Which animal Cannot sleep?
What animals jump the highest?
Top 10 Highest JumpersJumping Spider.Froghopper. … Kangaroo Rat. … Grasshopper. … Klipspringer. … Bharal. Bharal live in the Himalayas and are one of the best jumpers among animals. … Red Kangaroo. Red Kangaroos are the fastest jumpers among all mammals. … Hare. The Hare is one of fastest animals and has a great ability to jump. … More items…
Do elephants cry?
Can elephants have twins?
April 19, 2018 – This wild African elephant herd recently added two unusual members – twin calves, named “Elon Tusk” and “Emma.” The 8-month-old brother and sister pair are extremely rare. Only one percent of elephant births result in twins. … 57-year-old mother, Eloise, may be the oldest elephant recorded to have twins.
Do elephants have periods?
How high can Elephants Jump?
Elephants are the only mammal that can’t jump But there are other mammals that can’t either, like sloths, hippos and rhinos. Although, unlike elephants, hippos and rhinos can have all four feet off the ground at the same time when they run.
What animal can jump higher than a house?
This worksheet’s riddle is, “What animal can jump higher than a house?’ The solution is: “Any animal because houses can’t jump.” Check out all of our awesome math riddle worksheets on Super Teacher Worksheets! Can’t remember your password?
Which animal can jump 6 feet?
The Highest Jumping AnimalsHigh JumpAnimalHeightTerrestrial animalCougar19.6 ft (6 m)Hoofed animalImpala *9.8 ft (3 m)Horse”Huaso” (1949)8.1 ft (2.47 m)Dog”Cinderella” (2006) **67.9 inch (172.7 cm)14 more rows
Do elephants lay down to sleep?
Elephants can sleep both lying and standing up. However, researchers have discovered that elephants in captivity tend to sleep more lying down than elephants in the wild.
Do elephants have funerals?
When an elephant in the herd dies, the entire herd mourns its death. … Apart from grief, other emotions can also be observed at an elephant funeral, ranging from denial to sympathy.
Can an elephant live without tusks?
Ordinarily, fewer than four per cent of female elephants are born without tusks. … Animals that don’t have tusks survive because they don’t appeal to the poachers,” Long explained. “And so their genes are passed on to the next generation. And you get an increase in the number of individuals that are born without tusks.”
Can elephants die of a broken heart?
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Lactose Intolerance vs Milk Allergy in Children
What Your Pediatrician Wants You To Know 5
What Your Pediatrician Wants You To Know #5
Have you noticed that a lot of parents throw the terms ‘lactose intolerance’ and ‘milk allergy’ around very loosely? But do they know the difference between the two?
Lactose intolerance occurs in children who cannot digest lactose because they do not have enough of the enzyme, lactase, in their intestines to break it down. Lactose is the sugar found in milk and other dairy products such as ice cream and soft cheeses. So instead of being digested, the lactose remains in the intestines, feeding intestinal bacteria and causing the uncomfortable symptoms associated with lactose intolerance.
A milk allergy, on the other hand, is a food allergy caused by an allergic reaction to the protein found in milk. The body perceives the protein to be harmful, and releases chemicals such as histamine, inducing an allergic reaction.
So how can you tell the difference between the two?
Many parents often confuse milk allergy with lactose intolerance as their symptoms are similar. If you suspect your child has lactose intolerance, here are the symptoms you can look out for:
• stomach cramps
• bloating
• gas
• diarrhoea
• nausea
These symptoms can occur anywhere from 30 minutes after eating or drinking lactose-containing foods.
A milk allergy can also cause these same symptoms, but because milk allergy is an immune system response, babies who are allergic to cow’s milk will more than likely present the following symptoms as well:
• skin rash
• runny nose
• wheezing
• coughs
• swelling of lips or throat
If you’re concerned that your child has either lactose intolerance or milk allergy, rather make an appointment with your child’s pediatrician so that he or she can make a clinical diagnosis.
Pediatrician Category
Penelope & Bella mom blog and online maternity wear store
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Mercedes Simplex 40/45
The Mercedes Simplex was of decisive significance for the automobile as we know it today. It was the first car with front engine and rear wheel drive, radiator, pedals and steering wheel. Dubstantial contributions to the development of this car were made by Wilhelm Maybach. Its price was immense, 40,000 goldmarks. In relation to this, a Mercedes of the top class would have to cost two million Euros these days.
The Simplex-series was developed from the Mercedes 35 hp, the very first Mercedes. The name "Mercedes" was coined in 1901 by Emile Jellinek, who was the French general importer of Daimler at that time. Since the trade-name "Daimler" sounded unoleasant when pronounced in French he changed it to "Mercedes", the name of his daughter. Later on, this trade-name was adopted by Daimler.
The Simplex from 1905 on exhibit in the Technik Museum Sinsheim is powered by a 6.8 liter 4-cylinder engine with 45 hp. In was acquired first hand from the chauffeur of the Anhäusser-Busch family, the most famous brewery dynasty of America. The family had donated the car to their chauffeur after retirement. |
Quick Answer: What Is The Oldest Name In Scotland?
Is long a Scottish name?
Some are of English, Scottish and Norman descent.
The Norman de Long and le Lung arrived in the 11th century with the Anglo-Norman conquest in 1066 AD and established in numerous locations.
A number of Irish Gaelic septs of O’Longain and O’Longaig contributed to the origin of the name..
Are Scottish people Celtic?
What is the oldest surname in Scotland?
Are all MC names Scottish?
Strictly speaking, there is no difference between Mac and Mc. The contraction from Mac to Mc has occurred more in Ireland than in Scotland, with two out of three Mc surnames originating in Ireland, but two out of three Mac surnames originating in Scotland.
What is the longest last name?
Where is the Long family from?
Variants of the name Long include Langan, Lanigan, Lang and Laing. Meaning ‘the long’, this name describes the stature of the original bearer. This name is of Anglo-Norman descent spreading to Ireland, Scotland and Wales in early times and is found in many mediaeval manuscripts in the above countries.
What color eyes do most Scottish have?
What was Scotland originally called?
What color are Scottish eyes?
In Ireland and Scotland, 86% of people have either blue or green eyes. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color.
Who was the most feared Scottish clan?
Clan Campbell1. Clan Campbell. Clan Campbell was one of the largest and most powerful clans in the Highlands.
What nationality has green eyes?
Is Scotland a girl name?
Scotland – Girl’s name meaning, origin, and popularity | BabyCenter.
Are Scottish descendants of Vikings?
By the end of the 9th century the Vikings came to Scotland to raid and settle. It is curious that the Vikings settled so quickly in Scotland and Northern and east Ireland, and slower in England. … To this day you can find Scottish Clans with direct Viking (Norse) descent.
What is the longest name on the planet?
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapiki-maungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitnatahu holds the world record for being the longest place name on the entire planet, at the length of 85 characters.
Did the Vikings fear the Scots?
What is the most common eye color in Scotland?
blueThe most common eye color in Scotland/Ireland is blue, even when the person has dark hair as this one below.
Does England own Scotland?
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. … Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain.
What is the most common name in Scotland?
Note: Correction 25 September 2014PositionNameNumber1SMITH22732BROWN16593WILSON15394THOMSON137346 more rows |
Edge computing – what is edge computing?
Our overview of edge compute gives you some of the current thinking about edge. Read more specialist research and articles on edge and get in touch with our edge specialists on our edge hub.
What is edge computing?
Edge computing brings the capabilities of cloud close to the end-user or end-device. There are debates around edge computing vs fog computing. In reality, the two have similar objectives. A small difference is that fog computing can include running intelligence on the end-device and is more Internet of Things (IoT) focused.
Telcom operators often treat edge as synonymous with mobile edge computing or multi-access edge computing – compute based on the edge of the network. However, telco edge compute includes workloads running on customer premise equipment and other points of presence at the customer site.
We say telco edge is best thought of as distributed compute, managed by the operator, which may extend beyond the network edge and onto the customer edge.
Telco edge cloud incorporates the benefits of cloud and local computing, and ‘local’ can be on-device or on-premises. Customers can run low latency applications, as well as cache or process data close to the data source. This can also reduce backhaul traffic volumes and costs.
Edge computing definition: key terms in edge computing defined
Below we provide a simple definition of Edge computing. Included are some of the other key terms in edge computing defined.
Edge computing: edge compute is a physical compute infrastructure that is positioned on the spectrum between the device and the hyperscale cloud, supporting various applications. Edge computing brings processing capabilities closer to the end user/device/source of data which eliminates the journey to the cloud data centre and reduces latency.
Telco edge computing: distributed compute, managed by the telco operator, which may extend beyond the network edge and onto the customer edge. Customers can run low latency applications as well as cache or process data close to the data source to reduce backhaul traffic volumes and costs.
On-premise edge computing: computing resources on customer premises that are managed by a network operator for applications and functions. These functions run in virtualised environments as cloud-based operations across a distributed edge architecture. On-premise edge computing retains sensitive data on-premises while still taking advantage of the elasticity offered by the edge cloud.
Edge Cloud: Virtualised infrastructure and business models on top of the edge compute. Edge cloud captures the benefits of both cloud and on-premise servers, as it has the flexibility and scalability and the capacity to handle sudden spikes in workloads from unplanned increases in end-user activities.
Private Cloud: cloud deployment model where computing services are offered over a private network to a set of dedicated users. Private cloud also offers the benefits of a public cloud such as scalability and agility, but the key difference is that private cloud delivers higher security and data privacy through the internal hosting of cloud infrastructure.
Network edge: this is where enterprise-owned networks such as wireless LAN or data centres connect to third-party networks like the internet.
What is edge cloud?
Although the terms are used interchangeably, edge computing and edge cloud refer to slightly different things. Edge computing primarily refers to the physical compute infrastructure that is positioned on the spectrum between device and hyperscale cloud, and supports various applications. However, edge cloud is the virtualised infrastructure and business models on top of compute.
And like cloud, edge cloud is flexible and scalable. Unlike static, on-premise servers, it has the capacity to handle sudden spikes in workloads from unplanned increases in end-user activity. It also helps scale when testing and deploying new applications so a great solution for enterprise. Again, the efficiency and scalability are cost benefits here.
Telco edge is suited to applications that are mobile as it can scale up and down as well as move across different telco edge locations.
Where is the edge?
The edge spans anywhere between the end-device and the cloud/internet. However, telco edge computing is a subset of this.
There are multiple potential locations for telco edge computing on and off the public network. These include customer premises, cell towers, street cabinets, and network aggregation points in the access and core network. The decision for where to put edge compute infrastructure for a telco depends on three factors:
a) the telco’s current network architecture
b) the virtualisation roadmap, which is where you plan data centre facilities for network applications
c) demand and the use cases telcos have to cater to.
For example, cell towers are close to the customer edge and cover a wider area than street cabinets. These would suit low latency communication for autonomous vehicles – letting cars have real-time responses based on current environment and what’s happening further up the road.
Edge computing simplifiedwhere is the edge
What are edge use cases?
Telco edge incorporates the benefits of both local computing (for example, on the premises) and cloud computing. The advantages of edge computing include customers being able to run low latency applications better, as well as cache or process data close to the data source to reduce backhaul traffic volumes and costs.
On the other hand, like cloud, telco edge compute should offer flexibility and scalability. Telco edge compute can provide capacity to handle sudden spikes in workloads from unplanned increases in end-user activity or address enterprises’ need to scale quickly when developing, testing and deploying new applications. For mobile applications, edge compute not only needs to scale up and down, but also move across different telco edge locations.
Will low latency use cases benefit most from edge?
The short answer is no. There are many other benefits of edge computing that we have already discussed.
There is a lot of hype for the millisecond latency use cases – such as augmented reality and virtual reality, autonomous cars, and drones, as well as edge computing for IoT in mission-critical applications. Despite the excitement in the industry for these use cases, there is still work to make them commercial. Sometimes it is technology maturity, or for regulation, to catch up.
For example, ahead of autonomous cars, the UK government is proposing a three-year review of existing law to consider responsibility of humans and computers. In the case of AR and VR, the technology is not yet appropriate for many use cases. Some of these challenges include the size, weight and power needs of headsets that make them impractical for remote use over long periods of time. Technology companies are working to improve headset form factor, for example Facebook’s Oculus Rift S.
Edge computing examples: Examples of edge computing for enterprises & consumers
Enterprise edge computing examples
For enterprises, these industries are examples of those that could benefit from edge computing:
• Manufacturing: reducing the amount of data going to the cloud for applications such as predictive maintenance and eventually moving operational technology to generic edge compute platforms to run processes in a cloud-like way, but still maintaining the reliability of an on-premise deployment
• Retail: using edge computing to reduce latency to be able to create rich, interactive experience in stores or at home (e.g. using augmented reality for online shopping)
• Oil and gas: reducing the reliance on the cloud to enable IoT-based applicatoins
• Enterprise ICT: applications such as virtual desktops could run from the edge to reduce the amount of latency experience when running these from the cloud
• Healthcare: allowing hospital CIOs to innovate and use more cloud-like applications, but still ensuring data is handled in a secure way, rather than in a remote server
Consumer edge computing examples
For consumers, the following use cases could benefit from edge computing:
• Gaming: both hard-core multiplayer gaming and the growing area of cloud gaming would benefit from edge by reducing lag for the end-gamer
• AR/VR experience: to be able to provide rich experiences using augmented reality (on smart phones, headsets or digital signage), edge will be critical to reduce latency and optimise the end-user experience
• Healthcare: analysing data from IoT devices at the edge to reduce the amount of data transmitted over the network and avoid overloading central servers with raw data
• Media/CDN: optimising video streaming by caching media even closer to the end-user
Does edge need 5G?
There is significant overlap in the use cases for both, such as AR and VR, autonomous cars, industry 4.0, IoT etc. Although edge computing supports these low latency applications, 5G enhances it by improving throughput and reducing latency.
In some cases, we need both to achieve latency that’s below 10 milliseconds. But there are still challenges for 5G as telcos will deploy gradually at first and focus on major cities. For this reason it could undermine adoption of applications such as enterprise AR. Telcos can combine edge compute with 4G to create workarounds in areas where 5G is yet to be rolled out. We have provided more on this question.
What are the potential edge computing business models for telcos?
Telcos could run applications on a distributed compute infrastructure as a service for third parties and internal, non-network applications teams. With this, the potential business models vary – from co-location, to infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), to a systems integrator model. We identified five key edge business models in recent research and it should be useful reading for you.
The key benefit of edge computing for enterprises is sending less data back to the cloud for storage and processing. This is particularly relevant for data-sensitive applications and those generating huge data volumes, such as in industrial IoT (IIoT) or high-definition video capture. Organisations like the Industrial Internet Consortium offer useful case studies in this area.
Reducing backhaul clearly benefits the telco, as it lowers associated network and interconnect costs. If operators split the price of access from backhaul they could pass on cost savings to the edge customer.
This means changing pricing models for connectivity. Currently enterprises have no incentive to run workloads at the network edge that reduce backhaul because they pay the same whether data travels all the way to the public or private cloud or not.
Edge computing vs cloud computing
Public cloud adoption has grown exponentially across enterprises so telcos that want to offer telco edge services should draw lessons from the cloud players’ success.
Telcos shouldn’t see telco edge as a competitor to existing cloud solutions. Instead they should partner with existing players, for example AWS, Azure and Google, to create solutions that can be easily adopted. This could mean offering telco edge via a cloud provider platform. Telcos will also get value from being able to manage workloads up (to the cloud) and down (to the device or premises) seamlessly.
Cloud computing is a catalyst for industrial transformation, edge computing should be a key part of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) planning to enable and accelerate digital transformation.
Edge compute is an exciting area that’s gaining momentum. Telcos and vendors will need to consider the business models carefully if they’re to monetise the opportunities and apply the best edge solutions for their company.
About Dalia Adib
Edge computing practice lead
Read more about Edge Compute
Turning vision into practice
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5G and edge computing: why does 5G need edge?
4G and edge will drive 5G coverage and applications. This would boost service demand and offer growth for telcos at a time when there is still scepticism for the 5G business case
Read more
Edge business models and how to execute them
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Airline industry analysis by Porter’s Five Forces
The Airline industry provides a very unique service to its customers. It transports people with a high level of convenience and efficiency that cannot not be provided by any other industry or substitute. Airline companies pride themselves on the way they treat their customer during the flight. They have things such as food, drinks, entertainment, and a welcoming staff. The service of transportation is provided in other industries but the airline surpasses all of them when it comes to timeliness. The geographic scope of the airline industry is at a global level. Some firms are able to fly their planes all over the world while others focus on smaller geographic areas.
The five forces model is one way to answer the first basic question in strategic management; “Why are some industries more attractive than others?” This model shows the five forces that shape industry competition; threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, and competitors. In order to analyze the airline industry we have look at each of these forces.
Bargaining power of Buyers
The airline industry is made up of two groups of buyers. First, there are individual flyers. They buy plane tickets for a number of reasons that can be personal or business related. This group is extremely diverse; most people in developed countries have purchased a plane ticket. They can do this through the specific airline or through the second group of buyers; travel agencies and online portals. This buyer group works as a middle man between the airlines and the flyers. They work with multiple airline firms in order to give customers the best flight possible. Between these two groups there is definitely a large amount of buyers compared to the number of firms.
There are low switching costs between firms because many people choose the flight based on where they are going and the cost at the time. This is some loyalty to firms but not enough for high switching costs. Each customer needs a lot of important information. They need to know the details of what is provided during the flight. Buyers need to understand the timing of the flight and the safety aspects of flying in general. The service provided is unique. Each airline has a niche. Some airlines focus on cost, while others focus on having the best amenities, etc. Overall the bargaining power of buyers has an extremely low threat in this industry.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Next we look at the bargaining power of the suppliers. In this case the major suppliers are the airplane manufacturers. The top two manufacturers in the world currently are Boeing and Airbus(Odell,Mark). In this industry the inputs are extremely standardized. Airline companies only seem to differentiate with amenities. The planes are very similar. Currently some manufacturers are trying to make their plans more ecofriendly.
Airline companies cannot easily switch suppliers. Most firms have long term contracts with their suppliers. Planes are such high capital products that firms probably make long term loan agreements and have more favorable credit terms when they don’t switch companies. It is difficult to enter into the plane manufacturing industry because of the capital needed to enter. The amount of money and expertise needed to make even one plane is around 200 million dollars. For this reason there are very few suppliers in the airline industry. Airline firms are the only source of income for these manufacturers so their business is extremely important. Based on these things the bargaining power of suppliers has a low threat as well.
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of new entrants is another major aspect of the five forces. This aspect has a low threat for the airline industry. There are two aspects that do however raise the threat level. First, there are extremely low switching costs. Second, there are no proprietary products or services involved.
Even with these two aspects the industry still has a very low threat overall. Existing firms have a large cost advantage. This industry requires a large amount of capital and without a strong customer base there will be little to no profit in the first few years. Existing firms can and will use their high capital to retaliate against newer firms with whatever means necessary such as lowering prices and taking a loss.
Although there are low switching costs between brands, consumers tend to only chose well-known names. Airline tickets are expensive so people don’t want to give that money to firms they don’t trust. There is also a huge safety aspect involved and most consumers feel safer with firms that have been around for a long period of time. This industry requires plane and flying experience which also lowers the threat of entry. When firms decide to enter the market they first have to become licensed which can take about a year. After that they are constantly being regulated by several organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Transportation. The time and money spend to solely open an airline company is enough to prevent most people from entering the industry.
Threat of Substitutes
After looking at the threat of entry it is important to also consider the threat of substitutes. This industry has a medium substitute risk level. There are substitutes in the airline industry. Consumers can choose other form of transportation such as a car, bus, train, or boat to get to their destination. There is however a cost to switch. Some means of transportation can be more costly than a plane ticket. The main cost is time. Planes are by far the fastest form of transportation available. Airlines surpass all other forms of transportation when it comes to cost, convenience, and sometimes service. Consumers do sometimes choose other methods for various reasons such as cost if they are not traveling very far which raises the risk.
Rivalry among Existing Players
The last area of the five forces is the rivalry among existing players. The rivalry in the airline industry is very intense for many reasons. The industry is currently very stagnant. It seems to be in the mature stage of the business cycle. The number of competitors stays the same in the long run and it doesn’t seem to be under or over capacitated. The fixed costs are extremely high in this industry. This makes it hard to leave the industry because they are probably in long term loan agreements in order to stay in business. The products involved or the planes are highly complex which also heightens the competition.
The competition is lessened by the brand identities of different firms. For example, Jetblue is known for its amenities and Southwest is known for its low prices. The market share seemed to be equally distributed because each company has its own part of the market and because switching costs are low none of the firms can really hold a large percentage of the market.
The strongest forces in this industry are the competition of existing firms and the power of suppliers. The rivalry of existing players is high and will push out any firm that doesn’t have enough capital. Suppliers are strong forces because planes are so costly to make. If the suppliers changed the credit terms by even a small amount it could mean a significant loss for the firm. On the other hand the other forces involved seem to have a weak threat. It is costly and time consuming to enter the market which lowers the risk of entry. Buyers have a weak force because of the low switching costs and substitutes are weak because they are usually too costly.
The profit in this industry is high because for most people flying in necessary. It is not a trend which makes this industry profitable for the long term. Airlines that are more profitable are in a better position because they usually have more planes and a larger variety of flights which provides further convenience for the consumer.
Recently there have been some changes in some of the forces. Some airplane manufacturers have been making ecofriendly planes, which is a change in the bargaining power of suppliers. This would differentiate the products, raising the threat of suppliers. Another recent change is the use of web portals such as Expedia to book flights. This positive change creates a whole new group of buyers and makes purchasing flights faster and easier. The increase in gas prices has also been a positive change for the industry because it lessens the power of substitutes. People are more willing to fly to their destination if driving would be more expensive.
After looking at the Five Forces Model firms should make dealing with the competition their main priority. The other areas in the model seem to have an overall low threat so existing firms don’t have to focus on those areas as much in their business strategy.
Now that we have brought you through our Porter’s Five Force analysis, the last thing that is important to consider when exploring an industry, are the dominant economic features. The next section of our report will give you an overview of what features affect the airline industry most.
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The Art of public speaking
Securing and Protecting Information |
I have 2 application lets say A1 ,A2 shared one shared object(lets say lib1) which loaded in application at runtime. A1 load lib1 using dlopen successfully. Now A2 wants to load library. Can A2?(as lib1 loaded in A1 address space). What if A1 load using RTLD_LOCAL. Can A2 load lib?
• 2
Shared libraries wouldn't be very useful if that didn't work. You'd only ever be able to start one non-static process on your computer, all others would fail because they can't load libc. – Mat May 9 '12 at 5:35
Yes, of course. From the Wikipedia article on libraries:
In other words, the whole reason they're called "shared" is because more than one executable is using them.
From the docs for RTLD_LOCAL:
The RTLD_LOCAL flag to dlopen() simply indicates that when A1 loads lib1, if it defines, say, a function f1(), and then A1 loads lib2, it can't use the f1() from lib1, because that was loaded local.
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How Important Is The Power Of The Judiciary?
What is the most important function of judiciary?
The role of the judiciary is to adjudicate disputes according to law.
Adjudication involves three functions: fact determination (done mostly by the trial court), law application and law determination..
What would happen if there was no judiciary?
If there had been no judiciary, then the rights of the individuals might not have been conserved. People would have faced partiality, humiliation, discrimination, violence in every field.
How does the judicial branch impact society?
The judicial branch is the branch of our government that interprets the meaning of our laws. The judicial branch impacts us because it protects us from laws that might violate the Constitution. … The judicial branch will also determine what the punishment is for a person who broke the law.
What is a judiciary simple definition?
1a : a system of courts of law. b : the judges of these courts. 2 : a branch of government in which judicial power is vested.
What are the 3 principles of judicial review?
What is the power of the judicial review?
What are the powers of judiciary?
Judicial power is the power “of a court to decide and pronounce a judgment and carry it into effect between persons and parties who bring a case before it for decision.”139 It is “the right to determine actual controversies arising between diverse litigants, duly instituted in courts of proper jurisdiction.”140 The …
Why is the power of judicial review important?
Because the power of judicial review can declare that laws and actions of local, state, or national government are invalid if they conflict with the Constitution. It also gives courts the power to declare an action of the executive or legislative branch to be unconstitutional.
Why do we need the judiciary?
In a federal system, the judiciary has to perform an additionally important role as the guardian of the constitution and the arbiter of disputes between the centre and states. It acts as an independent and impartial umpire between the central government and state governments as well as among the states.
Why is the judicial system important to society?
Not only does it protect the law and rights given to us as Americans by our Constitution and the Bill of Rights, but makes sure that all branches of the government are working to do their job, of the people, by the people and for the people of the United States of America.
Who is more powerful than a judge?
What is judicial power of government?
What is the role of the judicial review?
Judicial review allows the Supreme Court to take an active role in ensuring that the other branches of government abide by the constitution. … Rather, the power to declare laws unconstitutional has been deemed an implied power, derived from Article III and Article VI of the U.S. Constitution. |
Firewire Cables (IEEE 1394)
Firewire Cables (IEEE 1394) | 73 items
Keywords: , Firewire Cables (IEEE 1394)
Description: By screening firewire cables (ieee 1394) with . the eligible records: 73
Count: 73
1st Connector 2nd Connector Length Color Features
Questions with Firewire Cables (IEEE 1394)
• Ask: What is a IEEE 1394 FireWire port used for?
Answer: Your Computer's FireWire (IEEE 1394) Connections. On a PC, the IEEE port (called FireWire) is used primarily for connecting audio or video devices to the console. An external scanner or disk drive may also use the IEEE port. Plug any IEEE device into the computer at any time.
firewire, ieee 1394, ieee port, used, use
• Ask: Can FireWire be converted to HDMI?
firewire, does, converter will, hdmi
• Ask: What are the advantages disadvantages of IEEE 1394 FireWire?
Answer: Along with USB, Firewire (also called IEEE 1394 and i. ... Firewire also has the advantage of being able to transfer power to the device through the same cable that does the data transfer. A disadvantage of Firewire is that cables tend to be more expensive.
firewire, ieee 1394, advantage, disadvantage
• Ask: Can you connect a FireWire to USB?
Answer: No, it is not possible to connect a FireWire interface to your computer's USB port via a FireWire to USB adapter since this connection is not sufficient to run a FireWire audio interface. ... This article here explains about which cards work the best with Focusrite FireWire interfaces.
usb, connection, firewire
• Ask: What is a FireWire cable used for?
Answer: Along with USB, Firewire (also called IEEE 1394) is another popular connector for adding peripherals to your computer. Firewire is most often used to connect digital camcorders, external hard drives, and other devices that can benefit from the high transfer rates (up to 480 Mbps) supported by the Firewire connection.
firewire, used
• Ask: Are there different types of FireWire cables?
Answer: There are two primary versions of the FireWire interface \u2013 FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b). FireWire 400 uses a 6-pin connector and supports data transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps. FireWire 800 uses a 9-pin connector and can transfer data at up to 800 Mbps.
there, firewire
• Ask: Is Thunderbolt the same as FireWire?
Answer: Thunderbolt is the newer one that aims to compete with Firewire, and even with USB. The main difference between Firewire and Thunderbolt is speed. Firewire has a maximum throughput of around 3.2Gbps while Thunderbolt is capable of achieving 10Gbps.
thunderbolt, firewire |
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All posts by Ed Fontes
Parallel Universes, Schrödinger, Hawking, Borges, and One Direction
May 7, 2015
What is the relation between the extremely popular band One Direction, quantum mechanics, and cosmology? Stephen Hawking may just have explained this relation in one of his recent talks at the Sydney Opera House. It has to do with the prediction of parallel universes, where we, in an infinite number of worlds, could find worlds that are almost identical to ours but with all possible permutations and differences, much like the 410-page books in The Library of Babel by Borges.
Why Car Batteries Perform Poorly in Cold Weather
February 5, 2015
Modeling Approaches in Heterogeneous Catalysis
February 3, 2015
Geometry Modeling in Simulation Apps
January 8, 2015
Apps for Teaching Mathematical Modeling of Tubular Reactors
November 21, 2014
Sometimes a Cigar Is More Than Just a Cigar
September 10, 2014
As a chemical engineer, I can’t just smoke a cigar and leave it at that. Here, I investigate the anatomy, structure, and chemical process zones of a cigar and show you a simple model of the temperature distribution of the smoke in a cigar as well as the concentration of oxygen.
The Magnus Effect and the FIFA World Cup™ Match Ball
June 12, 2014
The Beckham and Maradona curl obtained with the inside of the soccer cleat (football boot), and the curl by Eder, Nelinho, and Roberto Carlos with the outside of the cleat, is due to the Magnus effect. The effect is named after the scientist who first observed it in a laboratory in the 1850s. The Magnus effect explains the side-force on a sphere that is both rotating and moving forward. We’ll use it to analyze the FIFA World Cup™ match ball.
25–31 of 31 |
Butyl Rubber Introduction
by Dongrubber on April 24, 2013 · 0 comments
Part 1 Brief Introduction
Butyl rubber same as ethylene propylene rubber, belongs to nonpolar saturated carbon chain rubber, has the commonness of this kind of rubber, which has excellent chemical stability and high insulation, and because of its structure characteristics, it also has some features different from those of the ethylene-propylene rubber.
Butyl rubber sheet has excellent chemical stability, water resistance, water proof property and insurability. These performances compared with ethylene propylene rubber were a little inferior, but with unsaturated rubber it is much better. It’s resistant to oil, polarity, and low temperature performance is also very good as well as ethylene propylene rubber.
The crystallization of butyl rubber is not sensitive to low temperature, is not easy to crystallization under low temperature, high crystallization occurs under tensile, elongation is lower than 150% also did not see crystallization; If below -40 ℃, plus tensile conditions, crystallization is faster. Without reinforcing the tensile strength of the butyl rubber can reach 14-21 MPa, but in order to further improve the mechanical properties such as wear resistance, resistance to tear, it often needs to reinforce.
Part 2 Basic Properties of butyl rubber
1. General butyl rubber
(1) Physical properties.
① Appearance: Off-white viscous elastic solid, cold flow properties
② Density: 0.9g/cm3
③ Mooney viscosity(ML1001+8): 45±5, 65±5, 75±5
④ Ash content: 0.3% ~ 0.5%
⑤ Volatility: 0.1%~0.3%
⑥ Content of stabilizer: 0.1%~0.25%
(2) Elasticity and damping property. Butyl rubber has the lowest elasticity among all types of general rubbers, impact elasticity, at room temperature its impact elasticity is only 8% to 11%; Above 0 ℃ butyl rubber impact elasticity is lower than other rubber.
Butyl rubber sheet has good damping property, that is, absorption of vibration. In a wide temperature range and very wide frequency range it can keep tan≥0.5 or higher. For example under 25 ℃, keep tan≥0.5 butyl rubber frequency range spans 6 qty levels.
(3) The gas tightness. In general rubber, butyl rubber has the best air tightness, which has very small gas permeability. If to compare in the entire polymer, butyl rubber air tightness is moderate.
2. Halogenated butyl rubber
(1) The brominated butyl rubber. Brominated butyl rubber due to adding the strong polarity bromine atoms, it not only can improve the curing rate of rubber, but also solves the problem of poor adhesion. Therefore, the use of brominated butyl rubber as the middle tier can make good adhesion between butyl rubber and other rubber, metal, fibre effectively, strength can reach 40 n/cm, max to more than 100 n/cm.
(2) Chlorinated butyl rubber. Besides chloride butyl rubber has butyl rubber’s very good aging resistance, electric insulativity, ozone resistance, abrasion resistance, acid-proof alkaline, compression set resistance, flexing resistance and permeability all these characteristics, it also solved the butyl rubber vulcanization rate low problem and the poor adhesion, can sulfide with natural rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber and so on, and further improved the heat resistance and weather resistance of butyl rubber. As a result, the application of chlorinated butyl rubber has exceeded the butyl rubber.
Dry glue mixing method of chlorinated butyl rubber chlorine uses activated carbon as carrier. But because activated carbon is polluting, so it can only be used as a dark rubber products.
Chlorinated butyl rubber uses with a small amount of other rubber can improve its performance. Use with natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, for example, can improve the adhesion; With neoprene rubber can improve flame resistance; With chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber can improve the tensile modulus and hardness, reduce compression permanent deformation; With nitrile rubber can improve oil resistant performance; With reclaimed rubber can reduce the cost, at the same time can improve strength and elongation.
Part 3 Application of butyl rubber
Butyl rubber and halogenated butyl rubber is mainly used for tire industry, especially suitable for inner tube, capsule, airtight layer, the tire and rubber hose, waterproof materials, anti-corrosion products, electrical products, heat resistant conveyor belt, etc.
When make products mentioned above, we choose brands of butyl rubber according to the saturation. General electric products choose low unsaturation butyl rubber, it has good electrical insulation performance. Heat resistant products selected high unsaturation butyl rubber, this is in contrast to the conventional concept, mainly due to the butyl rubber get soften by thermal aging and crosslinking density decreased; Instead high saturation rubber has big starting crosslinking degree, after aging its rest crosslinking degree is higher than low unsaturation rubber, moreover high unsaturation butyl rubber has low declining aging hardness, so the performance is still good.
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Electron Charge to Millicoulombs Conversion
Enter the electric charge in electron charge below to get the value converted to millicoulombs.
Results in Millicoulombs:
Loading content.
1 e = 1.6022E-16 mC
How to Convert Electron Charge to Millicoulombs
To convert an electron charge measurement to a millicoulomb measurement, divide the electric charge by the conversion ratio.
Since one millicoulomb is equal to 6.2415E+15 electron charge, you can use this simple formula to convert:
millicoulombs = electron charge ÷ 6.2415E+15
The electric charge in millicoulombs is equal to the electron charge divided by 6.2415E+15.
For example, here's how to convert 5.0E+15 electron charge to millicoulombs using the formula above.
5.0E+15 e = (5.0E+15 ÷ 6.2415E+15) = 0.801088 mC
Electron charge and millicoulombs are both units used to measure electric charge. Keep reading to learn more about each unit of measure.
Electron Charge
The millicoulomb is 1/1,000 of a coulomb, which is the electric charge equal to one ampere of current over one second.
The millicoulomb is a multiple of the coulomb, which is the SI derived unit for electric charge. In the metric system, "milli" is the prefix for 10-3. Millicoulombs can be abbreviated as mC; for example, 1 millicoulomb can be written as 1 mC.
Electron Charge to Millicoulomb Conversion Table
Electron charge measurements converted to millicoulombs
Electron Charge Millicoulombs
1 e 0.00000000000000016022 mC
2 e 0.00000000000000032044 mC
3 e 0.00000000000000048065 mC
4 e 0.00000000000000064087 mC
5 e 0.00000000000000080109 mC
6 e 0.00000000000000096131 mC
7 e 0.0000000000000011215 mC
8 e 0.0000000000000012817 mC
9 e 0.000000000000001442 mC
10 e 0.0000000000000016022 mC
100 e 0.000000000000016022 mC
1,000 e 0.00000000000016022 mC
10,000 e 0.0000000000016022 mC
100,000 e 0.000000000016022 mC
1,000,000 e 0.00000000016022 mC
10,000,000 e 0.0000000016022 mC
100,000,000 e 0.000000016022 mC
1,000,000,000 e 0.00000016022 mC
10,000,000,000 e 0.0000016022 mC
100,000,000,000 e 0.000016022 mC
1,000,000,000,000 e 0.00016 mC
10,000,000,000,000 e 0.001602 mC
100,000,000,000,000 e 0.016022 mC
1,000,000,000,000,000 e 0.160218 mC
10,000,000,000,000,000 e 1.6022 mC |
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Younger star, orbiting exoplanets found in a ‘river of stars’ utilizing TESS, Spitzer data- Expertise Information, Firstpost
Astronomers have noticed a younger star referred to as TOI 451 that has three sizzling planets in orbit round it. The astronomers noticed the solar utilizing NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite tv for pc (TESS). The younger star has quite a bit in frequent with our solar, in accordance a NASA statement of the invention. Nevertheless, contemplating our solar’s age is roughly 4.6 billion years previous, the star TOI 451 is comparatively youthful, at 120 million years previous. The newly-discovered star might additional the present understanding of how the photo voltaic system fashioned. The TOI 451 star is 95 p.c the mass of the solar, 12 p.c smaller, and emits solely two-third the power.
All three planets that orbit TOI 451 sit very near the star, based on the assertion. Because of this the planets are sizzling, with temperatures starting from 2,200 °F (innermost planet) to 840 °F (outermost). The system additionally has a pair of companion stars that orbit far past the planets.
The TOI 451 system. Picture: NASA
The three planets and TOI 451 reside in a “river of stars” often known as the Pisces-Eridanus stream which was found lately. The stream is 1,300 light-years lengthy that covers one-third of the sky and is made up of stars which can be lower than 3 p.c of the age of the universe.
Yellow dots show the locations of known or suspected members, with TOI 451 circled. Image: NASA
Yellow dots present the areas of recognized or suspected members, with TOI 451 circled. Picture: NASA
Researchers had initially thought that the stream was previous, as younger stars can have darkish spots like sunspots which trigger fluctuations of their brightness. Nevertheless, a more in-depth have a look at the stream utilizing the TESS observatory, researchers might observe that the stream was truly made up of very younger stars that spin shortly.
The planets found make for a superb level of remark for telescopes as they develop, with instruments just like the upcoming James Webb House Telescope that may detect whether or not an exoplanet has an environment.
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several common tools in sewing drawing
When sewing, we often encounter some drawing tools, sewing tools, or sewing machine accessories. Let's learn more about it.
1. Drawing Tools
(1) Pen
The basic tool for drawing is a pen, which can be either ordinary pencil or automatic pencil. Automatic pencil is more convenient when drawing a straight line because of its stable thickness.
(2) Paper
The paper for drawing is actually very important. Of course, any paper, such as newspaper, can be used as a drawing tool. However, if from a professional point of view, clothing plate making paper can be directly searched on the internet. Light and thin 45g plate making paper is relatively transparent, which can be used to copy paper patterns, etc. A little hard 120 grams or kraft paper is more suitable for preservation. And the rubbing of the paper on the cloth can be better painted. The price is not expensive either. A thick volume is for tens of yuan, and the width is relatively wide.
quilting ruler
(3) Ruler
A ruler is required for measuring the line. Most people know about rulers. Here are two commonly used rulers.
① The First Is a Straightedge
The commonly used ones are yardstick, straightedge and measuring scale.
Most of the yardsticks on the market are cm on one side and inch on the other side. It is recommended to buy cm on both sides, because inch is hardly needed. The four sides of cm ruler are cm, and it is very convenient for drawing.
Straightedge is mainly to draw right angles, convenient for vertical and horizontal lines. The measuring scale is generally for professional designers to draw a scaled down plate making drawing. There is also a little bit of advice, the scale drawing can also be made a trial version of versions.
② The Second Is the quilting ruler
Commonly used ones are snake shaped ruler and armhole ruler. Armhole ruler is mainly to draw collar circumference, armhole and hip circumference. The function of serpentine ruler is similar to armhole ruler. The reason why it is recommended is that serpentine ruler is convenient for making mouth gold bag, and it is more convenient to measure and draw drawings than armhole ruler.
(4) Scissors
Tailor's shears are one of the essential tools for drawing and sewing. It is worth noting that the paper-cut type scissors and the cloth cutting scissors must be separated and cannot be mixed.
There are also tips for cutting cloth. When cutting the cloth, it is better not to lift the scissors. The correct posture is to press lightly on one side of the cutting line of the cloth and fix it with one hand, and to press the tailor scissor against the table to cut the cloth with the other hand. When cutting the straight part, cut off the straight part straightforward with scissors. The curved part needs to be cut forward slowly with the tip part of the scissor. Note that when cutting cloth, the cloth should not leave the table as much as possible.
quilting ruler
2. Sewing Tools
(1) Water Erasing Pen
If the pencil is used on paper, the cloth is suitable for water erasing pen. It is very convenient with water erasing pen. Especially for knitting cloth, because of its elasticity, it can be moved down slowly with water erasing pen.
(2) Beading Needle(Strong Clip)
Beading needle is for fixing the cloth. Pay attention to the direction of the needle, so as to facilitate sewing. Now there is a kind of strong clip, and its fixation effect is better than the beading needle. But it is not convenient to hold the needle when sewing. Which one is selected depends on the specific situation.
(3) Rope Threading Device
The rope threading device is necessary for wearing elastic belt. Generally, the plug-in type rope threading device can be used.
(4) Awl
The awl is also a tool often used in the process of sewing, which can be applied for marking, and can also press the cloth while sewing to assist the feeding. The other usage of the awl is to adjust the cloth angle, especially the right angle. Pick the cloth angle to the seam allowance with the awl, just like being squeezed out.
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Step 1: Divide the allocated time properly
The diagrammatic tests are taken under timed conditions; hence, it is recommended that you work accurately and quickly. However, there will be enough time for you to think rationally and conceptually, therefore do not rush reading the questions. The duration of the tests vary depending upon the criteria of the companies; some tests are completely timed while some tests time each question.
Step 2: Read the question carefully
You should read the question correctly to comprehend what the question demands. Break the sequence in parts and then analyze the components separately. Diagrammatic thinking tests have multiple-choice questions, so directly looking at the options will confuse you. Hence, read the question carefully so that you don’t miss the point when answering it.
Step 3: Research about your test
Since different companies conduct different formats of the diagrammatic tests. Hence, it would be beneficial for you to know the type of test you will be giving. This will help you to prepare for the paper with the right tools. You can ask about your test from the organization’s staff. When interacting also ask about the type of publisher they might be using. So that you can get samples of the test from the same publisher. This way, you will get to know a lot of questions. Maybe, one of the sample questions may come in the paper.
Step 4: Bring your stationery
Bring your things like a stopwatch or a rough paper. The stopwatch will help you to keep track of time when solving the paper. Sometimes, a question needs a lot of work which cannot be done on the real paper. A rough paper will help you in such a case, work out all the steps to find the correct answer. Avoid borrowing things from other people as it will waste your time, and you will be disturbing others.
Step 5: Relax
Diagrammatic thinking is an aptitude that is not commonly utilized in everyday life. Therefore, the tests seem to be complicated. If you practice and understand the format of your test well, then, you will surely pass the test. During the test, stay calm, don’t panic if you are stuck with some question. If you think deeply, yes, you will solve the query.
But, for instance, if you get stuck at some point, leave that question for a while, move forward maybe the easier queries are at the end of the paper. If you have some time left at the end of the paper, return to the question confusing you and solve it correctly without worrying about the time.
Step 6: Practice tests regularly
Success doesn’t come without practice. If you want to score well in your diagrammatic test, then practice different samples of tests online as well as from the publisher the company uses to conduct their tests. Practicing tests will help you to answer various questions. Continuous practice will help you to solve the problematic queries quickly.
Don’t consider diagrammatic tests as a burden. Remember you are preparing yourself for the future. Have confidence in yourself. If you don’t get the job, don’t be upset. Maybe the job wasn’t suitable for you. To work in such an organization where you don’t get peace of mind and satisfaction is useless. Hard work never goes in vain. Focus on your weak areas and prepare yourself for the next test. |
Why Does Our Eyesight Change as We Age?
October 24, 2020 | VisionQuest Eyecare
Age can lead to a decline in eye health. In fact, many eye complications occur after the age of 60. But with regular eye exams, you can spot any issues early.
To understand age-related vision loss, you need to know about the structure of the eye. The eye is similar to a video camera. As light enters the eye, it travels through four main structures:
First, light enters through the cornea. This is the transparent tissue in the front of the eye. In order to maintain a clear image, the cornea must be smooth and intact. A thin layer of tears coats the surface of the cornea to protect it.
Age-related complications: The smooth surface of the cornea can be damaged with age-related conditions such as blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelids.
Next, the light moves through the lens, which focuses it finely on the third structure of the eye: the retina.
Age-related complications: The lens is also subject to age-related complications. In fact, almost everyone will be affected by either cataracts or presbyopia. At birth, the lens is clear and pliable, but as we age, the lens becomes clouded and less pliable.
The retina is like the film in a camera. Light is converted into a neural signal that is ultimately interpreted by the brain as an image.
Age-related complications: Many studies have indicated there is no significant age-related deterioration to the retina; however, there are age-related diseases that affect it, such as macular degeneration.
Optic Nerve
Finally, the optic nerve carries these signals to the brain.
Age-related complications: Similar to the retina, studies revealed there are no significant age-related complications to the optic nerve; however, there are age-related diseases such as glaucoma. Glaucoma is common for individuals over 80 years old.
These four main structures are crucial to the functioning of the eye, and as we age, they experience the normal wear and tear of use.
Age-Related VisionProblems and Disorders
Some problems are more common with age, such as:
A cataract is when the lens of your eye forms a cloudy area. Cataracts are common in individuals over 80. In fact, half of all Americans 80 and older have cataracts or have had surgery for cataracts.
You may notice your cataract when looking at your eye. Over time, cataracts can make your vision blurry, less colorful or hazy, and it could interfere with your daily activities.
Glaucoma occurs when the optic nerve is damaged. The damage is commonly caused by high pressure in your eye. For individuals over the age of 60, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness.
The effects of glaucoma are gradual and happen over time. There are often no warning signs, and you may not notice changes until the condition is in an advanced stage.
Corneal Diseases
Corneal diseases and conditions can cause redness, watery eyes, pain, problems with vision or a halo effect of the vision. Infection and injury can cause some of these issues.
Dry Eye
Dry eye may feel like stinging or burning in the eye. It happens when tear glands don’t work well as they should.
Presbyopia is a normal process that happens slowly over a lifetime. It is the loss of ability to see close objects or small print.
Retinal Disorders
Retinal disorders are anything that disrupts the transfer of images to the retina. These disorders are a leading cause of blindness in the United States and in other developed countries.
There are other age-related disorders, but these are the most common. Even if you don’t suffer age-related conditions, there are simple ways to keep your eyes in good shape.
Maintaining Your Eye Health
Many of the eye disorders or problems associated with aging can be managed if detected early. Regular eye exams are important for your eye health as you age. Here are some additional tips for maintaining your eye health:
• Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet radiation when you are outside.
• Don’t smoke.
• Eat healthily.
• Be physically active, and maintain a healthy weight.
• Maintain normal blood pressure.
• Control diabetes (if you have it).
• If you spend a lot of time at the computer, then look away every 20 minutes to prevent eye strain.
No matter your eye health history, regular eye exams are recommended over 60. Contact VisionQuest Eyecare to schedule an appointment.
We have offices on north, south and east sides of the Indianapolis area. Call or text us or find a time online for your eye exam.
Schedule an Appointment
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While the stories of the powerful men of the Roman Empire are well-known, it is the name of a former slave that is arguably one of the most recognizable from that period. Outside of Julius Caesar, you could certainly make a case that Spartacus is the person who boasts the biggest legacy from the times of the Roman Empire.
“I’m Spartacus” is one of the most quotable lines in movie history, but who actually was Spartacus? His journey from soldier to slave to gladiator might be well-documented, but his Bulgarian origin may be less appreciated across the world. That’s not to say it is ignored by all; Donald Tusk, the European Council President, acknowledged the Bulgarian people as “the descendants of Spartacus” in a speech he gave at the opening ceremony of the Bulgarian EU Presidency in 2018.
Given his achievements in life, being the descendants of Spartacus is something to celebrate. Here’s a look at what we know about Spartacus, and how the world engages with the legacy of this Bulgarian warrior today.
A brief history of Spartacus
Much of Spartacus’ story is lacking in detail, but the overarching narrative paints the picture of a formidable warrior with a strong moral compass. Spartacus is believed to have been born around 111 BC in the region then known as Thrace, which is now shared between parts of Bulgaria, Turkey, and Greece. The northern area of Thrace is today’s southeastern Bulgaria, which is where Spartacus’ story starts.
Spartacus was supposedly born not far from the banks of the Struma River, with his hometown Sklave situated in the Sandanski municipality. Sklave was also a place of great tragedy for him. He deserted from the Roman Army and seemingly returned home to Sklave, where he was then enslaved and sold. Spartacus’ history as a talented Roman soldier saw him converted into a gladiator and forced to fight for others’ entertainment. However, he masterminded an escape and led around 70 other slaves to safety.
He soon rallied a rebel force a thousand times bigger than his original band of escapees, while his military expertise helped this army of slaves and peasants to strike blows against the Roman Empire. Marcus Licinius Crassus, Rome’s richest man, was tasked with taking legions of soldiers to quash this uprising. Crassus completed this mission in Senerchia, located in modern-day Italy, where hopes of rebellion fell with Spartacus during the battle.
A legacy in Bulgaria and beyond
It is unclear what Spartacus wanted before Crassus’ legions ended his life. Perhaps he had aspirations of marching on Rome, or he simply wanted to take his band of former slaves away from the clutches of the empire. Although his death stopped him from fulfilling his ambitions, his name has stood the test of time spectacularly. Whether because of his military prowess or his bravery in taking on an empire, Spartacus has commanded an incredible legacy in Bulgaria and beyond.
The story of Spartacus has unsurprisingly been retold and embellished in popular media. The most notable cinematic example is undoubtedly Stanley Kubrick’s 1960 film Spartacus, a 197-minute epic that won four Oscars and gave us the iconic “I am Spartacus” scene. Starz further explored the life of this famous Thracian in its Spartacus television series which ran for three seasons. The show had a glittering cast including John Hannah and Lucy Lawless, while Bulgarian actor Raicho Vasilev appeared as Gnaeus the gladiator in two seasons.
Elsewhere in the world of entertainment, Spartacus has the starring role in a trilogy of online slots. 888casino a popular online gaming site with a no deposit free spins offer, allowing customers to use 50 free spins on the Spartacus slot that recreates the gladiatorial part of his life. Call to Arms and Legendary Warrior extend Spartacus’ story even further in an online slot format. Ensemble Studios’ Age of Empires: Rise of Rome places a different spin on honoring Spartacus. Rather than aiding the rebellion, players are tasked with overcoming Spartacus’ uprising as part of the Enemies of Rome expansion pack.
Those examples from the entertainment industry reflect how the story of Spartacus has spread across the world, but there are plenty of tributes to his life in what would have been his home country. A statue of Spartacus stands in the town of Sandanski, the capital of the municipality where his birthplace resides, with people traveling for miles to see the gladiator cast in bronze. Spartacus’ legacy can also be seen in the names of soccer clubs in Bulgaria; Spartak Varna, Spartak Pleven, and Spartak Plovdiv all owe their names to this man of Thrace.
There is so much that cannot ever be known about Spartacus, which makes it all the more remarkable that his name is instantly recognizable across the world. What is known about him, from his freeing of fellow slaves to his outwitting of the Roman Empire, has certainly resonated with people from Bulgaria and beyond. |
Tangaloa was an important family of gods in Tongan mythology. The first Tangaloa was the cousin of Havea Hikuleʻo and Maui, or in some sources the brother or son or father of them. He was Tangaloa ʻEiki (T. lord), and was assigned by his father, Taufulifonua, the realm of the sky to rule.
Among his offspring the following are found: Tangaloa Tamapoʻuliʻalamafoa, Tangaloa ʻEitumātupuʻa, Tangaloa ʻAtulongolongo, and Tangaloa Tufunga. But different sources disagree about the exact family relations between any Tangaloa. Tangaloa Tufunga (T. carpenter) was known as an adze maker. Tangaloa ʻEitumātupuʻa is known in Samoa as Tagaloa Eitumatupua (T. ghost and riddle; an eitu or aitu is a second rank god of somewhat malevolent nature).
A big toa ('ironwood tree) reaching into the sky grew on the island of Toʻonangakava between Mataʻaho and Talakite.[1] Tangaloa ʻEitumātupuʻa climbed down from the sky and saw a beautiful woman shellfishing. Her name was ʻIlaheva also known as Vaʻepopua for the village where she came from. They cohabitated and the god went back up. He returned and they slept and he went up, many times. One day they overslept and a tern flying over saw them and woke them up. Therefore one island is called Tala-kite (tern-see) and the other Mata-ʻaho (Eye-of-day).
ʻIlaheva became pregnant and bore a son. After a while the god returned down from the sky and told her to name him ʻAhoʻeitu (day has dawned). Then, when the woman answered him that her place was sandy, he said he would throw some clay down from the sky so she could make a plantation for their child. So the hill Holohiʻufi (pour the yam) was made and the heketala (slip tern, a kind of yam) was planted.[2] Then the god did no longer return.
ʻAhoʻeitu grew up and became curious about his father. His mother told him the truth and let him climb the giant toa. In the heavens he found his father and he found he had elder stepbrothers. They did not like him and killed him, but his father resurrected him. Then he spoke that ʻAhoʻeitu should go down to earth where he would become the first Tuʻi Tonga (from divine descent) to replace the Tuʻi Tonga which came from the maggots of Kohai, Koau, mo Momo. Because of their murder his elder brothers, if they wanted to go down too, would have to serve him.
See also[]
Tangaloa, (or a variant of this name conforming to the local vernacular) is found in many other Polynesian mythologies. He may have exchanged functions with his cousins Hikuleʻo and Maui, or other gods seemingly at random in different places.
1. ^ In the lagoon of Tongatapu, nowadays there is only a 2 m wide channel between Mataʻaho and Talakite, Toʻonangakava having disappeared.
2. ^ Nowadays this hill is where the New Zealand high commission residence is located. |
Главная Студентам Reading Телекоммуникации
Bridging distance through telegraphy
Transatlantic telegraphy
International, submarine telegraphy began in 1850 with a line between Britain and France.
The transistor turns sixty
The transistor was described as "an abbreviated combination of the words transconductance (or transfer) and varistor
Start of satellite communications
In 1962, British music producer Joe Meek was inspired to compose a tune named “Telstar.” But who made it into a hit record?
The first satellite dish
Where is there an important satellite dish known as Arthur?
The Enchantress of Numbers
Who forms the link between poetry, programming, and the computer patriarch Charles Babbage?
Telegraphy and television
If things had happened differently, we might now be watching the screens of “electrical telescopes” in our living rooms.
Sending out an SOS
How a famous disaster spurred agreement on international rules
Remote writing
When the typewriter was first patented?
Precursors of programming
Inputting information into machines in binary form (on or off) is not new.
Pictures via a pendulum
Remotely printed paper messages still have many uses, and have done for more than 150 years.
Making a difference
When was the computer invented?
Harnessing the storm
150 years ago this July, a scientist was born in the Balkans at the stroke of midnight during a thunderstorm. He ended his career working on a “death ray.” Who was he?
Gutta percha
Wonder material of the mid-19th century
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Why are we using sweet chestnut for the fencing?
Why are we using sweet chestnut for the fencing?
In order to exclude sheep from the plant area, we have to erect a fence on the hill, which is common land. It is 3.5km long and will be removed in 12 years, when the trees are established. We are using sweet chestnut stakes and posts because they are really durable, sustainable, local and beautiful!
Unlike conventional softwood stakes, sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) does not rot, or at least rots very slowly, so you don’t need chemical preservatives. It is traditionally used in fencing, not only because it is strong and it cleaves well, although these are tremendous attributes, but also because it has relatively little sapwood and the heartwood is full of tannins. The tannins act as a natural preservative making the wood highly resistant to rotting. Even at ground level where moisture rising from the soil meets oxygen and warmth from above the ground, creating perfect conditions for microbes and fungi, these tannins resist the onslaught of decay for decades. In my experience, chemically preserved softwood stakes frequently rot off at ground level in as little as 3-5 years.
Chestnut Coppice is 100% sustainable
Coppiced or cut stools regrow vigorously, taking up far more carbon dioxide than a newly planted tree; if done well, these trees can be harvested on a 12 -18 year rotation, for years to come. The oldest coppices in the UK have been yielding fencing materials for 800 years with no decrease in productivity 4.
Think global act local
The materials we are using have all been locally grown, cut and harvested from well-managed local coppice and then processed, again locally, by Ed Rusling of Powells Forest and Garden, Wormbridge(pictured).
The local aspect is vital, not just because of the carbon cost of transporting the stuff but also for local jobs, jobs with soul! As we currently import 2.5 times more timber than we harvest domestically, it makes good sense to try to use home grown timber 3.
Chestnut coppice woodland is also beautiful, slows surface water runoff, produces food in the form of nuts and is pretty good for biodiversity, especially when coppiced. Some argue the tree is not native, however, the benefits to biodiversity are often proportional to how long a species has been present; Chestnut is thought to have been introduced by the Romans and belongs to the same family as oak and beech 1. Sweet chestnut is considered a ‘naturalised’ species 2. Traditional coppicing techniques also add to biodiversity in our woods.
Thanks for reading
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Wild meaning in hindi | Wild ka matlab
Wild meaning in hindi
How to pronounce Wild
Usage of Wild: 1: The Kaziranga Park is very famous for its wild animals. 2: he lived in the wild 3: He got a taste of life on the wild side. 4: the weather was a wild card 5: The desert is abloom with wild flowers 6: Some villagers are prospecting the wild animals in the hill areas. 7: She was carrying a wisp of wild grass in her hand. 8: The wild life documentary will be screened tonight on discovery channel. 9: Wear a pair of mittens before holding the wild cat. 10: The saddler was kicked by a wild horse.
