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Prendiamoci cura della Terra Bread, places, cultures The history of bread is closely linked to the development of human civilizations, from the dawn of agriculture until nowadays. We do not know exactly when bread was born; its first documented production dates back to 2,000 B.C. when the Egyptians realized the importance of cooking food at high temperatures and discovered the sourdough; a dough made with flour and water and forgotten in a warm and humid place started to ferment naturally turning into a soft and spongy substance. The Egyptian housewife, instead of throwing it away, baked it. Instead of the usual unleavened bread she got a lighter and more fragrant one so she decided to repeat the experiment and found out that by mixing a piece of the fermented dough with another one that had just been kneaded she could make this raise: she had discovered natural leavening! From ancient times up to nowadays natural leavening has been widely used by man to produce more and more elaborated types of bread and baked products. Sourdough produces a series of characteristics and has peculiar nutritional properties which have for centuries until nowadays caused the interest of scientists, from Plinius the Old to Louis Pasteur. Bread is even today closely linked to civil and religious traditions and therefore has always played such an important role as to be considered as a synonym of food, life and well-being; in fact we should bear in mind Christian symbolism, the etymology of terms such as the Italian word “compagno” (cum panis: literally “someone to share bread with”) and also the hundreds of colloquial expressions in which the word bread is recurrent. Every people have adjusted their bread to the available raw materials: mainly durum wheat semolina in the South of Italy, possibly with the addition of local ingredients like olives or tomatoes, “pane sciocco” in Tuscany (they say that Florentine people started to avoid putting salt into the bread in order not to pay for the salt to Pisa), rye flour in Northern Europe… bread is therefore a product with a strong local identity; in Italy there exists more than 250 traditional types with over one thousand variants, some of which have also obtained an official acknowledgment and legal protection from European Union: the bread of Altamura, the “Pagnotta” (loaf) of Dittaino (EN), Italy and the Tuscan bread have a DOP label while the bread of Materak the “Coppia” (couple) of Ferrara and the homemade bread of Genzano are IGP. The Italian consumer prefers handmade products, one-mile food, with a reduced salt content and a high nutritional value, so reappraising their typical characteristics and traditions. In this context they have rediscovered natural yeast, which is characterized by a complex ecosystem in which the dominant populations are yeasts and lactose bacteria whose biodiversity is closely linked to the local environment but also to the traditional practices adopted which are actually nothing else than technologies. From the synergic activities of the varied microbic “society” a series of metabolic products are originated (ethanol, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, acetic acid, volatile composts, prebiotics) which give the product the characteristics making it different from manufactured bread obtained with brewer’s yeast only. Thanks to the metabolic activity of the existing populations, the naturally leavened bread presents a more sensorial complexity which enhances its flavour; it also has better nutritional characteristics, for instance its glycaemic index: e.g. the bioavailability of the simple sugars it offers it is about half that of manufactured bread since acidity partially inhibits starch degradation into simple sugars; besides, its microorganisms permit, because of their enzymatic content, a better assimilation of nutritional factors; also the microbic activity enriches the product with prebiotic substances (exopolysaccharides) and makes it more digestible thanks to the partial pre-digestion of gluten, i.e. the protein of bread. Also because of its higher acidity sourdough bread lasts longer than manufactured bread: staling process (loss of compactness and unpleasant taste growth) is slower and the growth of moulds and bacteria responsible of the most important degradation phenomena is inhibited. Although the use of sourdough determines great advantages as regards the characteristics of the final product, it must be also taken into consideration the existence of disadvantages, mainly linked to the use of sourdough in the bakery process, such as the preparation time which is longer than what the use of brewer’s yeast requires, but in particular the necessity of frequent refreshments, the continual additions of water and flour which are needed in order to preserve and renew the sourdough between successive productions of bread. All these factors make the diffusion of sourdough only possible in small-scale contexts. Gobbetti and M. Gänzle (eds.), Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5425-0_2, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013. Chapter 1 History and Social Aspects of Sourdough. Stefan Cappelle, Lacaze Guylaine, M. Gänzle, and M. Gobbetti. Zambonelli C., Tini V., Giudici P., Grazia L. Microbiologia degli alimenti fermentati. Edagricole-New Business Media (2001).
Overview of Bionic Technologies Technology will soon integrate with our humanity As technology has become more sophisticated, it has become more intimate. Mobile devices alone are like a small, personal window into the vastness of the web. But technology hasn’t stopped there. Bionic technologies are becoming a reality, and are integrating with the human body itself. Humans and technology are coming together in a multitude of ways. of 05 Bionic Technology Bionic technology being used at a presentation jurvetson / Flickr Bionic technology refers to any tech that melds with the human body to enhance or restore its capacities. It is rapidly becoming more sophisticated, offering more augmentation for able-bodied people. Elective augmentation using bionics may soon become more widespread. Devices are hitting the market that can replace damaged sensory apparatus. Cochlear implants can serve as replacement ears. Retinal implants can perform the function of the human eye. Bionics is a topic that became popular in science fiction with the notion of cyborgs. Many of the ideas put forward in science fiction are not only becoming a reality but are hitting the market as products. of 05 The MIT Biomechatronics Group Hugh Herr Joi Ito / Flickr Some of the biggest innovations in bionics are at the margins; it is the extreme ideas that have the biggest potential for impact. It’s fitting, then, that the MIT Biomechatronics Group was once called the Extreme Bionics Lab. Dr. Hugh Herr leads the group, and he himself has a compelling story involving bionics. Both of his legs are bionic, and he is a recipient of many experimental technologies. The group works on the cutting edge of bionics, with a focus on different areas of the domain. Topics range from exoskeletons to limb attachments to powered bionic ankles. of 05 Exoskeleton Technology Ekso Bionics Exoskeleton Ekso Bionics In popular culture, the notion of exoskeletons evokes the image of a robotic suit of armor. While exoskeletons of this type do exist, some of the most impactful exoskeletons are much simpler in design. Ekso Bionics is selling an exoskeleton for walking rehabilitation that resembles robotic leg braces. This powered exoskeleton can allow people with disabilities to walk again. Many innovations are emerging with exoskeletons. Researchers are developing unpowered exoskeletons that can augment walking. Soon, exoskeletons will assist able-bodied people with physical tasks. Walking, running and lifting heavy things will become easier. of 05 Human Enhancement Technology Variety of colorful pills and medications e-MagineArt / Flickr Many of the technologies mentioned offer the possibility of augmenting everyone. Bionic enhancements will be available to the public. It will create real complexity as the notion of a cyborg moves from fantasy to reality. Smart drugs may be a starting point, offering a non-invasive form of enhancement. These are drugs not for therapeutic or recreational use but used to enhance intelligence. Ethical concerns with enhancement technologies are inevitable. For example, what if your employer required you to use one of these invasive technologies? of 05 Sensory Substitution Technology Neil Harbisson Campus Party Europe / Flickr Our brains are not the part of our bodies that perceives the outside world. They interpret electrical signals from our senses. This process of interpretation is adaptable. For example, the brain allows a blind person to read in braille using touch. Braille readers can read at speeds that rival readers of print, and do so without conscious effort. Our brains can interpret touch as though reading with the eyes. Sensory substitution technologies are doing similar swapping of senses with greater complexity. Devices that allow users to see colors using sound, and feel words spoken as touches on the back. Sensory substitution technology may not stop there. A vest that allows the user to sense changes in the stock market is not far from reality. Technology Is Melding With Humanity The fusion of technology with our humanity will create complexities. Many believe that technology will be the way around human evolution. Before any possibility of the singularity, bionics will be a huge force in allowing humans to overcome their physical limitations.
Using Opposite Ideas To Keep a Song Moving Download “The Essential Secrets of Songwriting” 6 E-book Bundle. Become a top-level songwriter, starting now. Rock Band AudienceWhether audiences know it or not, what keeps people attracted and listening to a song is the successful blending together of opposite ideas within the same song. Called the contrast principle, presenting opposing musical shapes and elements within a song provides necessary forward motion. Without it, songs feel static, and give the sense that they aren’t developing. There are lots of ways to present opposites within a song. Check out the following list. 1. Melodic direction. Most melodies are conglomerations of smaller “cells” – short melodic ideas that go together to form larger melodies. Adele’s “Rolling in the Deep” is an example of this. That song is also a good model for demonstrating the contrasting of melodic direction: downward moving cells that form the verse melody, and upward moving ones that form the chorus. 2. Instrumentation. You can generate great forward motion by building instrumentations in such a way that choruses sound fuller than verses. In addition to simply adding instruments in a chorus, try other instrumental techniques: arpeggiating chords in a verse, and using thicker, unarpeggiated chords in the chorus; using lower chord voicings in a verse, and higher ones in the chorus; and of course, simply allowing choruses to be louder than verses will help build energy in a natural way. 3. Lyrical rhythm. Take a listen to most songs’ choruses, and you’ll notice that words are held for longer rhythmic values than in the verse. Verse lyrics tend to be set to shorter rhythms as they recount a story. In the chorus, it’s more appropriate to allow certain words and syllables to be held for longer. It helps enhance the emotional level of the lyric. 4. Chord choice. You’ll want to find a way to contrast verse and chorus chords. One great technique that really works is to try mostly minor chords from a chosen key in a verse, then switch to mainly major ones for the chorus. For example, if your song is in A major, try experimenting with these chords for the verse: F#m, Bm, C#m. Then switch to A, D and E for the chorus. The key stays the same, but the tonal focus easily switches from minor to major. Most of the time, if you find that your song seems boring, you’re usually dealing with a situation where the song doesn’t have enough contrast. You’ll want to examine the contrast between sections, and make sure that you’ve incorporated opposing ideas as a way of generating energy. Follow Gary on Twitter PURCHASE and DOWNLOAD the e-books for your laptop/desktop Posted in Song Form and tagged , , , , , . Leave a Reply
Warplanes: China Breaks A UAV Record August 5, 2014: China announced that a civilian UAV, used for mapping and land use surveys, recently stayed in the air for 30 hours, setting a record for Chinese UAVs. The previous record for Chinese UAVs was 16 hours. This long endurance UAV was developed by a government agency (CASM, or Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping) and has limited military use. CASM has developed several small UAVs for survey duties. These UAVs all feature lightweight materials and tend to be under 50 kg (110 pounds) with small payloads (usually 5 kg/11 pounds). These take advantage of new lightweight and powerful cameras to economically monitor Chinese farming and natural resources. Some of these UAVs are also believed to be used by the police and security services. For several decades a growing number of Chinese commercial firms have been developing military UAVs. One of the most powerful of these is the Wing Loong (that's Chinese for Pterodactyl, a Jurassic period flying dinosaur) UAV which can be equipped to carry two BA-7 laser guided missiles (similar to the Hellfire) or two 60 kg (110 pound) GPS guided bombs (similar to the U.S. SDB). This large UAV has been around for a while. Since 2008 Chinese aircraft manufacturer (AVIC) has been showing off photos and videos of a prototype for a clone of the American MQ-1 Predator UAV that tuned out to be Wing Loong. In 2012 one was first seen in flight, over the capital of Uzbekistan, which, along with UAE (United Arab Emirates) were the first export customers. It was later revealed that development on Wing Loong began in 2005, first flight was in 2007 and Chinese troops got the first ones in 2008 for further testing. While Wing Loong is similar in shape to the larger American MQ-9 Reaper, in size it's almost identical to the 1.2 ton Predator. Wing Loong weighs 1.1 tons, has a 14 meter (46 feet) wingspan, and is 9 meters (28 feet) long. It has max altitude of 5,300 meters (16,400 feet) and an endurance of over 20 hours. Payload is 200 kg. Promotional pictures of the Wing Loong frequently show it carrying two Blue Arrow (BA) 7 missiles. Since 2012 China has offered this air-to-surface missile for export. BA-7 is very similar to the American Hellfire. Each Blue Arrow 7 weighs 47 kg (103 pounds) and is basically a laser guided anti-tank missile with a max range of 7,000 meters. China offers the Blue Arrow 7 at a lower (at least a third lower) price than the $70,000 Hellfire and is willing to negotiate. The Blue Arrow 7 is priced to sell. The AGM-114 (Hellfire II) missile uses either an armor-piercing or blast/fragmentation (for use against non-armored targets and bunkers) warhead. The ones fired from UAVs usually have the blast warhead. The Hellfire II weighs 48.2 kg (106 pounds), carries a 9 kg (20 pound) warhead, and has a range of 8,000 meters. The Hellfire has been in service for three decades. Saudi Arabia and at least one other Persian Gulf Arab state is believed to have ordered Wing Loong and others may be negotiating. Article Archive Help Keep Us Soaring Subscribe Contribute Close
Most Viewed John Heywood King Henry The Eighth Letter First To Anne Boleyn The Declaration The King And The Priest The Rivals Choosing A Confessor Henry The Eighth And His Wives Letter Fourth To Anne Boleyn Least Viewed Letter Fifteenth To Anne Boleyn Letter Eighteenth To Anne Boleyn Letter Sixteenth To Anne Boleyn Letter Eleventh To Anne Boleyn Letter Ninth To Anne Boleyn Letter Seventeenth To Anne Boleyn The Queen's Toilet Letter Seventh To Anne Boleyn Letter Thirteenth To Anne Boleyn Letter Sixth To Anne Boleyn For a few days past the king's gout had grown worse, and, to his wrath and grief, it confined him as a prisoner to his rolling chair. The king was, therefore, very naturally gloomy and dejected, and hurled the lightnings of his wrath on all those who enjoyed the melancholy prerogative of being in his presence. His pains, instead of softening his disposition, seemed only to heighten still more his natural ferocity; and often might be heard through the palace of Whitehall the king's angry growl, and his loud, thundering invectives, which no longer spared any one, nor showed respect for any rank or dignity. Earl Douglas, Gardiner, and Wriothesley very well knew how to take advantage of this wrathful humor of the king for their purposes, and to afford the cruel monarch, tortured with pain, one satisfaction at least--the satisfaction of making others suffer also. Never had there been seen in England so many burnt at the stake as in those days of the king's sickness; never had the prisons been so crowded; never had so much blood flowed as King Henry now caused to be shed. [Footnote: During the king's reign, and at the instigation of the clergy, twenty-eight hundred persons were burnt and executed, because they would not recognize the religious institutions established by the king as the only right and true ones.--Leti, vol. i, p. 34.] But all this did not yet suffice to appease the blood-thirstiness of the king, and his friends and counsellors, and his priests. Still there remained untouched two mighty pillars of Protestantism that Gardiner and Wriothesley had to overthrow. These were the queen and Archbishop Cranmer. Still there were two powerful and hated enemies whom the Seymours had to overcome; these were the Duke of Norfolk and his son, the Earl of But the various parties that in turn besieged the king's ear and controlled it, were in singular and unheard-of opposition, and at the same time inflamed with bitterest enmity, and they strove to supplant each other in the favor of the king. To the popish party of Gardiner and Earl Douglas, everything depended on dispossessing the Seymours of the king's favor; and they, on the other hand, wanted above all things to continue in power the young queen, already inclined to them, and to destroy for the papists one of their most powerful leaders, the Duke of Norfolk. The one party controlled the king's ear through the queen; the other, through his favorite, Earl Douglas. Never had the king been more gracious and affable to his consort--never had he required more Earl Douglas's presence than in those days of his sickness and bodily anguish. But there was yet a third party that occupied an important place in the king's favor--a power which every one feared, and which seemed to keep itself perfectly independent and free from all foreign influences. This power was John Heywood, the king's fool, the epigrammatist, who was dreaded by the whole court. Only one person had influence with him. John Heywood was the friend of the queen. For the moment, then, it appeared as if the "heretical party," of which the queen was regarded as the head, was the most powerful at court. It was therefore very natural for the popish party to cherish an ardent hatred against the queen; very natural for them to be contriving new plots and machinations to ruin her and hurl her from the throne. But Catharine knew very well the danger that threatened her, and she was on her guard. She watched her every look, her every word; and Gardiner and Douglas could not examine the queen's manner of life each day and hour more suspiciously than she herself did. She saw the sword that hung daily over her head; and, thanks to her prudence and presence of mind, thanks to the ever-thoughtful watchfulness and cunning of her friend Heywood! she had still known how to avoid the falling of that sword. Since that fatal ride in the wood of Epping Forest, she had not again spoken to Thomas Seymour alone; for Catharine very well knew that everywhere, whithersoever she turned her steps, some spying eye might follow her, some listener's ear might be concealed, which might hear her words, however softly whispered, and repeat them where they might be interpreted into a sentence of death against her. She had, therefore, renounced the pleasure of speaking to her lover otherwise than before witnesses, and of seeing him otherwise than in the presence of her whole court. What need had she either for secret meetings? What mattered it to her pure and innocent heart that she was not permitted to be alone with him? Still she might see him, and drink courage and delight from the sight of his haughty and handsome face; still she might be near him, and could listen to the music of his voice, and intoxicate her heart with his fine, euphonious and vigorous discourse. Catharine, the woman of eight-and-twenty, had preserved the enthusiasm and innocence of a young girl of fourteen. Thomas Seymour was her first love; and she loved him with that purity and guileless warmth which is indeed peculiar to the first love only. It sufficed her, therefore, to see him; to be near him; to know that he loved her; that he was true to her; that all his thoughts and wishes belonged to her, as hers to him. And that she knew. For there ever remained to her the sweet enjoyment of his letters--of those passionately written avowals of his love. If she was not permitted to say also to him how warmly and ardently she returned this love, yet she could write it to him. It was John Heywood, the true and discreet friend, that brought her these letters, and bore her answers to him, stipulating, as a reward for this dangerous commission, that they both should regard him as the sole confidant of their love; that both should burn up the letters which he brought them. He had not been able to hinder Catharine from this unhappy passion, but wanted at least to preserve her from the fatal consequences of it. Since he knew that this love needed a confidant, he assumed this role, that Catharine, in the vehemence of her passion and in the simplicity of her innocent heart, might not make others sharers of her dangerous secret. John Heywood therefore watched over Catharine's safety and happiness, as she watched over Thomas Seymour and her friends. He protected and guarded her with the king, as she guarded Cranmer, and protected him from the constantly renewed assaults of his enemies. This it was that they could never forgive the queen--that she had delivered Cranmer, the noble and liberal-minded Archbishop of Canterbury, from their snares. More than once Catharine had succeeded in destroying their intriguing schemes, and in rending the nets that Gardiner and Earl Douglas, with so sly and skilful a hand, had spread for Cranmer. If, therefore, they would overthrow Cranmer, they must first overthrow the queen. For this there was a real means--a means of destroying at once the queen and the hated Seymours, who stood in the way of the If they could prove to the king that Catharine entertained criminal intercourse with Thomas Seymour, then were they both lost; then were the power and glory of the papists secured. But whence to fetch the proofs of this dangerous secret, which the crafty Douglas had read only in Catharine's eyes, and for which he had no other support than his bare conviction? How should they begin to influence the queen to some inconsiderate step, to a speaking witness of her love? Time hung so heavily on the king's hands! It would have been so easy to persuade him to some cruel deed--to a hasty sentence of death! But it was not the blood of the Seymours for which the king thirsted. Earl Douglas very well knew that. He who observed the king day and night--he who examined and sounded his every sigh, each of his softly murmured words, every twitch of his mouth, every wrinkle of his brow--he well knew what dark and bloody thoughts stirred the king's soul, and whose blood it was for which he thirsted. The royal tiger would drink the blood of the Howards; and that they still lived in health, and abundance, and glory, while he, their king and master, lonely and sad, was tossing on his couch in pain and agony--that was the worm which gnawed at the king's heart, which made his pains yet more painful, his tortures yet keener. The king was jealous--jealous of the power and greatness of the Howards. It filled him with gloomy hatred to think that the Duke of Norfolk, when he rode through the streets of London, was everywhere received with the acclamations and rejoicing of the people, while he, the king, was a prisoner in his palace. It was a gnawing pain for him to know that Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, was praised as the handsomest and greatest man of England; that he was called the noblest poet; the greatest scholar; while yet he, the king, had also composed his poems and written his learned treatises, aye, even a particular devout book, which he had printed for his people, and ordered them to read instead of the Bible. [Footnote: Burnet, vol. i, p. 95.] It was the Howards who everywhere disputed his fame. The Howards supplanted him in the favor of his people, and usurped the love and admiration which were due to the king alone, and which should be directed toward no one but him. He lay on his bed of pain, and without doubt the people would have forgotten him, if he had not by the block, the stake, and the scaffold, daily reminded them of himself. He lay on his bed of pain, while the duke, splendid and magnificent, exhibited himself to the people and transported them with enthusiasm by the lavish and kingly generosity with which he scattered his money among the Yes, the Duke of Norfolk was the king's dangerous rival. The crown was not secure upon his head so long as the Howards lived. And who could conjecture whether in time to come, when Henry closed his eyes, the exultant love of the people might not call to the throne the Duke of Norfolk, or his noble son, the Earl of Surrey, instead of the rightful heir--instead of the little boy Edward, Henry's only son? When the king thought of that, he had a feeling as though a stream of fire were whirling up to his brain; and he convulsively clenched his hands, and screamed and roared that he would take vengeance--vengeance on those hated Howards, who wanted to snatch the crown from his son. Edward, the little boy of tender age--he alone was the divinely consecrated, legitimate heir to the king's crown. It had cost his father so great a sacrifice to give his people this son and successor! In order to do it, he had sacrificed Jane Seymour, his own beloved wife; he had let the mother be put to death, in order to preserve the son, the heir of his crown. And the people did not once thank the king for this sacrifice that Jane Seymour's husband had made for them. The people received with shouts the Duke of Norfolk, the father of that adulterous queen whom Henry loved so much that her infidelity had struck him like the stab of a poisoned These were the thoughts that occupied the king on his bed of pain, and upon which he dwelt with all the wilfulness and moodiness of a sick man. "We shall have to sacrifice these Howards to him!" said Earl Douglas to Gardiner, as they had just again listened to a burst of rage from their royal master. "If we would at last succeed in ruining the queen, we must first destroy the Howards." The pious bishop looked at him inquiringly, and in astonishment. Earl Douglas smiled. "Your highness is too exalted and noble to be always able to comprehend the things of this world. Your look, which seeks only God and heaven, does not always see the petty and pitiful things that happen here on the earth below." "Oh, but," said Gardiner, with a cruel smile, "I see them, and it charms my eye when I see how God's vengeance punishes the enemies of the Church here on earth. Set up then, by all means, a stake or a scaffold for these Howards, if their death can be to us a means to our pious and godly end. You are certain of my blessing and my assistance. Only I do not quite comprehend how the Howards can stand in the way of our plots which are formed against the queen, inasmuch as they are numbered among the queen's enemies, and profess themselves of the Church in which alone is salvation." "The Earl of Surrey is an apostate, who has opened his ear and heart to the doctrines of Calvin!" "Then let his head fall, for he is a criminal before God, and no one ought to have compassion on him! And what is there that we lay to the charge of the father?" "The Duke of Norfolk is well-nigh yet more dangerous than his son; for although a Catholic, he has not nevertheless the right faith; and his soul is full of unholy sympathy and injurious mildness. He bewails those whose blood is shed because they were devoted to the false doctrine of the priests of Baal; and-he calls us both the king's blood-hounds." "Well, then," cried Gardiner with an uneasy, dismal smile, "we will show him that he has called us by the right name; we will rend him in "Besides, as we have said, the Howards stand in the way of our schemes in relation to the queen," said Earl Douglas, earnestly. "The king's mind is so completely filled with this one hatred and this one jealousy, that there is no room in it for any other feeling, for any other hate. It is true he signs often enough these death-warrants which we lay before him; but he does it, as the lion, with utter carelessness and without anger, crushes the little mouse that is by chance under his paws. But if the lion is to rend in pieces his equal, he must beforehand be put into a rage. When he is raging, then you must let him have his prey. The Howards shall be his first prey. But, then, we must exert ourselves, that when the lion again shakes his mane his wrath may fall upon Catharine Parr and the Seymours." "The Lord our God will be with us, and enlighten us, that we may find the right means to strike His enemies a sure blow!" exclaimed Gardiner, devoutly folding his hands. "I believe the right means are already found," said Earl Douglas, with a smile; "and even before this day descends to its close, the gates of the Tower will open to receive this haughty and soft-hearted Duke of Norfolk and this apostate Earl Surrey. Perchance we may even succeed in striking at one blow the queen together with the Howards. See! an equipage stops before the grand entrance, and I see the Duchess of Norfolk and her daughter, the Duchess of Richmond, getting out of the carriage. Only see! they are making signs to us. I have promised to conduct these two noble and pious ladies to the king, and I shall do so. Whilst we are there, pray for us, your highness, that our words, like well-aimed arrows, may strike the king's heart, and then rebound upon the queen and the Seymours!" Next: The Accusation Previous: The Acknowledgment Add to Informational Site Network Viewed 1513
Two-Factor Authentication explained Computer screen with mobile 2FA You may have occasionally run across the term ‘2FA‘ or to give it its full name ‘two-factor authentication‘. Some of your favourite apps might be offering this as an option in the settings. Most social networks have it too. If you have seen it, but don't know what it is or why you should use it – that is what I am going to explain today. The fact is that 2FA has become popular in recent years, and it is a common method of increasing security these days. Even so, it is possible that you were not aware of it and you wouldn't be alone. But, if you are reading this now – that will soon end. By the bottom of this article, you'll know precisely what 2FA is and be a more secure internet user as a result of it. 2 Factor Authentication – What is it? As mentioned, 2FA is a security system that came as a result of an increase in cyberattacks. It has been around for a long while now, and it represents an extra layer in the security of your accounts. It works by adding an extra barrier to accessing your accounts. That can be in the form of a randomly generated pin via an app, an SMS message or a hardware key often called a ‘security token' or a ‘hardware token', but I'll cover more on the different types later. So rather than simply entering your usernames and passwords you need a further code or key to access your accounts. It is now considered necessary, as well as one of the best ways of protecting your accounts. However, not enough regular internet users outside the tech world are making use of it. 2FA Phone By using 2FA you reduce your chances of becoming a victim of a random account attack. However, it remains questionable whether or not it would be enough to protect you if someone personally targets you. 2FA, for example, might come as a text message, with a code being sent to your mobile phone via SMS. However, those who are targeting you personally might be intercepting your texts, in which case this method might not work, but again we'll explore more on the limitations later in the article. Why do I need 2FA? You may think 2FA isn't all that necessary but as the following statistics show, that couldn't be further from the truth. According to a Gallup study, it appears that Americans have become increasingly aware of the dangers of cyberspace. 71% of Americans are worried about their financial or personal data being stolen in a hack. At the same time, 67% of Americans worry about becoming a victim of identity theft. Meanwhile, only 24% are worried about being affected by terrorism, and less than 20% about being sexually assaulted or murdered. Silhouette of hooded hacker with laptop Not to mention that over 1.76 billion records leaked in January of this year alone, the number of hackers, hacking attacks, and the cost of dealing with them is growing every year. Finally, 91% of cyber attacks are a result of phishing emails, while at the same time – 92% of malware is delivered via email. Improved security is of dire need, which is why you should be considering 2FA. What types of 2FA are there? As mentioned, the development of 2FA has led to the invention of several different methods of confirming your identity, the most common including: 1) App One of the best examples is Google Authenticator, which is an app that you can configure in a way that will prove your identity when used. It is a handy way to gain access your accounts without having to rely on codes and messages, emails and passwords, and alike. You would, of course, need your phone or tablet handy when logging into accounts. 2) Physical Key Alternatively, you could carry a Physical Key with you, such as the YubiKey. This can also be used for confirming your identity when needed by connecting it to the computer or with newer versions to your phone. 2FA Key 3) SMS Message SMS message 2FA is likely the most common method of protecting your accounts. It is effortless, and when you try to log into your account, you are prevented until you enter a code that is sent to your phone via a text. This method is often used by banks, social networks, and many others. While common, this method is being advised against more so due to the increasing ability to intercept it. What websites use 2FA? 2FA is becoming a standard form of protection, and many different websites and services are using it. Google uses it, and so do online banks, file storage services, game shops such as Uplay, and others. Facebook has been offering it for years now, as well as other social networks. Payment services like PayPal also have it, and many others. However, keep in mind that, while many offer it – not all of the sites and services have it yet. You cannot use 2FA on any website, and it must offer it as an option. You can check whether a website or a service you are interested in has 2FA by using the site There are others not mentioned in this list, but this is pretty extensive for the significant services and sites that support 2FA. Frequently Asked Questions Is 2FA vulnerable to hackers? We already mentioned that 2FA could be bypassed in some instances. As with everything, nothing is infallible or “unhackable”. For example, texts can be intercepted these days by anyone with a computer and some hacking knowledge. If you are a CEO of a major corporation, using SMS-based 2FA might not be the best course of action. Twitter CEO, Jack Dorsey, knows this all too well in recent days since his own Twitter account was hacked. While this was a consequence of a SIM swap attack, it is one of the limitations with a text-based two step verification. Twitter logo on tablet Famous former hacker Kevin Mitnick even showed his method of bypassing 2FA with a tool that can be weaponised and used for accessing almost any site. For regular people, however, even text-based 2FA is better than not using anything. If you are attacked as part of a more significant effort, and the hackers are not focusing on you specifically, 2FA should be good enough. Why did passwords become so vulnerable? Passwords have been around for almost as long as computers themselves. But while IT technology has progressed from computers the size of rooms to devices you can fit in your pocket, the means by which we log into our devices and online accounts has remained largely the same. There are lots more secure alternatives to passwords available to us, but still, the password remains the most common means of logging into a device. One of the reasons that passwords are now more vulnerable than they were is this exact point. The technology that can be used to crack passwords has come on in leaps and bounds while the guidance on how to set secure passwords has crept forward and still isn't getting through to a great many people. The truth is that passwords have always been vulnerable. But in recent times, that vulnerability has grown as a result of three main reasons: 1. Multiple accounts So much of our lives is conducted online these days and every online account we have requires a secure password. We are opening more and more accounts than ever before. The result is that we end up with far too many passwords to remember and this results in one of two things. Either we recycle passwords on multiple accounts or we use weak passwords that are easy to remember. Hackers love either of these trends as it makes it far easier to break into an online account. And once they have one password, there is a good chance they can access other accounts too. 2. Memory lapse If you examine surveys of the most popular online passwords and surveys of hacked passwords that have leaked online, you will notice an alarming amount of overlap. This is because an awful lot of people are still using simple, easy-to-remember passwords like 123456, qwerty, 111111, and password. These passwords are also simple for even a novice hacker to guess too. If you are using passwords like these, you might as well not have a password at all. 3. Security fatigue A lot of people will set off with good intentions and try to set strong passwords on their accounts. But the influx of news about data hacks can have a negative impact and the sheer volume of passwords they start to have makes it feel like an impossible task. It is easy for security fatigue to set in and when it does, many people will revert back to their old and insecure ways. What are authentication factors? There are a number of different methods by which devices and accounts can authenticate their users. The most common method depends on what is known as the ‘knowledge factor‘. This usually means a user must have knowledge of a password or pin number in order to access an account or device. Two-factor authentication methods usually apply the knowledge factor in the first instance but then follow this up with either a possession factor or an inherence factor. These different methods of authentication are often not explained very clearly to users who tend to perceive two-factor authentication as a bit of an annoyance. But with more understanding of the methodology behind it, it is easy to understand why it works: The most common authentication factors are: Knowledge Factor – This is something that an individual knows such as a pin number, a password, or the answer to a security question. Possession Factor – This method verifies something secure that is in a user's possession. The most common method of this type is a verification code being texted to a smartphone. It can also include things like security tokens, ID tags, and apps. Inherence factor – This method is perhaps more commonly known as a biometric factor and requires something inherent to the user's physical person. It could be a fingerprint, a retina scan, a voice pattern check, or a facial recognition scan. It can also include things like keystroke dynamics and other things classed as behavioural biometrics. Location factor – This method usually focuses on the location where the login attempt is being made from. Often it is done by monitoring a user's IP address or another type of geolocation data such as GPS data from a mobile phone. It is often enforced by limiting the places that you can log in from or the number of logins allowed from a certain location. Time factor – This restricts logins to a certain time window and prevents anyone from accessing the account outside that approved window. The last two methods on this list are employed far less frequently as the first three in two-factor authentication. However, for particularly security-conscious programmes, it is not unknown for multifactor authentication to require three or even more of these methods to be required to gain access to an account. What are Push notifications for 2FA? Push notifications are a method of authentication that doesn't require a password. Instead, a notification is sent directly to a secure app that has been download onto the user's smartphone. That app then notifies the users that an authentication attempt is happening. The user is able to look at the details of the attempt and can choose to either approve or refuse the attempt through the app. Usually, this can be done with a single tap. If approval is granted on the app, a request is then sent via a server back to the device where the login attempt is being made and that user can now access the account or device. Push notification authentication is an effective way of preventing man-in-the-middle attacks, unauthorized access, and phishing and social engineering attacks. However, if the device with the app installed on it is hacked, this method of authentication has also been breached. Push notification authentication is more secure than many other forms of authentication but it is not perfect. As well as the risk of the device hosting the app being compromised, users could also inadvertently approve a fraudulent hack either by just tapping approve without looking or accidentally approving the wrong notification. Will two-factor authentication protect me? Two-factor authentication is by no means perfect. It can and has been compromised as far back as 2011 when RSA admitted that its SecurID authentication tokens had been breached. Two-factor authentication is also unable to prevent accounts and devices fall victim to different types of attack. Account recovery is one of the most vulnerable areas of two-factor authentication. This is the system where you can reset your passwords or user names if you have forgotten them. Going through this system can make it possible for hackers to either disable two-factor authentication altogether or reset the details on a device that is already in their possession. But while it does have its flaws, authentication is still significantly more secure with two-factor authentication enabled than when it isn't. Even the most novice of hackers can compromise a password-protected account with relative ease. With two-factor authentication, you are not impervious to the most determined of professional hackers but most will be deterred. The future of authentication It is generally accepted that passwords no longer offer a sufficient level of security or an adequate user-friendly experience for the modern online world. The standard advice to keep your passwords as secure as possible is to use a password manager but even these tools are based on the concept of a password database for each user which is, by its nature, insecure and outdated too. This means that it will not be long before tech companies are looking beyond passwords for the next generation of secure authentication. Indeed, this process has already begun. Passwordless authentication will become more and more common in the years ahead. This approach still gives users control over access. In a corporate setting, it also allows the IT management teams to control and monitor who is and isn't accessing different accounts. Biometric authentication is the most recognisable form of biometric identification we have right now. This technology brings with it its own privacy dilemmas but does overcome many of the problems of passwords. Another example is secure protocols. Protocols are a set of standards that make communication between an identity provider and a service provider more straightforward. When an employee is authenticated to the identity provider, they can also be authenticated to access agreed accounts, services, and devices. 2FA Infographic Other ways to stay secure online Enabling 2FA is a significant first step to increasing your data security, but there are other measures you can take including: 2FA came to be as another security layer that is supposed to confirm your identity when accessing your accounts. However, over the years, criminals have found methods of bypassing some of them. Like all security systems, it's an ever-changing cat and mouse game. While some 2FA systems are susceptible, it is much safer to be securing your accounts with it than not. Think of it like houses, which house would a burglar target? Two identical houses, one with an alarm and one without. Whatever method of 2FA you choose, be it an app for your mobile devices, physical key fob or message-based, enabling it will keep your accounts that extra bit secure leaving the bad guys to go for the weaker low hanging fruit. Illustrations © Yuliana92 & Ekinyalgin \| Ali Raza Author: Ali Raza Ali is a journalist with a keen interest in VPN usage. He is an expert in the field and has been covering VPN related topics for VPNCompare and numerous well-respected publications for many years. Leave a Reply Sign up to our newsletter
The Media: General English Questions The Media ESL discussion questions about the media. See more ESL discussion topics 1. How do you find out about what’s going on in the world? 2. Is it important to know what is happening in the world? Why? 3. Do you ever use social media sites like Twitter and Reddit? Are they a good idea? 4. When was the last time you bought a newspaper? Do they have a future? 5. How often do you watch the news on television? Which is the best channel for news? 6. Do you have a favourite newsreader or journalist? Why do you like them? 7. Do you ever read or watch news from other countries? Why do you do this? 8. Do you think the media reports news better than it did 25 years ago or worse? 9. What, in your opinion, is the most trustworthy source of news? 10. What, in your view, makes a good journalist? 11. Should newspapers be allowed to write anything they want? 12. Do you think the media has the power to influence people? How so? 13. Should the media focus more on domestic problems or on global problems? 14. Do you think that journalists should try and be more positive about the world? 15. Would you say that the media has helped to create a better society? 16. On the whole, do you trust what journalists in your country say? 17. Do you think that ‘fake news’ has become a problem? What can we do about it? 18. Why is the media so interested in celebrities? Do you find celebrities interesting? 19. Is it right when the newspapers report on a politician’s private life? 20. Who would you say controls the media in your country? 21. What can be done to improve the quality of the media? PDF (Individual) PDF (Pairs) PDF (Threes) How to use these materials
Why Shouldn’t Felons Vote? Felon disenfranchisement is a known and pressing issue in the United States, a nation where people can be stripped of their voting rights long after committing a crime and serving time for it. Disenfranchisement after release has been heavily criticised, especially since it disproportionately affects men of colour in the United States, effectively depriving an entire minority community of the vote. Under normal circumstances, that would seem like a highly suspicious civil rights violation, yet, because it’s filtered through the racist prison system, the government, and voters, seem largely complacent about the issue. After all, letting people vote after committing crimes wouldn’t be fair, and if most people who commit crimes just happen to be men of colour, well, that’s how it goes, right? Of course, the reality of the justice system is that it’s intensely racist, and no one race is more given to crime than any other. People of colour, however, are more likely to be profiled, investigated, and convicted for crimes, even if they didn’t commit them. This leads not just to felon disenfranchisement but to keeping entire generations out of society, restricting engagement on the part of men of colour, and creating generational poverty and other social problems, as once you have a felony conviction, you’re stuck with it for life. Having a conviction has a serious effect on your future life opportunities, even if you actively seek a chance for reform (or if you were in prison for something you didn’t do). Why is it that prisoners across the US should have the right to vote taken from them by the state? This should be a fundamental human right for all US citizens of voting age (another subject of some discussion and controversy). Period. It doesn’t matter what you’ve done, you should be able to take an active role in the political system, or to choose, if you’re so inclined, not to do so. Felons could refuse their ballots and not participate, and that would be within their rights as well, but they have to receive the right to refuse before they can exercise it. Simply telling them they’re no longer permitted to vote doesn’t cut it. Felons are part of society, though they may be in prison. They should be able to play an active role in deciding who gets to occupy government positions linked to prison conditions; governors, for example, who may be appointing prison personnel, appeals court judges, and others involved with the justice system. They should also be able to vote on matters that are important to them as citizens of the United States (the Presidential election), the state (Assemblymembers and propositions), and the region (individual ballot measures). There’s no reason felons should be cut out of social participation and the huge potential implications of the vote because the justice system found them guilty. While I don’t believe that people should be imprisoned, period, I also don’t hold with the argument that prison should be a locale of utter isolation. Prisoners should be allowed to have contact with the outside world and should in fact be encouraged to do so in order to build up opportunities for themselves, maintain contact with friends and family, and be reminded that they are human beings, who deserve respectful treatment and an acknowledgement of their basic humanity. Not allowing prisoners to vote is absurd, because it strips them of a fundamental right. The way I vote this November won’t just determine the outcome of California’s midterm election. It will also have an effect on California, and national, politics for years to come. I’m voting on behalf of underaged people who can’t vote yet, and I have to think about their interests when I fill out my ballot. I have to consider the needs of California’s massive prison population, too, as California’s prisoners are not allowed to vote. (Only Maine and Vermont allow prisoners to vote via absentee ballot while imprisoned.) I also have to consider undocumented immigrants and their human rights as well — as it turns out, my one vote is counting for a whole lot of people who don’t get to cast their votes, and that’s not the way this is supposed to work. A prisoner deprived of the right to vote this November won’t be playing an active role in making decisions about the future of California’s justice system, which means that prisoners can’t make choices about their future and that of people who share similar experiences. Prisoners are among the best equipped to answer the question of what kind of reform the justice system needs and which politicians would be most likely to enact functional, compassionate, useful reforms — but they’re not being permitted to offer their voices to the conversation. If this seems unreasonable to you, it should. It’s ludicrous. Prisoners, regardless of what they’ve done and who they are, deserve the right to vote, just like everyone else does. Everyone in the United States should have unrestricted access to the polls, period, and every vote should be counted. The fact that the US can’t protect voting rights for the populations who do have them, let alone break down current barriers to voting among disenfranchised populations, is telling, frustrating, and revolting. I don’t like living in a country where the people my government sends to prison in my name can’t play a role in the government, and neither should anyone else. I might not agree with the politics of all prisoners everywhere, but the same could be said of me and other voters. That’s the wonder of the secret ballot, though: The way we vote is our own private business, and no one needs to know about it but ourselves. Image: Je désire voter, Jeanne Menj, Flickr.
What is integrated temperature sensor?_ China sensor manufacturers China Temperature Sensor & Thermistor manufacturer What is integrated temperature sensor? The integrated temperature sensor is fabricated using a silicon semiconductor integrated process, So also known as silicon sensor or monolithic integrated temperature sensor. The integrated temperature sensor is characterized by: Information collection (ie, sensor technology), Information transmission (communication technology), information processing (computer technology). With high accuracy, fast response, Small size, low power consumption, Software interface control is convenient and so on. Is a commonly used temperature sensor products, With a good linear, Precision moderate, high sensitivity, small size, Easy to use, etc. Can effectively compensate for the traditional temperature sensor response time is slow, Thermal inertia, poor internal and other symptoms. It is widely used in various fields. The main mechanism of temperature detection is the internal current source and ADC of the integrated temperature sensor, The integrated temperature sensor works as follows: Using the semiconductor PN junction is positive, With different conduction voltage drop characteristics of the temperature measurement. By the semiconductor PN bump-ampere characteristic curve: ID: Diode forward current, IS: reverse saturation current of diode, VD: Forward voltage drop of diode. N: ideal for diodes (generally about 1), K: Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10-23 joules / K). T: absolute temperature K, Q: the charge of an electron (1.6 x 10-19 C) The internal current source of the integrated temperature sensor sends two different currents. The ADC reads the different diode forward voltage drop at different currents. That is, when the current source sends a high current IDH, the ADC reads VDH. MC14433 integrated temperature sensor circuit diagram PREV：Digital temperature sensor signal conversion NEXT：car_ generator water temperature sensor model summary Email me Mail to us
Quick Answer: Who Contributes To The UN? Who funds the UN the most? In absolute terms, the U.S. is the largest overall funder at $14.1 billion per year, providing 22 percent of the sample’s resources. The U.K. is the second-largest funder at $7.6 billion (12 percent), followed by Japan at $5.4 billion (9 percent) and Germany at $4.4 billion (7 percent).. Why is China allowed in the UN? China, in recognition of its long-standing fight against aggression, was accorded the honor of being the first to sign UN Charter. … Thus, despite opposition from other leaders, especially Winston Churchill, China became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945. How much does Canada contribute to the UN? In giving extra-budgetary, voluntary funds to UN peacekeeping, Canada is a leader in the total amount (roughly $12 million per year). How is the organization funded? Funding sources include membership dues, the sale of goods and services, private sector for-profit companies, philanthropic foundations, grants from local, state and federal agencies, and private donations. How are UN contributions determined? Which countries pay the most to the UN? The UN is funded in two ways—through mandatory payments and voluntary contributions. … These assessed contributions are determined through a complex formula that ultimately requires the United States to pay 22 percent of the general budget and 28 percent of the peacekeeping budget. Does the US have UN peacekeepers? It’s extremely important for the success of the United States that we continue to support UN Peacekeeping. … Peacekeeping also protects U.S. interests. There are U.S. personnel deployed and serving within UN peacekeeping missions. There are military members like me deployed there to protect our interests. What country has contributed the most to the world? Most Influential CountriesUnited States.China.United Kingdom.Russia.Germany.France. How much do countries pay to who? The U.S. currently pays $116M each year to the World Health Organization (WHO), or about 24% of the entire organization’s budget. China pays the second most of any country in the world at $57M, or 12% of the organization’s total. The vast majority of countries pay significantly less than the U.S. for the WHO. How much money does China give to the UN? China contributed a total of $12 million to the UN regular budget in 2000 – accounting for just one percent of total contributions. By 2019, this number had surged to $367.9 million (12 percent of total), making China the second-largest contributor after the US (amount and percent). Does the UN actually do anything? The United Nations has saved millions of lives and boosted health and education across the world. But it is bloated, undemocratic – and very expensive. … The UN’s children’s organisation, Unicef, provided an education and a path to a better life for millions, including the present UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon. Who funds the UN? The UN is funded primarily by member countries. The United Nations has 193 member states, all of which pay yearly into the organization. Those payments are called contributions, and are divided into two types: assessed and voluntary. Who funds the WHO by country? WHO gets its funding from two main sources: Member States paying their assessed contributions (countries’ membership dues), and voluntary contributions from Member States and other partners. How much does each country give to the UN? Who is the largest contributor to the UN? The four largest contributors to the United Nations – the US (22% of the UN budget), China (12.005%), Japan (8.564%) and Germany (6.090%) – together finance some 49% of the entire UN budget. Which country contributes most to UN peacekeeping? EthiopiaAt January 2020, Ethiopia was contributing 6,386 soldiers to United Nations peacekeeping missions, the most of any country.
Word Pal UI/UX \| Concept \| Experience Design Word Pal is a learning app for children who struggle with dyslexia. Concept, Strategy, Illustration, UX/UI, Animation Dyslexia is the most common cause of reading, writing and spelling difficulties in young children. Parents are always looking for a way to help children who have learning difficulties. Introducing Word Pal, a learning app that incorporates auditory, motion and visual elements so parents can help their children with dyslexia at home. Create your Word Pal Once you create an account your child gets to customize their Word Pal. Their Pal will work alongside your child and help them through any difficulties. Select a Game The app has 3 Games; Words, Writing and Stories. Each Game works to improve phonics, reading, writing and speaking by using repetition and multi-sensory engagement. Games: Words Words is a 3 step game that focuses on getting children to pronounce and decode words. Each step involves incorporates phonics, auditory, writing skills for each each word. Once you have completed each word you more on to the next. Games: Writing This game focusing on improving children's writing. It is a 3 step game that we use repetition to complete each level. Games: Stories Stories is a series of short tales that you can read to your child. As you read your Word Pal asks you questions along the way to reinforce your understanding of the story. Monitor your child’s learning process to see how they are improving. Each activity is timed. Design Systems Site Map I User Flow I User Story Back to Top
Chat with us, powered by LiveChat Week 5 Research QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVEQualita - Aqhomework Week 5 Research QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVEQualitative vs QuantitativeBackground: Quantitative data can be measured and documented with numbers. Additionally, quantitative data can be represented as quantities. On the other hand, qualitative data is not measured with numbers, but it is represented by qualities.For example, I use quantitative methods to conduct my PhD research because I like working with counts and measures.Assignment: Write a research paper the contains at least the following using your own wording.Discuss Quantitative MethodologyDiscuss Qualitative MethodologyCompare and contrast qualitative data vs quantitative dataYour research paper should be at least 3 pages (800 words), double-spaced, have at least 4 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Student’s name, University’s name, Course name, Course number, Section, Professor’s name, and Date. Do you need an answer to this or any other questions? Do you need help with this question?
Axial flow pump Axial flow pump An axial flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of water pump that essentially consists of a propeller in a tube. The propeller can be driven directly by a sealed motor in the tube or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the tube. The main advantage of an AFP is that it can easily be adjusted to run at peak efficiency at low-flow/high-pressure and high-flow/low-pressure by changing the pitch on the propeller. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among any of the conventional pumps and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges. An application example of an AFP would be transfer pumps used for sailing ballast. In chemical industry, they are used for the circulation of large masses of liquid, such as in evaporators and crystallizers. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Expectorants: Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)Congenital Abnormalities: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.Physicians, Family: Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Maternal-Fetal Exchange: Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.Asthma: A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.Cough: A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells.MuseumsConfidentiality: The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.Biography as Topic: A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)Computer Security: Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.Privacy: The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)Liniments: Heat-generating liquids that are thinner than ointments and are applied to the skin with friction. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Pleurisy: INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating.Bronchitis: Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.Tablets: Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.MarylandDrug Overdose: Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.Mouth: The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.Costa RicaJamaica: An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Kingston. It was discovered in 1494 by Columbus and was a Spanish colony 1509-1655 until captured by the English. Its flourishing slave trade was abolished in the 19th century. It was a British colony 1655-1958 and a territory of the West Indies Federation 1958-62. It achieved full independence in 1962. The name is from the Arawak Xaymaca, rich in springs or land of springs. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p564 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p267)Smog: A mixture of smoke and fog polluting the atmosphere. (Dorland, 27th ed)Cannabis: The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.Panax: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).Ginsenosides: Dammarane type triterpene saponins based mainly on the aglycones, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol.Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.Respiratory Tract Infections: Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.Pulmonary Emphysema: Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.Medicine, Ayurvedic: The traditional Hindu system of medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture. Ayurveda means "the science of Life": veda - science, ayur - life.Animal Feed: Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.Cookbooks as Topic: Set of instructions about how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions.Pharmacists: Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.Syringes: Instruments used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. (Stedman, 25th ed)Medication Adherence: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.Drug Administration Schedule: Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.Dictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as Topic: Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.
Main Content 2-D superpixel oversegmentation of images [L,NumLabels] = superpixels(A,N) computes superpixels of the 2-D grayscale or RGB image A. N specifies the number of superpixels you want to create. The function returns L, a label matrix of type double, and NumLabels, the actual number of superpixels that were computed. The superpixels function uses the simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) algorithm [1]. This algorithm groups pixels into regions with similar values. Using these regions in image processing operations, such as segmentation, can reduce the complexity of these operations. [L,NumLabels] = superpixels(A,N,Name,Value) computes superpixels of image A using name-value pair arguments used to control aspects of the segmentation. collapse all Read image into the workspace. A = imread('kobi.png'); Calculate superpixels of the image. [L,N] = superpixels(A,500); Display the superpixel boundaries overlaid on the original image. BW = boundarymask(L); Set the color of each pixel in the output image to the mean RGB color of the superpixel region. outputImage = zeros(size(A),'like',A); idx = label2idx(L); numRows = size(A,1); numCols = size(A,2); for labelVal = 1:N redIdx = idx{labelVal}; greenIdx = idx{labelVal}+numRowsnumCols; blueIdx = idx{labelVal}+2numRowsnumCols; outputImage(redIdx) = mean(A(redIdx)); outputImage(greenIdx) = mean(A(greenIdx)); outputImage(blueIdx) = mean(A(blueIdx)); Input Arguments collapse all Image to segment, specified as a 2-D grayscale image or 2-D truecolor image. For int16 data, A must be a grayscale image. When the parameter isInputLab is true, the input image must be data type single or double. Data Types: single \| double \| int16 \| uint8 \| uint16 Desired number of superpixels, specified as a positive integer. Name-Value Pair Arguments Example: B = superpixels(A,100,'NumIterations', 20); Shape of superpixels, specified as a numeric scalar. The compactness parameter of the SLIC algorithm controls the shape of superpixels. A higher value makes superpixels more regularly shaped, that is, a square. A lower value makes superpixels adhere to boundaries better, making them irregularly shaped. The allowed range is (0 Inf). Typical values for compactness are in the range [1,20]. Input image data is in the Lab color space, specified as true or false. Algorithm used to compute superpixels, specified as one of the following values. The superpixels function uses two variations of the simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) algorithm. superpixels uses the SLIC0 algorithm to refine 'Compactness' adaptively after the first iteration. This is the default. 'Compactness' is constant during clustering. Data Types: char \| string Number of iterations used in the clustering phase of the algorithm, specified as a positive integer. For most problems, it is not necessary to adjust this parameter. Output Arguments collapse all Label matrix, returned as an array of positive integers. The value 1 indicates the first region, 2 the second region, and so on for each superpixel region in the image. Data Types: double Number of superpixels computed, returned as a positive integer. Data Types: double [1] Radhakrishna Achanta, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Susstrunk, SLIC Superpixels Compared to State-of-the-art Superpixel Methods. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume 34, Issue 11, pp. 2274-2282, May 2012 Extended Capabilities Introduced in R2016a
barriers to success How to Predict the next Flint? IMG_4803In the last blog we talked about Flint’s water quality problem being brought on by a political/financial decision, not a public health decision. Well, the news get worse. Flint’s deteriorated water system is a money thing as well – the community has a lot of poverty and high water bills, so they can’t pay for improvements. They are not alone. Utilities all over the country have increasing incidents of breaks, and age related problems. So the real question then is who are the at risk utilities? Who is the next Flint? It would be an interesting exercise to see if a means could be developed to identify those utilities at risk for future crises, so we can monitor them in more detail as a means to avoid such crises. So what would be the measures that might identify the future “Flint?” These could be things like age of the system, materials used, economic activity trends, income, poverty rate, unemployment rate, utility size, reserves, utility rates, history of rate increases, etc.? Could these be developed into a means to evaluate risk? If so, who would use it and how would we address the high risk cases? I suggest that lenders have means to evaluate this using many of these same measures, but from a risk of events, this method has not been applied. So I think this would be a useful research project. So if anyone has some ideas, time or ideas for funding, let me know. Let’s get rolling! I have a friend of mine ask this question to me. His contention was that there would be a lot of answers but the answers would generally be characterized as outside influences. You see this a lot in life. So I asked a very narrow group of my students (seniors) this question. These were their answers: Myself or some part of it 30 A class 6 nothing 3 FE Exam 2 money 2 My buddy was both wrong and amazed. Nearly 70% of the students said the issue involved them. of those 30 responses above, the most common of the answers was time management, somethings students struggle to learn. I wonder how many people would see things this way as well? My buddy was really impressed with my students. Now he should come see their final presentations and prepare to be really impressed. time mgmt 13 Me 4 fear of failure 3 lanugage 2 communication skills 1 confidence 1 disorganization 1 haiving limits 1 indiscretions 1 interpersonal skills 1 see the big picture 1 taking responsibility 1 Of course the “IRS” and “indiscetions” answers might be the more interesting…. %d bloggers like this:
Top Stories Why Do We Feel the Need to Transgender the Dead? Earlier this month, a list of vaudeville-era “non-binary and transgender public heroes” compiled by actor Jeffrey Marsh was circulated widely on social media. The accompanying photos are fascinating, which helps explain why the list has been re-Tweeted more than 7,000 times. But notwithstanding the above-quoted title, only one of the listed entertainers are actually transgender. Nor did any of them call themselves “non-binary”—since the term didn’t exist until recently. Rather, what Marsh actually has provided is a list of people who cross-dressed—a practice that was common in the days of vaudeville and early cinema, largely because audiences found it entertaining. Marlene Dietrich One of the listed figures is Marlene Dietrich, who dressed in male clothing and kissed another woman in the 1930 film Morocco. But Dietrich was not trans, even if, like many of her stage contemporaries—including Bessie Bonehill, Vesta Tilley, Ella Wesner and Gladys Bentley—she experimented with gender-bending. (The word Dietrich would have used to describe this practice, I suspect, would have been acting). Marsh’s statement that Dietrich “openly dated folks of various genders” is inaccurate in that Dietrich dates both sexes given that Deitrich was bisexual—but that has nothing to do with what costumes she wore as an actor. Marsh’s list symbolizes a larger trend whereby dead gay men and women—as well as bisexuals, and others who cross-dressed for reasons completely unrelated to their actual identity—are claimed by today’s social activists as transgender. Leaders in this movement have included Harry Benjamin, a German-born American doctor whose 1966 book, The Transsexual Phenomenon, blurred the line between performative cross-dressing and actual (as we would now call it) transgenderism. Anticipating the modern age of trans activism and himself the medical force behind pushing for transsexualism within the field, Benjamin announced the “transsexualism” of various gay historical figures: King Henry III of France, the Abbé de Choisy (whose memoirs reveals that he cross-dressed); and, apparently, the entirety of the Yuman people living in what is now California and Mexico (based on Benjamin’s misunderstanding of the concept of two-spiritedness within some indigenous cultures). Stormé DeLarverie In our own era, no historical figure is too sacred to escape retroactive trans recruitment—not even Stormé DeLarverie, the black butch lesbian credited with starting the Stonewall riots in 1969. As Claire Heuchan notes, many of the same activists who once acted as feminist and gay-rights champions now have decided that the best way to “celebrate a woman’s achievements” is to “credit a man.” Last month, controversy erupted after it was announced that Scarlett Johansson was to play the role of Dante “Tex” Gill (born Jean Marie Gill) in a film titled Rub & Tug. Gill (1930-2003) was a Pittsburgh-based pimp, mobster, drug dealer, and massage parlor owner who chose to live under a male identity. After the film was announced for production, articles appeared with titles such as “13 Trans Actors to Follow Instead of Scarlett Johansson” and “Trans Actors Protesting Scarlett Johansson’s Trans Role Are Told They’re Jealous, Unskilled Whiners.” Stung by the accusation that she was stealing a job that should properly go to a trans actor, Johansson quit the project (which is now, predictably, in limbo, following the departure of its star). And pundits debated whether it is legitimate to demand that trans characters be played by trans actors. But such discussion assumes the fact of Gill’s transgender identity. Throughout history, many women—lesbians especially—engaged in cross-dressing for no other reason than to escape homophobia, and to get by in intensely sexist milieus (such as, for instance, the criminal underworld). This field of social history has been thoroughly researched and documented by academics for decades. In her 1992 book Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety, for instance, Harvard professor Marjorie Garber profiles dozens of famous (and infamous) cross-dressers throughout history—right up to Madonna, David Bowie, Prince and Little Richard. In Garber’s view, cross-dressing has existed as both symptom and catalyst for cultural anxiety, whereby the transvestite (her term) challenges society’s prevailing definitions of masculinity and femininity. David Bowie’s Hunky Dory Garber began Vested Interests with the claim that “there can be no culture without the transvestite”—a term that, distinct from “transgender,” signifies a person (usually a man) who enjoys presenting himself in clothes and fashions associated with the opposite sex, but who retains a gender identity (to use the modern formulation) assigned at birth. A quarter-century later, usage of the word transvestite has become heavily stigmatized, as it suggests cross-dressing to be a mere act. Thus has the inspirational gay-rights and AIDS activist Marsha P. Johnson been reinvented posthumously as transgender, even though he identified himself explicitly as a gay man and a drag queen right up until his tragic death in 1992. Too often, trans activists prefer to ignore the quotidian realities that (a) many men have enjoyed or profited from dressing up as women since time immemorial; and (b) many women (lesbians, especially) have cross-dressed throughout history as a strategy to avoid or deflect the stifling social norms associated with femininity. Garber examines the life of Billy Tipton, born Dorothy Lucile Tipton, a jazz pianist who formed the Billy Tipton Trio and started touring the Pacific Northwest during the Great Depression. Tipton had five common-law wives, adopted three children, and was understood by friends and family to be a heterosexual man. That is, until paramedics were called to revive Tipton in 1989 due to a haemorrhaging peptic ulcer—upon which time Tipton was discovered to be biologically female. Much energy has been invested in re-writing Tipton’s history as a trans narrative. Yet the evidence suggests that Tipton was a lesbian who also happened to be pursuing a career as a jazz musician—an ambition that would have been difficult or impossible for a woman to realize in the early 20th century. Despite evidence that Tipton was involved in several lesbian relationships, the musician has become one of many who’ve been posthumously transitioned by others—a process of “dead transing” that, as writer Carrie-Anne Brownian noted, typically involves rewriting a historical figure’s life in a way that erases their homosexuality. Historical figures such as Hatshepsut, Joan of Arc, Queen Christina, Ann Bonny, Mary Read, Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar, Hannah Snell, Charley Parkhurst, Carson McCullers, Radclyffe Hall and Norah Vincent represent just a handful of the applicable case studies: women who found it easier to lead armies and nations, command pirate ships, drive stage coaches, or write books when they presented themselves as men. George Sand and Colette both wore men’s clothes, as did James Barry, the female doctor credited with performing the first successful Caesarean section in the UK. (Like Tipton, Barry was assumed to be a man until her death, at which time it was discovered she was female.) Moreover, should we be surprised that, at a time when women generally were barred from military service, someone such as Frances Clayton would fight in the U.S. Civil War among roughly 400 other cross-dressing female members of the Union army? Even Kathrine Switzer, the first woman to run the Boston Marathon, once had to pretend to be a man in order to register with race officials—just as women in today’s Saudi Arabia regularly cross-dress in order to drive cars or infiltrate social spaces from which they are formally excluded. Rather than acknowledge how sexism has caused such women to distort their identity in order to achieve their ambitions, the modern trend is to play down the underlying sexist and homophobic bigotry of the past. On Slate, for instance, Alex Myers argued recently that the [I]nsistence on a progress narrative distorts our understanding of gender and history. By repeatedly asserting that women only dressed as men to gain some advantage, we dismiss the notion that some women understood themselves to be men—regardless of whether that gained them anything or not. Of course, for those living in a misogynistic culture, passing as a man absolutely grants privilege. That’s an inescapable fact. But that doesn’t mean that access to this privilege was always the motivating factor for a woman to live as a man. Myers’ use of the term “privilege” is strange. The historical campaign for women’s rights was motivated by a desire for a life free from rape (both within and without marriage), domestic abuse, oppressive honor codes and sexist professional strictures. If not being forced to bear a dozen children while enduring a forced marriage qualifies as “privilege,” then the word loses all meaning. By means of such linguistic slippages, activists construct fictional worlds in which women want to be men, as opposed to simply seeking liberation from bigotry. “It’s homophobia, it keeps happening, and I’m so tired of my own community rewriting history,” is how Lesbian filmmaker Amy Dyess describes the transitioning of dead lesbians. “In the past, pronouns (he, him, she, her) were used interchangeably and affectionately in the gay community. Gay men have addressed each other as ‘girl,’ lesbians have addressed each other as ‘bro,’ ‘dude,’ ‘papi,’ and so on. It didn’t mean the same thing, and sometimes it was a matter of survival. In the [American] south, I asked a girlfriend to stop correcting everyone who mis-gendered me…because it was safer for both of us that way.” Butch women and effeminate men always have employed wardrobe innovations to signal their homosexuality to other members of the gay community—just as cross-dressing became a way for gay men and women to escape persecution by hiding in plain sight. Anyone who wonders why Joan of Arc continued to wear men’s clothes in prison need only crack a book on the history of this era: She didn’t want to be raped. Much in the same way that Mexican baroque-era nun, scholar, poet and playwright Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz considered cross-dressing as a means to gain access to university education. It wasn’t that these women cross-dressed to be men. It’s that they cross-dressed not to be women. In the specific case of gay women, this coping mechanism, if employed successfully, also came with the ability to refuse marriage, to develop one’s professional ambitions and to build wealth. The tension I am describing here is sometimes dismissed as a mere subcultural feud between radical feminists and trans advocates. But the transing of the dead now has gone mainstream. Even The New York Times has falsely tried to recast Marsha P. Johnson as a “transgender pioneer.” And Anne Lister, whose 18th centuries diaries described the details of her lesbian relationships in her native Yorkshire, was transed during a recent LGBT History Month event, when the York Civic Trust unveiled a historic plaque on the church where Lister and her partner, Ann Walker, took their commitment vows. Eschewing any reference to Lister’s life as a lesbian, the plaque’s creators labeled her “gender-nonconforming.” * * * Activists in the trans community have long claimed that gender isn’t about vestiture, but about an inner sense of self. But this theory doesn’t pan out in the real world, which is what history should record. The transing of the dead therefore should be seen as part of this effort to rewrite history in a fictional way: Every instance of cross-dressing, whether on stage or off, is spuriously interpreted to mean that the figure in question was communicating some secret truth about their “gender-nonconforming” souls. For those of us who have long championed gay rights, it feels like a ghoulish, faux-enlightened form of gay-conversion therapy. These cultural grave-diggers imagine themselves to be fashionably transgressive. But what they are really peddling is a deeply conservative notion of what it means to be male or female. According to this conception, the lesbianism of historical figures is reimagined as a rejection of womanhood itself, just as the act of dressing as a woman for stage or fetish is reimagined as a rejection of manhood. The dead cannot possibly speak for themselves. So it is up to the rest of us to ensure that the true narratives of feminist pioneers, gay men and lesbians are not removed from the pages of history. Julian Vigo is a contributor to ForbesTruthDigCounterPunchDissident Voice, HuffPost UKand The Ecologist. Her latest book is Earthquake in Haiti: The Pornography of Poverty and the Politics of Development (2015). She can be reached at
arith: ICAR Arithmetic Generator Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) See Also Examples A basic arithmetic item generator for ICAR. arith(numProbs = 5, numOps = 1, magnitude = 1, arithOps = "add", allowNeg = FALSE, sameValue = FALSE, order = "mixed") Number of desired problems sets the number of operations in the stimuli (range of values is 1 to 5) sets the range of values for the integers in the stimuli by powers of 10 (range of values is 1 to 5) There are two options in this argument, either 'add' or 'subtract', "multiply. Allow the use of negative values. Only for "add" arithmetic operator. Not allowed for "subtract". Deciding if you want the values to be the same or different values. There are three options to order the values presented, ("mixed", "descending", "ascending"). Does not matter when same Value = TRUE. The arithmetic function can currently generate additive and substractive operators. For the additive operators, you have the option of using both negative and positive numerical values. For the substractive operators, you are currently restricted to only using positive numerical values. There are also options for you to select the order of the values. It can be in ascending, descending or mixed order. Currently, there are 4 types of distractors that are generated now. 1a,1b distractor types are developed for addition and subtraction questions, whereas, 2a,2b distractor types are developed for multiplication questions. Distactor type 1a is used for all arithmetic operators. Distractor type 1a is generated such that the values are very near +1/+2/+3 or -1/-2/-3 from the actual answers. Distractor type 1b is generated such as it takes values from a range of values (i.e. number of values * (max(magnitude-1) + 1)). In this instance, distractor type 1b cannot be used in multiplication items because the range will be too big. Hence, elimination of distractors becomes very easy. Distractor type 2a is used in multiplication questions where the values are not the same. The distractors are generated such that one of the numbers are randomly assigned a value of 1,2 or 3. The product of the new values are considerd as one distractor. It will repeat until 5 unique distractors are created. If the multiplication question uses the same value, then a slightly different approach is adopted. In this case, the numbers are randomly drawn three times before we calcuate the product of the values. Again, this process is repeated until 5 unique distractors are achieved. The arithmetic questions that are automatically generated. First digit is the magnitude. Subsequent digits correspond to the positional values in the question. 0 is positive value, 1 is negative value. The answer to the question generated. Response Options Eight response options. Aiden Loe and David Condon See Also lisy, spatial2d, spatial3d arith(numProbs=4, numOps = 4, magnitude = 3, arithOps = "subtract", AIG documentation built on May 1, 2019, 11:29 p.m. Related to arith in AIG...