Wild ki paribhasha : jngal men utpann honevaala phal bhaav prakaash ke anusaar vah pradesh jahaaan jngal adhik hon, paani adhik ho, rog adhik hon aur jaad tatha garami bhi adhik padti ho tamasa naamak yajnapaatr jo kaath ka hota tha vismayapurn ghatanaa, padaarth ya vastu jisake liye koi ankush ya prati- bndh na ho jise sahaara na ho ya jo sahaare par na ho sabha ya goshthi men baithane ke naakaabil vah bhoomi jisamen kuchh utpann na ho sake
Examples
Usage of Wild in sentences
Word of the day 26th-Feb-2021
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Introduction to Adam's Precalculus Resources
Who is this book for?
This book is for you if you are teaching or studying precalculus. You'll find explanations, interactive diagrams and puzzles to supplement a precalculus curriculum. If any element of this book helps you, use it. Otherwise, pass it on. Part of studying any subject is learning what works for you.
What is precalculus?
Precalculus is all the grunt work of calculus. Calculus is a hugely powerful computational engine. You need to know how to program it. When you solve a problem with calculus, very little of your space will be calculus. Most of your work (and mistakes) will be stuff that is precalculus. If you're really really good at precalculus, your calculus should flow nicely. That may all sound a little vague and hand-wavy. When the opportunities arise, I'll try to provide examples.
Analytic geometry
We all have an idea of what we think geometry is. Triangles and stuff. Here is how Euclid handled an equilateral triangle oodles of centuries ago. Use the arrow keys to study the step-by-step construction. |
Question: Did Mozart Play The Clarinet?
What instrument did Mozart play?
Mozart composed over 600 works, mostly between 1761 and 1766.
He also wrote some of music’s most enduring operas..
Who wrote the first clarinet concerto?
MozartIt is widely considered the first great piece written for that relatively young instrument, invented in the early 18th century. Mozart wrote this concerto for a friend, Anton Stadler, who was the most gifted clarinetist in Vienna.
When was the clarinet invented?
It is generally agreed, based on a 1730 statement by J. G. Doppelmayr in his Historische Nachricht von den Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Künstlern, that Johann Christoph Denner (1655-1707) invented the clarinet sometime after 1698 by modifying the chalumeau.
What does Concerto mean?
A concerto (/kənˈtʃɛərtoʊ/; plural concertos, or concerti from the Italian plural) is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra or other ensemble.
What instrument did Mozart learn first?
Mozart first started learning the organ in Ybbs and later learned how to use the pedal board by standing on top of it at the age of seven.
Which is easier flute or clarinet?
Flute is way easier. A flute is a pretty basic instrument – just a tube with holes. Learning to blow across the embouchure isn’t that hard a trick. … Clarinet isn’t a difficult instrument, but it’s more difficult than flute.
What are clarinet players called?
The clarinet is a family of woodwind instruments. … A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist).
How many clarinet concertos did Mozart write?
It consists of three movements, in a fast–slow–fast succession: Allegro (in A major and in sonata form) Adagio (in D major and in ternary form)…Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)Clarinet ConcertoMovements36 more rows
What is a famous piece of music written for the clarinet?
W.A. Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622 Written by Mozart in his maturity, this work reigns supreme as the classic masterpiece for the A clarinet.
What famous person plays the clarinet?
Famous Classical Clarinetists The clarinet is an integral part of any symphony orchestra and the list of notable clarinetists is lengthy. Among twentieth century musicians, three of the most-mentioned are Martin Frost, Sabine Meyer, and Richard Stoltzman.
What music did Mozart enjoy composing most?
Answer and Explanation: Mozart never recorded which form of music was his favorite to compose. However, he spent a significant amount of his time writing operas.
Is Mozart deaf?
No, but Mozart went deaf as well though! (No, he didn’t.)
Did Salieri really kill Mozart?
Who killed Mozart due to jealousy?
AmadeusThis gripping though somewhat long-winded drama is not a musical, yet it’s often underscored with music by the prolific and influential classical composer who died penniless at age 35. Amadeus is a work of imagination based on historical gossip that intensely envious Salieri actually poisoned Mozart.
What is the hardest song to play on the clarinet?
Here are my selections for the ten most difficult solo works for clarinet:Carl Nielsen – Concerto for Clarinet, Op. … Bela Bartok – Contrasts (1938) Although a chamber music trio, this work merits inclusion for its many difficult solo passages.Eugene Bozza – Bucolique (1949)Henri Tomasi – Concerto (1953)More items…
What killed Amadeus Mozart?
December 5, 1791Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Date of death
What is the most expensive clarinet in the world?
1. Selmer Paris Model 41 Contrabass ClarinetPrice: $35,775.At an astounding $35,775, the Selmer Paris Model 41 Contrabass Clarinet is the most expensive clarinet in the world.Price: $25,000.Price: $23,204.Price: $9,259.99.Price: $9,212.15.Price: $9,000 for the Bb and A models.Price: $7,882.24.More items…•
Who made the clarinet famous?
At what age Mozart died?
35 years (1756–1791)Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart/Age at deathPHILADELPHIA — For more than two centuries, the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has endured — as has the speculation about what led to his sudden death at age 35 on Dec. 5, 1791.
Who is the most famous clarinet player?
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Quick Answer: Do Vegetables Contain Heavy Metals?
How do heavy metals affect plant growth?
Heavy metals alter the plant growth, physiology,and metabolism.
It involve in the production of reactive oxygen species which leads to subsequent cell death, eventually results in reduction in crop growth and yield..
Do almonds have heavy metals?
The results revealed wide variation in heavy metal content among different biological materials. … Dry fruits contained relatively lesser amounts of heavy metals than plant nuts. Almonds contained higher levels of lead (1.02 micrograms/g) and cadmium (0.24 micrograms/g) than other nuts and dry fruits.
Do fruits and vegetables have heavy metals?
Fruit and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, and fibers and also have beneficial antioxidative effects. … The levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc) have been examined in selected fruits and vegetables sold in local Egyptian markets [1]. Fytianos et al.
How do you remove heavy metals from vegetables?
Two to three times washing of vegetables with clean water significantly reduces the heavy metals contents. With washing, greater reduction was for lead and cadmium i.e. 75–100% than those for copper and zinc i.e. 27– 55% (Sing et al., 2004).
What are the symptoms of heavy metals in the body?
Common symptoms across several types of heavy metal poisoning include:diarrhea.nausea.abdominal pain.vomiting.shortness of breath.tingling in your hands and feet.chills.weakness.
Do plants like heavy metal music?
GARDENING guru Chris Beardshaw has recommended a new technique for bigger blooms – blast your plants with heavy metal music. The broadcaster reveals to Radio 4 listeners today that a constant diet of Black Sabbath worked wonders on a greenhouse full of plants.
Does broccoli have heavy metals?
The broccoli samples contained 0.094 0.115 g 100 g–1 of mercury and 0.0004 0.0398 g 100 g–1 of lead. No cadmium was detected. It appears from this results that no heavy metals accumulate in this vegetable since all concentrations were below quality standard.
Does spinach contain heavy metals?
Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were analyzed in vegetable samples (lettuce and spinach) obtained from ten major markets within Kaduna metropolis. … Copper was found to have exceeded the stipulated standard in all spinach samples except for sample from Angwan Rimi market with (0.06mg/kg).
What foods are high in heavy metals?
Do plants have heavy metals?
Metal accumulating plant species can concentrate heavy metals like Cd, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni, and Pb up to 100 or 1000 times those taken up by nonaccumulator (excluder) plants.
What plants absorb heavy metals?
Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) have the the highest tendency of absorbing heavy metals from soil and water, respectively. Article Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Brassica juncea: an indic…
Do organic foods have heavy metals?
Among the metals found in some of the more popular baby food products are arsenic, cadmium and lead. “Organic foods were as likely as conventional foods to have heavy metals, because the organic standard is focused on pesticides and not these contaminants.”
Does coffee have heavy metals?
Overall, the concentrations of heavy metals found in the commercially roasted ground coffee and their respective infusions are lower than the limits recommended by the official inspection agencies and, thus, are suitable for consumption.
Do Sweet potatoes have heavy metals?
Fruit juices, carrots, and sweet potatoes were also often contaminated with higher levels of heavy metals. … “Your body can excrete some of these metals over time, but while they’re circulating through the body, they can cause harm,” Houlihan says. “And some do build up in the body.”
Do carrots have metal in them?
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George Monbiot, Writer
Pros and Cons of Reforestation & Afforestation
advantages and problems of reforestation and afforestation
Afforestation and reforestation both refer to the planting of trees in order to compensate for the forest losses related to deforestation.
Although it is crucial that we maintain enough trees on our planet, there are also some problems related to those techniques.
In this article, the pros and cons of reforestation and afforestation are examined in detail.
Audio Lesson
What is the Difference between Afforestation & Reforestation?
While afforestation refers to the planting of trees where there haven’t been any trees before, reforestation means to restock forests that have previously got depleted.
Both are quite important to sustain and maintain a sufficient number of trees on our planet in order to assure the preservation of the global ecological balance.
Advantages of Reforestation & Afforestation
1. We can slow down global warming
2. Trees reduce the risks for landslides
3. Prevention of desertification
4. Natural habitat for many animals and other organisms
5. Conservation area for endangered species
6. Shade trees for convenience
7. Leisure activities
8. Can lead to social cohesion
9. Planting trees can be fun
10. Good to educate your kids
11. Assurance of wood supply
12. Employment opportunities
13. Planting trees can be a serious business
14. Improvements in air quality
15. Forests are important to maintain the ecological balance
16. Forests can increase the overall quality of life for people
17. Trees can help to store the rainwater
18. Ecotourism as source of income
We can slow down global warming
One important advantage of reforestation is that we can slow down global warming. Since trees are natural carbon dioxide storage spaces, they can prevent large amounts of carbon to enter our atmosphere.
Hence, a sufficient number of trees on our planet is crucial in order to mitigate global warming and the horrible adverse effects related to it.
Trees reduce the risks for landslides
Landslides can be a significant problem, especially for people who live in regions where the soil is relatively unstable. In such regions, due to heavy rain, the soil will become so unstable that it will eventually collapse.
Nearby houses will often get destroyed and if the inhabitants of those houses do not really what’s happening in time, chances are that they get buried alive.
However, by planting trees, we can avoid landslides to a certain extent since the roots of trees are able to stabilize the soil and landslides become much more unlikely.
Therefore, afforestation can also save many lives, especially in areas that suffer from a high risk for landslides.
Prevention of desertification
Another upside of afforestation is that it can prevent the desertification of large areas of land. If an area of land is not used for farming or for other purposes, chances are that it will look like a desert sooner or later, especially in hot and dry climate zones on our planet.
However, we as humanity cannot afford the desertification of those areas of land since our world population is growing and we need to use our land efficiently in order to be able to feed as many people as possible.
Thus, in order to prevent desertification and the related adverse effects, planting trees is a good option since trees will sustain a certain level of water in the ground and they also provide a certain level of shade.
Natural habitat for many animals and other organisms
Forests are also a natural habitat for many animals, plants and other organisms. It is therefore crucial that we sustain those environments.
If large forest areas have been cut or burned down, we should use reforestation in order to restore those natural habitats so that animals and plants can relocate in order to maintain the natural balance between the local flora and fauna and us humans.
Conservation area for endangered species
Reforestation can also assure the protection of endangered species in many areas of our planet. Many animals and plants that are currently on the endangered species list are only on that list since we have destroyed their natural habitats.
Thus, it should also be our responsibility to restore what we destroyed and be planting enough trees, we can give those animals and plants a new home so that they can start to grow their population again.
Only then will it be possible for us to assure a large variety of different animals and plants which we can show to our children.
Shade trees for convenience
Trees are not only useful when it comes to forests, they can also be great on hot summer days where they can provide shade. For example, by planting trees in parks, we can provide natural shade for visitors who want to rest on a bench and enjoy the nice summer day but do not want to be exposed to the sun too much due to various health reasons.
Hence, afforestation in cities can also provide nice opportunities for shade trees in order to improve the overall quality of life for people who want to go for a walk in parks.
Leisure activities
Forests also provide us with plenty of leisure opportunities. For instance, jogging or running in a forest is usually much more fun compared to running right next to a big street where you have to suffer from noise and air pollution from nearby cars. Moreover, you could also collect berries or mushrooms in the forest, which can be plenty of fun, especially if you have kids.
Therefore, our forests provide us with numerous leisure activities and we should take efforts to maintain or even extend those forest areas through afforestation or reforestation.
Can lead to social cohesion
Engaging in reforestation projects can also lead to social cohesion among the local population. By planting trees, everyone can contribute his or her part to make our planet a little bit more livable and to assure a good future for the next generations.
Consequently, people will often be quite motivated to work hard in order to plant as many trees as possible since they realize the important purpose behind it.
In turn, people will be willing to work together for this big goal, which in turn will also strengthen the social cohesion since people will spend plenty of time together in the process of afforestation.
Planting trees can be fun
Although it can be physically exhausting to plant trees, it can also be quite much fun. Especially if you live in a big city and do not have too many connection points to nature, chances are that you will really enjoy planting a tree since it is something you never did before. You should realize that our ancestors lived in line with nature for many thousands of years and our genetics evolved according to that.
Thus, a certain level of nature activities may also be quite beneficial for your mental health since we all have an inner connection with nature and planting a tree is definitely a part of those valuable natural experiences.
Good to educate your kids
Reforestation projects are also quite nice if you have kids. In many cases, our youth loses the connection to nature, especially you live in big cities instead of in rural areas.
In this case, joining a reforestation project can be a nice activity since you can teach your kids about the importance of our forests and why we have to protect them.
By doing so, your kids will learn about nature conservation and will also be more likely to live eco-friendly once they turn into grownups.
Assurance of wood supply
Our forests are also crucial to provide us with sufficient amounts of wood. Wood is a precious natural material that can be used for a variety of different purposes.
For instance, we use wooden trees, wooden flooring or wooden cupboards quite often in our daily life. Moreover, also the charcoal for your barbecue comes from wood as a raw material.
Therefore, in order to assure our supply with this important material in the long run, it is crucial that we engage in reforestation or afforestation.
Employment opportunities
Reforestation projects also provide plenty of employment opportunities for the local population. For big projects, a high number of people are needed to carry out the exhausting manual work. In turn, this can lower unemployment rates of the local population and provide them with a higher average income.
Thus, especially in areas where unemployment is a big problem, afforestation projects can not only improve our ecological footprint, but also provide job opportunities so that fewer people have to suffer from poverty.
Planting trees can be a serious business
Some locals may even be able to make their own business out of reforestation projects for instance, by planting high numbers of trees, they could produce timber or charcoal and sell it to local stores.
Therefore, reforestation may also provide the opportunity for locals to start their own business and therefore to significantly improve their overall living conditions.
Improvements in air quality
It has been shown by many studies that the air quality inside forests is much better compared to the air quality in cities. This is quite logical since all the harmful emissions that are present in cities are missing in forests. Therefore, forests also provide us with an opportunity to breathe fresh air, which may be quite beneficial for our health.
Consequently, through reforestation, we can provide more of those fresh air conservation areas, which could in turn improve our overall health levels.
Forests are important to maintain the ecological balance
Forests have existed for many millions of years and are therefore a crucial part of our natural environment. Without forests, our planet would suffer from a significant ecological imbalance and the consequences would be quite unpleasant.
Hence, it is crucial that we conserve our forests as much as possible. This also includes the reforestation or afforestation whenever it makes sense in the respective region.
Forests can increase the overall quality of life for people
Due to the improvements in air quality and the provision of natural spaces for leisure activities, forests are also quite important to improve the overall quality of life of people.
Especially if you live in a big city and have a quite stressful job where you work long hours, you might really enjoy going for a walk in the nearby forest in order to mentally regenerate and get back your mental power for the next exhausting project.
Trees can help to store the rainwater
Trees are not only natural storage spaces for carbon dioxide, they also store large amounts of rainwater. Therefore, especially in regions that suffer from water scarcity, forests are crucial in order to maintain a certain minimum level of groundwater which the local population can use as drinking water in order to survive.
Since water scarcity will become an even bigger problem in the future due to global warming, it is crucial that we tackle this issue through reforestation or afforestation.
Ecotourism as source of income
Through reforestation, the chances for ecotourism also increase. Many people have become aware of how important it is to protect our environment. This is also true in the area of traveling. An increasing number of people want to spend their vacation so that they minimize their adverse negative effects on our planet.
Some people may even want to help in reforestation projects, which not only helps with the planting of trees but also provides locals with an additional income source since those tourists have to sleep and eat somewhere.
Therefore, ecotourism can not only help to plant trees, but can also improve the financial situation of many locals in poor parts of our planet.
Disadvantages of Afforestation & Reforestation
1. Decrease in the value of land for the owner
2. Less space for housing
3. Less space for farming
4. Local poverty may increase
5. Wildfires
6. Litter in forests
7. Less space for other crucial public infrastructure
8. Planting trees may be costly
9. Pests may be a problem
10. Scarcity may increase property prices and rents for the general public
11. Forests require proper maintenance
12. Also ecotourism causes some problems
Decrease in the value of land for the owner
As we have seen before, there are numerous important benefits from afforestation and reforestation. However, those activities also imply some issues. One problem of afforestation is that it can vastly decrease the value of land for the respective owner.
For instance, imagine you own a piece of land that was formerly meant for housing purposes. Now, the local municipality decides that your piece of land should be used for reforestation instead.
The value of your property will decrease significantly due to that and this can be considered as unfair for property owners.
Therefore, there is also a certain level of conflict associated with land use and reforestation projects may not favor certain landowners at all.
Less space for housing
Due to large afforestation projects, there will also be less space for housing. Especially in areas where space is rather confined, big reforestation projects may even prevent large construction projects that would have been meant to provide more housing space for the local population.
Thus, in some areas, reforestation may also exacerbate the housing crisis, which may lead to a higher level of homelessness in the respective region.
Less space for farming
If there is a higher fraction of land that is used for forests, a lower fraction of land is left for farming purposes. In turn, farmers will produce lower crop yields.
This can cause significant problems, especially in poor parts of our planet where people rely on those farmers in order to assure their food supply.
Thus, afforestation can even lead to a state where the local population might suffer from serious starvation due to a lack of farming space.
Local poverty may increase
Some farmers may also suffer from a decrease in profits due to reforestation activities. If they can only use a smaller piece of land for farming, they will also produce fewer crops and the risk for poverty among the local population might increase since food prices tend to increase if the supply of crops is limited.
With a larger area of forests, also the chances for wildfires increase significantly. Especially for people who live close to those forests, this may be a great problem since those fires may destroy their houses and their livelihood.
Moreover, even people who live many miles away from those forest fires may suffer since the air quality in those regions may decrease significantly.
Litter in forests
Even though forests are meant to be a natural regeneration space, many people do not care about our nature too much and dispose of their garbage right into our forests.
Therefore, our forests may no longer be natural conservation areas, but may turn into garbage dumps sooner or later.
Less space for other crucial public infrastructure
Since afforestation also implies the use of large areas of land, it often leads to a state where there is less space left for important public infrastructure projects like highways.
This is especially true nearby big cities where the space is quite confined. Thus, those important public infrastructure projects may not be possible if reforestation projects are prioritized.
Planting trees may be costly
Since the planting of trees involves a high level of manual work and manpower, those reforestation projects can also be quite costly. Therefore, large amounts of money that come from donations have to be used. In turn, this money cannot be used for other important social development projects anymore.
Hence, reforestation may also be considered to be problematic in the discussion regarding how the money from donations should be used in the most efficient manner.
Pests may be a problem
Although forests provide a habitat for many animals and plants, they are also a living space for harmful pests like the bark beetle. Therefore, in order to control those pests, it is crucial to employ people with significant knowledge in forestry.
However, in some regions, it will be rather hard to find those people and therefore, reforestation projects may actually fail since those forests will be destroyed by pests sooner or later.
Scarcity may increase property prices and rents for the general public
Since reforestation also implies the use of large areas of land, there will be less space for housing purposes left and therefore, property prices as well as rents will likely increase.
In turn, people have to spend a higher fraction of their income for rent and may not have enough money left for other crucial things in their daily life.
Forests require proper maintenance
Reforestation or afforestation is only the first step in order to sustain and maintain a sufficient number of trees on our planet. In the next step, someone has to take care of the proper maintenance of those forests.
This includes pest control, but also plenty of additional work since sometimes, trees have to be cut down due to various reasons and if forests are not controlled and treated properly, they may soon become rather useless and may even die off in the long run.
Also ecotourism causes some problems
While ecotourism has become quite popular over the past years and it can be considered to be a good thing overall, there are also some problems related to it.
For instance, while many people claim that they want to protect our environment and minimize their ecological footprint, many of them still dispose of their trash in nearby forests.
Thus, if people just pretend but do not actually care about protecting our nature, chances are that ecotourism is rather harmful than beneficial for our forests and therefore, reforestation may not be able to unfold all its potential benefits.
Top 10 Reforestation Pros & Cons – Summary List
Reforestation ProsReforestation Cons
Mitigation of global warmingLess space for farming
Reduction of the desertification problemLess space for housing
Lower risk for landslidesIncreasing rents
Employment opportunitiesWildfires
Reforestation as business modelLittering in forests
Afforestation can lead to social cohesionPests may spread
Planting trees is a fun activityMaintenance of forests is costly
Air quality improvementLocal poverty may increase
Restoration of natural habitatsLess space for important infrastructure
Improvements in overall quality of lifePlanting trees can be costly
As we can see from the previous argumentation, there are many pros and cons related to reforestation and afforestation.
However, nobody can deny that we need a sufficient number of trees on our planet to preserve the ecological balance and to ensure a livable future for the next generations.
Thus, in my opinion, the pros outweigh the cons of afforestation and trees should be planted in a reasonable manner in order to improve the quality of life of as many people as possible.
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Misconceptions – Accurate Information
How do those with whom we have no prior affiliation perceive us? It is impossible to know without some degree of acquaintance. Yet, new acquaintance, while providing rudimentary insight of how others perceive us, or how we perceive them, also changes such perception in the process. Is that good or bad? It could improve a bad first impression, or ruin a good first impression.
Good or bad, it is more accurate. To most of us, such accuracy is considered to be an asset. Accurate perceptions of others are useful for knowing who is trustworthy and who is not. Mistrust that is justified by accurate perception of character or experience is very different from a lack of trust of the unfamiliar. Conversely, justifiable trust of the familiar is earned with familiarity.
Sadly, some prefer to mistrust and fear the unfamiliar rather than attempt to determine if such mistrust and fear are even justified. For some, their potentially unfounded but very real fear is what prevents them from exploiting opportunities to become more acquainted and perhaps more comfortable with the sources of the same fear. Some merely lack opportunities to exploit.
What is worse is that there are a few who seem to crave mistrust and fear, regardless of their ability to engage sources of their mistrust and fear, and potentially dismiss unfounded threats. Although they do not likely live in constant fear, they claim to in order to justify their disdain for the sources of their alleged fear. They try to convince others that they should be fearful too.
The same accuracy of information that the logical sort employ to dispel unjustifiable mistrust and fear is an incumbrance to those who intently crave the same sort of mistrust and fear. They therefore and merely abstain from the use of accurate information.
Misconceptions – Bus Fare
There’s no place like home. Most of us genuinely and justifiably believe that our respective hometowns are very special. There is no doubt that they really are. We can get a bit overindulgent with such belief though. We tend to assume that social problems of all sorts are worse within our own Communities than they are in other Communities that we do not identify so much with.
No place is perfect. Most towns of significant population in America must contend with some degree of poverty, unemployment and homelessness nowadays. Even more contend with some degree of crime. Addiction has become an epidemic. Mental illness continues to proliferate. Conservatives blame liberals. Liberals blame conservatives. Lions and tigers and bears, OH MY!
To make matters worse, some believe that other Communities, both near and far, send the less fortunate of their respective societies here. Such Communities supposedly compel those who benefit from their generosity and willingness to assume the expenses of travel, to board airplanes, trains and buses to Felton. Communities within minimal proximity purportedly use Uber.
So, . . . where are they? Where are all those who arrived at the train station or airport here in Felton from somewhere else? Where are the airport and train station? Of those who ride local buses or use Uber, who got just one of their fares paid by another municipality who wanted them to leave? We are acquainted with all of the less fortunate here. These are simple questions.
When we help someone from here get to somewhere else, it is only because of some sort of opportunity at the destination, such as employment or a domestic situation. If the less fortunate of other Communities come here, it is likely for the same reasons. They are now likely employed and living in homes.
Misconceptions – Graffiti
Cave paintings might be considered to be some of the oldest examples of what we now know as graffiti. Alternatively, such ancient forms of self expression might have evolved into the sorts of artworks produced by Lester Johnson, Frida Kahlo, Mary Cassatt and Henri Matisse. Perhaps it all developed from the same primitive origins of more than sixty-four thousand years ago.
That is inconsequential now. Works of renowned artists are exhibited in museums. Graffiti defaces infrastructure until it gets painted over, or merely defaced and obscured by more graffiti. Except for several galleries of very compelling local art, and occasional touring exhibits, there are no formal art museums in Felton. However, there is more graffiti than only a few years ago.
Haters often blame the homeless for graffiti, merely because some of the homeless camp in some of the same places where graffiti is prominently displayed. In other words, the homeless did it because they were there. According to that logic, the haters must be responsible too, since they were also there. Otherwise, they would not have seen enough graffiti to blame others for it.
What makes anyone think that homeless people have any interest in the sort of elaborate graffiti that has been appearing around town for the past few years anyway? Homeless people have many more important issues to be concerned with. Drawing attention to their camp sites is not exactly a priority. Nor is spending limited funds on something as unnecessary as spray paint.
Besides, while graffiti has become more common than it has ever been, homelessness has become significantly less common. There are presently only a few homeless people in Felton. Most are not sufficiently agile to get into the situations where most of the graffiti has been displayed.
For some, blame is easier than logic.
Misconceptions – Homelessness Is A Growing Problem
Homelessness in America has been increasing very slightly for the past three years. It has been increasing in parts of California for a bit longer, and at a slightly more accelerated rate. More substantial increases are concentrated mostly in urban regions, particularly Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose and San Francisco. Homelessness really is a growing problem, at least for now.
However, for the decade prior to the the relatively recent increase that began only three years ago, homelessness had been decreasing at a substantial rate. Furthermore, the substantially increasing rates of homelessness in urban regions of California are sufficiently offset by decreasing rates in suburban and rural areas, to average out to only a minimal increase for the state.
This is not about homelessness in all of America though. Nor is it about homelessness in the rest of California. Here in Felton, the rate of homelessness has decreased significantly in the past seven years since 2012. Only a few people became homeless here during that time, and most of those were not homeless long. Several more who had been homeless have since found homes.
So, why do haters so regularly and predictably complain that homelessness is a growing problem in Felton? Well, that is part of what they do. They perpetuate false information intended to vilify their targeted victims, and exaggerate any innate problems associated with them. They strive to be a divisive force within an otherwise remarkably cohesive and inclusive Community.
No verifiable statistical information is necessary for a hater to claim that homelessness is a growing problem in Felton. Conversely, any observant and sensible person can plainly see that it is not. If homelessness really had been a growing problem since 2012, there would be more homeless people in town rather than less. It is that simple.
Misconceptions – Immigration
‘Misconceptions’ could become another category for this blog, like ‘Hypocrisy’. There is quite a bit to write about that could be categorized as such. It would be more relevant and interesting than the ‘Hypocrisy’ category, especially if the ‘Hypocrisy’ category is eventually deleted, as has been suggested. Furthermore, ‘Misconceptions’ would be less objectionable than ‘Hypocrisy’.
‘Immigration’, for example, is an interesting topic that is unobjectionably relevant to homelessness, but only because of the misconception that most homeless people here immigrated with the intention of being homeless. This misconception is obviously perpetuated by those who are not very acquainted with homeless people, particularly the local homeless residents of Felton.
There are certainly more homeless people in California than elsewhere. There should be. There are more people of all sorts in California than elsewhere. California is the most populous state. Because real estate here is more expensive than all but only a few other places in America, a disproportionate ratio of those who live and earn income here can not afford a mortgage or rent.
Most homeless people in California lived here while they were not homeless. They payed mortgages and property taxes or rent just like anyone who lives in a home. Some payed significantly more than average. Most had gainful careers here. Some raised families here. Sadly, some who are homeless are in the process of raising their families. Some have never lived anywhere else.
Of the few homeless people presently in Felton, only one immigrated from outside California less than a decade ago, early in 2013. Only one immigrated from outside America, but did so for work in the early 1990s. All others are Californian, and have been in Felton for many years. More than half are native to the San Lorenzo Valley. More than half formerly owned homes. |
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Research led by experts at Harvard University shows technology can be used to transmit information from one person’s brain to another’s even, as in this case, if they are thousands of miles away.
Mapping a brain. Infinite level of analysis. Monads. Decisions...
For the experiment, one person wearing a wireless, Internet-linked electroencephalogram or EEG would think a simple greeting, like “hola” or “ciao”.
Brain. Memory. Flashes and lights…
We believe in the immaterial.
We believe in the invisible.
We believe in the mind.
Because we know there is more than what our eyes tell us.
Even though we will never admit it, we try to build mind.
If only we knew we already have one… |
A to Z: Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)enparentshttps://kidshealth.org/EN/images/headers/KH_generic_header_02_1.jpgIn this condition, an abnormal connection between arteries and veins causes blood to flow too quickly, leading to a risk of bleeding. Learn more here.Arteriovenous malformation, AVM, brain AVM, AVM-cerebral, spinal AVM, brain, spine, spinal cord, blood vessels, capillaries, veins, arteries, headaches, seizures, muscle weakness, paralysis, stroke, brain damage, brain hemorrhage, bleeding in the brain06/08/201503/18/201903/18/20197c46c03d-3d05-43d8-8efd-b57bcfb50898https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/101545.html/<p><em>May also be called: Brain AVM, AVM – Cerebral, Spinal AVM</em></p> <p>An arteriovenous malformation (ar-TEER-ee-oh-VEE-nus mal-for-MAY-shun), or AVM, is a tangle of blood vessels that have an abnormal connection between the arteries and the veins.</p> <h3>More to Know</h3> <p>Arteries carry red, oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Once the body parts have used the oxygen, veins carry the blue, oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. A network of tiny capillaries connects the arteries and veins. The capillaries are one of the most important parts of the circulatory system. They deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. When someone has an AVM, it means the capillaries are missing in a small tangle of arteries and veins. The artery and vein become connected directly, causing blood to flow more quickly in these areas.</p> <p>AVMs typically form when a baby is still a fetus, and doctors don’t know the cause. They can be found anywhere in the body, but they’re usually only a problem if they affect the brain or spinal cord (brain AVMs). Over time, a brain AVM can weaken the walls of the arteries or veins because blood is flowing so fast. This can lead to bleeding into the surrounding tissue. A brain AVM can also cause less oxygen to reach brain and spinal tissue because it flows through so fast that the oxygen can’t transfer to the tissue. The condition can also put pressure on the brain or spinal cord. This can cause headaches, <a href="https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/seizure.html/">seizures</a>, muscle weakness or paralysis, and a range of neurologic issues, from dizziness to problems with vision and coordination.</p> <p>Most brain AVMs cause no symptoms and are only discovered during treatment for another condition. However, a small percentage can cause serious and even life-threatening problems, such as <a href="https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/strokes.html/">strokes</a>, brain damage, and bleeding in the brain. Whether and how to treat an AVM is decided on a case-by-case basis and depends on a person’s age, the location and size of the AVM, and whether a person has had bleeding in the brain. AVMs can often be removed through <a class="kh_anchor">surgery</a>. Other treatments for brain AVMs include procedures that block the arteries in the AVM to stop blood flow.</p> <h3>Keep in Mind</h3> <p>Most arteriovenous malformations aren’t a health concern. Only about 1 in 10 people with a brain AVM will have symptoms that may require treatment. Treatment is often successful if the AVM is diagnosed and treated before it can cause any neurologic damage. Damage that has already been done usually can’t be reversed.</p> <p><em>All A to Z dictionary entries are regularly reviewed by KidsHealth medical experts.</em></p>
BloodHere are the basics about the life-sustaining fluid called blood.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/blood.html/79380405-c704-478c-a739-1d19c414015b
Brain and Nervous SystemThe brain controls everything we do, and is often likened to the central computer within a vast, complicated communication network, working at lightning speed.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/brain-nervous-system.html/1e2a5004-5865-4069-97fd-5488c31075b9
Heart HealthAre you heart smart? Learn about this amazing muscle, including how to care for kids with heart conditions.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/center/heart-health-center.html/88f2105c-8446-4576-bb5e-078f57766557
Heart and Circulatory SystemThe heart and circulatory system are our body's lifeline, delivering blood to the body's tissues. Brush up on your ticker with this body basics article.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/heart.html/52398b6a-54a6-4272-a569-42ed5b12aeac
SeizuresSeizures are caused by a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. Find out what you need to know about seizures and what to do if your child has one.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/seizure.html/17184860-dea1-4cd4-95ba-3cf34539cd44
StrokesThis "brain attack" happens when blood flow to the brain stops, even for a second. Often, kids who have a stroke can learn to use their arms and legs and speak again through brain retraining.https://kidshealth.org/ws/RadyChildrens/en/parents/strokes.html/5539d27a-a31c-459d-9bfc-94b934761cda |
Question: What Do The Letters On The Bottom Of The Pyramid On The Dollar Bill Mean?
What does In God We Trust symbolize?
Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P.
I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins..
What does a star mean on a dollar bill serial number?
A one dollar “star note”. The asterisks, or “stars” following the serial number indicate this is a replacement note for one that was misprinted.
What does Mdcclxxvi mean on the dollar bill?
At the base of the pyramid on the back of every dollar bill are the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI. That is the symbol for 1776, which is the date of the Declaration of Independence.
How can you tell if a dollar bill is rare?
These Rare Dollar Bills Are Worth Serious MoneySeven repeating digits in a row on $1 bills (i.e., 18888888, 59999999)Seven of the same number on $1 bills (i.e., 99909999, 00010000)Super repeaters on $1 bills (i.e., 67676767)Double quads on $1 bills (i.e., 44440000)Super radars on $1 bills (ie: 01111110, 80000008)More items…•
What dollar bill serial numbers are worth money?
Ladder serial number bills: up to $5,000+ Notes that have serial numbers with digits that ascend or descend are pretty prized. Called ladder bills, the most sought-after are the true or perfect ladder serial numbers 12345678 and 87654321.
What does the pyramid on the $1 bill mean?
Are $2 bills still printed?
What’s hidden on a dollar bill?
In the upper-right corner of the bill, above the left of the number “1” there appears to be a tiny creature peeking out. Some say it’s an owl, others see a spider because of the web design behind the “1.” Some say it’s part of a skull and crossbones when turned sideways.
What is the largest bill in circulation today?
What is written on the pyramid on the dollar bill?
At the top of the pyramid is an eye and rays that radiate outward. Above the pyramid is the inscription “Annuit Coeptis” (Latin for “Providence Has Favored Our Undertakings”); below the pyramid it says “Novus Ordo Seclorum” (Latin for “A New Order of the Ages”).
What do the letters and numbers mean on US currency?
A unique combination of 11 numbers and letters appears twice on the front of each redesigned note. The first letter of the serial number corresponds to the series year (see chart). The second prefix letter identifies the Federal Reserve Bank that issued the note.
Are 3 dollar bills real?
What is the All Seeing Eye of Horus?
What is the C Money symbol?
$C$CADCan$Canadian dollar/Symbol
What does the dollar symbol mean?
The dollar sign is among the world’s most potent symbols, emblematic of far more than US currency. It’s shorthand for the American dream and all the consumerism and commodification that comes with it, signifying at once sunny aspiration, splashy greed and rampant capitalism.
What does the Great Seal mean on a dollar bill?
The Great Seal of the United States is a symbol of our independent Nation and self-government. … The design used the eagle that holds a scroll in its beak with the E Pluribus Unum motto; in one claw is an olive branch, a symbol of peace, and the other claw holds thirteen arrows, a symbol of war.
What do the letters mean on a dollar bill?
The black seal with the big letter in the middle signifies the Federal Reserve bank that placed the order for the bill. A = Boston, B = New York City, C = Philadelphia, D = Cleveland, E = Richmond, Va., F = Atlanta, G = Chicago, H = St. Louis, I = Minneapolis, J = Kansas City, K = Dallas, and L = San Francisco.
Why is the pyramid on the dollar bill unfinished?
On the version of the seal that would eventually be approved, the Eye is positioned above an unfinished pyramid of thirteen steps (again symbolizing the original States, but also incorporating the nation’s potential for future growth). |
Quick Answer: Can Shakespeare Spell?
How many different ways did William Shakespeare spell his surname?
William Shakespeare’s six surviving signatures have different spellings, including “Shakspere”, “Shaksper” and “Shakspeare.” Has the right spelling been in dispute for centuries.
Did the Earl of Oxford write Shakespeare.
Is “As You Like It” by William Shakespeare worth the read?.
Why did Shakespeare spell his name differently?
The spelling of William Shakespeare’s name has varied over time. … It later became a habit of writers who believed that someone else wrote the plays to use different spellings when they were referring to the “real” playwright and to the man from Stratford upon Avon.
What are the 4 types of Shakespeare’s plays?
Shakespearean critics have broken the plays into four categories: tragedies, comedies, histories, and “problem plays.” This list contains some of the plays that fall into each category. However, you will find that different lists place some plays into different categories.
How many ways can you spell Shakespeare?
80There are 80 recorded ways to spell Shakespeare. There are believed to be 80 different ways to spell the name of English playwright William Shakespeare, including ‘Shappere’ and ‘Shaxberd’. Shakespeare is known to have signed his name using variations such as ‘Willm Shakp’ and ‘Willm Shakspere’.
Was Shakespeare spelling bad?
Shakespeare didn’t have “terrible spelling”. He had spelling suited to the time in which he was writing. … Shakespeare didn’t have “terrible spelling”. He had spelling suited to the time in which he was writing.
Do all Shakespeare plays have 5 acts?
Shakespeare’s Five Act Structure. When you read a Shakespeare play you’ll probably notice that it’s divided into acts and scenes – and always has a five act structure. … And yet all Elizabethan and Jacobean plays, and in fact, most plays all the way up to and including the 20th century are structured in five acts.
Why do Shakespeare plays have 5 acts?
The five act structure expands the classical divisions and can be overlaid on a traditional plot diagram, as it follows the same five parts. Shakespearean plays especially are known for following this structure.
What is the 4 act structure?
When broken down, a narrative arc includes hook, complication, conflict, pinch point, midpoint, second pinch point, crisis, climax, denouement. Okay, it’s complicated, but it’s important to make sure you got all the right stuff in all the right places.
How much of Shakespeare’s own writing survives today?
Become a member today » Aside from a few signatures, only one example of William Shakespeare’s handwriting survives, a speech from around 1603 that imagines Sir Thomas More addressing the rage of an anti-migrant crowd in England.
What words did Shakespeare invent?
15 Words Invented by ShakespeareBandit.Critic.Dauntless.Dwindle.Elbow (as a verb)Green-Eyed (to describe jealousy)Lackluster.Lonely.More items…•
How do you spell William Shakespeare?
Sources from William Shakespeare’s lifetime spell his last name in more than 80 different ways, ranging from “Shappere” to “Shaxberd.” In the handful of signatures that have survived, the Bard never spelled his own name “William Shakespeare,” using variations or abbreviations such as “Willm Shakp,” “Willm Shakspere” … |
Meaning of POINT in English
I. point 1 S1 W1 /pɔɪnt/ BrE AmE noun
[ Word Family: noun : ↑ point , ↑ pointer , ↑ pointlessness ; adjective : ↑ pointed , ↑ pointy , ↑ pointless ; adverb : ↑ pointlessly , ↑ pointedly ; verb : ↑ point ]
[ Date: 1200-1300 ; Origin: Partly from Old French point 'small hole or spot, point in time or space' , from Latin punctum , from pungere ( ⇨ ↑ pungent ); partly from Old French pointe 'sharp end' , from Vulgar Latin puncta , from Latin pungere ]
1 . IDEA [countable] a single fact, idea, or opinion that is part of an argument or discussion:
That’s a very interesting point.
She made some extremely good points.
There are three important points we must bear in mind.
This brings me to my next point.
point about
I agree with John’s point about keeping the costs down.
2 . MAIN MEANING/IDEA the point the most important fact or idea:
The point is, at least we’re all safely back home.
Nobody knows exactly how it works. That’s the whole point.
He may not have stolen the money himself, but that’s not the point.
I wish you’d get to the point (=talk about the most important thing) .
I’ll come straight to the point (=talk about the most important thing first) .
I need to find out who killed Alf, and more to the point (=what is more important) I need to do it before anyone else gets killed.
We all like him, but that’s beside the point (=not the most important thing) .
I think you’ve missed the point (=you have not understood the most important thing) .
3 . PURPOSE [uncountable] the purpose or aim of something:
I suppose we could save one or two of the trees, but what’s the point?
point of
What’s the point of this meeting anyway?
The whole point of this legislation is to protect children.
There’s no point in worrying.
We’re going to lose anyway, so I can’t see the point of playing.
I didn’t see the point in moving to London.
4 . PLACE [countable] a particular place or position:
The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1.
No cars are allowed beyond this point.
a border crossing point
Cairo is a convenient departure point for tours.
Dover is a point of entry into Britain.
5 . IN TIME/DEVELOPMENT [countable] an exact moment, time, or stage in the development of something:
I had reached a point in my career where I needed to decide which way to go.
She had got to the point where she felt that she could not take any more.
Their win over old rivals Manchester United was the high point (=best part) in their season.
Sales reached a low point in 1996.
We will take last week’s riots as a starting point for our discussion.
At one point, I thought he was going to burst into tears.
Maybe at this point we should move onto some of the practical experiments.
At that point, I was still living at home and had no job.
You will probably sell the car at some point in the future.
It is impossible to give a definite answer at this point in time.
Some children are bullied to the point of suicide (=until they reach this stage) .
6 . QUALITY/FEATURE [countable usually plural] a particular quality or feature that something or someone has
sb’s/sth’s good/bad points
Sometimes she had to remind herself of his good points.
point of
They would spend hours discussing the finer points (=small details about qualities and features) of various cars.
The low price is one of its main selling points (=features that will help to sell it) .
Driving was not one of Baxter’s strong points.
One of the club’s plus points is that it is central.
There were some weak points in his argument.
7 . GAMES/SPORT [countable] one of the marks or numbers that shows your score in a game or sport:
He is three points behind the leader.
Leeds United are now six points clear at the top of the table.
She had to win this point.
You get three points for a win and one point for a draw.
You lose a point if you do not complete the puzzle on time.
The fight went the full fifteen rounds, and in the end the American won on points.
8 .
SHARP END [countable] a sharp end of something:
the sharp point of a spear
9 . boiling point/freezing point/melting point etc the temperature at which something boils, freezes, melts etc:
Heat the water until it reaches boiling point.
10 . the point of no return a stage in a process or activity when it becomes impossible to stop it or do something different
reach/pass the point of no return
I was aware that we had passed the point of no return.
11 . point of departure an idea which you use to start a discussion:
12 . be on the point of (doing) something to be going to do something very soon:
I was on the point of giving up the search when something caught my eye in the bushes.
The country’s economy is on the point of collapse.
13 . up to a point partly, but not completely:
I agree with you up to a point.
That is true, but only up to a point.
14 . to the point dealing only with the important subject or idea, and not including any unnecessary discussions:
Her comments were brief and to the point.
15 . make a point of doing something to do something deliberately, even when it involves making a special effort:
He made a point of spending Saturdays with his children.
I always make a point of being early.
16 . when/if it comes to the point British English used to talk about what happens when someone is in a difficult situation and has to make a difficult decision:
I’m sure that if it came to the point, he would do what is expected of him.
17 . in point of fact formal used when saying that something is true, although it may seem unlikely:
We were assured that the prisoners were being well treated, when in point of fact they were living in terrible conditions.
18 . not to put too fine a point on it especially British English used when you are saying something in a very direct way:
She’s lying, not to put too fine a point on it.
19 . NUMBERS [countable] a sign (.) used to separate a whole number from any ↑ decimal s that follow it
20 . MEASURE ON A SCALE [countable] a mark or measure on a scale:
The stock market has fallen by over 200 points in the last week.
21 . SMALL SPOT [countable] a very small spot of light or colour:
The stars shone like points of light in the sky.
22 . DIRECTION [countable] one of the marks on a ↑ compass that shows direction:
Soldiers were advancing on us from all points of the compass.
23 . PIECE OF LAND [countable] a long thin piece of land that stretches out into the sea:
We sailed round the point into a small, sheltered bay.
24 . ELECTRICITY [countable] British English a piece of plastic with holes in it which is attached to a wall and to which electrical equipment can be connected:
a telephone point
an electrical point
25 . RAILWAYS points [plural] British English a piece of railway track that can be moved to allow a train to cross over from one track to another:
The train rattled over the points.
⇨ ↑ pointe
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 1)
■ adjectives
▪ a good point
I think that’s a very good point.
▪ an interesting point
He has made an interesting point.
▪ an important point
That’s an important point to bear in mind.
▪ a serious point
He’s making a joke but there is a serious point there as well.
▪ a valid point
She raised a number of valid points.
▪ a general point
I’d like to make one further general point.
▪ a similar point
Kevin Phillips made a similar point in his 1993 book, ‘Boiling Point’.
▪ the main point
Finally, I will summarise the main points of this chapter.
▪ one final/last point
There is one final point I would like to make.
■ verbs
▪ make a point
He makes the point that predicting behaviour is not easy.
▪ put/get your point across (=make people understand it)
I think we got our point across.
▪ raise a point (=mention it)
I was going to raise that point.
▪ illustrate/demonstrate a point
A simple example will illustrate the point.
▪ prove your/a point (=prove that what you say is right)
He was determined to prove his point.
▪ understand a point
I’m sorry, I don’t understand your point.
▪ see/take/get sb’s point (=understand or agree with it)
OK, I take your point. But it’s not that easy.
▪ have a point (=have made a good point)
Maybe she has a point.
▪ labour the point British English , belabor the point American English (=keep saying something)
I don’t wish to labour the point, but why didn’t you just tell me?
▪ clarify a point (=make it clearer)
Could you clarify a couple of points for me?
■ phrases
▪ point taken (=used to say to someone that you accept what they say)
All right, point taken – I should have asked you first.
▪ the finer points of something (=the small details)
I’m afraid I don’t understand the finer points of the game.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ phrases
▪ the point is (that) ...
The point is that going by bus would be a lot cheaper.
▪ that’s the (whole) point
That’s the point. She didn’t tell us what was going on.
▪ that's not the point
We'd earn a lot of money, but that's not the point.
▪ be beside the point (=be not the most important thing to consider)
He's the best person for the job so his age is beside the point.
▪ more to the point (=what is more important)
When did she leave, and, more to the point, why?
■ verbs
▪ get/come (straight) to the point (=talk about the most important thing immediately)
I haven't got much time so let's get straight to the point.
▪ get the point (=understand it)
He didn’t get the point at first.
▪ miss the point (=not understand it)
I don't know why but Mel always seems to miss the point.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 5)
■ verbs
▪ reach a point
Some couples reach a point where divorce is the only solution.
▪ get to a point
You get to the point where ordinary things like climbing stairs are difficult.
▪ mark a high/low/turning etc point (=be or happen at a particular time in the development of something)
The day of the accident marked a turning point in Kenny’s life.
▪ a high point
Winning the World Championship was the high point of my career.
▪ a low point
She helped me when I was at a low point in my life.
▪ a starting point
The following recipes are a good starting point for making your own bread.
▪ a turning point (=the time when an important change starts, especially an improvement)
A turning point in the history of the republic came in 1358.
▪ crisis point (=the point at which a situation becomes extremely serious)
The tensions within the country have reached crisis point.
▪ breaking point (=a time when someone or something can no longer deal with something)
Our resources are stretched to breaking point.
▪ bursting point (=a time when something is completely full)
The hospital was full to bursting point.
▪ saturation point (=a time when no more can be added to something)
Is the market for computer games reaching saturation point?
■ phrases
▪ at one point (=at a time in the past)
At one point I was thinking of studying physics.
▪ at some point
Over half the population suffers from back pain at some point in their lives.
▪ at this/that point
I’m not prepared at this point to make any decision.
▪ at this/that point in time formal (=used especially in official speeches, announcements etc)
It would be wrong to comment at this point in time.
▪ to the point of something (=until a stage is reached or is near)
British industry was driven to the point of collapse.
▪ there comes a point when ...
There comes a point where you have to accept defeat.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 6)
■ adjectives
▪ good points
Every system has its good points and its drawbacks.
▪ bad points
What would you say are Natalie’s bad points?
▪ sb’s strong point (=something that they are good at)
Mathematics was never my strong point.
▪ sb’s weak point (=something that they are not good at)
Be honest about assessing your weak points.
▪ a plus point British English (=an advantage or good feature)
The airline’s outstanding safety record is a major plus point.
▪ a positive point
Underfloor heating has a lot of positive points.
▪ a negative point
A few negative points should be mentioned.
▪ a selling point (=a quality or feature that makes people want to buy something)
The house's main selling point is its beautiful garden.
▪ the finer points of something (=small details about the qualities or features of something)
I'm afraid I'm not interested in the finer points of cars.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 7)
■ verbs
▪ score a point (=especially in games such as football, baseball, cricket etc)
The Kiwis scored 206 points in their three matches.
▪ win a point (=especially in games such as tennis, where the ball goes back and forth between competitors)
I didn't win a single point in my first few games.
▪ get a point informal (=score a point)
Our aim is to get as many points as possible.
▪ lose a point
If he’s got the answer wrong, he loses 250 points.
▪ give/award somebody a point
I was awarded 17 points out of 20.
■ phrases
▪ win/lose by 5/10 etc points
We only lost by two points.
▪ win/lose on points (=win or lose a fight because of the judges’ decision)
He was knocked down twice, before losing on points.
▪ be level on points BrE:
The teams finished level on points.
II. point 2 S2 W2 BrE AmE verb
1 . SHOW SOMETHING WITH YOUR FINGER [intransitive and transitive] to show something to someone by holding up one of your fingers or a thin object towards it:
‘Look!’ she said and pointed.
point at
I could see him pointing at me and telling the other guests what I had said.
point to/towards
She was pointing to a small boat that was approaching the shore.
point with
The driver pointed with his whip.
She pointed in the direction of the car park.
He stood up and pointed his finger at me.
2 . AIM SOMETHING [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to hold something so that it is aimed towards a person or thing
point something at somebody/something
He stood up and pointed his gun at the prisoner.
She produced a camera and pointed it at me.
3 . FACE IN ONE DIRECTION [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to face or be aimed in a particular direction:
The arrow always points north.
There were flashlights all around us, pointing in all directions.
point at
There were TV cameras pointing at us.
point to/towards
The hands of the clock pointed to a quarter past one.
We found footprints pointing towards the back door.
4 . SHOW SOMEBODY WHERE TO GO [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to show someone which direction they should go in:
She pointed me towards an armchair.
Could you point me in the direction of the bathroom, please?
5 . SUGGEST WHAT SOMEBODY SHOULD DO [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to suggest what someone should do:
My teachers were all pointing me towards university.
A financial adviser should be able to point you in the right direction.
6 . SUGGEST THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to suggest that something is true:
Everything seemed to point in one direction.
point to/towards
All the evidence pointed towards Blake as the murderer.
Everything points to her having died from a drugs overdose.
7 . WALLS/BUILDINGS [transitive] British English to put new ↑ cement between the bricks of a wall
8 . point your toes to stretch the ends of your feet downwards
9 . point the/a finger at somebody to blame someone or say that they have done something wrong:
I knew that they would point the finger at me.
I don’t want to point a finger of blame at anyone.
10 . point the way
a) to show the direction that something is in
point the way to/towards
An old-fashioned signpost pointed the way to the restaurant.
b) to show how something could change or develop successfully
point the way forward/forwards
This report points the way forward for the water industry.
point the way to/towards
a government paper which points the way towards reform
point something ↔ out phrasal verb
1 . to tell someone something that they did not already know or had not thought about:
He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.
The murder was obviously well planned, as the inspector had pointed out.
point out that
Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not necessarily a good thing.
point something out to somebody
Thank you for pointing this out to me.
2 . to show something to someone by pointing at it:
Luke pointed out two large birds by the water’s edge.
point somebody/something out to somebody
I’ll point him out to you if we see him.
point to something phrasal verb
to mention something because you think it is important:
Many politicians have pointed to the need for a written constitution.
point something ↔ up phrasal verb formal
to make something seem more important or more noticeable:
These cases point up the complete incompetence of some government departments.
• • •
▪ lead to take a person or animal somewhere by going in front of them while they follow, or by pulling them gently:
Rachel led Jo into the kitchen.
She was leading a horse, which seemed to have a bad leg.
▪ take to take someone somewhere with you when you have the transport, know the way, are paying etc:
I took her to see a film.
Matt’s taking me in his car.
▪ guide to take someone through or to a place you know, showing them the way:
Ali guided us through the streets to his house on the edge of the town.
▪ show to take someone to a place such as a table in a restaurant or a hotel room and leave them there:
A waitress showed us to our table.
We were shown to our seats near the front of the theatre.
▪ point to show someone which direction to go using your hand or a sign:
The sign back there pointed this way.
▪ escort to take someone somewhere, protecting them, guarding them, or showing them the way:
He was escorted from the court by police.
The President’s car will be escorted by a military convoy.
▪ usher to show someone the way to a room or building nearby, usually as part of your job:
His housekeeper ushered us into the living room.
▪ shepherd to carefully take someone somewhere – used especially about a group of people:
The police shepherded thousands of people to safety in the cathedral.
▪ direct formal to tell someone where to go or how to get somewhere:
He directed us to a cafe a few blocks away.
Can you direct me to the station?
|
in #health3 years ago
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health. According to W.H.O., hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.
Many people equate hygiene with cleanliness, but hygiene is a broad term. It includes such personal habit choices as how frequently to bathe, wash hands, trim fingernails and change clothing. It also includes attention to keeping surfaces in the home and workplace including bathroom facilities, clean and pathogen free.
Some regular hygiene practices may be considered good habits by a society, while the neglect of hygiene can be considered disgusting, disrespectful or threatening. Hygiene is a concept related to cleanliness, health and medicine. It is as well related to personal and professional care practices.
In medicine and everyday life settings, hygiene practices are employed as preventative measures to reduce the incidence and spreading of disease. Hygiene practices vary, and what is considered acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another. In the manufacturing of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products, good hygiene is a critical component of quality assurance.
The terms cleanliness and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms; cleaning processes (e.g. hand washing) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil and are thus often the means to achieve hygiene. Other uses of the term appear in phrases including body hygiene, personal hygiene, mental hygiene, dental hygiene and occupational hygiene, used in connection with public health. Hygiene is also the name of branch of science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health. |
# 7 – Companies Who Want to Recycle Their Panels Won’t Be Able to Justify Recycling Investments
If there is no legal requirement for recycling, companies that want to recycle their panels won‘t be able to justify recycling investments to shareholders or stakeholders.
Even when a company wants to do the “right thing” and develop a recycling program for their panels, they might not be able to justify the cost of such a program to shareholders. If the environmental leaders within the company can’t prove that an investment in recycling will be profitable to shareholders, then those leaders will have less incentive to come forward and make a case for designing products so that they can be easily recycled.
For example, a representative from a computer manufacturer once told me a discouraging story about a situation at his company. He said that the designers worked with recyclers and found that if they simply added a $1.25 component part to the new line of printers it would make the printer easier to disassemble and cheaper to recycle. The design team was told not to include the part because there was no guarantee that the printer would be recycled, so the added cost could not be justified. If there would have been a law in place, the $1.25 component could have saved money for the company in the long run.
If there is a system in place to ensure that solar panels that are designed today will be recycled, solar companies that are taking action to protect the environment will have the full support of their shareholders and law. |
Emergency Alerts
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May 18, 2020 12:27 PM
The Village Continues to Encourage COVID-19 Prevention
Wash for 20 sec.
Practice social distancing
Why? The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person. When someone coughs or sneezes, they spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth, which may contain the virus. If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the coronavirus if the person coughing has the disease.
Wear a cloth face cover in public
Cover your mouth and nose with a cloth face cover when around others and out in public, such as the grocery store.
Do NOT use a facemask meant for a healthcare worker. Don’t place a cloth face cover on young children under age 2, anyone who has trouble breathing, or any who is unable to remove the mask without assistance.
Why? You could spread COVID-19 to others even if you do not feel sick. The cloth face cover is meant to protect other people in case you are infected.
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Battle of Ayohuma
Last updated
Battle of Ayohuma
Part of Bolivian War of Independence
Argentine War of Independence
Plano Ayohuma.jpg
Old map of the battle
Date14 November 1813
Location Bolivia
18°51′21″S66°8′5″W / 18.85583°S 66.13472°W / -18.85583; -66.13472 Coordinates: 18°51′21″S66°8′5″W / 18.85583°S 66.13472°W / -18.85583; -66.13472
Result Royalist victory
Withdrawal of the Army of the North towards Jujuy and Salta
Flag of Argentina (alternative).svg United Provinces of South America
Flag of Bolivia (state, 1825-1826).svg Republiquetas
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Argentina (alternative).svg Manuel Belgrano Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Joaquín de la Pezuela
3400 soldiers
8 cannons
3500 soldiers
18 cannons
Casualties and losses
200 dead
200 wounded
500 prisoners
42 dead
96 wounded
Leader of the victorious royalist forces, Spaniard General Joaquin de la Pezuela. Joaquin de la Pezuela y Sanchez de Aragon.jpg
Leader of the victorious royalist forces, Spaniard General Joaquín de la Pezuela.