A databank of molecular dynamics reaction trajectories (DDT) focused on undergraduate teaching. In a previous post, I talked about a library of reaction pathway intrinsic reaction coordinates (IRCs) containing 115 examples of organic and organometallic reactions. Now (thanks Dean!) I have been alerted to a brand new databank of dynamics trajectories (DDT), with the focus on those reactions taught in undergraduate organic chemistry courses, some of which are shown below. Each example takes the form of two movie animations, one showing the classical IRC path and the other the “major trajectory” (DT) resulting from a molecular dynamics calculation. The latter representation incorporates molecular vibrations into the picture, showing how they evolve from reactants into a reaction product over a time period. Dynamics are a more realistic picture of how a molecule actually reacts. Any given trajectory can follow its own path, but the most common path for it to take is indeed that defined by the IRC and here you can compare the two approaches. What is interesting of course are those examples where the IRC and DT differ, with perhaps the latter not necessarily following the minimum energy path charted by the former. Even more fascinating are those non-classical reactions where a given IRC path, as defined by a single unique transition state at the top of the energy barrier, can nonetheless result in two or more different reaction outcomes. [1] See my analysis. This databank is still young, with eight reactions at the time this blog was written. Suggestions for new reactions are invited, and I do hope it grows rapidly. Also I look forward to a section describing the technicalities of how the DT are computed and what sorts of resources are required to do this routinely (an article describing the databank is being prepared). In particular, how do the computer time resources needed for IRC and DT compare? It is good indeed to see this dynamic picture entering into the undergraduate taught curriculum. For an example of a differing outcome, see here. 1. X.S. Bogle, and D.A. Singleton, "Dynamic Origin of the Stereoselectivity of a Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction", Organic Letters, vol. 14, pp. 2528-2531, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol300817a Leave a Reply
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Sleep Medicine How will AI and machine learning change how sleep medicine providers treat their patients? Right now it’s typical for sleep technologists to mull over pages of polysomnography (PSG) data related to eye movements, respiration, brain activity, and more, to look for indicators of sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea or narcolepsy. Machine learning could revolutionize sleep medicine by taking over the diagnostic process, identifying gaps in care, and helping predict CPAP adherence even before therapy begins. “I think [sleep medicine] is a field that is ripe for disruption in really being able to apply big data and big data tools to our field and perhaps even be a leading force in terms of how machine learning and artificial intelligence can really impact patients in the way that we deliver care,” says sleep specialist Dennis Hwang, MD, director of Kaiser Permanente’s San Bernardino County Sleep Center. One cloud-based healthcare platform called Somnoware uses machine learning to help physicians estimate the likelihood of 90-day CPAP therapy compliance. The software works by mining patient data from electronic medical records, patient questionnaires, and lab visits. This data includes demographic information and comorbidities, which all help to build a machine learning model to predict short- and long-term CPAP compliance even before the patient is put on therapy, according to a release. As more data comes into the program, the model automatically updates its predictions. This way, clinicians can track trends in patient compliance and determine the likely impact of certain interventions on patient outcomes. “Our goal is to bring valuable information to physicians early, so it can be used for proactive patient care management,” says Raj Misra, PhD, chief data scientist and vice president of marketing at Somnoware. Artificial intelligence (AI) could also change the diagnostic process. For instance, researchers from the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine developed an AI system to analyze sleep stages to diagnose narcolepsy, finding that AI could use datasets to pinpoint unusual sleep staging more accurately than a human sleep tech. Results were published in a 2018 paper in Nature Communications.1 “Right now [sleep test scoring] is done by technicians, and clearly, there is no reason why it couldn’t be done by a computer,” says sleep specialist Emmanuel Mignot, MD, PhD, an author of the study and the director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine. The Stanford researchers first told six techs to analyze and score sleep data, looking for changes in sleep staging that could indicate narcolepsy. After the researchers averaged those scores, they then trained an AI program to “learn” specific data trends. They did this by providing it with 3,000 sleep study recordings. The results demonstrated that the AI system could actually score sleep tests more accurately than its human counterparts. “Sleep studies are quite complicated, a bit subjective, so artificial intelligence is really ideal,” says Mignot. AI-powered sleep test autoscoring software is a tool that could one day be a common way to save time and resources in sleep clinics. Madison, Wisc-based tech company EnsoData has moved in this direction, creating the software EnsoSleep, which combines American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) scoring recommendations with algorithms that analyze sleep data; the company says this can help diagnose sleep disorders like sleep apnea, according to a Wisconsin State Journal article written by EnsoData co-founder and CEO Chris Fernandez.2 “Our mission at EnsoData is to create more time for direct patient care and the cultivation of meaningful patient relationships, the aspect of medicine that the majority of clinicians report as the most satisfying part of the practice, by automating these heavily manual data tasks with powerful artificial intelligence software,” Fernandez wrote. EnsoSleep received FDA 510(k) clearance in 2017 to automate PSG and home sleep tests. According to the article, since the FDA clearance, EnsoSleep has been used by dozens of clinics across the country to improve patient access to care and preserve sleep clinic resources. “As growth of the patient population increasingly outpaces the size of our clinical workforce, artificial intelligence will play a critical role in empowering clinicians with tools that scale and amplify their ability to provide care for a far greater number of patients,” Fernandez says in the article. Other technologies are also on the horizon. Morpheo, an open-source initiative to help develop machine learning models for automatic and predictive diagnosis of sleep disorders, is a project based in Paris, France. “The idea was to develop algorithms that would help and assist doctors with clinical sleep work,” explains Marco Brigham, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in machine learning at École Polytechnique. “Basically we are working on the AI aspect of the project to assist physicians in sleep medicine,” says Brigham. Since the funding for this project is wrapping up in June, it is unclear if clinicians will ever get to use it, but Brigham says there is still plenty of potential for AI to impact patient care. At Kaiser Permanente in California, sleep researchers have been having discussions to brainstorm the concept of an “AI bot.” It’s not going to be the cyborg one might envision but would likely be a downloadable smartphone app, according to Hwang. The AI bot would be a companion to help troubleshoot problems with sleep apnea care. If a patient is struggling to adjust to the air pressure of their CPAP, they might first chat with the AI bot before consulting a physician. The AI bot would then be able to check in on the patient to ask them how they are and inquire about their sleep quality or daytime sleepiness. “It would utilize true intelligence to provide an interactive process,” says Hwang. “Part of our vision is developing an AI bot that would be able to interact with a patient frequently in an intelligent way. It would ask the patient how they are doing, how they are feeling, and be able to provide some mechanism to improve some cognitive behavioral aspects of care,” says Hwang. “There may be some issues that can be dealt with by the AI bot that may not involve a sleep provider.” Lisa Spear is associate editor of Sleep Review. 1. Stephansen JB, Olesen AN, Olsen M, et al. Neural network analysis of sleep stages enables efficient diagnosis of narcolepsy. Nat Commun. 2018 Dec 6;9(1):5229. 2. Fernadez C. EnsoData uses AI to help improve health care. Wisconsin State Journal. 23 Sept 2018. from Sleep Review You may also like... Leave a Reply
6 min read Medically reviewed Scleroderma is an uncommon disease that results in hard, thickened areas of skin and sometimes problems with internal organs and blood vessels. There's no cure, but most people can lead a full, productive life. Scleroderma is an autoimmune condition, which means the body attacks its own tissues. In the case of scleroderma, the connective tissue underneath the skin and surrounding internal organs and vessels is affected. This causes scarring and thickening of the tissue in these areas. Depending on the type of disease, the skin may be affected by a few thickened oval patches that can occur anywhere on the body, or there may be lines of thickened skin across the face, scalp, forearms or legs. Other possible symptoms of scleroderma depend on which internal organs, if any, are affected. The symptoms of scleroderma can usually be controlled with a range of different treatments. Treatment may not even be needed for the milder forms of the disease. This page explains: Types of scleroderma and typical symptoms There are two main types of scleroderma: • localised scleroderma, which just affects the skin • systemic sclerosis, which affects the internal organs as well as the skin Localised scleroderma Localised scleroderma is the mildest form of the disease and can occur at any age. The disease just affects the skin, causing one or more hard patches. The internal organs are not affected. Exactly how the skin is affected depends on the type of localised scleroderma. There are two types, which are summarised as follows: • oval skin patches, which are usually itchy • often only a few patches • can affect skin anywhere on the body • patches may be lighter or darker than normal skin and hairless • patches may fade after a number of years • treatment may not be needed • thickened skin occurs in lines (like a knife wound) across the face or scalp, leg or arm • children commonly have a thickened line of skin down their leg • lines persist for longer than morphoea patches • also affects underlying bone and muscle • can lead to growth problems in children • may cause deformity Systemic sclerosis In systemic sclerosis, the internal organs are affected as well as the skin. Most people with systemic sclerosis have problems with their gut, such as heartburn and swallowing problems. The skin becomes puffy and thickens, which can restrict joint movement. The fingers and toes may start to swell like sausages, before the skin becomes hard and tight. The facial skin also becomes tight, especially around the mouth. Other general symptoms may include: • hair loss • weight loss • fatigue • joint pain and stiffness • red spots (broken blood vessels) on the face, hands and arms Systemic sclerosis most commonly occurs in adults aged between 25 and 55. Children are rarely affected. There are two types of systemic sclerosis. These are: Limited systemic sclerosis: • a milder form of systemic sclerosis, which progresses slowly • often starts as Raynaud's disease (a circulation problem where fingers and toes turn white in the cold) • other typical symptoms are thickening of the skin over the extremities and face, red spots (dilated blood vessels) on the skin, and hard lumps of calcium underneath the skin (especially the fingertips) Diffuse systemic sclerosis: • skin changes can affect the whole body • symptoms come on suddenly and get worse quickly over the first few years, and then the disease settles and the skin may improve In some cases of systemic sclerosis the heart, lungs or kidneys are affected. This can cause a range of symptoms such as shortness of breath, high blood pressure and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs). If the bowel is affected, it can lead to diarrhoea, constipation or faecal incontinence (leaking of stools). Causes of scleroderma Normally, the body's immune system fights off any bacteria or viruses that infect the body by releasing white blood cells into the blood to isolate and destroy the germs. The immune system responds like this to anything in the blood it doesn't recognise, and dies down when the infection has been cleared. It is thought that scleroderma happens because the immune system has become overactive and the body starts to attack its own connective tissue. This causes cells in the connective tissue to produce too much collagen, causing fibrosis (scarring and thickening) of the tissue. It's not certain exactly why this happens in people with scleroderma. Genes are probably involved, although scleroderma is not regarded an an inherited disease and cannot be passed on to relatives. There are many similar diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, that are caused by the body attacking its own tissues. These are collectively known as autoimmune diseases. How scleroderma is treated The aims of treatment are to relieve symptoms, prevent the disease getting worse, detect and treat any complications (such as pulmonary hypertension) and minimise disability through occupational therapy and physiotherapy. Many different types of medicines may be needed. For example: • immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide and methotrexate may be taken to suppress the immune system and slow the progression of the disease • high doses of steroids may lessen or slow down the damage to the skin and organs • different medicines may be needed to control the various symptoms (such as heartburn, constipation and high blood pressure) Physiotherapy and stretching exercises are important, as is regularly moisturising any tight skin. Your physiotherapist, skin specialist or doctor will advise you. If symptoms are severe, surgery may be needed. For example, lumps of calcium under the skin may need to be removed, and tightened (contracted) muscles may need to be released. Newer treatments such as laser therapy and photodynamic therapy are currently being trialled (see [Scleroderma clinical trials]), and may improve the outcome of the disease for many people. Living with scleroderma There are many lifestyle changes you can make to lessen the impact of scleroderma on your life. Regular physiotherapy can help to keep muscles supple and stretching exercises can help to loosen tight skin. If necessary, an occupational therapist will make adaptations to your home and advise on equipment to make daily living activities easier. If you're affected by Raynaud's disease, you will need to keep your hands and feet warm in the cold by wearing thick gloves and socks. Read about the treatment and management of Raynaud's. You will also need regular blood pressure checks and tests for organ problems. It's important to eat healthily, exercise regularly and quit smoking (if you smoke) to keep blood pressure under control. Content supplied byNHS Logonhs.uk Was this article helpful? What to read next What do healthy nails look like? What do healthy nails look like? Find out when nail changes are nothing to worry about and when to see a doctor about your nails. What is cyanosis — and what causes it? Cyanosis is a symptom of different conditions. It occurs when you don’t have enough oxygen in your blood, but what causes it and how is it treated? I have a lump under my skin -- what could it be? Worried about a lump you have found under your skin? Many lumps are harmless and its location can help tell you what the lump could be and what caused...
Your Weekly Checkup: Treatments for That Ringing in Your Ears I wrote about hearing loss some months back, but in that column I did not discuss an associated hearing problem called tinnitus. Tinnitus is the perception of a sound that has no external source and almost always is associated with decreased hearing. The sensation is often described as humming, ringing, hissing, static, roaring, or clicking. It is present in 10-25 percent of people older than 18 (over 50 million Americans), and increases with age, peaking in the 70s. It is extremely bothersome in less than 10 percent of people, but when it is, it can impair sleep, interfere with concentration and social interactions, and can be associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. Different parts of the hearing system can cause tinnitus. My personal tinnitus is hissing, greater in my left ear than the right. Most times I am able to ignore it. Some days it’s worse than others. The loudness, severity, and effect of tinnitus are dynamic and change over time, progressing in severity in some people and decreasing and even resolving in others. It appears least intense when my brain is distracted with work, and most intense during quiet times such as at night when I am not focused on anything and preparing for sleep. Preventive causes of tinnitus include excessive noise exposure as well as high doses of non-prescription medications such as aspirin and acetaminophen, and prescription medication including certain diuretics and antibiotics. Little evidence supports the usefulness of often advertised medications. There is also no evidence that dietary supplements, including ginkgo biloba, melatonin, zinc, lipoflavonoids, and vitamin supplements are beneficial. What may be beneficial is hearing aids that include sound generators, along with directive counseling to reduce attention and emotional responses to tinnitus. Hyperactive nerves in the brainstem may be responsible for some forms of tinnitus, and electrical therapy may quiet them. In some people, removal of wax or hair from the ear canal, treatment of middle ear fluid, or treatment of arthritis in the jaw joint can improve tinnitus. Tinnitus sufferers, especially those with new onset, should be evaluated by expert hearing specialists.
Intelligence: July 2, 2002 The recent alert that the United States was threatened by a cyberwar attack was sparked by an alert webmaster for a town in California's Silicon Valley. Before September 11, 2001, Mountain View's Web Site Coordinator Laura Wigod, noticed that the town web site was getting a lot of visits from web users in the Middle East. The visitors seemed interested in details of the town's water system, utilities and police department. After September 11, 2001, she reported this to the local police. Being in Silicon Valley, the police had web savvy police officers to handle net related offenses and they quickly confirmed Wigod's observations. The police alerted the FBI and the feds proceeded to ask around. They found over 30 other cities that had experienced a similar pattern before and after September 11, 2001. The visitors were traced back to telecommunications switches in Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Pakistan. Items being studied included emergency telephone systems, electrical generation and transmission, water storage and distribution, nuclear power plants and fuel storage and distribution facilities. But what set off the alarm bells in Washington were those Internet visitors looking for information about systems that allow remote control (via the web) for tasks like dispatching fire trucks or controlling pipelines and dams. What few people outside the government knew was that some of the al Qaeda laptops captured in Afghanistan contained information about getting to these control web sites and manipulating them. Some of these control systems allow one to manage power distribution, or railroad traffic, over a wide area. A terrorist could trigger blackouts, shut down pipelines and phone systems or cause multiple railroad accidents if he knows how to crack into these sites and effectively manipulate the controls. In the past, these remote control systems were not on the web, but required users to call an unlisted number (often only from a specific list of phone numbers) and use special communications software to do it. But to save money, many of these systems have been moved to the web. The designers of these web sites insist that they are as secure as the old systems. That may be true, because some of the old systems have been compromised (by criminals, not foreign terrorists.) The FBI, NSA and CIA are increasing their monitoring of the Internet in an attempt to get advanced warning of such attacks, and some information on who is planning them. Al Qaeda does not have a lot of Internet talent, but they have approached professional hackers (known to work for criminal organizations) for help. It's not known if any was received, for while professional hackers want to make money, they don't want to end the world-as-we-know-it. This would be really bad for business. Getting caught working for terrorists would also be a career ending event. Article Archive Help Keep Us Soaring Subscribe Contribute Close
chapter 7 17 Pages American Foreign Policy Since Nixon WithRichard A. Melanson The Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy reformulation and their attempts to achieve “peace with honor” in Vietnam constituted largely improvised responses to both domestic dissensus and a series of unwelcome international changes that had begun to erode America’s preeminent global position. If Richard Nixon had been elected in 1960 instead of 1968 he probably would have pursued a policy of anticommunist global containment largely indistinguishable from that of Harry S. Truman and Dwight Eisenhower. Furthermore, his efforts would have been sustained by a broad domestic consensus regarding the interest, goals, and instruments of American foreign policy. Members of the Carter administration shared the perception that the American people, traumatized by Vietnam and Watergate and frightened by inflation and the energy crisis, had lost faith in themselves and their institutions. Nixon’s pursuit of superpower detente at a time of growing Soviet strength risked condemnation by the “new majority” as dangerously retreatist.
Creating an Effective Agenda 1. Overall Goal: The overall finish line; where the team is heading; the final result 2. Meeting Objectives: What the meeting will accomplish, directly related to achieving the overall goal. Assure each objective is SMART (Specific, Measureable, Achievable, Relevant, Timely) 3. Non-Objectives: What will not be accomplished in the meeting; identify areas that could pull the meeting off-track and articulate that they will NOT be covered in the meeting. Depending on the area, it may make sense to schedule or allow an alternate time to address the issues. 4. Critical Information: The information needed in the meeting to achieve the meeting objectives. Could be published in advance with a note to ‘review prior to attending’ to expedite the time together. 5. Topics: The discussion activities that help to achieve the meeting objectives. 6. Key Players: The people who must attend for the meeting to be successful. Consider skills, resources, authority, and buy-in. If the meeting is one of many, it may be beneficial to assure everyone understands their role. RACI* is a good tool to use to help people understand their participation activities, time commitments, and team expectations. *- RACI: (R) – Responsible; (A) – Accountable, (C) – Consulted and (I) – Informed. A short whitepaper can be found here. The company that put on the training session is called NetSpeed - you can find them here.
What is the difference between PVC and silicone? PVC materials and silicone materials are two different materials. The full name of PVC is polyvinyl chloride, which is an amorphous white powder with poor stability to light and heat. PVC used to be the largest general-purpose plastic production material in the world, with a wide range of uses. The silicon raw material is a transparent or milky white granular solid with an open porous structure, strong adsorption force, and can adsorb various substances. What is the difference in performance and usage of silicone products and PVC products? Low liquidity PVC is an amorphous material with low moisture absorption and poor fluidity. In order to improve fluidity and prevent air bubbles, PVC materials can be dried in advance. Easy to decompose PVC is easier to decompose when in contact with steel and copper at 200 ° C, and will emit corrosive and irritating gas when decomposed. Its molding temperature range is small. Good chemical stability PVC is a flame retardant with good chemical stability. At the same time, its material characteristics also include high strength, high rigidity and high hardness. Corrosion resistance PVC has good electrical insulation and is easy to process. Temperature resistance Silicon products have high thermal stability, and the chemical bonds of molecules will not break or decompose at high temperatures, and can be used in a wide temperature range. Long lasting Ultraviolet rays and ozone will not easily decompose silicone products. Silicon has better thermal stability, radiation resistance and weather resistance than other polymer materials. Insulation and water resistance Silicon products have good electrical insulation. Their electrical performance is almost unaffected by temperature and frequency. Silicon also has excellent water resistance. Inert compound Polysiloxane is the most inert compound known, with the ability to resist biological aging and good anticoagulant energy. The difference between PVC rubber and silicone Different craftsmanship PVC products are made of polyvinyl chloride, oil and color paste. The raw materials are made by heating and cooling micro-injection epoxy process. Silica gel can be pressed and deployed in a mixer only by using silica gel to add masterbatch, and then put them into a mold by heating and cooling. Different characteristics Silicone products are more resistant to cold and heat than PVC products. Tableware made of silicone can be heated in a microwave oven, but PVC cannot. Different appearance From the appearance, the surface of silicone products is smooth and shiny. According to the feel, silicone products are soft, with good toughness and elasticity, while PVC soft rubber has a relatively low hardness and no toughness. Burning smell Silica gel products have a very small burning odor and powder, while PVC products will turn black after burning, and the smell will be bad when burning. Different cost The raw materials of PVC products made of synthetic materials are inexpensive. In production and manufacturing, silica gel is more expensive than PVC products. It can be seen from the above differences that silicone is safer than polyvinyl chloride and is more suitable for food and medicine. PVC products have a greater price advantage and are more suitable as materials for promotional gifts.
Antifreeze insulation measures for laboratory instruments in winter - Dec 21, 2018- Antifreeze insulation method of experimental instruments: 1. Keep warm with the insulation materials, that is, use the insulation data to wrap the parts of the instrument that are easy to freeze or freeze. When winter comes, it is necessary to check frequently and often discharge the dirt to avoid damage to the insulation data of the package. 2, heating method steam heating method: that is, the use of tube steam heating insulation. Before the winter heat supply steam, check whether the steam insulation pipe is dredged or blocked. The best steam is 24 hours. Don't be too hot. Sometimes you need to adjust the steam supply according to the climate change to avoid the temperature being too high. The vaporization of the condensate in the pressure tube of the transmitter will affect the operation of the transmitter or the temperature. Too low causes the condensate in the transmitter's pressure tube to freeze, which affects the operation of the transmitter. 3. Insulation maintenance box method: a. The electric heating tube thermal insulation box is composed of three parts: the box body, the heater and the outer surface bracket. The construction method is the same as that of the maintenance box. The difference is that the box is equipped with electric heating equipment, and the heating equipment is composed of The electric heating tube and the temperature controller are arranged, and the side of the box body is provided with a socket. When the power is turned on and the box is heated to the required temperature, the temperature controller is turned on to continue the heating. After repeated operations, the temperature inside the box can be kept within a certain range. The main parameters of its constant temperature heater: (1), rated voltage 200V.50Hz; (2), rated power 300 ~ 500W; (3), control temperature can be customized by the user; (4), constant temperature heater can also be made explosion-proof; (5), there are three types of electric heating tube: copper tube, carbon Steel pipe, stainless steel pipe. b. Steam tube heat insulation box, the heat pipe is made of metal tube S-shaped structure. The upper and lower sides of the box are welded with the welded plate joint and the heat pipe. The heat pipe is installed in the box for progress, and the steam is passed. The circulation within the lumen reaches the heating intent. The heat tracing tube data is generally divided into two types, namely, a copper tube and a seamless steel tube (carbon steel). c. Add a layer of insulation cotton to the key case and add glue seal at the door of the incubator and the inlet and outlet ports to achieve better insulation and antifreeze effect.
2.3.1 See Use this domain for words related to seeing something (in general or without conscious choice). Louw Nida Codes: 24A See • What words refer to seeing something? see, set eyes on, witness, see something with your own eyes, behold, notice, perceive, get an eyeful, • What words refer to seeing something for a very short time? catch sight of, catch a glimpse of, get a look at, • What words refer to seeing something that you have been looking for? spot, sight, observe, • What words refer to seeing something with difficulty? make out, distinguish, • What words refer to the ability to see? sight, sense of sight, vision, eyesight, • What words refer to someone who sees something? observer, beholder, witness, eyewitness, onlooker, spectator, viewer, • What words refer to something that is seen? sight, view, scene, scenery, picture, show, spectacle, vision, vista, panorama, • What words refer to an occasion of seeing? sight, at first sight, your first sight of, • What words describe how well a person can see? blind, astigmatism, clear-eyed, clear-sighted, cross-eyed, eyesight, good eyesight, poor eyesight, farsighted, lynx-eyed, myopia, myopic, nearsighted, purblind, sightless, visionless, • What words refer to doing something so that someone can't see? blindfold, blind, dazzle, block someone's view, • What words describe something that has to do with seeing? seeing, optic, optical, visual,
World Library Flag as Inappropriate Email this Article United States presidential election, 1968 United States presidential election, 1968 November 5, 1968 All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 60.8%[1] Nominee Richard Nixon Hubert Humphrey George Wallace Party Republican Democratic American Independent Home state New York[2] Minnesota Alabama Running mate Spiro Agnew Edmund Muskie Curtis LeMay Electoral vote 301 191 46 States carried 32 13 + DC 5 Popular vote 31,783,783 31,271,839 9,901,118 Percentage 43.4% 42.7% 13.5% Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Nixon/Agnew, Blue denotes those won by Humphrey/Muskie. Orange denotes states won by Wallace/LeMay, as well as a faithless elector from North Carolina who cast his electoral vote for Wallace/LeMay instead of Nixon/Agnew. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. President before election Lyndon B. Johnson Elected President Richard Nixon The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, won the election over the Democratic nominee, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation's cities, torn by riots and crime. Analysts have argued the election of 1968 is a realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. Coming four years after Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won in a historic landslide, the election saw the incumbent president forced out of the race and a Republican elected for the first time in twelve years. It was a wrenching national experience, conducted during a year of violence that included the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and subsequent race riots across the nation, the assassination of Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses, and violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic party split again and again. The election featured the strongest segregation in public schools - a position which gained much popularity in his home state, and across much of the Deep South. Because Wallace's campaign opposed federal intervention in the South to end school segregation, he carried the Deep South and ran well in ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North. This was the last election in which New York had the most votes in the electoral college (43 votes). After the 1970 census, California gained the most electoral votes and has remained the most populous state since then. This was also the last election where at least one state was carried by a third-party candidate. (John Hospers received an electoral vote in the next election but did not win Virginia). This is the most recent election where the victorious national ticket failed to carry the vice presidential candidate's home state. It is also the first (and as of 2012 only) election where an incumbent vice president ran against a former vice president for the presidency. • Historical background 1 • Nominations 2 • Democratic Party nomination 2.1 • Candidates gallery 2.1.1 • Enter Eugene McCarthy 2.1.2 • Johnson withdraws 2.1.3 • Contest 2.1.4 • Democratic Convention and antiwar protests 2.1.5 • Endorsements 2.1.6 • Republican Party nomination 2.2 • Candidates gallery 2.2.1 • Primaries 2.2.2 • Republican Convention 2.2.3 • George Wallace and the American Independent Party 2.3 • Other parties and candidates 2.4 • General election 3 • Campaign strategies 3.1 • Campaign themes 3.2 • Humphrey's comeback and the October surprise 3.3 • Election 3.4 • Aftermath 4 • Results 4.1 • Results by state 4.1.1 • Close states 4.2 • Voters 5 • National voter demographics 5.1 • Voter demographics in the South 5.2 • See also 6 • Sources 7 • Notes 8 • Further reading 9 • External links 10 Historical background In the election of 1964, incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the largest popular vote landslide in U.S. Presidential election history over Republican Barry Goldwater. During the presidential term that followed, Johnson was able to achieve many political successes, including the passage of his sweeping Great Society domestic programs (also known as the "War on Poverty"), landmark civil rights legislation, and the continued exploration of space. At the same time, however, the country endured large-scale race riots in the streets of its larger cities, along with a generational revolt of young people and violent debates over foreign policy. The emergence of the hippie counterculture, the rise of New Left activism, and the emergence of the Black Power movement exacerbated social and cultural clashes between classes, generations, and races. Every summer since 1964, major cities erupted in massive race riots that left hundreds dead or injured and destroyed hundreds of millions of dollars in property. Adding to the national crisis, on April 4, 1968, civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated, igniting further mass rioting and chaos, including Washington, D.C., where there was rioting within just a few blocks of the White House and machine guns were stationed on the Capitol steps to protect it.[3] The most important reason for the precipitous decline of President Johnson's popularity was the Vietnam War, which he greatly escalated during his time in office. By late 1967, over 500,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam. Draftees made up 42 percent of the military in Vietnam, but suffered 58% of the casualties as nearly 1000 Americans a month were killed and many more were injured.[4] Johnson's position was particularly damaged when the national news media began to focus on the high costs and ambiguous results of escalation, despite his repeated efforts to downplay the seriousness of the situation. In early January 1968, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stated that the war would be winding down as the North Vietnamese were losing their will to fight, but shortly thereafter, they launched the Tet Offensive, in which the North Vietnamese and Communist Vietcong forces launched simultaneous attacks on all government strongholds in South Vietnam. The Tet episode led many Americans to ponder whether the war was winnable or worth it. In addition, they felt they could not trust their government's assessment and reporting of the war effort. The Pentagon called for sending several hundred thousand more soldiers to Vietnam. Johnson's approval ratings fell below 35%, and the Secret Service refused to let the president make public appearances on the campuses of American colleges and universities, due to his extreme unpopularity among college students. The Secret Service also prevented Johnson from appearing at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, because it could not guarantee his safety from assassination.[5] Democratic Party nomination Democratic candidates Candidates gallery Enter Eugene McCarthy Because Lyndon Johnson had been elected to the presidency only once, in 1964, and had served less than two full years of the term before that, the 22nd Amendment did not disqualify him from running for another term;[6][7] Johnson had served only 12 months following the assassination of John F. Kennedy before being elected in 1964 to a full term. As a result, it was widely assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would run for another term, and that he would have little trouble winning the Democratic nomination. Despite growing opposition to Johnson's policies in Vietnam, it appeared that no prominent Democratic candidate would run against a sitting president of his own party. It was also accepted at the beginning of the year that Johnson's record of domestic accomplishments would overshadow public opposition to the Vietnam War and that he would easily boost his public image after he started campaigning.[8] Even Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, an outspoken critic of Johnson's policies with a large base of support, initially declined to run against Johnson in the primaries. Poll numbers also suggested that a large share of Americans who opposed the Vietnam War felt the growth of the anti-war hippie movement among younger Americans was not helping their cause.[8] On January 30, however, claims by the Johnson administration that a recent troop surge would soon bring an end to the war were severely discredited when the Tet Offensive broke out. While the American military was eventually able to fend off the attacks, and also inflict heavy losses among the communist opposition, the ability of the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong to launch large scale attacks during the Tet Offensive's long duration greatly weakened American support for the military draft and further combat operations in Vietnam.[9] In time, only Senator I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President." Not discussed publicly at the time was Johnson's concern he might not survive another term—Johnson's health was poor, and he had suffered a serious heart attack in 1955 while serving in the U.S. Senate. Indeed, he died on January 22, 1973, only two days after the new presidential term would have concluded. Bleak political forecasts also contributed to Johnson's withdrawal; internal polling by Johnson's campaign in Wisconsin, the next state to hold a primary election, showed the President trailing badly. Historians have debated just why Johnson quit a few days after his weak showing in New Hampshire. Shesol says Johnson wanted out of the White House but also wanted vindication; when the indicators turned negative he decided to leave.[11] Gould says that Johnson had neglected the party, was hurting it by his Vietnam policies, and underestimated McCarthy's strength until the very last minute, when it was too late for Johnson to recover.[12] Woods said Johnson realized he needed to leave in order for the nation to heal.[13] Dallek says that Johnson had no further domestic goals, and realized that his personality had eroded his popularity. His health was not good, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continue to shrink. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker.[14] Bennett, however, says Johnson, "had been forced out of a reelection race in 1968 by outrage over his policy in Southeast Asia.[15] It has also been reported that Johnson decided to wind down his re-election bid after popular and influential CBS News anchor • The Election Wall's 1968 Election Video Page • 1968 popular vote by counties • 1968 popular vote by states • 1968 popular vote by states (with bar graphs) • Campaign commercials from the 1968 election • How close was the 1968 election? at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2012) — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology • "LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason". ABC News. December 5, 2008, (video). External links • Ambrose, Stephen E. (1987). Nixon: The Education of a Politician: 1962-1972. • Burner, David and West, Thomas R. The Torch Is Passed: The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism. (1984). 307 pp. • Chester, Lewis, Godfrey Hodgson and Bruce Page. An American Melodrama - The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (1969), highly detailed report by British journalists • Lewis, Chester; Hodgson, Godfrey; Page, Bruce (1969). An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968. Viking Press. • Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1991). Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. St. Martin's Press. • Herzog, Arthur. McCarthy for President (1969) • Humphrey, Hubert H. (1976). The Education of a Public Man: My Life and Politics. Doubleday. • Kogin, Michael (Spring 1966). "Wallace and the Middle Class". Public Opinion Quarterly 30 (1). • McCarthy, Eugene. The Year of the People (1969), memoir • McGinniss, Joe (1969). The Selling of the President 1968. Trident Press. • Mayer, Jeremy D. "Nixon Rides the Backlash to Victory: Racial Politics in the 1968 Presidential Campaign," Historian (2002) 64#3 pp 351–366. • Nixon, Richard (1978). RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. ; primary source • Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (1978). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin. • Small, Melvin. "The Election of 1968," Diplomatic History (2004) 28#4 pp 513–528, analysis of foreign-policy issues • Time. "Wallace's Army: The Coalition Of Frustration," Oct 18, 1968Time • Unger, Irwin; Debi Unger, Debi (1988). Turning Point: 1968. Scribner's. • White, Theodore H. (1969). The Making of the President—1968. Atheneum. , famous report by American journalist Further reading 2. ^ a b Although he was born in California and he served as a U.S. Senator from California, in 1968 Richard Nixon's official state of residence was New York, having moved there to practice law after his defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election. During his first term as president, Nixon re-establlished his residency in California. Consequently, most reliable reference books list Nixon's home state as New York in the 1968 election and his home state as California in the 1972 (and 1960) election. 3. ^ Thomas Adams Upchurch, Race relations in the United States, 1960-1980 (2008) p. 7-50 8. ^ a b "Man Of The Year: Lyndon B. Johnson, The Paradox of Power". Time Magazine. January 5, 1968. Retrieved June 22, 2013. 9. ^ "Jan 30, 1968: Tet Offensive shakes Cold War confidence". Day In History. Retrieved June 22, 2013. 14. ^ Robert Dallek (1998). Flawed Giant:Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961-1973. Oxford University Press. pp. 518–25. 17. ^ Wicker, Tom (January 26, 1997). "Broadcast News". New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2013. 18. ^ a b Campbell, W. Joseph (July 9, 2012). "Chris Matthews invokes the ‘if I’ve lost Cronkite’ myth in NYT review". Retrieved June 22, 2013. 22. ^ David Milne, "The 1968 Paris peace negotiations: a two level game?", Review of International Studies (2011) 37(2): 577–599 23. ^ Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger (2009) p 77 24. ^ Cook, Rhodes (2000). United States Presidential Primary Elections 1968–1996: A Handbook of Election Statistics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 12–13. 26. ^ 27. ^ 28. ^ 29. ^ 31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 12, 1968". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 32. ^ "White, pgs. 377–378". Retrieved June 17, 2010. 33. ^ "AllPolitics - 1996 GOP NRC - All The Votes...Really". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 34. ^ "Our Campaigns - SD US President - D Primary Race - Jun 04, 1968". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 35. ^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - Harold Everett Hughes". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 36. ^ a b c d Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (1978). "Robert Kennedy and His Times". 37. ^ " - Bobby Darin & Bobby Kennedy". May 10, 1968. Retrieved June 17, 2010. 38. ^ "Another Race To the Finish". 39. ^ New York Times, February 18, 1968 40. ^ New York Times February 29, 1968 41. ^ New York Times, September 25th, 1967 42. ^ New York Times, September 29th, 1967 43. ^ a b Perlstein. 44. ^ Parmet, pp. 503–508. 45. ^ Parmet, p. 509. 47. ^ 48. ^ Perlstein, Rick (2008). 49. ^ 50. ^ Timothy Nels Thurber (1999). The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle. Columbia University Press. p. 214. 51. ^ 52. ^ Conrad Black, (2007), p. 525. 53. ^ Laura Kalman (1990). Abe Fortas. 55. ^ Aitken, Jonathan (1996). Nixon: A Life. pp. 396–397. 56. ^ pp. 264–266. 57. ^ Time November 15, 1968 61. ^ Dallek, pp. 74-75. 62. ^ Dallek, pp. 73-74. 63. ^ Conrad Black (2007), Richard Nixon: A Life in Full, PublicAffairs, p. 553. "I know." 68. ^ Dallek, p. 75. 70. ^ a b Taylor, David (March 15, 2013). "'"The Lyndon Johnson tapes: Richard Nixon's 'treason. 73. ^ Dallek, pp. 77-78. 75. ^ "Misunderstanding the Southern Realignment". Retrieved March 19, 2014. 76. ^ Gould (1993) p 165; White (1969) p 401 78. ^ "1968 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved March 18, 2013. 79. ^ "Our Campaigns - Political Party - Alabama National Democrat (NDPA)". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 80. ^ "Our Campaigns - AL US President Race - Nov 05, 1968". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 81. ^ "1968 Presidential General Election Results - North Carolina". Retrieved November 3, 2008. 82. ^ They used poll data from the sixth national presidential election survey conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. 83. ^ Converse et al (1969) • White, Theodore H., The Making of the President 1968. Pocket Books, 1970. See also NBC sample precincts 1968 election: South only % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace Middle income urban neighborhoods 28 40 32 Low income urban neighborhoods 57 18 25 Rural (all income) 29 30 41 African-American neighborhoods 95 3 2 Hispanic neighborhoods 92 7 1 Voter demographics in the South NBC sample precincts 1968 election % Humphrey % Nixon % Wallace High income urban 29 63 5 Middle income urban 43 44 13 Low income urban 69 19 12 Rural (all income) 33 46 21 African-American neighborhoods 94 5 1 Italian neighborhoods 51 39 10 Slavic neighborhoods 65 24 11 Jewish neighborhoods 81 17 2 Unionized neighborhoods 61 29 10 National voter demographics Converse et al. (1969) assesses the significance of the 1968 presidential election.[82] Many people were dissatisfied with Johnson but not with the Democratic Party. Their dissatisfaction was connected to the Vietnam War, civil rights, and law and order. Humphrey, the choice of an older generation, suffered from identification with the Johnson administration. Wallace attracted many Richard Nixon-bound Democrats and thus was a threat to Nixon. McCarthy's popularity in the New Hampshire primary was a nondifferentiated anti-Johnson vote from which many voters went to Wallace. These were not, however, the hard-core McCarthyite followers. Wallace's success was the result of the voter's identification with his stand on the primary issues - continuing segregation, getting tough in Vietnam, and law and order. Wallace's supporters were rural and small town residents in the South and skilled labor in the North. They were disgusted with public policy and were often alienated from politics. The Wallace candidacy helped to bend American politics and politicians to conservatism.[83] [81] In States where margin of victory was more than 5 percentage points, but less than 10 percentage points (155 electoral votes): States where margin of victory was less than 5 percentage points (223 electoral votes): Close states Richard Nixon Hubert H. Humphrey George Wallace American Independent Margin State Total State electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % # Alabama 10 146,923 13.99 - 196,579 18.72 - 691,425 65.86 10 -494,846 -47.13 1,049,917 AL Alaska 3 37,600 45.28 3 35,411 42.65 - 10,024 12.07 - 2,189 2.64 83,035 AK Arizona 5 266,721 54.78 5 170,514 35.02 - 46,573 9.56 - 96,207 19.76 486,936 AZ Arkansas 6 189,062 31.01 - 184,901 30.33 - 235,627 38.65 6 -46,565 -7.64 609,590 AR California 40 3,467,664 47.82 40 3,244,318 44.74 - 487,270 6.72 - 223,346 3.08 7,251,587 CA Colorado 6 409,345 50.46 6 335,174 41.32 - 60,813 7.50 - 74,171 9.14 811,199 CO Connecticut 8 556,721 44.32 - 621,561 49.48 8 76,650 6.10 - -64,840 -5.16 1,256,232 CT Delaware 3 96,714 45.12 3 89,194 41.61 - 28,459 13.28 - 7,520 3.51 214,367 DE D.C. 3 31,012 18.18 - 139,566 81.82 3 - - - -108,554 -63.64 170,578 DC Florida 14 886,804 40.53 14 676,794 30.93 - 624,207 28.53 - 210,010 9.60 2,187,805 FL Georgia 12 380,111 30.40 - 334,440 26.75 - 535,550 42.83 12 -155,439 -12.43 1,250,266 GA Hawaii 4 91,425 38.70 - 141,324 59.83 4 3,469 1.47 - -49,899 -21.12 236,218 HI Idaho 4 165,369 56.79 4 89,273 30.66 - 36,541 12.55 - 76,096 26.13 291,183 ID Illinois 26 2,174,774 47.08 26 2,039,814 44.15 - 390,958 8.46 - 134,960 2.92 4,619,749 IL Indiana 13 1,067,885 50.29 13 806,659 37.99 - 243,108 11.45 - 261,226 12.30 2,123,597 IN Iowa 9 619,106 53.01 9 476,699 40.82 - 66,422 5.69 - 142,407 12.19 1,167,931 IA Kansas 7 478,674 54.84 7 302,996 34.72 - 88,921 10.19 - 175,678 20.13 872,783 KS Kentucky 9 462,411 43.79 9 397,541 37.65 - 193,098 18.29 - 64,870 6.14 1,055,893 KY Louisiana 10 257,535 23.47 - 309,615 28.21 - 530,300 48.32 10 -220,685 -20.11 1,097,450 LA Maine 4 169,254 43.07 - 217,312 55.30 4 6,370 1.62 - -48,058 -12.23 392,936 ME Maryland 10 517,995 41.94 - 538,310 43.59 10 178,734 14.47 - -20,315 -1.64 1,235,039 MD Massachusetts 14 766,844 32.89 - 1,469,218 63.01 14 87,088 3.73 - -702,374 -30.12 2,331,752 MA Michigan 21 1,370,665 41.46 - 1,593,082 48.18 21 331,968 10.04 - -222,417 -6.73 3,306,250 MI Minnesota 10 658,643 41.46 - 857,738 54.00 10 68,931 4.34 - -199,095 -12.53 1,588,510 MN Mississippi 7 88,516 13.52 - 150,644 23.02 - 415,349 63.46 7 -264,705 -40.44 654,509 MS Missouri 12 811,932 44.87 12 791,444 43.74 - 206,126 11.39 - 20,488 1.13 1,809,502 MO Montana 4 138,835 50.60 4 114,117 41.59 - 20,015 7.29 - 24,718 9.01 274,404 MT Nebraska 5 321,163 59.82 5 170,784 31.81 - 44,904 8.36 - 150,379 28.01 536,851 NE Nevada 3 73,188 47.46 3 60,598 39.29 - 20,432 13.25 - 12,590 8.16 154,218 NV New Hampshire 4 154,903 52.10 4 130,589 43.93 - 11,173 3.76 - 24,314 8.18 297,298 NH New Jersey 17 1,325,467 46.10 17 1,264,206 43.97 - 262,187 9.12 - 61,261 2.13 2,875,395 NJ New Mexico 4 169,692 51.85 4 130,081 39.75 - 25,737 7.86 - 39,611 12.10 327,281 NM New York 43 3,007,932 44.30 - 3,378,470 49.76 43 358,864 5.29 - -370,538 -5.46 6,790,066 NY North Carolina 13 627,192 39.51 12 464,113 29.24 - 496,188 31.26 1 131,004 8.25 1,587,493 NC North Dakota 4 138,669 55.94 4 94,769 38.23 - 14,244 5.75 - 43,900 17.71 247,882 ND Ohio 26 1,791,014 45.23 26 1,700,586 42.95 - 467,495 11.81 - 90,428 2.28 3,959,698 OH Oklahoma 8 449,697 47.68 8 301,658 31.99 - 191,731 20.33 - 148,039 15.70 943,086 OK Oregon 6 408,433 49.83 6 358,866 43.78 - 49,683 6.06 - 49,567 6.05 819,622 OR Pennsylvania 29 2,090,017 44.02 - 2,259,405 47.59 29 378,582 7.97 - -169,388 -3.57 4,747,928 PA Rhode Island 4 122,359 31.78 - 246,518 64.03 4 15,678 4.07 - -124,159 -32.25 385,000 RI South Carolina 8 254,062 38.09 8 197,486 29.61 - 215,430 32.30 - 38,632 5.79 666,982 SC South Dakota 4 149,841 53.27 4 118,023 41.96 - 13,400 4.76 - 31,818 11.31 281,264 SD Tennessee 11 472,592 37.85 11 351,233 28.13 - 424,792 34.02 - 47,800 3.83 1,248,617 TN Texas 25 1,227,844 39.87 - 1,266,804 41.14 25 584,269 18.97 - -38,960 -1.27 3,079,406 TX Utah 4 238,728 56.49 4 156,665 37.07 - 26,906 6.37 - 82,063 19.42 422,568 UT Vermont 3 85,142 52.75 3 70,255 43.53 - 5,104 3.16 - 14,887 9.22 161,404 VT Virginia 12 590,319 43.36 12 442,387 32.49 - 321,833 23.64 - 147,932 10.87 1,361,491 VA Washington 9 588,510 45.12 - 616,037 47.23 9 96,990 7.44 - -27,527 -2.11 1,304,281 WA West Virginia 7 307,555 40.78 - 374,091 49.60 7 72,560 9.62 - -66,536 -8.82 754,206 WV Wisconsin 12 809,997 47.89 12 748,804 44.27 - 127,835 7.56 - 61,193 3.62 1,691,538 WI Wyoming 3 70,927 55.76 3 45,173 35.51 - 11,105 8.73 - 25,754 20.25 127,205 WY TOTALS: 538 31,783,783 43.42 301 31,271,839 42.72 191 9,901,118 13.53 46 511,944 0.70 73,199,998 US States/districts won by Nixon/Agnew States/districts won by Humphrey/Muskie States/districts won by Wallace/LeMay Results by state Electoral vote Popular vote Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1968 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (August 7, 2005). Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (August 7, 2005). Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral Running mate Count Pct Vice-presidential candidate Home state Elect. vote Richard Milhous Nixon Republican New York[2] 31,783,783 43.42% 301 Spiro Theodore Agnew Maryland 301 George Corley Wallace American Independent Alabama 9,901,118 13.53% 46 Curtis Emerson LeMay California[77] 46 Other 243,258 0.33% Other Total 73,199,998 100% 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 This was also the last election in which any third party candidate won an entire state's electoral votes, with Wallace carrying five states. After, 1968 the only way to win the party's presidential nomination was through the primary process; Humphrey turned out to be the last nominee of either major party to win his party's nomination without having directly competed in the primaries. Another important result of the 1968 election was that it led to several reforms in how the Democratic Party chose its presidential nominees. In 1969, the McGovern-Fraser Commission adopted a set of rules for the states to follow in selecting convention delegates. These rules reduced the influence of party leaders on the nominating process and provided greater representation for minorities, women, and youth. The reforms led most states to adopt laws requiring primary elections, instead of party leaders, to choose delegates. From 1968 until 2008, only two Democrats were elected President, both native Southerners - Barack Obama, win a presidential election. The election was a significant event in the long-term realignment in Democratic Party support, especially in the South.[75] Nationwide, the bitter splits over civil rights, the new left, the Vietnam War, and other "culture wars" were slow to heal. It was no longer automatic for all white Southerners to vote Democratic for president, as Republicans made major gains in suburban areas and areas filled with Northern migrants. The rural Democratic "courthouse cliques" in the South lost power. While Democrats controlled local and state politics in the South, Republicans usually won the presidential vote. In 1968 Humphrey won less than 10% of the white Southern vote, with 2/3 of his vote in the region coming from blacks, who now were voting in full strength.[76] Nixon's victory is often considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was obviously the majority party. During that time period, the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections, and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration. The election of 1968 reversed the situation completely. From 1968 until 2012, the Republicans won seven out of twelve presidential elections, and its policies clearly affected those enacted by the Democratic Clinton administration. 1968 Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District Election results by county. George Wallace Nixon said that Humphrey left a gracious message congratulating him, noting "I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one."[74] Of the states that Nixon had previously carried in 1960, only Maine and Washington did not vote for him again (He later carried both again in 1972). This was the last time until 1988 that the state of Washington voted Democratic, and last time until 1992 that Connecticut, Maine, and Michigan voted Democratic in a general election. Nixon is also the last Republican candidate to win a presidential election without carrying any of these states: Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. The election on November 5, 1968, proved to be extremely close, and it was not until the following morning that the television news networks were able to call Nixon the winner. The key states proved to be California, Ohio, and Illinois, all of which Nixon won by three percentage points or less. Had Humphrey carried all three of these states, he would have won the election. Had Humphrey carried any two of them, or California alone, George Wallace would have succeeded in his aim of preventing an electoral college majority for any candidate, and the decision would have been given to the House of Representatives, at the time controlled by the Democratic Party. Nixon won the popular vote with a plurality of 512,000 votes, or a victory margin of about one percentage point. In the electoral college Nixon's victory was larger, as he carried 32 states with 301 electoral votes, to Humphrey's 13 states and 191 electoral votes and Wallace's five states and 46 electoral votes. Johnson learned of the Nixon-Chennault effort because the NSA was interfering in communications in Vietnam.[64] In 2009, new tapes were declassified revealing that Johnson was enraged and said that Nixon had "blood on his hands" and that Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen agreed with Johnson that such action was "treason."[65][66] Defense Secretary Clark Clifford considered the moves an illegal violation of the Logan Act.[67] In response, Johnson ordered NSA surveillance of Chennault and wire-tapped members the South Vietnamese embassy and members of the Nixon campaign.[68] He did not leak the information to the public because he did not want to "shock America" with the revelation,[69] nor reveal that the NSA was interfering in communications in Vietnam.[70] Johnson did make information available to Humphrey, but at this point Humphrey thought he was going to win the election, so he did not reveal the information to the public. Humphrey later regretted this as a mistake.[71] The South Vietnamese government withdrew from peace negotiations, and Nixon publicly offered to go to Saigon to help the negotiations.[72] Dallek wrote that Nixon's efforts "probably made no difference," because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election. However, his use of information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable, and Humphrey's decision not to make Nixon's actions public was "an uncommon act of political decency."[73] Either way, a promising "peace bump" ended up in "shambles" for the Democratic Party.[70] Nixon asked Anna Chennault to be his "channel to Mr. Thieu" in order to advise him to refuse participation in the talks. Thieu was promised a better deal under a Nixon administration.[60] Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference. On November 2, Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador: "I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss [Nixon] is going to win. And you tell your boss [Thieu] to hold on a while longer." In 1997, Chennault admitted that "I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell."[61] The effort also involved Texas Senator John Tower and Kissinger, who traveled to Paris on behalf of the Nixon campaign. William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained "no useful inside information" from his trip to Paris, and "almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion". While Kissinger may have "hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation," this sort of " at worst a minor and not uncommon practice, quite different from getting and reporting real secrets."[62] In 2007, Conrad Black asserted that there is "no evidence" connecting Kissinger in particular, who was "playing a fairly innocuous double game of self-promotion," with attempts to undermine the peace talks. Black further commented that "the Democrats were outraged at Nixon, but what Johnson was doing was equally questionable," and there is "no evidence" that Thieu "needed much prompting to discern which side he favored in the U.S. election."[63] However, the Nixon campaign had anticipated a possible "[59] After the Democratic Convention in late August, Humphrey trailed Nixon by double-digits in most polls, and his chances seemed hopeless. According to Time magazine, "The old Democratic coalition was disintegrating, with untold numbers of blue-collar workers responding to Wallace's blandishments, Negroes threatening to sit out the election, liberals disaffected over the Vietnam War, the South lost. The war chest was almost empty, and the party's machinery, neglected by Lyndon Johnson, creaked in disrepair."[57] Calling for "the politics of joy," and using the still-powerful labor unions as his base, Humphrey fought back. In order to distance himself from Johnson and to take advantage of the Democratic plurality in voter registration, Humphrey stopped being identified in ads as "Vice-President Hubert Humphrey," instead being labelled "Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey." Humphrey attacked Wallace as a racist bigot who appealed to the darker impulses of Americans. Wallace had been rising in the polls, and peaked at 21% in September, but his momentum stopped after he selected Curtis LeMay as his running mate. Curtis LeMay's suggestion of tactical nuclear weapons being used in Vietnam conjured up memories of the 1964 Goldwater campaign.[43] Labor unions also undertook a major effort to win back union members who were supporting Wallace, with substantial success. Polls that showed Wallace winning almost one-half of union members in the summer of 1968 showed a sharp decline in his union support as the campaign progressed. As election day approached and Wallace's support in the North and Midwest began to wane, Humphrey finally began to climb in the polls. Humphrey's comeback and the October surprise During the campaign, Nixon also used as a theme his opposition to the decisions of Chief Justice Earl Warren. Many conservatives were critical of Chief Justice Warren for using the Supreme Court to promote liberal policies in the fields of civil rights, civil liberties, and the separation of church and state. Nixon promised that if he were elected president, he would appoint justices who would take a less-active role in creating social policy.[53] In another campaign promise, he pledged to end the draft.[54] During the 1960s, Nixon had been impressed by a paper he had read by Professor Martin Anderson of Columbia University. Anderson had argued in the paper for an end to the draft and the creation of an all-volunteer army.[55] Nixon also saw ending the draft as an effective way to undermine the anti-Vietnam war movement, since he believed affluent college-age youths would stop protesting the war once their own possibility of having to fight in it was gone.[56] Nixon campaigned on a theme to restore "law and order,"[49] which appealed to many voters angry with the hundreds of violent riots that had taken place across the country in the previous few years. Following the murder of Dr. King in April 1968, there was severe rioting in Detroit and Washington, D.C., and President Johnson had to call out the U.S. Army to protect lives and property as smoke from burning buildings a few blocks away drifted across the White House lawn. However, Vice-President Humphrey criticized the "law and order" issue, claiming that it was a subtle appeal to white racial prejudice.[50] Nixon also opposed forced busing to desegregate schools.[51] Proclaiming himself a supporter of civil rights, he recommended education as the solution rather than militancy. During the campaign, Nixon proposed government tax incentives to African Americans for small businesses and home improvements in their existing neighborhoods.[52] Campaign themes Since he was well behind Nixon in the polls as the campaign began, Humphrey opted for a slashing, fighting campaign style. He repeatedly - and unsuccessfully - challenged Nixon to a televised debate, and he often compared his campaign to the successful underdog effort of President Harry Truman, another Democrat who had trailed in the polls, in the 1948 presidential election. Humphrey predicted that he, like Truman, would surprise the experts and win an upset victory. Nixon developed a "southern strategy" that was designed to appeal to conservative white southerners, who traditionally voted Democratic, but were deeply angered by Johnson and Humphrey's support for the civil rights movement. Wallace, however, won over many of the voters Nixon targeted, effectively splitting the conservative vote. Indeed, Wallace deliberately targeted many states he had little chance of carrying himself in the hope that by splitting the conservative vote with Nixon he would give those states to Humphrey and, by extension, boost his own chances of denying both opponents an Electoral College majority. The "southern strategy" would prove more effective in subsequent elections and would become a staple of Republican presidential campaigns. Nixon's campaign was also carefully managed and controlled. He often held "town hall" type meetings in cities he visited in which he answered questions from voters that had been screened in advance by his aides. Campaign strategies General election Also on the ballot in two or more states were black activist Eldridge Cleaver (who was ineligible to take office, as he would have only been 33 years of age on January 20, 1969) for the Peace and Freedom Party, Henning Blomen for the Socialist Labor Party, Fred Halstead for the Socialist Workers Party, E. Harold Munn for the Prohibition Party, and Charlene Mitchell – the first African-American woman to run for president – for the Communist Party. Comedians Dick Gregory and Pat Paulsen were notable write-in candidates. A facetious presidential candidate for 1968 was a pig named Pigasus, as a political statement by the Yippies, to illustrate their premise that "one pig's as good as any other."[48] Other parties and candidates The segregation policies had been rejected by the mainstream of the Democratic Party – as the party's candidate for president. The impact of the Wallace campaign was substantial, winning the electoral votes of several states in the Deep South. Wallace was the most popular 1968 presidential candidate among young men.[47] Wallace also proved to be popular among blue-collar workers in the North and Midwest, and he took many votes which might have gone to Humphrey. Although Wallace did not expect to win the election, his strategy was to prevent either major party candidate from winning a preliminary majority in the Electoral College, which would then give him bargaining power to determine the winner. Wallace's running mate was retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay. Among others who were considered were Ezra Taft Benson, John Wayne and Colonel Sanders. LeMay embarrassed Wallace's campaign in the fall by suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in Vietnam. George Wallace and the American Independent Party As of 2012, this was the last time two siblings (Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller) ran against each other in a Presidential primary. Convention tally President (before switches) (after switches) Vice President Richard M. Nixon 692 1238 Spiro T. Agnew 1119 Nelson Rockefeller 277 93 George Romney 186 Ronald Reagan 182 2 John V. Lindsay 10 Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes 55 Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke 1 George Romney 50 James A. Rhodes 1 New Jersey Senator Clifford Case 22 Not Voting 16 Kansas Senator Frank Carlson 20 Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller 18 Hawaii Senator Hiram Fong 14 Harold Stassen 2 New York City Mayor John V. Lindsay 1 Candidates for the Vice-Presidential nomination: Because Goldwater had done well in the Deep South, delegates to the 1968 Republican National Convention would be more Southern and conservative than past conventions. There was a real possibility that the conservative Reagan would be nominated if there was no victor on the first ballot. Nixon narrowly secured the nomination on the first ballot, with the aid of South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched parties in 1964.[43][44] He selected dark horse Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.[45][46] It was also reported that Nixon's first choice for running mate was his longtime friend and ally, Robert Finch, who was the Lieutenant Governor of California at the time, but Finch declined the offer. Finch would later serve as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in Nixon's Administration. As the 1968 Republican National Convention opened in Miami Beach, Florida, the Associated Press estimated that Nixon had 656 delegate votes - only 11 short of the number he needed to win the nomination. His only remaining obstacles were Reagan and Rockefeller, who were planning to unite their forces in a "stop-Nixon" movement. Republican Convention Total popular vote: Nixon won a resounding victory in the important New Hampshire primary on March 12, with 78% of the vote. Anti-war Republicans wrote in the name of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican Party's liberal wing, who received 11% of the vote and became Nixon's new challenger. Rockefeller had originally not intended to run, having discounted a campaign for the nomination in 1965 and planned on making Senator Jacob Javits the favorite son, either in preparation of a presidential campaign or to secure him the second spot on the ticket; as Rockefeller warmed to the idea of entering the race again however, Javits moved his attentions back towards seeking a third term in the Senate.[42] Nixon led Rockefeller in the polls throughout the primary campaign, and though Rockefeller defeated Nixon and Governor John Volpe in the Massachusetts primary on April 30, he otherwise fared poorly in state primaries and conventions, having declared too late to place his name on state ballots. Senator Charles Percy was considered another potential threat to Nixon even before Romney's withdrawal, and had planned on potentially waging an active campaign after securing a role as Illinois's favorite son. Later however Percy declined to have his name presented on the ballot for the Illinois presidential primary, and while he never disclaimed his interest in the presidential nomination, he no longer actively sought it either.[41] Nixon's first challenger was Michigan Governor diplomatic corps into supporting the Vietnam War; the remark led to weeks of ridicule in the national news media. Since he had turned against American involvement in Vietnam, Romney planned to run as the anti-war Republican version of Eugene McCarthy.[39] However, following his "brainwashing" comment, Romney's support faded steadily, and with polls showing him far behind Nixon he withdrew from the race on February 28, 1968.[40] The front-runner for the Republican nomination was former Vice President Richard Nixon, who formally began campaigning in January 1968.[38] Nixon had worked tirelessly behind the scenes and was instrumental in Republican gains in Congress and governorships in the 1966 midterm elections. Thus, the party machinery and many of the new congressmen and governors supported him. Still, there was wariness in the Republican ranks over Nixon, who had lost the 1960 election and then lost the 1962 California gubernatorial election. Some hoped a more "electable" candidate would emerge. To a great extent the story of the 1968 Republican primary campaign and nomination is the story of one Nixon opponent after another entering the race and then dropping out. Nixon was always clearly the front runner throughout the contest because of his superior organization, and he easily defeated the rest of the field. Richard Nixon campaign rally Candidates gallery Republican Party nomination George McGovern (during convention) Eugene McCarthy Robert F. Kennedy Hubert Humphrey Source: Keating Holland, "All the Votes... Really," CNN[33] Presidential tally Vice Presidential tally Hubert Humphrey 1759.25 Edmund S. Muskie 1942.5 Eugene McCarthy 601 Not Voting 604.25 George S. McGovern 146.5 Julian Bond 48.5 Channing Phillips 67.5 David Hoeh 4 Daniel K. Moore 17.5 Edward M. Kennedy 3.5 Edward M. Kennedy 12.75 Eugene McCarthy 3.0 Paul W. "Bear" Bryant 1.5 Others 16.25 James H. Gray 0.5 George Wallace 0.5 However, the tragedy of the anti-war riots crippled Humphrey's campaign from the start, and it never fully recovered.[32] Before 1968 the city of Chicago had been a frequent host for the political conventions of both parties; since 1968 only once has a national convention been held in the city (in 1996, the Democratic Party held the convention which nominated Bill Clinton there). Many believe that this is due in part to the violence and chaos of the Democratic Convention that year. After the delegates nominated Humphrey, the convention then turned to selecting a vice-president. The main candidates for this position were Senators Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, Edmund Muskie of Maine, and Fred R. Harris of Oklahoma; Governors Richard Hughes of New Jersey and Terry Sanford of North Carolina; Mayor Joseph Alioto of San Francisco, California; former Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance of West Virginia; and Ambassador Sargent Shriver of Maryland. Another idea floated was to tap Republican Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York, one of the most liberal Republicans. Ted Kennedy was Humphrey's first choice, but the senator turned him down. After narrowing it down to Senator Muskie and Senator Harris, Vice-President Humphrey chose Muskie, a moderate and environmentalist from Maine, for the nomination. The convention complied with the request and nominated Senator Muskie as Humphrey's running mate. When the 1968 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago, thousands of young activists from around the nation gathered in the city to protest the Vietnam War. On the evening of August 28, in a clash which was covered on live television, Americans were shocked to see Chicago police brutally beating anti-war protesters in the streets of Chicago in front of the Conrad Hilton Hotel. While the protesters chanted "The whole world's watching," the police used clubs and tear gas to beat back or arrest the protesters, leaving many of them bloody and dazed. The tear gas wafted into numerous hotel suites; in one of them Vice-President Humphrey was watching the proceedings on television. However, the police claimed that their actions were justified because numerous police officers were being injured by bottles, rocks, and broken glass that were being thrown at them by the protestors. The protestors had also yelled verbal insults at the police, calling them "pigs" and other epithets. The anti-war and police riot divided the Democratic Party's base: some supported the protestors and felt that the police were being heavy-handed, but others disapproved of the violence and supported the police. Meanwhile, the convention itself was marred by the strong-arm tactics of Chicago's mayor Richard J. Daley (who was seen on television angrily cursing Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, who made a speech at the convention denouncing the excesses of the Chicago police). In the end, the nomination itself was anti-climactic, with Vice-President Humphrey handily beating McCarthy and McGovern on the first ballot. Robert Kennedy's death altered the dynamics of the race. Although Humphrey appeared the prohibitive favorite for the nomination, thanks to his support from the traditional power blocs of the party, he was an unpopular choice with many of the George McGovern of South Dakota, a Kennedy supporter in the spring primaries who had presidential ambitions himself. This division of the anti-war votes at the Democratic Convention made it easier for Humphrey to gather the delegates he needed to win the nomination. Democratic Convention and antiwar protests [31]Total popular vote: At the moment of RFK's death, the delegate totals were: After Kennedy's defeat in Oregon, the California primary was seen as crucial to both Kennedy and McCarthy. McCarthy stumped the state's many colleges and universities, where he was treated as a hero for being the first presidential candidate to oppose the war. Kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state's larger cities, where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters. Kennedy and McCarthy engaged in a television debate a few days before the primary; it was generally considered a draw. On June 4, Kennedy narrowly defeated McCarthy in California, 46%–42%. However, McCarthy refused to withdraw from the race and made it clear that he would contest Kennedy in the upcoming New York primary, where McCarthy had much support from anti-war activists in New York City. The New York primary quickly became a moot point, however, for in the early morning of June 5, Kennedy was shot shortly after midnight; he died twenty-six hours later. Kennedy had just given his victory speech in a crowded ballroom of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles; he and his aides then entered a narrow kitchen pantry on their way to a banquet room to meet with reporters. In the pantry Kennedy and five others were shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a Christian Palestinian who hated Kennedy because of his support for Israel. Sirhan admitted his guilt, was convicted of murder, and is still in prison.[25] In recent years some have cast a doubt on this, including Sirhan himself, who said he was "brainwashed" into killing Kennedy and was a patsy.[26][27][28][29] • The second faction, which rallied behind Senator Eugene McCarthy, was composed of college students, intellectuals, and upper-middle-class whites who had been the early activists against the war in Vietnam; they perceived themselves as the future of the Democratic Party. • The third group was primarily composed of Catholics, blacks and other minorities as well as several antiwar groups; these groups rallied behind Senator Robert F. Kennedy. • The fourth group consisted of white Southern Democrats. Some older men, remembering the With Johnson's withdrawal, the Democratic Party quickly split into four factions, each of which distrusted the other three. [20] but claimed the president was able to watch a taping of it the morning after it aired and then made the remark.[20] television station in Fort Worth, Texas, when Cronkite's editorial aired, acknowledged reports that the president saw the editorial's original broadcast were inaccurate,WBAPs Star-Telegram' Schieffer, who was serving as a reporter for the [20][19]
Enlightening You to Help Create More Positive Energy Featured Post Carbon Emissions Could be Eliminated with Solar Energy You’ve heard of carbon emissions and know they affect the Earth's ecosystem. Everything from endangered polar bears and global warming to the extreme changes in weather patterns, like the increased frequency and velocity of hurricanes, are a caused by our pollution. But there’s even more to it. Carbon emissions happen when carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Unfortunately, right now, carbon emissions result from a majority of the things we do every minute of every day. In 2016, 35% of U.S. carbon emissions were from electricity generation. These toxic emissions blanket the atmosphere, trapping heat in like a greenhouse. It prevents the earth from keeping a healthy homeostasis. Fortunately, there’s a clean, renewable and affordable alternative to fossil-fueled energy. Solar energy possesses infinite potential to reduce carbon emissions. And we're here to enlighten you on just how accessible this positive energy is for your home. In 30 years, just ONE home solar power system counteracts the carbon emissions of 166,000 lbs of coal. Now think about this... how much more carbon emissions could reduce or potentially eliminate if an entire neighborhood went solar? Or if an entire community or town went solar? What about an entire state, like Florida? What about an entire country, like the United States of America? Here's what it would look like if 100% of our country transitioned to renewable energy in the next 30 years... Contrary to common beliefs, renewable energy is achievable the future. Right now Florida homeowners have unbelievable federal tax incentives and programs to encourage and accelerate the transition to solar energy. Additionally, Florida homeowners that capitalize on these amazing opportunities are solving a bigger issue our residents face annually while helping to improve the value of their home. How you ask? 1. We live in the sunshine state. As long as there is sun, the system is generating power because solar energy systems are designed to operate continuously. 2. Premium systems are designed to withstand up to 170 mph winds. The panels technically make roofs more secure. Also, the top solar panel brand on the market, SunPower, has cells made to keep generating power even if they are compromised. Should the panel be impacted by a tree branch or something else random, the solar panel will producing energy. 3. As long as you have a backup battery system, like Tesla Powerwall, your home's electricity will operate independently without interruption on a daily basis. Regardless of any storm or power outage. If you haven't guessed by now where this is going, solar system designs help Florida residents take long-term preventative measures to ensure their electricity is never compromised during a hurricane. Instead of installing or maintaining a generator as an electricity insurance policy, you can now take advantage of solar savings and solve all your problems with one system. Pretty cool, right? Now Vinyasun delivers the fast assessments for your solar energy needs matched with a cutting-edge system design for your home using top applications and technology-enabled tools. lower electric bills switch to solar Frequently Asked Questions Can FPL or my HOA prevent me from switching to solar? Is solar free for Florida homeowners? • The sun is free to everyone. Does solar increase my home value? From Facebook
The Things They Carried In Glogpedia by ap130076 Last updated 4 years ago Language Arts Book Reports Toggle fullscreen Print glog The Things They Carried SettingVietnam WarNov. 1, 1955- Apr. 30, 1975 O'Brien's war stories take place during the Vietnam War- a long-lasting conflict between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The United States military allied with South Vietnam and lost about 58,000 American troops to the violence. Small Town America Some of the sory takes place in the hometowns of the soldiers, away from the war, to give teh soldiers some humaity. These places include familiar restaurants like Dairy Queen and A&W, movie theaters, and family homes. The Things They Carried By: Tim O' Brien Anna ParreiraHonors Eng II~Period 76 December 2015 Kiowa The young Native American man in the Alpha company played as a major symbol in O'Brien's war stories. Throughout the trials of the war, Kiowa remains a good-heat=rted, respectful soldier- even towards the Vietnamese. He and O'Brien share a special friendship, as Kiowa is always there for Tim when he needs comfort. Overall, he really is the stabilizing piece of teh Alpha Company, adn he can get anyone to let their feelings out. In a strange turn of events, Kiowa is caught and killed out in a sewage dump. For someone so faultless to die in such an unhonorbale way shows that war can strip almost anything of its deserved dignity. Bob "Rat" Kiley Nineteen- year old Kiley was best known for his vivid storytelling- a way to keep his mind off of the stress of war. He had a way of overexaggerating that kept good humor among the men in the Alpha Company. As the medic, Rat interacted with all of the men in his platoon. With his storytelling and medical capabilities, Kiley was able to mend more than just the physical wounds. At one point in the war, Rat Kiley's best friend is killed, and he has a hard time dealing with it. He copes with his emotions by killing a baby buffalo and spending the night alone, crying over the loss of his comrade. Soon after, Kiley is back to his old self, slowly healing. However, when the company is assigned a deathly mission, Kiley opts out by shooting himself in the foot and leaving the war for it. Rat Kiley's character shows the toll that can stress can take on someone's person, and the beauty of innocence. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross Cross was just a sophomore in college when he decided to join his buddies and earn a few extra credits by joing the ROTC. His position as platoon leader encumbered him with the responsibilty of his company. He was not fit for his superior role; he had no understanding of the war or how to adjust the structure of operations to his men and their environment. Jimmy's love for Martha, a US girl who had no interst for him, often hindered his ability to serve the men in the Alpha Company. HIs frequent daydreams kept his head out of the war, especially at the most vital of times. After Ted Lavender was killed, Cross put the burden of blame on himself and went through a destructive emotional state. He burned the pictures of Martha and tried to alter his mindset to better his leadersip skills. While he never attached himself to his men, his position did hold their repect. Jimmy Cross's role in the story shows the significance of fulfilling responsibility and the emotional damage it can cause. "How crazy it was that people who were so incredibly alive could get so incredibly dead."(O'Brien223) "He wanted to heat up the truth, to make it burn so hot that you would feel exactly what he felt. For Rat Kiley, I think, facts were formed by sensation..."(O'Brien89) The truth is only what's felt. ReviewI give this book a four out of five stars. Tim O'Brien used vivid imagery to not only create a scene in the reader's mind, but also to express the emotion the soldiers were feeling. The panel of characters was diverse which made the story seem much more realistic than if they'd all been essentially the same person. They each responded to their struggles differently, and I found it intriguing to see the war from the different points of view. The storyline was interesting and kept a good pace, however his constant use of repitition soon became annoying. I did not like how he skipped around the parts of the story because it was often confusing and hard to follow. Overall, I enjoyed the piece and found it much more informative and entertaining than reading a book solely about the Vietnam War. "...And for all the ambiguities of Vietnam, all the mysteries and the unknowns, there was at least the abiding certainty that they wold never be at a loss for things to carry."(O"Brien16) The author continuously used storytelling as a way for the soldiers in the Alpha Company to relate. Rat Kiley, for example, was known for gathering folks around to listen to his exaggerated tales. These stories brought them together in understanding despite their personality differences. Whether the stories were true, partially true, or completely made up, someone always had a take-away, a connection with it. In today's society, our only connections to our own past, are stories. For instance, the cliche of a grandparent talking about how things were "back in their day" is how our family relates across generations. In the same way, older fairytales and fables relate cultures around the world. "The thing about a story is that you dream it as you tell it, hoping that then others might dream along with you, and in this way memory and imagination and language combine to make spirits in the head."(O'Brien230) There are no comments for this Glog.