The Battle of Ayohuma ("dead man's head" in Quechua) [1] was an action fought on 14 November 1813, during the second Upper Peru Campaign of the Argentine War of Independence. The republican forces of the Army of the North, led by General Manuel Belgrano were defeated by the royalists, commanded by Joaquín de la Pezuela.
Upper Peru former region in South America that in 1825 became Bolivia
Upper Peru is a denomination for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. The denomination originated in Buenos Aires towards the end of the 18th century after the Audiencia of Charcas was transferred from the Viceroyalty of Peru to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. It comprised the governorships of Potosí, La Paz, Cochabamba, Chiquitos, Moxos and Charcas.
Argentine War of Independence 1810-1825 armed conflict in South America
Army of the North
The Army of the North, contemporaneously called Army of Peru, was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence. Its objective was freeing the Argentine Northwest and the Upper Peru from the royalist troops of the Spanish Empire. It was headed by Hipólito Vieytes (1810), Juan José Castelli (1810–1811), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1811–1812), Manuel Belgrano (1812–1814), José de San Martín (1814), José Rondeau (1814–1816), Manuel Belgrano (1816–1819) and Francisco Fernández de la Cruz (1819-1820).
After the rout of Vilcapugio, Belgrano established his headquarters at Macha. There he reorganized his army, obtaining help from Francisco Ocampo (then President of Charcas), and from the provinces of Upper Peru (Cochabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Chayanta). At the end of October 1813, the republican army included around 3,400 men, of which barely 1,000 were veterans. An important fraction of the republican army, under the command of General Díaz Vélez had remained isolated at Potosí after Vilcapugio, but was able to reunite with Belgrano after a small action at Tambo Nuevo relieved them from the pressure of the royalist army. [2]
Battle of Vilcapugio
The Battle of Vilcapugio was an action fought on October 1, 1813 during the second Campaign of Upper Peru in the Argentine War of Independence, where the republican forces led by General Manuel Belgrano were defeated by a royalist army, led by Joaquin de la Pezuela.
Santiago de Macha or Macha is a Bolivian locality in the department of Potosí, Chayanta Province, Colquechaca Municipality, Macha Canton. Macha had a population of 1,850 in 2001 and the canton was inhabited by 8,769 people. Most of the young adults works abroad, and the marketplace of the village opens only on Sunday. The main economic activity of Macha is subsistence agriculture.
Cochabamba City & Municipality in Bolivia
Cochabamba is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia, with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census. Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words qucha "lake" and pampa, "open plain." Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as cochalas or, more formally, cochabambinos.
Leader of the Independentist Army of the North, General Manuel Belgrano. Retrato del Gral. Manuel Belgrano - Atribuido a Francois Casimir Carbonnier.jpg
Despite their recent victory, Pezuela's troops were short of horses and supplies. They had sought refuge on the Condo-Condo heights, where, being surrounded by hostile populations and still recovering from the casualties suffered at Vilcapugio, they could not readily take the offensive against the Army of the North. However, on 29 October, they left their camp in Condo-Condo in order to attack the republicans before they could obtain further reinforcements. On 12 November, they arrived at Toquirí, a hill dominating the small plain of Ayohuma, half a league from the village of the same name. [3]
In the meantime, just two leagues away from Toquirí, on 8 November, Belgrano had discussed his plans with his officials. The majority of them wanted to withdraw to Potosí, but the general convinced his officers to fight. That same night the army left Macha, reaching Ayohuma on the morning of the next day.
The armies that were about to face each other exhibited a significant disproportion. While the republican cavalry outnumbered the royalists' two-to-one, Pezuela had twice as much infantry and 18 pieces of artillery, against only eight carried by Belgrano's troops.
Cavalry soldiers or warriors fighting from horseback
Cavalry or horsemen are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon, or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons, a class of mounted infantry which later evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title.
Artillery class of weapons which fires munitions beyond the range and power of personal weapons
Artillery is a class of heavy military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls, and fortifications during sieges, and led to heavy, fairly immobile siege engines. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery cannons developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility providing the large share of an army's total firepower.
At dawn of 14 November the royalists began their descent from their high position and by mid-morning they had deployed the bulk of their forces on the plain. Belgrano's troops were meanwhile attending Mass, even if aware of the enemy movements. An hour later, Pezuela had completed their maneuver, outflanking the republicans on their right. In the opinion of Lieutenant Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, one of Belgrano's best officers, this move proved decisive for the outcome of the battle. [4] Then, Pezuela's artillery opened fire, blasting holes in the republicans ranks. In a hail of enemy fire, Belgrano ordered the advance of his infantry and cavalry toward the enemy right flank, but they could not overcame Pezuela's entrenchments. To make matters worse, the republicans' lighter guns were no match for the royalist ones. Belgrano was forced to retreat. By a trumpet call and waving the United Provinces flag on the top of a hill, he managed to gather some 500 men, leaving around 200 dead, 200 injured, 500 prisoners and almost all his artillery on the battlefield.
Mass (liturgy) type of worship service within many Christian denomination
Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid Argentine military officer, governor
Comandante General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid was an Argentine military officer and, briefly, governor of several provinces like Córdoba, Mendoza and his native province of Tucumán.
Among the dead was the commander of the Batallón de Castas ("Castes' Battalion"), Colonel José Superí, who was killed by the royalist artillery. His battalion was made of soldiers of African and mulatto descent. José María Paz, an officer who would later play a key role in the Argentine Civil Wars, had to rescue his brother, Captain Julián Paz, when the latter's horse was killed by gunfire while crossing a stream. [2] Three mulatto auxiliary women, María Remedios del Valle and her two daughters, became famous for their efforts to provide water to the troops and assist wounded soldiers on the battlefield in spite of the heavy royalist bombardment, and they are since remembered as the Niñas de Ayohuma ("Maidens of Ayohuma") in Argentina. [5]
Mulatto is a term used to refer to people born of one white parent and one black parent, or from two mulatto parents. Although historically considered a factual, fair term of racial classification, in modern day, it is generally considered to be derogatory or offensive.
Argentine Civil Wars series of civil wars in Argentina between 1814 and 1876
The Argentine Civil Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Argentina from 1814 to 1880. These conflicts were separate from the Argentine War of Independence (1810–1820), though they first arose during this period.
Belgrano's 500 survivors retreated to Potosí, but the city had to be quickly evacuated on 18 November due to the approaching royalists. Belgrano moved back to Tucumán, where on 30 January 1814, he resigned the command of the Northern Army to General San Martín. He would later write about the tactical superiority of the Spaniard officers as compared to his limited knowledge of warfare.
See also
1. López, Vicente Fidel (1881).La revolucion argentina: su origen, sus guerras, y su desarrollo político hasta 1830, Volume 1. Imprenta y librería de Mayo, de C. Casavalle, p. 21 (in Spanish)
2. 1 2 Mitre, Bartolomé: Historia de Belgrano. Imprenta de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 1859. V. II., page 226 (in Spanish)
3. Paz, José María (1855). Memorias Póstumas. Imprenta de la Revista, p. 141. (in Spanish)
4. Araóz de la Madrid, Gregorio: Obsebvaciones [sic] sobre las Memorias póstumas del brigadier general d. Josè M. Paz, por G. Araoz de Lamadrid y otros gefes contemporaneos. Imprenta de la Revista, Buenos Aires, 1855, pp. 35–36. (in Spanish)
5. Elgul de París, Marta (1996). Amantes, Cautivas y Guerreras. Almagesto, p. 151. ISBN 9507511245 (in Spanish)
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Document Type : Original Article
1 Professor of Communication and North American Studies, University of Tehran, Iran
2 M.A. in North American Studies, University of Tehran, Iran
3 Ph.D. Candidate of Sociology, Sun-yat-sen University, China
Kyoto is a miniature of Japan; through centuries of experience and persistence, it has maintained the symbols of the country’s civil and cultural identity. The city has demonstrated a collection of Japan’s noble identity and characteristics through its material and spiritual heritage. Kyoto’s rich history and its position have gathered a collection of religion-based works, artistic innovations, and cultural heritage and have passed them through to the modern world. Kyoto is the symbol of an effort for the persistence of the city’s identity as well as the, coexistence of the modern and native characteristics within itself which indicates the glocal logic of the city. The question which is raised here is: what are the cultural and identity-related elements of Kyoto which have come together in a glocal structure and how have they been formed as such/in this way? Has Kyotoreally been successful in glocalizing itself in a balanced collection of civil, cultural, and identity-based characteristics and advance in the process? Considering the important role Kyoto plays in reflecting Japan’s history and culture, and the position it holds as the country’s cultural and historical heart, this paper has reviewed the city’s experience as Japan’s cultural capital and has aimed to analyze and specify Kyoto’s persistent and identity-making characteristics in a glocal frame. In the end, the study will form a schema of the solidarity and dynamism of the analyzed elements based on Japan’s identity and culture.
However the cities were used to be built in the past, they contained a visual uniformity which, gradually growing more sophisticated, constituted the foundation of the societies’ social life. The appearance and the shape of the city was itself the representation of the unique characteristics of the society’s population (Mozayeni, 2002). Yār Ahmadi (2008) believes that a city is like a documented evidence which presents the history and identity through its general appearance; thus, each one of these manmade structures, more than presenting their own appearances, reveals a certain identity. Cities are the reminders of the stories and events which have created– and are created by– a specific identity and, therefore, may be interpreted as chapters of history.
The identity of each city in terms of its symbolic formats is the representation of the city and distinguishes it from other cities. Sometimes the city also reflects the symbolic identity of a civilizational era. For example in Japan, although the country’s official capital is Tokyo; Kyoto is the representation of the country’s heart and soul. This city, with its rich history, is a miniature of everything that Japan has witnessed and possessed throughout centuries. Kyoto represents, for the Japanese people, the country’s identity and traditions. The city, with more than two thousand Buddhist temples and Shinto houses of worship, contains 20% of Japans national reserve and 15% of its cultural assets. Possessing 17 World Heritage Sites, Kyoto is a rich source of Japan’s religious, artistic, and cultural heritage (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005). The efforts and achievements of the artists, craftsmen, monks, warriors, and the people who have inhabited this city throughout history is reflected in Kyoto’s symbols, traditional structure, and heritage. The city stores Japan’s ancient culture and is a place which has garnered a large portion of the country’s history. According to UNESCO, there are more than 1600 Buddhist and 400 Shinto temples in the city which have turned it into a culturally rich territory[1]. Kyoto’s cultural background is so splendid that one can say the city is equally a must-see– at least once in a lifetime– city as Paris, London, and Rome (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005).
The importance of this city in Japan’s history and identity is such that it is believed that Kyoto itself can generate a universal vision of Japan. Most of what constitutes these days Japan’s image is made up of stems from Kyoto. The picture presented by literature or even seen by the tourists regarding the city of Kyoto is merely a small portion of the culture and beauty of the city. There are, in fact, thousands of picturesque sights in Kyoto which, being concealed in its roots, are not visible at first sight (Judat, 1996).
Kyoto, a city of more than a thousand years old, is an important artistic, religious, and commercial center. The city has a powerful cultural heritage thanks to the settlement and contributions of artists, craftsmen, businessmen, poets, warriors, monks, and other influential individuals. It can be argued that most of Japan’s culture stems from the economic and aesthetic procedures applied in Kyoto through the ages. Kyoto has inspired a lot of beauties and spiritualities, while hosting various moments of violence and destructions as well (Nile Guide, 2010).
“Kyoto is a historical city, having been the capital of Japan for approximately 1,000 years from the Heian Period. {Its} total area is 827.90 km2. Three-quarters of the city is covered in forests, and surrounded by imposing mountains and beautiful rivers. Kyoto is also a city of manufacturing and innovation and a vibrant university city” (Kadokawa, 2009).
Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 to 1868 when Tokyo was chosen as the capital. Yet, Kyoto did not abandon its industrial development and modernization after 1868. Because the city did not seriously suffer during the World War II, it was able to remain the educational and cultural center of Japan and preserve an important part of its cultural assets (Nile Guide, 2010). When the official capital was moved to Tokyo, a new function was defined for Kyoto: it became the country’s cultural capital, Osaka became the commercial capital, and Tokyo assumed the role as the political capital of the country (Gordon, 2006:113).
Presenting this short introduction and considering the importance of Kyoto in reflecting the history and culture of Japan and its success in creating and preserving its assumed role as the country’s cultural and historical heart, this study aims to review the local and global identity-making elements of the city and study the way Kyoto symbolizes Japan’s identity. To this end, the study utilizes the concept of “glocalization”, used by Robertson in 1995, to specify Kyoto’s local-global identity and point out its success in preserving the local identity while earning global credit. “Robertson used the term dochakuka– originally referring to a way of adapting farming techniques to local conditions– to define ‘global localization’. He used the glocalization concept to express the contradictions apparent in the absolute globalization view while arguing that even Japanese businessmen have taken dochakuka as ‘glocalization’ or a form of globalization adapted to the local conditions” ('Ᾱmeli, 2006:19-20). What Robertson stated as “glocalization” illustrates the consolidation and integration of the effects of the global and local forces more accurately (Ameli, 2002).
Glocalized Approach to the City’s Identity and Symbols
Identity reflects what there is and what there is not. When analyzed in the context of a city’s cultural and identity-based characteristics, it is reflected in three traits: persisting identity-based elements, distinct elements, and specific characteristics. On the other hand, the way that the Old and the New are connected reflects three kinds of civic identity and, consequently, three cultural identities in the civic society. These three identities are categorized as (1) traditionalist or archaist identities, (2) modernist identities, and (3) traditionalist-modernist or glocalist identities. We will discuss these three forms of civic identity before studying Kyoto. These three identities reflect three kinds of philosophy of life, identity, and culture which are accounted as large schemas of human, cultural, and civilizational identity.
Traditionalist Cities: These types of cities introduce themselves merely using their ancient civilizational characteristics and avoid any kind of reference to the New. This view holds the originality of life dependent on preserving the ancient heritage and treats the New as the demolisher of the civic environment; any form of transition between the New and the Old is considered as a demolishing the urban identity’s consolidation.
Modernist Cities: Absolute modernism holds the Old as an obsolete matter and considers the return to the Old as a return to “death” and the Obsolete. This view regards even a small portion of civilizational past in the civic environment as too much and only sometimes finds it necessary to preserve very small elements of the historical identity-based elements to avoid losing the sense of attachment.
Traditionalist-Modernist Cities: These cities represent an effort to endure the positive experiences and the glocilized capacities of the city. In this approach, one does not sacrifice the past for the present, and vice versa, trying to develop the identity synergy of the city. This view holds the city as an ancient plant with its roots in history which will grow and fertilize in “today’s environment”, bridging between the present and the past.
Based on these three views, the principal reason for Japan’s success in different domains has been the fact that the Japanese strongly value their traditional ways of life. That is why they have such a powerful national identity and resist against alien cultures; yet, this resistance does not keep them from modern developments (Netzley, 2004). Netzley adds, “The Japanese have studied the American society and have cooperated with the United States whenever they have felt it necessary for their own development. They have never allowed the Western ideas to change their cultural views, although they play a significant role in the international community” (Netzley, 2004). Applying this rule, Kyoto has been able to preserve its coherent identity and, while advancing in step with the modern developments, avoid an environment with absurd and disconnected identities.
Traditional culture in the 21st century Japan is still alive and respected compared to many other countries. One of the reasons that Japan’s traditional culture is still alive is the ability of its people to blend the new and the old and the internal and imported elements. Alex Kerr, an author who has lived in Japan for many years, compares the country to a seashell which has miraculously converted its inner raw materials into a pearl. A Japanese author writes in 1940, “It is destined that in our land, as the modern history indicates, old and new, up and down, east and west, be in constant relationship with each other” (quoted in Reeve, (1388 [2009 A.D]):10).
There is a page in the “Kyoto website” titled “This Is Kyoto”. This page has categorized the parts which introduce the city into the following headlines: introduction, history, art, architecture, gardens, performing arts, festivals, four seasons, traditional crafts, Kyoto: the city of handicrafts, ancient and modern Kyoto, education, culture and sports, eco city, and citizens’ lifestyle (Kyoto City Web, 2004). Accordingly, the coordination between the old and the new in Kyoto is obvious. The new buildings and urban context do not undermine the old textures of the city and prevent the abolition of the city’s cultural context. On the other hand, dynamism and effectively utilizing the new methods of construction in the city has prevented Kyoto from turning into a dull, rusty city. In other words, there has been an effort in the city to place the old and the new in their own positions, so that the new applies on the native culture and the old adapts with the new environment. Generally, the identity-making characteristics of Kyoto demonstrate the successful and efficient coexistence of the Old with the New and the ancient heritage with the modern achievements; and, in a larger scale, a balance between the city’s local and global identity.
Kyoto’s Identity and Symbolic Characteristics
Together, the identity and symbolic characteristics of Kyoto are explained in relation to the four components of (1) historicism, (2) spiritualism, (3) naturism (respecting the nature), and (4) architecture and specific urbanization.
The atmosphere in old cities which have a specific identity is such that their civilizational characteristics are exceptionally manifest in their structures. These cities are felt deeply by their inhabitants and they respond unconsciously, but with a great sense of identity, attachment, and interest to their special and objective experiences. The environment, in cities which have preserved their old urban textures, historical locations and buildings, provokes a sense of faithfulness and pride among the inhabitants. In fact, the effort to establish order in the modern urban context indicates the need to retrieve the spiritual values dominating ancient societies (1387 [2008 A.D]).Ruskin (quoted in Yār Ahmadi, (1387 [2008 A.D]):111), in his essay “the Seven Lamps of Architecture”, has pointed out the retrieval of the principal values of the past heritage and calls upon the managers and the architects to seek guidance from those values: “if the advantages of knowledge about the past or satisfaction of leaving a good name for the future generations can help us to tolerate the present times and consolidate our present efforts, then the national architecture holds two great responsibilities: first, interpreting the contemporary architecture based on history; second, preserving the valuable heritage of the past.”
Kyoto has acted exceptionally successfully in the second term. For example, categorizing this heritage and making laws regarding each category has helped the process of efficient planning and execution of policies. Kyoto’s city planning pays great attention to the matter of land use interference. Accordingly urban areas do not develop without following certain patterns and considering the specifically defined use of land. Categorizing what is known as national heritage into city’s natural heritage, residential historical buildings, nonresidential historical buildings, city sights, nonstructural symbolic constructions, world heritage, etc. (Kyoto City, 2009; Shapira et al., 1994) has made the planning, policymaking and lawmaking easier and more efficient. On the other hand, the execution and supervision on the execution has been conducted in a more careful and efficient manner.
A quiet and comfortable urban space is not merely achieved through utilizing scientific and technological methods; rather, it is the spiritual and inner dimension which makes the desirable environment. Accordingly, considering everything related to the people’s spirituality (which is part of the culture) plays an important role in making a desirable urban space. The population growth, the urban development, the emergence of modern products and other urban problems have not inflicted any damage to the city’s spiritual locations and buildings such as temples and gardens. Naturally, the spiritual spaces are not merely the temples; every space which responds to the human’s spiritual and nonmaterial needs can be considered as spiritual space.
It must be underlined that a critical question in modern Japan is: how to reconcile science and religion. To this end, the major task of the Japanese philosophers is the duty of creating a religion which would introduce science to the Japanese modern society. In fact, science and religion are not two separated concepts and have come close through a secularization process. In other words, the specialists and scientific professionals along with the official Shintoism created a secular modernist religion in the years before the War. The situation changed after the War and secularization hastened considerably, separating religion from the public sphere and especially scientific world. However, religion is communicating with the scientific world and optimism towards development has turned into a new belief in the scientific world (Nakajima, 2013). Meanwhile, the connection between religious learning and beliefs and plans has been modified through the time, scientific developments and technological achievements are executed with an accurate coordination. The attention accorded to the spiritual matters has prevented land deficit or growing society needs to push religious teachings to the side of the road or even make them the second priority. Therefore, most of the time meeting people’s growing needs has been as important as creating spiritual places in the city and utilizing religious teachings.
Japanese people still go to Shinto temples in large numbers. Normally, for the Japanese who have a wish or request, the temples as still the best and surest way to grant their wishes; women who want children, those whose loved ones are ill, farmers and fishermen who want to have better incomes, and even students who have an exam ahead are always in the temples. It must be noted that Japan’s constitution ensures the religious freedom for all citizens and no religious organization is allowed to receive governmental grants or opportunities to enforce political preferences. The state and state organizations avoid participating in any kind of religious acts. Accordingly, Japan has no official religion, but Shinto and Buddhism constitute the largest number of followers (Mo'in Zādeh, 2003). Thus, it seems that, with all the changes occurring in lifestyle, the feelings caused by religious acts remain unchanged and abandoning them completely would cause a sort of spiritual crisis.
Respecting the Nature (Naturism)
Japan’s coasts, mountains, and forests have caused some of its parts which have not yet been destroyed by industrialism and population to be of most exceptional beauty. One of the main reasons of preserving this natural excellence is the Japanese historical attention to the natural marvels and the people’s interest in natural beauties (Reischauer, 2000). Also, it is not surprising that “respecting the nature and the environment” would be another principle which strengthens spirituality and generates peace in the urban space. This happens in Kyoto while “destroying nature” is the first step in developing the cities and, especially in developing countries, this has brought upon them horrible and irreparable consequences. In fact, numerous constructions whose only purpose is to settle large populations in small spaces have not only caused dangerous environmental pollution, but also have forced people to confront numerous physical illnesses and psychological crises. Thus, a principal reason of Kyoto’s success in urbanization and urban development is “naturism” which is born after the Japanese architecture principles and has risen from the ancient religious teachings.
Population growth has disturbed the natural equilibrium and the life continuum (Yār Ahmadi, 1999), but this does not mean that people are relieved of their responsibilities to overcome this crisis and go back to the time when they consider themselves as part of the nature. It seems that considering the fact that Japan has preserved its cultural coherence with the past, using new developments, the country has wisely tried to control the parts which may separate it from its past and avoid falling into a cultural vacuum and thus losing its identity. Because of this, the Japanese people have tried to build their modern constructions in harmony both with the nature and the traditional Japanese architecture.
Architecture and Specific Urbanization
A critical factor in successful implementation of every action is setting clear goals from the beginning. Emphasizing the creation and the preservation of a “peaceful and desirable” city, representing “Japan’s cultural capital’ has been apparent in the urban planning of Kyoto (Kyoto City, 2001). Through centuries, the authorities in Kyoto have planned their city construction and maintenance having these goals in mind. Even in critical situations, such as war or natural disasters, the city’s authorities remained faithful to these goals, which have set Kyoto’s urban planning and policy making for years.
A principle which is followed in urban planning is the principle of “uniqueness of land usage”. This means that each land must have a particular usage such as residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial, etc. Regarding this principle, urban spaces would not develop without planning and following a specific schema (Kyoto City, 2009). The first consideration in Kyoto’s urbanization is dividing the city into urban development and urban control districts, and implementing construction rules and restrictions regarding the urban assets and facilities. Development districts as earlier mentioned have been divided into nine districts: grade one exclusively residential areas, grade two exclusively residential areas, residential, periphery commercial areas, commercial, semi-industrial, industrial, exclusively industrial, and specific industrial areas. In addition to this categorization, there are specific areas in Kyoto which are considered as preserved historical, cultural, and natural areas. Today, one fourth of Kyoto’s land constitutes picturesque and green non-central areas which are both development and controlled districts. There can be no constructions in these areas without getting a permit from the municipality which is granted according to the construction and architecture laws (Shapira et al., 1994: 67). In addition, the “Master Plan of Kyoto City” has outlined macro guidelines for the urban development of the city regarding its natural and historical environment (Kyoto City, 2001).
Consistency Instead of Renovation
An important tool in preserving the unique urban space of Kyoto is asserting the consistency of the city’s historical urban textures, buildings, or structures with its new/modern atmosphere and requirements. This means that the policies would avoid demolishing the old buildings and structures and reviving, reconstructing, and renewing consistency would be set as a priority. Therefore, based on the policies and plans written according to the conservation of the city’s historical buildings, the demolishing of the historical and cultural assets would be avoided. Even in case of the structures which have suffered serious damage or have completely been destroyed during natural disasters or wars, the main goal has been to remake the exact same building and not to replace it with a structure which is different in architecture and construction characteristics.
Another characteristic of Kyoto’s architecture is the mélange of the oldest traditional wooden buildings and the newest buildings and subway stations; one can see buildings with mid-school architectures among the primitive and modern ones which have largely been forgotten. Also, this city reflects a more religious architecture compared to other cities in Japan. Temples of Kyoto and the marvelous Japanese gardens are among the bests throughout the country. It is interesting that the secular traditional architecture of Kyoto, such as the wooden imperial villa of Katsura Rikyu, is also largely visible. Another example is Machiya, the traditional wooden houses of Japan which are in a way the main structures of Kyoto (Ishikawa, 1998).
Kyoto’s historical buildings, which belong to specific historical eras, are mostly temples and gardens; these temples and gardens are the city’s remarkable symbols in today’s Japan. The religious buildings which belong to different Buddhist and Shinto religions have other functions in addition to religious ones. Because of this, most of what constitutes the historical symbolism of the city is categorized under the temples. In addition, Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japans from the 8th century to the late 19th century; the magnificent architecture representing these eleven centuries is still seen in the city. Most of the buildings in Kyoto have been destroyed several times by war or fire, but the city has been reconstructed again and again in order to preserve its rich historical monuments. In other words, the city’s historical look in central parts is not because of the persistence of old buildings since they were built; rather it has been preserved by numerous reconstructions based on traditional methods. It must be noted that most of the remaining and original historical buildings in Kyoto are in the city’s suburbs and not central parts.
A review of Kyoto’s architectural history reveals that the buildings that are considered as the important and unique scattered symbols and landmarks of the city are mostly temples and gardens. The existence of temples in the modern Kyoto indicates the role this city has always played in the Japanese spiritual life. The areas that represent the historical façade of the city and are considered as its symbol contain mostly tombs, temples, gardens, and streets which portray the ancient times and can be considered as the birthplace of the Japanese culture. Japanese architecture is also the dominant style in parts of the city’s residential and public structures. Therefore, although Kyoto has benefited from the expertise of foreign and international architects and urban planners to build Western-based buildings, it has been able to preserve the Japanese cultural and traditional characteristics in itself. This section points out a general understanding of Kyoto’s architectural symbols.
Temples are greatly different in terms of structure which is related to their school and historical era. There are three main architectural schools in the construction of the temples: Tenjikuyo (Indian[2]), Karayo (Chinese), and Wayo (Japanese) (Lonely Planet City Guide, 2005).
Houses of Worship usually have simple wooden structures and are built on plain grounds. Characteristics such as gable roofs and entrances in the back of the buildings distinguish their design from that of the temples (Rowthotn, 2007).
Gardens and Palaces: Gardens have a long history in Japan and they convey the history of religion in the country. There was originally an endowed purified, plain site covered with sand called Saniwa where a deity was worshipped by the emperor. During the Heian Dynasty the gardens became more beautiful and the noble kiosks each contained a water garden which was built from a low-depth artificial lake or multiple connected pools with islands and waterfalls (Yasa, 2005). Ponds, pools, and lakes constituted the heart of the Japanese garden in terms of design. Generally, the shape of the Japanese garden would be manifest by some landscape elements. One of the most important ones was the lavatorium and the basin, but not of cement or metal materials. The pipe they used as the basin was sometimes made of bamboo and its curved shape would call to mind a sense of extreme humility, associated with bowing while entering the ceremonies and gatherings (Piš Bin, 2005).
Streets as Cultural Symbols: Streets shape the main body of the cities. They are the main field of public activities and the most prominent public spaces in each city. Therefore, as the main frame of the city, they represent public values and reflect the identity of the city. In a city with coherent and identified identity, streets which have been the basis for the formation of the city do not lose their historical textures because of urban development, reducing urban density, the need for open spaces, or any other reasons, rather, their identity-making functions would achieve more importance through the time. The streets in the historical part of Kyoto have an adaptive network. There only remain some original temples and a street network from the primary origin of the city built in 797 and the other parts have been destroyed through bloody wars. But Kyoto has reconstructed itself. Kyoto’s design approach is community-based. In addition to that, the planning philosophy of the city is based upon creating a healthy environment through maintenance, reconstruction and construction, and also a dynamic and innovative culture. “The guidelines which preserve and strengthen the historical and traditional architecture”, “street landscape design”, and “imposing strict restrictions on new constructions” are three principles to preserve the physical status of the city (Historic Case Studies, 2010).
Traditional Lodging Houses: There are modern hotels in Kyoto built in Western fashion; modern halls which are not constructed according to the Zen halls of the religious believers. But the traditional lodging houses present a rare opportunity to experience the Japanese traditional lifestyle (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005). A novelist is quoted that, “time is halted in these houses, in a way that I feel that I can experience the peace of the old Japan.” Japanese traditional lodging houses are called Ryokan. The oldest Ryokan in Kyoto is called Tawaraya which is superbly hospitable. The visitors are greeted with warm and kneeled Okami San (women who greet you with traditional clothes and manners). They are taken to their private rooms through the anfractuous inner gardens. The rooms are decorated in a Japanese style. There is a short table in the middle of the room, silk cushions with flower designs to rest on, a decorated alcove on which, the installation of flowers show the time in each season, old but not so expensive materials and paper lanterns (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005).
Combining Culturalism and Technological Modernism
Paying more attention to culture, in fact, consolidates the national identity-making elements. Benevolo (2005) argues that Japan might be a country which, without being naturalist or primitive, has a tradition different from that of the West; at a time, Japan was largely influenced by the western values, but through the time and passing through numerous difficulties, the country found its way and followed up its own independent path. Kyoto, here, is the first center for Japan’s traditional culture and religions. Numerous historical buildings and beautiful gardens have preserved the beauty of Japan before the modern age (Bugheyri, 2010).
In Kyoto’s civic schema, culturalism is not in contrast with technologism and the prominent approach is a combination of these two concepts. However, integrating these two approaches and achieving a combination which both seeks to move in step with the technology and center itself upon cultural values is rarely possible. Culturalist cities are small areas whose traditional context has remained unchanged and the modern technologies have not found their way into them. These cities are not usually populated because they cannot meet the basic needs of the modern daily life; in fact they are accused of committing “archaism”. On the other hand, large and populated cities, trying to maximally use the modern assets, deliberately destroy the past and do not feel the need to preserve the inner cultural principles. They follow down the path of building modern, chaotic, or identical constructions and are hopeless when it comes to responding to their inhabitants’ cultural and human needs. Integrating the positive aspects of each one of these approaches gives birth to a new approach which is basically what has been used in Kyoto planning. In this approach, for example, architecture is not merely construction, rather, it is an activity which establishes a desirable relationship between the buildings, landmarks, memorials, roads, and squares, and in this way, creates an arena for collective memories and cultural savior whose main characteristic is dynamismalong with utilization of modern facilities. In fact, Kyoto is not a product of a mere imitation; rather, it is the product of a clever innovation which includes different cultural aspects.
The geographical isolation of Japan has provided the possibility to give birth and promote one of the richest cultures in the world and Kyoto, considering its history, is determined to preserve the title of the country’s “cultural capital”. Reischauer (2000) writes, “imagine things that are original like their traditional clothes, thick straw mats on the floor [tatami], their cooking, their native architecture, their lifestyle, sliding paper panels, the open and expansive structure of all houses, shelves for artistic works, fireboxes for burning charcoals, wooden or iron washers, bathing as a method for relaxation at the end of the day and in the winter to feel warm and happy; all these are simple but principal aspects of daily life in Japan which are traditional and specific to this country and they are more a representation of an innovative culture than a mere imitation.”
Kyoto craftsmen are famous for their professionalism in traditional crafts and arts (Bugheyri, 2010); Kyoto handicrafts are also part of the ancient and spiritual fame and cultural assets of the city. Kyoto has always attracted the best artists and craftsmen. The original schools of tea traditions, calligraphy, floriculture, Buddhist main sects, theatre and other performing arts schools have all been flourished in Kyoto. There are very simple facilities in parts of the city where the artists and craftsmen are working. Some of them are the thirteenth generation of a family who have kept the same profession for centuries. Handmade dolls, sliding and rotating doors, dyeing, paper-making, pencil-making, woodcraft, metal craft, glass craft, sculpting, engraving, pottery, needling, broidery, and bamboo baskets are Kyoto’s most important handicrafts. In the modern age, traditional and handicraft professions have been redefined in Kyoto and the artists, preserving the old principles, have been looking for new forms and functions and have continued the innovative spirit and preservation of the beauty and innovation as an honorable tradition (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005).
Kyoto has created a relatively open environment for commerce and business and because of that many companies and industries have located their headquarters in this city, such as Nintendo (a multinational gaming company), Rohm (Japanese electronics company), and Omron (electronics company). Totally, there are 170 European and American companies headquartered in Kyoto. In addition, the Kyoto Research Park located in the city’s downtown has attracted technology developers and scholars from around the world and is one of the centers responsible for the international prestige of the city. Tourism is a prominent industry in Kyoto. The city’s work force is about 730,000 people which 65 percent of them working in tourism. After tourism, electronics, production, and textiles are the city’s most important industries. Municipal and commercial officials of Kyoto work to maintain tourism and handicraft as two of the most important parts of the city’s economy. To this end, there have been efforts to preserve the traditional Kyoto and, on the other hand, there have been enormous investments in scientific facilities and public and private sphere as a domestic economic prosperity program which includes the establishment of the Kyoto Research Park, Kyoto Science City, and Kansai Science City (Carpenter & Soshitsu, 2005). Currently, more than 50 million tourists visit Kyoto annually from Japan and other countries (Kadokawa, 2009).
A Model of an Innovative and Dynamic City
Before conclusion, we shall discuss the model which Imai[3] (2004) called the “New Kyoto Model”, which is a model in which the historical and identity elements and textures of the city are preserved along with the modern procedures of the urban life and innovations. He believes that this model is achievable by studying and analyzing the daily life innovations. Based on his proposed model, Japan, instead of mourning its economic weaknesses, should try to rediscover its economic strength and attractiveness and then strengthen those areas. The final goal of this kind of action is to create and develop an “economic-cultural city” which can be generated by the citizens’ innovative actions in different aspects of their daily lives. This schema exists in Kyoto and Imai tries to specify clear elements and examples visible throughout the city. Imai, who has lived in Kyoto for 12 years, uses a book titled “The Rise of The Creative Class” (subtitled, How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life) by American sociologist Richard Florida to develop his argument. According to him, it seems that presenting a cultural-economic model of the ancient capital of Japan is possible and we can call that the “new Kyoto model”. Imai adds, “Professor Florida suggests that the accumulation of innovations can be defined by "Three T's": technology, talent, and tolerance, and he places special importance on the combination of the latter two. In order to lure creative talent, tolerance and an atmosphere of freedom within the local society is important, and this explains why places like Austin Texas are now becoming new creative areas. Simply put, it is becoming Silicon Valley vs. Austin Texas”.
Imai (2004) suggests that studying these three elements in Kyoto indicates that Tokyo is a city inhabited by a variety of different social streams and layers and, thus, Japan’s capital has a high capacity and tolerance to accept different people from around the world. Diversity is too high in this city and “a structured disorder” is apparent in its layers; many of Tokyo’s scenes are chaotic and make it difficult to assess the city’s nature. Maybe analyzing Tokyo in detail to rediscover and re-identify the city would give the same results as if it was studied generally and through a macro analysis. This means that there is a diversity of foreignness in this city which is a small part of the transformation existing in the larger plan. On the other hand, Kyoto is a city which, if micro analyzed, would give us new results of recognition and discovery. May be the reason for this is the smaller scale of the study in this case. Kyoto is a city which inherits the three mentioned elements and the city has been able to combine technology, talent, and tolerance. Imai adds that in case of Kyoto’s technology, it should be pointed out that there are numerous economic institutions and companies in the city which possess technological supremacy and distinct identities. Kyocera Corporation, Horiba Ltd., Rohm Co., Ltd., and Murata Manufacturing Company Limited are some of these companies whose profit ratio is twice the average Japanese companies’ profit. He continues “for "talent", the number of graduate students relative to the number of business offices in Kyoto is the highest in Japan. Regarding "tolerance", the 36 universities of Kyoto accept foreign students from various countries, and observations have been provided as in "Kyoto-shiki Keiei (Kyoto-Style Management)" by Chihiro Suematsu, that the pride and nobleness inherent in Kyoto bring about the tolerance to productively exploit individuals' characters”.
Imai’s notes suggest that Kyoto has connected the skill and advanced technology together. He elaborates that considering the needs of today’s world; the word “creativity” must be redefined. Normally, it visualizes a prominent invention or a new innovative product. These kinds of inventions and innovations are truly important and critical, but today a kind of innovation is desirable and needed that is able to form new jobs and lifestyles through interactions between individuals and citizens and by preserving their individuality; the point is that the interactions between individuals are constantly happening everywhere. Imai’s examples include the Machiya houses in Kyoto which are reborn by connecting the information technology and people’s interest in Kyoto’s ancient structures, and in this way, achieving new and innovative values by that merge together the new and the old, the modern and the ancient. In these cases, the experts and scholars can be effective and bring many other things into reality. Kyoto’s experts have also created a system in the field of industry and business which is highly profitable and at the same time preserves their identity. Imai concludes that by connecting culture and economy, a new field should be provided for economic culture and the works of cultural strategists should be reassessed and reanalyzed. He believes that Japan needs to build a cultural-economic city which attracts the people of the world to live and work in it. Imai adds that Kyoto’s capabilities to achieve this goal have, for example, attracted Larry Ellison, a prominent figure in America’s information industry. As a result Imai writes, “With Kyoto as an example, cities in Japan should launch a competition to attract key persons from Japan and abroad to recreate their cultural economy. Through intellectual mingling of these key persons, the high qualities of Japan's tradition will be rediscovered, and associated economical cultural values will begin to be recognized internationally. Such processes and projects should eventually create and support a common notion that criteria for global values should be flexible and diverse”.
Considering Imai’s model and concluding what it is discussed to this point, the following model, depicting an innovative and dynamic city, points out the five elements necessary for this kind of city to possess a lively and thriving urban atmosphere. These elements have been present in Kyoto and have been discussed.
The Model of the Innovative and Dynamic City
Conclusion: Identity Change and Persistence
The challenge of change and persistence is the largest identity challenge of universalization, globalization, and expansive translocalization. Kyoto is a prominent example of the world’s cultural cities which has been able to integrate identity change and persistence. The persistence of the city’s identity which has caused the persistence of “Kyoto’s noble identity” is a subject much attended in this city. This component emphasizes the interpretation that the city’s development must not lead to the loss of the past Kyoto in the present one, rather, the new layers of the city must be made of the old layers and be a continuation of them. The two other components, localization and globalization, are in relation to the first component and in this integration the concept of glocalization takes shape. Globalization which capacitates the entrance and presence of the global elements, begins a process of selection which can be called “global staffing”. Global staffing selects components which strengthen the localization process and improve the globalization as well. As a result, Kyoto can be known as a city where the sense of localization and globalization mutually exists and the procedures of modern life do not have a negative effect on the city’s historical tradition which is a symbol of Japan’s culture and civilization, and, even in a way, strengthens the civilizational identity of the city. The glocalized view of the urban management and planning ensures the persistence of the identity-making elements of the city in the middle of the continually changing modern life. The next component which will be the main source of the coherent development of the city is “integration”. Integration will always consider the city as a harmonious body which will grow and develop as a whole.
In the end, it should be noted that the “powerful city” is the source of strengthening the “cultural and civilizational power” of the city and will decrease the identity losses and defeats. Of course, it must be remembered that one of the characteristics of powerful identity-based cities such as Kyoto, is the meaningful and persistent connection between the city’s material and spiritual heritage. In this connection, the high religious-moral elements would be able to give meaning and depth to other civic elements, such as the material ones, and even act as the spirit of the city. In doing so, the city would not be a meaningless body; the reflection of the religion and morality would be manifest in the manners of the citizens and the modesty of the urbanization process and architecture as well as urban furniture and even urban services. In other words, it could be said that power here does not mean domination over others; rather it is in a form of civilization, spirituality, and morality.
[1] Shinto gods have been worshiped by the Japanese since the 7th and 8th centuries. People brought offerings to them and held special ceremonies in temples. Since then, the roofs of the temples would be built in an unfamiliar way they assumed was harmonious with the nature. The entrance to the temples were simple structures built on the hills and plants or in the side of the roads and would act as offerings to the local Kami (spirits). All of these are part of the Japanese routine chores. There used to be Shinto altars in Japanese houses which would act as place for the household to worship the family’s passed spirits. The visible world is as real for the Japanese as the invisible one. They have always feared the invisible forces and making a god out of nature is a way to domesticize these forces. They believe that the world is shared between them and the invisible forces and they try to keep these forces under control by offerings and magical rituals. Large (grid) red gates are symbolic gates or entrances to the supernatural world of spirits. The fox which sits in front of the entrance to some of the temples is the manifestation of one kind of the spirits. Buddhism was declared the official or state religion of Japan in 592. Buddhism, which was born in India, expanded to China and Korea in the 6th century and found its way into Japan from there, forming a hybrid with Shinto after a period of conflicts. Since then, the religious rituals, such as prayers and personal rituals, followed the Buddhist ways, but all private and official ceremonies were still dominated by the Shinto beliefs of ascendants’ union and the invisible forces (Delay, 2003).
[2] This is not actually Indian.
[3] Director of the Board, Stanford Japan Center
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Getting Your Kids Their Back-to-School Physicals
August 03, 2018
Back to school is just around the corner, and parents are rushing to make sure their kids are prepared and ready. School supplies and new uniforms are on everyone’s shopping list, no doubt, but is a back-to-school physical part of all the preparations?
Back-to-school physicals aren’t always a top priority for parents, but they should be. And doctors recommend them.
They can help to ensure not only that your kids are in optimal health, but also that they are able to follow what’s going on in class.
What Should Be Included in a Back-to-School Physical?
No matter your child’s age, the following examinations should include:
• Hearing and Vision: Children can lose focus, disengage and get distracted when they can’t follow what is going on in class. Sometimes this is caused simply by not being able to see or hear properly.
Hearing tests are usually performed at birth, before your child leaves the nursery. But it’s recommended that children have another hearing test before they start school, at around age 3-5 years, or whenever you think there may be a problem.
A vision test is done to ensure your child can see what is being written on the board. Upon entering school, every 2 years during school age or when a problem is suspected, children should have an eye screening for visual acuity and alignment. Short-sightedness (myopia) is the most common refractive error in this age group. If you suspect your child has an alignment or other eye health issue, take them in for a comprehensive eye examination so that they don’t fall behind in class.
• Heart Health: In children, high blood pressure (hypertension) is usually the result of genetics, lifestyle factors, an underlying disease (such as diabetes), or even a side-effect of medication. Doctors recommended that children get their blood pressure checked annually starting at the age of 3. Parents should also promote eating healthily and being physically active.
Untreated hypertension can cause serious health risks, as it forces the heart to work much harder than it should; it could lead to artery, heart, and kidney damage down the line.
• Height and Weight Assessment: Your child’s growth depends on many factors, including genetics, metabolism, hormones, and nutrition. A height assessment will determine if your child is growing at normal rate for his or her age group. A weight assessment is done to assure your child is at healthy weight for their height and age range.
Additionally, you can use this opportunity to ask the doctor about immunizations to protect your child from contracting various diseases.
A Bit about Nutrition and Eating Disorders
A healthy breakfast gets your child ready for the day and helps ensure they are energized to give their best. Eating breakfast positively affects cognitive performance, in other words, attention, memory, perception, and mood. This will help your kids stay focused and attentive all day during class.
But apart from a healthy, balanced diet, parents should also be aware of eating disorders children may face. Eating disorders are often incorrectly thought of as lifestyle choices, but in fact they are serious illnesses. Eating disorders include: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating.
Anorexia is the eating disorder in which a child sees themselves as overweight, causing them the desire to be thin and thus starving themselves as a result. Bulimia is the eating disorder in which a child will overeat and purge right after in order to prevent weight gain. And binge eating is when a child eats uncontrollably.
It’s believed that eating disorders are the result of biological, behavioral, and social factors combined. Make sure to talk to your kids about body image and the dangers of eating disorders, as they could lead to serious health issues in the future — such as malnutrition, cardiac disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Doctors Encourage Back-to-School Physicals
Don’t wait when taking your children in for their back-to-school physicals. Ideally, you should take your kids in to see the doctor a few weeks before school begins. This leaves you time to deal with any present health issues they may be facing.
The Children’s (Pediatrics) Center at Bumrungrad International Hospital offers comprehensive health services for children by pediatric specialists in a variety of specialties.
By Children’s Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital
Related Health Blogs |
How do researchers and scientists study the mechanics of the brain? How do they come to an intimate understanding of this most complex organ in order to solve pressing medical problems?
One way is by looking at and analyzing tissue samples under a microscope.
Unfortunately, this is no easy feat. The foundational structures of the brain, such as nucleic acids and our neural network, are surrounded by opaque substances, such as fats, through which light cannot penetrate. Think of a finished wall in a house. Just because you shine a light on it, doesn’t mean you’ll be able to see the internal structure.
This is where tissue clarification comes in. With the help of our patented machine you can remove the fats from a tissue sample in order to render it transparent and ready for visualization. It is akin to removing the drywall in order to see inside the house. We are not destroying the structure of the house, rather we are simply letting the light in to allow for proper analysis and diagnosis.
It was Dr. Karl Deiserroth and Dr. Kwanghun Chung at the Stanford University School of Medicine who revolutionized neuroscience by developing this method of clarification, known as the CLARITY method, in 2013.
At Clarity Tech Lab we have built on this innovative foundation by developing a service that reduces tissue clarification time from a couple of months to a few days.
It is our hope that by speeding up the time it takes to clarify brain tissue, we will be assisting researchers and scientists in getting back to their important work studying the brain and understanding the mechanisms of disease.
©2018 Clarity Tech Lab |
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Python-Quizzes | Python String Quiz | Question 12
• Last Updated : 18 Sep, 2020
Question 12: What is the output of the following program?
var1 = 'Geeks'
print(var1[:4] + 'for' + 'Geeks'
(A) GeeksforGeeks
(B) GeekforGeek
(C) GeekforGeeks
(D) GeekForGeeks
Answer: (C)
Explanation: Python provides a flexible way to update string in your code. Use square brackets and specify the index from where string has to be updated and use + operator to append the string. [x:y] operator is called Range Slice and gives the characters from the given range.
Quiz of this Question
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Back in January, the capital of Kinshasa and other cities were rocked by widespread protests when Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) President Joseph Kabila’s regime tried to pass a law requiring a national census to be held before future elections. The opposition reacted furiously, accusing the president, who has been in power since 2001, of seeking to prolong his term in office. Eventually the census proposal was dropped and the government backed off, announcing that presidential elections would be held in November 2016. That clock is now ticking, and there are few indications the government is seriously preparing for a post-Kabila future. On the contrary, events in neighboring Burundi may be encouraging some people around the president to think again.
As electoral norms spread through sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s, a number of strongmen emerged who rigged elections to keep themselves in power indefinitely. Term limits were introduced into the constitutions of countries like Burundi or the Congo precisely to prevent the emergence of such an electoral dictatorship. Alas from Russia to Turkey to eastern Africa, in the twenty-first century elected autocrats have learned to manipulate constitutions and exploit weak judicial systems to their advantage. Now the apparent success of Burundi’s Pierre Nkurunziza in side-stepping constitutional term limits in Burundi shows how the spirit of the law can still be evaded if a legal pretext can be patched together by the party in power.
The politics of Burundi, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have all been tragically tied together by conflict and instability spreading from one to the other, so Burundi’s example does not auger well for its fragile neighbours’ future stability and good governance. President Nkurunziza’s claim that his first term in office should not be counted because he had not been elected has a certain plausibility but was grossly irresponsible in a fragile and ethnically divided polity. At the first sign of a serious backlash a statesman would have dropped his bid and allowed a caretaker government to oversee a proper election. Instead, after stacking the constitutional court with his supporters, Nkurunziza is accused of pressuring it to rule in his favor so he could stand for a third term behind a façade of judicial approval.
He had to ride out violent opposition protests and a coup attempt that together cost dozens of lives, but he has managed to secure himself an extra few years in power.
Few people believe the Burundian president’s claims to respect legal and constitutional restraints on his power and prerogatives. In an unprecedented rebuff, Nkurunziza’s re-election was not even observed by the African Union. Alas, in the bear-pits of his neighbors’ politics many leaders will be keen to follow his recent example. For example, there are no doubts that the fourteen year-old regime of Joseph Kabila next door is any less devious in protecting its monopoly on executive power. With the right court rulings and parliamentary maneuvering, the DRC’s own term limit issue could be circumvented. Mr Kabila could swap chair whilst remaining in power simply by stripping the presidency of its powers whilst increasing those of another power center such as the prime minister’s office. As the reaction on the streets of Kinshasa in January showed however, there are few signs it could be done without bloodshed.
Sadly the present Kinshasa regime has precious little democratic traditions to restrain its maneuverings. The current president inherited his position from his father when the latter was assassinated. The presidential incumbent before that was another Joseph, the infamous Mobutu, who looted the DRC for thirty years and murdered or exiled any political opposition. Four years prior to the present drama in Burundi, the DRC’s 2011 election results had already brought opposition accusations that the Congo’s Supreme Court had not examined electoral results thoroughly enough when it awarded the victory to the incumbent Kabila administration. How much truth there is in this matters less than the fact that many in the Congolese opposition are likely to believe the judiciary is biased against them. If the DRC’s Court became an actor in any kind of constitutional crisis in the run up to next year’s elections it would not be seen as a neutral institution but as a tool of the ruling Kinshasa clique.
In the African Great Lakes region contests for power within states are always nerve-wracking moments for their neighbors because of the ease with which instability in one can spread to the others. The Second Congo War is a prime example of this transmission of instability from one part of the Great Lakes region through porous borders to another. The conflict was triggered in aftermath of the Rwandan genocide when ‘Hutu power’ extremists fled from their country into eastern Congo following their defeat at the hands of Tutsi forces. Since the eastern DRC was home to previous waves of Hutu and Tutsi refugees from both Burundi and Rwanda and their descendants, the Rwandan Hutu militias swiftly added to eastern Congo’s own swirling bush wars, and brought their genocidal ideology with them. A much wider war was sparked when Kinshasa prevaricated and seemed unable or unwilling to control the situation in the east. Rwanda and Uganda promptly invaded and placed Joseph Kabila’s father Laurent in power, trigging a region-wide struggle involving nine African states. Millions died across the DRC and peace has only sporadically returned since then.
The weakness of the DRC to armed incursions from its neighbors is reason to be concerned when those states start to look fragile themselves. The peace between the DRC, Rwanda, and Burundi remains extremely brittle. In the east of the Congo the remnants of the Rwandan Hutu militias, local Mai-Mai militants, and assorted other armed groups still pose a threat to civilians, if not to Kinshasa. Meanwhile in May, as tensions in Burundi escalated, the Rwandan government seemed to be preparing the diplomatic ground for an armed intervention if ethnic killings broke out there. Fortunately the Burundi situation has been resolved for now without escalating into inter-ethnic fighting, both because President Nkurunziza’s re-election bid was opposed by many members of his own Hutu ethnic group, and because he successfully seems to have bought off some of the opposition, splitting it politically.
Much money, time, and energy has been spent by the international community in Burundi, Rwanda, and the DRC trying to prevent a return to the tidal wave of blood that soaked all three countries between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. That may all be at risk if the Kabila regime takes a leaf from President Nkurunziza’s book. Repeated rebellions against Kinshasa, some of them backed from neighboring Rwanda and Uganda, have rocked the DRC since the end of the Second Congo War, which ran from 1997 to about 2003. It is a testament both to the weakness of the Congo’s central government and the susceptibility of the DRC’s east to its neighbors that the embers of Rwandan-linked revolts were not fully stamped out until 2013, and that the Kabila regime needed repeated international intercessions to do so.
It is therefore difficult to see how Kinshasa can extended Joseph Kabila’s term of office as neatly as Pierre Nkurunziza has in Burundi. The DRC is a much larger country than its neighbors and there are simply too many armed groups beyond the control of the security forces. Meanwhile the army itself is divided and weak, full of former rebel fighters and widely distrusted for its corruption and brutality. Any bid by Kinshasa to stay in power using a legalistic fig-leaf would almost certainly trigger a new revolt in the east and possibility other parts of the DRC and if Kabila’s actions were to spark another uprising against his regime it is debatable if the West would intervene to save him.
However it would also be difficult for neighboring governments in Burundi, Uganda and Rwanda to overlook the security and financial incentives of meddling in the DRC’s factional politics. If one country starts to back an armed movement, the others will follow suit, threatening a return to regional instability. Despite the dangers, the temptation for Kabila to stay on somehow will be strong, as will the pressure on him from members of his inner circle. The DRC’s best hope is that President Kabila has learned from his father and his namesake’s mistakes and does not try to outstay his welcome as President Nkurunziza has done in Burundi. Peace in the Great Lakes region could soon depend on the Congo not following in its neighbor’s footsteps. |
Thursday, July 2, 2020
Electoral Processes in the US: Electing the President
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Nikhita Gautam
Article Title
Electoral Processes in the US: Electing the President
Global Views 360
Publication Date
July 2, 2020
The White House, Washington D.C.
The White House, Washington D.C. | Source: Cezary P via Wikimedia
The USA electoral process is a complex one; caucuses and primaries, followed by national conventions, general elections, formation of the electoral college and the selection of the president. Each step of this process has a lot of subtleties, which vary widely from state to state.
Caucuses and Primaries: This is the initial step of the selection of president. This stage of choosing occurs within a political party, where the party picks the candidate to rally behind.
In the state “Primary”', the registered members of political parties cast votes to allocate delegates for the presidential nominees of their parties. In some of the states this is done through caucuses, where groups are formed behind various potential candidates and there is discussion and persuasion between various groups. Republican party allocates all the delegates directly through primary or caucus, however the Democratic party allocates some Super-Delegates over and above the directly elected ones. These selected or allocated delegates are sent to the national party convention to represent their nominees.
In the process occurring between the primaries and caucuses to the selection of the potential electors is decided entirely by the party. The democrats, after the 1968 democratic convention, made a formal mechanism to reduce power of party leaders over the selection process and ways to represent minorities in the electors. This, however, backfired for the party as the delegates selected by primaries voted according to candidates and not the party, which led to the 1972 democratic Presidential candidate to win in only one state. The rules were then reformed and the concept of Super-Delegates was introduced. The Republican party also followed a somewhat similar trajectory, but did not impose as many restrictions on the delegate selection process, and never took measures to include the minorities.
National Conventions: Each parties’ delegates then choose a final presidential nominee at a national party convention. The nominee picks another person, who would be the vice president in the case the nominee wins. Here, there can be pledged or unpledged delegates; pledged ones are bound to support the potential candidates they chose in the previous round, while the unbound, or superdelegates can support anyone they choose.
Electoral College: After each of the parties have selected their presidential candidate, the candidate campaigns across the country to gain favor from the general public. There are speeches, rallies, debates, and other outreach activities, in which the candidates promote themselves. Meanwhile, the parties select some respective potential electors in each state, which are the people who get the last vote in the selection of the president. Each party forms a slate of potential electors according to the state..
General Election:After this, the general election occurs, in which the public votes for a president. However, the public does not directly vote for the president; they vote for the slate of electors for that political party for that state.
After the general election, the Electors are appointed to the state in two ways.. Electors from all the states then form the electoral college, which is the body that votes for the president. The electors are not legally bound to vote for the party they are pledged to, but can be fined or disqualified if they defect. Throughout USA history, though, more than 99% of the electors have voted as pledged.
The electoral college presently has 538 electors and the candidate who wins 270 or more electoral votes, wins the Presidential election.
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February 25, 2021 12:44 PM
Constructing Panopticon: Israeli Surveillance Technology and its Implications for the Palestinians
Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher and social theorist designed ‘Panopticon’ in the late 18th century. The panopticon is an institutional building which Bentham describes as “a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind in a quantity hitherto without example”. The structure's central observation tower, placed within a circle of prison cells, allows a watchman to monitor the inmates of the building without the dwellers knowing whether or not they are being watched. Although it is physically impossible for a single watchman to observe all the occupants at once, the fact that the inmates cannot know when they are being watched means that they are motivated to act as though they are being watched at all times. Thus, compelling the inmates to regulate their own behaviour.
Michel Foucoault, a French Philosopher, uses panopticon as a metaphor to explore relations between systems of social control and people in a disciplinary situation. For Foucault, the real danger was not that the individuals are repressed by the social order but the fact that when only certain people or groups of people control knowledge, oppression is a possibility. Contemporary society uses technology for the deployment of panoptic structures ‘invisibly’ throughout society.