Cyanide Toxicity Medication Updated: May 30, 2020 • Author: Inna Leybell, MD; Chief Editor: Michael A Miller, MD more... • Print Medication Summary Oxygen is the initial agent used in suspected or confirmed cyanide poisoning. Sodium bicarbonate is used in patients with severe poisoning that has produced marked lactic acidosis. Epinephrine is used to support cerebral and coronary perfusion in low-flow states. Antidotal therapy is indicated for any patient in whom the diagnosis of cyanide toxicity is considered on clinical grounds, even before laboratory confirmation. Activated charcoal can be used in patients presenting after ingestion of cyanide salts or organic cyanides. Anticonvulsants are used as indicated. Lorazepam is the drug of choice; midazolam and phenobarbital are second-line agents. Cyanide antidotes are the key medications for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) poisoning. Hydroxocobalamin (HCO, vitamin B-12) is the first-line therapy for cyanide toxicity. It functions by binding cyanide to its cobalt ion to form cyanocobalamin, which is essentially nontoxic and is cleared renally. [36, 33] HCO can be combined with sodium thiosulfate for accelerated detoxification. Amyl nitrite is an alternative temporizing therapy; it may be useful in the absence of intravenous (IV) access (eg, in industrial settings). Sodium thiosulfate enhances the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate , which is renally excreted. Thiosulfate has a somewhat delayed effect and thus is typically used with sodium nitrite for faster antidote action. Sodium nitrite must be used with caution because it may result in significant hypotension and cardiovascular collapse, in addition to generating dangerous levels of methemoglobin. However, in cases of smoke inhalation in which cyanide toxicity is suspected, administration of sodium thiosulfate is safe. Class Summary Cyanide is a cellular toxin that binds to cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting cellular respiration. Antidotes either directly counteract cyanide's toxicity on the electron transport chain or help the body eliminate the cyanide molecule. Administration of antidotes is critical for life-threatening intoxication. Gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination with oral activated charcoal is selectively used in the emergency treatment of poisoning caused by some drugs and chemicals. The network of pores present in activated charcoal adsorbs 100-1000 mg of drug per gram of charcoal. Consider decontamination with activated charcoal in any patient who presents within 4 hours after the ingestion. Alkalinizing agents are used in severe poisoning, which causes marked lactic acidosis. Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) Hydroxocobalamin contains cobalt ion, which is able to bind to cyanide with greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase to form nontoxic cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12), which is excreted in urine. Hydroxocobalamin has few adverse effects and is tolerated by critically ill patients. It is well tolerated by patients with concomitant carbon monoxide poisoning, because unlike sodium nitrite it has no effect on the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Hydroxocobalamin may be used in combination with sodium thiosulfate for treatment of acute cyanide toxicity. Low-dose hydroxocobalamin in combination with sodium thiosulfate has been used successfully to prevent cyanide toxicity in patients receiving prolonged sodium nitroprusside infusions. The disadvantages of hydroxocobalamin are that a large dose is required for antidotal efficacy and that it is available in the United States only in very dilute solutions. It can cause transient hypertension, allergic reactions (rarely including anaphylaxis and angioedema), and a reddish discoloration of body fluids and urine. Sodium thiosulfate & sodium nitrite (Nithiodote) Sodium nitrite induces methemoglobin formation and vasodilation. Sodium thiosulfate has a slower mechanism of action. It donates sulfur, which is used as a substrate by rhodanese and other sulfur transferases for detoxification of cyanide to thiocyanate. In patients with concomitant carbon monoxide poisoning, for whom sodium nitrite is contraindicated, sodium thiosulfate can be used alone; sodium thiosulfate can also be administered with hydroxocobalamin in severe cases. The recommended dose assumes a patient hemoglobin level of 12 mg/dL; dosage adjustment may be necessary in patients with anemia. Half the original dose may be repeated in 1 hour if the patient continues to exhibit signs of cyanide toxicity. Amyl nitrite The nitrite ions in amyl nitrite react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which unites with cyanide to form cyanomethemoglobin. Amyl nitrite rushed and contents poured onto a gauze and placed in front of patient's mouth pearls can be crushed and inhaled by a spontaneously breathing patient or ventilated into an apneic patient using a bag-valve-mask device; this is a temporizing measure until IV access can be established. The effect of an ampule lasts approximately 3 minutes; separate administration by at least 30 seconds to allow patient to oxygenate. Due to the volatile nature of this compound, rescuers should ensure that they themselves have an adequate fresh air supply and can maintain a sufficient distance from the amyl nitrite source. Activated charcoal (Actidose-Aqua, EZ-Char, Kerr Insta-Char) Activated charcoal binds cyanide poorly; 1 g of charcoal adsorbs only 35 mg of cyanide. Nonetheless, a 1-g/kg dose of charcoal could potentially bind a lethal dose of cyanide and has a low risk profile. Consequently, charcoal should be administered as soon as possible following oral ingestion of cyanide salts or organic cyanides. Sodium bicarbonate (Neut) Sodium bicarbonate may be required in large doses for alkalization. Anticonvulsants, Other Class Summary Cyanide inhibits brain glutamate decarboxylase, which causes a decrease in the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and contributes to convulsions. Therefore, anticonvulsant drugs such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates, which act at the GABA receptor complex, can help control seizures. Lorazepam (Ativan) Lorazepam is the drug of choice for cyanide-induced seizures. It is a sedative hypnotic with a rapid onset of effect and a relatively long half-life. By increasing the action of GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, lorazepam may depress all levels of the central nervous system, including the limbic and reticular formation. Pentobarbital (Nembutal) Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that interferes with transmission of impulses from the thalamus to the cortex. It has sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties. It is a second-line drug for treatment of drug-induced seizures. Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists Class Summary These agents augment coronary and cerebral blood flow during the low-flow states associated with cyanide poisoning. Epinephrine (EpiPen, EpiPen Jr, Adrenaclick, Auvi-Q, Adrenalin) Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating anaphylactoid reactions. It has alpha-agonist effects that include increased peripheral vascular resistance, reversed peripheral vasodilatation, systemic hypotension, and vascular permeability. Its beta-agonist effects include bronchodilatation, chronotropic cardiac activity, and positive inotropic effects.
Here’s a 200 year old idea with merit: A Stirling engine, modified to capture the waste heat of industrial processes to make electricity. Gar noted Stirling Energy Systems’ efforts in this vein to make electricity from solar thermal collectors using a Stirling engine a year ago, but instead of the sun, a startup in my neighborhood, ReGen, is developing a Stirling that will specialize in using the low to moderate heat generated by landfill gas systems, paper mills, steel mills, chemical and petroleum refining facilities, glass ovens, cement plants, and similar locations: The Stirling engine, which once powered tractors and fell into disuse when the internal combustion engine came into vogue, uses an external heat source, such as waste heat. Its high efficiency comes from using a heat exchanger to cool the hot expanded gas while retaining some of that heat to power the next cycle, according to Conde. The heat recovered in the cooling cycle then can be recycled. Converting low-temperature industrial waste heat to industrial-scale power represents a multi-billion dollar market opportunity that is currently not addressed by commercially available technologies… How this differs from Recycled Energy Development’s technology for turning waste heat into electricity I do not know, maybe it’s similar, but I bet Sean Casten can say.
Kittur Rani Chennamma \| First Female Freedom Fighter of Bharat Kittu Chennamma Rani Kittu Chennamma Rani Kittur Chennamma was born in a small village in Karnataka in the year 1778, she was a brave lady, and she was trained in all kinds of arts, and she was an expert in handling all kinds of weapons. From her young age itself, she was very much devoted with Lord Shiva and Mata Parvati, and she used to visit and perform puja at the Shiva Temples. At her teenage, she was married with Mallasarja, the ruler of the Kittur Village at Belgaum. After a few years, her consort King Mallasarja was died. Due to that, the British army tried to capture the Kittur village, in order to rule it. Queen Chennama tried her level best to win in the battle, but she was defeated in the battle and was imprisoned by the British government. She didn’t get worried about her life in prison, but spent her life in the jail, by performing puja to Lord Shiva and Mata Parvati, and read the holy texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata till her last breath. She died in the year 1829, and her Samadhi is situated at Bailhongal. Still now, nearby people, used to visit her Samadhi and would offer prayers to the Holy Mother Chennamma. Rani Chennama was a noble lady and a chaste woman, who lived as per the principles of Dharma. She showed kindness to the people of Kittur, and provided all sorts of facilities to them. In order to honour the great queen, a statue of Rani Chennamma was installed in the Delhi Parliament in the year 2007. Apart from that, several schools are functioning in her name, and every year during the end of October, grand festival would be celebrated at Kittur, and the festival is named as Kittur Utsava. Famous queens like Chennamma had lived a pious life, and they never insulted any one at any point of time in their life. They are all considered as the incarnations of Mata Shakti Devi, and they contain good physical and mental strength with very good qualities. Write Your Comment
Can we use an anti-diabetic drug to treat cancer? Metformin—a drug used to lower blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes—is able to slow the growth of cancer cells. Jan 8, 2015 · 3 min read Metformin is widely used to reduce the high blood sugar levels caused by diabetes. Recently, several studies have suggested that patients taking metformin who also develop cancer have tumors that grow more slowly than average. As clinical trials have already started to investigate if metformin is an effective anti-cancer treatment, it is important to understand how it might restrict tumor growth. Image for post Researchers have proposed two ways that metformin could affect tumors. First, insulin is known to prompt cancer cells to divide, so the slower rate of tumor growth could just be a side-effect of the metformin reducing the amount of insulin in the blood. Alternatively, metformin could target cancer cells more directly by cutting the energy supply produced by their mitochondria. Metformin has been shown to disrupt complex I of the electron transport chain that is used by cells to generate energy. However, it is not known if disrupting complex I would actually stop cells dividing because they can generate energy in other ways. William Wheaton, Samuel Weinberg and colleagues have now demonstrated that metformin does target complex I in cancer cells, and that its effects depend on the amount of glucose available for cells to convert, without involving mitochondria, into energy. When there is plenty of glucose, metformin slows down the rate at which cancer cells divide, which slows down tumor growth. When the cells are deprived of glucose, metformin kills the cells instead. Metformin also inhibits the pathways that regulate hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), which are part of a system that helps cells to survive low-oxygen conditions, a prominent feature of many tumors. This means that metformin may combat cancer more effectively if used alongside other treatments that reduce the availability of both oxygen and glucose inside cells. Metformin could also potentially treat conditions that are linked to overactive HIFs, such as pulmonary hypertension. To find out more Read the eLife research paper on which this story is based: Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I of cancer cells to reduce tumorigenesis” (May 13, 2014). Want to read more about new uses for existing drugs? Image for post eLife is an open-access journal that publishes outstanding research in the life sciences and biomedicine. Image for post The main text on this page was reused (with modification) under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License. The original “eLife digest” can be found in the linked eLife research paper. Health and Disease Bringing you research findings relevant to human health Get the Medium app
Criteria for Success A strong Discussion section: 1. Establishes the main claim/conclusion of the paper in one or two sentences. 2. Interprets how the paper’s results contribute to answering the big questions posed in the Introduction. 3. Describes how (and why) this work supports or challenges other, similar work. 4. Analyzes how the limitations of this study leave some questions unanswered. 5. Looks forward & describes how this paper’s results/techniques can be extended to answer more pieces of the big questions. Structure Diagram The Discussion is the part of your paper where you interpret your data to support your main claim/conclusion. Often, a big part of your claim will be how/why your results address the problems you identified in the introduction. The Introduction and Discussion are natural partners: the Introduction tells the reader what question you are working on and why you did this experiment to investigate it; the Discussion guides the reader how to interpret the results, how they results relate to the field, and what the results have to say about the bigger questions you’re addressing. Analyze your audience Interpret your results (analysis!) Data rarely tells its own story. While your introduction and methods sections will set up what you are measuring and why, the Discussion section is your place to so “so what?” and break down what the numbers mean. Are your results expected? Surprising? Why? In what context? How does your data and interpretation relate to the understanding established by previous literature? Can you make new predictions? What do your results mean for the field moving forward? Start with a strong claim Weak Discussions begin with a summary of the results or a repetition of the main points of the Introduction. Strong Discussions immediately carve out a place for themselves in the large universe of papers by establishing what makes your results valuable in the context of the field they are in. Place your results within the field Relate your work/methods to the existing literature that you’ve drawn from: did you extend previous work? confirm theories? expose a new contradiction? rectify an old one? When it’s all said and done, your interpretations need to support your claim of what your research means for the big problem you’ve approached, and why it’s valuable within the body of existing literature. Tell how your study’s limitations leave open the big questions You can’t do everything, and sometimes you have to make an executive decision to approach a problem along one path (of experiments, analysis, interpretation…). How do those limitations restrict how you can apply your results? Do they leave some questions unresolved? Do you just need to do more of the same kind of work? Have you shown that current methods are inadequate to answering the big question? Look forward Every paper is a contribution to a larger scientific conversation. Maybe it provides new information or tools that will help researchers move toward answers to the big questions. Maybe it answers a big question, or contradicts an existing hypothesis. Many discussions will end with a forward looking interpretation of the research field: How can your results or techniques be built upon to identify, ask, or answer more questions? Resources and Annotated Examples Annotated Example 1 Annotated Example 1 Alvarado et al, Nature. (2017) 1 MB
Criteria for Success A successful Methods section contains the following elements: 1. The rationale for selecting your methodology and constructing your apparatus. What are the advantages and limitations? What are the constraints? How does your methodology help you determine what you want to know? 2. Sufficient information about the setup to enable a reader to replicate your findings. What materials or techniques did you use? What did you build versus what was purchased off-the-shelf? Characterize the relevant performance specifications of your components. A Methods section describes how you will approach the questions and knowledge gap posed in the Introduction. Not all readers will be interested in this information. For those who are, the Methods section has two purposes: 1. Allow readers to judge whether the results and conclusions of the study are valid. The interpretation of your results depends on the methods you used to obtain them. A reader who is skeptical of your results will read your Methods section to see if they can be trusted. They’ll want to know that you chose the most appropriate apparatus, that your assumptions were reasonable, and that you performed the necessary controls. Without this content, skeptical readers may think your data, and therefore any conclusions drawn from it, are unreliable. 1. Allow readers to repeat the study. For readers interested in replicating your study, the Methods section should provide enough information for them to obtain the same or similar results. This applies equally for the skeptical reader as for one who needs similar or extended data. Analyze your audience Typically, only readers in your field will want to replicate your study or have the knowledge to assess your methodology. More general audiences will read the Introduction and then proceed straight to the Results. You can therefore typically assume that people reading your Methods understand methodologies that are frequently used in your field. To gauge the level of detail necessary for a given method, you can look at articles previously published in your target journal. If your paper is designed to appeal to experts in more than one field, you still need to write your Methods for a targeted set of experts. For example, say you implemented a novel numerical technique to study the behavior of bouncing fluid droplets. Is your goal to show fluid dynamicists additional insights from the numerical techniques, or engage applied mathematicians to improve the numerical model’s performance? In the former case, assume less computational expertise. In the latter, assume less fluids experience, i.e., explain what assumptions the current model makes. State the reasons for choosing your methodology A reader looking to assess your methodology will read your Methods section to judge your experimental design. When describing your approach, place more emphasis on how and why you applied a method rather than on how you performed the method. For example, you don’t need to explain how to build an instrumentation amplifier, but you might want to describe why a linear Lorentz-force actuator is more appropriate than a solenoid or ball screw linear actuator for your apparatus (and, potentially, why you didn’t use another method). Specify the purpose of the method “To generate an input motion to the system, we used a linear Lorentz-force actuator.” Explain why you used the particular method “Complete measurements require multiple excitation waveforms over a large frequency bandwidth spanning 0.1 to 100 Hz.” Justify why you didn’t use another method “While a solenoid has the bandwidth, it lacks waveform control; conversely, while a ball-screw linear actuator has straightforward waveform control, it is comparatively low-frequency.” Use subheadings to organize content As recommended for your Results section, use subheadings within your Methods to group related experiments and establish a logical flow. Write your Results section first, and then follow the order of Results subheadings when writing your Methods. The parallel structure will make it easy for readers to locate corresponding information in the two sections. Subheadings for Methods and Results may not exactly correspond. Sometimes you may need multiple Methods subheadings to explain one Results subheading. Other times one Method subheading is enough to explain multiple Result subheadings. Note: For some journals, especially for letter-style submissions, subheadings are not allowed or recommended by the editors. Check the journal style guidelines before committing to subheadings. Provide minimal essential detail For readers to replicate your study, you must provide enough detail to allow them to reach the same conclusions as you do in your paper. Include only those details—anything more is extraneous. Specify any factor that might change the conclusions in your paper. State the accuracy limits of the instrumentation you used and any uncertainties in material properties. You can cite papers for standard methods, but any modifications or alterations should be clearly stated. When citing methods, cite the original paper in which a method was described instead of a paper that used the method. This helps avoid chains of citations that your reader must follow to find information about the method. Depending on the journal, field, and novelty of the techniques, it is sometimes most appropriate to describe minimal detail in the article body, and then to include a more detailed appendix or supplemental section that describes the methodology in enough detail to be reproduced exactly. Resources and Annotated Examples Annotated Example 1 Annotated Example 1 This is the methods section of a fluid mechanics paper published in Nature Physics. 417 KB Annotated Example 2 Annotated Example 2 This is the methods section of a fluid mechanics paper published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 88 KB
Quick Answer: What Do New Yorkers Call New York City? How do New Yorkers say coffee? Why are bodegas called bodegas? The History of NYC Bodegas The name bodega originates from the Spanish word, which can mean “storeroom,” “wine cellar,” or “grocery store,” because these shops first started popping up in the 1940s and ’50s in Hispanic communities. … New Yorkers as a whole took to the idea, and these small shops multiplied. What percent of NYC is black? 26 percentpercent of New York City residents are white, 26 percent are Hispanic, 26 percent are black, and 13 percent are Asian. What percent of New Yorkers live in NYC? 64%Roughly 64% of the state’s population lives in the New York City metropolitan area and 40% in New York City alone. What do call New Yorkers? New York City goes by many names, such as the “City that Never Sleeps” and the less humble “Center of the Universe.” But the Big Apple is the most kenspeckled. There are many rumors about the history of the nickname. Why do New Yorkers say B? It’s short for Bajaja which is an old Czech film released in the mid-19s. New Yorkers are extremely fond of the film so they agreed to randomly remind each other of its existence when in everyday conversation. Why do they call it Hell’s Kitchen in New York? How much do I need to make to live in NYC? Do New Yorkers say subway or train? While the word “subway” suggests underground trains only, New Yorkers call all municipal rapid transit trains “the subway”, even though some of them run above ground. How many people died in NYC everyday? There is a death in New York City every 9.1 minutes. What is a bodega in New York City? A bodega is a small corner store or market that sells groceries and wine. … If you visit New York City, you’ll see bodegas, little shops where people buy groceries and small items. A bodega is kind of like a convenience store such as 7-11 — it’s small and more convenient than a supermarket. Is Manhattan the same as New York City? New York City, often called simply New York and abbreviated as NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. … The five boroughs—Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. How many New Yorkers are born in New York? Of the borough’s total population, 1.3 million are native New Yorkers, which translates to 48.76 percent of the total population. The statistics only refer to those born in New York state and not the city necessarily, so we can’t say for certain how many Brooklynites were born in the city. Why is New York called the Big Apple? Horse racing origin The Big Apple was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. … There’s only one Big Apple. That’s New York. Fitz Gerald reportedly first heard “The Big Apple” used to describe New York’s racetracks by two African American stable hands at the New Orleans Fair Grounds. Is Manhattan expensive?
Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation Classical Hindu ThoughtAn Introduction$ Arvind Sharma Print publication date: 2001 Print ISBN-13: 9780195658712 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2012 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195658712.001.0001 Show Summary Details Page of A Conceptual Introduction A Conceptual Introduction (p.1) Chapter I A Conceptual Introduction Classical Hindu Thought Arvind Sharma Oxford University Press This chapter presents an introduction to classical Hindu thought. It is organized into six parts. Part I discusses the concept of Brahman. Part II considers the nature of a human being according to Hindu thought. Part III addresses the following questions: What is liberation? Why would one want to become liberated? How does one become liberated? And, what happens when one becomes liberated? Part IV focuses on the movement from birth to death to rebirth within the larger cycle of samsāra. Part V describes the Hindu worldview that emerges from a study of the Vedānta, while Part VI concludes by attempting to answer the question ‘How will one know that one has arrived in one's search for the Truth?’ Keywords: classical Hindu thought, Hinduism, Brahman, human being, liberation, Hindu worldview, Vedānta, samsāra Please, subscribe or login to access full text content.
Año Nuevo Island – Pescadero, California - Atlas Obscura Año Nuevo Island The relatively young island of Año Nuevo was once connected to California’s northern coast by a narrow land bridge, but as the water levels rose creating a channel between the mainland and the island, it was abandoned. Well by humans anyway, since thousands of seals and sea lions take up residence on the island and its forsaken buildings each year to get down to repopulating their species. The haunting old manse that can still be seen from the California shore was once the abode of the keeper of the lighthouse that also once stood on the island. The lighthouse itself was torn down in the early 2000s not because of the property damage it would have caused had it been allowed to fall of its own accord, but to protect the thousands of marine animals who now litter the shores of the island. Apparently the island’s craggy shores, and according to some, the shelter of its abandoned buildings, are quite romantic to northern elephant seals and endangered Stellar sea lions. The island and its opposing shore have even become one of the major breeding grounds for the elephant seals who use the area to breed so vigorously that they they were able to pull their species back from the brink of extinction. As a protected wildlife preserve, Año Nuevo Island is off limits to all but approved researchers. Any urban explorers who are still wooed by the site of the abandoned buildings just off shore, The Man be damned, might want to think twice since the waters surrounding the island are often infested with great white sharks looking for an easy seal meal. Lets just give the seals a little privacy, okay?
New effort to collect cord blood stem cells A new storage bank will soon open which will store donations of umbilical cord blood, a source of stem cells that does not involve the destruction of embryos. Thousands of cord blood donations will be stored at the new centre, Kingscord, which will be run by a leukaemia charity, the Anthony Nolan Trust. Umbilical cord blood is a rich source of stem cells, which can be used both for research and treatment. Because it does not require the destruction of human embryos, the use of cord blood has been promoted by pro-life campaigners. They point out its success as a source of stem cells for the treatment of conditions such as leukaemia, lymphoma and sickle cell anaemia. In total, over 70 medical treatments have been developed from umbilical cord stem cells and other ethical sources, while embryonic stem cells have not yet successfully been used to treat any patients. The Government has promoted embryonic stem cell research as part of its Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill, which will go through its remaining Commons stages in the autumn. Earlier this year, David Burrowes MP introduced a Ten Minute Rule Bill calling for the collection of umbilical cord blood to become routine practice. During the debate, he said: “The question that this [Ten Minute Rule] Bill raises is why are we routinely disregarding the proven life saving value of umbilical cord blood but legislating and investing predominantly in the unproven and ethically challenging route of embryonic research. “Given that in the foreseeable future we will depend on non embryonic stem cell therapies, why are we putting literally most of our eggs in one basket?”
Study Guide Jurassic Park By Michael Crichton Jurassic Park Introduction These dinosaurs ain't Barney. (Which is not to say that we haven't fantasized about the famous T. rex attack scene in the movie being performed by a man in a lovable purple dinosaur suit.) But that's neither here nor there. We're here to talk about Jurassic Park, the mega-hit that got everybody in the 1990s interested in paleontology, chaos theory, and genetic engineering. The novel's set-up is simple: a billionaire named John Hammond finds a way to clone dinosaurs and builds an amusement park on a remote island to show off his marvelous creations. Predictably, the park has a few hitches, and the lawyers insist that Hammond bring in a group of experts to assess the safety and soundness of the island. What could possibly go wrong? Pretty much everything, actually. The team arrives, along with Hammond's two grandkids. They take a tour of the park, and—long story short—carnage ensues. Lots of running. Lots of hiding. Lots of panic. Lots of pointing fingers. And lots of cool, ferocious dinosaurs with an appetite for anything that moves. That means you. The novel was a huge hit, as everyone expected. This is the book that made the words chaos theory, fractals, and Velociraptor enter the popular lexicon. The great Steven Spielberg made a great movie. One book sequel and two movie sequels followed. The fourth movie, Jurassic World, stars Chris Pratt from Parks and Recreation. We can only assume that Leslie Knope will show up to manage the situation at the park—and, really, who doesn't want to see Ron Swanson battling a Tyrannosaur? What else can we say? Prehistoric animals still draw a crowd. Even if they go on a rampage. Especially if they go on a rampage. What is Jurassic Park About and Why Should I Care? Jurassic Park is an opinionated novel. No one—not even Chris Pratt—is going to be cloning dinosaurs any time soon, but Michael Crichton's basic message still stands: just because science can do something doesn't mean it should. In ethical terms, Crichton's point is that scientific advancement isn't morally neutral. Advancements in practical scientific knowledge and technological innovation might be advantageous to human flourishing, or they might be harmful to it. They might even be both. Because of scientific and technological developments, we live in a world with biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. We have the convenience of smartphones and the Internet, but we can also be spied on like never before. Our gadgets make long-distance communication easier and faster, but they can also wreak havoc on face-to-face interactions. Just watch Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" music video to see what we mean. Jurassic Park came out when CD-ROMs were impressive technology, but it holds up well because its cloned dinosaurs are really a metaphor for scientific and technological folly. The novel's not anti-science, by any means, but it definitely takes a critical and unromantic view of scientists doing whatever they want, just because they can—and just because that's where the bucks are. Science getting all cozy with greenbacks can be a pretty scary thing. Science can tell us a lot about the natural world, but the capacity of science and technology to control the natural world is maybe more limited than we'd like to admit. Sure, science gives us some power over nature, but come on: next to nature, we're still pretty weak. You don't need cloned dinosaurs to learn these lessons, but hey, they certainly help get the message across. Jurassic Park Resources The Official Jurassic Park Michael Crichton's official website. All the Thrills That Are Fit to Print The New York Times review of the novel. Movie or TV Productions The Movie Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park: the movie that defined summer blockbuster entertainment. From Guardian of the Galaxy to Runner from Dinosaurs Jurassic World stars Chris Pratt. Are we the only ones who want a LEGO Jurassic Park movie? Sequel Number One The Lost World isn't so lost anymore. Sequel Number Two Alan Grant returns, ladies and gentlemen. Articles and Interviews Only a C+, EW? Entertainment Weekly's review of the novel. They had reservations. 22 Years Later Chris Pratt reveals the basic plot of Jurassic Park's fourth sequel. Oh, Chris Pratt, This Won't Be Your Typical Job in the Parks and Recreation Department The trailer for Jurassic World. Can't Visit the Park? Then see the Dinosaurs in 3D! The trailer for Jurassic Park in 3D. Because why not?