This article gives an overview of the massive panopticon that is built and operated by Israel in Occupied Palestine.
Israel’s unaccountable military rule over its Palestinian citizens in east Jeruselum, West Bank and Gaza Strip have kept the Palestinians under constant surveillance and control. As per a report by Amitai Ziv on Haaretz, Israel’s surveillance operation against Palestinians is (as of 2019) “among the largest of its kind in the world. It includes monitoring the media, social media and the population as a whole.”
Among various mechanisms of surveillance, the technological mechanisms of surveillance and control deployed or proposed in the region of Gaza Strip is most empowering to Israel in terms of gathering ‘intelligence’. This includes use of biometric identity cards, Israeli access to Palestinian census data, almost complete access to and control of the telecommunication infrastructure in the Gaza Strip, the ability to track individuals via cell phone, large surveillance zeppelins which monitor the entire electromagnetic spectrum and which can usurp control of these from Palestinian operators (for instance sending text messages to subscribers targeting different demographics) as well as optical surveillance, facial recognition technology, remote controlled and robotic machine gun towers guarding the border that are capable of identifying a target and opening fire automatically—without human intervention.
In the context of occupation, the use of biometric ID cards of Israeli citizens is the sharpest seepage of control technologies. For a long time, Israel has used a system of differentiated ID cards to distinguish between Jewish and Non-Jewish, citizens and residents of Israel, and citizens and residents of the occupied territories.
These ID cards also have a record of ethnic/religious affiliation of the person, and the ID numbers themselves are coded so as to reflect this information. One’s status of whether they are an Israeli or Palestinian, whether they are a citizen or a resident determines their freedom to travel, their ability to find jobs, and even their ability to get married and avail social benefits. The Palestinians in East Jerusalem—which was annexed after the 1967 war—are considered as “conditional residents” and not citizens. According to a Human Rights Watch report, a resident of Palestine occupied Israel reported that the Israeli authorities refused to issue birth certificates to his five children, all born in Jerusalem. Other Jerusalem residents without residency status, in their testimonials, described being unable to legally work; obtain social welfare benefits; attend weddings and funerals; or visit gravely ill relatives abroad, for fear Israeli authorities would refuse to allow them to return home.
Another significant technological mechanism is the Facial recognition technology which has found its way into use by Israeli police. Facial recognition system, a globally controversial and scientifically flawed system is being used by the police force in Israel to identify protestors and is also implemented at airports and border crossings.
Israel has also ratcheted its social media surveillance, especially Facebook, Palestinians’ preferred platform. In October 2015, Israeli invasion at the Al-Aqsa Mosque angered several Palestinians. Many teenagers who didn’t belong to military wing or the Palestinian political faction orchestrated the attacks. The Israeli government blamed the social media for instigating the attacks and the military intelligence increased the monitoring of Palestinian social media accounts. Consequently, over 800 Palestinians were arrested for their posts on social media, particularly Facebook. It was later revealed that these arrests were a result of a policing system which uses algorithms to build profiles of supposed Palestinian attackers. This system proctors thousands of Palestinian Facebook accounts sifting for words like shaheed (martyr), Zionist state, Al Quds (Jerusalem), or Al Aqsa. Further, the algorithm identifies a “suspect” based on ‘prediction’ of violence. These targets are marked suspicious and are a potential target for arrest on the grounds of “incitement to violence”. The term incitement refers to all types of resistance to Israeli practices. The Israeli Army declared Military order 1651 in 2010, according to which, anyone who “attempts, orally or otherwise, to influence public opinion in the West Bank area in a manner which may harm public peace or public order” or “publishes words of praise, sympathy or support for a hostile organization, its actions or objectives,” will serve a jail time of 10 years. The order defines this as “incitement”. One notable instance has been the poetry of Dareen Tatour. She is a Palestinian citizen of Israel. She expressed her call to “resist” the occupiers through a poem she posted online in October 2015. The video had less than 300 views. But it resulted in nearly three years of house arrest and five months imprisonment. The Israeli government charged Tatour with inciting violence and terrorism while her poem was a call for a non-violent resistance. This incident is a classic demonstration of how Israel uses vague terminology to criminalize online activity when it serves its discriminatory interests.
Israel’s military industrial complex is a profound enabler of the digital surveillance of Palestinians. The nation not only implements surveillance and control but also manufactures and exports a massive amount of military and cyber security technologies. A report published by Privacy International—an NGO that investigates government surveillance and companies—in 2016—stated that Israel has about 27 surveillance companies which is the highest per capita in terms of surveillance that any country has in the world.
The Guardian collected testimonies from people who worked in the Israeli Intelligence Corps to understand the big brother surveillance of the Palestinians. One of the testimonies revealed that commoners and even completely innocent people were under the radar of surveillance. The attestor stated “As a soldier in Unit 8200, I collected information on people accused of either attacking Israelis, trying to attack Israelis, desiring to harm Israelis, and considering attacking Israelis. I also collected information on people who were completely innocent, and whose only crime was that they interested the Israeli security system for various reasons. For reasons they had absolutely no way of knowing. All Palestinians are exposed to non-stop monitoring without any legal protection. Junior soldiers can decide when someone is a target for the collection of information. There is no procedure in place to determine whether the violation of the individual’s rights is necessarily justifiable. The notion of rights for Palestinians does not exist at all. Not even as an idea to be disregarded.”
Another testimonial exposed that the data collected was hardly in accordance with the security needs. The testimony stated, “Throughout my service, I discovered that many Israeli initiatives within the Palestinian arena are directed at things that are not related to intelligence. I worked a lot on gathering information on political issues. Some could be seen as related to objectives that serve security needs, such as the suppression of Hamas institutions, while others could not. Some were political objectives that did not even fall within the Israeli consensus, such as strengthening Israel’s stance at the expense of the Palestinian position. Such objectives do not serve the security system but rather agendas of certain politicians. One project in particular, was shocking to many of us as we were exposed to it. The information was almost directly transferred to political players and not to other sections of the security system. This made it clear to me that we were dealing with information that was hardly connected to security needs. We knew the detailed medical conditions of some of our targets, and our goals developed around them. I’m not sure what was done with this information. I felt bad knowing each of their precise problems, and that we would talk and laugh about this information freely. Or, for instance, that we knew exactly who was cheating on their wife, with whom, and how often.”
While hidden and unknown surveillance is prominent, Israel has also imposed explicit panopticon surveillance and restrictions on Palestinians in numerous cases. In the village of Beit Ijza, northwest of Jerusalem, the house of Gharib’s family has been enclosed by a 6-meter-high fence, cutting them off from their olive gardens and rest of the village as Israel claimed ownership of the land surrounding the Gharib family's house and created a West Bank settlement over there. The house was built in 1979 on land the family says has belonged to them from as far back as the Ottoman era. “Ever since Israel occupied the West Bank, Jews have been offering my father to sell the house,” Gharib says. “They even brought him a suitcase of money. He refused.” Now, their every move is filmed as cameras have been set up on the bars of the fence. Along with loss of privacy, the panopticon internalized omniscience prevents the Gharib family from taking radical steps to protect their rights. In Israeli military language this is called an “indicative fence” which is also equipped with sensors. When the fence was built, the family had to negotiate by phone with the police at the nearby Atarot industrial zone every time they wanted to go out and or they had to get the Red Cross to help out. “Sometimes we waited for several hours for them to come and open it” Gharib said.
Constant surveillance in real life as well as digital space is definitely a critical human rights violation. While the case of Palestinians is unique given the Israeli military occupation, the fight for their rights is global. World leaders, governments, civil societies, social media giants and all internet users have an essential role in the battle for a surveillance and censorship free state.
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Bioethics in Sociology
The Evolution of Trust in Bioethics
Contributor / Raymond De Vries
Raymond De Vries Bioethics Incentives,Trust and Data Bumper: Does the Field of Science Push Researchers to the Edge of Trustworthiness?
There’s a difference between trustworthy science and trustworthy scientists. The first one’s kind of easy: trustworthy science is a result of well-designed science carried out carefully according to procedure.
The second one is more about the person doing the science: Is that person trustworthy? Do they subscribe to the norms of science? For example, do they let their personal bias influence the way they find their results?
Those kinds of things are more difficult to regulate.
In fact, we found in some research that we did that the organization of science actually pushes scientists in ways that are more dishonest.
So, the intense competition for research funding, for example, means that scientists start to cut corners in their research, start to do things to make sure they get published, to make sure they get the next grant.
So, this excess of competition and the lack of a collaborative attitude about science really creates an environment that promotes untrustworthy science.
If you are a researcher, you need to understand how these forces in the field of science are pushing you to the edges of being trustworthy, and you need to reflect hard and long on doing good science and yet being successful as a researcher. And I know that’s a serious challenge.
Bumper: Caregivers versus Researchers: Conflicting Priorities in Building Trust
One of the particular challenges in medical research is balancing patient outcomes and research outcomes. And what’s interesting about this is that caregivers and researchers have different goals.
A caregiver’s goal is care for the patient—giving the patient the best care. A researcher’s goal is generalizable knowledge. So, their first goal is not making sure the patient has good care but making sure that good science is done.
And those goals can conflict. And what’s interesting about that is we have prospective review for research to make sure that researchers don’t let their goal of getting generalizable knowledge harm the subjects of research.
But clinical care, we have retrospective review because we trust that a clinician’s first goal is to help a patient, and if something goes wrong, then we have an ethical review.
We presume trustworthiness for clinicians. But the first goal of researchers is to science and not to patients.
A really beautiful example of this is in the movie Wit, where you see a perfect illustration of this tension between the goals of research and the goals of clinical care.
Bumper: Trust at the Intersection of Bioethics and Big Data
With the increasing use of big data, patients and research subjects really fear an invasion of their privacy.
They’re not really certain where their data are going and how they will be used and if somehow they’ll come back to haunt them, where an insurance company will find something out about you and raise your insurance rates or an employer will find something out about you and deny you employment because of your potential for illness.
Another thing we found is people are worried about how their data will be used. We did a study looking at if those kinds of things matter to people, and people said, “I don’t want my data being used for bioweapons research.”
People also said, “I don’t want my data being used by a for-profit company to make money that’s not shared with the public, because I’m freely giving them my data and they’re cashing in on my data for their own private ends.”
The answer to this, we think, is better governance of data banks and biobanks.
Raymond De Vries is a sociologist, and his field actually has a pretty unique take on bioethics.
The Rise of Bioethics in Response to Medical Distrust: Key Findings
Contributor / Raymond De Vries
Raymond De Vries Bioethics Institutions and Context,Distrust Bioethics is particularly interesting for people who want to study trust because it arose when a much-trusted profession, medicine, lost the trust of the public.
Essentially, bioethics is the child of distrust in medicine and medical research.
The erosion of trust in medicine began in the 20th century with frightening medical experiments and frightening new technologies.
Trust in medicine was diminished when the public learned of the horrendous experiments done by the Nazis in World War II but also when they learned about experiments being done in the United States by the public health service.
The most famous of these is the Tuskegee experiment, where poor black men in Alabama who had syphilis were denied treatment for their disease by researchers who wanted to learn about the natural course of syphilis.
But the sources of this distrust in medicine and medical research is not just about the poor conduct of researchers and about new technologies.
To fully understand public distrust, we have to look at the larger picture of medicine in society.
Bumper: Tracing the Erosion of Trust in Medicine
In his book Trusting Doctors, Jonathan Imber points out that physicians in the United States began to lose their authority after World War II when they began to be valued for their technical competence rather than their personal integrity.
Another sociologist Andrew Abbott points out that the changing nature of the physician work force altered the relationships of trust between patients and physicians.
In earlier times, when physicians came from the communities where they worked, trust was automatic. But increasingly, patients are having physicians who come from different parts of the country, from different countries, from different ethnic groups.
And trusting relationships that were assumed when these parties came from the same community now had to be regulated by codes of conduct and by ethics committees.
And finally, it’s important to note that all these changes were occurring in the 1960s and 1970s in a period of great civil unrest, in a period characterized by the civil rights movement, the women’s rights movement, the gay rights movement—all of these movements began to challenge the authority of existing institutions, like religion, like law, like medicine, like family.”
Bumper: Does Bureaucracy Enhance or Undermine Trust?
The result of this increased suspicion of medicine was increased oversight in the form of research ethic committees called “institutional review boards,” or IRBs, in the United States, and clinical ethics committees.
What is gained by this formalization of trust? Looked at from the point of view of sociology, you might say that what this does is simply move trust around.
So, trust that used to exist between a patient and a physician or between a research subject and a researcher has now been shifted to trust that has to exist between a patient or research subject and an ethics committee, and that ethics committee and the researcher.
This bureaucratization of trust is a cause for much debate. On the one hand, there are people who say these committees actually facilitate research.
On the other hand, there is evidence that moving trust in this way actually prompts more devious behavior on the part of researchers as they try to evade the regulations of the research ethics committee.
Some colleagues and I did research looking at self-report of misconduct by researchers, and we discovered a significant number of researchers were willing to admit that they ignore the rules of institutional review boards.
Bumper: Bureaucracy, Trust, and Informed Consent
Perhaps the best example of the formalization of trust in medicine and medical research is the use of informed consent. Informed consent is the process of explaining what will happen to a person in the clinic or in research and then asking for their consent to participate in care or research.
This is an important tool of bioethics, one that is assumed to protect a person’s autonomy—that is, the right to say what happens to your body—but also to promote trust in medicine and medical research. But does it?
There’s an irony here that the use of informed consent can actually promote distrust. How does that happen? Let me give you an example.
Studies have shown that more police on the street creates more fear of crime than it diminishes, because people start to ask, “Why are there so many police around? There must be more crime in my neighborhood.”
Informed consent works in a similar way. When given to a patient or a research subject, the natural response is, “Is there some reason I should distrust you?”
How trust shapes the medical field by Raymond De Vries.
How Trust Shapes the Medical Field: A Sociologist’s Perspective
Contributor / Raymond De Vries
Raymond De Vries Bioethics Trust and Networks,Generalized Trust Trust is central to the work of bioethics. In fact, you might say bioethics is a trust check on medicine and medical research, offering advice on morally fraught issues, giving voice to patients’ moral concerns, and solving bioethical problems.
I’m a sociologist, and my field actually has a pretty unique take on bioethics. We’re less interested in finding out what’s morally right and more interested in what this new way of being moral means.
So, we want to ask, who decides what’s a moral question? Who’s empowered to solve these moral questions? Who gets to say what’s right and what’s wrong?
Bumper: What Makes the Sociological Perspective Unique
Peter Berger identifies three essential features of the sociological perspective.
First of all, sociology is a relativizing discipline; that is, we’re always interested in how ideas and behavior are situated in their social context, in their historical period, in the culture and the society in which they occur.
Secondly, sociology is a debunking discipline; that is, it never accepts the taken-for-granted explanation of the way things are.
Finally, sociology is an unrespectable discipline.
So, rather than looking for explanations of society from the powerful (from leaders, from managers), we look for stories that come from the dispossessed (from followers, from the people who are being managed).
For example, a physician’s view of trust will be much different than a patient’s view of trust
It’s important to get both of those perspectives when you’re trying to understand trust.
Bumper: Questioning the Impact of Industrialization on Trust
Sociological views of trust, then, are naturally skeptical about taken-for-granted explanations of trust. Let me illustrate.
"Sociology as a discipline was born in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, and it was a period marked by rapid social change."
Industrialization, urbanization, secularization, the rise of mass democracy—all these things were changing the way people lived together.
And the early sociologists were interested in finding out how these changes were affecting the way people related to each other.
Now, the easy answer to that question was to see that these rapid changes were diminishing trust and diminishing relationships between people.
"Ferdinant Tönnies looked at these changes and lamented the disappearance of small, close, friendly, trusting societies that he referred to in German as “gemeinschaft” societies, into larger impersonal societies that he referred to as “gessellschaft” societies.
He saw these as threatening the very foundations of trust.
But Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of sociology, challenged this view. He didn’t see these changes as bringing the end of solidarity but the shift from one form of solidarity into another one.
This new form of solidarity, which he called “organic solidarity,” which was based on interdependence of people in a society characterized by division of labor. So, with the division of labor, people had to depend on each other in new ways.
Bumper: Questioning the Role of Trust in Modern Society
Let’s fast-forward about 100 years to the work of Anthony Giddens, a sociologist from the United Kingdom.
Like Durkheim, he challenged taken-for-granted ideas about the sources of trust. For example, many people think citizens in modern society are less trusting than in the good old days when people lived in small communities.
But Giddens points out that every moment of our everyday lives is characterized by trust. Every day, in innumerable ways, we have to exercise trust in our daily lives.
Well, when you go to work, when you live in your home, you are trusting an architect who designed the buildings that you’re living and working in. You’re trusting that these buildings will stay standing, that they’ll provide you with a comfortable and safe place to live.
So, Giddens makes this same point that what might look like impersonal society actually rests on a foundation of trust.
What’s interesting for us is to take a look at how this perspective, how this thinking about trust from a skeptical, contextual point of view, can be applied to looking at the field of bioethics and how trust operates in bioethics.
Contracting is an important step in building an international trust economy.
The Limits of Contracting and Trust: Key Findings
Contributor / Niko Matouschek
Niko Matouschek Economics Building Brands,Economics,Government,Legal Guarantees,Long Term Focus,Regulation,Measurement,Communication,Distrust The economic literature on trust really builds on and grows out of the neoclassical models of the economy that people like Arrow and Debreu worked on in the 1950s.
Now, in these kinds of models, by design, there’s no role for trust, because either the market participants can verify the quality of the product on the spot or they can costlessly and perfectly contract with each other.
Now, even though there’s no role for trust in these models, it’s still a useful starting point for us because if what you’re trying to do is understand the role of trust in an economy and to what extent it limits the efficiency of the economy, you need to have some comparison point — because if what you’re trying to do is understand to what extent the lack of trust limits the efficiency of markets, we need to compare that to something.
And a natural comparison point is an economy in which there is no lack of trust.
The other reason for why these neoclassical models are a useful starting point for the literature on trust is that they highlight the fact that there’s no role for trust if contracting is perfect. And so, to understand trust, we first have to understand the limits of contracting.
BUMPER: Economics of Contracts
That’s what brings me to the literature — the economic literature — on contracts. And one way to think about this literature is in terms of the different types of impediments to contracting that you might be concerned about.
One of them — one that’s probably less well known in the literature but I think important to the current context — are problems with enforcement. Suppose that the state, the government, doesn’t enforce contracts or doesn’t do so efficiently, then what do we do?
Here, Diego Gambetta has this fascinating book about the origins of the Sicilian mafia, in which he argues that the core function, at least initially, of the mafia was to serve as essentially a contract enforcement agency that regular businesspeople would go to when they’re trying to write a contract in which they’re committing themselves to some future action.
Other strands of the literature look, for instance, at just the cost of writing contracts. Suppose there’s no problem with having contracts enforced, but writing contracts itself is costly. My colleague Ron Dye, here at Kellogg, wrote one of the first, if not the first, paper on costly contracting, essentially.
Then there’s the enormous literature on, essentially, endogenous contracting costs, where contracting’s costly because the parties can either take hidden action or there’s a problem with hidden information.
And then finally, there’s a strand that looks at what we call “incomplete contracting” — that is, it’s trying to capture the idea that sometimes we’re simply not able to describe in words the kind of product or service that we’re trying to trade later on.
BUMPER: Economics of Trust
Once we understand the limits to contracting, we can start talking and thinking about trust and the role of trust in the economy. Here, there are really two literatures.
The first one essentially assumes that there’s at least a small number of sellers who, for whatever reason, are committed to selling a good product. They’re committed to keeping their promises.
And then, the question is, what’s the implication of the presence of these good-type sellers, if you want, for the functioning of markets?
Now, one set of papers, which is called the “Gang of Four” papers, is concerned with the incentives of the bad types, if you want — the ones who are not committed to always doing the good thing — to mimic the good agents.
So, we’re trying to understand, to what extent is this mimicking behavior possible, and how does it affect the functioning of markets?
If the literature on reputation games is about good agents, the literature on repeated games is about good incentives. Here, the starting point is to not assume that there’re good agents: everybody just does what’s in their own best interest.
Now, the question is, in that kind of situation, to what extent can repeated interaction, repeated transactions between these agents, allow them to commit to not break their promises?
Now, the key issues here turn out to be to what extent the agents are what we call “patient” — to what extent do they care about future business versus current business?
And the other is transparency — to what extent can current agents observe what has happened in the past? Whether, for instance, I really have broken my promise in the past or not.
BUMPER: Applications and Empirical Evidence
Finally, we can talk about applications and empirical evidence. One application that people have looked at is to what extent reputations are attached to corporate names and can then be traded in the market for corporate control.
The goal is, here, to try to understand to what extent this motive of trading reputation can explain real-world mergers and acquisitions.
Another application that people have studied is the market for illegal drugs, which is exactly the kind of market in which trust is important because if I’m buying drugs from you, A) I can’t verify on the spot the quality of the product, and B) we can’t write contracts.
And so, this is exactly the kind of market which only works if there’s trust between the buyer and the seller.
But in contrast to other markets, this is a market that the government may want to undermine. And it may try to undermine it by undermining the trust between buyers and sellers.
And so, then you can ask to what extent you can do that — for instance, by designing sentencing guidelines appropriately.
In terms of historical studies, the most famous are probably by Avner Greif, who looked at trade in the 11th century, a time when the trading partners couldn’t rely on the governments to enforce contracts.
He studied community-enforcement mechanisms that allowed these parties to transact nevertheless. Essentially, if you cheated on a transaction, then you were going to be punished not just by the counterparty of that transaction but by the community at large. And that provided you with incentives not to cheat in the first place.
The most recent studies use big data sets to try to understand reputational incentives in the marketplace.
My office neighbor, Tom Hubbard, for instance, has this really interesting paper about incentives in the market for car repairs — which, again, is a market in which trust is really important because if I, the car repair shop, tell you that you need a repair, you don’t really know whether you need it or you don’t.
If You’re Getting Ripped Off, It’s Not Surprising
Contributor / Niko Matouschek
BUMPER: Is It Naïve to Invest in Trust?
BUMPER: When It’s Unwise to Trust
Understanding trust economics can lead to breakthroughs in the market.
Trust in Transactions: An Economist's Perspective
Contributor / Niko Matouschek
Niko Matouschek Economics Economic Exchange,Economics,Legal Guarantees,Long Term Focus,Mergers and Acquisitions,Regulation,Reputation Management,Social Psychology Trust is an issue that most people don’t associate with economics, yet economists actually care a great deal about trust. And they care a great deal about trust because, in the absence of trust, many value-creating transactions simply wouldn’t take place.
To take the quintessential economic transaction as an example — if you (the buyer) don’t trust me (the seller) not to sell you a lemon, then you won’t buy from me in the first place. And you won’t buy from me even if, in principle, I could make a product that you value more than it costs me.
And so, trust matters to economists because it enables and facilitates transactions that create value and therefore are good for all of us.
Or the other way around — trust matters because the absence of trust is an impediment to growth. It’s an impediment to growth in employment, wages and profits, and therefore makes us all worse off.
To be sure, not all transactions require trust. If, for instance, you can verify on the spot whether I’m selling you a lemon or not, then our transaction doesn’t require any trust. Or, alternatively, if we can write a contract that ensures I’m not selling you a lemon, then, again, we don’t need any trust between us to transact.
The problem is that in many situations, that’s not the case. In many situations, you can’t verify on the spot whether I’m selling you a lemon or not, and writing a contract is either costly or even impossible.
And in such situations, transactions do require trust. What the economic literature on trust tries to understand is how markets function when transactions do indeed require trust.
BUMPER: Rationality and Trust: "Good Types"
To explore how markets function when transactions require trust, it’s useful to start by asking yourself when and why it’s rational for market participants to trust each other — that is, to believe that the other side is going to follow through with their promise, even if it’s not in their immediate economic interest to do so.
There are really two reasons for why it may be rational for you (the buyer) to trust me (a seller). One is that you may think that I’m what’s called a “good-type” or a “virtuous-type seller” — that is, I’m not really a coldhearted homo economicus who, at any moment in time, tries to maximize his profits.
Instead, I’m somebody who incurs, essentially, a psychic cost from not doing what I’ve said I was going to do. Even if there’s just a small number of these virtuous sellers — these virtuous sellers are in short supply, as you might think they are — they can still have significant impacts on how markets work.
One implication comes from the fact that if you’re a virtuous seller, you have a competitive advantage over regular rational ones.
If you’re known to be a virtuous seller, buyers want to transact with you. And to compete, the regular rational sellers have to create essentially contractual alternatives for trust that are both costly and typically imperfect substitutes for trust.
And so, somewhat paradoxically to being committed not to maximize your profits at any moment in time actually increases your profits. And so, being virtuous is not just good for your soul, if you want, it’s also good for your bottom line.
And that’s why virtuous sellers, or so-called virtuous sellers, can play an important role in a market, even if there’s just a small number of them.
Economic historians, for instance, sometimes argue that one of the reasons for why the Quakers played such an important role in the British economy in the 18th century is because they were known to be trustworthy.
And so, people knew that they would keep their promises, even if it were not in their immediate economic interests to do so. That put them into a competitive advantage vis-à-vis other business people and led to them playing a disproportionately important role in the economy.
BUMPER: Rationality and Trust: Good Incentives
A second implication of having virtuous sellers in the market is that if there’s uncertainty about who is who — who is virtuous and who is rational — then the rational sellers have an incentive to try to mimic the virtuous ones.
That’s going to be costly for them today because they have to forego some profit opportunities today, but then they reap the benefit of being perceived as virtuous tomorrow.
There’s a large literature on reputation games in economics, as it tries to understand the incentives, how they play out, what extent there is scope for this mimicking behavior, and how the mimicking behavior affects the functioning of markets — whether it’s overall good for the market or whether it’s bad for the market.
Now, suppose that you know that I am a coldhearted homo economicus; can it still be rational for you to trust me? And the answer is yes, provided that I care not only about today’s transaction with you but also about future transactions, either with you or with others.
In deciding whether to honor my promise to you, then, I face a trade-off. By breaking that promise today, I can make more money today, but now it comes at a cost of less future business, essentially.
As long as I care enough about the future, it is then rational for me to keep my promise to you. And since it’s rational for me to keep my promise to you, it’s rational for you to trust me in the first place.
Repeated interactions, then, can allow a coldhearted homo economicus — somebody who’s known to be a rational agent — to commit to behave as if he were a virtuous one and to do so without having to rely on any formal contracts.
Now, for that to work, two things have to be true, generally speaking: One is I, that seller — that coldhearted seller — have to care enough about the future. And two, there has to be enough transparency, in the sense that current consumers can observe enough about how I’ve treated past consumers.
And there’s a large literature on repeated games in economics that tries to understand exactly when and how these reputation mechanisms that work through repeated interaction operate.
In summary, then, there are two strands in the literature: one focuses on good types, and one focuses on good incentives. And together, they have a number of implications and shed light on a number of economic issues and phenomena.
Paola Sapienza Video - How Culture Impacts Financial Markets in the Absence of Trust
How Culture Impacts Financial Markets in the Absence of Trust
Contributor / Paola Sapienza
Paola Sapienza Finance Economic Exchange BUMPER: Understanding Culture and Trust
In the absence of trust, people are willing to engage in transactions, especially in financial transactions. But where is trust coming from, and how is it spread across countries?
We know there are remarkable differences across countries, with northern European countries being very high on the trust scale and some Latin American countries being at the bottom of the distribution.
In fact, what we know, and it’s very interesting, is that immigrants from countries with high trust, when they move to countries with lower trust, they tend to hold onto their original trust level. And this suggests that our upbringing has something to do with how much we trust.
So, if I think about banks, insurance companies, trust is a fundamental ingredient to convince customers to depart themselves with their money and indeed trust the financial institution that they would do the right thing.
BUMPER: Winning Customer Trust: Dealing with Culture and Bias
It’s also important to understand that when dealing with different ethnic groups, different social background, where is the level of trust or mistrust coming from and indeed understand how this could be ameliorated at some level.
For example, we have evidence that shows that people tend to trust more people that look much more like them. So, diversity in facing customers could be an important mechanism to generate trust.
If we have that financial institutions are too homogeneous and they don’t reflect the demographic of their potential customers, it’s hard somehow to have customers relate to the specific experience.
But generally speaking, evidence shows that lack of trust indeed makes it really, really hard for some customers to walk into financial institutions.
And so, dealing with this reality and understanding the different reasons why people may or may not trust is a very important aspect of every customer interaction in the financial service.
We need to make sure that we unbias our customer force to make sure that they don’t bias themselves to favor some specific people.
But we also know that our customers, they have biases, and they tend to trust less people that look very different.
For example, a big debate among executives nowadays has been to the extent to which, given the fact that women are one of the largest buyers in the US nowadays of insurance products, why our customer force doesn’t mimic that, given the fact that they’re going to be the recipient of effort to convince them to buy some of this product.
Given the fact that women are among majority buyers of insurance, the question is whether a customer force that is more balanced and reflects this demographic should really be a conscious decision on the side of executives.
Similarly, think about the ethnic changing demographic of the customer base—to what extent corporate America should reflect that in order to, A, be able to understand better the needs of this group, and B, in order to really inspire a level of trust and confidence in the financial institution that we know is fundamental for a good relationship to start.
Paola Sapienza Video - 3 Papers Exploring Trust and Financial Transactions: Key Findings
3 Papers Exploring Trust and Financial Transactions: Key Findings
Contributor / Paola Sapienza
Paola Sapienza Finance Measurement,Generalized Trust,Economic Exchange,Distrust,Institutions and Context When economists wanted to study the relationship between trust and the existence of financial transaction and the importance of trust for financial markets, they faced an important challenge: it’s really hard to measure causal relationships in environments that are very different along many other dimensions.
So, economists decided to go to Italy. Why Italy? Well, Italy was the first place where trust was studied by sociologists.
Back in 1950, Banfield wrote a very famous book, which is called <i>The Moral Basis of a Backward Society</i>, where he identified the characteristic values, cultural values of societies where there is a very limited level of trust.
More than 40 years later, his student Robert Putnam, in 1993, wrote a very famous book called ‘Making Democracy Work’ in which he argued that social capital and trust are a necessary ingredient for democracy to work and went to Italy to study that.
Italy is a very interesting country because it’s been unified for a relatively short time—150 years. Legally, regulatory, the views are the same, so it’s the perfect setting to study trust because trust has been very different across regions.
Financial economists borrowed from the sociologists and political scientists this incredible laboratory, Italy, and decided to study the effect of different levels of generalized trust on financial contracts.
Generalized trust defines how much people trust other people they don’t know. It’s generally measured as the answer to the following question: Generally speaking, do you think you can trust other people, or you can never be too careful about it?
The answer to this question has been linked to several economic outcomes. More specifically, financial economists wondered whether there is a connection between generalized trust and finance.
BUMPER: The Relationship between Generalized Trust and Financial Contracts
In the paper, “The Role of Social Capital in Financial Contracts,” we studied the different levels of generalized trust on the availability and use of financial contracts in different regions.
We found that in areas where there is very limited social capital and very limited trust, people tend to use less of those financial contracts that we consider basic, such as writing a check, opening a bank account, investing in stock, borrowing money.
Why is that the case? Because trust is very important in these financial transactions, as it is required for people to depart with their money.
And in fact, the results show a remarkable correlation between the extensive level of generalized trust in a given area and the availability and use of those contracts in certain areas.
So, in the paper, “Trusting the Stock Market,” the link is actually closer. We look at a sample of Dutch households all living in the same countries with the same legal views but with different level of trust. It’s a representative sample of household investors.
And we ask the question whether generally speaking, they trust other people and linked the answer to this question to their financial investment.
We find that individuals that have low levels of trust are less likely to invest in the stock market. They’re also less likely to buy insurance products.
And this is a very important result in the financial literature because of the puzzle, a generalized puzzle on why some people stay away altogether from the stock market even when they would benefit from it.
The concept that is developed in this paper is very much related to an important idea in economics that if we don’t trust the rule of the game or we don’t trust the players playing the game with us, we may stay out of it altogether.
By staying out of it altogether, we’re never going to learn that indeed it’s beneficial for us to participate, and this lack of participation therefore is indeed pervasive but also persistent over time.
BUMPER: The Role of Culture in Generalized Trust
Having established that the level of generalized trust in a given area affects the use and availability of financial contracts, that the individual level of generalized trust toward others affect his willingness to invest in the stock market, a follow-up question was whether bilateral trust—so, this is a little bit more special trust.
It’s still general in the sense that it’s a trust that is applied to different groups, and it’s generally measured as how much do you trust people from France? Or how much do you trust people from this other country? Or how much do you trust people from your own country?
So, the question is still a generalized trust question but is applied to different groups. And the question the paper “Cultural Biases in Economic Exchange” tried to answer was whether this bilateral level of generalized trust affected the willingness people have to enter in specific transactions.
The results are remarkable. We find that absorbing every other bilateral characteristics like language, specificity, legal contracts, and so on, controlling for all those characteristics, the level of bilateral trust between citizens of a given country and citizens of another country affect the composition of the portfolio, the amount of trade between the two countries, and foreign direct investment.
So, we looked at whether the extent to which citizens of a given country trust citizens of another country affects the willingness to invest in stocks of that specific country, the willingness to trade with the country, and the willingness to do foreign direct investment.
We find that bilateral trust is correlated with the composition of the portfolio of mutual fund managers in the following way: The higher the level of trust between Country I and Country J, the bigger the weight of Country J’s stocks in the portfolios of Country I.
Paola Sapienza Video How Culture Impacts Financial Markets in the Absence of Trust
Trust and Economic Prosperity: A Finance Perspective
Contributor / Paola Sapienza
Paola Sapienza Finance Generalized Trust,Economic Exchange,Rationality In 1972, Ken Arrow, Nobel Prize–winning economist, said that virtually every commercial transaction has within itself an element of trust. Indeed, he actually went on saying that it can be plausibly argued that much of the economic backwardness in the world can be explained by the lack of mutual confidence.
Since then, economists have correlated generalized trust, the concept that whether people tend to trust each other in an anonymous way with economic growth, and they found the remarkable correlation between these two variables.
It was actually, though, quite puzzling why there was such a strong correlation between the way people tend to interact in certain communities and economic prosperities.
So, economists start wondering, what is the missing link between these two variables?
One of the hypotheses postulated is that the missing link could be finance. Why? Well, in finance, a fundamental element is credit. And indeed, the word “credit” comes from ‘credere’ in Latin, which means to trust. Why is that so?
It takes a lot of trust for people to depart with their money in exchange for a promise. And this is fundamentally the way finance works.
We delegate a broker, an insurance company, a bank, we put our money in their in their hands in exchange of a future promise. And for a long time, we’re not going to see the money that we gave to them.
Now, finance is very, very important for economic prosperity. We know from years of research that without finance, allocation of resources doesn’t happen properly and economic prosperity doesn’t happen.
BUMPER: Exploring Trust through the Stock Market
Given the hypothesis postulated by economists that finance is the missing link between trust and economic prosperity, economists start investigating empirically whether indeed trust facilitated development of financial contracts in various economies.
They started studying the willingness people have to invest in the stock market.
Investment in the stock market has been one of the puzzling features in financial economics, because we know by observation that many people deliberately stay away from the stock market even when they would benefit from investing in it.
Therefore, it was reasonable to think whether, besides all the other variables that economists generally considered as determinant of investing in the stock market—such as risk aversion—trust was a big player in this decision.
Economists studied whether people that have lower generalized trust are less likely to invest their money in risky investment, such as putting their money in the stock market or even opening a checking account.
And they found a remarkable correlation between the level of generalized trust that individuals have with their willingness to invest their own money.
They also found a remarkable correlation between areas where there is a generalized low level of trust and the development of financial markets in general, suggesting that indeed this link between trust and economics could be indeed going through finance.
Human Development in Psychology
How Children Gauge Trustworthiness: Key Findings
Contributor / Melissa Koenig
Melissa Koenig Human Development in Psychology Trust Formation,Reciprocity,Swift Trust Historically in the field of developmental psychology, there’s long-standing agreement on the importance of trust and the importance of trusting relationships for children’s development and their well-being.
So, what’s new in the field? In the last 15 years or so, there’s a new interest in understanding the different forms that trust can take in children’s cognitive lives, in their learning decisions and in their practical decisions.
Bumper: How Children Develop “Epistemic Trust”—Is the Person Telling the Truth?
In development, we think epistemic judgments to trust are early emerging, that they're made spontaneously, and that children might not even need extensive evidence about you to make these judgments.
To see this, one of the first experiments that looked at children’s epistemic trust presented three- and four-year-old children with two speakers—one who consistently named a set of familiar objects accurately (say, a cup, a ball, and a shoe), and the other speaker consistently labeled those same objects inaccurately.
And after three pieces of evidence about these two speakers’ accuracy, children later preferred to learn new information from the previously accurate speaker.
Since that work on early accuracy monitoring, researchers like Kathleen Corriveau and Paul Harris have gone on to show that, A, children remember that accuracy information about individuals over time, and secondly, that they don’t only monitor an individual’s track record of accuracy, but they monitor agreement or rates of disagreement across several individuals.
So, when you think about children’s growing beliefs about religion or God, or their growing scientific beliefs about the body or the shape of the earth, we know that children need to reconcile the different claims that people are presenting about these things.
So, when people’s statements are treated as evidence, you can think of children needing to put together the different pieces of evidence they receive from other people.
To the extent that a child is surrounded by people who agree or disagree about God or dinosaurs or climate change, children can monitor people’s agreement or rates of disagreement, much like a young sociologist who samples public opinion.
So, this work on epistemic trust suggests that children are making these judgments quite flexibly.
Bumper: What Marshmallows Tell Us about Interpersonal Trust
When we’re interested in children’s interpersonal trust, it makes sense to study some of the practical decisions they make about us.
We know that children frequently face the need to wait for things that they might like right away—they have to, for example, wait for dessert until after dinner, or they have to wait to watch television until their homework is finished.
And researchers have found that children’s ability to wait for a larger reward later relates to how trustworthy or reliable the people around them prove to be.
In research by Celeste Kidd and colleagues, or Laura Michaelson and Yuko Munakata, and Annelise Pesch in my own lab have all presented children with people who make promises or commitments concerning a new and exciting art project.
Some of the people in these experiments came through on their commitments and delivered exciting art supplies, and others did not.
Later on, after the art project was put away and children were told that if they resisted a single marshmallow now in exchange for two or three marshmallows later, children were much more willing to wait for a larger reward when those claims came from people who kept their promises regarding the art supplies than when those claims came from people who made empty promises.
In research by Emily Cogsdill and colleagues, children were presented with pairs of computer-generated faces that adults had previously rated as highly trustworthy or as not very trustworthy.
And children showed great agreement, or consensus, in their own ratings and judged the faces deemed more trustworthy as nice and the faces deemed untrustworthy as mean.
So, they showed these same faces to children who were three to four years of age, five to six, and seven to ten years of age, and they found that children across all of these age groups showed great consensus, or agreement, and rated the faces that were deemed as highly trustworthy as nice and the faces that were deemed untrustworthy as mean.
So, this research shows that judgments about how trustworthy someone is does not require having evidence about someone.
Children can make first impressions about how trustworthy you are based on how you appear.
Trust Through the Eyes of Children: A Psychologist’s Perspective
Contributor / Melissa Koenig
Melissa Koenig Human Development in Psychology Definitions,Trust Formation Children are often said to be highly trusting, or credulous, and for several reasons.
First, it’s a cherished notion, both historically and currently. It’s one of the things that adults find so charming about young children—namely, their trusting nature.
Second, don’t children have to be credulous to some degree? After all, children are in the business of acquiring an enormous amount of information about the world.
And the people around them—their family, friends, teachers, the surrounding culture—are an important source of that information.
So, they can’t afford to be skeptical about it. In this respect, trust simply makes sense.
Developmental scientists are changing people’s minds about how credulous children are by studying the different forms that trust can take, the ways in which children reason about other people—who they are, what they say, and what they do.
Bumper: Exploring Two Varieties of Trust
In thinking about varieties of trust, we can distinguish between epistemic trust and interpersonal trust.
Epistemic trust treats testimony as a species of evidence. And when treated as a species of evidence, people trust others based on the evidence they have about them.
This notion of epistemic trust is borrowed from philosophy. Philosophers have pointed to the grounds we often have for trusting others—information about the speaker or the context or a particular testimonial practice.
And when we think about epistemic trust in this way, trust is really grounded in some form of evidence.
In the field of developmental psychology, psychologists are studying epistemic trust by manipulating the evidence they present to young children.
So, you might present children with three pieces of evidence that someone’s an accurate speaker, or you might give them three pieces of evidence that someone’s pro-social or kind in their actions.
And we can ask how that evidence bears on their future trusting decisions.
There’s another type of trust that we might call “interpersonal trust”; others have called it “social trust.”
And with this form of trust, it’s not about having evidence or beliefs about a person; rather, interpersonal trust is about making a kind of decision to rely or depend on someone and doing so despite having evidence against them or having no evidence at all.
So, young children often believe what others tell them, despite their having evidence against it or having evidence against them as a speaker.
And when children trust others in this way, we think there’s other reasons or other bases of their trust in that source.
So, when children trust someone despite having evidence against them, it could be that they’re deciding to rely on someone because of other reasons or other ways we have of valuing the people around us.
One way to see this is to appreciate that even if someone provides you with false information, you might still have good interpersonal reasons to trust them.
In research by Vikram Jaswal and colleagues and Gail Heyman and others, adults are tasked with hiding a treat under one of two locations, under one of two cups, and children are invited to find the treat.
And in the task, the adult actually presents false information about where the treat is hiding. And despite these falsehoods, children continue to trust that source for information.
So, if you think of this in terms of epistemic trust, it could be that you simply need more evidence to identify a deceptive intention and discount that source.
So, this makes clear the ways in which there are two varieties of trust—the epistemic and the interpersonal.
Both of these are distinct and unique from each other, but they’re both appropriate and rational forms that trust can take.
Bumper: Three Sets of Trust Questions for Developmental Psychology
For developmental psychology, this opens up three new and really interesting sets of questions.
First, we can ask, when in development do children begin to evaluate people as sources of information? In infancy? As soon as they begin to rely on others? When they begin to understand a basic set of behavior? Or when they begin to understand what other people tell them?
Second, if children can monitor something like the accuracy of a statement, then we can ask, well, what other kinds of things are they monitoring in other people’s speech and behavior?
So, we can start to ask, what other characteristics matter to children when they’re making judgments or decisions about whether to trust another person?
And this is where research in developmental psychology draws beautifully on the work of other disciplines.
In social psychology, we know that factors like group membership, authority, and consensus factor in people’s decisions. And we can ask whether or not those same factors influence children’s reasoning about others.
And third, we can ask, in the eyes of an infant or a young child, what information makes someone worth trusting?
We can ask, what makes someone a rational agent? What makes someone a reliable agent? What makes someone a morally good agent?
And to investigate all of these questions, it makes sense to keep in mind this distinction between epistemic trust and the interpersonal.
Trust and leadership are key elements to success.
Trust and Leadership
Contributor / J. Keith Murnighan
J. Keith Murnighan Management Leadership,Reputation Management,Social Psychology,Swift Trust,Broken Trust, Vulnerability Every leader wants to come across as competent. And what a lot of research suggests is every leader should also want to come across as warm — as interpersonally warm and caring.
BUMPER: Building Trust within Teams
BUMPER: Exploring Automatic Trust
BUMPER: Automatic Trust and Likeability: Creating Schemas
A breach in trust can destroy your work relationships.
Trust Breaches: Timing and Recovery
Contributor / J. Keith Murnighan
J. Keith Murnighan Management Breaches,Reputation Management,Social Psychology,Vulnerability,Reciprocity,Broken Trust We were interested in the long-term development of a relationship. And I’m an old fan of Hollywood movies, in particular, romantic comedies. So, Rosalind Russell and Cary Grant and His Girl Friday and a bunch of these movies.
BUMPER: Overcoming a Breach in Trust
BUMPER: Using the Rational Model to Decide Whom to Trust
BUMPER: How Much Vulnerability? It Depends
A study on mushroom hunters shares insight on trust and reciprocity.
Rationality and Reciprocity in Trust: Key Findings
Contributor / J. Keith Murnighan
J. Keith Murnighan Management Reciprocity,Breaches,Social Psychology,Reputation Management BUMPER: Key Research in the Discipline
BUMPER: Trust and Rationality
BUMPER: Trust and Reciprocity
What Human Behavior Teaches Us About Trust: A Social Psychologist’s Perspective
Contributor / J. Keith Murnighan
BUMPER: Fundamental Trust Questions in the Discipline
BUMPER: Looking Forward in the Discipline
Too much institutional trust and you throw your money out the window.
Regulating Trust: Love It or Hate It?
Contributor / Kent Grayson
Kent Grayson Marketing Institutions and Context,Regulation,Reputation Management,Sharing Economy,Social Psychology BUMPER: Regulating Trust: Love it or Hate it?
When we think about trust in the marketplace, we’re usually thinking about trust between the buyer and the seller and, do I trust you enough to give you money so that when you give me a product or when you provide a service, that it’s going to be good?
But there’s another level of trust that exists in exchange relationships, and that’s trust in the context in which the exchange occurs.
There’s a lot of research on the relationship between institutional trust and individual trust, and some research suggests that the more institutional trust exists, the less people feel like they have to build trusting relationships, because they’re protected by the institution.
But there’s also research that suggests that the more we trust in institutions, that provides a useful foundation for building even stronger trust with exchange partners. And the jury is still out on which is true and which isn’t.
A lot of firms don’t like to be monitored by professional associations, and they don’t like rules and laws that keep them from doing things that they might want to do with customers, and those laws and rules can make companies be less efficient and less profitable.
But they can also enhance the trust that the customer has in the institutions that protect trust and without them, the consumer may not want to engage with firms in the entire category.
And this is particularly relevant for new industries. We hear a lot about the sharing economy. One of the problems about some companies that operate in the sharing economy is that these institutions don’t necessarily exist which protect consumers from these problems.
If you’re working in a sector where there isn’t institutional trust, you have to build your trust one person at a time. At the grassroots level. And it seems like, for some of the companies that are operating in the sharing company, that if they do that and they start to build a critical mass, then the critical mass of trust within a particular social network serves as a certain institutional trust.
BUMPER: When Trust Makes Things Too Easy
Based on the research that I’ve done with a colleague in the mountain climbing industry, it seems that as consumers, when we’re going about our daily decision-making process, we sometimes are willing to place faith in institutions without necessarily knowing what those institutions do and without investigating.
So, the FDA — people think, “Oh, well, I’m going to buy this new product because the FDA approved it.” But there are lots of people who think the FDA is not very trustworthy. And there are reasons to maybe think that in certain product categories.
But many people still sort of, almost without thinking about it—it makes things easy. As I mentioned, institutional trust makes things easy for consumers. They believe, “OK, well I can trust this,” when that trust is misplaced.
And the amount of implicit trust (let me put it this way), the amount of implicit trust that exists in the institution of guiding and maybe in the professional associations that monitor is amazing to me as someone who doesn’t climb mountains.
They say, “Well, I went to a website, and I found this person, and my friend says they’re good, so I signed up for them to give them 60,000 dollars, to have them take me to the highest peak in the world where I might die.” And they’re still willing to place trust.
Marketing trust is essential to facilitating exchange and connections in the economy.
When Trust Works and When It Doesn’t: Key Findings
Contributor / Kent Grayson
Kent Grayson Marketing Communication,Legal Guarantees,Reputation Management,Vulnerability So, the most influential and highly cited papers on marketing and trust are the oldest. And it’s not just because they’ve been around for a while but because they were the first to document, fundamentally, that trust does facilitate economic exchange, that it does create better outcomes for buyers and for sellers.
And equally important, it showed that trust is a key mediator between things that buyers and sellers can do and these wonderful outcomes.
So, for example, why does more communication with your exchange partner make things better? It’s not because there’s something inherently great about communication, but it’s because communication leads to higher trust, which then leads to better exchange outcomes.
So, since marketing researchers have found this main finding that trust helps economic exchange, researchers since then have published some really influential papers documenting times and conditions and circumstances when trust may not lead to better economic exchange outcomes.
So, one example is a really influential paper by Atuahene-Gima and Li. They looked at relationships between sales managers and sales people. And what they found is, first of all, that when sales managers make themselves more accessible (they’re around more and they communicate more), the sales person is going to trust more in the sales manager.
And you would think that that would lead to greater sales. You would think that it would lead to great sales, but it turns out it doesn’t.
And what that leads to is the conclusion that a sales manager can build trust in a sales person by being more accessible, but one of the downsides of that is that the sales person starts to learn about the sales managers — the things that the sales manager pays attention to, the thing that the sales manager doesn’t pay attention to.
And as a result of learning about those things, the sales person can use information asymmetry to their advantage. If they know that the sales manager isn’t monitoring certain things like whether they go out on certain sales calls, it means that they can cut corners out in the field, and that will hurt sales.
What’s cool about this paper is that it highlights that trust is enhanced by information exchange, but information exchange also gives buyers and sellers information about how they can better game the system.
So, that’s an example of some research that has shown that trust doesn’t always have positive outcomes, that there’s a dark side to it, that inherently, it can be good or bad.
Related to that, there is another string of research that has looked at contexts where trust is going to be more or less influential. And again, there’s several papers that look at that. One example of a great paper that looks at that is a paper by Garbarino and Johnson.
And what they did is, they looked at relationships between people who buy tickets for a theater company and how their experience at the theater company influences their likelihood of buying another ticket.
But the interesting thing that they did is that they divided the people they surveyed into two groups. One group are people who are subscribers; people who have bought a subscription and who go to the theater a lot. And another group are people who are just individual ticket buyers and they’re probably not going to the theater a lot.
What Garbarino and Johnson found — first of all, they confirmed the finding that I’ve been talking about all along, which is that trust is this key mediator between things that companies can do and outcomes that companies want. But they found that trust is a key mediator only for the subscription holders.
For people who are individual ticket buyers, the main factor that influences whether they’re going to buy again is their satisfaction with the performance that they saw. If they liked the performance, they’re more likely to buy again. And trust didn’t have any influence at all.
And the interesting thing about that is that for subscription holders, satisfaction was not a key mediator for future intent, or for likelihood of buying another ticket.
In other words, as a subscriber, you could be a little bit less satisfied with the performance and still have the intention of buying another ticket as long as you trust the theater company.
So, one of the interesting things about this paper is that, first of all, it shows us something that we’ve already talked about before, which is this idea that if you have trust in a buyer, that they can maybe take advantage of that.
If you think about the theater company, they could have slightly worse performances and still have those subscription holders. But Garbarino and Johnson emphasize another aspect, which is—when you have a relationship that’s trusting, there’s more room for experimentation.
So, this theater company could do an experimental production that might not go over very well, but might not also lose their customers. So, rather than just saying that trust has a dark side and people can take advantage of it in bad ways, it also suggests that trust has a side where people can take advantage of it in good ways.
One example of an influential paper that takes more of an economic perspective is by Brown, D.V., and Lee.
They studied the hotel industry, and in particular, relationships between the corporate office and the people who own or run individual hotels. And what they looked at is what safeguards the corporate office can put in place so that the individual hotels are less likely to take advantage of information asymmetry.
Now, what do I mean by safeguards? I mean these contracts or agreements that can be put in place to try and keep people from doing things that you don’t want them to do.
One safeguard that can be put in place is that the corporate office can actually own the hotel. And when they own the hotel, they’re able to come in and really demand that people do the things that they have to do.
Another safeguard that people can put in place is to monitor, is to put monitoring mechanisms or have people on the property monitoring what is going on and reporting back to the head office. What this paper did is, it distinguished between two types of safeguards.
One is more economic, like the ownership one. The other kind of safeguard is a little bit more social. They are things like acculturating people to a particular corporate culture, which means more training sessions or more corporate events that help people to understand what the norms and values of the corporation are.
And what this paper found is that more rational or economic safeguards actually have a backlash effect — that when people feel like they’re being monitored, for example, they’re more likely to break trust and behave opportunistically than for safeguards that are more about bringing people aboard and making them part of the culture.
So, what this suggests is that safeguards are, first of all, not always going to universally minimize opportunism, even though they might rationally seem like they do, but also that people can resent safeguards; they can feel bad about safeguards, and they can actually have the opposite effect that the company may intend.
The mall is a good place to see an established buyer-seller relationship.
3 Components of Trust in Buyer-Seller Relationships: A Marketer’s Perspective
Contributor / Kent Grayson
Kent Grayson Marketing Breaches,Definitions,Economic Exchange,Legal Guarantees,Mergers and Acquisitions,Regulation,Vulnerability The first thing that people think about when they think about marketing is advertising because that’s the primary way that companies communicate with customers.
And because of that, a lot of people think that if you study marketing, you probably study advertising. And there are marketing researchers who do study advertising. But there are also marketing researchers who study a lot of other things.
And a common interest that unifies all marketing researchers is not an interest in advertising but an interest in what makes economic exchange possible, an interest in the conditions that facilitate economic exchange.
By economic exchange I mean any buyer-seller relationship. So, it could be a relationship between a consumer-products firm and a shopper in a grocery store. It could be a raw-material supplier and an automobile manufacturer. It could be a client and a lawyer. It could be a lemonade stand and a neighbor.
Any buyer-seller relationship like that, marketing researchers are interested in, what factors facilitate that exchange, make it happen, make sure that the buyer and seller are happy at the end? And also, what factors might hinder that exchange?
So, among people who study marketing, there is a bunch of us who study trust. And what’s interesting about trust and trust in marketing is that trust can be broken. We can get burned by trust. And for me, one of the most interesting things is understanding how we as consumers navigate this minefield of the possibility that trust might be broken.
One of the key things that makes it possible for trust to get broken in economic exchanges is this thing called “information asymmetry.” Information asymmetry refers to the fact that buyers know more about themselves than the sellers do, and sellers know more about themselves than buyers do.
And buyers and sellers can take advantage of that information asymmetry and create conditions where they get more out of the exchange than maybe they deserve. But let’s look at information asymmetry as a problem from the buyer’s perspective to start with.
So, let’s say you go into the grocery store, and you see on the shelf a product that promises to clean your clothes if you just hang up the article of clothing and you spray it with this bottle three times. And they claim that it’s going to wash your clothes just as well as in a washing machine.
The thing is, you know that when you buy that product, you’re not going to know if it’s going to work until after you give the supermarket its money, after you drive home, and after you try it on maybe a few articles of clothing to make sure that it doesn’t fade certain clothing or stain certain clothing.
And, on the other hand, the company knows a lot more about how well it works and under what conditions it works and under what conditions it doesn’t work — because no product is perfect. And they may take advantage of that.
They may put only in the fine print that it doesn’t work on jeans or it doesn’t work on cotton, or they may create a formulation that makes it look like your clothes are clean, smell like they are clean, but it actually doesn’t clean as well as a washing machine does.
So, when you as a buyer are about to make that purchase, you have to have a level of trust in the purchase and in the person selling the product. And marketing researchers are interested in what brings you to that point of trusting the product.
Now, the really cool thing about buyer-seller relationships and information asymmetry is the fact that it goes both ways. So, the information asymmetry is a problem for sellers as well as for buyers.
One example is, when you rent out your apartment or you do an apartment share, you’re the seller in that situation, and the buyers are the people coming in to use your apartment. Now, you’re not going to know what they’re doing in your apartment. There is information asymmetry there.
They may use it in ways that you don’t want them to use it, or they may break something without you knowing — you might not find out until later. In business-to-business relationships, if you’re a supplier selling to a manufacturer, they may agree to, for example, pay you in 90 days. They do a big contract with you for a year, and they agree to pay you in 90 days.
But after you work with them for a while, you realize — they’re not actually paying you in 90 days. And they know that you’re not necessarily going to break off that relationship, and they’ve taken advantage of information asymmetry.
So, marketing researchers who study trust are interested in how buyers and sellers can think about all these questions, can navigate all these problems, to minimize these concerns about information asymmetry. And trust is one way that they can do that.
So, as you look across research that’s done by marketing researchers on trust, it comes really in two types. The first type is more psychological in orientation. This research looks at how people think or feel or attitudes towards trust, and how those attitudes towards trust influence their likelihood of exchange or keep them from wanting to exchange.
There is another group of research, or another area of research, where people take more of an economic perspective. And here, the focus is on the kinds of contracts or agreements or norms or expectations that buyers and sellers can bring to the exchange that keep people from taking advantage of information asymmetries and encourage them, or incentivize them, to live up to the expectations of the exchange.
So, what is trust? In marketing, we define trust in the way that many other disciplines define it — which is, it’s a willingness to depend on someone else to do something under conditions where they may not actually do the thing that you want them to do.
And marketers understand that willingness in terms of three dimensions — or three factors influence people’s willingness to depend on someone else to do something that they don’t necessarily have to do or they’re not required to do.
The first dimension, or the first influence, is competence, perceived competence: a belief that your exchange partner is competent to deliver the kinds of things that they’ve promised to do as part of the agreement.
The second dimension is honesty. It’s a belief that your exchange partner is going to tell the truth and keep their promises. The more you believe they’re honest, the more you trust them and the more the economic exchange is enhanced.