Also see definition of "Garnish" in Word Study Study Dictionary Table of Contents EBD: Garnish Garment \| Garmite \| Garmite, The \| Garmites \| Garner \| Garnish \| Garrison \| Gas \| Gatam \| Gate \| Gate, Corner, Fountain, Horse, Sur Garnish [EBD] GARNISH - gar'-nish (tsippah, shiphrah; kosmeo): The word is used twice in the Old Testament. In 2 Ch 3:6, tsippah means "to overlay," or "to plate." Thus, he "garnished" the house or "overlaid" it, "studded" it, with precious stones, and thus adorned and beautified it. In Job 26:13, shiphrah is a feminine noun meaning "fairness," "beauty," "brilliancy." "By his Spirit the heavens are garnished," i.e. the clouds are driven off by the wind or breath of Yahweh, and the sky made bright and clear. In the New Testament (Mt 12:44; 23:29) the word kosmeo means "set in order," "make ready," "adorn," etc. In Mt 25:7 it is translated "trimmed," and in Rev 21:19 "adorned." J. J. Reeve Also see definition of "Garnish" in Word Study created in 0.03 seconds powered by
February 26, 2021 I, Science The science magazine of Imperial College Continued coverage of 2019-nCoV; koalas found dead on logging plantation; and Neanderthal DNA found in African populations for the first time. This week in your weekly I, Science News RoundUp we continue coverage of the mystery virus in China as it continues to spread; dozens of koalas have been found dead on a plantation; and humans and Neanderthals may have interbred much earlier on than we thought. Update on the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) There’s been a lot of activity surrounding 2019-nCoV over the past week, including: the first cases of the coronavirus confirmed in the UK; the first death outside of China from the virus in the Philippines; Wuhan has completed construction of a new hospital in just 10 days; the US and Australia have closed their borders to Chinese arrivals; the death toll of 2019-nCoV has now surpassed that of the SARS virus; and the WHO has declared the outbreak an international health emergency. Despite the negative news though, international teams are also accelerating efforts to create a vaccine for the virus. Koalas found dead on logging plantation An investigation is under way after dozens of koalas were found dead or injured at a timber plantation in Victoria, Australia, with around 80 more being removed to be cared for. Many blue gum trees were recently harvested from the area, leaving just a few isolated stands of this important koala habitat. It appears that the koalas had died from starvation, or had been killed by bulldozers. This comes shortly after tens of thousands of koalas were killed during the bushfires that wreaked havoc in Australia. Neanderthal DNA found in African populations for the first time New evidence has found that human and Neanderthals may have a closer history than once thought, and could have interbred up to 200,000 years ago. Up until now, it was believed that interbreeding between the species only occurred after a major migration of humans out of Africa about 60,000 years ago, which resulted in only non-African populations carried Neanderthal genes. This theory has shown to be false, with those of African ancestry having an average of 0.3% Neanderthal DNA, whilst those with European and Asian ancestry have around 1%.
As the territorial compromise became a common notion, its meaning came to be blurred. Jews are supposed to compromise on our holiest places: Hebron and the Temple Mount, and the core lands, Judea and Samaria. In return, the Arabs benevolently grant us the right to exist within our Auschwitz borders, besieged by Arabs from outside and swarmed by Arabs from within. That looks more like a capitulation than a compromise. Compromise is a weasel word: in effect, it means that a person cedes something to gain something more valuable for him, whether he eats his wife’s ugly breakfast for the sake of peace in the family or cedes land for peace. In theory, compromise is profitable. In Israel’s case, the compromise is a one-sided affair, essentially forgiveness. Israel gains nothing from the compromise but gives away a lot. She agrees to the 1948 territorial solution after the Arabs fought it in several wars and killed tens of thousands of Jews. Israel agrees to forgive the murder of those on whose behalf she has no power to speak, absconds from the duty of revenge, and gives the Arabs everything they wanted—despite the fact that they attacked us and lost. Everything they failed to take through war, Jews give them through peace. The Judaism of the Torah knows no forgiveness. Even a victim cannot forgive the offender. In rabbinical Judaism, forgiveness is merely a moral option after the punishment is meted out; that is not the regular meaning of the term, “forgiveness.” Punishment is absolute, not commutable. The Torah’s unforgiving justice has a single goal: creating a pure society. On the national level the punishment is even stronger, as it extends to future generations. Even among Jews, children are punished for the political and religious guilt of their fathers (Lev26:39). Amalek did not simply attack the Jews, he committed a far worse offense: he “did not fear God.” And so we are commanded to exterminate him in the remotest generations. Similarly, the pharaoh’s crime was not just refusing the Jews the right of emigration; worse, he said in his arrogance that he did not know God. That is the crime scores of Egyptians were killed for during the Exodus. The Arabs who attacked the Jewish state did not commit the simple crime of murdering a Jew. Such murders happen all around the world, and frankly are of little concern to the state. The Arabs rebelled against something more important than individual Jews: the Jewish nation, the Jewish state, and ultimately God. That we have no right to forgive.
Different methods of adding Zero before number in excel and there benefits There are different method of adding zero in front of number in excel but all methods has different uses below here I am defining uses of different methods a) Whether you use the TEXT formula or the format cell option – the functionality is exactly the same. The second part of the text formula is a number format so for example you can also use TEXT with more advanced number formats like =TEXT(A10,”#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00);-_)”) to good effect. The question is whether you want your number stored as a number or as text? b) Most people replying to this thread obviously cannot understand why you’d ever want a number formatted as text; but there are some important uses of Excel where you DO need numbers formatted as text, particularly in the area of interfacing. i.e. getting system A to speak to system B. Examples I have encountered in the past include consolidation systems, management reporting systems, bank payment files, EDI invoicing, initial balance loads to a new accounting system, payroll systems, etc. Most of these systems will speak to Excel or export/import text either as a simple flat file or a CSV which can be opened, edited and saved by Excel. Where you would absolutely need numbers formatted as text with leading zeros is where the importing system doesn’t accept CSV or tab delimited text files and requires instead a simple text file with characters in specific positions meaning specific things. This is particularly important with bank payment files as a misplaced digit will mean you may pay the wrong amount or wrong person. [Obviously using Excel for payment file interfacing is not to be recommended as a long term solution.] c) Excel stores numbers as a data type Double not as exact currency amounts. This means when transferring financial data between systems using Excel you often get trailing rogue decimal places. The only way to absolute ensure you get no errors in the importing system is to export numbers as ASCII text. It beats looking for the one line with the 0.001 that is stopping your thousand line journal from posting in the receiving system. d) Contrary to what has been said previously in this thread it is not only possible, but very straightforward, to add numbers up that are formatted as text in Excel. You just need a basic array formula of the type {=SUM(VALUE(A1:A10))}. [If you have not used array formulas before, you don’t type the{} brackets you enter =SUM(VALUE(A1:A10)) and then hit CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER] The formula I have given above would add up both numbers and numbers formatted as text in the range A1:A10. e) There are MUCH sexier and useful uses for the TEXT function and custom number formulas than adding leading zeros to the start of a number. To my mind the most useful of which is dynamic captioning in an Excel report. Consider for example the following more useful formula: =”Revenue for “&TEXT(D1,”mmmm yyyy”)&” is “&TEXT((A19-B19)/B19,CHAR(34)&”up “&CHAR(34)&”0.0%;”&CHAR(34)&”down “&CHAR(34)&”0.0%;”&CHAR(34)&”exactly”&CHAR(34))&” on budget.” Where A19 has your actual revenue, B19 has your budgeted revenue and cell D1 has the date. Char(34) is “, which is necessary because the custom number formula as part of the second TEXT formula above has words in it. Set this kind of thing up once and you never need to type simple variance texts again.
Facts about multiple myeloma treatment The cancer that begins in the plasma cells of the bone marrow is called as multiple myeloma. This cancer initiates in the blood cells of the bone marrow. Since this ailment affects many bones, this disease is known as multiple myeloma. This disease is mainly found in between 60-70 years of age while it rarely occurs below 30 years of age and is more common among the males. In fact, multiple myeloma is the malignant disarray of the plasma cells. Before we divulge the details of multiple myeloma treatment, let’s take a look at the causes and symptoms of the ailment. Causes: Antibodies are the proteins that are produced by the plasma cells. The work of these antibodies is to help the immune system of the body to fight the diseases. With the occurrence of multiple myeloma, the plasma cells grow out of boundaries within the bone marrow, resulting in the formation of the tumors in the region of the solid bone. With the formation of these tumors, it becomes difficult for the bone marrow to continue with its production of RBC (red blood corpuscles), WBC (white blood corpuscles) as well as platelets. This results in anemia where a person is more likely to get infected. The cancer cells within the bone marrow grow continuously leading to the pain and damage of the bones. The nerves might be distressed if the spine is affected by multiple myeloma that can ultimately result in paralysis or numbness. Symptoms: Pain in the back or bone, frequent infections, repeated fevers, unexplained fractured bones, weight loss, weakness of legs and arms, nausea, constant urination, nausea, anemic symptoms like fatigue, tiredness, shortness of breath, feeling very thirsty, constipation, bleeding problems, etc. are some of the symptoms of multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma Treatment: The aim of the treatment is to evade problems, lessen symptoms and prolonged existence. Chemotherapy is the widespread treatment for myeloma. Besides chemotherapy, radiology helps in the harming of the abnormal cells and stops their progress with the help of radiation from the x-rays. This is a vital treatment as it helps to treat bone tumor as well as relieves the pain of the bones.
Mindful Consumption and Production Image for post Image for post Mindful Consumption and Mindful Production Can Help Save Our Planet! Philip Kotler As soon we all receive enough vaccine shots, Covid-19 will be over. Then we will face two other crucial challenges. One is to kickstart the world economy to grow again. We will leave this problem to the economists. The other is to reduce greenhouse gases that threaten to heat up our planet. The Planet’s Problem A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation.[i] Greenhouse gases include water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). The earth is bombarded by the sun with enormous amounts of visible light plus ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) and other types of radiation. Some percentage (about 30 percent) of the radiation is reflected back out to space by ice, clouds and other reflective surfaces. The remaining 70 percent is absorbed by our land, oceans, and the atmosphere. The earth experiences incoming and outgoing radiation. When they are balanced, the Earth’s overall average temperature stays at 59 degrees Fahrenheit. When the incoming radiation exceeds the outgoing radiation, the earth grows warmer. Greenhouse gases trap and hold heat in the atmosphere. The result is global warming. Although the earth has always had greenhouse gases, the amount of C02 has increased much faster since the Industrial Revolution with automobiles, airplanes, high rise buildings, factory smoke, the burning of coal, oil and gas, and the cutting of trees. The growing amount of greenhouse gases in our planet will lead to hotter temperature, followed by melting ice flooding many coastal areas, and a vast migration of tropical people trying to move to temperate climates. Global warming will also lead to extreme weather, rising sea levels, plant and animal extinctions, ocean acidification, major shifts in climate and social upheaval. Many actions can be taken to reduce greenhouse gases. We need to slow down the use of oil and gas to drive our cars and run our electrical systems. We need to make more use of renewable sources of energy, mainly solar and wind. We need to heat and air-condition our buildings and homes more efficiently. Fortunately, more businesses are adopting sustainability as an additional mission. Consumers are becoming more conscious of sustainability. Businesses and consumers must be more mindful in managing consumption and production practices. Consumption Comes First The aim of business has always been to increase our consumption of goods and services. Nations use GDP (Gross Disposable Product) as a measure of economic success. The more we produce and consume, the higher our GDP. But the higher our GDP, the higher our greenhouse gases and carbons in the air and water of the planet. When we view consumption, we see two problems, those of underconsumption and overconsumption. Much of the world’s people suffer from underconsumption. Nearly a billion of the world’s people go to bed hungry at the end of the day, even while a third of all food goes to waste. Many populous regions lack water. Clothing is in short supply and housing is in short supply. The poorer countries in the world need and want more consumption. Yet it is widely understood that the earth would not be able to deliver the level of consumption enjoyed in the rich countries. The other problem is overconsumption, where people in rich countries often consume more food and economic goods than they really need. Over 2 billion people are overweight, facing health issues brought on by unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles. We eat food with too much salt, sugar and fat. We need to reduce meat consumption and think “half the meat and double the veggies.” We drink too much alcoholic beverage. We need more mindful consumption (MC). Professor Jagdish Sheth wrote a leading article on mindful consumption in 2011.[ii] In overconsuming societies, hopefully more people will turn to mindful consumption (MC). We are seeing more signs of mindful consumption in five different groups. 1. Sane food eaters (vegetarians and vegans) know they can eat well without killing animals. 2. Degrowth activists feel that they spend too much time and effort in consuming. 3. Life simplifiers are reacting against the clutter of “stuff.” They are less interested in owning goods such as cars or even homes. 4. Climate activists worry that the planet will get so hot that our coastal cities will be flooded and destroyed. 5. Conservation activists believe in saving, repairing, reusing and recirculating our goods to others to be preferred to producing an endless amount of new goods. We Also Need Mindful Production We are reaching a point where almost everything possible to sell already exists. Advanced industrial nations are replete with millions of branded products and their variations. Consumers often complain about “overchoice,” too many soups, computers, types of shoes, and so on. Very often a company will market a new version of an existing product with a slight or minor difference. Think back to automobile company marketing practices. Each car manufacturer had to add something each year to give car owners a reason to buy the latest car even though most people could get along with their existing car for many more years. Or consider smart phone marketing practices. Next year’s iPhone will feature a better camera, or more storage, or a phone with faster processing. The result is an infinitely growing number of offerings far beyond anything that is really needed. All these new offerings consume increasing resources and release more carbon and greenhouse gases. Can product developers adopt a more mindful production mindset? Can they assess whether a new offering is really better than the existing offering? Every new product idea needs money to support its development. Companies have to apply to banks and capital markets for funding. We hope that banks and investors will review new product proposals carefully. Is the new product needed by enough people? Will the new product be successful? Will the new product damage the environment by releasing toxins in the air or water, or damage soil or water quality? Consideration also should be given to where the product is made and where it is consumed. Many more of our products are made far from where they are consumed. Many are made in low cost Asian countries and shipped to Europe and the U.S. This means long shipment routes by air and by road, which creates a higher level of pollution. Agencies Creating More Mindful Consumption and Production There are many agencies — government, businesses and nonprofit organizations — engaged in producing more mindful consumption and production. Education is our ultimate hope. Children go to school to acquire the basic skills of reading, writing and computing. Schools need to help students understand the planet’s fragility and the need to make mindful choices as they go through their personal, social and work lives. While this won’t produce immediate results and changes in behavior, it becomes a foundation for updating people during their lives about the climate change problem and sustainability. Laws and regulations. Legislators need to pass many laws and regulations to establish more sustainable business and personal practices. Companies cannot dump toxic chemicals in the ocean and airplanes cannot spray DDT into the air to kill weeds or insects. Businesses must know the laws that guide environmentally safe practices. Media agencies. Newspapers, broadcasters and journalists need to give sufficient coverage to healthy as well as to unhealthy environmental matters. Dramatic stories of citizens or public agencies stopping harmful practices will remind the public and businesses to practice mindful consumption and production. In the past, businesses assumed that the planet could support endless growth of consumption and production. Caring businesses also assumed that needed laws would be passed to curb environmentally harmful practices. When did people start caring about endless consumption and production? We owe much to Rachel Carson and her book Silent Spring (1962) and other writings. Her reporting on the harm done to the environment by synthetic pesticides spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy leading to a ban on DDT and other pesticides. It inspired a grassroots environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The environmental movement then focused on all the chimney smoke released in the air by homes, cars and factories. Air became more polluted, causing it harder to breathe. The EPA took actions to set targets on smoke pollution from industry and cars. The public became quite aware of environmental harm and its threats to the world’s temperature and the planet’s health. Today we hope that people will turn to more mindful behavior about what they consume and what companies produce. [i] See Marc Lallanilla, “Greenhouse Gases: Causes, Sources and Environmental Effects,” Life Science Contributor, January 03, 2019. [ii] Sheth, J.N., Sethia, N.K. and Srinivas, S., “Mindful Consumption: A Customer-centric Approach to Sustainability, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, #9(1), pp. 21–39, 2011. Get the Medium app
Highly used keywords in Software development Rather than creating an object inside a function,pass that object into the function as an argument. In general, there are only three ways an object can get a hold of its dependencies: 1. We can create it internally to the dependent. 2. We can look it up or refer to it as a global variable. 3. We can pass it in where it’s needed. With dependency injection, we’re tackling the third way (the other two present other difficult challenges, such as dirtying the global scope and making isolation nearly impossible). Dependency injection is a design pattern that allows for the removal of hard-coded dependencies, thus making it possible to remove or change them at run time. This ability to modify dependencies at run time allows us to create isolated environments that are ideal for testing. We can replace real objects in production environments with mocked ones for testing environments. Functionally, the pattern injects depended-upon resources into the destination when needed by automatically looking up the dependency in advance and providing the destination for the dependency 2)Cross cutting concerns The crosscutting concern is a concern which is applicable throughout the application and it affects the entire application. For example: logging, security and data transfer are the concerns which are needed in almost every module of an application, hence they are cross-cutting concerns. 3) 5 driving factors in Microservice architecture D — Deployability A — Agility — Ability to respond to changes T — Testability A — Availability S — Scalability “YAML Ain’t Markup Language” (abbreviated YAML) is a data serialization language designed to be human-friendly and work well with modern programming languages for common everyday tasks.Open, interoperable and readily understandable. The design goals for YAML are: 1. Easily readable by humans. 2. Portable between programming languages. 3. Matches the native data structures of agile languages. 4. Consistent model to support generic tools. 5. Supports one-pass processing. 6. Expressive and extensible. 7. Easy to implement and use. Both JSON and YAML aim to be human readable data interchange formats. However, JSON and YAML have different priorities. Relation between YAML and JSON: Technically YAML is a superset of JSON. This means that, in theory at least, a YAML parser can understand JSON, but not necessarily the other way around. Both JSON and YAML aim to be human readable data interchange formats. However, JSON and YAML have different priorities. JSON’s foremost design goal is simplicity and universality. Thus, JSON is easy to generate and parse, at the cost of reduced human readability. In contrast, YAML’s foremost design goals are human readability and support for serializing arbitrary native data structures. JSON requires that mappings keys merely “SHOULD” be unique, while YAML insists they “MUST” be. Technically, YAML therefore complies with the JSON spec, choosing to treat duplicates as an error. In practice, since JSON is silent on the semantics of such duplicates, the only portable JSON files are those with unique keys, which are therefore valid YAML files. Suffering from Knowledge Quest Get the Medium app
Wisdom Teeth A wisdom tooth extraction is a relatively routine procedure. The dentist will numb the area in the mouth with a local anesthesia or use IV sedation so that the patient is asleep during the procedure. After the tooth (or teeth) is removed, the patient is given gauze to bite softly on for a recommended amount of time to limit any bleeding. Some pain and swelling may occur, but it will usually go away after a few days. Wisdom Teeth
Why bother with PTP and SMPTE ST 2059? Since the beginning of TV synchronising all the elements has been critical. It all started with having to synchronise the beam in the video cameras with the beam in the TV. Naturally, when you want to bring more than one camera together, you need to make sure all the cameras are in the same point of the picture at the same time otherwise the picture will jump around when you mix between them, known in the trade as a non-sync cut. Whilst timing can require very precise system designs, distributing black and burst is not so hard 70 years on, although it’s fair to say that large systems are more difficult due to complexity. Some stations will want to run tri-level sync to support an HD workflow at, say 23.98fps, which will leave them with two timing systems. If any audio workflows are needed, they are likely to need word clock, and perhaps others need DARS (word clock over AES3). For a larger broadcaster, then, it’s not hard to find yourself with several timing infrastructures each needing their own cabling and distribution amplifiers (splitters). Although redundancy in timing systems is certainly possible, many of these systems aren’t redundant. Sometimes when you lose timing, it’s very obvious, but sometimes the symptoms are confusing and seem unrelated. This means when an amplifier does fail, it can take a long time to determine the cause and then also find the DA. PTP is a network-based timing distribution system standardised by the IEEE as 1588-2019. It’s not simply a distribution of a synchronising pulse, like black and burst, it’s a time distribution system. Like NTP, used in general computing, PTP provides a way of setting the time on each device. In PTP’s case, this is a very precise time, hence the name Precision Time Protocol. Being based on UDP, it can be delivered over the same network cabling already in use. PTP can replace all previous synchronisation signals because it the distribution of time and not pulses. If all devices have the same time, then they can infer when the pulses should be based on that time. This is what the SMPTE standard ST 2059-1 does. Defining equations for each signal type, ST 2059-1 allows equipment to know when the beginning of that type of signal should be happening. SMPTE ST 2059-2 defines the PTP parameters to be used which should ensure that all devices are able to interoperate. It’s important to remember that PTP is a time distribution system which employs bi-directional messaging to calculate precise timing. Whereas black and burst was a waterfall, cascading distribution system which could be installed and nearly forgotten, PTP should be monitored to ensure the system is continuing to work – both the infrastructure and the number of connected end-points. In summary, then, PTP drastically simplifies timing around your facility in terms of physical infrastructure and future flexibility. It will also, probably, but cheaper if not during project installation, in the long run. This is balanced against the added understanding and training needed to configure, diagnose and maintain a PTP system. Title image by George M Groutas, used under the Creative Commons attribution 2.0 licence One thought on “Why bother with PTP and SMPTE ST 2059? Comments are closed.
When we think of college life, we think of the greatest years of our lives. However, we tend to ignore that it is also the time of stressful experiences and a wide range of mental health challenges. Given multiple sources of distress, some people will feel overwhelmed by all of them at some point. When you mix academics, culture shock, homesickness, and social life, it all comes together to be too much for some students. Here are the common causes of stress in college students: Unhealthy Competition We all love a healthy competition but what happens when we cross the line to unhealthy? When we obsess on getting a high GPA, this can cause additional stress. We all know student’s grades can impact their future. Failing grades only means rejection for opportunities, scholarships may be revoked, it may impact your class ranking, or even affect your graduate school acceptance. And yes, ultimately your job offers. One overlooked impact facing students is choosing a major or career path early on their college life. Some students are fortunate enough to go to schools who give them time before declaring a major. Others want you to start taking pre-requisites in your first semester, which can be stressful. Parental Expectation and Style There are parents who pressure their children to opt for their own preferences without taking into consideration their kids interest and aptitude. The burden of living up to parent’s expectation can take a toll on the students stress. This gradually becomes mental stress for the student to cope with their parents demands and compete with other students. This leads to anxiety, depression and unfortunately, sometimes suicide. Ask any students who go to college; did they expect to feel homesick? Do not be surprised, it is more common than you think. Even the hardened students feel some form of sadness as they separate from their old lives. But research shows, 1 out of 10 will find it hard to adapt. Fortunately, they can seek help from family, friends and guidance counselors. Social Anxiety College life can be intimidating and anxiety-provoking at times especially during the students’ first year. Although some are naturally outgoing, most have to work harder to make connections. You will see students who tend to isolate themselves for fear of being rejected. For students who want to make the first connection, try changing your unrealistic expectation to a realistic one. Turn your negative thoughts to a positive one. Join activities and organizations. Be aware of your body language. Good eye contact and a smile can do wonders. Try using open ended questions such as why, how, what, and when to get a conversation started. These are some important steps in surviving college. Financial Burden Let’s face it, college isn’t exactly cheap. Year after year, it is getting more expensive whether you choose to attend a community college or a private one. If you add up the cost of tuition, books, room and board, it can be staggering. Unless you’ve received a full-ride scholarship, college can be a financial burden. It is not uncommon for students to take part time jobs to augment their college expenses. Clear the Hurdles Do not fret as there are solutions to every hurdle. Be easy on yourself, with the right frame of mind and a positive outlook, which are very important things in surviving college, you will find that any of the stressors mentioned above can be conquered without a hitch. Do not take things on alone. You do have a support system from resident counselors, professors, academic advisors, family and friends ready to give you a hand. This will definitely ensure that your experience in college will be an unforgettable one. Bio: Marquis is as free as the statue of liberty. She is now a part-time writer who loves to write an article based on surviving college and a professional blogger whose work revolves around blogging, managing websites, web content, social media.
Skip to Main Content Skip Nav Destination This article discusses the central aspect of anisotropy modeling, namely, texture measurement and analysis. It provides an overview of the methods available for characterizing crystallographic preferred orientation, or texture, in polycrystalline materials. These methods include pole figure measurement and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The article describes the process considerations for pole figure measurement, including X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, stereographic projection, equal area projection, graphing pole figures, typical textures, and orientation distribution. It also deals with the limitations and challenges associated with the EBSD, and applications of the diffraction. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Don't already have an account? Register A.D. Rollett, Texture Measurement and Analysis, Metals Process Simulation, Vol 22B, ASM Handbook, Edited By D.U. Furrer, S.L. Semiatin, ASM International, 2010, p 92–99, Download citation file: Close Modal or Create an Account Close Modal Close Modal
• The area around the station should be free from any obstructions. It should be placed at a distance to the nearest obstacle of at least four times the obstacle’s height (hedges, farmhouses, silos, electric pylons, wind turbines etc.). • The station must be positioned away from any installation or surface that emits heat and could distort the temperature recordings (e.g. paved ground). • The station must be away from any water sources, forests or woodland, as these would modify the humidity values recorded and make them less representative. • The ground where the station is placed must be flat and the station must be absolutely level (this can be checked using the bubble level integrated into the station). Following these specifications will let you collect data that reflects as closely as possible the true conditions on your plots. In order to optimise data collection, it is also sensible to choose a place that is representative of your land. If there are numerous weather stations distributed around your farm, you could alternatively choose a place where the meteorological conditions are ‘extreme’ in order to anticipate interventions that would be needed in the rest of your plots. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO), 2018. Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation. ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5. Did this answer your question?
Relfections On Grownup ESL (From CATESOL Information) Create an infographic or flowchart as an example methods to incorporate principle or models into multiculturalism and inclusion practices for grownup schooling. Embrace at least three theories or models to assist your illustration. The Swedish system of grades in compulsory basic school (grundskola – 9 years of study) and upper-secondary college (gymnasieskola – one other three years of study) is completely different from Russian system. In Swedish faculty system there are three grades: G (Pass), VG (Move with Distinction) and MVG (Cross with Particular Distinction). In upper-secondary college they use the identical grades, plus IG (Fail). Many of the adult learners enrol in formal studying to enhance on their job efficiency, therefore they are already inside the business; or they are curious about becoming a member of the business. As such, they have tremendous amount of prior/related information and are valuable sources within the class. This system needs to be designed that there are a number of avenues for interplay between college students, either in lecture rooms, or virtual school rooms, discussion boards, e mail teams or social community. There should be loads of occasions for the scholars to share their views and experiences. Non-public loans are available by many sources reminiscent of banks or different lending institutions. These are not, nonetheless, guaranteed by the federal government. Some personal pupil loans let you defer cost as properly until 6 months after you graduate but it’s important to know what each mortgage’s terms are. Some require payments to start as soon because the loan is issued. Private loans are based usually on a great credit score history. Radical grownup training philosophies are in many ways much like progressive beliefs, but extra specifically radical schooling is the idea social, political, and economic adjustments are a direct results of education. Radical education schemes are designed to lift consciousness, encourage vital considering and reflection, and drive political motion or change.