The last dimension of trust, or the last factor of trust, is benevolence. It’s a belief that your exchange partner will think about you at critical times in the exchange when they can use information asymmetry for their own benefit, and they’re willing to think about your needs and wants.
And they’re maybe even willing to make sacrifices because they know that making you happy in the exchange is part of making a successful exchange.
Now, these three dimensions are interrelated, but honesty and benevolence are particularly highly correlated, and it’s very hard to tease them apart because a benevolent partner is often thought to be honest, and an honest partner is often thought to be benevolent.
Why We Need Trust In Negotiations
Why We Need Trust in Negotiations
Contributor / Jeanne Brett
Jeanne Brett Negotiations Swift Trust,Communication,Vulnerability BUMPER: Signaling Trustworthiness
I’d like to distinguish between swift trust and slow trust. Swift trust means I don’t know you—I may not even know you by reputation—but I assume you’re a professional. I assume that you are benevolent; I assume that you’re trustworthy.
And I signal that information to you. And then you come back to me, usually, by reinforcing me and indicating that, yeah, I made the right call about you. It’s hard to not fulfill someone’s trusting expectations of you.
In slow trust, there’s no assumption that the other party is trustworthy. In slow trust, it’s slow; it takes time to develop trust. What that means is, people have to have experience with each other, gain familiarity with each other, have that experience where I make myself a little vulnerable and you don’t take advantage of me.
Slow trust builds slowly over time. Swift trust happens quickly. One is just more efficient than the other in negotiations. So, it’s understandable that many people are reluctant to take the swift-trust risk.
BUMPER: Positive Outcomes with More Trust & Vulnerability
Two sisters are both in the kitchen; they’re both cooking; and they have need for an orange. And they only have one orange.
So, the sisters get into a fight: “I want the orange.” “No, I want the orange; you can’t have the orange.” And there’s no solution because half an orange is not going to satisfy either sister.
They get nowhere until they take that single issue of who gets the orange and say, “Why do you want the orange?” And then they learn that one sister wants the orange for the rind, and the other sister wants the orange for the juice.
Now, if they had just taken half an orange, neither one of their recipes would have come out. But by finding out why they wanted the orange—those are those interests in negotiations—they were able to both win, if you will.
What happens is, in negotiations—even if it looks like it’s a single issue, or many negotiations are multi-issue—what you have to understand is where the other party is coming from, what’s motivating the other party, what’s most important to the other party.
You’re not going to get everything you want in negotiation; you’re too interdependent for that. But if you find out what’s more important to the other party that’s somewhat less important to you, then you can begin to make a trade-off.
So, why do negotiators need to trust?—because as soon as I start revealing what’s important to me, you have the opportunity to take advantage of me.
So, I have to trust you that you won’t take advantage of me, which means we coach negotiators to share a little information about interests and priorities, ask for some information—comparable information—in return.
And then you can get this reciprocity going—sharing information—understand where the other party is coming from, make those trade-offs, and build high-quality agreements, like the two sisters and the orange.
Negotiation Across Cultures Depends on Trust
Negotiating Across Cultures Depends on Trust: A Psychologist’s Perspective
Contributor / Jeanne Brett
Jeanne Brett Negotiations Definitions,Swift Trust,Communication,Reciprocity, Institutions and Context I study culture and negotiation strategy, and trust is a very important concept for researchers like me. We define trust pretty much the way people in other disciplines define trust—with an emphasis on benevolence and integrity.
What we find is that negotiators who trust use strategy in a way that allows them to negotiate high-quality agreements. What they do is they share a little information about their own interests and priorities and they ask for information from their counterpart about their counterpart’s interest and priorities.
Now, an interest in negotiation—that concept—refers to the reason underlying why negotiators are asking for what they want. So, it’s the reason why you’re asking for what you’re asking: why do you want that? It answers the “why” question.
Priorities refer to, what issues are more important, and what issues are less important? Negotiators who trust and share information about interests and priorities, learn about the interests and priorities of their counterpart are able to trade things off and create high-quality agreements.
But of course to do that, you have to make yourself a little vulnerable because you’re sharing information that the other party could take advantage of. And so, the key question in our research is, who trusts and why?
BUMPER: Trust across Cultures
And one answer to that question is culture. I’d like you to take a look at the chart that plots World Values Survey trust data by regions of the world.
The World Values Survey is run by a group of scholars that collect data from a representative sample of about a thousand people within a nation, ages 18 to 80.
And they come back every two or three years.
Their trust question is, “Most people could be trusted—yes or no?” And so, what you see in the chart is the percentage, averaged by nation, of people who say, “We can trust other people.”
Before we look too carefully at the data in the chart, there are two things we need to address. One is, this is a single-issue question. And behavioral scholars like myself don’t like single-issue questions; they worry about reliability.
But because we have data from these nations, collected with this exact same question over many, many different years, you can look at the reliability across time.
And when you look at the reliability of the trust question, it’s over .90 on average across time. So, the question is reliable.
The other potential threat to validity of this question is that people in different cultures interpret trust differently when they ask a question, “Can people in your culture be trusted?”
But again, scholars have looked at this question, they ask people, “What do you believe in? What do you believe trust means?” and they get consistently the same answer over and over again—integrity and benevolence.
So, if we take a look at the data, you might infer—from seeing that trust is relatively high in the West and in East Asia, and relatively low in South Asia and in the Middle East and in Latin America—that East Asians and Westerners are going to be using a lot of strategy that shares information, and people in Latin America and in the Middle East and South Asia aren’t.
And you’d only be half right.
It turns out that the research on negotiation in the West shows a lot of information sharing, a lot of cooperative behavior, but we don’t see the same thing in East Asia.
And the question again is, why?
BUMPER: Swift Trust
It turns out, in the West, negotiators seem to use something that we call “swift trust.” And the idea of swift trust was coined by some researchers, Meyerson, Weick, and Kramer.
And they were studying film crews. They looked at film crews and they said, “These are people who come together to do a highly interdependent job. They frequently don’t know each other—maybe by reputation, but they haven’t worked together in the past.
But they come together and they coalesce very rapidly and they are very cooperative. And why does that happen?” these researchers asked.
And they said, “It happens because they assume the other is a professional. They assume that the other is trustworthy.”
And as soon as you signal that you think someone else is trustworthy, that has two or three implications. One is, they would have to be a cad not to follow up and step up to your expectations of trust.
But the other is, you’re signaling something about yourself—that you’re willing to make yourself vulnerable to the other party and believe that they are trustworthy.
In negotiation research, we see very much the same thing in our North American and Northern European data. Negotiators come to the table and make the assumption that the counterpart is trustworthy.
And they then go in and ask questions, get a little information about those very important interests and priorities, offer a little information in return. And in that counterpoint–point–counterpoint, they begin to justify the assumption of trust that they made in the first place, and they begin to solidify that trust because they have behavior that they see of the other party.
BUMPER: Trust and Social Sanctions
So, let’s take a look at the data from East Asia. Consistently, in study after study, we find East Asians are extremely competitive in negotiation. And this, of course, is not what we would expect, looking at the trust data.
A really good answer to the question of why the East Asians do not seem to act in a trustworthy fashion in negotiation was given by Toshio Yamagishi, a Japanese psychologist.
He was studying social dilemmas. Now, a social dilemma is a multiparty prisoner’s dilemma. It’s a commons problem in economics.
The tension in a social dilemma is that if all the parties cooperate, everyone shares a larger piece of the pie, a larger set of resources. If, however, everyone competes, they share a smaller set of resources.
What it means is, for you, if you compete and the rest of us cooperate, you do really well, but we do very poorly. And what Yamagishi found is that his Japanese students in a social dilemma situation would cooperate as long as there were sanctions for failure to cooperate, or competition.
When he removed the sanctions, the Japanese students competed like crazy. Yamagishi then repeated his research in the United States with American students.
And he found, first of all, that the American students were much higher trusting than the Japanese were and that they would cooperate in both the situation where there were sanctions, but they would also cooperate pretty much at the same level in situations in which there were no sanctions.
So, Yamagishi explained his results by looking at Japanese society. And what he described Japanese society is a society that’s very tightly controlled by social norms, by social monitoring, and by social sanctioning.
And he said what happened then in his research is that when monitoring and sanctioning was missing, in the situation of a social dilemma, the Japanese students competed.
But he described the United States culture as much looser in terms of norms, monitoring, and sanctioning.
And he said, “Look, the Americans have an internal moral compass that directs them to be cooperative. They don’t need and don’t expect the external controls that are characteristic of the Japanese society.”
If we take a look a look again at the trust chart and look at the Middle East and South Asia and look at Latin America, we see pretty uniformly low trust. And that would predict that we would have a lot of difficulty in negotiations—not a lot of information sharing, not a lot of high-quality agreements.
There’s much more limited negotiation data in the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America. But it shows not a lot of cooperation, not a lot of trust, at least in the Middle East and in South Asia.
But the Latin American data are more interesting. The Latin American data show much more complexity.
For example, in some data that I have from Brazil—in fact, I’ve collected data from Brazilian managers several different times over the past 10 years—I get a lot of cooperation, a lot of information sharing, and really high-quality outcomes.
In some Spanish data, we saw that when the Spanish were negotiating with each other, they weren’t sharing information and they got low-quality outcomes; compared to the US negotiators, when they’re negotiating with each other, using more information sharing, getting higher-quality outcomes. You see that difference in trust.
But what was interesting, in the next part of the data, is when the Spanish were negotiating with the Americans. And there, the Americans continued to share information, ask for information, and the Spanish started to do that too.
And they got a lot more insight about what was important, more and less important, to their counterparts, and they negotiated much better deals in the intercultural negotiations with the Americans than they did in the intracultural negotiations with other Spanish counterparts.
So, looking at all this data, my research team concluded that trust isn’t enough to explain the relationship between culture and negotiation strategy. Taking our cue from Yamagishi’s research, we turn to some more recent work in cultural psychology by Michele Gelfand.
BUMPER: Cultural Tightness and Looseness
Michele Gelfand studies a concept that she calls “cultural tightness–cultural looseness.” And it’s very similar to the way Yamagishi described Japanese culture versus American culture.
A tight culture, according to Michele Gelfand, is one where there are strong social norms, there is monitoring of social norms, there is sanctioning of failure to conform to social norms.
And maybe it would help to have a little story to explain what that might look like if you’ve never been in Japan or East Asia.
One of my executive education students said, “I’ve got a story, professor.” He said,
“My wife and I were living in Japan. I was an expat working for an American company over there. And we decided we wanted that full cultural experience, so we rented a house in a Japanese community, not an expat community.”
And he said, “Our first major challenge was figuring out how to properly sort our recyclables because it’s very strict in Japan.”
And he said, “We tried really hard to get everything in the right bag. And then the recycle truck was coming the next night, and we would put everything out where it was supposed to be. And then we would see our neighbors coming out of their homes, going through our recycle bags, resorting it so that it was correct.”
The neighbors thought it was important for the neighborhood that the recycling be done appropriately. So, here’s a very strong set of norms, monitoring, and sanctioning.
They didn’t really sanction directly this expat couple, but the expat couple was sufficiently embarrassed that they kept working on getting their recycling right.
So, Michele Gelfand and her colleagues, all around the world, collected cultural tightness–looseness data from participants—these were mostly teachers and university students.
They asked a series of questions about how culture operated, and how tight those norms were, how much sanctioning and monitoring was going on.
So, you see in this chart how those same countries fall out on cultural tightness–looseness. These are all the same nations that we show in the trust scale. And what do you see?
We see that Western culture is a loose culture (that’s no surprise), East Asian culture is a tight culture (that’s no surprise), the Middle East and South Asia are also a tight culture, but those interesting Latin Americans are a loose culture.
So, what we have in Latin America, and maybe the way to explain what we see in the negotiation data in Latin American, is that Latin Americans live in a loose culture.
That means they can’t assume on a day-in, day-out basis, they can’t predict other people’s behavior. They don’t have expectations the way the tight-culture East Asians or Middle Easterners do.
What they have to do is navigate a loose culture and navigate a low-trust, loose culture. What do they do? They certainly don’t engage in swift trust—that assumption that everyone else is trustworthy.
What they do is they build slow trust; their focus is on building relationships. And they do all the things—getting to know you as a person, learning about your family, finding commonalities in interests in sports, in interests in food—to get a relationship going with you that has nothing to do with a negotiation.
But if they can build a common path with you personally, they build a relationship to be able to negotiate cooperatively.
And so, my colleagues and I think that there’s more to culture and negotiation strategy than just trust. It’s that interface between trust and cultural tightness–looseness that accounts for how negotiators in different parts of the world use strategy.
How Culture Affects When Negotiators Cooperate
How Culture Can Influence Whether Negotiators Cooperate: Key Findings
Contributor / Jeanne Brett
Jeanne Brett Negotiations Swift Trust,Reciprocity,Institutions and Context BUMPER: Trust and Social Sanctions
There are really three key papers to understand culture and negotiation strategy in the role of trust in that relationship. The first one is one that identifies swift trust, and this is Meyerson, Weick, and Kramer’s work.
They were looking at film crews. And their observation was, these film crews coalesced very quickly and used a lot of cooperative behavior. They were assuming that the other parties in the team were professional, competent, and trustworthy.
BUMPER: Swift Trust in Negotiations
When we take a look at negotiation research and we think about Meyerson, Weick, and Kramer’s work, we see a lot of similarities between the film crews that they studied and negotiations.
In the first place, negotiators come together and they typically don’t know each other. When they’re putting together a new business deal, they don’t have a history. They may have some reputation that goes in front of them, but they don’t have a personal history.
Meyerson and her colleagues propose that to get trust going, people have to wade in; they can’t just sit back and wait for the other party to act in a trustworthy manner. But the way to get trust going is to initiate trust, and then that global norm of reciprocity kicks in and people trust back.
BUMPER: Trust and Social Sanctions
I want to talk about Toshio Yamagishi’s research. He was studying Japanese and American participants and putting them in social dilemmas. Now, a social dilemma is a multiparty prisoner’s dilemma.
If you know about prisoner’s dilemmas, you know that they put the two prisoners in separate interrogation rooms, and they offer each of them a deal to squeal on the other. And if nobody squeals, everybody gets a light sentence. And if both people squeal on each other, they both get a really heavy sentence.
But the best outcome would be, is if I squeal on you and you don’t squeal on me.
A social dilemma is the same phenomenon, only there are multiple parties.
And what Yamagishi did is he put his experiment and he varied in two dimensions. He measured his participants’ level of trust, and he had high-trusting participants and low-trusting participants.
And then he put them in a situation of no sanctions or a situation of sanctions. By sanctions, what he was doing is he was giving them money to do the experiment, and if they failed to cooperate, the money would be taken away from them.
And he found that among the Japanese, in the no-sanction condition, cooperation was extremely low; in the high-sanction condition, cooperation was high—particularly there were no differences between high and low trusters in the sanctioning condition, but in the no-sanction condition, the high trusters were willing to cooperate more than the low trusters.
Yamagishi then went and did the same study using American participants. And the first thing he found was that American participants overall were more trusting on a trust scale than his Japanese participants.
But he still sorted them into high- and low-trust groups, and he still had the no-sanction condition and the sanction condition.
But here, he found that the Americans in the no-sanction condition, regardless of whether they were high trusters or low trusters, they cooperated. They also cooperated in the sanctioning condition.
And so, Yamagishi stepped back. He was, I think, very surprised at what his research showed at first. And then he had to figure out how to interpret it.
And his interpretation was that the sanctioning condition cued the Japanese participants to the kind of environment that they lived in, in their everyday social interactions because, in Japan, there are strong norms for cooperative behavior, there is social monitoring and social sanctioning for failure to cooperate.
What Yamagishi argued is that when you take away that monitoring and sanctioning, the Japanese participants had no basis for predicting or expecting the counterparties in this social dilemma to behave cooperatively.
And so, in a defensive posture, they competed in order to defend themselves.
When he looked at the American data again and started to interpret the American data, he says, “The US culture is very different.” He said, “The US culture is much more open; there’s much less monitoring and sanctioning.”
And he said, “These American participants, they have an internal moral compass. And so, they don’t have to be cued by the context to know whether to cooperate or not to cooperate; they cooperate on the basis of their internal moral compass.”
Now, Yamagishi explained his results with a cultural concept called “collectivism versus individualism.”
In individualist cultures, people’s self-identity is a function of their accomplishments. In collectivist cultures, people’s social identity is a function of whether or not they are adequately, in the eyes of others, fulfilling their social roles.
BUMPER: Cultural Tightness and Looseness
Michele Gelfand is another cultural psychologist, and she came along and said, “Hmm, I don’t think so. I don’t think it’s collectivism and individualism that’s explaining Yamagishi’s results.” She says, “I think it’s something called cultural tightness–looseness.”
She defines cultural tightness–looseness very similarly to the way Yamagishi described the differences between Japanese and US culture. She says, “In a tight culture—strong social norms, lots of monitoring, lots of sanctions for failure to fulfill those social norms. And in a loose culture,” she says, “norms are looser. There’s more flexibility; there’s more improvisation in social interaction in everyday life.”
So, Michele Gelfand and her colleagues collected data from 33 countries, and they correlated it with a whole lot of other psychological variables, but they also correlated it with data about history, geography in these countries.
And what they found is that tight cultures have a profile—they have a cultural profile—that is very different from the cultural profile of loose cultures.
And so, the way to understand culture and negotiation strategy is to understand both trust in that culture and to understand whether that culture is a tight culture or a loose culture.
Organizational Behavior
How to Repair Broken Trust: An Organizational Behavior Perspective
Contributor / Cecily Cooper
Cecily Cooper Organizational Behavior Breaches,Definitions,Communication,Authenticity Organizational behavior scholars study trust repair because it’s really important to understand how to maintain trust in organizations.
Trust is a driver of many key outcomes, such as employee job performance, helping behaviors, and job attitudes.
Trust also enables the coordination and the cooperation that’s necessary to achieve both day-to-day tasks and long-term challenging goals.
The problem, however, is that trust is also very fragile and easily broken, and thus the need for its repair.
When talking about interpersonal trust repair, we’re focusing on two parties: One is the trustee, and the trustee is the transgressor. And the other is the trustor. The trustor is the focus of the repair efforts.
But what we find is that there’s no one best approach for repairing trust; it depends on the type of violation.
Bumper: How the Impact of an Apology Depends on the Dimension of Trust
And research has found a really useful distinction in comparing competence- versus integrity-related violations of trust.
So, competence and integrity are two of the three dimensions of trustworthiness.
And when we look at attribution theory, the schematic model of dispositional attribution explains to us that people interpret information about integrity and competence very differently.
And what happens is that people anchor on negative signals of integrity more so than positive and positive signals of competence more so than negative.
So, if you embezzle funds from a bank but then act in a trustworthy manner later on, people still are not likely to trust you, because they see that one indication of you stealing as being very diagnostic of who you really are.
But when it comes to competence—and I’ll use a baseball analogy here—if you hit a home run, people see you as being a home-run hitter even if you strike out afterwards.
So, people see competence-related issues as being much more changeable, whereas integrity-related issues are much more stable and enduring.
Because of this, research finds that apologies can be very effective for overcoming competence-related violations because they communicate redemption.
But apologies are not effective for overcoming integrity-related violations because they also acknowledge guilt.
And that acknowledgment of guilt is very damaging because, again, people see these integrity-related issues as being relatively stable and enduring.
Bumper: Two Categories for Trust Repair Tactics
So, what tactics can be used to repair trust? Well, for simplicity’s sake, we can think of them as falling into two categories: verbal responses and substantive responses.
And verbal responses include things such as excuses, promises, denial, different types of apologies.
And for substantive responses, research has examined acts of penance (that means taking on a personal cost), reparations (that’s paying damages to the person who was harmed), or monitoring systems (imposing a monitoring system on the person who violated trust so that they can’t transgress again).
But we can’t say that either verbal or substantive responses are more effective; it really depends on how they’re offered and under what circumstances.
The important thing is that when the response is offered, it has to signal that the person has really repented, that they are trying to change who they are. Perceived repentance is key.
The second issue is that if deception was involved, people are not likely to believe verbal responses, because they feel that if they were deceived one time, that the verbal responses are probably just mere talk.
Research also gives some indication that over time, actions might be weighted more heavily than words—so, actions might be more important than words.
An interesting caveat, though, is that research also finds that larger substantive acts are not necessarily more effective than smaller ones.
So, specifically, research that’s looked at reparations, for example—giving money to the person that was harmed—has found that a lot of times, smaller amounts of money are just as effective as larger amounts.
And again, this goes back to the importance of signaling that you’ve repented.
And so, if that small amount of money gives just as strong a signal that you’ve repented as the larger amount, then there’s actually no added benefit to giving extra amounts of money, which is pretty interesting.
But the final thing to remember is, though, that signaling repentance through either verbal or substantive responses will be much more effective after a competence-related violation rather than integrity-related violation. So, again, violation type is key.
Trust repair is still a relatively new area of study under the larger umbrella of trust research. And repair scholars are still trying to identify which responses are most effective for repairing trust and under what conditions.
Four Strategies to Increase Trust across Your Organization
Contributor / Cecily Cooper
Cecily Cooper Organizational Behavior Leadership,Vulnerability,Communication Well, trust and leadership has been shown time and time again to relate to many key outcomes, such as employee job performance, helping behaviors, and job attitudes.
So, as a senior leader, you want to do anything that you can to increase trust in leadership across levels of the organization.
Now, one of the first key things that you can do is make sure that you treat your employees fairly because fairness engenders trust.
So, if employees feel that they’re being paid fairly, that decisions are made in a consistent and unbiased fashion, and that they’re treated with dignity and respect, then chances are they’re going to trust you.
Now, on the other hand, if you hear employees complaining that things are just not fair, then chances are they don’t trust you. And so, that’s one key thing to remember.
Second, you have to make sure that your words and your actions are aligned—so, there has to be consistency between what you say and what you do.
Third, transparency is really important. And by transparency, I mean that you need to communicate as openly and frequently as possible with employees and also give them as much information as possible.
And the last thing that I would like to mention, and this is a little different because most research on trust has been looking at employees trusting their leaders and why that’s important for so many reasons, but now we also know that it’s really important that employees feel trusted, that employees feel that their leaders trust them.
And since trust is a reciprocal process, if the employees feel that the leaders trust them, they’re also more likely to trust their leaders.
So, then the next question is, but how can a manager signal that they trust their employees? There’s a lot of different things that they can do.
They can give their employees more responsibility, more autonomy; don’t micromanage, don’t monitor—overly monitory—your employees.
And if there are positions that need to be filled in the organization, promote from within; don’t hire externally.
Bumper: Understanding How a Trust Breach Is a Matter of Perspective
If you’re a leader and you’re accused of something, there are two questions that you should consider.
The first is, are you actually guilty?—because if you’re not guilty, then it benefits you to deny as quickly as possible, and also, if there is any exonerating evidence, to also offer that evidence to support your denial.
But what if you actually are guilty? Well, there’s a second important question.
And that is, was the transgression (that is, what you’re guilty of doing) a result of a lapse in competence versus integrity?—because research tells us that integrity-related issues are much more difficult to overcome than competence-related issues.
But at the same time, perception of the specific event can be malleable.
For example, if you just made an honest mistake or you did not have adequate knowledge and that’s why you didn’t prepare the tax return correctly, that’s a very different issue in other people’s minds than if you were trying to misrepresent the taxes.
Bumper: How “No Comment” Elicits Distrust
You don’t want to remain reticent on the issue; in other words, it’s really risky to not respond.
The problem is that even if people just hear an accusation, they’re likely to passively believe it unless they’re given a reason not to.
But the tricky thing for leaders is there could be a lot of reasons that they don’t want to respond. So, there could be legal reasons that they should not respond, or if they respond, they know that they might implicate a third party.
And so, for a lot of these reasons, you will see people delay responding or say, “No comment”—which is very frequently used.
Now, the intention might be to get people to delay judgment for a while. But what research shows is that instead of delaying judgment, people actually are more prone to make judgments and come to the worst possible conclusions.
By remaining silent on the issue, you’re not doing anything to mitigate this accusation of guilt by denying, and you’re not apologizing, so you’re not expressing any remorse.
And so, what happens is then people will think that you are in fact guilty, and you’re also not remorseful.
Building Trust by Learning to Listen
Contributor / Kelly Michelson
BUMPER: Learning to Trust Your Patients
Healthcare providers must recognize the importance of trust and communication in building stable relationships with patients.
Trusting Healthcare Providers and Institutions: Key Findings
Contributor / Kelly Michelson
Kelly Michelson Pediatrics Communication,Distrust,Healthcare,Measurement Research about trust in the healthcare setting has generally taken two approaches: the first is to look at it in a qualitative fashion, so to hear personal anecdotes and learn what we can from that; and the other is to look at it in a more quantitative fashion, using scales and measures to see how trust relates with specific outcomes or specific variables.
From the qualitative research, we know that things like developing partnerships, developing relationships, demonstrating competence are all very important components of establishing trust in the relationship.
Most of the quantitative data related to trust in a healthcare setting use trust scales to compare a measure of trust to a particular variable — looking at things like, do women tend to be more trusting than men of their healthcare provider? Are there racial differences related to trust? Are there differences in providers’ and healthcare settings’ relationship to trust?
And these concepts help us to think about how we act — in a clinical setting, for example — and what we teach trainees about how to build trusting relationships with their patients or with others in the healthcare team.
BUMPER: Trust and Communication
Much of what we know about trust in the pediatric intensive care unit comes from literature that looks at communication and how communication unfolds in this particular setting.
We know from some qualitative work, from Carnevale et al., that trust is a really important part of communication in the pediatric intensive care unit.
These authors interviewed physicians, nurses, and parents about communication, identified three different components of communication. And of note, one of them was relational communication. And one key factor in developing relational communication that they identified was fostering trust.
And in another work by Ames et al., we find that trust is not only an important component for healthcare providers to focus on but also for parents.
In this work, the authors interviewed parents of children who were in the pediatric intensive care unit and asked them about their roles. And one of the three roles that they identify was actually that the parents should be trying to establish a trusting relationship with the healthcare providers in the PICU.
In another study done by Vivian et al., we learned about the importance of communication among staff members in the pediatric intensive care unit.
In that study, staff members were interviewed, and we found that poor communication among caregivers within in the intensive care unit can impact trust and therefore impact how they care for patients.
So, again, we’re seeing the importance of trust between providers and patients (or, in my case, parents) but also among providers.
BUMPER: Trust in Critical Decision-Making
In terms of decision-making in the intensive care unit, much of the literature has focused on issues related to pretty challenging decisions for children who are very sick, things like withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining efforts if a child was seriously ill — some pretty serious decisions.
Some of the research I’ve done, for example, has looked at what kind of influencers contribute to a parent’s deciding whether or not to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapies if their child was so sick that that became something to consider.
And what I found was that distrust was one of nine important factors that parents are weighing in terms of making that kind of decision.
In another study, Meert et al. interviewed parents of children who had died in the pediatric intensive care unit to find out more about their experiences. And they found that parents who felt that clinicians were withholding information also had a sense of betrayal or distrust towards those physicians.
BUMPER: Enhancing Trust in the Intensive Care Unit
But it’s really important not just to know what happens in the intensive care unit and where trust fits into communication and decision-making; now that we have all that information, we really want to try to impact trust and to enhance better trust and better communication and hence better decision-making in the intensive care unit.
For example, Curtis et al. looked at an intervention where he tried to change multiple components of what was going on in the intensive care unit, including identifying champions for this work, providing feedback to clinicians.
Interestingly, he didn’t find that that intervention changed his primary outcome.
In another effort done by Lautrette et al., they actually educated clinicians about how to conduct a family conference.
And they came up with this mnemonic called VALUE, and each of the letters stand for something different — specifically that you should value and appreciate what the family is saying during a meeting, acknowledge their feelings and emotions, that you should listen to what they say, that you should try to understand their situation and their values, and that you should elicit questions from them.
So, they actually taught clinicians a little bit about how to focus their communication during family conferences in the intensive care unit. And they actually did find a difference.
They found that for families who had family conferences with clinicians who were trained in this manner, those surrogates to the patients in adult ICUs had less anxiety and depression after their loved one had died and less symptoms of post-traumatic stress.
Trust and Vulnerability: A Pediatrician's Perspective
Contributor / Kelly Michelson
BUMPER: Trust and Distrust
BUMPER: Trust in Individuals and Systems
Trust and reputation play an important role in the conference room.
When Trust Expectations Clash
Contributor / Sanford Goldberg
Sanford Goldberg Philosophy Institutions and Context,Leadership,Regulation BUMPER: When Trust Expectations Clash
We expect certain things from our products. We expect companies to behave in certain kinds of ways, both in the production and also in the marketing of these products.
These are what I would call “normative expectations.” They’re expectations that aren’t predictions; they’re more in the vicinity of standards that we impose on the people with whom we interact. And, in that sense, they’re normative rather than predictive.
They certainly can be unreasonable. If you think about, for example, a boss — a boss might normatively expect all sorts of things regarding his or her employees. But if it goes beyond what is reasonable to expect of his or her employees — for example, the amount of hours worked, what can be accomplished in a given day, and so forth — those are what I would call “unreasonable normative expectations.”
It’s a good question how to deal with people who have unreasonable normative expectations. My impression is that a good part of life with other people is negotiating what counts as reasonable in these normative expectations.
And I think what to do will differ depending on the sort of circumstance that you’re in when you’re dealing with somebody with unreasonable normative expectations.
I think they clearly can be influenced, and they frequently do change. This is the stuff of culture; this is what our culture gives us. If you like, it’s our cultural inheritance.
So, depending on what culture you happen to be raised in, that will largely affect the kinds of normative expectations you have of other people and when you have those normative expectations of others.
So, how to influence these? That’s a question for culture management. If you find that there are normative expectations that are not, from your perspective, reasonable, you ought to try to affect those parts of culture that underwrite those expectations, that justify those expectations, and so forth.
After all, these are the sorts of things that are not visible with the naked eye but nevertheless are profound in their impact on how we relate to one another.
So, I can only imagine if a leader isn’t sensitive to these things, he or she is not going to be fully successful.
It’s a very, very complicated and delicate negotiation when two parties come to a situation with different normative expectations. And unfortunately, there’s no simple answer about how to do that; it’s a matter simply of negotiation.
BUMPER: How Reliable are Reputations?
If you think about our perceptions of another’s reputation, that’s really a kind of perception of how trustworthy they are. Do they do what they say they’ll do? When they tell us something, is it reliable, something that can be depended upon?
And I would say that there are two sources of information that we have. One source is whatever information that we happen to have on the particular person or company — the evidence that we’ve collected over time. And that can include evidence of what other people have said about this organization.
But, in addition, I think we’re greatly aided by our society’s institutional ways of ensuring and enforcing trustworthiness in others.
For example, if you happen to live in a community where being trustworthy is extremely highly valued and being untrustworthy is extremely disvalued, that will give individuals with whom you interact a great motive to be trustworthy, whereas if you live in other communities where those sorts of things aren’t valued or perhaps not enforced with the same regularity, that also can affect other people’s trustworthiness, and so have an impact on your perception of their trustworthiness.
So, in addition to your own onboard resources — the evidence that you have — you also have your society and its practices of generating and enforcing trustworthiness in its members.
The philosophy of trust explains why we choose to rely upon others.
The Philosophy of Trust: Key Findings
Contributor / Sanford Goldberg
Sanford Goldberg Philosophy Breaches,Definitions,Government,Reputation Management,Social Psychology Philosophers are very interested in the nature of trust. And, in this brief segment, what I’d like to do is try to give a taxonomy of the variety of positions that philosophers have taken on that nature.
In order to do so, I’m going to make one simplifying assumption, which itself is not uncontroversial but is widely shared, which is the assumption that trust is a kind of reliance: to trust someone is to rely on them in a certain kind of way.
And the question that philosophers ask is, what is the type of reliance that constitutes trust?
So, let’s think about trust as follows: to trust someone to do something is to rely on them to do it and to do so out of a certain attitude towards the proposition that they will do it for the right reasons.
If you think of that as the basic nature of trust, the philosophical questions are two: What is the right attitude? And what are the right reasons? And you can think of philosophical disputes about the nature of trust as disputes along one of those two dimensions.
Let’s begin by focusing first on the attitude question. If to trust someone is to rely on them out of an attitude that you take towards the proposition that they’ll do what you trust them to do for the right reasons, the question is, what is the attitude that you have towards the proposition that they’ll do it for the right reasons?
This view derives from a paper by Diego Gambetta entitled “Can We Trust Trust?” And according to Gambetta, we believe that people will do things for the right reasons, and it’s that belief that underwrites our reliance on them.
I call this the “belief view.” This view came under scrutiny among philosophers in a very influential 1986 paper by Annette Baier entitled “Trust and Antitrust.”
She disagreed with the belief view and thought that the attitude central to trust couldn’t be just believing that the person will do what she’s trusted to do for the right reasons.
The problem with the belief view, according to Baier, was two-fold: first, it failed to distinguish trust from mere reliance, and secondly (and perhaps more importantly), it failed to make sense of the idea that when you trust someone and your trust is violated, you feel a sense of betrayal rather than mere disappointment.
And, in fact, that thought that the violation of trust occasions a sense of betrayal, not mere disappointment, has led many philosophers, after Baier, to think that the belief view is false.
A second view, again concerning the attitude that’s central to trust, is what I would call the “affective attitude view.” This view is owed to a philosopher by the name Karen Jones, who wrote a paper entitled “Trust as Affective Attitude.”
And what she wanted to try to capture was the idea that there is an emotional flavor to trusting. So, her thought was that the attitude central to trust wasn’t mere belief but was something like a felt optimism towards the proposition that the person will do what she’s trusted to do for the right reasons.
That view too has come under some scrutiny. And an objection derives from a 1960 paper by the philosopher Horsburgh entitled “The Ethics of Trust,” suggesting that there are cases in which we trust even though we feel no optimism about the likelihood that the person will do as we’re trusting her to do.
The sort of trust that Horsburgh talked about was what he called “therapeutic trust.” These are cases in which you trust someone not because you’re optimistic that they’ll do as you trust them to do but because you’re hoping that they will recognize that you’re trusting them to do this and that itself will get them to do as you trust them to do.
This sort of therapeutic trust doesn’t conform to the attitude that the affective account lays down. Nevertheless, many philosophers continue to think that there is an affective attitude towards trust, and some have suggested that the best way to think about therapeutic trust, cases where it seems as though there’s no such attitude, are as exceptions to a more general rule.
Cases of the therapeutic trust kind have become interesting to philosophers for another reason, explored at length in Phillip Pettit’s 1996 paper, “The Cunning of Trust.”
Pettit argued that in these kinds of cases, where you trust someone in the hope that their recognition of being trusted will actually make them trustworthy, both gives them a reason to be trustworthy and gives you a reason to believe them — to believe that they’re trustworthy.
So, these kinds of cases have become interesting in their own right.
In reaction to these kinds of cases and in defense of the affective attitude view, two recent papers have suggested that the attitude of optimism is in fact appropriate in all cases of trust that aren’t of the sort that we call therapeutic trust.
For example, Karen Jones in a recent paper entitled “Trust and Terror” and Victoria McGeer in a paper entitled “Trust, Hope and Empowerment” have argued that in all cases of trust that aren’t therapeutic trust, this sort of optimism is in fact appropriate.
A third view about the relevant sort of attitude that constitutes trust is owed to Richard Holton in a paper entitled “Deciding to Trust.” He calls this view the “participant stance view”: to trust someone is to take a participant stance towards them.
The attitude that you have towards the proposition that they’ll do what you trust them to do for the right reason is the attitude of expecting them to do so, with the disposition to feel a sense of betrayal if they don’t.
That view, however, appears to assume one of the things that we would like our theory to explain — namely, why it is that a sense of betrayal is appropriate when one’s trust is violated.
This brings us to the fourth view about the sort of attitude that constitutes trust, a view that’s known as the “normative expectation view.”
To trust someone is to normatively expect them to do what you trust them to do for the right reasons, where to normatively trust someone is to impose a standard on them where you regard them as being such that they ought to do it.
This view, which might be seen as a special case of either the belief view or the participant stance view, has been developed in Walker’s recent book entitled Moral Repair.
Two excellent resources for philosophical approaches to trust are Carolyn McLeod’s entry trust in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Judith Simon’s entry trust in the Oxford Bibliographies online.
I, myself, have relied heavily in this presentation on those two resources.
Examining the nature of trust from a new perspective can shed important insights.
The Nature of Trust: A Philosopher’s Perspective
Contributor / Sanford Goldberg
Sanford Goldberg Philosophy Definitions,Distrust,Reciprocity,Regulation Trust is a topic that’s of great interest to philosophers. In philosophy, two subfields typically look at trust. One of them is ethics, and the other is the theory of knowledge, which is also known as “epistemology.”
The topics that philosophers look into, when they look into trust, are three: the nature of trust, the rationality of trust, and the ethics of trust. And, in this brief segment, what I thought I would do is run through all three.
When it comes to the nature of trust, philosophers are very interested in distinguishing trust from dependence and reliance. It’s a controversial issue whether trust is actually distinct from dependence or reliance, or if it’s just a type of dependence or reliance.
Most philosophers think that it’s a type of reliance, and the question is, how does it differ from mere reliance on someone?
And one of the key insights — if in fact it is an insight — of philosophers who think about trust is that trust is a kind of reliance that gives rise not merely to disappointment but to a sense of betrayal when one’s trust is violated.
And really, philosophers interested in the nature of trust ask what kind of thing is trust, such that violations of that trust yield a sense of betrayal rather than mere disappointment?
Philosophers interested in the nature of trust also are interested in the varieties of trust. And here, they distinguish between main types. The main type is what we would call “practical trust” — that’s trusting someone or some institution to do something or to be a certain way, or to refrain from doing something or to refrain from being a certain way.
The other variety of trust is what philosophers call “intellectual” or “epistemic trust,” which is the kind of trust that you have in a person or a source of information when you trust it, when you rely on it for the truth in what it tells you.
Many people think that epistemic or intellectual trust is a special case of practical trust, and that is an issue that philosophers will discuss at great length in a variety of different ways.
When it comes to the rationality of trust, we need to distinguish between two types of rationality. The first type I would call “practical rationality.” Practical rationality is the sort of rationality when it’s in your interest to do something — so, it’s rational when it’s in your interest to do something.
You might ask, when is it practically rational to trust? And here, the answer will again depend on what kind of cost-benefit analysis you do. Suppose that if you trust someone, then he or she will be your friend. That’s obviously a good thing, and that goes on the benefit side.
Suppose that you’ll have lots of friends. That makes it very, very good to trust. These are the kinds of considerations that might actually make it practically rational to trust.
But you can take a different attitude towards the rationality of trust. Suppose what you’re primarily interested in is acquiring true beliefs and avoiding false beliefs. Less interested in things like friendship or other kinds of goodies, instead you’re interested in acquiring true beliefs and avoiding false beliefs.
There, it’s clear that whether or not trusting someone will make them your friend is irrelevant to the kind of belief you want to acquire. Here, we need to talk about epistemic rationality.
What are the conditions under which trust is epistemically rational? Here, philosophers divide into two main camps. One of the camps holds that it’s rational to trust another person — so, to believe what they say — only if you have good independent reasons to regard them as trustworthy.
This view — which in philosophical circles is known as “reductionism” — holds that it’s only when you have those good reasons that it’s rational to trust someone. Those reasons can take a variety of forms.
Perhaps you know someone’s track record. They’re highly reliable, and they’ve been highly reliable in the past, so they’re likely to be reliable on this occasion. Perhaps they look sincere and competent. Those can be reasons to trust.
Other philosophers disagree. They think that you don’t need positive reasons to trust another person; what’s necessary instead is that you lack reasons to regard them as untrustworthy.
They hold, for example, that it’s rational to trust another speaker, in the same way that it’s rational to trust your own perceptual resources, when you don’t have reasons to regard the relied-upon source as untrustworthy — that is, when you don’t have reasons to think that the person with whom you’re interacting is actually unreliable or incompetent or insincere.
That view is known as “antireductionism,” and that’s the opposing view of the reductionist view about the rationality of trust.
I move on now to the final issue that philosophers explore when we think about the nature of trust, and that is the ethics of trust. I take it that it’s uncontroversial to think that we all have ethical obligations to be trustworthy.
For example, we all take it, I suppose, that you shouldn’t lie and you shouldn’t say things for which you don’t have adequate evidence. That’s not particularly controversial.
The more controversial and interesting question arises when we ask whether we have ethical obligations to trust others. Why would you think that you do have ethical obligations to trust others?
Some philosophers remind us, for example, that friendships or loving relationships can require trust on the part of the two people involved. For example, if you have a friend but don’t trust her, that may well undermine the friendship.
Or if you have a partner or a spouse and you don’t trust him, that may undermine the relationship that you have.
These philosophers use these kinds of relationships to suggest that we are sometimes under ethical obligations to trust others.
There’s one case that philosophers use to think about the question about the relationship between the ethics of trust and the rationality of trust. Take a case in which a child of yours or perhaps a very good friend is accused of a horrific crime. And he or she swears to you that he or she is innocent — not guilty as charged.
And now imagine that the evidence that’s out there is rather substantial and suggests that the person is in fact guilty. If we think that there are ethical obligations to trust our friends or our children, then we reach an interesting conclusion that it may be ethically required of us to believe something that flies in the face of the evidence.
And that is grounds for some interesting philosophical discussion.
Healthcare is an industry where measuring trust based on warmth just as much as competence can be beneficial.
Measuring Trust: Through Competence—or Warmth?
Contributor / Adam Waytz
Adam Waytz Psychology Breaches,Distrust,Government,Leadership,Measurement,Reputation Management,Social Psychology BUMPER: Trust and First Impressions
I think what the research suggests is that first impressions go a long way and that people are making a decision about, “Do I trust this person? Do I trust this organization? Do I trust this brand?” relatively immediately.
And furthermore, trust is very difficult to restore once it is breached.
BUMPER: Warmth vs. Competence in Gauging Trust
So, the work of Susan Fisk and others has shown that warmth really predominates judgments of trustworthiness, more so than competence.
So, the first and the most important thing that people are basing their judgments of trust on are, “Do I feel that this is someone that’s benevolent? Is this a person or a company or a brand that’s kind, that’s good, that I would like to be friends with?”
The problem is, in the world of business, people tend to focus on conveying competence.
When they want to restore trust or when they want to gain people’s trust initially, businesses tend to focus on competence: letting people know that they’re intelligent, that they’re capable, that they have the ability to act on whatever their intentions are.
Consumers and people in the world and just people who are engaged in social life care about competence second. They care about warmth first. This is also important for leaders as well.
Amy Cuddy and colleagues wrote an article in Harvard Business Review that I like to refer to which is called “Connect, Then Lead.”
Often leaders think that they need to convey their competence to the organization above all else. But the most important thing is first to connect with subordinates and peers and other executives on this dimension of warmth.
I think why we focus so much on competence in the world of business is that competence is much easier to measure. We can see performance ratings; we can see sales numbers; we can see return on investment.
Competence is something that is very visible, so we tend to focus on what is visible and what’s quantifiable.
Warmth is something that feels a bit squishier, a bit more abstract, and even a bit less quantifiable, yet warmth is what people are really thinking about when they’re judging, “Do I trust this person? Do I trust this organization? Do I trust this brand?”
Now, some companies and some organizations have gotten much better at quantifying warmth or quantifying things like social responsibility: “How much is my organization engaged in fair practices towards its workers? Positive interactions with the community? Benevolent actions towards the environment?”
And we can start seeing the emergence of the corporate social responsibility scores. I think this is a step forward in organizations trying to capture warmth in a more quantifiable manner and then conveying that to potential consumers who really care about these dimensions.
With only 100 milliseconds on the clock to prove you're trustworthy, the importance of first impressions cannot be ignored.
The Importance of First Impressions and Trust: Key Findings
Contributor / Adam Waytz
Adam Waytz Psychology Definitions,Reputation Management,Swift Trust A lot of the key articles in psychology on the topic of trust I think have really come out in the 21st century. And one really key article that emerged in 2006 was a study in Psychological Science by Willis and Todorov.
And Willis and Todorov conducted a really elegant study that simply discovered the remarkable finding that trust is something that people tend to judge in another person’s face within 100 milliseconds.
Now, how they conducted this study was they gave participants a variety of different faces — they exposed participants to a variety of different male and female faces.
And the first part of the study just involved an unconstrained session where participants made various judgments about these faces.
So, how attractive is the person in this photograph? How likeable is the person in this photograph? And how trustworthy is the person in this photograph?
In the second portion of the study, participants were presented with the same faces extremely rapidly. So, some were presented at 100 milliseconds; some were presented at 500 milliseconds; and some were presented at 1 second.
And various participants, after this brief exposure to the face, were simply asked the question, “Do you find this person trustworthy, yes or no?”
And what they found was very striking. First of all, there was an extremely high correlation between these snap judgments of, “Do I judge this person as trustworthy, yes or no?” after just a brief exposure to a face — a monumental correlation with those judgments and the judgments made in the absence of time constraints.
So, this suggests that people are making judgments about trustworthiness within 100 milliseconds.
What was also interesting was that, as time increased (so, as participants saw these faces at 500 milliseconds or after a whole second), the correlation didn’t really change that much.
So, what these findings tell us is that trustworthiness is something that people judge very automatically, even before we’ve gotten our wits together to really decide how confident we are in our judgment.
And they really correspond to the same judgments we make about trustworthiness when we have unlimited time to judge people.
BUMPER: Key Research on Trust in Neuroscience
Neuroscientists have also really taken up the topic of trust in their studies as well. One definitive paper on the neural underpinnings of trusting behavior comes from Krueger and colleagues, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This experiment involved a multi-round trust game. So, this is the game where there is an investor that decides how much money to invest with a trustee, and the trustee then decides how much to pay back.
In these studies, the trust game is administered in a similar fashion to how it’s administered in classic psychological studies, in studies within economics; the only difference, of course, was that in this study, participants brains were scanned while they were making decisions about whether or not to trust and how much to trust people.
The central findings of these studies were that there was a central network of brain regions that was involved in decisions about whether or not to trust, and these brain regions are those that are typically involved in what is called “mentalizing,” or thinking about the mind of another person, thinking about the intentions of another person.
So, this mentalizing network was consistently recruited when people were making decisions about whether or not to trust.
What was also interesting was that this study looked at the differences between conditional trust and unconditional trust.
What’s meant by conditional trust is trust with the assumption that my partner in this game might behave in a self-interested fashion. Conditional trust is, I’m only going to trust you if you’re going to repay me, repay my trust.
Unconditional trust has to do with trusting people indiscriminately, irrespective of what you think their intentions might be.
Another major finding of this study was that separate brain networks were recruited when people engaged in conditional versus unconditional trust, suggesting that these are different psychological processes.
BUMPER: Warmth vs. Competence
A short review paper in Trends in Cognitive Sciences by Susan Fisk, Amy Cuddy and Peter Glick really summarizes a body of research that is essential to understanding how psychologists think about trust and how psychologists study trust in this day and age.
What Fisk and colleagues have found over years and years of studies is that we essentially judge people on two dimensions: How warm is this person? So, how benevolent is this person? And how competent is this person? Does this person have the capability of acting on his or her intentions?
And the most interesting finding that comes out of this research is that people don’t treat warmth and competence the same.
People judge these things relatively rapidly; they base a lot of their judgments about whether to approach or avoid another person on judgments of warmth and competence. But warmth tends to predominate our social judgments.
In other words, warmth is the first thing that we judge when we judge another person (competence comes slightly after), and warmth carries the weight of our judgments when deciding whether or not to trust someone.
In some instances, there are similarities between chess and the psychology of trust.
Friend or Foe? A Psychological Perspective on Trust
Contributor / Adam Waytz
Adam Waytz Psychology Definitions,Government,Healthcare,Measurement,Regulation,Reputation Management,Social Psychology,Swift Trust I’m going to be talking about trust from the perspective of psychology, neuroscience, and psychophysiology.
And in these fields and subfields, trust is studied in a fairly straightforward manner: People want to know, and researchers want to know, under what conditions do people trust each other, and what are the factors that people use to determine whether or not to trust someone?
Now, despite the straightforward manner in which trust is studied in these fields, trust is really a multifaceted concept in these fields as well.
BUMPER: Key Components of Trust
So, drawing on a definition that actually comes from outside of psychology, from McKnight and Chervany in the information sciences, we can think about trust as consisting of four different things: benevolence, integrity, competence and predictability.
Benevolence essentially means, is this person a kind person? Integrity means, is this person an ethical person?
Competence means, does this person have the ability to do what needs to be done? And finally, predictability means, does this person behave in a way that I can consistently forecast?
The key question that people want to know about in these fields is, how do people judge whether someone or another entity is friend or foe? What are the dimensions that people use in judging whether someone is trustworthy or not?
BUMPER: Neural and Hormonal Bases for Trust
Trust is also studied in the subfields of neuroscience and psychophysiology, where these fields take psychological questions and simply ask, what are the neural or hormonal or physiological underpinnings of psychological phenomena?
The basic questions that psychology, neuroscience and psychophysiology are trying to answer are essentially twofold: One is, how do people decide whether or not to trust another person? What are the characteristics of the target? What are the situational determinants that lead someone to trust another person or not?
And second, a more recent question that people have gotten really interested in these fields is, how automatic is trust? How quickly do we make the decision to trust another person?
So, one of the debates that predominates psychology is the degree to which trust truly is automatic — that is, how quickly do we judge another person as trustworthy or untrustworthy.
A second debate in this field focuses on a much more specific topic, which is the topic of, what is oxytocin’s role in guiding trust?
Oxytocin is this hormone that’s been implicated in all sorts of behaviors related to social bonding and affiliation.
And work in the early 21st century by Paul Zak and colleagues determined that administering oxytocin to people (that is, increasing people’s oxytocin) increased their willingness to trust people.
But more recent research has questioned, how much is oxytocin actually solely positive in nature? Is it really this “love drug” that people like to refer to it as?
Another questions is, how much are the studies that show the role of oxytocin and trust, how much are those studies able to replicate when administered time and time again?
BUMPER: Measuring Trust
How people measure trust and trusting behavior in psychology and neuroscience and psychophysiology is very straightforward. Often, it simply consists of asking people, “How much do you trust this person, on a one-to-seven scale where one is not at all and seven is very much?”
So, a typical study would present people with various targets — maybe targets that they are just viewing the face of, maybe targets that they’ve interacted with — and then the study would ask people, “How much do you trust this person?”
Other research uses classic economic games. There’s one game that’s known as the “investment game,” or the “trust game,” that can actually measure trusting behavior.
So, within the field of psychology and its associated fields of neuroscience and psychophysiology, the questions that we’re asking about trust are really relatively simple: How do people decide and how quickly do people decide whether or not to trust another person?
However, the way that trust can be conceptualized is incredibly multifaceted.
So, trust might mean trust in the predictability of someone, trust in the warmth or benevolence of someone, trust in the integrity of someone, or trust in the competence of someone to get things done.
Relationships in Psychology
How Trust Translates from Personal to Workplace Relationships
Contributor / Eli Finkel
Eli Finkel Relationships Building Brands,Trust and Networks A lot of the essential features are similar when we talk about trust in romantic relationships, friendships, coworker relationships, and so forth.
One of the things that’s been exciting among relationship scientists is just how many different ways we need to trust our romantic partners—at least in contemporary western societies.
So, in contrast to, say, 1800 in the US, today we’re much more dependent on our spouse for a broad range of psychological needs.
It used to be that we looked to our marriage for a relatively circumscribed set of goals, and we looked to our broader family and friendship network for all sorts of emotional support.
But increasingly, especially over the last 30 or 40 years, we’ve looked to our spouse to take on a larger and larger proportion of our most important psychological needs.
For example, the size of our intimate social networks—that is, friends, families, and so forth—has gotten smaller; the amount of time we spend with those people has been reduced; and the end result of all of that is that this one person has taken on enormous significance.
And so, the extent to which we have high trust in this one person is a stronger predictor of our overall well-being in life today than it ever has been in the past.
Bumper: Three stages of trust development in romantic and work relationships—predictability, dependability, and faith.
To a large extent, we go through a similar set of stages when we think about trust with people at the workplace.
For example, when we first get to know coworkers, we are really trying to figure out, can I predict the way they’re going to behave and respond in given situations?
Then over time, we start to conclude, what sort of person is this? Is this somebody that I can trust?
And then finally, if you have a long-term relationship at the workplace with someone, you can develop this sense of faith that the person is out there today and in the future and has your best interest at heart.
Bumper: Consumers Trust Familiar and Unfamiliar Brands Differently
We talk a lot about trust in interpersonal relationships, but one of the things I’ve been interested in is trust for inanimate objects. And one of the things that we’ve explored is trust for particular brands.
In one study, we played consumers radio advertisements, and at the end of the advertisement, we played a disclaimer—all the nice content comes first, then the disclaimer, and then the not nice content comes at the disclaimer.
But we manipulated whether the disclaimer comes at the regular pace that people talk or whether it’s super fast.
Now, the logic behind that manipulation is that fast disclaimers are cues that maybe somebody’s trying to pull a fast one on you, are cues to untrustworthiness.
And what we found is that consumers tended to be less trusting of the product that used the fast disclaimer relative to the normal-paced disclaimer, and they had lower purchase intention toward that product.
But in this research, we manipulated a second variable: Is this a product that you’re familiar with and already have some trust in, or at least some respect for? Or is this a new unknown product?
And we found something interesting. This fast disclaimer speed—the tendency for consumers to distrust you if you use a fast disclaimer—applies only to the unknown product.
And this harkens back to the idea of trust as faith—once you have gotten to know a brand particularly well, you’re no longer monitoring if they’re engaging in potentially untrustworthy behavior.
And so, even though they’re doing this fast disclaimer—this relatively untrustworthy thing that they might be trying to pull over on you—you stop attending to those sorts of cues.
In contrast, if you don’t know the brand and you’re monitoring the behavior of the brand or of the advertisement for the brand to try to develop an understanding, is this brand worthy of my trust?—that’s when you see that the fast disclaimers tend to be punished.
The Most Important Ingredient in a Healthy Relationship: A Psychologist’s Perspective
Contributor / Eli Finkel
Eli Finkel Relationships Vulnerability,Reciprocity,Distrust Sometimes when we think about trust, we think about whether we’d be willing to loan 20 dollars to a friend.
When relationships researchers think about trust, we think about much higher stakes than that. We think about contexts in which our emotional well-being is fundamentally dependent upon the behavior of another person.
So, what is a close relationship? Well, Hal Kelley and his colleagues have defined the close relationship as “one characterized by strong, frequent, and diverse interdependence that lasts over a considerable period of time.”
And it turns out that if you want to predict whether people have meaningful, happy lives, the single most important factor tends to be the quality of our close relationships.
The problem is that sustaining high-quality close relationships is difficult. In particular, it requires that we’re willing to make ourselves be vulnerable to somebody who could really hurt us.
Trust is arguably the most important ingredient in a healthy close relationship—it’s the ingredient that allows us to prioritize the well-being of the relationship over the protection of the self.
When relationships researchers study trust, we tend to be especially interested in cases where the stakes are especially high—cases where, for example, we’re looking to the same person to meet the large majority of our psychological needs, our emotional needs, our monetary needs, even our co-parenting needs.
It’s scary to be vulnerable in close relationships, so early on, we tend to calibrate our level of vulnerability to our partner’s actual behavior.
Eventually, if we can establish high trust, we stop monitoring our partner’s behavior because we’re confident that he or she is willing to make sacrifices and take care of us when we need it.
2 Indicators That You Can Develop Strong Trust in a Relationship
Close relationships researchers tend to emphasize two factors in determining whether we’ll develop strong trust over time: the first is how our partner behaves in diagnostic situations, and the second is the extent to which we feel that we are worthy of being loved.
Let’s talk first about diagnostic situations. Ironically, it’s hard to develop trust in a partner unless our interests diverge from one another.
If our interests always align, we can’t know whether our partner’s nice treatment toward us results from the partner’s own preferences for him or herself versus a willingness to make sacrifices to benefit us—that is, we can’t know whether our partner’s behavior is an indicator of his or her trustworthiness.
When our interests diverge, we can witness our partner make sacrifices for us, which is indeed the central ingredient that we need in order to develop strong levels of trust.
Situations in which our interests diverge are called “diagnostic situations” because they allow us to diagnose the extent to which we can trust our partner.
A second factor that’s crucial in determining whether we can develop strong trust over time involves our trait level of insecurity.
For example, people who have relatively low self-esteem tend to feel unlovable, and consequently, they have a hard time coming to believe that their partner actually loves them.
This skepticism causes them to misperceive rejection when it’s not intended and to dismiss their partner’s expressions of affection, ultimately undermining the quality of the relationship.
Major theories of close relationships, including John Bowlby’s attachment theory, suggest that our tendencies to trust other people derives in large part from how responsive our caregivers were when we were children.
Those of us fortunate enough to have responsive caregivers develop an understanding about the world that we are loveable and that other people are reliable, and therefore, we find it easier to trust people throughout our lifetimes.
Arthur Schopenhauer considers the case of porcupines who wish to huddle together to remain warm but are concerned about getting too close because they could be stabbed by one another’s quills.
This is an excellent parable for intimacy in relationships: We can keep our distance to make sure that we’re not vulnerable to pain, but it’s pretty cold when we’re out there on our own. Or we can draw close in order to keep warm, but it’s pretty scary when we’re vulnerable.
Trust, if we can develop it, helps us resolve this porcupine dilemma by allowing us to enjoy the warmth of closeness while avoiding the perils of vulnerability.
How We Understand Trust in Romantic Relationships: Key Findings
Contributor / Eli Finkel
Eli Finkel Relationships Trust Formation,Definitions,Breaches If we’re focusing on the modern relationship signs of trust, the best place to start is probably with John Bowlby’s seminal monograph on attachment theory.
In this monograph, published in 1969, Bowlby observes that when we’re infants, we are extremely dependent on our caregivers for sensitive support.
If our parents provide us with sensitive support, we tend to conclude that we ourselves are worthy of love and that our significant others can be trusted. If we’re not treated with sensitive support, we draw just the opposite conclusions.
To an extent, we carry these lessons with us throughout the rest of our lives.
Three Dimensions of Trust in Romantic Relationships
The first major theoretical and empirical piece laying out the framework for understanding trust in romantic relationships was Rempel, Holmes, and Zanna’s 1985 paper.
Rempel and colleagues argued that there are three dimensions underlying trust, and they built a self-report instrument to assess each of these three dimensions.
The first dimension is predictability, and they assess it with items like “I am familiar with the patterns of behavior my partner has established, and I can rely on him or her to behave in certain ways.”
The second dimension is dependability, which they assess with items like “I can count on my partner to be concerned about my welfare.”
The third dimension is faith, which they assess with items like “Though times may change and the future is uncertain, I know my partner will always be ready and willing to offer me strength and support.”
The reason why faith is so crucial is that we can never know what situations we’re going to face—whether our partner might encounter some temptation or whether circumstances might get difficult financially and so forth.
And so, it’s really when we have faith in the partner that we’re willing to take this flying leap and make ourselves vulnerable despite all of that uncertainty about the future.
Importance of Diagnostic Situations
Four years later, John Holmes and John Rempel published another piece, a chapter that really served as the first major theory of trust in romantic relationships.
Perhaps the most important thing that it did was it introduced the idea of the diagnostic situation.
If we watch our partner behave nicely to us in a way that happens to be what he or she would like to do anyway, it’s not diagnostic about whether we can trust our partner, whether he’s behaving in a way that warrants us developing faith in him or her.
It’s really when we see situations where the partner is willing to make a sacrifice for us that we can then conclude that we are safe depending upon our partner, that we in fact trust our partner.
Whitewashing the Past Enhances Trust
One of the major ways in which our level of trust in our partner influences our lives is that it biases our memories in ways that benefit our relationship.
In a project that we spearheaded here at Northwestern, we were interested in how trust can bias people’s memories of actual relationship events.
Building on the idea that trust is ultimately a leap of faith, a determination that we can rely on our partner in the future, we explored the idea that trust makes us misremember our partner’s transgressions in a way that makes them seem more benign than they really were.
We conducted four longitudinal studies where we had people record in real time each instance in which their partner did something that hurt or offended them.
What this method allowed us to do is to compare the extent to which they felt hurt and angry at the time with their memory two weeks, four weeks, eight weeks later about how much they thought they were hurt at the time.
What was interesting in these results is that the extent to which we trust our partner predicts our misremembering of the past in a way that makes us more fulfilled in our relationship.
"To be clear, this isn’t forgiveness in the sense that you say, “Well, I’m not as upset as I used to be”; this is a whitewashing of the past. You are in fact misremembering your own personal experience about how you felt at the time of the event.
And it is precisely this whitewashing that helps trust make our relationship as strong as possible.
Sharing Economy
Employing more trust in leadership led to soaring sales for Oreos in the international market.
What the Sharing Economy Tells Us about Trust
Contributor / Brayden King
Brayden King Sharing Economy Legal Guarantees,Sharing Economy The sharing economy, people are asking other people to share important things with them—a home, a couch, a car, anything that you normally use personally for yourself.
And so, the risk is that if you’re sharing with somebody, they’re going to misuse it, they’re going to break your things, they’re going to do something that you don’t want to happen at your home.
And so, it really requires that people trust one another to take care of their personal goods, their services, and know they’re not going to take advantage of them.
So, trust, I think of as the grease that gets the wheels turning in the sharing economy. Without trust, it’s impossible for people to be—or, it’d be very difficult for people to actually give and share their personal items with one another, or their time.
Reputation is sort of this idea that “I can trust you because I know that other people have trusted you in the past.”
So, when you have a good reputation and it shows up in these rating systems, then people are more likely to trust one another and are willing to give of their time and home and car—whatever it may be.
And the people in the sharing economy have figured out very nice ways to get that reputation out there—they’ve created rating systems, they’ve created feedback loops.
And if you do something that would make you untrustworthy, it shows up pretty quickly in those rating systems.
Bumper: With Reputation and Trust, Who Needs Regulation?
Well, the sharing economy companies like Airbnb or Uber have really wanted to avoid being regulated as much as possible.
And the reason for that is because they feel like trust and reputation end up being proxies that keep people’s behavior in line and that if you try to overregulate it, it’s just going to increase costs and make it difficult for them to compete with regular services like hotels or taxi companies.
So, they really see trust and reputation as a proxy for regulation and making it unnecessary to do that at all.
Now, there’s clearly some people who are uncertain about that, and it usually arises when there’s a problem that occurs despite the fact that you have these reputational measures in place.
Take, for instance, Uber, which has had a history of complaints coming up where drivers have abused the privilege.
When something terrible happens, then obviously people begin discussing whether regulation would be a better alternative than simply relying on reputation and trust.
You know that if you are a user of Airbnb and you’re a guest at someone’s house, if you have a big party there and break all their stuff, then chances are it’s going to get reflected in your rating, your reputation, and there’s going to be a penalty attached to you, a stigma attached to you.
And in the future, it may be much more difficult for you to get the house, to get the room that you want.
So, typically, those things—reputation—make people behave well, and it makes them more trustworthy.
Although credit reports adequately quantify trust, they are not necessarily the best thing to base relational trust on.
Jacked Up Ratings: Problems with Quantifying Trust
Contributor / Bruce Carruthers
Bruce Carruthers Sociology Credit,Government,Measurement,Sharing Economy BUMPER: Jacked Up Ratings: Problems with Quantifying Trust
One of the things that happens is, as we rely on quantitative measure of underlying features, like a quantitative measure or score that measures somebody’s creditworthiness or how trustworthy they are.
As these scores become consequential, as people start to take them seriously, and as they are used in actual important decision-making, there’s an incentive for people to corrupt them, to game them, to stop paying attention to what it is they’re measuring and instead focus on the measure.
And there are a couple of really clear examples of this becoming a big problem.
And one was, in 2008, people realized that the bond rating scores that had been attached by Moody’s and S&P and Fitch and whatnot, and that were attached to asset-backed securities based on subprime mortgages.
That the investment bankers and the rating agencies worked together to try to jack up the ratings as high as possible so that whenever outside investors looked at a security, they saw, “Oh, it’s AAA. Well, that’s great.”
Had they been savvy (and now they’re very savvy because they know what the problem is), they might have realized that, in fact, that AAA rating was a score that was kind of jacked up.
And so, I think in a world in which the quantitative information becomes increasingly important, what you have to do is be a sophisticated consumer of numbers and always be mindful of their limits and vulnerabilities. And you simply cannot take them too seriously.
BUMPER: Re-Engineering Trust with Peer-to-Peer Lending
Peer-to-peer lending is a very interesting experiment that, again, takes advantage of the IT revolution.
It used to be that if you were going to do peer-to-peer lending, it was going to happen in your small hometown. Those were your peers.
Those were the people who could trust you, who knew about your business, who might be willing to lend to you or whose business you knew about and to whom you might be willing to lend.
And what we’ve done is, we’ve sort of disconnected what used to be the high correlation between social knowledge and geographic concentration.
And so, peer-to-peer and similar models are re-engineering some of the differences between relational lending and relational trust and generalized trust in very interesting ways.
It’s a re-articulation of the connection between personal and impersonal. It’s a way of saying, “We can personalize what would otherwise be a default impersonal situation. We can create peers out of people that aren’t even in the same country.
Measuring trust in the credit industry is key. Without it, you might as well cut your cards and move on.
How Credit Systems Guarantee Trust: Key Findings
Contributor / Bruce Carruthers
Bruce Carruthers Sociology Credit,Government,Measurement,Regulation Trust is an everyday problem. It’s ubiquitous. It’s something that we face all the time, but it’s not always something that we consciously think about.
These kinds of practical rules of thumb really drive the kind of calculative, quick evaluative decisions that cab drivers make every day, thousands of times.
So, credit is a big thing, and trust in credit is an absolutely crucial issue.
Lenders are vulnerable to the borrowers, depending on the size of the loan, and they’re uncertain about whether the borrowers will be willing and able to repay the loan in the future.
And the thing about credit is that modern economies absolutely depend on credit. Credit is the lifeblood of the consumer economy.
There would be no housing market; there would be no market in cars; there would be no sales and durable goods if people weren’t able to borrow money through credit cards, through mortgage loans, through car loans, and so forth to facilitate those purchases.
So, in the issue of credit, sociologists have studied how lenders actually evaluate the trustworthiness of potential borrowers. And this is done by some people in the context of bankers who are looking at customers who want personal loans or who want small-business loans — stuff like that.
And what they found is that the bankers also were concerned deeply about the trustworthiness of the borrowers.
So, they do collect a lot of data. But it turns out that even when you’ve got all the quantitative information you possibly want — you’ve got the credit scores; you’ve got the loan-to-value ratio; you’ve got all that kind of stuff — it still turns out that sometimes the numbers are equivocal.
What are called “relational proxies” become very important. And that’s a situation where the lending officer will kind of ask themselves, “Do I trust this borrower? Do I think that they are of good character? Do I believe that they’re being really sincere when they say that they plan to repay the loan?”
Those studies of credit focus on situations where lenders and borrowers can actually meet face-to-face, or one person can look across the table at another person and decide whether they’re trustworthy.
But we know that credit in modern society has become much bigger than that. It now is mass credit. Millions and even billions of people are obtaining credit, and they’re getting it from folks who have never met them, will never meet them, and will never sit across the table from them.
How is this possible? Well, the answer is, what we have developed to manage the trust problems in mass credit is a giant informational apparatus that provides lots of information about would-be borrowers and their trustworthiness to would-be lenders and doesn’t depend so much on face-to-face interactions and direct contact.
So, the importance of this kind of informational apparatus is really made obvious in studies of how credit card systems, which are very common in the West and which have been around in the U.S. since the 1950s, have migrated to the post-socialist societies of Central and Eastern Europe — places like Russia.
And what happened was, it turns out that to build a credit card system in Russia is very difficult as compared to the United States.
It turned out that a lot of this background information system that we in the West rely on to track people’s credit records, to keep score of whether they bounce checks and whether they fall behind on payments and how good they are and how in debt they are — that apparatus didn’t exist in places like Russia and had to be built from the ground up.
And it’s that apparatus much more than old, face-to-face direct contact between lenders and borrowers that proves to be critical for the development of mass credit in both Russia but also in the United States.
So, in my own research, I’ve been very interested in the emergence, the historical emergence, of this giant informational apparatus that undergirds modern credit cards. But it turns out it undergirds lots of other forms of credit as well: bond ratings, small business credit, and whatnot.
And the big shift that I see — that started in the middle of the 19th century and which continues to this day — is a shift from credit and issues of trust that previously was posed as a matter of character: Is somebody trustworthy? How do I know that someone in their heart is trustworthy and will repay the debts? How am I connected to that person directly?
We shifted from a world in which that was how you dealt with trust to a world in which, now, we don’t worry about whether we know someone, and we don’t worry so much about their character. But we rely very heavily on all kinds of quantitative, standardized information that has been gathered and processed and interpreted by someone.
It’s no longer a world in which you as a lender have to worry about the five or ten or twenty people that you can know personally a lot about. Now you can scale it up so that you can judge the creditworthiness of millions of people — billions of people! — millions of businesses.
It’s also information that migrates in the sense that it can be used in other contexts. And so, when bond ratings were invented, they got adopted by regulatory agencies. So, public policy became beholden to bond ratings, and they got used in private contracts.
So, FICO scores, credit scores, bond ratings — these are all highly quantitative ways of evaluating trustworthiness, and they really have become how credit and trust are governed in the modern world.
Judging trust and trustworthiness is important in all aspects of our lives even grocery shopping.
Differentiating Trust and Trustworthiness: A Sociologist’s Perspective
Contributor / Bruce Carruthers
Bruce Carruthers Sociology Government,Institutions and Context,Legal Guarantees,Reputation Management,Social Psychology,Vulnerability As a social scientist, I’m very interested in trust as it concerns people because really society, human cooperation, human coordination, all of the activities that we do together, really depend on trust.
And you might kind of wonder, well, trust sounds a bit like faith? You know, we’re just going to take people on faith.
And don’t we have a bunch of ways of coordinating our activity and making sure that the left hand knows what the right hand is doing, and I can figure out what’s going on vis-a-vis my employer or all the people that I interact with — and don’t we have a bunch of formal coordination devices like contracts or instructions or standard operating procedures?
Why aren’t those good enough? Why do we have to go beyond that and trust people? And there’s a couple of reasons for this. And one of them is that, as wonderful as these formal devices are, they really do have limits.
And one of the reasons is that contracts and other instructions, lists, standard operating procedures, all of these devices — they’re always incomplete; that is, the world is more complicated and unpredictable than we can anticipate.
And so, stuff will happen that will effect whatever it is you’re doing with these other people. It will have an impact on your ability to execute whatever it is you’re trying to do, and it’s not going to be in the contract what’s up.
You might think to yourself, “Well, maybe trust isn’t such an issue if we go to the marketplace.” Let’s think about markets and capitalism and self-interest and competition — maybe that’s a world in which contracts and other formal devices will be sufficient.
And once you’ve got an airtight contract, you don’t have to worry about the personal character or the trustworthiness of the people you’re dealing with, because you’ve got a good contract and you hired a good lawyer.
So, the most famous person who thought about this sphere, of course, was Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations, which really did talk about the virtues of capitalist production and competitive markets and so forth.
And I think it’s very telling that before he wrote The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote a book on The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
And in this previous book, he posited that people are linked through strong bonds of sympathy and empathy and trust, and that on top of this, we’re able to have markets and capitalism and all that kind of fun stuff.
It was clear to me (and I think clear to Smith) that some measure of some baseline, some foundation of trust is very important even in social settings where we might think that the issue of trust can be solved or avoided.
You might want to ask, when does trust arise? I’ve talked about it as kind of ever-present — it’s all over the place. But really, there’s two elements that drive trust situations.
One of them is uncertainty, and the other is vulnerability — that is, people are uncertain about what others are going to do (they don’t know what’s going to happen in the future), and they’re vulnerable to what those other people do to the extent that their interests and those other people’s actions are intertwined.
So, the trick for dealing with a trust situation is really addressing these two key elements: either trying to deal with uncertainty by acquiring more information and learning (or trying to figure out) what is likely to happen in the future.
…Or by managing your vulnerabilities and thinking about ways to mitigate or reduce the impact (or the potential harm) that others’ actions, future actions, could have on your interests.
So, this kind of sets up a generic recipe book for how to deal with trust situations. How do people trust?
People rely on a lot of heuristics, rules of thumb, to decide who is trustworthy and who is not, and that distinction is really important because you can’t go through the world trusting everyone, and you can’t function in the world if you trust no one.
And so, what you have to do at the simplest level, is kind of put everyone into two bins: there’s people that are trustworthy; there is people who are not. And you want to be able to trust the trustworthy and avoid those who are not trustworthy
I’m going to offer a couple of distinctions that help clarify the discussion of trust. And one of them is the difference between trust and trustworthiness. And this really speaks to who is doing the trusting and who is being trusted.
One party trusts the other, and the other party may or may not be trustworthy — that is, they deserve the trust. But someone who is trustworthy may not be trusted, and someone who is trusting may end up trusting someone who is not trustworthy.
So, these two things have to be kept separate. Another distinction is the distinction between generalized and relational trust.
Generalized trust really speaks to the question of how you deal with strangers. Do you trust abstract institutions? Do you trust the average citizen that you might run into on the street?
That kind of a thing — where you’re really dealing with someone with whom you have no relationship and about whom you have no prior information. What kind of ambient or generic level of trust do you have?
Relational trust is, what happens after you start to get to know someone? What happens after you start to develop a social relationship?
You have a history together; you have contracts; you have prior transactions. That is a very particular and non-anonymous form of trust, and it is really driven by the nature of the interaction that you have with that individual.
Art and Culture
Renewing Expo Chicago through Interpersonal Trust
Contributor / Tony Karman
Tony Karman Art and Culture Reciprocity,Institutions and Context,Building Brands BUMPER: Expo Chicago: A Trust Deficit
Trust is really the core of any transaction. You begin got build it with an individual as a possible business partner. You use trust as the foundation with which you build your reputation.
BUMPER: Building and Utilizing Interpersonal Trust
Those relationships that you begin in your early career done right, if you are trustworthy and full of integrity in both words, deeds, and actions will carry for many years of whatever endeavors you’re doing.
Trust and honesty is how I was able to build a foundation even to raise money for the International Art Fair. Major business leaders, collectors, civic leaders in Chicago that I approached to back the fair before it was the fair gave me their support financial support not necessarily because they wanted to make money, because the deal is not a multi-million-dollar deal.
If one looks at a transaction how can I win all the time? I don’t think the long-term win is really possible, because after all, if both or several involved in that transaction aren’t finding a benefit from that then there is no long-term future. There is no win.
BUMPER: Winning Trust through Institutional Support
I don’t think Expo Chicago would be without the trust or the support of not only the business community, the civic community, the cultural community, and most importantly the artists and the galleries and the cultural community of Chicago.
Trust in relationships, trust in partnerships, trust in vision, trust in those that were backing this fair, trust in the statements of support from our civic leaders, our mayor, our city departments, the collective of all of that allowed all of us working on Expo Chicago to present that first fair in a way that we knew was going to make a statement to the world and has continued to allow us to refine it, to grow it, to make it again a impossible fair to miss.
Career Derailers
Carter Cast video Avoiding 3 Career Derailers by Trusting Differently
Avoiding 3 Career Derailers by Trusting Differently
Contributor / Carter Cast
Carter Cast Career Derailers Leadership I’ve done about two years of research looking at what derails talented people. Why do talented people not achieve the level that they should in their careers? And I interviewed 60 people. I talked to headhunters; I talked to HR executives; I talked to derailed people; I talked to CEOs.
There are five key derailers that impede the progress of good people—and I’ll tell you what they are quickly—and three of them of the five involve trust, trust issues.
The first one is interpersonal issues led by arrogance, insensitivity, poor listening skills.
The second one is the person doesn’t manage and build their team well. They micromanage; they’re overbearing.
A third one is difficulty adapting to change. People are especially vulnerable to this one as they age and they don’t stay current on technological changes in the market, shifts in the environment, the strategic environment that they’re working in.
The fourth one is being nonstrategic or too narrow. In this case, the person focuses on getting good at one thing at the exclusion of getting a broad set of experiences.
And then the fifth reason people derail is—it sounds simple, but it’s not delivering on promises. Your word isn’t your bond.
BUMPER: 3 Career Derailers that Erode Trust
Of those five derailers I just mentioned, three of them involve trust issues.
First, on the interpersonal issues, if someone is insensitive and doesn’t listen, they just don’t engender trust in other people. They’re seen as being all about themselves, about their career, and not being someone that actually has the entire group in mind.
And so, that erodes trust.
The second one that is involved with trust is difficulty building leading teams. A lot of times the reason people derail when they have difficulty leading teams is because they try to do the work themselves and they don’t show the trust of the group to be able to do the work.
So, they’re always looking over their team’s shoulder; they’re always correcting work that doesn’t really need to be corrected. And the team is demotivated because they feel like they’re aren’t trusted by their boss to do their jobs.
And then this third area, third derailer that involves that involves trust is obviously not delivering on promises. This is an insidious derailer.
Slowly but surely, somebody’s well-intentioned, but they don’t deliver what they say they were going to do when they said they were going to deliver it. And people just don’t want to work them over time, because they can’t be counted on.
BUMPER: How High-Performers Avoid Career Derailment
I also studied high-performing, high-potential people for probably nine months: What do they do differently? And I could find this information by looking at 360 feedback.
So, if you look at the feedback of your peers, of your subordinates, and of your superiors in looking at how you’re rated on different competencies, high performers have several traits that are different as it relates to trust and derailment.
One is, across the board, people that were considered high potential, high performers by their organizations had a sort of authenticity about them. They were not afraid to say what they saw and to be candid and forthright in their feedback. And that engenders trust with other people.
For example, I interviewed Dick Costolo, the former CEO of Twitter.
And he said, “The most important thing about my management style that I think has helped me in my career is I say it like I see it, so people know they don’t have to second guess what I’m trying to say because I will tell them.”
And sometimes it seems like that’s a tough strategy because you’re saying difficult things, but in the long run, it saves you a lot of grief.
The other recurring theme of high performers as it relates to trust is they had a strong tendency to seek to understand before being understood.
There was this constant theme when I talked to high-performing people or I talked to HR executives about their high performers that the high performers were empathetic, they were good listeners.
And by having this attitude of “others first,” they engendered trust. People saw that they genuinely wanted, this person wanted them to succeed and wanted to help them, and they developed a much more trusting relationship.
So, those were the two biggest ones: being authentic and candid, even when it’s difficult, and seeking to understand people instead of just trying to be understood.
Consumer Products
Trust in Leadership: 3 Lessons in Empowering Your Team
Contributor / Sanjay Khosla
Sanjay Khosla Consumer Products Leadership Blank checks is all about trust: trusting leaders to do the right thing, to take ownership, and yet be accountable for results.
How do these blank checks really work? There are three guidelines. The first is, you select the leaders whom you really trust (and the teams) and give them a really big target, let them dream big. And these targets have to be achieved in a very short period of time.
The second is, the leader and the team puts together a short business proposal, asking for the resources that would be needed along with clear deliverables and milestones.
And the third guideline is to nurture these teams, make sure that they have an environment where they can succeed, and then monitor progress against milestones.
BUMPER: Case Study: Oreo
Let’s take an example; let’s take the case of Oreo. Now, Oreo is the number one biscuit in the world by far. Oreo is over 100 years old. But for 95 years, Oreo was spectacularly unsuccessful outside the U.S. — and certainly not for a lack of trying.
So, we called the Oreo team, and we said, “We know currently it’s not doing well in countries like China and Indonesia and various other parts of the world — it’s not doing well. Just figure out what do you want to do, what resources do you want to use, take a blank check, and go.”
And then they realized, why is it that it’s not selling so well in various countries around the world, like China? And they found that, very often, the American Oreo was too sweet, too big, the price points were too different.
And they started experimenting, then, with a number of different products, like Green Tea Oreo, wafers. Half these products failed.
And that was okay. That was really okay because the whole idea here was to give them freedom within the framework of keeping the Oreo essence core around the world but then getting local products, which delight local consumers.
As a result of that blank check, Oreo went from a revenue of about 200 million dollars outside the U.S. to over a billion dollars in revenue in six years. More importantly, gross margins outside the U.S. were very healthy.
BUMPER: Three Lessons from Blank Checks
So, what are the lessons that one can learn from giving blank checks? And again, this is equally applicable to small companies and large companies.
The first is, you get people, you trust people, to do the right thing, and you make them act as owners. The second is that this signal of trust goes all over the organization, of empowerment, but yet they are accountable for results.
And the third is not all blank checks succeed; very often, they fail because if everything is going well, something’s horribly wrong. The important part there is, if a blank check experiment fails, not to penalize the leader or the teams, provided they’ve learned the lessons from the project.
That, again, is a signal of trust — trusting people always to do the right thing and making sure, then, you celebrate not only successes but also celebrate and learning from failures.
Over years of experimenting with blank checks, we found that, in companies, you have a choice: you can either be cozy, or you can trust people and get them to fly.
Contributor / Col. John A. O’Grady
BUMPER: Establishing Trust Through Honesty and Genuine Care
Human Resources
Change is inevitable. Having a picture of where you've been helps manage change as it occurs.
Building Team Trust to Manage Change at Work
Contributor / Grover Wray
Grover Wray Human Resources Human Resources,Mergers and Acquisitions,Reputation Management,Social Psychology As a Chief Human Resource Officer, trust is fundamental to being able to ensure that employees are engaged, they are motivated by what they do and they can contribute a degree of value back to the organization, and in return the organization gives them a degree of value. And when that equation of value that the person gives to the organization is equal to the value that the organization is giving to them, then you have trust. That’s what trust is built on. And so as a Chief Human Resource Officer it’s absolutely critical to ensure that you are effectively building mental maps for all of your team members starting with those who come into the organization on day one.
Essentially a mental map is an ability for somebody to be able to anticipate and to expect what might happen. An example, a simple example would be driving to and from work. If we drive to and from work every day the same way, very soon we have a route. We don’t think about what we’re doing; we just start to drive and the next thing you know you’ve arrived at your destination and you find that you arrived without even giving a thought to how you got there.
BUMPER: Understanding Trust through Mental Maps
When I was first introduced to this idea of mental maps it was through the work that I was doing with Arthur Anderson. I got a phone call one day from a partner who said, “We are thinking about outsourcing this accounting function and I was visiting with the CEO of this company and he said you’ve put a lot of effort and time into making sure that the technical transition of this work goes smoothly. But if you’re going to be in this business full-time you better put as much attention to how you manage the people as you do the technical transition.”
I ended up visiting with the CEO and ended up visiting with all of the team members and that’s when the light bulb went on for me. It was the CEO who understood the dynamic of what was happening to his team members who had an expectation, a trust, and this trust was a very significant trust because it was in a small town. It was a few team members.
And it was at that moment that I realized that these employees could not go through a transition like this without understanding the expectations of what a new company was going to provide to them. And it was then that I realized the power of that mental map and applied that in every situation that we encountered after that, and in every situation almost to a T that process or principle worked very well, because you were addressing exactly what the issues were and the uncertainty that gets created when a mental map gets destroyed.
BUMPER: 5 Steps to Building Trust During Mergers
I realized that principle of a mental map was exactly what was needed inside a merger and acquisition or significant change situation. An employee was in an uncertain moment when all of a sudden the mental map that they had built about themselves and from the company was now gone. The trust that the organization had placed in them and they had placed in the organization was now gone. And without replacing that trust with a new map that would build new trust you would never gain the emotional commitment of the team members.
As a leader, the first thing you have to understand is the very first question that somebody has to have answered for them before you can provide any more information to them is: Do I have a job?
The next layer of that foundation is: What are my salary and benefits?
If that question is answered then the third question in that layer of questions becomes: Who is my manager?
And then the fourth question in that layer is: What is my team or who is my team? Who will I be interacting with?
And then the fifth layer, which is the most important layer, but it’s the last layer – (which is somewhat counterintuitive) is the culture. What is the culture of the organization like? What are the values of the organization? If you start with culture, which sometimes we might tend to do because we want that to be seen as a very positive thing, that’s good but I still don’t know whether I have a job. And so it’s not going to resonate with me until you answer those other foundational questions.
Follow that pattern through, and each of those pieces of the pattern put another piece into the mental map until you have sufficiently formed a mental map for that individual as they move into a new environment.
Why Transparency is Critical to Creating Trust in an Organization
Contributor / Andrew Swinand
Andrew Swinand Leadership Leadership,Vulnerability,Communication,Distrust I believe a culture of trust today is more essential than it’s ever been. And we live in an interesting time. With digital technology we basically have full transparency to information. And I think there’s a higher expectation amongst individuals to know, to be included, to basically be part of the conversation.
"So I think as leaders today, more than ever, we need to have transparency to build trust in the organizations we lead. when I was starting out, you know, basically as an employee you had very little access to information.
Companies would do annual reports or their shareholder newsletter.
And I think that today, to attract and retain the best talent, people need to understand decisions."
Corporations need to embrace a greater level of transparency in terms of sharing information with their employees. companies that basically share this information are going to have greater loyalty, greater shareholder return, and harder working employees.
Bumper: Bad News: Painful but Necessary
If information is power, why would I not want to give more information to my people to make them as powerful as possible, to help our businesses grow, and to help succeed in the marketplace.
But then you have the converse, what if it’s bad news? What if this quarter what we’re sharing is potential layoffs or potential down side?
There was actually a child psychology study where they looked at children who were told and aware of issues, and then they had the parent come in and lie to them and basically tell them everything was okay. Everything’s fine, don’t worry about it.
And they studied and looked at actually children’s stress levels during this experiment. And ironically, when given reassurance, stress levels spiked. And the reason is people, children, are perceptive. They know when bad is happening. They see it in your face. They see it in how the organization carries. And what the study basically found was the spike was an erosion of trust.
People are aware of the bad. And if you’re not, as a leader, communicating, telling the story, managing information, people are gonna make up stories on their own. So my experience is while you do create distraction when bad occurs, it’s infinitely less than the distraction that would naturally occur in saying nothing.
Bumper: Embracing a culture of transparency: Listening to Employees
One of the ways we’ve actually tried to embrace a culture of transparency is to actually create and use tools to bet…get better input. And one of the things we’re using right now is actually a tool called Tiny Pulse. And Tiny Pulse is literally just that. It’s an electronic survey that we take on a weekly or biweekly basis of all our employees. And it’s questions of how happy are you, what’s preventing you from doing a good job, what are the things that basically give you energy
I think transparency is a two-way street. So using a tool like Tiny Pulse actually allows us to literally take the pulse of the organization and see what’s on people’s minds, what’s their concerns. The whole thing is anonymous. And for me as a leader to have the ability to then be able to address specific needs—you know, I think about it as sensing and responding to employees’ needs, wants and desires versus just announcing from a bully pulpit what I think is important.
The idea there of people sharing information, but then you as a leader responding to information with truthful, honest feedback creates actions that build trust, build longevity and build loyalty
I think that organizations that practice transparency, that earn trust, actually have a little bit more leeway to basically learn and evolve. So again, yes, there are challenges and there’s investment required to build trust and transparency. But the commitments in brand loyalty and employee loyalty I believe, and have seen, far outweigh all the investment that’s required.
3 Tactics to Create a High-Trust Organization
Contributor / Douglas Conant
Douglas Conant Leadership Leadership,Breaches,Reciprocity In the spirit of a conversation around building trust, it’s mission critical to understand that it’s not a nice-to-have; it’s a must-have.
If you have low trust, in the fullness of time, you will have low performance. If you have high trust, you have the potential to have high performance.
To deliver on that trust benefit, you have to do three things: you have to do your homework; you have to declare yourself; and you have to do what you say you’re going to do, ultimately, and you have to do it well.
Over my forty-year career and in all my study of leadership, I’ve never seen a low-trust culture perform at a high level in an enduring way.
In my experience, a high-trust culture is absolutely essential to deliver high performance.
Trust is an amorphous thing, but it’s really quite simple. There are two characteristics you need to bring to an engagement to engender trust: one, you have to have competence; two, you have to have character.
Let me dimensionalize that just a little bit: Competence says, “I know what I’m doing.” Character says, “I will do what I say I will do.”
And so, it’s not enough just to be a person of good character; you also have to know what you’re doing.
And so, in high-trust cultures, you have to have a collection of people that know what they’re doing and do what they say they’re going to do. That requires the third C between competence, character—the third C is chemistry.
That requires that they all play together well and work towards a common end. But the notion of trust is all about competence and character dealt with, with beautiful chemistry of a high-performance team.
BUMPER: A CEO’s challenge: rebuilding a low-trust organization
When I went to Campbell Soup Company, I had worked in the food industry for most of my career, I understood the structure of the industry and how it worked.
I didn’t know a lot about Campbell soup. What I did learn was it was an even more toxic and troubled place than I had imagined.
At Campbell Soup Company, the year before I came, they had ousted one CEO, they brought an old CEO back to hold things together, they were under investigation by the SEC and the Justice Department for something called “fraudulent conveyance,” and they had severely downsized the organization.
We actually measured the level of engagement using a Gallup Q12 survey and discovered that it was the lowest level of engagement that the Gallup survey had ever measured in Fortune 500 companies.
So, we had a huge trust deficit. That’s what needed to be addressed.
BUMPER: How trust rebuilt Campbell’s Soup
When we had fully assessed the situation in the first six months of my arrival at Campbell Soup Company, we relaunched the company under something called the “transformation plan.”
And we essentially did three things: We made sure we had done our homework and we had a plan going forward. We declared that plan; we declared ourselves boldly. And then we set about the process of implementing that plan and doing everything we said we were going to do.
I think when you’re running a large organization, it’s important to have a rallying cry or an umbrella idea that holds it all together, because there’s so many arms and legs to running an organization.
We came upon this idea that was brought to life the first hour of the first day I got to Campbell when I talked to the people, and I told them, “My core belief is that we can’t ask you to value our agenda as a company until we’ve tangibly demonstrated to you that we value your agenda as a person.
“In my experience, it just doesn’t work any other way. So, job one is for us to demonstrate to you that we value your agenda as a person.”
The employees helped shape that line, and within a week, we had something called the Campbell promise, which was an umbrella over everything we did.
And it was Campbell valuing people, people valuing Campbell, with acknowledgement that job one was for us to value all of our stakeholders in a tangible way.
And we worked that territory for ten years, and we went from having the lowest level of engagement in the Fortune 500 to the highest. And we went to record heights with our top 350 leaders.
See, I believe when you’re trying to build trust and engagement, you have to lead from in front. So, the leadership team—not just at the top but the next couple levels down—has to be fully engaged in the work and modeling the kind of behavior you’re asking from everyone else.
Kellogg professor Harry Kraemer outlines the four underlying principles of values-based leadership.
Trust as the Essential Ingredient in Influence: A Leadership Perspective
Contributor / Harry Kraemer
Harry Kraemer Leadership Leadership When one talks about leadership, sometimes people will say, "Well, I’d really love to be a leader, but I don’t have anybody reporting to me."
One of the key things about leadership is that leadership really has nothing to do with organizational charts and titles; leadership has everything to do with the ability to influence people.
And the only way you can influence people is you have to be able to relate to people.
And if you’re going to relate to people, the only way that’s going to happen is through trust.
The more trust that you can develop, the more you’ll be able to relate to people, influence people, and lead people.
And as I always remind folks, the people that are the leaders literally exhibit leadership long before, long before they have anybody reporting to them.
And I often tell the story that sometimes in companies, there’s this view of, "Boy, I’d really like to get started, but I can’t yet. We have to wait for some group of people.” You say, “Well, who do we have to wait for?"
Well, there’s this infamous group of people that seems to exist in most companies that get referred to as "those guys." There’s this magical group of men and women called "those guys we have to wait for."
And as I try to remind people who want to be leaders, when do you become a leader? You become a leader as soon as you realize, "I am one of those guys. I’m one of the men or women who’s going to make a difference.
"Why? Because I’m going to establish relationships based on trust and have an enormous impact on the organization regardless of my level, regardless of my title."
Bumper: 4 Ways to Establish Trust as a Values-Based Leader
From my perspective, if you’re the CEO of an organization—whether it’s 10 people or 50,000 people—you are one of the people (and I stress one of the people) responsible for building trust with customers, partners, suppliers.
As the former CEO of Baxter Healthcare, I would always get asked the question, "Boy, how do you deal with all these stakeholders? You have your team members, you have customers, you have suppliers, you have society, you have shareholders. Boy, there’s got to be a whole lot of conflicts between these."
My perspective is, if you’re a value-based leader and you’re focused on building trust, you actually realize these are not in conflict. In the bigger picture, it’s all in exactly the same direction.
To the extent somebody wants to be a value-based leader and really establish trust, my view is there’s four things that you need to focus on as a leader.
Number one, you need to become self-reflective. You need to start to think about, "What are my values? What do I stand for? What’s my purpose? What really matters?"
Number two, I have to focus on developing a balanced perspective. And when I say "a balanced perspective," many people have very, very strong opinions; the problem is they have virtually no understanding of other perspectives.
But the value-based leaders takes the time to understand all sides of the story. They establish trust because they demonstrate they really care about what each person has to say.
Number three, a value-based leader focuses on what I refer to as "true self-confidence." They know what they know; they admit what they don’t know; they’re a learning person.
And the fourth and final key part of being a value-based leader is genuine humility. In genuine humility, you realize every single person matters.
And if you want to establish trust in an organization, you don’t take the view, "Well, I’m a director level now. Well, these people are below me." No, nobody’s below you.
You as a leader are the person who’s below because you realize every single person matters. That isn’t just a nice thing to say; you actually believe it.
And to the extent you can make progress on becoming a little more self-reflective, establish more balance, have true self-confidence and genuine humility, your ability to build relationships and trust in the organization will truly put you on the path to becoming a value-based leader.
Public Relations
Implementing trust and transparency into company strategy helps create solutions.
Learning from A Bankruptcy Crisis: Trust and Transparency
Contributor / Jennifer Thompson
Harry Rosen establishes consumer trust with every suit they sell.
Consumer Trust in Company Culture: A Competitive Advantage
Contributor / Larry Rosen
BUMPER: Fostering a Culture of Trust
BUMPER: Redefining Customer Engagement
Other pages in Videos:
Pages in The Trust Project at Northwestern University
The Trust Project at Northwestern University aims to strengthen the research, practice and understanding of Trust. |
Definitions for "Bass Clef"
Keywords: clef, staff, grand, pitch, fourth
Where wind you up if you fall off. (see clef.)
signifies the bottom five lines of the grand staff; it is denoted by the "" symbol; also referred to as the "F Clef"
Keywords: fall, wind, off, you
Where you wind up if you do fall off |
Citing Sources
How do I integrate my sources into my writing?
Major vs. Minor Works
How do you refer to minor works (article titles, poems, et.) compared to major works (books, plays, newspaper publishers, websites)?
• When citing MAJOR WORKS such as book titles, magazine titles, album titles, or website titles, put the title in ITALICS.
• When citing MINOR WORKS such as poems, article titles, a specific song from an album, or short story titles, put the title in quotation marks. Remember to capitalize all words in a title except for the first word, articles (an, a, the), prepositions (of, to), or conjunctions (and, but, or, so).
How do I properly reference my sources within the body of my essay?
How do I cite music and movies?
1. Music: or
2. Movies:
How do I cite an image or a chart?
How do I include an appendix for charts, lyrics, poetry, etc?
• The Appendix should appear before the Works Cited list
• If you have more than one appendix , then name the first appendix, Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc.
• Each appendix begins on a new page
• See example at
How do I format the Works Cited page?
How do I develop an annotated bibliography? (required for EE)
1. Locate and record citations for all sources that are relevant and useful for your topic and texts.
2. Examine and review sources, sifting through any that are not useful, and only include the ones that connect back to your research question. Choose the ones that will provide you a variety of perspectives on your topic.
3. Develop citations for relevant sources using the appropriate style guide: MLA 8 (if you want to use in-text citations) or Chicago (if you want to use footnotes).
4. For each citation, include a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, an annotation, explaining to the reader the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the source cited. You may summarize the central theme of the book or article and evaluate the background on the author as well as how this work connects back to your research question.
• Include your Works Cited page at the end of the essay for easy reference when citing your sources through in-text citations (MLA) OR footnotes (Chicago) |
Health | Did You Know
How Does Diabetes Impact One's Nerve Health?
Image by Tesa Robbins from Pixabay
Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, or social status. This disease can have serious health implications that can affect life expectancy, especially if one’s diagnosis and treatment plans are delayed or the condition is poorly managed.
According to, approximately 463 million people in the world suffer from diabetes. Based on current research, these numbers are likely to go as high as 700 million people by the year 2045. As an individual, it is very important to control your blood sugar levels by eating a healthy diet and working out regularly so as to keep your sugar levels under control.
If you have lived with diabetes for many years and you begin to notice numbness, tingling pain, or weakness in your hands or feet, don’t hesitate to see your doctor. This is because, when blood sugar levels remain high for very long periods of time, the blood vessels that feed the nerves in your body can become damaged leading to loss of feeling in the hands and legs.
Nerve damage that is caused by diabetes is known as diabetic neuropathy and it's quite common among people living with diabetes. Almost 50% of people living with diabetes present symptoms of diabetic neuropathy which is very dangerous as it can result in foot damage and amputation.
If you’ve recently been diagnosed with diabetes, there are several things you can do to delay or even prevent nerve damage. And if you have already been diagnosed with diabetic neuropathy, the good news is that you can halt the damage and lessen your symptoms. Check out for pure ingredient supplements that not only manage your pain but also address the root cause of your problem and can promote nerve regeneration when taken consistently over time.
How Does Diabetes Affect Your Nerves?
Diabetic neuropathy develops slowly, usually over the course of many decades. On the onset, the pain caused by diabetic nerve damage isn’t very severe and this is why many patients overlook the condition.
In the medical field, the term used to explain nerve damage is neuropathy and there are four main types of neuropathy in people living with diabetes. A diabetes patient can have one type of neuropathy or more than one. Here is a simple description of each one of them.
1. Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy as the name suggests is the condition whereby the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, usually the feet, legs, and arms become damaged. Most patients experience the worst peripheral neuropathy symptoms at night and they include; numbness, sharp pain, increased sensitivity to touch, and bone pain among others. With proper control of diabetes and the use of the right neuropathy supplements such as Nerve Renew, the numbness and the tingling in the hands and feet can be significantly reduced as the supplements promote nerve regeneration at the smallest cell level.
2. Autonomic Neuropathy
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for regulating body organs such as the heart, intestines, bladder, sexual organs, eyes, and stomach. When diabetes affects the nerves in these areas, it can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, undigested food, dizziness when you stand up, high blood pressure, night sweats, shortness of breath among other symptoms. The treatment for autonomic neuropathy mainly depends on the specific symptoms. For example, if the problems are digestive, the doctor can recommend a dietary change that includes eating smaller meals that are rich in fluid and fiber to reduce constipation and bloating.
3. Proximal Neuropathy
Proximal neuropathy is a rare type of nerve damage that affects the hip, thigh, and buttock area. Most of the time, it starts from one side and rarely spreads to the other side. This type of nerve damage is more prevalent in diabetic men who are 50 years and older. The symptoms include difficulty rising from a sitting position, severe pain in the stomach, pain in one hip or thigh, and eventual wasting of muscles. Proximal neuropathy can be treated by managing your diabetes and this involves checking your blood glucose, and cholesterol.
4. Focal Neuropathy
Focal neuropathy usually begins suddenly and can affect specific nerves particularly in the head, legs, and torso. Symptoms of focal neuropathy include pain behind one eye, bell’s palsy, and double vision. If you experience any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away as focal neuropathy can accelerate very quickly.
Here Are Two Tips to Preventing Diabetic Neuropathy
1. Blood Sugar Management
Controlling blood glucose levels from the onset of diabetes is one sure way of preventing diabetic neuropathy. You can do this by adjusting your medication as required and changing your diet.
2. Foot Care
Diabetes patients should always check their feet and be on the lookout for sores that do not heal. Keeping the feet clean and dry as well as wearing the right shoes can actually save your feet from amputations.
Head of Content, reality TV watcher and lover of cookies. |
Coping in Unusual Times
Coping in Unusual Times
Coping mechanisms are the tools we draw upon to help us combat stress. It is no surprise that stress can do strange things to our bodies and minds. It can induce lethargy, intense anxiety, high blood pressure, depression, and change the way our brain makes decisions, all of which can make coping exceedingly difficult. Most people have some identified coping mechanisms that assist with striking a balance between the stressful event or circumstance, and a healthier state of functioning. Unfortunately, when stress happens during non-normative times there can be additional factors at play including a decrease or complete lack of our usual coping options or an inability to gather support from the people we normally would. Regardless of the change in factors, there are some tools that are helpful for coping, even when times are unusual.
Understanding your triggers. We have talked about triggers before, and likely will again – because they are important! These are those situations or people that poke some internal part of our emotions or memory and stir us to feeling out of control, or unsafe. The result of feeling out of control or unsafe usually begins a spiral of thoughts and behaviors that are unhelpful to us regaining the peace we are seeking. When we work to identify our triggers then the situations that would cause them to become less surprising, and thus our reaction to them changes. Triggers during times of unusual stress may include feeling helpless, hopeless, optionless, isolated, or stuck in a certain circumstance. Understanding a trigger can take some work and may not be something achievable without professional help.
Resource List. This is a tool that frequents my clinical practice. A good resource list helps an individual outline what their resources are during a time of peace or neutrality, with the intent to be drawn upon during times of stress. Recall that stress forces the brain to make decisions about what functioning it will focus on – and typically logical thought gets excluded at some point in the process. So, creating a resource list during times of low to no stress is best. A good resource list should contain items such as
a. Indicators you may be feeling excessively overwhelmed (you may be surprised at how difficult it is to recognize this when you are in this state!). Note the behaviors, feelings, and physical characteristics that you exhibit when your stress is high, and you are not at your best.
b. Coping mechanisms that can be utilized without outside assistance. These are things such as exercise, journaling, listening to music, taking a bath/ shower, or meditation. The items here should be actual activities that you know are helpful, this is not the time to try out new things! The key here is productive coping, so any action that is unhealthy or self-injurious should not make the cut.
c. People you can turn to in the event the above items do not work. The individuals on this list should be reliable and know enough about you to know what is helpful for assisting you in times of need.
d. Signs your stress levels are decreasing. This is important because being able to identify what is happening when you are starting to function more effectively gives you feedback that what you are doing is helpful. So, outline what you are doing and how are you feeling when you find yourself more balanced.
e. A list of local emergency numbers. Although no one enjoys thinking about what happens when our stress is so high we cannot handle it anymore, the fact is that everyone has that threshold. Having a list of your local emergency room number and location can be helpful in the event your situation escalates to an unsafe level and you need to reach out for medical help to stay safe.
Professional help. While there are plenty of ways that we can assist ourselves, sometimes the best option is to seek professional help. During unusual times of stress our resources may look different, our triggers may be stronger, and our coping strategies may not be working as effectively as they do during more normal times. When that is the case, there is nothing wrong with using outside assistance. Mental health professionals are trained to help people through difficult seasons and circumstances. Counseling may be the best option if you find yourself unable to regulate your emotions, your stress level remains consistently elevated, or none of the typical ways you cope are helping.
It may be helpful to know that everyone has a certain threshold for dealing with stress. How we cope may look different, the tools we draw on likely vary, but the reality is all of us are coping with stress on a continual basis. How effectively we do so depends greatly on how much we are required to deal with at one time, and how well equipped we are to tackle the task. My hope is that utilizing the coping resources listed here will give you the advantage the next time you are faced with high stress. Stay well friends!
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Atomic spectra class 11th and 12th
Have you watched those scientific movies, where the whole planet gets destroyed due to some sort of radiation or atomic waves. Well in this article we are going to take a look at one aspect of radiation known as "atomic spectra".
At first, this word may scare you, but don't worry we will break it into simpler terms for you in this article and cover all things regarding atomic spectra.
If I have to explain atomic spectra in short terms:
When electron gets in excited state from one energy level to the other, electron either emits or absorbs lights of a specific wavelength. The total collection of all these specific wavelengths of the atom in a given set of the condition is known as atomic spectra.
This spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed by an electron during the transition from one energy level to another is what you refer to as atomic spectra.
What are atomic spectra ?
As I said earlier, when electrons get into an excited state, theses electrons absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation which forms a spectral line of wavelength associated with that atomThe total collection of all these wavelengths or spectral lines is known as atomic spectra.
We all have seen atomic spectra at least ones in our life, 7 coloured rainbow is one of the common examples of atomic spectra of white light which you can also see after passing through a prism.
Even, atomic spectra are of three different types: 1. Emission Spectra 2. Absorption Spectra 3. Continuous Spectra.
 Continuous spectrum v/s Emission Spectrum v/s Absorption spectrum
Continuous spectrum v/s Emission Spectrum v/s Absorption spectrum
Rainbow and spectrum form by splitting of white light through a prism is a continuous spectrum. We will have a look at the emission and absorption spectrum later in this article, but before that, let's first learn about what is spectral series which is a part of atomic spectra as well, especially the spectral series of a hydrogen atom.
Spectral series:
When an electron gets into an excited state, an excited state is unstable for an atom, the electron tries to return back to the ground state by emitting the energy of a particular wavelength. So spectral series is the set of wavelength arranges in a sequential manner, which gives the characteristic of light and electromagnetic radiation by an energized atom.
Spectral series of a hydrogen atom:
Hydrogen has the simplest atomic system which can be found in nature and therefore the spectral series of a hydrogen atom is also the simplest of all which makes it essential to learn to get the concept clear of atomic spectra.
Here is the image of spectral series of the hydrogen atom:
Spectral series of the hydrogen atom
From the above image, you can see that a spectral series of a hydrogen atom is divided into several spectral lines with a wavelength that can be found with the help of Rydberg formula (We will talk about it later in this article!)
These spectral lines are due to the atomic transition of a hydrogen atom between different energy levels.
So, let's have a look at the Rydberg formula to find the wavelength of spectral lines in the hydrogen atomic spectrum.
Rydberg formula:
Rydberg formula is used to calculate the wavelength of spectral series:
• λ = wavelength
• R = Rydberg constant
• Z = atomic number
• n= lower energy level
• n= higher energy level
Refer to this table for better understanding of spectral series of the hydrogen atom:
Series n λ
Lyman Series (n=1): 2 121.57
3 102.57
4 97.256
5 94.974
6 93.78
Balmer Series (n=2): 3 653.3
4 486.1
5 434.0
6 410.2
7 397.0
Paschen Series (n=3): 4 1875
5 1282
6 1094
7 1005
8 954.6
Brackett Series (n=4): 5 4051
6 2625
7 2166
8 1944
9 1817
Pfund Series (n=5): 6 7460
7 4654
8 3741
9 3297
10 3039
Humphreys Series (n=6): 7 12.37
8 7.503
9 5.908
10 5.129
11 4.673
Atomic spectroscopy:
The study of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted by an atom is what we called as Atomic Spectroscopy. Even there are three kinds of Atomic spectroscopy: 1. Atomic emission spectroscopy 2. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy and 3. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.
Now, let's have a look at what emission and absorption spectrum is, and with this, we have covered all the basic concepts of types of atomic spectra for class 11th and 12th.
Use of atomic spectroscopy:
There are large varieties of the field where atomic spectroscopy is used and we will be mentioned only few of them:
• Clinical analysis of metal in biological fluids and tissues.
• In the pharma industry to find the traces of materials used.
Emission spectrum:
When electromagnetic radiation gets interacted with a matter, molecules or atom, its electrons get into the excited state. This excited state of an atom is unstable and therefore it wants to get normal like before and get again into the ground state.
In order to achieve ground state back, atoms emit some amount of energy which it had absorbed earlier.
Light of specific wavelength is formed depending upon the amount of energy emitted by an atom to return to its ground state. This spectrum of radiation emitted by an atom is called an emission spectrum.
Absorption spectrum:
An absorption spectrum is constituted by the frequencies of light transmitted with dark bands when energy is absorbed by the electrons in the ground state to reach the higher energy state.
The absorption spectrum comprises of dark lines or gaps in the spectrum.
Difference between Absorption spectrum and Emission spectrum
Here is the table to differentiate between emission spectrum and absorption spectrum:
Absorption spectrum Emission spectrum
Is created when electron absorbs energy to reach higher energy state from a ground state. Is created when electron emits energy to reach ground state from the higher energy state.
Comprises of dark lines and gaps in the spectrum. Comprises of colour lines in the spectrum.
Used to find the ability of a certain object to retain and its absorption level. Used to find the composition of a certain matter.
The wavelength of light absorbed is helpful in figuring out the quantity of a substance in the sample. Type of photon emitted during emission is used to find out the element the substance is made of as each element radiate a different amount of energy and has different emission level.
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Grade 5
World War II A war fought between 1939-1945 between Axis and Allied powers.
rationing Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military
Tuskegee Airmen First African American fighter pilots.
D-Day June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II
V-E Day May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day was also when the Germans surrendered, Victory in Europe Day on May 8th, 1945 celebrated the official defeat of the Nazis and end of WWII in Europe.
V-J Day Name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending World War II.
Axis Powers Germany, Italy and Japan
Allied Powers Great Britain, France, United States and the Soviet Union (Russia)
Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of the Soviet Union
Adolf Hitler Dictator of Germany
Manhattan Project Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb.
Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy.
Dwight Eisenhower leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WORLD WAR II commander in D-Day invasion-elected president.
Hedeki Tojo Prime minister of Japan
fascism This is a form of government in which individual freedoms are denied and complete power is given to the government.
Iwo Jima Place where American soldiers made their first strike on the Japanese Home Islands
Battle of Midway battle fought on a Pacific Island between Japan and U.S. U.S. won crippling Japanese Navy
Stalingrad battle fought in Russian city between Russia and Germany Russia won
Normandy battle between Allied soldiers and Germany that took place in France known as D-Day
Created by: mochateacher
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Legal, Wikipedia.
1. Unfaithful or disloyal to a belief, duty, or cause: "Consider the man who stands by his duty and goes to the stake rather than be recreant to it" (Mark Twain).
2. Archaic Craven or cowardly.
1. A faithless or disloyal person.
2. Archaic A coward.
rec′re·ance, rec′re·an·cy n.
rec′re·ant·ly adv.
1. cowardly; faint-hearted
2. disloyal
a disloyal or cowardly person
ˈrecreance, ˈrecreancy n
ˈrecreantly adv
(ˈrɛk ri ənt)
1. cowardly.
2. unfaithful; disloyal.
3. coward.
[1300–50; < Old French, adj., n., present participle of recreire to yield in a contest =re- re- + creire < Latin crēdere to believe]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.recreant - an abject coward
coward - a person who shows fear or timidity
2.recreant - a disloyal person who betrays or deserts his cause or religion or political party or friend etc.recreant - a disloyal person who betrays or deserts his cause or religion or political party or friend etc.
quitter - a person who gives up too easily
Adj.1.recreant - having deserted a cause or principle; "some provinces had proved recreant"; "renegade supporters of the usurper"
cowardly, fearful - lacking courage; ignobly timid and faint-hearted; "cowardly dogs, ye will not aid me then"- P.B.Shelley
A person who has defected:
Informal: rat.
(archaic) [ˈrekrɪənt]
A. Ncobarde mf
B. ADJcobarde
n (= coward)Memme f; (= traitor)Verräter(in) m(f)
adj (= cowardly)memmenhaft; (= traitorous)verräterisch
References in classic literature ?
The outer room through which they had to pass, was full of men; among them, Mr Dennis in safe keeping; and there, had been since yesterday, lying in hiding behind a wooden screen which was now thrown down, Simon Tappertit, the recreant 'prentice, burnt and bruised, and with a gun-shot wound in his body; and his legs--his perfect legs, the pride and glory of his life, the comfort of his existence--crushed into shapeless ugliness.
"John of Hordle," he thundered, "you have shown yourself during the two months of your novitiate to be a recreant monk, and one who is unworthy to wear the white garb which is the outer symbol of the spotless spirit.
Sleepy old brother Athanasius, at the porter's cell, had a fleeting vision of twinkling feet and flying skirts; but before he had time to rub his eyes the recreant had passed the lodge, and was speeding as fast as his sandals could patter along the Lyndhurst Road.
When little Vladimir finally relinquished her, with assurances that he was `desolated to leave so early', she was ready to rest, and see how her recreant knight had borne his punishment.
Take it, or I pro- claim you recreant knights and vanquished, every one!"
all the curses due to traitors upon your recreant heads, do you abandon me to perish thus miserably!
Recreant par-la meme la longue remontee dynamique de jadis des pastoraux Imazighen, depuis les marches sahariennes du Tafilalt jusqu'aux plaines du Gharb. |
Slow and Steady Wins the Race!
Movies Can Teach You about Verbs and Objects
作者：John Russell 发布日期：4-26-2019
The 1972 film "The Godfather" is one of the most famous movies ever made. It tells the story of a make-believe organized crime family: the Corleone family. Its leader is Don Corleone, played by Marlon Brando. In the film, he says the following line:
I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse.
Today on Everyday Grammar, we will examine this threatening statement. Specifically, we will look at verbs with two objects.
Yes, even the fictional head of an organized crime family can teach you about English grammar!
Subjects, Verbs, and Objects
First, we begin the program with a few definitions. Most sentences in English have a subject and a verb. For example, in the sentence 'The man laughed,' the subject is the term 'the man' and the verb is the word 'laughed.'
Some sentences have subjects, verbs, and objects. The subjects and objects are usually nouns or pronouns.
Consider the sentence 'She kicked the ball.' The subject is the pronoun 'she,' and the object is 'the ball.' In this case, we refer to the ball as the direct object because it is receiving the action of the verb kick.
It is easy to find examples of these kinds of sentences in American movies. Consider the following exchange from the film "A Few Good Men."
Colonel Nathan Jessep: You want answers?!
Lieutenant Dan Kaffee: I want the truth!
Colonel Jessep: You can't handle the truth!
Each of the sentences that you heard followed the same verb + object pattern. Notice that in each sentence, the verb has an object – what we call the direct object.
Now, let's look at sentences with two objects.