Q. 143.5( 2 Votes ) Explain the meani Answer : Electromagnetic: The word electromagnetic means the field produced by electrically charged objects. It involves the interaction between electrically charged particles. Induction: The word induction means the process in which an electric or magnetic field is generated in the conductor when it is brought near an object with an electric field or changing magnetic field. These two terms on combination form Electromagnetic Induction. It is defined as the production of electric current in the conductor when it is brought near the changing magnetic field. In more simple terms electromagnetic induction can be explained as the process by which the change in the magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor. Factors on which the value of induced current produced in a circuit depends are: 1. Nature of magnet: The value of induced current produced depends on the nature of magnet used. Greater the power of magnet, greater will be the induced current production. 2. A number of turns in a coil: More the number of turns in the coil, greater will be the amount of current produced. Suppose there are 10 turns in the coil, then the induced current produced is 10 times. The practical application of electromagnetic induction in everyday life is an Electric Generator. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Rate this question : How useful is this solution? Related Videos Final Mock TestFinal Mock TestFinal Mock Test44 mins Dedicated counsellor for each student 24X7 Doubt Resolution Daily Report Card Detailed Performance Evaluation view all courses Where is Fleming’All In One Science A rectangular coiLakhmir Singh & Manjit Kaur - Physics Why is an alternaAll In One Science The phenomenon ofLakhmir Singh & Manjit Kaur - Physics Name some sourcesLakhmir Singh & Manjit Kaur - Physics
What is the oldest law in the world? Here’s the deal, there are several laws which might be considered as the worlds oldest. Some of the oldest laws existed before writing did. As such, the oldest written law in the world is a different law than the oldest law that ever existed. Then of course, there are the first spoken laws. Look, for the sake of being thorough, we are going to take a look at all three. The First Existing Law, The First Written Law, and The First Spoken Law. What is the oldest law in the world? 1. The First Existing Laws: Natural Law Natural laws are those unchanging observable principles of life itself. Natural laws have been in existence since the beginning of life itself, albeit, in an unwritten form. Surely these laws predate all forms of written law. According to The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The term “natural law” is ambiguous. It refers to a type of moral theory, as well as to a type of legal theory, but the core claims of the two kinds of theory are logically independent. –Source An even more thorough definition of “Natural Law” can be found at: All About Philosophy. Natural Law is a moral theory of jurisprudence, which maintains that law should be based on morality and ethics. Natural Law holds that the law is based on what’s “correct.” Natural Law is “discovered” by humans through the use of reason and choosing between good and evil. Therefore, Natural Law finds its power in discovering certain universal standards in morality and ethics. – Source Though natural laws exist, they have to be discovered or observed to be known. Though natural laws are discovered through theory and observation, they are different from the “Laws of Nature”. Laws of Nature, such as gravity, etc. are based on purely scientific theory and principles, rather than morals and ethics. John Sproule provides us this insight into natural law from his Quora response to the question: “What is the oldest law in the world?” Qoura response to what is the oldest law in the world. As funny as John’s description of the oldest law is, it provides an excellent example of natural law. Here are a few more examples of natural laws: • Killing Without Reason is Wrong • The Right to Be Heard in Court • The Right to Private Property These laws may seem like common sense, and in many ways, natural laws are a sort of common sense. Depending on what you mean by the oldest law, natural laws are the oldest laws. Though these laws existed before writing and were not man-made. 2. The Oldest Written Law: The Ur-Nammu Codes Now, what is the oldest written law? What is the first set of laws made and written by man? It’s true, laws have developed and changed significantly over the years. Now we have laws that govern everything from insurance claims for damaged cars, to laws governing the height of grass in a lawn. But the first laws were much more simple… Now, when most people talk about the first set of laws, they often point to the Hammurabi Babylon Codes, as this is what most of us were taught in school. Hammurabi Babylon Codes, once thought to be the oldest written law. This is crazy, but the lesser known Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100–2050 BCE) predates Hammurabi’s Code (1754 BCE). From Mesopotamia, Ur-Nammu’s codes were written in Sumerian and are the oldest known written laws. This code of laws was very similar to Hammurabi’s, and be warned, they were brutal. Here are a few of them: Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100–2050 BCE) predates Hammurabi's Code (1754 BCE) There are 32 codes in total of the Code of Ur-Nammu. 3. The First Spoken Word: God’s Law to Adam Arguably, the first spoken law, was the law God spoke to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. A simple law given in Genesis 2:16 16-17 that most of us are familiar with: The Oldest law, Adam and Eve at the Apple Tree And, as we all know, that law was quickly broken. Of course, there are many more laws in the Bible as well which may be among the oldest. But the oldest of the old is certainly the law in Genesis. Interested in looking deeper into Biblical Law? Check out eth-Cepher Bible. So, what is the Oldest Law in the World? As you can see from the above information, it really depends on what you mean by law. Natural laws have existed ever since life began. Yet, it took much longer to find their way to the minds of men, and then to paper. The most obvious answer for the worlds oldest law is: the Ur-Nammu Codes. Which, although they were very similar to the Hammurabi Codes, predated them by hundreds of years Finally, the first law in the world may also be: the law spoken to Adam and Eve to not eat from the Tree of Knowledge. Depending on how you slice it, the oldest law in the world must be left somewhat up to the observer. Leave a Reply
Energy retrofit scenarios material flows and circularity Cities are fast growing and are becoming more and more dependent on external services and supplies to meet their demands. In this context, the building industry can play a major role to reach European and regional targets of low-energy construction and circular design, particularly if considering the need of improving the energy standards and performance of the existing stock. On these premises, this paper presents the findings from recent research and discusses upcoming challenges, in particular: what are the consequences of retrofit operations on material flows, and their impact on circularity and low carbon objectives? In other words, which energy retrofit strategies are being implemented in buildings that could contribute to the production of building’ waste or secondary resources today, but also in the future? The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of different retrofitting scenarios on the energy performance of material flows. These scenarios can directly influence the nature and quantity of the materials used (inflows) and discarded (outflows) by upgrading or renewing the existing building stock. They can also lead to different environmental impacts and vary the embodied potential (through reuse or recycling) of resources. The analysis focuses on selected case studies representative of the housing stock in Brussels (Belgium). The overall objective is to inform, sensitize, and lead various stakeholders to responsible and conscious choices when retrofitting a building by adding concerns of resources efficiency while focusing on reducing energy demands. Associated space
I have just begun using Judson's 2018 Abstract Algebra: theory and applications. In the text, there is a Lemma with the following statement and proof: The Principle of Mathematical Induction implies that 1 is the least positive natural number. Proof. Let $S=\{n \in \mathbb{N} \| n \ge 1\}$. Then $1 \in S$. Assume that $n \in S$. Since $0<1$, it must be the case that $n=n+0<n+1$. Therefore, $1 \le n < n+1$. Consequently, if $n \in S$, then $n+1$ must also be in $S$, and by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, and $S=\mathbb{N}$. QED. I am having some issues with this proof. 1. The last sentence doesn't seem coherent. 2. S is defined as the set of natural numbers $\ge1$, but I don't understand how the proof shows that $S = \mathbb{N}$ to arrive at the conclusion that 1 is the least positive natural number. Prior to this Lemma we are given the definition of natural numbers $\mathbb{N}=\{1,2,3,...\}$, and as propositions the First and Second Principle of Mathematical Induction, as well as the Principle of Well-Ordering. Can anyone either help me understand why this proof is correct or otherwise help me fill in what may be missing? • 1 $\begingroup$ The last sentence should be something like “... and by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, we have $S=\Bbb N$. Otherwise, the proof is completely fine. $\endgroup$ – Maximilian Janisch May 20 '19 at 19:51 • $\begingroup$ Not sure why (1) is incoherent. In induction starting at $0$ (and hence when $0$ is considered a natural number) this same proof shows that for all natural $n,$ you either have $n=0$ or $n\geq 1.$ $\endgroup$ – Thomas Andrews May 20 '19 at 19:53 • $\begingroup$ It is true that you don't actually need to property $n\in S$ to prove $n+1\in S$ in this case. A simpler lemma is (now assuming the natural numbers/induction start at $1$): For all $n,$ either $n=1$ or $n=m+1$ for some natural number $m.$ $\endgroup$ – Thomas Andrews May 20 '19 at 19:55 The proof showed that • $1\in S$ and • for every $n\in S$, we have $n+1\in S$. By using Peano axiomatic (aka the principle of induction), the proof correctly concludes that $S=\Bbb N$. Thus every natural number is $\geq 1$. Hence, by definition, $1$ is a smallest number of $\Bbb N$ (it is in fact also the only smallest number of $\Bbb N$.) You might think that since $\mathbb{N}$ is defined to be $\{1,2,\dots\}$ this proof is pointless. Although Judson doesn't make this clear, the point of this proof is that it gives us an alternative more formal way of describing the properties of $\mathbb{N}$ without using the informal ellipsis; if we take an appropriate version of induction as an axiom then we don't need to define $\mathbb{N}$ to be $\{1,2,\dots\}$. Unfortunately, the form of induction stated by Judson does not give a correct proof of this theorem. Judson's version only proves that $n\ge1$ for all $n\ge1$. The version of induction that's needed for this theorem is something like the following: Let $S(n$) be a statement about integers for $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and suppose $S(1)$ is true. If for all integers $k$ with $k \ge1$, $S(k)$ implies that $S(k + 1)$ is true, then $S(n)$ is true for all integers $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Your Answer
As the Great War came to a close, Margaret would surely have empathized with the lost generation of young people who had experienced the destruction of the world as it had been known up to that point. She had worked diligently with the American Committee for Devastated France helping wounded French and American soldiers to find hope and new meaning in a new era. If there is any season best suited to this task, Christmas time is it. The holiday is dedicated to renewal and hope, lending itself perfectly to the extravagance that would take root in the 1920s. Following the war, a period of economic growth began in the United States and Christmas celebrations, which had been evolving since the mid nineteenth boy and treecentury, would solidify into what we know today. Extravagant Christmas trees, sending holiday cards, holiday lights, extensive gift giving, lavish feasts, and the wide spread use of Santa Claus images in advertising would all be solidified by the mid-1920s. This decade saw some of the first strong holiday advertising campaigns thanks to a prosperity that increased consumer demand as well as aspirradio adations. Families that previously would not have been able to splurge on holiday gifts were now encouraged to buy the latest and greatest gadgets for loved oneskodak ad. Popular items included radios,model train sets, and Kodak cameras. The use of Santa Claus in advertisements also became widely popular during this time as a universal figure businesses could use at little advertising expense. One innovation that became popular during this era was the artificial tree. Feather trees became widely used, especially in the UK. These were trees with green-dyed goose feathers arranged into pine needles and attached to wire branches. These branch arrangements were then attached to a central dowel for a trunk. Department stores sold these modern little treedecorative trees in a range of color and size options, including trees anywhere from two to 98 inches tall. Perhaps the most notable trend to emerge during the 20s was that of electric lights for the tree. Prior to this period, candles were still widely used to light the Christmas tree. Although these lights would not be extensively used in average households until 1930, the 20s saw increased use not only in households but by big businesses in their holiday displays. Urban migration was in full swing thanks in part to wide-spread use of automobiles, and businesses had to catch the attention of patrons amid the hustle and bustle of the Roaring 20s.window Written by Bettina Klattfaistnauer, Education Fellow at the Molly Brown House Museum
What Is The Highest Grade Of Stainless Steel? What grade of stainless steel will not rust? And with good formability, 304 can be readily welded by all common methods.. Does 316 stainless steel rust? Is 304 or 316 easier to weld? GENERAL PROPERTIES – TYPE 316 Type 316 alloy is a molybdenum bearing stainless steel. It has a greater resistance to chemical attack than the 304 family. Similarly, Type 316 is durable, easy-to-fabricate, clean, weld and finish. What does the L in 316l stainless steel mean? meaning Low carbonStainless steel 316L is still the most commonly used SS material in the jewellery and watch industry; this is austenitic Stainless Steel. And one more thing. Where does the L stand for in 316L? The letter itself stands for Low (meaning Low carbon) L grades have 0.03% carbon maximum. Which is better SS 304 or 316? How can you tell if stainless steel is 304? Place a drop of solution on standard grades 304 and 316 samples. 4. Presence of Mo in the steel can be confirmed by the darkening of the yellow drop in 2 to 4 min. How can I tell if my stainless steel is 316? Acid testing is one test that will separate 304 and 316 grades of stainless steel. Hydrochloric acid attacks 304 grade very rapidly and produces gas, but attacks 316 grade only very slowly. What is 304 grade stainless steel? What grade stainless steel is best? Is 304 or 430 stainless better? How can you tell stainless steel? Test #1 – First hit the metal with a magnet. If it sticks to the item, it is not going to be aluminum, but will most likely be steel or a special type of stainless steel known as 400 grade. This should be your first step in identifying stainless steel from other types of scrap metal. What are the 5 types of stainless steel? There are five main families, which are primarily classified by their crystalline structure: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening.Austenitic stainless steel. … Ferritic stainless steels. … Martensitic stainless steels. … Duplex stainless steel. … Precipitation hardening stainless steels. … Grades.More items… What are the grades of stainless steel? Austenitic Stainless Steels:Grade 303: Fasteners, fittings, gears.Grade 304: General purpose austenitic stainless steel.Grade 304L: Grade 304 applications that require welding.Grade 309: Applications involving elevated temperatures.Grade 316: Chemical applications.Grade 316L: Grade 316 applications that require welding. Will stainless steel rust? Are 18 8 and 304 the same? 18/8 and 18/10: These are the two most common grades of stainless steel used for food preparation and dining, also known as Type 304 (304 Grade) and are part of the 300 series. … Therefore, the higher the nickel content, the more resistant the stainless steel is to corrosion. What is the hardest grade of stainless steel? MartensiticMartensitic grades include 420 stainless steel, which is used in engineering applications like shafts and 440C stainless steel – the hardest and most abrasion resistant of all the stainless steel. Which is more expensive ss304 or ss316? The most basic difference between grade 304 and grade 316 stainless steels is that 316 tends to have more nickel and a bit of molybdenum in the mix. … However, the addition of nickel and molybdenum also makes grade 316 a more expensive alloy than stainless steel 304 per ounce of material.
Lodgepole Pine that has turned red after a bark beetle infestation. I’ve read a lot about how bark beetles have been ravaging western forests in recent years. It’s difficult to parse all issues that potentially come into the mix: fire suppression, logging, climate change, rural development. But this article about bark beetles in the New York Times does a really good job touching on everything. The potential loss of forest is staggering. WARNING: the NYT times piece includes a graphic description of the beetle reproductive process.
What Time Of Day Is Supper? Do British say dinner or supper? Do Southerners say dinner or supper? It’s not necessarily an American South or Midwestern tradition, but instead is a farming families’ trademark. Because the Southern and Midwestern states were heavily agricultural, supper was implicitly the lighter, late evening meal and dinner was the larger, main meal of the day. Why do Northerners call Lunch Dinner? Basically until around the 1800s everyone refered to the main meal of the day as dinner regardless of time. At this period in time the wealthy or upper classes started to favour the evening for the main cooked meal of the day and would have a light luncheon at midday. What is the meal after dinner called? Supper – light meal eaten in the late evening; as early as 7pm or as late as midnight. Usually eaten when the main meal of the day is taken at lunchtime or high tea. Siu yeh – late-night or overnight meal usually after dinner, may start anywhere from 9 PM onwards to 4 AM. What time is supper usually served? Americans typically have dinner between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m. While the average time people ate dinner was exactly 6:22 p.m., it varies an can be anywhere from 4:30 p.m. to 10:59 p.m. Unlike other countries, the US typically has a very short lunch — making dinner the biggest and longest meal. What do they call lunch in England? What is the main meal of the day? What is considered a light dinner? A light meal is: juice or coffee with milk or cream. 1 piece of toast or 1 bowl of oatmeal or hot cereal. Is saying supper posh? Referring to your midday meal as dinner is considered a “working-class hallmark”. Supper: If you call your informal, family evening meal ‘supper’ (pronounced ‘suppah’), you are probably upper-middle or upper class. ‘Dinner’ for those same people is used for more formal evening meals. Who says supper vs dinner? First, let’s define both terms. Merriam-Webster establishes dinner as “the principal meal of the day.” Supper, on the other hand, has three definitions: The evening meal when dinner is taken at mid-day. A light meal served late in the evening. When should your last meal be? Therefore, your last meal should be the lightest of the day and should be eaten at least three hours before you go to sleep.” There’s another reason that late-night eating, after dinner, isn’t a good idea. How many hours before bed should you eat? What time is breakfast lunch dinner and supper? Lunch = From 11:00am – 2:00pm. Tea = From 2:00pm – 5:00pm (also a drink/beverage) Dinner = From 5:00pm – 10:00pm. Supper = From 7:00pm – 12:00am. Who uses the word supper? In the 1800s and perhaps even earlier, Americans in some rural regions started calling their midday meal dinner, while supper was reserved for the evening meal. At what times of the day should I eat? Eating meals and snacks at set times every day may help your digestion. It’s important (1) to eat breakfast within an hour of waking up; (2) to eat your last meal at least three hours before bedtime; and (3) to give your stomach ample time (at least 3 to 4 hours) to digest food. What comes first supper or dinner? Supper was originally a secondary lighter evening meal. The main meal of the day, called dinner, used to be served closer to what is known as lunchtime, around the middle of the day, but crept later over the centuries, mostly over the course of the 19th century. Can not eating after 7pm help lose weight?
Why You Should Ditch Your Device After Dark… One cannot think well, love well or dine well if one has not slept well, to paraphrase that famous quote by author Virgina Woolf. And, it’s fair to say when you look at the research on sleep and its impact on our health, that one cannot expect to glow unless they go to bed on time. Why is sleep such a hot topic right now? On average, we are now sleeping two hours less a night than we did 70 years ago and the effects on our well-being are becoming impossible to ignore. There is growing scientific evidence about the negative effects of short and long-term sleep deprivation. Yet the arrival of smart devices has led to some less-than-smart screen behaviours and social media addictions that impact the quality and quantity of our sleep. So how much is enough? Most of us need at least seven to nine hours sleep a night. For some, 10 is the magic number. If you feel like you don’t have time for sleep, think about what you have to gain. Studies have shown people who sleep more enjoy better moods, energy, mental agility, attention spans, memory, gross motor skills and faster reaction times. They also have more balanced hormones and are less likely to overeat and gain weight. Plus good sleep is vital for healthy skin and immunity. What happens when we don’t get enough? Short and long sleep deprivation have been linked to anxiety, depression, mood swings and irritability, a slow metabolism, overeating and weight gain, forgetfulness, foggy thinking, lethargy, inflammation, oxidative stress, premature ageing, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and compromised immunity. Poor sleep can reduce your body’s production of important hormones such as human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and melatonin, plus it encourages the production of the stress hormone cortisol which can have a negative impact on your skin’s health and overall well-being. During sleep is when your body protects and repairs damage from oxidation by mopping up free radicals and also when the body detoxifies. So it’s not surprising one study found people who sleep less have an increased risk of health problems. But if that still isn’t enough motivation to send yourself to bed early, poor sleep also lowers male and female testosterone levels which support a healthy sex drive. Good sleep needs to be scheduled … Of course, not everyone finds it easy to get enough Z's. It’s estimated up to a third of Australian adults regularly have difficulty either getting to sleep or staying asleep. But there is plenty you can do before bed to improve your sleep. Start by scheduling what time you need to get up the next morning and then count backward nine hours to determine what time you need to go to bed. Turn on your red light The blue light emitted by screens has been shown to mess with our circadian rhythms and keep our brains awake. But you can go to the display settings on your device and switch the backlight on your screen from blue to red between certain times for example from 7pm to 7am. Enforce an electronic sundown and shut down all your devices at least 30 minutes before bedtime. Then leave them to recharge in another part of your home. Resist the urge to take them in your bedroom. Dim all of the lights in your home about an hour before bed to signal to your brain it’s time to produce melatonin, the hormone that makes you feel sleepy. If the light on your alarm clock is too bright, move it to another room too. Practice good sleep hygiene habits… Experiment with sleep rituals that will become second nature, just like cleansing your face and cleaning your teeth before bed. Avoid difficult conversations with your partner or housemates and resist checking social media before bedtime. Take a warm bath in dim light, do some gentle yoga stretches or spend 10 minutes with your legs up against the wall. Then read a book or magazine in bed instead of a screen for half an hour before turning the lights out. Or you could try writing in a journal or meditating to calm your body and mind. Indulge in a nourishing nightcap… Avoid eating for a few hours before bed because digestion disrupts deep sleep. While alcohol may help you relax and fall asleep quicker, it actually reduces the amount of deep Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep you get, thus reducing the quality of your sleep. For a more nourishing nightcap, stir one teaspoon of Sleep Inner Beauty Powder into a cup of gently warmed nut or coconut milk. Scientifically formulated to soothe your senses and promote deep sleep, it’s a potent, organic, bio-fermented, probiotic and antioxidant-rich turmeric, herb and spice blend. Sleep Inner Beauty Powder includes passionflower and lemon balm, herbs which have been used in traditional western herbal medicine as sedatives to support sleep, soothe nerves and relieve mild anxiety symptoms. Plus it contains bio-fermented turmeric (to aid digestion), skin-loving pawpaw, melatonin-rich sour cherry and 1.5 billion probiotics per serve. Stir mindfully, sip slowly and then sleep like a baby. For more health and beauty inspiration, browse our blog here. Visit The Digest for more beauty and wellbeing inspiration.
Myth or true: Following safety protocols will transform tourism operations less sustainable Recently, I had the opportunity to see how safety protocols changed the tourist experience. I confess that, I had mixed feelings about that (sometimes feelings safe; sometimes felling at risk everywhere I went; feeling bad with generation of waste; feeling protected because my room wasn’t clean every day and at the same time bothered by all garbage accumulating day by day in the room. This situation made my think about the relation between safety protocols and sustainability. Well, we have a new context, which called for new procedures and therefore generating new impacts. I’ve heard that safety protocols are not sustainable, because Hotels are now using more plastic and cleaning products for sanitizing surfaces. When, we think about consumption of plastic to protect food or objects in accommodation establishments it’s refers a new procedure adopted and of course we can see that are more plastic being used, as plastic films or new packages than before. But in this case, is relevant to guarantee that consumption of plastic will really protect the guests and not used it just to give a perception of protection. According UNWTO, “Plastic film is not a sanitization measure in and of itself. If the wrapped-up remote control is touched by a member of staff who has not cleaned their hands, this could become a point of transmission of COVID-19: • Instead of wrapping in plastics, all items available for guests to use should be properly sanitized. • Equally, clear procedures should be developed to ensure that staff avoid touching any objects such as remote controls with unsanitized hands. • As a plus, this will avoid the need to properly dispose of the plastic film, which is a nonrecyclable plastic material. • Where items must be wrapped in plastic, these too need to be sanitized.” But are the Hotels being more or less sustainable? Let’s reflect together about that. First of all, safety is part of sustainability, including all kind of health risks and to prevent them is part of sustainability approach for all tourism enterprises that want be sustainable. Also, the government measures are very important. Nowadays, more than ever, tourism sector needs to move forward together adopting safety measures in compliance with laws and guidelines to prevent COVID 19. ISO 21401 – Sustainability Management System for Accommodation Establishments contain a set of aspects, for all dimensions of sustainability. One of them is Health and safety of guests and workers, which describe “Accommodation Establishments shall implement procedures for continuous risk identification, risk assessment and the implementation control measures.” How to recover tourism sustainably Secondly, it is important to understand how sustainability works! The tourism activities have aspects, characteristics such as: consumption of water, guest satisfaction or local community. These aspects produce a several different impacts and risk and opportunities too. This is a dynamic process that occurs every day that and every business should try to control. What companies normally do, is to implement control measures, reducing negative impacts and risks. But it is quite more complex than it appears, because the context always is changing and because we are talking about all dimensions of sustainability, which means that adopting control measures sometimes is a tradeoff. When businesses are implementing safety protocols to protect tourists and workers, they are in fact, implementing new control measures. At the end of the day, which is important, is Hotel’s responsibilities to guarantee that guests are safe. Thirdly, the process of identification, analysis and evaluation of impacts shall take account: negative and positive impacts; probability and consequence of each impact and relevance criteria So, keep in mind, that it is part of the concept of sustainability the relevance and size of impacts. There is a correlation between size of impact and volume of consumption which depends on the occupancy rate, as well. More people, more impact. Besides that, as everybody knows, the number of guests is smaller than before the pandemic. So, to say that a Hotel is more or less sustainable depends on the size and kind of impacts they have been producing. But How this new context can be managed? How could Hotels be more sustainable? In my opinion, adopting a management system approach that will allow each Hotel to identify and control the risks and impacts which are relevant for their operation. In fact, I have noticed that those Hotels had implemented a management system were more efficient in adopting new controls and procedures. Finally, I would like to say that the pandemic showed us that we can’t live without a holistic (or integrated) view of the world as a hole. We are more connected than we could have imagined. That’s why, I believe (more than ever) in the sustainable tourism approach for companies and destinations. Deixe uma resposta
Tel: +86-13223745050 E-mail: Video Our Team FAQ News center(Christmas） You are here: Home » News » Science Classroom » Alpha science classroom: Test the antibacterial effect of soap Alpha science classroom: Test the antibacterial effect of soap Views:3 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-03-28 Origin:Site Alpha science toys company knows kids like to explore something new in their growth process but they don’t like to wash hands and take a shower after being exposed to a lot of bacteria. Because kids have no clear idea of what harm and effect bacteria bring to human health. In the last two classes, Alpha science classroom helped kids know the different types and harms of bacteria and learned how to kill bacteria through the children’s science experiments on bacterial growth. Today, Alpha science classroom tells you how to remove bacteria with different types of soaps and makes kids know which one is the best way to kill bacteria. We can use Agar and Petri dishes to grow bacteria organisms and then do the science experiments for kids. Alpha science classroom: soap antibacterial science experiments for kids materials 1. Two (or more) Petri dishes 2. Sterile swabs 3. Agar 4. Blotter paper or other absorbent paper 5. Forceps or tweezers 6. Different kinds of hand cleaners: regular soap, antibacterial soap, dish soap, hand sanitizer Alpha science classroom: Steps of antibacterial effect of soap science experiment for kids 1. Prepare the agar according to the directions on the label, then pour enough to cover the bottom of each petri dish. Cover the dishes and let them stand for about an hour until the agar has solidified again. (If you aren’t going to use them right away after they have cooled, store them upside down in the refrigerator.) 2. When your Petri dishes are ready, collect some bacteria from your hand or the hand of a volunteer. (Make sure the person hasn’t washed his or her hands too recently!) Do this by rubbing the sterile swab over the palm in a zigzag pattern. 3. Remove the cover from the petri dish and lightly rub the swab back and forth in a zigzag pattern on the agar. Turn the dish a quarter turn and zigzag again. Cover the dish and repeat steps two and three for the other dish, using a new sterile swab. Label the dishes “Test” and “Control.” (You may want to do more than one test dish, so you can compare the results.) 4. Cut the blotter paper into small “sensitivity squares.” Use permanent link to label the squares for the different types of hand cleaners you are going to test, e.g., “R” for regular soap, “A” for antibacterial soap, and “S” for hand sanitizer. Using tweezers, dip each square into the appropriate cleaner. Blot the excess cleaner on a paper towel and then place the squares on the agar in the “Test” dish. (Spread the squares out so there is the distance between them.) Add one square of plain blotter paper to test if blotter paper by itself has any effect. Don’t put any squares in the “Control” dish – this one will show you what the bacterial growth will look like without any soap. Alpha science classroom-science experiments for kids Alpha science classroom: What happened to the science experiments for kids on the antibacterial effects of soap The rate of bacteria growth in your dishes will depend on temperature and other factors. Check your cultures after a couple of days, but you’ll probably want to wait 5-7 days before recording your data. You will see multiple round dots of growth; these are bacteria colonies. There may be several types of bacteria growing in the dishes. Different types of colonies will have different colors and textures. Alpha science classroom: Hand washing can prevent the harm of germs Alpha science toys think kids should count and record the number of bacteria colonies in each dish for each soap test. To see how effective each soap was, divide the number of colonies in the test dish by the number of colonies in the control dish, then subtract the result from 1 and write the answer as a percentage. For example, if your control dish had 100 colonies and your soap test dish had 30, the soap eliminated 70% of the bacteria: 1 — (30 ÷ 100) = .7 = 70% Alpha science toys let kids know there will be some bacteria on their hands when they touch an object each time. Bacteria can safely live on our skin, but if they enter through our mouths or become infected on cuts or scrapes, they can make us feel uncomfortable. That's one of the reasons why it's so important to wash our hands often. Alpha science classroom: When should kids wash their hands to prevent the bacteria? 1. Before, during, and after food preparation 2. Before and after coming into contact with a sick person who has vomiting or has diarrhea 3. Before and after treating a cut or wound 4. After using the bathroom 5. After cleaning a child who has used the bathroom 6. After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing 7. After coming in contact with an animal, animal feed, or animal waste 8. After touching pet food or pet treats 9. After handling garbage Alpha science classroom-Alpha science classroom-antimicrobial soap Alpha science classroom：How to properly wash your hands for kids? 1. Turn on the Water: Clean, running water is more important than temperature. Turn on the water and get your hands wet. You can turn the water off or leave it running, depending on your preference. Turning it off saves water, but it will increase the number of times you touch the faucet, which will expose you to germs that are on the faucet handles. 2. Lather Up: Soap is important. It helps lift the germs and microbes off your skin while you wash your hands and make the whole process more effective. Studies have shown that it's no better to use antibacterial soap than regular soap, and the overuse of triclosan, a commonly used ingredient in antibacterial soap, could actually contribute to antibiotic resistance. 3. Scrub for at least 20 Seconds: Most people don't scrub their hands nearly long enough. Twenty seconds doesn't sound like a long time but it is much longer than you would imagine. How do you make sure you are washing the proper amount of time? Sing the Happy Birthday song to yourself (or out loud) twice. Make sure you are completely covering your hands with soap and water. Scrub between your fingers, under your nails, all over your thumbs and up your wrists. There are germs all over your hands, not just on your palms and fingertips. 4. Rinse the Soap (and Germs) Away: Rinsing is ultimately how you get the germs off of your hands, so it's really the most important step. Again, it's important to use clean running water. Dipping your hands in a stagnant pool of water (or even standing water in the sink) is not the same as rinsing the soap off with clean, running water. If all you have is a pool of water—for instance, you are outside and have no access to running water—it is better than nothing and certainly preferable to not washing your hands at all. Many people don't realize that washing your hands doesn't typically kill germs, it is simply the most effective way to get them off of your hands so you don't spread them to yourself or others. Rinsing allows you to wash the germs and microbes away, drastically cutting down the chances that you will spread disease. 5. Dry Your Hands: Using a paper or cloth hand towel, dry your hands completely. If you are using cloth hand towels, they should be washed frequently—especially if they are in a shared household where they could become contaminated easily. In the end, Alpha science toys wash their hands carefully with kids after doing an antimicrobial soap science experiments for kids to ensure our health. Alpha science toys carefully explain a series of scientific knowledge about the type of bacteria, how to grow and where to put the bacteria, through three courses of bacterial growth science experiment for kids, bacterial inhibitor science experiment for kids and antibacterial soap science experiment for kids. In the face of special disasters around the world, Alpha science toys company hopes that every child can protect themselves well, apply the scientific knowledge they have learned to their lives, avoid being threatened by bacteria, and become the healthiest and smartest scientists. Manufacturer:XinXiang Alpha Manufacturing Ltd Address: West Of Bei Huan Road, Muye District, Xin xiangCity,He Nan Province,China,Post Code 453000
Routing vs. account number: Understanding the difference A young woman relaxes on the sofa with her digital tablet at home.Image: A young woman relaxes on the sofa with her digital tablet at home. In a Nutshell Whether you’re setting up a direct deposit or electronic payments for a monthly bill, you’ll need to know your bank routing and account numbers. These two numbers serve different functions, but both are essential for your transactions to be completed correctly. Advertiser Disclosure When you open a bank account, your account will be assigned both an account number and a routing number. Both are needed to complete most banking transactions. The numbers work together to communicate important information about your account and transaction, including the bank that holds your account. If you’ve ever wondered what the difference is between routing and account numbers, here’s what you need to know. What’s the difference between a routing number vs. account number? Most banking transactions — such as setting up a direct deposit or making a wire or ACH transfer — require your bank’s routing number and your account number. Your routing number is specific to your financial institution, while your account number is specific to your bank account. Together, these numbers indicate where money is coming from or where it’s going. What is a routing number? The routing number — also known as the ABA number — identifies which financial institution is responsible for paying or receiving payments for checks and electronic transactions. For most consumer and business transactions, the nine-digit routing number will start with digits between 01 and 12. The numeral 00 is reserved for government transactions. The digits at the beginning of the routing number refer to the Federal Reserve district where the financial institution is located. As of 2020, the following districts apply: • 01: Boston • 02: New York • 03: Philadelphia • 04: Cleveland • 05: Richmond • 06: Atlanta • 07: Chicago • 08: St. Louis • 09: Minneapolis • 10: Kansas City • 11: Dallas • 12: San Francisco Banks might have multiple routing numbers. In fact, banks can have up to 10 routing numbers. To get one, the bank must apply to the ABA Routing Number Administrative Board. What is an account number? Your bank account number is unique to you, like your fingerprints. It’s what banks use to identify you in their systems. It works alongside the routing number whenever you do banking transactions, telling the bank where money should be withdrawn from or deposited. Account numbers can be up to 17 digits in length, though each financial institution has its own methodology for deciding length and what the digits mean. How routing and account numbers differ While routing numbers and account numbers are important for banking transactions, they differ from one another in the following ways: • Uniqueness — While your account number is assigned only to you, the financial institution will have the same routing numbers for all its customers. • Regionality — The first digits of your routing number indicate your bank’s region. By contrast, the digits in your account number don’t reflect your location — your account number is created through a methodology your bank created. • Length — Routing numbers are always nine digits in length. Account numbers can vary in length, with some being as long as 17 digits. How they work together Your routing number indicates what financial institution is responsible for the payment, and the account number shows who owns the account. If you write a check to pay your rent and your landlord cashes it, your landlord’s bank will use that information to identify which financial institution and account to request payment from. Or if you enroll in direct deposit at work, your employer’s payroll department uses routing and account numbers to identify where to deposit your paycheck each pay period. Where can I find my bank routing number? Here are three different ways to find your bank routing number. • Look at your checks. If you have a checking account, look at your paper checks and you’ll see a series of numbers printed across the bottom. The routing number is printed on the bottom of your checks. It’s the first set of numbers on the left side of the check. • Contact your bank. If you don’t have access to paper checks, you can contact your bank to get your routing number. • Log into your account online. If you have online banking, you can log into your account to view your routing number. It’s typically found under account services. Where can I find my bank account number? You can find your account number with the following methods: • Check online. You can view your bank account information when you sign into your online account. • Review your checks. Your account number is the middle set of numbers on the bottom of your check. It’s the number that appears on your check between the routing number and the check number. • Look at your bank statement. Your bank will typically send you monthly bank statements outlining your account activity. The statement will also include your account number and information on how to contact customer service. Next steps: What can I do if I mess up my routing or account number in a transaction? Because your routing and account numbers are so important, treat them carefully. While a bank’s routing number is publicly available information, your account number is not — and you should take steps to preserve your privacy when using that number. Writing the wrong routing or account number can cause your transaction to be delayed, denied or even posted to a wrong account. If you made a mistake with your routing or account number, the bank may catch the problem and reject the transaction. But in some cases the bank may miss it, and the money can be deposited into the wrong account. If that happens, contact your financial institution to try to fix the problem.
Skip to content ↓ Denmark Road High School Discover Realise Honour Shape Year 8 Cyber Challenge Day Year 8 spent the 19th November undertaking twelve cyber-challenges ranging from using Binary, Hexadecimal, Morse and ASCII to debugging games to seeing how Google tracks where you have been to discovering how images are created on a computer. They also spent time defusing (virtual!) bombs, cracking codes, building circuits and programming droids! The Year 8 students demonstrated impressive code cracking skills and concentration during the day to complete the challenges succesfully. The cyber-challenge day is designed to demonstrate to students the range of skills needed within the technology industry, especially with the growing international significance attached to cyber security. We are very grateful for the support of Raytheon UK and Jeremy Gibbs in facilitating this succesful day.