Verbs with Two Objects
Pattern #1 Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Many verbs have two objects – a direct object and an indirect object.
Many of the most common verbs in English can be found with two objects. Examples include the verbs make, bring, and take.
Think back to Don Corleone's statement.
I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse.
'I'm gonna' is one way of saying 'I will.' The verb 'make' has two objects: the direct object, 'an offer that he can't refuse,' and the indirect object, 'him.'
The 'he can't refuse' part of the sentence is a relative clause. It is modifying, or changing the meaning, of the noun 'an offer.' We discussed relative clauses in an earlier Everyday Grammar story.
Remember, the direct object is the thing affected by the action of the verb, and the indirect object shows the person who received the action.
The basic grammatical pattern we have discussed is:
Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Other examples might include simple statements, such as:
He made me a promise.
Here, the verb is 'made,' the indirect object is 'me,' and the direct object is 'a promise.'
Pattern #2 Verb + Direct Object + to/for + Indirect Object
In the sentences that we just talked about, the indirect object comes first. But sometimes the indirect object comes second. When this happens, English speakers generally use the words to or for before the indirect object.
Listen to this example:
I sent money to my family.
The direct object is 'money,' then comes the word 'to,' then the indirect object, 'my family.'
The basic pattern is this:
Verb + Direct Object + to/for + Indirect Object
Think back to our sentence from The Godfather: 'I will make him an offer that he can't refuse.'
If we changed the positions of the objects, the sentence would not really work.
Don Corleone could have said, 'I will make an offer to him.'
This statement, however, carries a different style. It doesn't sound nearly as threatening, for one.
Closing thoughts
Today, we showed you different patterns for how speakers use verbs with two objects. Specifically, we studied two ways in which speakers use sentences that have two objects.
You can begin practicing by finding sentences that have two objects – a direct object and an indirect object. Ask yourself where the objects appear in the sentence, and be sure to make note of your findings. With time, and with practice, you will begin to use sentences with two objects with no trouble at all.
And that's Everyday Grammar.
I'm John Russell.
And I'm Ashley Thompson
Words in This Story
object – n. grammar : a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or completes the meaning of a preposition
pronoun – n. a word that is used in place of nouns or noun phrases and can be easily understood by other people
referv. to direct attention to; to have a relation or connection
handle – v. [+ object] : to deal with (a person, situation, etc.) successfully
relative clause – n. a group of words with a subject and verb that starts with a relative pronoun, such as that, which, where, or when
style n. an way of doing things; an unusual form or appearance of something
practice – v. to carry out or perform; to work repeatedly at something
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A deficiency of thyroxin in adults is a concition called________?
Why is radioactive iodine useful in diagnosing and treating certain thyroid conditions?
• gurabo43
Medically speaking, hypothyroidism refers to a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Thyroxine is the principal hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is synthesized from iodine and an amino acid called tyrosine.
The major function of thyroxine is to control the rate of metabolism. Cells in the body take their "cue" from thyroxine. The amount of stimulation the cells receive from thyroxine will determine how "quickly" they perform their functions.
Thyroxine is a very important hormone. Lack of thyroxine in children results in mental retardation and dwarfism. In adults, hypothyroidism causes a condition called myxedema. The symptoms of myxedema range from weakness, lethargy, headache and cold intolerance to slow speech, angina (heart pain), shortness of breath and a characteristic "moon face" (puffiness caused by water retention).
The above-mentioned set of symptoms occurs when there is a significant lack of thyroid hormone. Milder states of deficiency can cause a broad range of symptoms, including cold intolerance, anemia, infertility, constipation, fatigue, easy weight gain, menstrual disorders, memory and concentration difficulties, to name just a few. Because thyroxine sets the "pace" for nearly all cells in the body, a deficiency can result in "sluggishness" of virtually any bodily function.Treatment recommendations
Treatments in the Cayce readings were always based upon the cause, and therefore they differed from person to person. The recommendations will be discussed in the order of frequency with which they appeared in the readings.
Diet was mentioned most often. A reduction of meats and fats was frequently suggested. All carbonated drinks, fried foods and alcohol were to be eliminated. Often, citrus fruits or their juices were suggested. On occasion, additional calcium was suggested, usually in dietary form but sometimes as a supplement called Calcios. On one occasion, a decrease in calcium was recommended, underscoring the individuality of the readings. In general, the basic diet was favored for glandular imbalances, including hypothyroidism. For example:
Keep the better diets; that is, keep a more universal diet, and this will aid. fruits, vegetables, nuts; little meats but fish and fowl do take. (2072-9)
Spinal manipulation (osteopathic) and massages were mentioned with similar frequency. Often, they were to be given in combination with each other. The exact areas of the spine that needed correction were different in each patient. Here is one example:
As we find, then, there are certain centers in the spinal system that indicate lesions. These are preventing a coordination between the superficial circulation and the central circulation. Hence correction osteopathically should be made… (3385-1)
Atomidine and thyroid extract were both recommended 25% of the time for true hypothyroid conditions. In many other cases of "incoordination of the glands," atomidine was recommended almost exclusively. It appears that thyroid extract was sometimes needed when the gland was underproducing thyroid.
Thyroid replacement by means of thyroid extract requires medical supervision. Thyroid extract (U.S.P. thyroid) is a prescription medication. Self-prescribed thyroid medication can be dangerous. An overdose of thyroid medication can cause heart irregularities and other problems such as osteoporosis.
Even Atomidine must be used with care. It is probably best used under the advice of a sympathetic physician. Small doses of iodine can stimulate (and, according to Cayce, normalize) thyroid function. Large doses of iodine can suppress thyroid function. This is why bottles of Atomidine caution not to take internally except under the advice of a physician.
According to the Cayce readings, Atomidine and thyroid extract were not to be used together. The combination could result in excess stimulation and worsen a glandular imbalance.
Attitudes and emotions needed to be constructive according to the Cayce readings, or else an imbalance in the nervous system would result in a glandular imbalance. Correction of attitude was also recommended some 25% of the cases. Here’s the way Cayce put it to one person suffering from this disorder:
In the metabolism disturbance we find there are the effects through the nervous system, through worry, through overanxiety here or there, that bring on the greater disturbance…that other disturbances become exaggerated in their activity. (669-1)
A number of other remedies were mentioned in the Cayce readings, including hydrotherapy (4 cases), Kaldak (2), Tonicine (2), Calcios (1), the Violet Ray (3), castor oil packs (2), herbal tincture (1), colonics (2), radioactive appliance (2), fume baths (2), Wet Cell Appliance (1), medicated ash (1), powdered elm (1), yeast (1), and Glyco-thymoline (l), homeopathic thyroid (
• -tequila8+
I believe you are talking about hypothyroidism.
I do not know the answer to the other question, my condition is treated with Synthroid.
• iceera31
"The radioactive form of iodine (I-131) has been used for 40 years to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, and in small doses, to test thyroid function. Since iodine is a natural substance your thyroid uses to make thyroid hormone, radioactive iodine (RAI) is collected by your thyroid gland in the same way as non-radioactive iodine. Since the thyroid gland is the only area of the body that uses iodine, RAI does not travel to any other areas of the body, and the RAI that is not taken up by thyroid cells is eliminated from your body, primarily in urine. It is therefore a safe and effective way to test and treat thyroid conditions. Extensive studies have shown that patients who have been treated with radioactive iodine are not an increased incidence of thyroid cancer or any other type of cancer. Children and young adults who have undergone this form of treatment, have also been carefully studied, and there do not appear to be any increased cancer risks."
• varun_vampire76
IGA Nephropathy
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Occupational Disease
Railroad veterans may have years of exposure to various contaminants that have been medically shown to cause serious diseases. Exposure may have been heavy depending on the employee’s job craft. The following diseases have been associated with various exposure at the railroad:
SILICOSIS-(in sand blasters, ballast regulator operators, laborers and other employees)- involves exposure to sand, granite dust or other inorganic dusts such as ballast rock, emery grinding wheels, etc.
HISTOPLASMOSIS- (Can be caused by exposure to bird droppings and bacteria laden dust in old buildings or structures).
SIDEROSIS- Caused by chronic exposure to welding fumes and dust and is often preceded by “welding fume fever”.
WELDING FUME PARKINSONISM- (a syndrome that resembles Parkinsons disease-has been reported in long-term welders and boiler makers; especially those welding in confined spaces.
COPD- from exposure to fumes, dust, and vapors, (sometimes referred to as chronic bronchitis or chronic airways disease)
RADS- (Reactive Airways Disease Syndrome) from exposure to acids, respiratory irritants and volatile chemicals). Some inhalation injuries will appear immediately (for example, in cases involving exposure to acid fumes or lung irritants). However, others will appear on a delayed basis and are only diagnosable later in life (for example, chronic exposure to dusts such as asbestos, emery dust or silica containing sand or rock). Either way, these cases require prompt investigation, a thorough understanding of the substance involved, and access to the best doctors who can assess proper treatment and whether permanent lung damage has occurred. If you feel you have been affected by your work at the railroad, contact the lawyers at Roven-Kaplan, L.L.P. to discuss your options.
Areas of Practice
Asbestosis, Mesothelioma,
Asbestos Cancer (Lung, esophageal, colon)
Silicosis, Histoplasmosis, Siderosis
COPD, Reactive Airways Disease (RADS) and
Welding Fume Parkinsonism
Traumatic injuries suffered by railroad workers
while on the job.
Serious injuries or death resulting from use of
dangerous or recalled drugs or medical products. |
Bisexuality and wellness: the expense of invisibility. On 23, 2019 september
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) held its first-ever bisexual health research workshop on September 23, 2019, the 20th anniversary of Bi Visibility Day. As an invited panelist as of this occasion, sponsored because of the NIH’s Sexual and Gender Minority analysis workplace, we joined up with 19 other scientists to go over key findings, gaps in knowledge, and future instructions. You may be thinking about: will there be actually a necessity because of this workshop? Just just How is bisexual health different through the wellness of other teams? Just exactly just How people that are many identify as bisexual?
What exactly is bisexuality?
Robyn Ochs, a prominent bisexual activist and journalist, defines bisexuality as “the prospective become drawn romantically and/or sexually to folks of one or more sex, definitely not at exactly the same time, not always in the same manner, rather than always towards the exact exact exact same level.” Individuals don’t have actually to recognize utilizing the label “bisexual” to own a bisexual orientation.
Bisexuality can indicate having destinations to or behavior that is sexual folks of one or more intercourse or sex as an example, feeling attracted to both males and females. Many people have actually a array of “nonmonosexual” identities that is, identities which go beyond heterosexual or lesbian/gay including queer and pansexual. Many people have significantly more than one identity (we identify as both queer and bisexual). Preferred umbrella term for anybody having a nonmonosexual orientation is “bi+.”
That is bi+?
Individuals identify as bi+ across genders, races/ethnicities, socioeconomic teams, and many years, many teams (individuals of color, adolescents, and transgender individuals) are more inclined to determine as bi+. It could come as a shock to find out that bi+ folks are the greatest sexual minority group. Among adolescents, more and more people identify as bisexual than identify as either lesbian or homosexual. Among grownups, bi+ individuals represent a significant area of the population. But despite these figures, there clearly was less research on bi+ health and less available capital for research, weighed against research on lesbian and gay people.
Exactly How might being bi+ affect wellness?
A 2019 study of people of different sexual orientations and racial/ethnic backgrounds found that you may be more likely than people with other sexual orientations to experience certain health problems if you’re bi. As an example, gastrointestinal issues, joint disease, and obesity happen more frequently among bi+ men and women. Furthermore, women that are bi+ could have an undesirable health-related well being, while bi+ males could have raised chlesterol, raised blood pressure, and heart disease.
If you’re bi+ and you’re additionally a girl or even a transgender individual, your danger for illness bstance that is including, despair, and committing committing suicide climbs even greater compared to other bi+ people (see right here and right right right here).
Exactly why are bi+ individuals more prone to experience health that is poor?
professionals into the industry of bisexual wellness research believe minority anxiety adversely impacts wellness results. Minority stress means experiences of prejudice or discrimination predicated on stigma that result in health that is poor. Bi+ individuals encounter unique minority anxiety pertaining to being bisexual, such as for instance negative stereotypes as to what this means become bisexual (bisexuality is just a stage, bisexual ladies are promiscuous, bisexual guys are vectors of HIV). Experiencing hidden might also produce dilemmas. These unique types of minority stress could be harmful for bi+ people’s wellness.
• Bisexual invisibility can impact the caliber of health care bills. a bisexual girl whom is in a relationship with a lady, but additionally has intercourse with males, is almost certainly not provided contraception or guidance about intimately sent infections (STIs) at a doctor’s visit, because she’s (improperly) assumed to be always a lesbian and never at danger for maternity or STIs.
• Dual discrimination could harm psychological state. Bi+ individuals experience discrimination from both heterosexual and minority that is sexual, pertaining to over and over over and over repeatedly having to “come away” as bi+. This dual discrimination can result in isolation and loneliness, and this can be harmful for psychological state.
What measures could you simply take to counter these problems?
If you are bi+, you can easily make your health better by
• linking with other people that are supportive of the bisexuality, including those who are additionally bi+ and certainly will realize the unique stresses that bi+ people sometimes face
• being truthful together with your medical practitioner or psychological state provider about your bisexuality, therefore you need that you can get the care.
Also if you’re not bi+ yourself, it is possible to support bi+ people by
• examining your biases and presumptions (for instance, not everybody with a different-gender partner identifies as heterosexual) and educating yourself about bi+ individuals
• educating other people about bi+ visitors to challenge stereotypes and minimize stigma, to improve acceptance for the community that is bi.
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Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals.
The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called magnesite (MgCO3) and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as barringtonite (MgCO3·2 H2O), nesquehonite (MgCO3·3 H2O), and lansfordite (MgCO3·5 H2O), respectively.[5] Some basic forms such as artinite (MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3 H2O), hydromagnesite (4 MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·4 H2O), and dypingite (4 MgCO3· Mg(OH)2·5 H2O) also occur as minerals.
Magnesite consists of white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and ammonia. All forms of magnesium carbonate react with acids. Magnesium carbonate crystallizes in the calcite structure wherein Mg2+ is surrounded by six oxygen atoms. The dihydrate has a triclinic structure, while the trihydrate has a monoclinic structure.
References to "light" and "heavy" magnesium carbonates actually refer to the magnesium hydroxy carbonates hydromagnesite and dypingite (respectively).[6]
Magnesium carbonate is ordinarily obtained by mining the mineral magnesite. Seventy percent of the world's supply is mined and prepared in China.[7]
Magnesium carbonate can be prepared in laboratory by reaction between any soluble magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate:
MgCl2(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
If magnesium chloride (or sulfate) is treated with aqueous sodium carbonate, a precipitate of basic magnesium carbonate—a hydrated complex of magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide—rather than magnesium carbonate itself is formed:
5MgCl2(aq) + 5Na2CO3(aq) + 5H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2·3MgCO3·3H2O(s) + Mg(HCO3)2(aq) + 10NaCl(aq)
High purity industrial routes include a path through magnesium bicarbonate, which can be formed by combining a slurry of magnesium hydroxide and carbon dioxide at high pressure and moderate temperature.[5] The bicarbonate is then vacuum dried, causing it to lose carbon dioxide and a molecule of water:
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Chemical properties
With acids
Like many common group 2 metal carbonates, magnesium carbonate reacts with aqueous acids to release carbon dioxide and water:
MgCO3 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
MgCO3 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O
At high temperatures MgCO3 decomposes to magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. This process is important in the production of magnesium oxide.[5] This process is called calcining:
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 (ΔH = +118 kJ/mol)
The decomposition temperature is given as 350 °C (662 °F).[8][9] However, calcination to the oxide is generally not considered complete below 900 °C due to interfering readsorption of liberated carbon dioxide.
The hydrates of the salts lose water at different temperatures during decomposition.[10] For example, in the trihydrate, which molecular formula may be written as Mg(HCO3)(OH)•2(H2O), the dehydration steps occur at 157 °C and 179 °C as follows:[11]
Mg(HCO3)(OH)•2(H2O) → Mg(HCO3)(OH)•(H2O) + H2O at 157 °C
Mg(HCO3)(OH)•(H2O) → Mg(HCO3)(OH) + H2O at 179 °C
The primary use of magnesium carbonate is the production of magnesium oxide by calcining. Magnesite and dolomite minerals are used to produce refractory bricks.[5] MgCO3 is also used in flooring, fireproofing, fire extinguishing compositions, cosmetics, dusting powder, and toothpaste. Other applications are as filler material, smoke suppressant in plastics, a reinforcing agent in neoprene rubber, a drying agent, a laxative to loosen the bowels, and colour retention in foods. In addition, high purity magnesium carbonate is used as antacid and as an additive in table salt to keep it free flowing. Magnesium carbonate can do this because it doesn't dissolve in water, only acid, where it will effervesce (bubble).[12]
Climber Jan Hojer blows surplus chalk from his hand. Boulder World Cup 2015
Because of its low solubility in water and hygroscopic properties, MgCO3 was first added to salt in 1911 to make it flow more freely. The Morton Salt company adopted the slogan "When it rains it pours" with reference to the fact that its MgCO3-containing salt would not stick together in humid weather.[13] Magnesium carbonate, most often referred to as "chalk", is also used as a drying agent on athletes' hands in rock climbing, gymnastics, and weight lifting.
As a food additive magnesium carbonate is known as E504, for which the only known side effect is that it may work as a laxative in high concentrations.[14]
Magnesium carbonate is also used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create a paste, which is then spread on the skull to give it a white finish.
In addition, magnesium carbonate is used as a matte white coating for projection screens.[15]
Magnesium carbonate is non-toxic.
Compendial status
See also
Notes and references
1. ^ a b c d http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=634
2. ^ Bénézeth, Pascale; Saldi, Giuseppe D.; Dandurand, Jean-Louis; Schott, Jacques (2011). "Experimental determination of the solubility product of magnesite at 50 to 200 °C". Chemical Geology. 286 (1–2): 21–31. Bibcode:2011ChGeo.286...21B. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.04.016.
4. ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0373". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
6. ^ Botha, A.; Strydom, C.A. (2001). "Preparation of a magnesium hydroxy carbonate from magnesium hydroxide". Hydrometallurgy. 62 (3): 175. doi:10.1016/S0304-386X(01)00197-9.
7. ^ Allf, Bradley (2018-05-21). "The Hidden Environmental Cost of Climbing Chalk". Climbing Magazine. Cruz Bay Publishing. Retrieved 2018-05-22. In fact, China produces 70 percent of the world’s magnesite. Most of that production—both mining and processing—is concentrated in a small corner of Liaoning, a hilly industrial province in northeast China between Beijing and North Korea.
8. ^ "IAState MSDS".
9. ^ Weast, Robert C.; et al. (1978). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (59th ed.). West Palm Beach, FL: CRC Press. p. B-133. ISBN 0-8493-0549-8.
10. ^ "Conventional and Controlled Rate Thermal analysis of nesquehonite Mg(HCO3)(OH)·2(H2O)" (PDF).
11. ^ "Conventional and Controlled Rate Thermal analysis of nesquehonite Mg(HCO3)(OH)•2(H2O)" (PDF).
12. ^ "What Is Magnesium Carbonate?". Sciencing. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
13. ^ "Her Debut - Morton Salt". Retrieved 2017-12-27.
14. ^ "Food-Info.net : E-numbers : E504: Magnesium carbonates". 080419 food-info.net
15. ^ Noronha, Shonan (2015). Certified Technology Specialist-Installation. McGraw Hill Education. p. 256. ISBN 978-0071835657.
17. ^ "Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Fifteenth Edition" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
External links |
Science help!?
I'm doing a worksheet and there's one question i can't figure out.
a boy starts to spin a disk and puts a mouse on it, and he accelerates it faster and faster until the disk and the mouse are both spinning around at an alarming rate. what will happen to the mouse if the boy suddenly stops the disk without touching the mouse? will the mouse continue to spin? will the mouse stop with the disk? or will the mouse start moving straight, skidding off the disk?
2 Answers
• Anonymous
1 decade ago
Favorite Answer
While the disk is spinning, the mouse has to hold on tight or else the centrifugal pseudoforce will push him off the disk.
Once the disk stops, the mouse better hold on super duper tight or else his inertia will carry him off the disk.
So the answer all depends on how good the mouse's grip is (and exactly how fast the disk stops). Nothing stops absolutely instantaneously.
• 1 decade ago
It will skid off the disc in a straight line because applied force only travels in straight lines. You just removed the apllied force so the mouse will continue to travel in the direction of the last amount of aplied force.
Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now. |
Anonymous asked in Consumer ElectronicsCell Phones & Plans · 1 decade ago
How does a text send from a distance?
I got this question for homework so please answer.
1 Answer
• Jim M
Lv 6
1 decade ago
Favorite Answer
When one enters a text message on a cell phone it is translated into Radio Frequence waves. These are transmitted though the air to a cell phone tower. That tower then relays the message to the receiver's carrier. The carrier then finds the last cell phone tower with the phone number of its customers phone. The text message is then relayed to the tower. It converts it into RF waves. The phone receives those waves, decodes them, and tells the receiver they have a text message.
Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now. |
Quick Answer: Is Aspirin Bad For Your Brain?
Can aspirin cause dementia?
Daily low-dose aspirin did not reduce the risk of dementia, mild cognitive impairments (MCI) or cognitive decline among healthy older adults without previous cardiovascular events, according to recently published results from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study..
Does aspirin weaken immune system?
It is unknown how aspirin might decrease the chance of developing cancer in some people at higher risk, but aspirin has been shown to modulate (or change) the immune system.
How much aspirin is safe per day?
New Aspirin Therapy Guidelines The researchers conclude that the optimal daily dose of aspirin therapy is between 75 mg and 100 mg a day. Smith says the AHA recommends 75 mg to 325 mg daily for people with a history of heart attack, unstable angina, or blood clot-related strokes.
What does 81 mg of aspirin do?
Be sure you know what dose of aspirin to take and how often to take it. Low-dose aspirin (81 mg) is the most common dose used to prevent a heart attack or a stroke.
Does aspirin affect the brain?
Aspirin works by keeping your blood cells from clumping together. These clumps or “clots” can block blood vessels in the heart and the brain. When these vessels are blocked, nutrients and oxygen cannot reach parts of the heart or brain. The lack of blood to areas of the heart is the main cause of heart attack.
What are the negative effects of aspirin?
Aspirin side effectsringing in your ears, confusion, hallucinations, rapid breathing, seizure (convulsions);severe nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain;bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;fever lasting longer than 3 days; or.swelling, or pain lasting longer than 10 days.
What can I take instead of aspirin for heart?
Are there alternatives to low-dose aspirin? If you can’t take low-dose aspirin, you may be able to take another blood thinning medicine, such as clopidogrel, instead. Like aspirin, these medicines prevent blood clots from forming and reduce the chances of heart attack and stroke in people at high risk of them.
Why is it better to take aspirin at night?
There is a body of research that suggests the majority of heart attacks occur in the morning. So taking aspirin before bedtime may be the better bet as it allows time for the medication to thin the blood, which reduces the risk of heart attack.
Is aspirin hard on your kidneys?
When taken as directed, regular use of aspirin does not seem to increase the risk of kidney disease in people who have normal kidney function. However, taking doses that are too large (usually more than six or eight tablets a day) may temporarily- and possibly permanently- reduce kidney function.
How long does it take for aspirin to thin your blood?
That’s because aspirin has a long-lasting effect on platelets, helping thin the blood for days after it is taken, he said. “That’s why, prior to surgery, patients are told to hold off on aspirin for five to seven days, and why it continues to thin your blood even when you miss a dose,” Fonarow said.
Can taking an aspirin a day hurt you?
Who should not take aspirin and why?
Do not take aspirin if you have a known allergy to it or to other medications from the class called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). If you have a clotting disorder like hemophilia or have recently experienced bleeding of the intestines or stomach, avoid aspirin.
Does aspirin thin blood immediately?
Is it safe to take aspirin every day?
Can aspirin cause memory loss?
Other studies have shown that aspirin use can actually put people at increased risk of certain types of dementia. The researchers decided to assess the link between aspirin and noticeable cognitive decline, which they describe as the “earliest sign of dementia”.
Daily aspirin no longer recommended to prevent heart attacks for healthy, older adults. The committee reminded individuals that a healthy lifestyle is the most important way to prevent the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.
Does aspirin reduce plaque in arteries?
Is aspirin good for high blood pressure?
What is the most common side effect of aspirin?
What should be avoided when taking aspirin?
What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Aspirin (Bayer Aspirin)? Avoid alcohol. Heavy drinking can increase your risk of stomach bleeding. If you are taking aspirin to prevent heart attack or stroke, avoid also taking ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin).
Can aspirin cause a brain bleed?
Aspirin thins the blood and so doctors have been cautious about giving it, fearing it could make bleeds worse. But The Lancet research suggests it does not increase the risk of new brain bleeds, and may even lower it. |
Believe it or not, the material or surface that covers an artifact, structure or floor can make a vast difference in the water restoration process.
One key element in this regard is porosity. Porosity can determine whether or not an item or artifact can be deemed as salvageable and can significantly slow down, or speed up, the remediation process.
In light of this, it is important that a remediation technician take note of the materials that have come in contact with water in order to devise a plan that will effectively restore the water-impacted environment back to its original state.
What Is Porosity?
Webster’s dictionary defines porosity as: “the ratio of the volume of interstices of a material to the volume of its mass”.
Simply put, porosity can be referred to as the amount of empty spaces within a specified material that can be permeated by liquid.
For example, a sponge is more porous than a brick would be, though water can penetrate both. Glass and metal, on the other hand, are considered non-porous materials, and cannot be penetrated by water.
What Role Does Porosity Play in Remediation?
The role that porosity plays in remediation efforts is extremely important. Whether or not a material or surface is porous is indicative of how it will be treated, whether or not it can be salvaged and what will need to be done to ensure that the affected surface or material can safely remain in use.
As such, a remedial technician will determine what materials within an affected structure have been impacted by water and how it should be handled, based on the type of water that has infiltrated the building.
Thus, determining and addressing both porous and non-porous materials correctly is crucial in the drying and treating process.
What Types of Porosity Are There?
There are three levels of porosity that remediators come in contact with: high porosity, low porosity and non-porous surfaces.
High-Porosity: Highly porous surfaces or materials that have been affected by water are of great concern to remediators. Depending on the type of water and the extent to which the material or surface in question has been soaked, items affected may be deemed salvageable or unsalvageable by a technician. There are many other factors that contribute to this determination as well, and clients will need to defer to the best judgement of their remediator as to whether or not a highly porous item or material can be safely kept.
Examples of highly porous materials include:
• Carpet
• Carpet Padding
• Fabrics
Low-Porosity: Materials lower in porosity are often difficult to permeate, and don’t tend to be as readily affected by water as their highly porous counterparts. Having said that, these materials and surfaces can, in fact, be penetrated, especially when impacted by large volumes of water for extended periods of time. As such, surfaces and materials affected will either be done away with, kept or treated, depending on the level to which they’ve been impacted.
Bear in mind that low porosity materials will require extensive, unique, and, at times, time-consuming means of drying to ensure the overall safety of the materials and surfaces jeopardized.
Examples of low porosity materials and surfaces include:
• Wood
• Brick
• Stone
• Concrete
Non-Porous: Non-porous surfaces don’t have void spaces, making them impermeable by fluids. These surfaces are often simply cleaned and treated for safety.
Examples of non-porous surfaces would be:
• Glass
• Metal
• Plastics
Commonly Affected Materials and Remediation Protocol
The following are a few of the most common surfaces and materials encountered by remediation professionals, and how they are handled within various scenarios.
Carpet and Padding: Carpet and padding is one of the most common surface materials that remediators face, and is also one of the most well-defined in terms of treatment.
Once a carpet and its padding has been affected by water, the remediator typically has three options:
1. The carpet and padding are dried in place.
2. The padding is discarded, but the carpet surface is kept, treated and set back in place.
3. Both the carpet and padding are discarded.
The determination as to which method is employed is usually dependent upon the category of loss, or the type of water that has affected the materials. Other considerations may also be involved, as deemed necessary by your technician.
All in all, if your carpet or padding comes in contact with Category 3, or highly unsanitary water, then both the carpet and the padding will have to be replaced, with little exception.
Oriental Rugs: Oriental rugs, along with other highly valuable porous materials, are one of the exceptions to the Category 3 rule. While you technically should discard these types of material after it has been in contact with contaminated water, there are instances in which a remediator may consider treating the item with antimicrobial chemicals to assist in controlling the growth of bacteria and fungi.
Even then, the expectation is that a third-party inspector comes in to ensure that the item has been properly sanitized and is safe. This can be an expensive process, so clients must personally consider whether or not keeping the porous item affected is worth the money, time and effort.
Hardwood Flooring: As a low-porosity surface, hardwood flooring will require specialized drying procedures and techniques to get the job done effectively. In addition, the restoration of waterlogged hardwood flooring is unique in that proper restoration, if the flooring can be restored at all, is highly dependent upon the type of material it consists of.
While most hardwood is generally composed of wood of some type, the amount of natural wood present within floorboards makes all the difference. Floorboards that retain the highest amounts of natural wood have increased chances of surviving a major water loss event.
In addition, the amount of time that the hardwood floor sat logged with water is also crucial when determining whether or not hardwood flooring can be restored back to its original state. Ultimately, it will be up to the restorer to use his or her best judgment when determining whether or not hardwood flooring should be replaced.
Cement: Not often affected by water, this low porosity floor type is often thoroughly dried mainly to avoid secondary damages, as other structures and materials that come into contact with affected cement may absorb its moisture.
Vinyl: If vinyl becomes affected by water, it usually has to be replaced. This is because the surface can act as a vapor barrier, making it virtually impossible to dry the foundational subflooring, beneath.
Various Non-Porous Surfaces: For non-porous surfaces affected by a water loss event, the normal course of action is to thoroughly clean and sanitize their external facets, to ensure the safety of all surfaces throughout the structure.
Porosity Is Key in the Restoration Process
To summarize, the porosity of a material, or lack thereof, makes all the difference in how that item or surface is treated. From high porosity to low, clients will want to defer to the expertise of a professional remediation expert for determinations as to what extent the materials and surfaces in their home or business have been negatively impacted by water. |
Jill Brown Listen to Jill Brown’s advice on the three things parents most need to know about orientation and mobility skills.
Hi, my name is Jill Brown. I am a certified teacher of visual impairments and an orientation and mobility instructor for Crowley ISD (Independent School District), which is in Texas.
What are the three things you want to ensure that parents know about helping their child develop essential orientation and mobility skills? Specifically for young children.
I would like parents to know about helping their young child develop those O&M skills how important that movement is in their babies, and how that movement is going to relate to their child’s future ability to travel. I would like parents to understand that the more effort that they’re putting into helping their baby move and to be independent early will lead them to have to do less with their child later on. So the more effort they put—as an infant—the less they have to be involved in helping their child to move later on.
The other point is that this is a wonderful time to have a child with visual impairments because the future is so bright for our kids. Our society is more open to having a person with a disability in the work field and living independently. And with their child being able to get around independently, especially when they get into school, they’re viewed more as a normal person and less as a person with a disability. Well, this starts in infancy by getting their child to move. That their parenting skills are a critical part of their child’s future. The values of the family are important and that the child is perfect just the way they are, just because it’s their child.
And the last point is that people without vision can be very competent and independent travelers. |
1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: Welsh
4. >
5. "Y tro nesa dw i eisiau cyfar…
"Y tro nesa dw i eisiau cyfarfod gyda'r nos."
Translation:The next time, I want a meeting in the evening.
June 17, 2016
Why is the correct translation of 'gyda'r nos' 'in the evening' and not 'at night'? I thought 'evening' is 'noswaith'.
• 2205
Noswaith is a combination of 'Nos' and 'Gwaith' which is 'Night/Evening' and 'Time' (gwaith also means work but this is a completely different meaning)
So a literal meaning of 'Noswaith' is 'Night-time' or 'Evening-time'.
Which is why the greeting 'Noswaith dda' for 'Good evening' is most appropriate ie 'Good Night-time' or 'Good Evening-time'.
Otherwise Nos (or occasionally Noson) is used for evening and night expressions.
Nos Sadwrn = Saturday Night/Evening
Gyda'r nos = In the evening
Nos Galan = New Year's Eve
Bob nos = Every night/evening
Noson Lawen = A merry evening, an expression used to describe an organised get together of performance and fun, less formal than a concert.
It is an idiom. nos can often be used for 'evening' as well as 'night'.
Learn Welsh in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
Monday, July 27, 2015
Dueling Theories on American Indian Origins
Dienekes' Blog has a post on two papers on American Indian origins, published in two premier journals, which are somewhat at odds in their implications:
Paleoamericans galore
Two new papers in Nature and Science add to the debate on Native American origins. The first study (in Nature) detects that some Amazonians have a few percent ancestry from a group related to Australasians, which suggests that early native Americans were not homogeneous but came in two flavors: the main one found all over the Americans and the Australasian-related one. The second study (in Science) looks at ancient "Paleoamerican"-postulated populations and finds that they don't have any particular relationship to Australasians. Thus, whatever population brought the "Paleoamerican" admixture into the Amazon, it remains to be found.
Is it possible the Australasian strain allegedly detected in the Amazonian branch came across the Pacific in a canoe, in a kind of reverse Kon Tiki?:
The Kon-Tiki expedition was a 1947 journey by raft across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands, led by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl. . . Heyerdahl believed that people from South America could have settled Polynesia in pre-Columbian times. Although most anthropologists as of 2010 had come to the conclusion they did not, in 2011, new genetic evidence was uncovered by Erik Thorsby that Easter Island inhabitants do have some South American DNA, lending credence to at least some of Heyerdahl's theses.
If South American DNA made it to Easter Island, it seems possible that the exchange went both directions. The Polynesians were incredible sailors, given the technology at their disposal. And certainly, they've been receptive to travelers in the past.
1. The concept of "fishing camps" would enlighten these debates
2. Very interesting. We are happy that Thor Heyerdahl`s Kon-Tiki expedition still facinate pople around the world. The original raft is at The Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo.
Best regards
Halfdan Tangen jr
The Kon-Tiki Museum |
Why the Gates Foundation wants to make Golden Rice
Imagine if you could prevent hundreds of millions of children from suffering malnutrition maladies such as blindness, stunting, poor health overall and death by simply dropping a missing vitamin in their daily bowl of rice. Or by messing around with a few genes.
That’s essentially what scientists, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, hope to accomplish with a new form of rice dubbed ‘golden rice.’
It’s golden because, unlike natural rice, it has been genetically modified to produce the very yellow nutrient and precursor to vitamin A known as beta carotene. Experts estimate that 250 million poor children don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet, at least half a million die, go blind or otherwise suffer greatly for the lack of it.
Despite its intended humanitarian purpose, golden rice is highly controversial – because it is a GMO, a genetically modified organism.
Read the full, original article: GM food fight: Why the Gates Foundation wants to make rice golden
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Geology- World Problems
Welcome to the new Assignment, this week you’ll become the leader of a fictional social organization tasked with solving a global issue. What world issue do you think could be solved and how?You will write an essay addressing the following: Choose a Social, Political, Environmental, Equality, Poverty or Human Rights issue to have your fictional organization work to solve.- Include a thesis statement: Stating the global issue and how the organizations/social movements involved in your research is actually solving it.Paragraph 1- Describe what type of Social Movement/organization: Its it addressing a Deprivation in Society? Is it Resource Mobilization? Its it Mass Movement? Does it represent the concepts of Globalization? Does it practice non-violence?Paragraph 2- Propose your research plan, stating the issue, the organization(s) currently solving the problem and their methodsParagraph 3- Propose a theoretical model with which to approach the problem/solution. Contact the organizations media representative for more info on mission statements or goals for the organization that may have a model of how they work.Paragraph 4- Propose field research, what is unknown about the issue, what needs to be understood betterParagraph 5- Investigate sources of funding, compile an estimated budget, and describe how the funds will be used to carry out your task
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Sleep is a very important process in our body. We have to sleep well every night to live productive and active lives. It will avoid insomnia.
People who don’t get proper sleep have very negative effects on their brain function and his health become considerable wear.
We all love to sleep, but we cannot spend all day in our bed as we want as we have to go to work or study all day.
People who don’t get proper sleep and are tired during the day have to face physical discomfort, bad mood or health problems due to lack of energy. This will lead you to sleep on your desk or on the bus as the body tries to create a new sleep cycle.
If you drool when you sleep, there’s a reason which is more beneficial than you think.
When you wake up after a good sleep, you may feel that the area where you rested your head was muddy. As they have made fun of this action several times, many people think that this must be taboo. And you are definitely lucky to belong to a specific group of people.
Drooling while sleeping is a dream of positive sign and that the body is resting very well. There are several phases of sleep, and it is called REM or rapid eye movement in the phase. It is also allowed to a restful and deep sleep.
The REM phase will not be interrupted if you drool. This will allow you to have no sleep problems, interruptions or malfunctions and you can sleep and rest your body without any issue.
Your sleep patterns are impaired during the night and that there is not enough rest if you do not drool. For recovery, you need to have good personal and professional development. Consult a doctor, if you have a sleep disorder.
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Green Energy Tips You Should Read About Today!
When drawing up the landscaping plans for a garden path or patio, incorporate solar-powered lamps. They don’t use any energy other than solar energy and they are cost effective. This saves a lot of energy! It means that there is no need to run wires outside to hook up lights.
One way to conserve energy is to use window treatment to block sunlight.You can also try putting up blinds or curtains. You can save money and energy in the summer.
Lower heating costs with solar heating systems for your pools or hot tubs. Solar water heaters are much more energy efficient than electric or gas-driven water heating systems. Solar systems use the sun’s energy to stabilize water temperature. Although some of these systems cost more initially, many qualify for tax credits or deductions.
Solar Panels
If you are trying to conserve energy in the summer, be sure to keep your shades drawn to block out the sun. Additionally, curtains and blinds can enhance the energy-saving effect you achieve. When you do these things, you then make your house cooler and reduce the amount of air conditioning you use during the summer. The result is a significant energy savings and money in your pocket!
Solar panels are easy addition to your home that helps you and your family go green. There are some things that should be considered prior to installing solar panels. The most important consideration is how much sun does your home is exposed to sunlight.
Government grants are available to help consumers invest in renewable energies. To find out which programs are available in your area contact your local government. You may qualify for a free installation or a tax deduction.
Use drapes or curtains in your windows covering for when you are not home. This cools down your house at a cooler temperature and your energy costs down when you’re not there. Try to cover the windows using coverings like roman shades, such as shades or darker, lined curtains.
Do you happen to own some farmland? Companies are actually looking for space to put wind turbines in, and a small part of your property can be used as one of those spots. This installation will provide energy while taking little space and it will provide energy to you and perhaps your neighbors.
Consider switching to solar-powered water heaters for your home more energy efficient. If you live in an area where freezing temperatures are not a problem, consider a system that circulates water through solar heaters before sending it into your house. However, consider that you may still need a traditional heater if you will be using a great deal of hot water, or if the sun does not come out.
One very easy way to save money on your heating bills is to dress more warmly around the house during the winter months. Sweaters of varying thickness can offer more warmth, from two to four degrees depending on its weight. It’s not necessary to wear so little at home, so out on a sweatshirt and save some cash!
Turn things off when you’re not using them. Upon leaving a room, remember to turn of the lights, computer, television or entertainment center. A power strip should be used for electronics and can be easily turned off when not needed, so consider placing one in a conspicuous place where many electronics are located.
Convert your home into a more efficient place by investing into energy saving products. Double glazed windows as well as eco-friendly doors reduces energy usage in the home. You will also cut down on the cost to heat and cool your home by implementing these products into your life.
Don’t run your dishwasher unless it is filled to capacity.It consumes the same amounts of electricity and water or energy even if it’s not full. When you do operate your dishwasher, it is also important to use the main energy-saving feature, which air-dries the dishes.
Whenever possible, choose to get your communications through email. In short, try to be paperless all the time. This helps businesses you deal with reduce their energy expenses, and it helps you reduce energy expenses, as well. In addition, it will help protect the environment for all.
If you are not sure about making improvements to your home, there are many green energy consultants available today. They can let you know how much money inefficient appliances are costing you, and they can tell you what upgrading or replacing such systems will cost.
Use LED lights on the holidays to save electricity. Over two billion kilowatt power hours can be saved! The U.S. would be able to save Two billion kilo watt hours of energy if everyone did this change. That amount of power is enough to supply 200,000 homes with electricity for a whole year. At a minimum, you will lower your energy bill.
Avoid cranking the heat up in your home unless it’s absolutely necessary. If it is a little chilly, wear warmer clothing, and pair of sweatpants. You use a lot of wasted energy if you put the heat on higher than necessary.
You can use biofuel to heat your own home. Biofuels consist of vegetable or animal fats, wood and oils. If you have a propane furnace a professional may be able to convert your furnace to a bio-fuel furnace. You would be able to use anywhere from 20 to 99 percent biodiesel. Always speak with a professional who will guide you in how to properly use this type of fuel.
A solar oven is a fun and free way to bake. You can make this by using a piece of foil, wood, and some foil. These ovens can be quickly assembled, and cook some foods without any additional energy source.
Water-saving toilets can get you started on a greener lifestyle. People have estimated that you flush about 50% of the water from your house down the toilet. Older toilets use around five gallons of water for every flush. This is about 3 times the amount of a green toilet.
Use LED lights to decorate for Christmas. According to a study by the United States That amount of electricity could power 200,000 home for a whole year. You can at least look forward to saving money on your electric bill.
A great green energy device is the on-demand water heater. Older water heaters are always running and always heating water whether it is needed or not, which is a waste of energy. Water heaters that use on-demand, will heat water instantly when needed, which ends up saving you a lot in energy costs.
Use your microwave when you can reasonably use it. Ovens and stoves use much more energy than microwaves. Take advantage of the microwave when you can to cut down on your overall energy consumption.
Your electric company is probably eager to help you start saving energy today. Most electric companies’ websites contain general information on how to save energy, as well as calculators that tell you how much energy making specific upgrades can save you. Look into programs that include discounts or rebates for purchasing more efficient appliances, light bulbs, thermostats or other products.
The easiest and best way to decrease energy expenses in the home is to simply turn off lights when leaving a room. Turning off lights will add up to great energy savings over time. You will also see a decrease in your electric bill.
Remember that buying green technology is an investment that will pay off later. Green technology appliances can cost a bit more up front, but you will be paid back through lower energy bills for the life of the appliances. It also results in long-lasting environmental benefits.
Try to buy some bamboo models when you want to buy wood items. This saves energy used in production and reclamation ends of the manufacturing process.
If you want to transform your home into a “green home,” the iconic way to do this is by installing solar panels. Adding solar panels won’t require a big investment in the beginning, and the savings will be quite significant down the road. You don’t have to pay for solar energy each month; you only have to pay to install solar panels. You may also be able to sell solar power to your local electricity company.
Use automatic motion or sound sensors for lighting in your rooms. These lights only go off when someone is the room, which saves both energy and money. Also try this on your outdoor lights, too.
Move your frozen foods from the freezer to the refrigerator when you are thawing them out. The food will thaw safely, helping to keep the refrigerator cold in the process and saving more energy.
The resulting effect is energy usage and money saved.
If you want to save energy, think about putting your freeze and fridge in a relatively cold location. Don’t expose these appliances directly to sunlight or heat. If they absorb heat, their internal temperature will rise and they will need more energy to run.
You can greatly reduce your home’s energy by sealing ducts, add in insulation, replacing faulty heat and air conditioners and adding insulation to your home. You may also enjoy a decreased energy bill!
Help reduce the cost of green energy by increasing the demand for it. As a consumer, demand technology that is environmentally friendly. The more you request them, the more products that will be available at reduced prices. Also, manufacturers will switch their practices in order to maintain a profit.
Heat each room separately to save money each month. This is especially excellent idea for large homes.
One way that an energy-conscious consumer can conserve energy is making his own ice. Automatic ice makers often use excess energy and are prone to breaking down. The seals on automatic ice makers are also prone to leaking, which can raise your freezer temperature and cost more to cool. So, avoid these type of problems and make your own ice.
Automatic ice makers often use lots of extra energy and usually break down. The ice maker may not be sealed properly; if the seal leaks, which can raise your freezer temperature and cost more to cool. Avoid these issues altogether by making your ice yourself.
You can watch the energy use in your home by buying a monitor to track it. These monitors meausure electricity usage in real time and approximate what your bill is going to be. Research has shown that when consumers know how much it costs to operate lights, appliances and other electrical devices, they will be more likely to slow down their energy consumption.
Use rainwater for appliances like your toilet and other household items. This can save you some on the water bill and make a good environmental impact.
Going green doesn’t have to mean massive home renovations. Even using energy-efficient light bulbs is a great way to get started. Just doing a few small improvements on your home can save you energy and money. You just need to choose one small project to begin making your home greener.
A programmable thermostat is a great way to save energy device. The latest models could be programed with different stop and start times during the week in order to save energy.
To save energy costs, use a dehumidifier. Humid air will feel warmer! When it gets too hot, use a dehumidifier prior to using the air conditioner since this costs less and can make a difference. You might avoid using your A/C for longer than you thought.
A good tip to help save energy as you cook is by using your oven light. By using the light to check your food instead of opening the door, since a great amount of heat does escape when the oven is open.
Those who want to go green should get front-loading washing machines. These machines use much less water than top loading machines and are actually more efficient at cleaning your clothes. This will help you save money on both your electricity and water bills.
Use lids on pots and pans when cooking to save energy.This will help retain the heat that you are cooking with, making it so that you can keep your stove settings lower and saving energy.
To be effective, solar panels must be aligned for maximum exposure to the sun! An example would be if your house was at the Northern Hemisphere. The panels would need to face southwards as well as being at an angle equal to the home’s latitude plus fifteen degrees. This ensures you get the optimal amount of solar power.
Business owners can easily understand the costs associated with providing electricity to run your business. Look into solar panels in your business and use it as a marketing strategy when attracting customers. Many consumers prefer going to businesses that support green technology and care for the environment. Over an extended period of time, the extra business you get by going green will help pay off the solar panels.
Using the light on your oven can help you conserve energy as you cook. Even if you only open your door one time to check on a dish, significant energy can escape. By using the light, you can look in the oven window instead of opening the door.
As you can see, there are many ways to lessen your carbon footprint by making practical changes in the energy efficiency of your home. The money that you save might well make it worth the time you have invested in the changes.
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How Is Musculoskeletal Injury Treated?
What causes musculoskeletal pain in the chest?
More common, localised causes include costochondritis, painful rib syndrome, sternalis syndrome and thoracic spine dysfunction.
Common rheumatic causes include fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthropathy and psoriatic arthritis..
What does musculoskeletal pain feel like?
People tend to explain it as their entire body aching or that their muscles feel as though they have been pulled or overworked with the most common symptoms being pain, fatigue or a disruption in normal sleep patterns. Musculoskeletal pain can affect anyone and impact all major areas of the body, including the: Neck.
What is a musculoskeletal injury?
Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc.). Common musculoskeletal disorders include: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Tendonitis. Muscle / Tendon strain.
How do you know if pain is muscular or skeletal?
What are the 4 types of pain?
What kind of doctor do you see for musculoskeletal pain?
People with a musculoskeletal problem may be referred to a specialist but there is a spectrum to choose from, such as rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, physical medicine and rehabilitationalists, anaesthetists working in pain clinics, sports physicians or other health professionals such as physiotherapists, …
What are the three basic causes of musculoskeletal injuries?
“The top three most common causes of musculoskeletal injuries are lifting, carrying or putting down objects, falls, and repetitive movement or strain,” Stevens said.
What are the common signs and symptoms associated with musculoskeletal system disorders?
Common symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders include pain, weakness, stiffness, joint noises, and decreased range of motion. Inflammation may cause pain, swelling, warmth, tenderness, impaired function, and sometimes redness of the overlying skin.
What are the most common tests used to diagnose musculoskeletal system disorders?
Various types of imaging tests can help doctors diagnose musculoskeletal disorders.X-rays. X-rays are typically done first. … Bone scanning. … Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) … Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) … Ultrasonography.
Can musculoskeletal pain cause shortness of breath?
If your skin sinks in or your shoulder blades appear to be sticking out like wings, this indicates a musculoskeletal condition may be aggravating your shortness of breath.
What parts of the body can be affected by musculoskeletal disorders?
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck and back.
How long does it take for musculoskeletal pain to go away?
The pain can range from mild to severe enough to interfere with your day-to-day life. It may start suddenly and be short-lived, which is called acute pain. Pain that lasts for more than 3 to 6 months is called chronic pain.
Which is a common drug used for treatment of musculoskeletal injuries?
Common drug classes used to treat musculoskeletal conditions are benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, SNRIs, muscle relaxant / NSAID combinations, and muscle relaxant / opioid / NSAID Combinations.
Is musculoskeletal pain a disability?
Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading contributor to disability worldwide, with low back pain being the single leading cause of disability globally. Musculoskeletal conditions and injuries are not just conditions of older age; they are prevalent across the life-course.
What are the 7 most common diseases of the skeletal system?
Other common conditions that affect the skeletal system include:Osteoporosis: This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture.Leukemia: This is a cancer of the white blood cells.Osteopenia, osteitis deformans, and osteomalacia: Similar to osteoporosis, these are other types of bone loss.More items…
When should I be worried about muscle pain?
Seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of the following after a workout or activity that causes muscle soreness: Severe unbearable pain. Severely swollen limbs. Loss of joint range of motion due to severe swelling.
Is arthritis a musculoskeletal disorder?
Musculoskeletal conditions are conditions of the bones, muscles and connective tissues. Common musculoskeletal conditions include various forms of arthritis, back pain and problems, osteoporosis and gout.
What does a musculoskeletal Dr do?
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Tensor Creation API
This note describes how to create tensors in the PyTorch C++ API. It highlights the available factory functions, which populate new tensors according to some algorithm, and lists the options available to configure the shape, data type, device and other properties of a new tensor.
Factory Functions
A factory function is a function that produces a new tensor. There are many factory functions available in PyTorch (both in Python and C++), which differ in the way they initialize a new tensor before returning it. All factory functions adhere to the following general “schema”:
torch::<function-name>(<function-specific-options>, <sizes>, <tensor-options>)
Let’s bisect the various parts of this “schema”:
1. <function-name> is the name of the function you would like to invoke,
2. <functions-specific-options> are any required or optional parameters a particular factory function accepts,
3. <sizes> is an object of type IntArrayRef and specifies the shape of the resulting tensor,
4. <tensor-options> is an instance of TensorOptions and configures the data type, device, layout and other properties of the resulting tensor.
Picking a Factory Function
The following factory functions are available at the time of this writing (the hyperlinks lead to the corresponding Python functions, since they often have more eloquent documentation – the options are the same in C++):
• arange: Returns a tensor with a sequence of integers,
• empty: Returns a tensor with uninitialized values,
• eye: Returns an identity matrix,
• full: Returns a tensor filled with a single value,
• linspace: Returns a tensor with values linearly spaced in some interval,
• logspace: Returns a tensor with values logarithmically spaced in some interval,
• ones: Returns a tensor filled with all ones,
• rand: Returns a tensor filled with values drawn from a uniform distribution on [0, 1).
• randint: Returns a tensor with integers randomly drawn from an interval,
• randn: Returns a tensor filled with values drawn from a unit normal distribution,
• randperm: Returns a tensor filled with a random permutation of integers in some interval,
• zeros: Returns a tensor filled with all zeros.
Specifying a Size
Functions that do not require specific arguments by nature of how they fill the tensor can be invoked with just a size. For example, the following line creates a vector with 5 components, initially all set to 1:
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::ones(5);
What if we wanted to instead create a 3 x 5 matrix, or a 2 x 3 x 4 tensor? In general, an IntArrayRef – the type of the size parameter of factory functions – is constructed by specifying the size along each dimension in curly braces. For example, {2, 3} for a tensor (in this case matrix) with two rows and three columns, {3, 4, 5} for a three-dimensional tensor, and {2} for a one-dimensional tensor with two components. In the one dimensional case, you can omit the curly braces and just pass the single integer like we did above. Note that the squiggly braces are just one way of constructing an IntArrayRef. You can also pass an std::vector<int64_t> and a few other types. Either way, this means we can construct a three-dimensional tensor filled with values from a unit normal distribution by writing:
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::randn({3, 4, 5});
assert(tensor.sizes() == std::vector<int64_t>{3, 4, 5});
tensor.sizes() returns an IntArrayRef which can be compared against an std::vector<int64_t>, and we can see that it contains the sizes we passed to the tensor. You can also write tensor.size(i) to access a single dimension, which is equivalent to but preferred over tensor.sizes()[i].
Passing Function-Specific Parameters
Neither ones nor randn accept any additional parameters to change their behavior. One function which does require further configuration is randint, which takes an upper bound on the value for the integers it generates, as well as an optional lower bound, which defaults to zero. Here we create a 5 x 5 square matrix with integers between 0 and 10:
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::randint(/*high=*/10, {5, 5});
And here we raise the lower bound to 3:
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::randint(/*low=*/3, /*high=*/10, {5, 5});
The inline comments /*low=*/ and /*high=*/ are not required of course, but aid readability just like keyword arguments in Python.
The main take-away is that the size always follows the function specific arguments.
Sometimes a function does not need a size at all. For example, the size of the tensor returned by arange is fully specified by its function-specific arguments – the lower and upper bound of a range of integers. In that case the function does not take a size parameter.
Configuring Properties of the Tensor
The previous section discussed function-specific arguments. Function-specific arguments can only change the values with which tensors are filled, and sometimes the size of the tensor. They never change things like the data type (e.g. float32 or int64) of the tensor being created, or whether it lives in CPU or GPU memory. The specification of these properties is left to the very last argument to every factory function: a TensorOptions object, discussed below.
TensorOptions is a class that encapsulates the construction axes of a Tensor. With construction axis we mean a particular property of a Tensor that can be configured before its construction (and sometimes changed afterwards). These construction axes are:
• The dtype (previously “scalar type”), which controls the data type of the elements stored in the tensor,
• The layout, which is either strided (dense) or sparse,
• The device, which represents a compute device on which a tensor is stored (like a CPU or CUDA GPU),
• The requires_grad boolean to enable or disable gradient recording for a tensor,
If you are used to PyTorch in Python, these axes will sound very familiar. The allowed values for these axes at the moment are:
• For dtype: kUInt8, kInt8, kInt16, kInt32, kInt64, kFloat32 and kFloat64,
• For layout: kStrided and kSparse,
• For device: Either kCPU, or kCUDA (which accepts an optional device index),
• For requires_grad: either true or false.
There exist “Rust-style” shorthands for dtypes, like kF32 instead of kFloat32. See here for the full list.
An instance of TensorOptions stores a concrete value for each of these axes. Here is an example of creating a TensorOptions object that represents a 64-bit float, strided tensor that requires a gradient, and lives on CUDA device 1:
auto options =
.device(torch::kCUDA, 1)
Notice how we use the ‘“builder”-style methods of TensorOptions to construct the object piece by piece. If we pass this object as the last argument to a factory function, the newly created tensor will have these properties:
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::full({3, 4}, /*value=*/123, options);
assert(tensor.dtype() == torch::kFloat32);
assert(tensor.layout() == torch::kStrided);
assert(tensor.device().type() == torch::kCUDA); // or device().is_cuda()
assert(tensor.device().index() == 1);
Now, you may be thinking: do I really need to specify each axis for every new tensor I create? Fortunately, the answer is “no”, as every axis has a default value. These defaults are:
• kFloat32 for the dtype,
• kStrided for the layout,
• kCPU for the device,
• false for requires_grad.
What this means is that any axis you omit during the construction of a TensorOptions object will take on its default value. For example, this is our previous TensorOptions object, but with the dtype and layout defaulted:
auto options = torch::TensorOptions().device(torch::kCUDA, 1).requires_grad(true);
In fact, we can even omit all axes to get an entirely defaulted TensorOptions object:
auto options = torch::TensorOptions(); // or `torch::TensorOptions options;`
A nice consequence of this is that the TensorOptions object we just spoke so much about can be entirely omitted from any tensor factory call:
// A 32-bit float, strided, CPU tensor that does not require a gradient.
torch::Tensor tensor = torch::randn({3, 4});
torch::Tensor range = torch::arange(5, 10);
But the sugar gets sweeter: In the API presented here so far, you may have noticed that the initial torch::TensorOptions() is quite a mouthful to write. The good news is that for every construction axis (dtype, layout, device and requires_grad), there is one free function in the torch:: namespace which you can pass a value for that axis. Each function then returns a TensorOptions object preconfigured with that axis, but allowing even further modification via the builder-style methods shown above. For example,
torch::ones(10, torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kFloat32))
is equivalent to
torch::ones(10, torch::dtype(torch::kFloat32))
and further instead of
torch::ones(10, torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kFloat32).layout(torch::kStrided))
we can just write
torch::ones(10, torch::dtype(torch::kFloat32).layout(torch::kStrided))
which saves us quite a bit of typing. What this means is that in practice, you should barely, if ever, have to write out torch::TensorOptions. Instead use the torch::dtype(), torch::device(), torch::layout() and torch::requires_grad() functions.
A final bit of convenience is that TensorOptions is implicitly constructible from individual values. This means that whenever a function has a parameter of type TensorOptions, like all factory functions do, we can directly pass a value like torch::kFloat32 or torch::kStrided in place of the full object. Therefore, when there is only a single axis we would like to change compared to its default value, we can pass only that value. As such, what was
and can finally be shortened to
torch::ones(10, torch::kFloat32)
Of course, it is not possible to modify further properties of the TensorOptions instance with this short syntax, but if all we needed was to change one property, this is quite practical.
In conclusion, we can now compare how TensorOptions defaults, together with the abbreviated API for creating TensorOptions using free functions, allow tensor creation in C++ with the same convenience as in Python. Compare this call in Python:
torch.randn(3, 4, dtype=torch.float32, device=torch.device('cuda', 1), requires_grad=True)
with the equivalent call in C++:
torch::randn({3, 4}, torch::dtype(torch::kFloat32).device(torch::kCUDA, 1).requires_grad(true))
Pretty close!
Just as we can use TensorOptions to configure how new tensors should be created, we can also use TensorOptions to convert a tensor from one set of properties to a new set of properties. Such a conversion usually creates a new tensor and does not occur in-place. For example, if we have a source_tensor created with
torch::Tensor source_tensor = torch::randn({2, 3}, torch::kInt64);
we can convert it from int64 to float32:
torch::Tensor float_tensor =;
The result of the conversion, float_tensor, is a new tensor pointing to new memory, unrelated to the source source_tensor.
We can then move it from CPU memory to GPU memory:
torch::Tensor gpu_tensor =;
If you have multiple CUDA devices available, the above code will copy the tensor to the default CUDA device, which you can configure with a torch::DeviceGuard. If no DeviceGuard is in place, this will be GPU 1. If you would like to specify a different GPU index, you can pass it to the Device constructor:
torch::Tensor gpu_two_tensor =, 1));
In the case of CPU to GPU copy and reverse, we can also configure the memory copy to be asynchronous by passing /*non_blocking=*/false as the last argument to to():
torch::Tensor async_cpu_tensor =, /*non_blocking=*/true);
This note hopefully gave you a good understanding of how to create and convert tensors in an idiomatic fashion using the PyTorch C++ API. If you have any further questions or suggestions, please use our forum or GitHub issues to get in touch.
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Shock research: Humans now fatter than pigs
Pigging out: Modern farming methods explain the pigs’ dramatic weight loss.
Is it wrong to be fat and lazy? Many of us now have more body fat than pigs, scientists said yesterday. But for most of history, being plump and idle was regarded as the goal of a good life.
For the first time in history, humans are becoming fatter than pigs, a new study has disclosed.
Changes in the way pigs are bred and reared are producing a significantly leaner animal, with only 16% fat by weight compared with well over 20% two decades ago.
Humans have been heading in the opposite direction. The body of a typical middle-aged man with the national average BMI (body mass index) of 27.5 now comprises 21% to 25% fat by weight. For women, the figure is 33% to 38%.
As long as a person is not clinically obese (defined as fat in a way that is dangerous to health), is there anything wrong with being plump?
Beauty has always been highly subjective: the “ideal body type” has changed countless times throughout history.
Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of love and beauty, was portrayed by sculptors as curvy and round. Up until the 18th Century, most artists depicted the “perfect woman” as voluptuous and reclining luxuriously.
Indeed, the compliment “Rubenesque” is named after the 17th-Century artist Rubens, who painted women with larger bodies.
Today, opinions around the world about fatness differ enormously. While Western fashion magazines are traditionally focused on thin runway models, in Mauritania, for example, obesity has long been considered the ideal standard of beauty, signalling wealth and prosperity in a land plagued by drought.
But with a quarter of women officially classified as obese, Mauritania’s government has launched a television campaign highlighting the risks of obesity, such as diabetes and heart disease.
Public health campaigners may be facing an uphill battle. Humans have an evolutionary instinct to be lazy, says Harvard professor David Lieberman. Our ancestors used so much energy hunting, they would rest whenever possible. Today, the tendency to inactivity remains a profound natural instinct.
Some researchers believe idleness may actually promote creativity. In fact, Oxford sleep scientists say that school days should start later to improve learning and allow children more time to rest.
Not everyone agrees. Psychologist Claudia Hammond argues that humans are happier when engaged in activity.
A study by the University of Virginia found that people left alone with an electric shock button in an empty room for 15 minutes were incapable of relaxing. Rather than simply doing nothing, nearly half of the participants chose to give themselves electric shocks instead!
So, is it wrong to be plump – and to enjoy long spells of doing remarkably little?
As fat as a pig
Yes, say some. There is a reason rich countries now worship at the altar of the lean body and constant activity. As long as we are not too thin, many studies suggest eating less helps us live longer. And a dynamic person who makes the most of every day is far more appealing than a lazy person.
No, say others. The Western world is in the grip of an epidemic of anxiety. To justify our unhappiness, we have turned “fat” and “lazy” into moral crimes. The truth is that being healthy, happy, fat, and lazy is not a contradiction in terms. For most of the past 2,000 years, it was a state to be wished for devoutly. We need to chill out and admit it – being fatter than a modern pig is great!
You Decide
1. Is the word “fat” offensive?
2. Is society too obsessed with body image?
1. Keep a record this week recording your “lazy time”. At the end of the week, consider: did you feel better or worse on the days when you were most lazy?
2. Research the meaning of body mass index (BMI) and look up your healthy parameters. Work out how you measure up.
Some People Say...
“Idleness for me is not a giving up on life, but a spirited grabbing hold of it.”
Tom Hodgkinson, British journalist and editor of The Idler magazine
What do you think?
Q & A
What do we know?
It is generally agreed that it is unhealthy to be either very overweight or underweight. In the UK, the NHS suggests that having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy for adults. A BMI of above 30 is considered to be a marker of obesity. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
What do we not know?
One main area of debate is around whether BMI is still a useful tool. Not everyone believes it is a good indicator of how healthy a person is. It is easy to calculate, but it cannot distinguish between weight from fat and weight from muscle or bone. As a result, it sometimes wrongly characterises fit people as being overweight – for example, athletes often weigh more than other people of the same height due to extra muscle growth.
Word Watch
Influenced by personal feelings and opinions, rather than factual evidence.
A curvy or rounded body (usually, to describe a woman).
Sir Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) was a Flemish painter and diplomat. He is best known for his paintings of women, which emphasise physical beauty and fertility.
A country in northwest Africa. In 2018, Mauritania’s worst drought in recent years affected 600,000 people.
A disease which occurs when a person’s blood sugar is too high and can cause heart and nerve problems. Obesity is associated with Type 2 diabetes. Estimates suggest 5 million people will have diabetes in the UK in 2025.
Sleep scientists
Dr Paul Kelley of Oxford University has suggested that schools should start at 10am to align with the adolescent body clock.
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Quick Answer: How Do You Convert Kg Cm2 To PSI?
How many PSI can a human push?
50 psiThe human body can withstand 50 psi (pounds per square inch) and that’s if it’s a sudden impact.
However if it’s sustained pressure, the body can withstand up to 400 psi if the weight is gradually increased..
What is the pressure unit?
PascalPressure/SI units
How do you convert kg cm2 to Newton?
A pressure measured in kilograms per square centimetre is converted into newtons per square millimetre as follows:1 N/mm² = 1 MPa = 1000000 pascals (Pa)1 kg/cm² = 98066.5 pascals (Pa)N/mm² value x 1000000 Pa = kg/cm² value x 98066.5 Pa.N/mm² value = kg/cm² value x 0.0980665.
How much PSI is in a pound?
Psi to Pound-force/square Inch Conversion TablePsi [psi]Pound-force/square Inch0.01 psi0.01 pound-force/square inch0.1 psi0.1 pound-force/square inch1 psi1 pound-force/square inch2 psi2 pound-force/square inch7 more rows
What is a Pascal in KG?
The pascal (pronounced pass-KAL and abbreviated Pa) is the unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). … Reduced to base units in SI, one pascal is one kilogram per meter per second squared; that is, 1 Pa = 1 kg · m-1 · s-2.
Is 1 bar the same as 1 atm?
Bar and Atm are the units representing pressure. A pascal is one newton of force acting on the 1m2 area….What is the Relation Between Bar and Atm?Bar to atm formula1 bar = 0.986923 atmatm to bar formula1 atm = 1.01325 bar
How do you convert kg cm to PSI?
The calculation below shows how kilograms per square centimetre are converted into pounds per square inch by converting each into pascals (SI units for pressure): 1 psi = 6,894.76 pascals (Pa) 1 kg/cm² = 98066.5 pascals (Pa) psi value x 6,894.76 Pa = kg/cm2 value x 98066.5 Pa.
What is difference between KG and Bar?
1 bar is equal to 100,000 Pascals, which is close approximately to atmospheric pressure, so it is often used to represent atmospheric pressure rather than standard atmosphere (101325 Pascals). … 1 kg/cm2 equals 98,066.5 Pascals.
What is 1kg force?
That is, it is the weight of a kilogram under standard gravity. Therefore, one kilogram-force is by definition equal to 9.80665 N. Similarly, a gram-force is 9.80665 mN, and a milligram-force is 9.80665 μN.
What is 2 bar TYRE pressure in psi?
Bar to Psi Conversion TableBarPsi [psi]0.01 bar0.1450377377 psi0.1 bar1.4503773773 psi1 bar14.503773773 psi2 bar29.007547546 psi7 more rows
How do you convert psi into weight?
To convert PSI to lbs, simply multiply the pressure by the area over which the force is applied.
How many bars is 1 kg?
PRESSURE CONVERSION FORMULAE:1 BAR = 14.500 PSI1 KPa = 0.0100 BAR1 BAR = 1.0193 KG/CM21 KPa = 0.0102 KG/CM21 PSI = 0.0690 BAR1 KG/CM2 = 0.9810 BAR1 PSI = 6.8966 KPa1 KG/CM2 = 14.225 PSI1 PSI = 0.0703 KG/CM21 KG/CM2 = 0.00981 more row
Is kg cm2 a bar?
A pressure reading in kilograms per sq cm is converted to bar with the following calculation: 1 bar = 100,000 pascals (Pa) 1 kg/cm² = 98,066.5 pascals (Pa) bar value x 100,000 Pa = kg/cm2 value x 98,066.5 Pa.
How many PSI is in a pound?
1 psi = 6,894.76 Pascals. Pound/Square Inch : Pounds or pound force per square inch (symbol: psi, lb/in², pfsi or lbf/in²) is a unit of measure for pressure based on avoirdupois units. It is widely used in British and American. 1 psi = 6,894.76 Pascals.
What does BAR mean pressure?
The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but not part of the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as exactly equal to 100,000 Pa (100 kPa), or slightly less than the current average pressure at sea level (approximately 1.013 bar).
How many PSI makes a bar?
14.5037738 PsiHow to convert bar to psi? 1 Bar is equal to 14.5037738 Psi. To convert bar to psi, multiply the bar value by 14.5037738.
How do you calculate pressure in kg cm2?
The force can be easily calculated in kilograms weight by multiplying the kg/cm2 pressure by the area to determine the weight applied in kilogrammes. The most popular way of writing Kilogrammes per Square Centimeter is as kg/cm2, even though kgf/cm2 describes its meaning more accurately.
How do you convert pressure to KG?
The pressure unit pounds/sq inch can be converted into kilograms/sq cm in the following way:1 kg/cm² = 98,066.50 pascals (Pa)1 psi = 6894.76 pascals (Pa)kg/cm² value x 98,066.50 Pa = psi value x 6894.76 Pa.kg/cm² value = psi value x 0.0703070.
How much is 1 kg in bar?
Unit converterLENGTHAREA1 barMASS1 bar1 kg= 2.205 lb1 bar1 kg= 35.27 oz1 Pa29 more rows |
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Chemical reaction
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Rusting iron
A bonfire is an example for redox
A chemical reaction happens when one or more chemicals are changed into one or more other chemicals. Examples:
Some reactions are fast, and others are slow. Some happen at different speeds, depending on temperature or other things. For example, wood does not react with air when it is cold, but if it is made hot enough, it will start to burn. Some reactions give out energy. These are exothermic reactions. In other reactions, energy is taken in. These are endothermic reactions.
Nuclear reactions are not chemical reactions. Chemical reactions involve only the electrons of atoms; nuclear reactions involve the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei.
Four basic types
The four basic chemical reactions types: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement
[math]A + B \longrightarrow AB[/math]
"Two or more reactants giving one product" is another way to identify a synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide:
[math]8Fe + S_8 \longrightarrow 8FeS[/math]
A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as:[1][2]
[math]AB \longrightarrow A + B[/math]
[math]2H_2O \longrightarrow 2H_2 + O_2[/math]
Single replacement
In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with another element in a compound[1] These reactions come in the general form of:
[math]A + BC \longrightarrow AC + B[/math]
[math]Mg + 2H_2O \longrightarrow Mg(OH)_2 + H_2[/math]
Double replacement
In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds.[1] These reactions are in the general form:[2]
[math]AB + CD \longrightarrow AD + CB[/math]
[math]Pb(NO_3)_2 + 2 KI \longrightarrow PbI_2 + 2 KNO_3[/math]
A chemical reaction is being displayed by an equation:
[math]\mathrm{ A + B \longrightarrow C + D}[/math]
Here, A and B react to C and D in a chemical reaction.
This is an example of a combustion reaction.
[math]\mathrm{C + O_2 \longrightarrow CO_2}[/math]
carbon + oxygencarbon dioxide
Related pages
Other websites
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 To react or not to react? Utah State Office of Education. Retrieved 4 June 2011
2. 2.0 2.1 Six types of chemical reactions – MrGuch ChemFiesta. |
Bluetooth-Enhanced Hearing Aids Are Becoming the Norm
Wireless has pretty much settled-in as a consumer buzzword. It basically means being able to connect computing devices without cluttering things up with a tangle of cords.
It is a capability that is increasingly being extended to hearing aids. Wireless capability is quickly becoming the norm.
And this is usually based on Bluetooth, the dominant wireless protocol.
What Bluetooth does is create a concentrated wireless network, one that doesn’t extend too far in any direction. That makes possible a wide range of inter-connectivity, from printers and laptops to smartphones and desktops.
And now hearing aids connecting with most of the above (though no one’s explored the possibility of a hearing aid talking to a printer).
What can also happen is, using an app, hearing aids can be fine-tuned and controlled without actually having to touch them. Given how small they are becoming, this brings an ease-of-use that wasn’t possible a couple of generations ago, when fumbling with dials and buttons was the norm. A wide range of adjustments can easily be made using a smartphone’s touchscreen.
A Bluetooth network can also mean you can stream audio from your smartphone or TV directly into your hearing aid. And by extension, Bluetooth allows hearing aids to become a part of the Internet of Things (IoT). This opens up a wide range of possibilities.
One of the most significant for hearing aid users is being able to upload data from a hearing aid to a hearing health professional, who can analyze it and make adjustments to your hearing aid that will increase its performance. Some models even allow this to happen in real-time.
Hearing aids aren’t what they were only 10 years ago. |
The Economics Of Dr. King
Money or lack of it knows no color. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. understood that. He understood that while only African Americans suffered at the policies of Jim Crow, every race suffered under the economic injustice in the country. Not many people talk about Dr. King's fight for economic equality and rightfully so. You couldn't be killed for being poor so his work on racial equality should be held in the highest light.
His fight for economic equality touched every community and showed that strengthening the pockets of the nation's poor would strengthen the economy of the nation. He fought for fair wages and improved working conditions. He understood that if a man worked long hours to provide for his family he should make enough money not to depend on government assistance. Fast forward to today now there are men and women working long hours or two and three jobs just to take care of themselves or their families. Although they work extremely hard they don't earn enough to decline assistance from the government.
As this fight was just ramping up when Dr. King was murdered I am sure he would have shown those in Washington when his march for economic justice arrived there that they were going about it all wrong. He would have showed them that if you pay people a living wage that it will help the national debt go down because less people will need the assistance of the government. A living wage means that people will have disposable income to spend more money and as a result uplift the economy.
Maybe they will use their money to buy healthy foods and as a result a healthier population with less missed workdays. Less absences means more productivity and profits for companies. More profits for companies means more taxes to the government. And guess what? That also helps bring down the national debt or at least produce more money for infrastructure.
I am sure Dr. King would have pointed out all of these advantages and even more, but unfortunately that fight was cut short. His fight continues, but through others who understand a day shall come that everyone can be in a position to build generational wealth.
Thank you Dr. King for lighting the fire..........
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Improving Research Through Safer Learning from Data
What are the major elements of learning from data that should inform the research process? How can we prevent having false confidence from statistical analysis? Does a Bayesian approach result in more honest answers to research questions? Is learning inherently subjective anyway, so we need to stop criticizing Bayesians' subjectivity? How important and possible is pre-specification? When should replication be required? These and other questions are discussed.
p-values and Type I Errors are Not the Probabilities We Need
In trying to guard against false conclusions, researchers often attempt to minimize the risk of a “false positive” conclusion. In the field of assessing the efficacy of medical and behavioral treatments for improving subjects’ outcomes, falsely concluding that a treatment is effective when it is not is an important consideration. |
IQ Challenge: How much did the first phone call cost?
Phone Call Question:
Technology has a way of dropping in price over time. Today the cost of using a telephone is reasonably affordable for most people but back when the first trans-Atlantic call between New York and London was made on January 7, 1927, a three-minute call cost a pretty penny. How much did it cost in 1927 dollars?
A. $15
B. $45
C. $65
D. $75
Phone Call Answer: $75
AT&T charged a whopping $75 for the first three minutes on that first trans-Atlantic telephone call. In inflation adjusted dollars for 21st century, that's almost $1,000 or half the price of a car in 1927. Today that same call over the Internet is essentially free.
Have a challenge you want to share, send it to us at [email protected] |
Saturday, February 27, 2021
Drug king’s escaped hippos poisoning Colombia’s waterways
The water animals have been adopted by local villagers but are poisoning local waterways with their toxic urine and faeces.
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Kes Covid-19 kembali melebihi 2,000, 11 kematian baru
11 lagi kematian dicatatkan menjadikan jumlah 1,111 kes.
Daily cases back over 2,000, death toll up by 11
2,253 new cases, 3,085 recoveries.
Up to 100 hippopotamuses, all descended from four animals illegally imported into Colombia by the cocaine smuggler Pablo Escobar in the late 1980s, are menacing Colombia’s marshlands and river systems.
Scientists told The Daily Telegraph that the country must cull the aggressive “cocaine hippos” roaming the Magdalena river basin, as they are breeding uncontrollably in the country’s wet and warm climate. In their natural African habitat, they are less fecund due to a long dry season.
Escobar, who was said to be worth a staggering US$25 billion at his most powerful built his own zoo, complete with elephants and hippopotamuses.
When he was shot dead in 1993, the Colombian government took control of his estate, including the animals, most of which were either euthanised or sent to other zoos.
The hippos, however, living in a remote pond, escaped the cull because of difficulties capturing them.
Researchers say the river animals are now competing with native wildlife and polluting local waterways with their toxic urine and faeces.
Authorities have made efforts to sterilise them but without success owing to the fact that male hippos have retractable testes.
David Echeverri Lopez, a government environmentalist, told The Telegraph that he is able to castrate roughly one hippo per year, whereas scientists estimate that their population grows by 10% per year.
“Nobody likes the idea of shooting hippos, but we have to accept that no other strategy is going to work,” ecologist Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez told The Telegraph.
The hippos have been adopted by local villagers and become a tourist attraction.
Paying visitors can tour Escobar’s former mansion and visit the lake where several dozen hippos now live, protected by environmental law.
Although they are mostly herbivorous, hippos, the largest land animal in the world after elephants, weighing in at over 3,500kg, are highly aggressive and regarded as one of the most dangerous animals in Africa.
Being highly territorial, they often attack without provocation when people encroach on their rivers or lakes in which they rest submerged and motionless.
These unpredictable “water-horses” kill around 3,000 people every year in Africa.
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Using the Heat Index: A Guide for Employers
contruction workers holding up house frame
Two primary sources of heat for workers:
Workers become overheated from two primary sources: (1) the environmental conditions in which they work and (2) the internal heat generated by physical labor. Heat-related illnesses occur when the body is not able to lose enough heat to balance the heat generated by physical work and external heat sources. Weather conditions are the primary external heat sources for outdoor workers.
Outdoor workers who are exposed to hot and humid conditions are at risk of heat-related illness. The risk of heat-related illness becomes greater as the weather gets hotter and more humid. This situation is particularly serious when hot weather arrives suddenly early in the season, before workers have had a chance to adapt to warm weather.
For people working outdoors in hot weather, both air temperature and humidity affect how hot they feel. The "heat index" is a single value that takes both temperature and humidity into account. The higher the heat index, the hotter the weather feels, since sweat does not readily evaporate and cool the skin. The heat index is a better measure than air temperature alone for estimating the risk to workers from environmental heat sources.
Heat-related illness can be prevented.
Outdoor workers include any workers who spend a substantial portion of the shift outdoors. Examples include construction workers, agricultural workers, baggage handlers, electrical power transmission and control workers, and landscaping and yard maintenance workers. These workers are at risk of heat-related illness when the heat index is high. Additional risk factors are listed below. These must be taken into consideration even when the heat index is lower.
• Work in direct sunlight - adds up to 15 degrees to the heat index.
• Perform prolonged or strenuous work
• Wear heavy protective clothing or impermeable suits
Start >>
Heat Index Risk Level Protective Measures
How can OSHA help? Workers have a right to a safe workplace. If you think your job is unsafe or have questions, visit OSHA's Worker's Page or call 1-800-321-6742 (OSHA). It's confidential. For other valuable worker protection information, such as Workers' Rights, Employer Responsibilities, and other services OSHA offers, visit OSHA's Workers' page.
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Cushing’s Disease – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Picture of an older dachshund
Hyperadrenocorticism, also known as Cushing’s disease, is a medical condition where the dog’s body produces too much cortisol. It shows up more or less commonly in middle-aged to older dogs.
A dog’s body requires some steroids for everything to function adequately. These are produced by the adrenal gland, located in the close proximity of the kidney. The pituitary gland is in charge of sending out messages to the adrenal gland so that the second produces steroids in a balanced way. Whenever a dog gets a growth on any of these glands, he or she will suffer a variety of symptoms.
In this article, we’ll look at some of the typical clinical signs that characterize Cushing’s disease, how it affects your dog, how it can be diagnosed, and whether or not there are any risk-free treatment options.
How does Cushing’s disease happen?
There are three main types of Cushing’s disease, and the most common one is represented by a pituitary gland tumor. This happens in about 85% to 90% of all cases. Whether the tumor is benign or malignant, it can cause an overproduction of a hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol.
An adrenal gland tumor is the next possible cause of a case of Cushing’s disease. In most cases, if it is benign, surgery can be used to remove it and therefore, cure the medical condition. If it is malignant, an operation might help for some time, but the prognosis is overall less favorable.
Finally, excessive use of cortisol caused by prolonged treatment with steroids is the last possible cause of this disease. Fortunately, the percentage of these cases has decreased significantly over the years as veterinarians are prescribing fewer steroids and usually for limited amounts of time.
What are the signs of this disease?
No matter the type that a dog is suffering from, the symptoms of Cushing’s disease are usually the same. The most common ones consist of an increase in appetite, urination, and water consumption. Cortisol stimulates appetite, so if you notice that your dog is wolfing down his or her food and water like there’s no tomorrow, maybe it’s time to take your pet to the vet.
In most cases, though, what pet owners notice first are excessive thirst and urination. Dogs can also experience hair loss, panting, weight gain, skin changes, abdominal swelling, and a general lack of energy. Some dogs can start having lowered immunity and as such, become exposed to a variety of common diseases.
Getting a diagnosis can be more or less challenging, as in most cases, the symptoms are rather mild. Therefore, extra tests are always required to determine your dog’s cortisol levels.
Diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s Disease
The two most common tests that are used to detect Cushing’s disease are the ACTH stimulation test and the low-dose dexamethasone-suppression test (LDDS). A variety of other tests can be performed and can help determine the exact type of medical condition. Naturally, an abdominal ultrasound is also required and can be an important part of the diagnostic process as it allows the veterinarian to assess the size of the adrenal glands, as well as whether or not there is any tumor growing on them.
The treatment largely depends on the type of Cushing’s disease that the dog is suffering from.
In cases where a pituitary tumor is at the root of the problem, the treatment is most complicated. There are two drugs commonly used to treat the disease (trilostane and mitotane) and what the treatment aims to do is to allow the pet to live a happy and normal life for many years as long as they stay under close medical supervision. However, if the pituitary tumor grows, it can affect the brain, which results in neurological signs.
If an adrenal gland tumor is discovered, it requires abdominal surgery. In cases where the whole tumor is removed and it is not malignant, the dog has a good chance of regaining his or her full health. In cases where surgery isn’t possible for some reason or another, some patients can be managed with medication.
If the disease was caused by excessive use of corticosteroids, the discontinuation of the treatment is necessary right away. However, it should be done in a gradual manner so that no complications ever occur. Talk to your vet about what other treatment options are available for your dog because most of the time, the condition that was being kept under control with the help of steroids will reappear if they are discontinued.
Drugs and their side effects
According to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Vetoryl (trilostane) can be used to treat both adrenal- and pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease in dogs. It works by stopping the production of cortisol in the dog’s adrenal glands. However, it should not be given to canine patients that take medications to treat heart disease, dogs that are pregnant, or dogs that have kidney or liver disease
Some common side effects of this medication are poor appetite, lack of energy, weakness, diarrhea, and vomiting. Other, more serious adverse reactions include bloody diarrhea, the destruction of the adrenal gland, and sodium and potassium imbalances. Treating Cushing’s disease can also be done by using Anipryl (selegiline), another FDA-approved medication – however, in this case, it only works in pituitary-dependent cases.
Managing a patient with medication
Without a doubt, your vet is going to outline a treatment plan for your dog’s specific condition. The guidelines must be followed closely, and the treatments depend on regular and consistent administration of the medication. In many cases, lifelong treatment is necessary.
While most dogs can be treated with minimal or few side effects, the most important thing to keep in mind is that your canine friend has to be kept under observation thanks to regular blood tests. The correct dosage of the medication should be established after your dog starts receiving the drugs, so taking your pet to the vet’s office is crucial to ensure that you give him the right dose.
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Tracing the steps of Leon County's Miccosukee Indians
Dave Lang
Guest columnist
Cypress Landing Astronomical Park, on Lake Miccosukee on Tallahassee's eastern border. The Miccosukee Tribe lived on the western border.
Gerald Ensley will long be remembered for his interesting and entertaining articles about our local history, and his contribution to our community is sorely missed. However, he established a tradition that deserves to be continued, and I hope that this first article will be the beginning of a series of historical articles written about Tallahassee and Leon County.
Tucked away in the Northeast corner of Leon County is a large lake and a community bearing the name “Miccosukee.”
Dave Lang
Because of its isolated location, most have never been near the area, but in the early 1800s the western side of Lake Miccosukee was the home of the Miccosukee Indian tribe. In 1818, this settlement stretched 10 miles along the western shoreline and had a population of well over 1,000 people. It was the largest settlement of Native Americans in Florida at the time, and it became the site of a major engagement in the First Seminole War.
The Miccosukee were Creek Indians that settled in Florida as the U.S. expansion pushed further south and west into Alabama and Georgia. They became part of the developing Seminole Nation and were noted for fighting white settlers along the Alabama and Georgia borders of Florida.
Florida had become a haven for the Miccosukee — along with escaped slaves from Georgia — because our state was under Spanish Rule at that time. (For the slaves, this meant that Florida was free territory.) This didn’t end until 1821 when Florida became a Territory of the United States.
When Florida was under British rule for a 20-year period (1763-83), the British mapped the “Mikasuki” tribe with 60 homes, 28 families, and a town square. The population and size of the Miccosukee had grown considerably by the time the Battle of Miccosukee rolled around on Wednesday, April 1, 1818.
It is estimated that the Miccosukee Tribe had a population of 1,200 to 1,500 persons containing 300-400 households. It was considered to be the largest community in Florida at the time. (Pensacola had 181 houses while St. Augustine had 300.)
Captain Hugh Young, Andrew Jackson’s cartographer, gave the following description of the Miccosukee:
“The Indians raised abundance of corn, rice, potatoes, peas, beans and ground nuts-the soil yielding plentiful crops without much labor. They have immense droves of cattle and hogs roaming through the woods and the abundance of game gave them plenty of venison and skins. They also raised numbers of small but hardy horses. They traded at St. Marks and Apalachicola with skins, fur, rice, cattle, etc., and received in exchange woolens, cutlery, guns and ammunition. They had no arts. Even of pottery they were ignorant from the want of proper clay for the manufacture. Of spinning they knew nothing. They pounded their corn meal and never had the art of grinding even in its rudest form. Their agriculture was of the simplest kind. The looseness of the soil obviated the necessity of heavy labor and the work of a few hoers soon opened a field and prepared a crop. Their cabins were neatly built and their rude furniture kept in decent condition.”
The Miccosukee town had a central square that functioned as a ceremonial and governmental center. It consisted of four inward facing structures that were open in front but enclosed on the sides and back. They were aligned to the center of the square, and seating was designated based on rank, age, status, etc.
The chief’s cabin stood nearby. From that square the settlement spread out for miles in a loose arrangement, unlike today’s towns. The people lived in family groups and their houses were solidly built, many in cabins that rivaled and often surpassed those of the early European settlers.
As if living in a land of beautiful rolling hills with hardwood and pine forests and fertile soil was not enough, they also had an abundance of deer, turkey and other wildlife as a food source—- and a large lake nearby, teeming with fish. Thanks to the Spanish, the area happened to be rich with feral cattle that had vastly increased in numbers over the years, very possibly from the herd at Mission San Luis.
The Miccosukee world came to a violent end on Wednesday, April 1, 1818, when Andrew Jackson showed up, a story for another time.
Further information on Miccosukee can be found in “Florida’s Seminole Wars” by Joe Knetsch and “The Seminole Wars” by John Missall and Mary Lou Missall.
Dave Lang, descended from one of the earliest Leon County settlers, is the former Clerk of Courts for Leon County and is former president and current board member of the Tallahassee Historical Society. |
Fuzzy relational clustering
In the framework of fuzzy clustering, to classify N objects into C types means to define C fuzzy sets, also called fuzzy clusters, by specifying the membership degree of each object to each cluster. In fuzzy relational clustering, the problem of classifying data is solved by expressing a relation that quantifies the similarity, or dissimilarity, degree between pairs of objects. Based on such relation, objects very similar to each other, i.e., objects of the same type, will belong with high membership values to the same cluster.
In fuzzy object data clustering, on the other hand, the problem of classifying N objects into C types is typically solved by, first, finding C prototypes, which best represent the characteristics of as many groups of objects, and then building a cluster around each such prototype, by assigning each object a membership degree that is as much higher as greater its similarity degree with the prototype is. A prototype may be either a cluster centre, or the most centrally located object in a cluster, or a probability distribution, etc., depending on the type of available data and the specific algorithm adopted. It should be noted that the knowledge of prototypes, which are a condensed representation of the key characteristics of the corresponding clusters, is also an important means to drastically reduce the dimension of the set of objects.
One of the most popular object data clustering algorithms is the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm, which can be applied if the objects of interest are represented as points in a multi-dimensional space. FCM relates the concept of object similarity to spatial closeness and finds cluster centres as prototypes. Several examples of application of FCM to real clustering problems have proved the good characteristics of this algorithm with respect to stability and partition quality. Further, its convergence has been formally demonstrated.
As regards fuzzy relational clustering, several algorithms have been proposed (for instance, Roubens' fuzzy nonmetric model (FNM), Windham's assignment prototype model (AP), and Hathaway, Davenport and Bezdek's relational fuzzy C-means (RFCM)). All these algorithms determine a fuzzy partition of the data set using an alternating optimization scheme to iteratively minimize appropriate objective functions based on a dissimilarity relation R.
In this framework, we have introduced a new fuzzy relational algorithm, called ARCA (Any Relation Clustering Algorithm) which has resulted to be stable without requiring any particular restrictions on the square binary relation. Further, ARCA represents a cluster in terms of a representative of the mutual relationships of the objects which belong to the cluster with a high membership value.
In ARCA each object is represented by the vector of its relation strengths with the other objects in the data set, and a prototype is an object (possibly not included in the original data set) whose relationship with all the objects in the data set is representative of the mutual relationships of a group of similar objects. Like FCM, ARCA partitions the data set minimizing the Euclidean distance between each object (strongly) belonging to a cluster and the prototype of the cluster.
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ACT Nutrition Support Service » Avoiding 3.30itis
Avoiding 3.30itis
ACT Nutrition Support Service » Avoiding 3.30itis
Avoiding 3.30itis
Do you ever feel low in energy mid-afternoon and find yourself reaching out for high sugar snacks?
Energy is needed for maintenance, growth and everyday activities. Boosting your energy comes from fuelling your body with the right fuel. We need a combination of energy and nutrients to keep us going all day at optimal capacity.
Our 10 top tips to avoid 3:30-itis and help keep you feeling great for the rest of your day.
1. Choose slow carbs
Slow acting carbohydrates are low in glycaemic index (GI) which help keep our blood sugar level, energy level and appetite more steady. Great sources include rolled oats, natural muesli, pasta, multigrain bread, basmati rice, tinned legumes such as chickpeas and lentils and sweet potato. Choose a slow carb at each meal for longer lasting energy.
2. Don’t skip meals
Eating regular meals every 2-3 hours helps keep energy levels steady and avoid the afternoon crashes. Start the day right with breakfast and include healthy morning and afternoon snacks such as fruit or nuts.
3. Include at least 5 serves of vegetables every day
Vegetables contain essential vitamins and minerals which play an important role in energy production. Add a side bowl of vegetables of your choice to your lunch or dinner meal. Vegetables such as carrots, celery and cucumber also make easy snacks when cut into sticks.
4. Remember to have 2 serves of fruit a day
Just like vegetables, fruits also contain many important vitamins and minerals required to unlock energy in our body. Yes, fruit has sugar but this is not added sugar, so choose fruit instead of sugary bars and chocolate to get that sweet taste plus other nutritional benefits.
5. Aim to drink 6 to 8 glasses of water every day
Dehydration is a common cause of fatigue and can often be confused for hunger. Make sure you carry a water bottle with you to sip from throughout the day.
6. Enjoy iron rich food sources
Iron is an important nutrient which transports oxygen around the body for energy production. Aim to regularly include iron rich sources of food such as red meat, eggs and leafy greens.
7. Boost your B vitamin intake
B vitamins play a key role in releasing energy from food to fuel our body and in maintaining good mental health. Great food sources include wholegrains, eggs, meat and fish.
8. Watch your caffeine intake
Caffeine is a stimulant and in large doses can disturb sleep and contribute to dehydration. After the initial burst of energy, caffeine can cause a greater feeling of fatigue and low energy. Be smart with your caffeine intake and remember it’s not just coffee that contains caffeine. It can also be found in black tea, energy drinks, chocolate and cola drinks.
9. Consider other factors besides diet alone
Sleep, stress levels and exercise also play a role in energy levels. Inadequate sleep and exercise can impact on your energy as can high stress and frantic lifestyles. Take time to think and reflect. Try devising a plan to help manage what may be an issue for you.
10. Speak to your healthcare professional
For some, it may be worthwhile having a chat with your Doctor to eliminate any medical reasons for persistent low energy levels.
Click here to download this information as a PDF. |
Select evidence-based approaches that reflect best practices that will promote learning for students with Exceptional Learning Needs (ELN). The Portfolio will contain 8 sections and a minimum of 16 strategies (2 per section) Strategies from the following 5 mandatory sections: Literacyphonics/phonological awareness/word recognition Literacyfluency/comprehension Written Language Mathematics Behavior Strategies from 3 of the following sections: Technology Communication (including augmentative/alternative approaches) Social Interaction/Self-Esteem Transition/Self-Advocacy Memory Other (must be approved by instructor) Use a variety of sources, such as the Internet, research journals, books, interviews, teacher-developed materials, and/or non-print media; however, these sources must show evidence of the effectiveness of the practices for students with ELN. |
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Biology LibreTexts
7.1: Introduction
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• The early earths’ atmosphere consisted of hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, water vapor, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Oxygen was not present until the evolution of the first photosynthetic organisms, the cyanobacteria, about 3.5 billion years ago.
Photosynthesis is the process that transforms light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Photosynthetic organisms include plants, algae, cyanobacteria and Euglena, a photosynthetic protozoa. Photosynthesis occurs inside the specialized organelles known as chloroplasts. Photosynthesis can be summarized by the following equation:
\[\ce{6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2}\]
Photosynthesis is not one reaction but rather a metabolic pathway, a series of reactions that can be divided into 2 separate phases. In the first phase, the light dependent reaction, the pigment chlorophyll absorbs light energy. This energy is used to split water molecules. The breaking of the water molecules releases energy that is stored as ATP and NADPH and oxygen is released as a bi-product. The second phase of photosynthesis is the Calvin Cycle where the energy harvested in the light dependent reaction is used to fixate carbon atoms from carbon dioxide and glucose is formed. |
Politics track record insures the many gatherings in governmental life in different regions, such as the way that they have influenced other nations, what political exercises they brought and why, that were interested in them, the governmental get-togethers that they belonged to, along with impact on 1 another. Furthermore, view publisher site covers how they improved the community and world generally speaking, and is often related to the function of religion and religious modify. Which include financial heritage, intercontinental associations, constitutional history even foreign heritage.
Such type of analysis are often very useful for a major part of people today as it’s so extensive and involves these types of many occasions, it is related to other martial arts of historic analyze. Track record is often a research, which implies that a lot of its information and facts are not at the mercy of debate or discussion. In some good sense, this is related to the clinical course of action. It is also than the societal sciences, in that it takes the whole history of situations in world and brings together them to a logical total, which offers a comprehensive standpoint. That’s why most people get serious about mastering politics historical past which is very different from some other type of record in there are lots of factors associated with your lifetime.
Such type of analysis contains several unique sections of examine, for example politics direction, including the purpose of politicians in acquiring and tweaking the country’s sociable method. These are typically considered as critical indicators in how their country is governed. They will be able to ascertain the part of the several parties that rul inside nationrrrs system, too.
Politics direction is usually helpful to deliver advice about the of an a number of head, and just how they inspired their region, which will also help in finding out how they could have altered the best way their region was dictated. The same holds real for other market leaders who encouraged before.
Another necessary area of such type of review is always to present what changes developed inside of a particular place during a period of time. cardano blockchain voting https://www.dwebguide.com/post/can-blockchain-fix-our-voting-system of these gatherings can help ascertain the political movement of these land and whether they were able to improve it or you cannot, whilst some will help decide how the people of your region noticed their political technique or federal government.
The main goal of these studies would be to deliver comprehension of the lifestyles of people and organisations globally, permitting experts to find out which the ideal strategies were along with what designed essentially the most sensation back then. By examining webpage as an individual can find out more about the market leaders they used of all time, and the way their decisions affected the media or community overall.
Different backgrounds of the identical celebration will help figure out the reason behind the change inside a political process, which might include how it happened before warfare, what improved in the cross over collected from one of years to an alternative precisely what alterations happened right after major social modifications in a world. Also, some adjustments to a country’s federal enables you to figure out how folks are dictated and the way they presume about their market leaders, so political heritage can help to sort knowledge of why they identified as for your recent bash as an alternative to one more.
There are cardano blockchain voting https://www.dwebguide.com/post/can-blockchain-fix-our-voting-system of political movements that have happened all through background in any pieces of the world, and they’re going to also allow that you see what the significant functions are like in the course of those people occasions. Also, there are numerous governmental exercises in the country that contain generated the organization of various international locations and authorities in most countries around the world. Some of the ways such type of analyze may be used to give persons recommended about precisely how the earth performs and why factors altered occasionally. |
Music listening is an integral and oftentimes purposeful activity in our daily lives. We listen to particular tracks in order to change our current emotional state or in order to maintain it. How we react to a particular song not only depends on the musical attributes of that song but on various situational and personal factors.
Originally posted on our Groovecat blog, written by Sami Behbehani , 15. March 2019
Possibilities for musical self-regulation are limitless in today’s modern society. Technical advancements such as smartphones, high-quality earphones, and music streaming have enabled listeners to access massive song-libraries from anywhere, at any time.
Consequently, individuals can immediately react to new circumstances by adapting their listening strategy accordingly.
However, the process of self-regulation through music is highly subjective and dependent on various factors.
Perceiving an emotion doesn’t mean that you feel it the same as other people
A song is a construct, whose single elements merge and ultimately communicate a particular feeling or atmosphere. Most likely, a listener will perceive this feeling accurately. Yet, the feeling having any effect on the emotional state of the listener is not given.
“Whether a certain song evokes an emotion or not depends firstly on the listener’s musical preference, secondly the previous listening experience and thirdly, empathy with the recording artist” – Sami Behbehani
As in movies, a certain degree of identification with the protagonist is preconditioned for the story to touch the audience. In a musical context, empathy is the precondition for a song’s story to strike interest and cause emotional contagion. Studies have shown that with an increasing degree of empathy towards a song/artist, a higher correspondence between perceived and felt emotion during music listening can be experienced.
Your listening environment influences your music selection more than personal attributes
Some recent scientific studies have shown situational circumstances to have a stronger influence on the process of music selection than personal attributes of the listener. However, capturing the essence of a situation is a complex and scientifically still relatively unexplored issue. Situations do not only include physical elements such as location, persons, weather, time of day etc. But there is also the aspect of how a person reacts towards these respective elements. This aspect even includes potential highly complex interactions between person and situation.
In our daily lives, we experience various situations that affect us in different ways and to which we react accordingly. While some of these situations occur spontaneously, others allow us to plug in our earphones or switch on our speakers. For instance: On our way to work we might get bored and hence need something to lift us up; while getting ready in the morning we might want to start the day off on a positive or energetic note; when we socialize with others we like to create a comforting atmosphere; and in order to prepare for a stressful situation we want to reach a higher state of excitement, in order to handle the situation better
Common strategies of emotional regulation
1. Aesthetic enjoyment
Studies have shown that personal well-being is a key motive for music listening. When listening to preferred songs it makes the listener draw enjoyment from the overall listening experience. Liked music was shown to trigger the release of neurological messengers such as dopamine and serotonin, signaling pleasure and reward to the system, resulting in increased comfort. This can be interpreted as a mood-improvement process through aesthetic stimulation, which however does not modify the listener’s emotion in a specific fashion.
1. Sustaining cheerfulness
Further in line with the principle of emotional regulation is a deliberate choice of songs that communicate emotions parallel with those felt by the listener. Persons experiencing cheerfulness tend to listen to happy music more frequently because they like to maintain the emotional state they are in. This is a common strategy in situations where social interaction between persons is desirable, as at parties or relaxed evenings with friends.
1. Emotional Self-therapy
Another strategy that directly influences a music listener’s emotional state is utilized when experiencing negative emotion. Sad music, for instance, is highly popular amongst listeners of different genres on the one hand; and on the other hand, it can exert a strong effect on the listener. As compared to happy music which rather maintains or enforces an existing emotional state, sad or depressing songs are more commonly used for musical self-therapy. If previously mentioned mechanisms such as empathy with the song/artist, preference for the style etc. are given, sad music can mirror the listener’s feelings and therefore help to process experienced sadness, ultimately resulting in uplift.
1. Stimulation
Aggressive music is a special case in itself because it can be positively stimulating on the one hand yet also expresses a negative emotional connotation on the other hand. Listening to aggressive music while experiencing feelings of aggression can have a channeling effect. Beyond that, intense music, aggressive music, in particular, enables the listener to achieve a higher degree of stimulation. This effect is consciously or subconsciously utilized by music listeners in order to: get pumped up for physical activities such as sports or dancing; motivate themselves to pull through monotonous tasks such as housework and cooking; or prepare themselves mentally for events known to include conflict and negative stress.
Implications for the future
It can be suggested that any form of maintaining or improving one’s emotional state through music falls under the category of musical-self therapy.
There is however no auditive all-around solution for daily needs since individuals vary in their personal attributes and situations exert different effects on different people. Since music recommendation algorithms rarely or not at all focus on mentioned aspects, it is unlikely for them to serve as an adequate daily regulation-tool for listeners.
Research is still at a point where new discoveries can potentially shake up the field and though there are several studies with valid findings, most likely no study will ever be able to include all parameters that fully explain human music listening behavior.
From the consumer’s perspective, the last few years of technological development have facilitated a free and goal-driven use of music. This positive development could continue in the future with tech-companies and start-ups working on new ways for music to fulfill the listeners’ potential needs. |
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All films have an important function to audiences. The respect for this function is the main urge of Lyden in his book. Film-watching should be considered a beneficial activity be it religious or not. According to the book, functionality of films should act as challenge to all those that discuss theology, religion, and culture. Below is an analysis of the themes in Lyden’s book and how they are demonstrated in the film The Passion of Christ that was directed by Mel Gibson
The main theme of the book is religious functionality of individual films that most people watch. To be more specific, viewers’ appeal is generated from personal interpretation as well as interpretation of ideology and theology. The theme is very basic and can be seen from the title itself Films as Religion. The religion functionality is visible in different types of films including action, western, and children films (John, 4).
The theme of beliefs and values that are established in the formal religious centers is as well clear. The two are related to faith, which is the basis of religion. When films are studied keenly, this aspect can be generated as the world culture is built on values and rituals. Theology and ideology are built on themes, which can be easily understood by keen understanding of the functionality of a film.
Demonstration of the Themes in the Film
Both religious functionality and the theme of belief and values are validated in the film The Passion of Christ. The film is built on the origin of Christianity (one of the common global religions) giving an explanation of all the values, morals, and rituals of the faith. In addition, it has the capability of instilling teachings in the audiences on the path of the religion and what is expected of them.
In brief, Films as Religion clearly defines the religious purpose of films in the world philosophy. Movies are a good way to understand the world values with the aim of accepting and confronting them. Finally, interpretation is the basis of benefiting from this characteristic of films, while at the same time enjoying and learning on various components of religion.
Work Cited
John, Lyden. Films as Religion: Myths, Morals, and Rituals. New York, NY: New York
University Press, 2003, Print. |
(Video) Kid Cooks to the Rescue: Building Skills to Last a Lifetime
(Video) Kid Cooks to the Rescue: Building Skills to Last a Lifetime is part of the Food Experience Unplugged Video Series. The series spotlights a variety of ways people create positive food experiences, and demonstrates how you can use these “ingredients” to create positive food experiences in your own life.
Children generally have a keen sense of discovery and a thirst for knowledge. Such is often the case with cooking. Kid cooks plunge right into the sticky, gooey, messy, and terribly tasty thick of things. They learn by doing – and make memories in the process.
Daria Gordhamer starts her kids young in the kitchen. From simple steps of mixing and retrieving items from the fridge, to cooking complete meals, she has taught her children to have a culinary mindset.
Michelle Seidling and Daria Gordhamer representing kid cooks
Michelle with Daria Gordhamer. Teaching culinary skills involves a lot of fun, patience, and creativity.
She encourages each one to use their math, reading, and science skills, as well as their creative genius. She expresses confidence in her children, and helps them develop the self-confidence they need for a lifetime – both in and out of the kitchen.
In this video, learn how food brings people together and gives them skills to last a lifetime:
· Discover tips to introduce cooking to your children
· Understand how cooking helps to build family relationships
· Uncover how cooking builds memories and traditions
· Find helpful resources to facilitate teaching and learning culinary skills
FOOD FOR THOUGHT: What experiences in this video impacted you the most? How have you taught your children to cook in ways that create positive food experiences? Let us know on social media!
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Mortality and Morbidity: The Measure of a Pandemic | Infectious Diseases | JAMA | JAMA Network
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July 1, 2020
Mortality and Morbidity: The Measure of a Pandemic
Author Affiliations
• 1Deputy Editor, JAMA
• 2Editor in Chief, JAMA
JAMA. 2020;324(5):458-459. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11761
By late May 2020, more than 100 000 individuals in the US died of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).1 News reports lamented the number, comparing it to the capacity of a large football stadium or a small town and noting its similarity to the number of US soldiers killed in World War I or in the Korean and Vietnam wars combined.2
Death seems like it should be an accurate measure of the pandemic’s evolution and effects—the worst outcome, an unequivocal outcome. However, the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 in official reports is likely an underestimate of deaths caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition, the statistic does not incorporate deaths indirectly attributable to the virus and the measures used to contain it.
Early in the pandemic, people who died of COVID-19 may not have been recognized due to inadequate knowledge of the infection or lack of testing availability, and their deaths may have been attributed to another respiratory disease, such as influenza.3 Individuals who died at home or in nursing homes may not have been tested for or diagnosed with COVID-19, and those deaths would not be counted in mortality related to the pandemic.
In addition, other deaths not from COVID-19 may have resulted from the pandemic, particularly related to concerns about exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and social distancing measures. One study showed that hospitalizations at Veterans Affairs facilities for 6 emergency and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, declined by 41.9% during the first weeks of the pandemic (from 77 624 admissions in weeks 5-10 of 2020 to 45 155 admissions in weeks 11-16).4 People may have ignored symptoms as they obeyed stay-at-home orders or were concerned about going to a hospital where they might contract the virus. Data on whether avoidance of care has translated into additional deaths are not yet available.
In contrast, quarantine measures also may have led to a decline in deaths from other causes, such as vehicular crashes because fewer people were driving on the roads. A study from California found that traffic crashes, injuries, and fatalities decreased by half in the month after the state’s stay-at-home mandate.5 In addition, social distancing measures have been shown to decrease the incidence of influenza6 and other respiratory viruses, presumably decreasing deaths from these causes.
How then is it possible to estimate the true effect of this pandemic, accounting for these different factors? One way is to estimate excess deaths (ie, deaths beyond what would be expected). In this issue of JAMA, Woolf and colleagues7 compared the number of excess deaths in the US between March 1, 2020, and April 25, 2020, with the preceding 6 years. Based on data from 2014 to 2019, the authors expected 419 058 deaths but observed 505 059, an excess of 87 001 deaths. They estimated that 65% were attributable to COVID-19, leaving 35% of the excess deaths unexplained. Some of these deaths may be due to inaccuracies in the data (eg, misclassified deaths, incomplete reports) or to avoidance of care. If the same pattern continued through the end of May, there would be, as reported, 100 000 deaths attributable to COVID-19, but an estimated 135 000 total deaths attributable to the pandemic. Woolf et al7 also provide state-by-state estimates of excess deaths and a more detailed account of the 5 states most affected by COVID-19.
Estimating excess deaths is not a new approach. Similar calculations have been done to assess the effect of common and uncommon causes of mortality. For example, a study used this calculation to analyze the obesity epidemic and found excess deaths attributable to obesity vs normal weight.8 After Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, estimated counts of excess deaths ranged from 1139 to 4645, compared with an official death toll of 64.9
However, focusing only on death as a measure of the effect of the pandemic overlooks morbidity. Just as with mortality, there are direct and indirect effects, many of which cannot yet be fully appreciated. Hospitalizations from COVID-19 may be a valuable direct measure to help assess morbidity. Some morbidities are still being evaluated. For example, reports of children developing a multisystem inflammatory syndrome after COVID-19, with potential cardiac damage, have emerged.10 It is too soon to know whether the severe pulmonary damage observed in some adults who recovered from severe COVID-19 will have long-term respiratory implications.
In addition, although the mitigation efforts (eg, stay-at-home orders, school closures) have been successful in decreasing the rate of spread of the virus, they have had indirect effects. For example, reports of domestic violence have increased.11 Social isolation has been associated with psychological distress. In a national survey from April 2020 that involved 1468 respondents, 13.6% of adults reported serious psychological distress, compared with 3.9% in 2018, at levels that predict serious mental illness.12 School closures, especially if they continue in the fall, may harm children, especially those at social risk. Not only could educational progress be affected, but children who rely on school breakfast and lunch may be going hungry. Children who rely on school-based health centers might not receive some health services.13 Closures of businesses, whether temporary or permanent, may have health effects. With the unemployment rate reaching 13.3% in May 2020,14 many individuals may have to choose between paying the rent and seeing a physician or refilling a prescription.
The COVID-19 pandemic and the social distancing measures used to contain the spread of the virus have altered everyday life in the US and produced excess mortality and morbidity. It is important to have an accurate count of the number of deaths that have resulted from this pandemic either directly or indirectly. Woolf et al7 have provided an early count of these numbers by estimating excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes. The goal is to update these counts in the fall of 2020 so that an accurate measure of the status of the pandemic and of efforts to mitigate the related morbidity and mortality are available to be debated prior to the presidential election.
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Article Information
Corresponding Author: Jody W. Zylke, MD, Deputy Editor, JAMA, 330 N Wabash Ave, Ste 39300, Chicago, IL 60611 (
Published Online: July 1, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11761
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): cases in the US. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Updated June 21, 2020. Accessed June 22, 2020.
Anthony T. American virus deaths at 100,000: what does a number mean? AP News. May 27, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020.
Gill JR, DeJoseph ME. The importance of proper death certification during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. Published online June 10, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.9536PubMedGoogle Scholar
Baum A, Schwartz MD. Admissions to veterans affairs hospitals for emergency conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. Published online June 5, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.9972PubMedGoogle Scholar
California crashed during “shelter-in-place” orders, March-April 2020. Road Ecology Center website. Accessed June 6, 2020.
Sakamoto H, Ishikane M, Ueda P. Seasonal influenza activity during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Japan. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1969-1971. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6173PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
Woolf SH, Chapman DA, Sabo RT, Weinberger DM, Hill L. Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, March-April 2020. JAMA. Published online July 1, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11787Google Scholar
Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 2005;293(15):1861-1867. doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
Santos-Lozada AR, Howard JT. Use of death counts from vital statistics to calculate excess deaths in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria. JAMA. 2018;320(14):1491-1493. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.10929PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref
Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. Published online June 8, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10369PubMedGoogle Scholar
Boserup B, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Emerg Med. Published online April 28, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077PubMedGoogle Scholar
McGinty EE, Presskreischer R, Han H, Barry CL. Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA. Published online June 3, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.9740PubMedGoogle Scholar
The employment situation—May 2020. Bureau of Labor Statistics. June 5, 2020. Accessed June 6, 2020.
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3 Comments for this article
Missing Scenarios
Carey Page, MD | UTHSCSA
Considerations missing from the discussion are the numbers of patients dying from other causes that were also infected by SARS-CoV-2. Myocardial infarction, gun-shot wounds, auto accidents as the proximate cause of death were often (by rule) attributed to COVID-19 if the person tested positive at the time of death. There were also economic incentives to attributing the "cause of death" to COVID-19. This misappropriation may or may have not been corrected as time passed.
Similarly absent from the analysis is the consideration of economic and social conditions that required people to venture into the "economy" in spite of
the "shelter in place" rules. Economic distress from the shutdown and loss of income caused many to "go to the store" rather than opting for delivery. In fact, the most frequent source of person-to-person transmission is "in the home." In NYC, the most frequent source of community acquired infection was the home (≈66%).
So; this paper does a good job as far as it goes but leaves out some really significant scenarios: some political and economic, and some real-life.
Accurate Measurement of Mortality and Morbidity for COVID-19
The clear and concise editorial by the Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor of JAMA is concerned with the important issue of the accurate measurement of mortality and morbidity for COVID-19.
Such accurate measurement of mortality and morbidity is essential for optimal public health policy considerations, which are affected by political considerations, especially in a Presidential election year.
As of 3 July 2020, almost 3 million individuals have been diagnosed as COVID-19 positive, with over 1340,000 deaths, in the USA (
The estimated number of deaths that are directly attributable to COVID-19 is undeniably an underestimate as the numbers do not seem to
include cases where individuals were not tested for the disease before or after death, as well as misdiagnosis due to overlapping and disguised factors.
Deaths that could be indirectly attributed to COVID-19 include avoidance of care, and lack of access to medical and health care due to other socio-environmental factors such as poverty, hunger and racism, which are often found to be overlapping.
Estimates based on "unexplained excess deaths" are aggregate measures that do not take account of mitigating factors, such as the effects of self isolation, social distancing, quarantining, lockdowns, reduced traffic accidents, domestic violence, and deaths arising from COVID-19-induced psychological stress and mental illness.
Clear and consistent definitions across all measuring facilities, including all States, are essential to obtain accurate measures of mortality and morbidity to enable meaningful public health policy deliberations.
Brian Reddy |
From the excess deaths study:
"87 001 were excess deaths, of which 56 246 (65%) were attributed to COVID-19"
i.e. 56,246 / 87,001 = ~65%
87,000 * 0.65 = 56,246
Important to note, in order for COVID deaths to make up 65% of excess deaths then,
56,246 * 1.55 = 87,001
Excess deaths must be ~50% greater than COVID deaths. Not 35%.
From your editorial,
deaths attributable to the pandemic."
100,000 / 135,000 = 74%
Since 1-0.65 = 35%, I believe you thought to do 100,000 * 1.35 = 135,000
But 100,000 * 1.5 = 150,000.
That way,
100,000 COVID deaths / 150,000 excess = 65% of excess deaths (for lack of a better term) directly attributable to COVID.
So, COVID reported deaths * ~1.5 = excess deaths, that way COVID deaths make up 65% of excess deaths. |
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