Cardiology: The cardiac conduction system and electrocardiograms CPD hours: This cardiac nursing module reviews the electrochemical processes that make the heart contract and how the cardiac conduction system initiates and controls the heartbeat. The module will also discuss how technology in healthcare has used the heart’s electrical activity to improve patient care. It will explain how heart monitors and electrocardiograms can be used to monitor and recognise changes in the heart rate and rhythm and identify cardiac abnormalities. This module assumes a thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the heart. Static and dynamic content editing How to customize formatting for each rich text At the end of this module participants will be able to: • Understand two distinct properties of the heart: electrical and mechanical function. • Know how the muscle of the heart contracts. • Understand how electrical activity is generated in and travels through the heart. • Describe the steps of the action potential. • Identify the components of the cardiac conduction system. • Gain a basic understanding of how technology is used to monitor the rate and rhythm of the heart. At the end of this module participants will be able to: • This is learning objective 1. • This is learning objective 2. • This is learning objective 3. • This is learning objective 4. • This is learning objective 5. • This is learning objective 6. Other modules to explore See all modules Any screen anytime User dashboard Single sign-on
Mongolian tour guide About Great Chinggis Khan and his Mongol empire Chinggis Khan Chinggis Khan (Genghis, Jenghiz, Chingiz) (1162?– 1227) Founder of the Mongol Empire and national hero of the Mongol people Like that of most great conquerors, the legacy of Chinggis Khan has been very controversial. In his day many non-Mongols called him an accursed bandit and killer destined for hell, while others described him as a man of tremendous gifts and charisma who had received his mission of rule from God. The Mongols themselves traditionally called him the “Holy Lord,” and his cult became a cornerstone of Mongol civic and religious traditions. Chinggis was the son of YISÜGEI BA’ATUR and so a member of the Mongols’ ruling BORJIGID lineage. His birthplace of Deli’ün Boldaq on the Onon River is placed sometimes in Dadal Sum in Mongolia’s Khentii province and sometimes on the southern border of Aga Buriat Autonomous Area, in Russia. Yisügei himself was a grandson and nephew of two of the first Mongol khans. When his first son by his principal wife, Ö’ELÜN, was born, Yisügei was returning to his camp from the battle against the hostile Tatar tribe with a captive named Temüjin (blacksmith). Yisügei thus named his son, the future Chinggis, Temüjin. The fact that he was born with a blood lot in his hand was later taken as an augury of his violent rise to universal rule. When Temüjin was only nine years old, his father was poisoned while at the camp of some TATARS. The SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS, the earliest monument of Mongolian literature, presents the following period as one of almost total isolation and deprivation for Yisügei’s two widows and their sons. The Persian historian RASHID-UD-DIN and the SHENGWU QINZHENG LU (a Mongolian chronicle preserved only in Chinese translation), however, imply that Yisügei’s brothers stood by their sister-in-law. The sources do agree, however, that most of Yisügei’s subject tribesmen deserted him and that dominance over the Mongols passed to the rival TAYICHI’UD clan. Mongol warriors.jpg As a child, Temüjin spent some time with Dei Sechen of the QONGGIRAD and his daughter BÖRTE; before his death, Yisügei and Dei Sechen had betrothed the children to each other. He also formed a blood brotherhood (ANDA) with JAMUGHA, who later grew up to be his rival. As he entered adolescence, Temüjin’s life became dangerous. Ö’elün’s older sons, emüjin and Qasar, came into conflict with Begter and Belgütei, the sons of Yisügei’s other wife. Eventually, Temüjin and Qasar murdered Begter but spared Belgütei. Temüjin faced repeated threats from the hostile clans and tribes, horse thieves, and other dangers of the steppe. The rival Tayichi’ud clan at one point imprisoned him, perhaps for his murder of Begter, but he escaped. Probably shortly after this episode, Temüjin went to claim his betrothed bride, Börte, bringing her to his camp. The MERKID tribe had long desired vengeance for Ö’elün, who had been stolen by Yisügei from one of their tribesmen. Now, hearing that Temüjin had a new wife, the Merkid raided his camp, kidnapping Börte and Yisügei’s other wife, while Ö’elün and the brothers fled. With the aid of Toghril Khan of the KEREYID and his blood brother Jamugha, Temüjin and his brothers succeeded in rescuing Börte. Soon after, Börte gave birth to a son, whom Chinggis named JOCHI, or “guest.” The name reflected Temüjin’s doubts about his son’s paternity, doubts that later caused family conflict. Börte later gave birth to three other sons and five daughters. Chinggis had four other major wives, but of these four most were childless, and only one son, Kölgen, by his second wife, Qulan, survived to adulthood. The counterattack against the Merkid, perhaps around 1180, marked Temüjin’s entrance onto the larger Mongolian stage. Toghril Khan, the ruler of the Kereyid Khanate occupying central Mongolia, had been Yisügei’s blood brother, and now he took Temüjin under his wing. Soon after, he and Jamugha had a falling out, after which Temüjin’s uncles, together with a significant part of the MONGOL TRIBE, declared Temüjin khan of the Mongols. The details of Temüjin’s subsequent rise to the chief of the Mongol tribe are told in the Secret History of the Mongols, the Shengwu Qinzheng Lu, and in Rashid-ud-Din’s COMPENDIUM OF CHRONICLES. While often sharing episodes, they also diverge on many points, particularly chronology, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to reconstruct a synoptic narrative of his political vicissitudes before 1201. The only incident that can be firmly dated is his 1196 participation in an attack on the Tatar tribe, his hereditary enemies. This attack had been planned by the JIN DYNASTY in North China, and for his participation, the dynasty gave Temüjin the Chinese title of Zhaotao, or “Pacification Commissioner,” and Toghril the title of ONG KHAN, or “Prince Khan.” By 1201 Temüjin had fought his way to dominance among the Mongol clans. The Tayichi’ud and other remaining opponents within the Mongols, with the support of the Tatars, the NAIMAN, the Merkid, and other tribes, elected Jamugha khan in an attempt finally to block Temüjin’s rise. Temüjin’s subsequent defeat of Jamugha and his virtual annihilation of the Tayichi’ud made him the recognized leader of the Mongol tribe, yet many disaffected Mongols preferred to submit directly to Ong Khan rather than acknowledge Temüjin’s rule. Together with Ong Khan, Temüjin warred against the Tatars, the Naiman, and the Merkid. In 1202 Temüjin and his Mongols crushed the Tatars, whose adult population he massacred and whose children he distributed to his people as slaves. Temüjin’s powerful position in the court of his ally Ong Khan eventually raised the fears of Ong Khan’s son that the Mongol planned to usurp rule over the Kereyid Khanate as well. Temüjin tried to cement their alliance by requesting Ong Khan’s daughter as a bride for his son Jochi and by giving his own daughter to one of Ong Khan’s sons. Ong Khan pretended to agree but instead planned a sudden attack on Temüjin and his troops. Fortunately, Temüjin was warned by two herdsmen, Badai and Kishiliq, who heard the news from their lord and warned him of the danger. Even so, the Kereyid and a large part of the Mongol tribe under his command decisively defeated Temüjin at the battle of QALAQALJID SANDS (spring 1203). Regrouping in the east, only 2,600 of Temüjin’s once scores of thousands of men were left. At the muddy waters of Baljuna Lake he promised that should regain his position, he would always honour those faithful few who had shared the water with him and their descendants (see BALJUNA COVENANT). Before the year was out, however, Temüjin had gathered new adherents among the Mongols, tricked Ong Khan and the Kereyid with a fake message of surrender from his brother Qasar, and crushed the Kereyid forces at the battle of Jeje’er Heights (autumn 1203). Ong Khan was killed in his flight, and the Kereyid as a whole surrendered to Temüjin. Now the victories followed in rapid succession. In 1204 he defeated the Naiman tribe inhabiting the ALTAI RANGE at the battle of Keltegei Cliffs, and then he crushed the Merkid troops at Qaradal Huja’ur. Meanwhile, the ruler of the ÖNGGÜD, along the frontier between Mongolia and China, had joined Temüjin and received his daughter in marriage. With these victories, Temüjin united the nomadic peoples of the Mongolian plateau for the first time in centuries. In 1206 Temüjin held a great assembly (quriltai) on the ONON RIVER, where he was acclaimed as Chinggis Khan, ruler of the “Great Mongol Empire.” The term Chinggis has often been interpreted as being meaning Tenggis, or“Ocean,” thus referring to Chinggis’s pretension of universal rule, yet Igor de Rachewiltz’s identification of Chinggis with a Turkish word meaning “hard” or “severe” seems more probable. The name was pronounced “Chingiz” in the Turkish and Persian languages, and a misreading of the Persian manuscripts by pioneering French scholars in the 18th century produced the European “Genghis” or “Jenghiz.” The 1206 assembly also founded the core institutions of the new MONGOL EMPIRE. Both the Naiman and the Kereyid had a more centralised monarchy than did the tribal Mongols, and Chinggis borrowed extensively from them. He moved his headquarters to Ong Khan’s Shira Ordo, or “Yellow Palace Tent,” and created a large imperial guard (KESHIG) divided into day guards and night guards on the model of the Kereyid guard. Chinggis ordered the Naiman’s chief Uighur scribe, TATAR-TONG’A, to instruct his sons and the adopted foundling SHIGI QUTUQU in the mystery of writing, thus inaugurating the UIGHUR-MONGOLIAN SCRIPT, which has remained in use up to the present. He also divided all the Mongols into 10s, 100s, 1,000s, and 10,000s, each with its own commander. Chinggis Khan personally appointed all the commanders of the rank of chiliarch (commander of 1,000) and above. This DECIMAL ORGANIZATION, part of a long tradition in Inner Asia, created a hierarchy of nested cells through which he could quickly mobilize forces of the desired size and transmit orders. Perhaps the most critical measures for Chinggis were the rewards decreed for those who had been faithful to him in his rise to power. Virtually all his uncles and cousins and most of the significant clan heads had turned against him during his rise, so Chinggis found his supporters among individual companions (NÖKÖR) often hailing from clans of very low rank in the traditional Mongol order. Chinggis’s mother, Ö’elün, had raised foundlings, discovered in the camps of defeated Tayichi’ud, the Yürkin, and the Tatar, to be adoptive brothers for her son, and Chinggis Khan gave many of them, such as Shigi Qutuqu, high position. The list of these positions in the Secret History of the Mongols divides them into several categories, such as the “four steeds” and the “four dogs.” Chinggis expected both unwavering loyalty and effective service from his “dogs” and “steeds,” and he received it from them virtually to a man. As a result their clans, such as MUQALI’s JALAYIR, Boroghul’s Üüshin, and Chila’uns Suldus, among the “steeds,” and Qubilai’s Barulas, among the “dogs,” became powerful aristocratic families for the next few centuries, holding vast appanages and major political power in North China, Turkestan, Persia, and the Inner Asian steppe. While hardly any of Chinggis’s uncles and cousins even survived the brutal politics of his rise, his brothers, sons, daughters, and sons-in-law all became powerful members of the new ruling class. Chinggis’s relations with his brothers were not free of tension. Qasar, his full brother, had often wavered in his support. Chinggis had excluded his half-brother Belgütei from his intimate counsels for his indiscretions, and his youngest brother, Temüge Odchigin, he considered too lazy for any serious posts. Even so, he assigned subjects and territory to all of them. To his sons, he assigned subject peoples and advisers as well as chances to show themselves in battle. In accordance with the Mongolian tradition of QUDA, or marriage alliance, the families of his sons’ wives and of his sons-in-law kürgen) also shared in his good fortune. Before Chinggis Khan’s birth, the Borjigid aristocracy among the Mongols had justified its rule through predestination by “Eternal Heaven” (see TENGGERI) and legends of its divine origin from its ancestress ALAN GHO’A. Chinggis Khan himself came to see heavenly predestination in his extraordinary rise to power. A key role in this religious aspect of his early rise was played by TEB TENGGERI, a shaman and the son of “Father” Münglig, to whom Chinggis had granted his widowed mother, Ö’elün, in marriage. Teb Tenggeri’s visions and austerities earned great influence among the Mongols, and he proclaimed that Temüjin was heaven’s chosen lord of the world. It was Teb Tenggeri who chose the title “Chinggis” for Temüjin. After Chinggis’s coronation, the power of Teb Tenggeri and his brothers grew, and around 1210 they challenged Chinggis’s new dynasty, attacking his brothers. Had Teb Tenggeri prevailed, rule over the new Mongolian empire might well have turned into a nonhereditary, charismatic succession of prophets, much like the early caliphate in Islamic history. Protests by Chinggis’s family, particularly his mother, Ö’elün, and his wife, Börte, however, convinced him to defend the dynastic nature of the state, and he allowed his brother Temüge Odchigin to fight back against Teb Tenggeri and kill him. After Teb Tenggeri’s death Chinggis Khan would personally commune with “Eternal Heaven,” seeking his approval before major campaigns, such as that against the Jin empire in China and against KHORAZM in the West. Chinggis Khan thus replaced Teb Tenggeri as the empire’s voice of heaven’s will. The Secret History of the Mongols detailed the repeated signs that heaven had destined him for rule, from the blood clot he held in his hand at his birth to the oxen that butted Jamugha’s tent and bellowed, “Heaven and Earth have taken counsel: Let Temüjin be Lord of the Nation.” Contemporary stories from people in contact with the Mongols emphasized that Chinggis Khan was not just a conqueror but a Moses-like lawgiver and prophet for the new nation. In future years, after conquering the sedentary powers, Chinggis Khan would fashion a distinctive religious policy that saw all religions as praying to one god, or heaven. Heaven’s will was made known primarily by success in this life, and Chinggis expected religious figures to recognize that his extraordinary career was the direct result of heaven’s favour and not a chance event. Despite his conflict with Teb Tenggeri, Chinggis Khan sought out holy men of various religions, and those who impressed him by their irreproachable conduct and wisdom would receive tax privileges and immunities for them and their followers. After meeting in 1222–23 with a Chinese Taoist priest, Master CHANGCHUN, who urged him to show respect for life, Chinggis Khan tried to give up hunting, encourage filial piety, and show more humanity on his campaigns, but such resolves had no lasting effect. After his coronation in 1206, Chinggis Khan strengthened his new Mongol state and prepared for a final confrontation with the Jin dynasty by concluding marriage alliances with the Siberian tribes to the north, with the UIGHURS and QARLUQS, both Turkish-speaking peoples in the oases of Turkestan, and with the Tanguts’ XIA DYNASTY in northwest China (see SIBERIA AND THE MONGOL EMPIRE). These alliances having been secured by diplomacy or force, Chinggis Khan led the Mongols into a full-scale invasion of the Jin dynasty in 1211. Before Chinggis, the Mongols had suffered heavily from the Jin dynasty’s punitive expeditions and its policy of encouraging tribal conflicts on the Mongolian plateau, and Chinggis Khan conducted the campaign against the Jin with appalling ruthlessness. Repeatedly defeated but refusing to submit, the Jin rulers fled south of the Huang (Yellow) River in 1214, abandoning their capital at Zhongdu (modern Beijing; see ZHONGDU, SIEGES OF). Chinggis Khan’s original plan of making the Jin tributary turned into a policy of occupying and administering North China according to Mongol norms. While Muqali, Chinggis Khan’s viceroy in northern China, began a systematic destruction of remaining resistance in North China, Chinggis turned to the west. In 1204 remnants of the Naiman and Merkid had fled west of the Altai into the QARA-KHITAI empire in Turkestan. The resulting turmoil and the disintegration of the Qara- Khitai due to religious strife opened the way for the Mongols to occupy all of eastern Turkestan. In 1218–19, Chinggis dispatched his general SÜBE’ETEI BA’ATUR and his eldest son, Jochi, to pursue the refugees and conquer the Qara-Khitai, bringing the Mongols’ frontier up to the border of the new Muslim Turkish dynasty of Khorazm, then ruling Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan. The tension between these two powerful states erupted into war when Sultan Muhammad executed Mongol merchants and envoys in 1218–19. The result was another campaign of vengeance on the part of Chinggis Khan, one that brought Central Asia, eastern Iran, and Afghanistan under Mongol rule. In eastern Iran and Afghanistan, in particular, the Mongols faced dogged resistance and responded with repeated horrific massacres. It was in these years that a rift arose between Chinggis Khan’s eldest son, Jochi, and his two younger brothers, CHA’ADAI and Ögedei. Bitter at being passed over for Ögedei as Chinggis’s designated heir, Jochi nomadized with his camp and subjects to the western steppe of Kazakhstan and refused to see his father again until his untimely death around 1225. Returning to Mongolia, Chinggis planned for his final campaign against the Xia, who had refused to supply troops for his western campaign. Chinggis took this refusal as a personal insult, and the campaign against the Xia was marked by general massacres as well as incidents of unpredictable clemency. At some point in the campaign, he fell ill, perhaps after a fall from a horse. By summer 1227, with the Xia campaign effectively over and warned by astrological signs of his impending death, Chinggis attempted to delay the inevitable with a proclamation against killing and looting. On August 25, after giving his generals a final plan for the destruction of the Jin, he died, probably at age 66. His body was buried at a site he had chosen before his death, called Kilengu, somewhere in the KHENTII RANGE. Xu Ting in 1235–36 described the site as surrounded by the KHERLEN RIVER and the mountains. His palace tents, perhaps located at AWARGA, became the site for his cult that began in his son ÖGEDEI KHAN’s reign. (See EIGHT WHITE YURTS.) allow historians in the Mongolian ACADEMY OF SCIENCES to discuss the issue. Although the top leader, YUMJAAGIIN TSEDENBAL, expressed reservations, commemorative stamps were issued, and a front-page editorial in the party daily, Ünen (Truth), on May 31, 1962, offered a mostly favourable appraisal, as did an academic conference. An 11 meter (36 foot) high stone monument with a carved portrait of Chinggis Khan was erected near the khan’s presumed birthplace of Gurwan Nuur in Dadal Sum, Khentii province. Informed of the conference, Soviet historians had been strongly critical, while Chinese scholars were either critical or praised Chinggis as a unifying figure in Chinese history. When in spring 1962 the Inner Mongolians held their own celebrations, this focus, with an implicit reference to bringing Mongolia back within China, was the theme. The Soviet embassy soon attacked the Mongolian academics, claiming they had belittled Russia’s contribution to Mongolian independence and had criticized Soviet historians by name. On September 10, 1962, at a special Politburo meeting, Tsedenbal saddled the regime’s chief theoretician, DARAMYN TÖMÖR-OCHIR, with responsibility for the debacle, and he was dismissed. After Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated into violent polemics in 1963–64, Soviet spokesmen denounced some favourable articles on Chinggis Khan published in China from 1961 to 1964. In this way, Chinggis Khan became a minor issue in the SINO-SOVIET SPLIT. In fact, the Chinese Communists had little interest in Chinggis Khan. During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 many Inner Mongolians were persecuted for supposedly venerating Chinggis Khan above Chairman Mao, and both the Ejen Khoroo mausoleum and the Ulaankhota temple were gutted; restoration was completed at the sites only in 1984 and 1987, respectively. In 1975, however, the Mongolian ruler Tsedenbal again accused the Chinese of “making a fetish” of Chinggis Khan to justify their expansionist aims, thus strangely linking contempt for Chinggis Khan with the defence of Mongolian independence. In the late 1980s, ideological pressure against the Mongolians’ veneration of Chinggis Khan was removed. Further reading: J. Boldbaatar, “The Eight-Hundredth Anniversary of Chinggis Khan: The Revival and Suppression of Mongolian National Consciousness,” in Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, ed. Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 237–246; Paul Hyer, “The Chinggis Khan Shrine in Eastern Inner Mongolia,” in The Chinggis Khan Symposium in Memory of Gombojab Hangin (Ulaanbaatar: Mongol Sudlal Hevlel, 2001), 113–138. Enza Tours LLC We offer you the below tours and join our current tours: see more • Khuvsgul lake tour (including Tsaatan community) • Discover the vast Gobi desert and sand dunes • Horseback riding trail • Visit the national park • Discover the Khuvsgul lake • Discover the Mongolian culture • Horse or camel tour • We also work with a local travel agency such as eagle hunting show 65 views0 comments Recent Posts See All Mongolian Tours ENZA TOURS LLC \| Mongolian Travel agency Phone :(+976)89112100 Post strasse 04, 09599 Freiberg Phone : (+49) 1629084594
How do atoms keep time? Scientist, author and a self-proclaimed “Science Evangelist, Ainissa Ramirez joins Hari Sreenivasan to discuss her latest podcast episodes about how atoms keep time. She is the creator of a podcast series called 'Science Underground.' She joins me now to discuss one of her latest podcast episodes about how atoms keep time. Before we had atomic clocks and all this fancy stuff or even watches, we just used to look up and say, 'It looks like it's really kind of near the middle. It must be midday.' Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. That's not the most accurate way to do it? [ Chuckles ] Well, it's a way that we did it for a very long time, looking at what was noon. In fact, different cities would have different times because noon was different depending on where you are. You could just be six miles down the road, and your noon's gonna be different than my noon. But you didn't have the Internet back then to know that. We didn't have the Internet. And by the time you got over there, it didn't really matter. It wasn't noon anymore. But yeah, it's all about having something that keeps some kind of periodic pattern. So it was the Earth at first. And then we figured out how to make different mechanical contraptions that can keep time. And then we got to quartz. Quartz, which I have right here, if you zap it, actually wiggles. It wiggles like jello. And it wiggles thousands and thousands of times, and then that's counted, and a certain number make up a second, and that's what's inside of our watch. Tiny pieces of quartz wiggling. That's right. A tiny piece of quartz, just like a tuning fork, and it's wiggling, and it's being counted, and that's how we determine a second. Because it's at a very exact frequency of measure, and then you can say, 'Okay, well, if it wiggles this much at this time, this is now four seconds.' That's right, that's right. That's how we determine. However, before things like GPS or satellite missions, quartz is not enough because it's precise. It's more precise than what we used to do, but it's not precise enough for going into space. What's the difference in the precision of an atomic clock versus what's on your wrist? Oh, I don't have that number off the top -- I mean, this is scientific numbers. It's on the order of like micron parsings for a scientific level. For us, we don't care if it's one second or two seconds. It doesn't really matter. But a GPS cares a lot. Exactly, because it's all about the minutia, microseconds that can be all the difference of different things that are going on, plus there's other effects that are going on. Ends up that Einstein figured this out that when you change your position, if you're moving, your clock is actually a little slower than if a clock is stationary, so you have to take that into account if you're a satellite, as well. So if you have -- It's a lot of math just to tell time. It is. It's a lot of math just to know where your packages are. Because when we think about locations and when we see GPS location, it's kind of written differently. It's not at this intersection and this intersection. It's sort of hours and minutes and look at longitude and latitude, right? So it all kind of matters on that exact moment because if you're off by a second, depending on how far away you are in space, that second could be a couple of feet, it could be much, much worse. And a couple of feet up in space could be a larger distance if you get back to Earth, so we need something much more precise, and that's where atoms come into play. How do we measure them and the movement that they're in? Well, the atomic clock actually has a piece of quartz inside of it, wiggling again, and there's also another part that's counting those number of wiggles. And then the atom comes into play because atoms have different electrons at different levels. And if you zap it, an electron will move up, and then it will get rid of that energy and it will come back down. And when it does, that energy actually has a wiggle to it, and that wiggle is very, very precise, more so than quartz, so that's compared to the quartz. And depending on how off it is, then you can determine what the time is. So the atomic clock has this thing that kind of checks the quartz. But there are different types of atomic clocks, or are they all kind of at the same level? Because there's one in Colorado, there's one at the U.S. Naval Observatory, and then there's ones that you can buy, like, on some catalog on a plane. Like, 'Oh, I can put this on my desk.' That's right. Little atomic clock. Well, I mean, they're around $10,000, so if it's less than $10,000, it might not be an atomic clock. It might just be named atomic clock. Got it. But yeah, there's different sensitivities. Usually we use cesium, and cesium is a standard. In fact, we used to think about time as a certain duration, but now it's the number of wiggles that a cesium atom gives off. That is the benchmark... Go to Wikipedia. ...against which everything else is measured. Yeah, so cesium was the benchmark. But now we can use a range of different atoms, as well. Is there a backup plan, right, if the cesium stuff for some reason stops working? GPS goes all haywire. And we are dependent on GPS, and we're dependent on lots of different technologies that have this very fundamental, basic understanding of what time is. If our measurement of time goes haywire, it's not like we can sort of back up the satellites by looking up and saying, 'Oh, it looks like it's noon again,' right? Yeah, I mean, if we want to know the time, it goes back to astronomy. And we can look and see when certain planets and when certain objects are moving across. And from that, we can determine the time. That's just what we used to do, you know, 1600s, 1700s, 1800s. But in terms of like will your Amazon Prime package get to you on time, if we have a problem with the satellite, that's a different issue. It kind of goes back to a fundamental, you know, lack of understanding of basic science that I think we sort of stopped paying attention after we get out of that science class at fourth grade or seventh grade. I mean, it's almost like you -- It's not like I want you to prepare to live in a shelter and a dark cave or anything, but it's like we should know some basic things on, I don't know -- Like, I'm just thinking to myself as I'm having this conversation with you. It's like, if I didn't have a watch, if I didn't have a GPS, if I didn't have a smartphone, how would I tell what time it is today on a cloudy day? You don't have a sundial? I haven't made one, but I'll look it up online. Maybe we should put that online. Definitely have a sundial. But remember, it changes, you know, depending on -- Where you are and the seasons, et cetera. That's right. Anyway, it's a lot of math. Ainissa Ramirez, thanks so much for joining us. Thank you.
The stone, 6.7m long and about two feet thick, is roughly around 2,750 years old. A rare find Archaeologists find south Indias largest capstone in Telangana news Archaelogy Thursday, March 23, 2017 - 14:41 The Telangana Archaeology Department has excavated a stunning discovery – one of India's largest capstones, and the largest such stone in south India so far. A capstone is a large, flat stone that usually serves as the roof of a megalithic tomb -- burial spots made out of large stones. The massive capstone, which reportedly weighs about 40 tonnes was found at the excavation site in Narmeta village in Telangana's Siddipet district on March 21. "It is indeed a moment of reckoning for the efforts of the Archaeology department, which is conducting large scale excavations at this site, resulting in this exciting discovery," the department said earlier in a statement. Speaking to TNM, NR Visalatchy, the Director of Archaeology and Museums Department says, "The stone was around 6.7 metres long and two feet thick. It could be from around 500 BC or even a little older. A rough estimate would be around 2,750 years." Megalithic structures have been known to span several pre-historic eras in history, with a structure like Stonehenge in England possibly being the most famous such structure. The Archaeology department, which has set up camp at the Nangnaur mandal in Siddipet district for over 20 days now, and is conducting excavation works at a large burial site, came upon the latest discovery. When asked how such a structure, carved out of a single block, could have been made, Visalatchy explains that a quarry very close to burial site could've provided the builders with the material. "On the first day of the excavation, we explored the surrounding area and discovered that the humans living there used fire. Since it was after the Iron Age, they could've also used chisels to build it," she says. She adds, "As far as moving it to the present spot is concerned, we enquired with some local elders in the villages nearby, and they narrated tales of how their ancestors used rolling wooden blocks to shift things. They could've even used animals." Either way, Visalatchy adds that it must have been a massive task for the locals at the time, which suggests that the person who was buried beneath the capstone, was very important and held some significance in their society. "This capstone is a prized one and a very unique find. We have never found anything on this scale before. We have parallely found small artifacts in other burial sites. We are optimistic that we may find something else too," she says. All the findings from the site will reportedly go to the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad for forensic testing, dating, and other experiments. When asked about what the department plans to do with the stone, Visalatchy says, "We want to create a model of this burial in a museum. However, we'll need a lot of space, since the original burial is almost 10 metres long. Therefore, depending on the availability of space, we will go ahead."
22 Feb Consciousness and Conduct:Neural Substrates of States of Consciousness Periods of snooze and wakefulness present a circadian or day to day rhythm, the clock timing of which depends for the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Aminergic neurons that ebp and nursing release norepinephrine https://www.latech.edu/graduate_school/thesis_dissertations/coes_equation_guidelines.pdf or serotonin are dominant all through wakefulness though cholinergic neurons are dominant all through REM snooze. NREM snooze is intermediate to these two states.Coma is known as a acute minimize in psychological perform caused by structural, physiological or metabolic impairment within the mind. An individual inside of a coma is characterized by a sustained loss of capacity for arousal even in reaction to vigorous stimulation. There’s no outward behavioral expression of any psychological operate and sleep-wake cycles disappear. Brain dying is surely an irreversible coma without the need of drug intoxication. There must not be any performing neural tissue earlier mentioned the spinal twine. Avoidance of irrelevant stimuli and specializing in suitable stimuli is termed directed interest. Preattentive processing of knowledge directs consideration toward significant stimuli right before we aim on them. Concentrating is achievable with out creating any behavioral response. Whether it is adopted by an orientation toward the stimulus resource, it happens to be known as the orienting response. In the event the behavioral response towards the stimulus progressively decreases since it is discovered to get irrelevant, it is actually generally known as habituation. Motivation is responsible for goal-directed habits. Motivation prospects to hormonal, autonomic or behavioral responses. Habits affiliated immediately to homeostasis is referred to as principal motivated conduct. In case the relation amongst the conduct together with the end goal is oblique, it is actually secondary inspired conduct which is affected by components termed incentives which include routine, figuring out, and so on. Motivations could possibly be shaped by rewards (favorable reinforcers) or punishments (destructive reinforcers). The mesolimbic dopamine pathway is dnpcapstoneproject com involved in the enthusiasm operation.The mood is sustained interior emotion that influences the person?s perception belonging to the earth. Depressive problems are indicated by lack of electrical power, fascination, and panic. Bipolar conditions are swings somewhere between despair and mania -an abnormally elated mood. It could possibly be addressed by electroconvulsive remedy (ECT) wherein pulses of electric current are used to activate a substantial variety of neurons and alter neurotransmitter purpose to down-regulate some postsynaptic receptors. Psychoactive substances exert their actions by altering neurotransmitter-receptor interactions. Psychological dependence is craving for a compound and an incapability to prevent. Bodily dependence involves a particular to require the compound to prevent withdrawal physiological indicators taking place while using the cessation of compound use. Tolerance to the substance takes place when rising doses of the substance are required to realize the specified impact. Cross-tolerance is considered the improvement of tolerance to 1 substance as a result of the usage of another. Learning stands out as the acquisition and storage of knowledge for a consequence of practical experience. Measured y a rise in the chance of the certain conduct in response to the stimulus. Benefits and punishment affect learning.Working memory certainly is the key or short-term memory that registers and retains info for a particularly short time. It may make doable a short lived impression of one?s present environment inside a readily accessible type. Focusing notice is significant for memory-based knowledge. No Comments Post A Comment
How ... to write an essay just in 10 steps? 1. Research 2. Analysis Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays you're reading. Clearly define the claims, write out the reasons, the evidence. Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths. Learning how to write an essay begins by learning how to analyze essays written by others. 3. Brainstorming 4. Thesis Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around. Your thesis is your main point, summed up in a concise sentence that lets the reader know where you're going, and why. It's practically impossible to write a good essay without a clear thesis. 5. Outline Sketch out your essay before straightway writing it out. Use one-line sentences to describe paragraphs, and bullet points to describe what each paragraph will contain. Play with the essay's order. Map out the structure of your argument, and make sure each paragraph is unified. 6. Introduction Now sit down and write the essay. The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in to your thesis. Your intro is merely a buildup of the issue, a stage of bringing your reader into the essay's argument. 7. Paragraphs 8. Conclusion 9. Citations Format your essay according to the correct guidelines for citation (for example MLA style). All borrowed ideas and quotations should be correctly cited in the body of your text, followed up with a Works Cited (references) page listing the details of your sources. 10. Language You're not done writing your essay until you've polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incoporating rhythm, emphasis, adjusting the formality, giving it a level-headed tone, and making other intuitive edits. Proofread until it reads just how you want it to sound. Writing an essay can be tedious, but you don't want to bungle the hours of conceptual work you've put into writing your essay by leaving a few slippy misppallings and pourly wordedd phrazies. terms of use \| contact us \| © - all rights reserved
Bitcoin purpose of responses with phenomenon that makes crunching The response, however, is simple. Bitcoins need to be mined, to be able to generate the cryptocurrency exist at the Bitcoin marketplace. The mysterious founder of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, pictured a technique to swap the precious cryptocurrencies online, by doing away with the requirement for any centralized institution. For Bitcoins, there is an alternate means to hold the essential records of the trade history of the whole flow, and all that is handled by means of a decentralized manner. The ledger that eases the Process is referred to as the blockchain. The gist of the ledger might require a great deal of newsprint for appearing frequently at all popular Bitcoin news. Blockchain expands every moment, present on the machines involved in the enormous Bitcoin network. People can question the validity, even validity, of these transactions and their records into Blockchain. This also is nevertheless justified, through the practice of Bitcoin mining. Mining enables creation of new funfair coin and compiling transactions to the ledger. Mining basically entails solving of complex mathematical calculations, and the miners employ immense computing power to solve it. The person or ‘pool’ that solves the mystery, places the following block and wins a reward also. Nearly every 10 minutes, outstanding transactions are mined to a block. So, any inconsistency or illegitimacy is totally ruled out. For Bitcoins, mining Isn’t Spoken of in a conventional sense of the term. Bitcoins are mined by using cryptography. A hash function termed as dual SHA-256 is used. This can be an additional query. This depends a whole lot on the hard work and computing power being used into mining. Another factor worth mentioning is the software protocol. For each 2016 blocks, difficulty involved in mining of Bitcoins is corrected by itself to keep the protocol. Subsequently, the speed of block creation is kept consistent. A Bitcoin difficulty chart is the ideal step to demonstrate the mining difficulty with time. The difficulty level adjusts itself to go down or up in a directly proportional fashion, based on the computational power, while it is being fuelled or removed. As the number of miners increase, percentage of earnings deserved by the participants decrease, everyone ends up with smaller pieces of the profits. Having individual economies and Communities, cryptocurrencies such as Dogecoin, Name coin or Peercoin, are known as Altcoins.
what is five kindom classification ? explain in detail with the help of a diagram . In 1969, Robert Whittaker classified all organisms present on Earth into five major groups called kingdoms. This is known as the five kingdom classification. Here is a branch diagram that shows how Whittaker used the fundamental characteristics of nature of cell, cellularity and mode of nutrition for classifying different life forms into the five kingdoms. You will be studying this in detail in your higher grades. • 0 What are you looking for?
Адрес e-mail: Scholarly Communication от МФТИ на Coursera Страница курса на Coursera c подробным описанием Scholarly Communication is a concise but comprehensive course on how to write research papers in English. The course will help the candidates gain a better understanding of the rhetorical conventions of English and the common challenges the candidates may face as an academic writer. The course provides instruction, exercises, structure, and deadlines needed to create a publishable paper. The aim of the course is to improve competence in scholarly communications by deepening knowledge of the core features of the scientific writing style. It presets and analyzes the unwritten rules of scientific writing, the ones candidates most likely never learned in academic writing. The course will enable the candidates to write clear, detailed and well-structured scientific texts appropriate to a suitable academic journal. In particular, they will develop an awareness of fundamental concepts of academic writing, such as contrastive rhetoric, logical organization, and argumentation. They will acquire core scientific writing strategies such as outlining, abstract writing and creating effective titles. In addition, they will develop skills for self-editing and revision techniques, including editing for precision and clarity. They will also gain a deeper understanding of how to prepare a scientific paper using the IMRAD format. Finally, the candidates will develop an enhanced understanding of the concept of academic integrity, the ethics of scientific writing, and strategies to avoid plagiarism. The candidates will be able to overcome anxiety about academic publishing and get their research papers published in international journals. © 2001-2021 Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет) Противодействие коррупции \| Сведения о доходах Политика обработки персональных данных МФТИ Техподдержка сайта \| API Использование новостных материалов сайта возможно только при наличии активной ссылки на https://mipt.ru МФТИ в социальных сетях
What I liked while learning GO language? 1. No need of Semi-Colons to end a statement. 2. Compilation error if you haven’t used a declared variable. 3. Functions are more powerful in Go. Function declaration syntax: func functionName(<input parameters>) (<return value types>){} Example 1: Single return max(num1, num2 int) int { return 80; max function takes num1 and num2 integer parameters and returns an integer. Example 2: Multiple return func max2(num1 string, num2 int) (int,string) { return 80,”hi”; max2 function takes num2 integer and num1 string as input parameters and returns an integer and string. Example 3:Named returns from function(Automatic return) func split(sum int) (x, y int) { x = sum * 4 / 9 y = sum — x split function will return x and y automatically. 4. Power of Switch Case The Break statement that is needed at the end of each case in those languages is provided automatically in Go. Another important difference is that Go's switch cases need not be constants. Example 1: switch os := runtime.GOOS; os { case “darwin”: fmt.Println(“OS X.”) case “linux”: fmt.Printf(“%s.”, os) In the above switch statement,”os” is a variable initialized to runtime.GOOS. The switch will happen based on the value of ”os”. If any case doesn’t match,the default will be executed. Example 2: today := time.Now().Weekday() switch time.Saturday { case today + 0: case today + 1: case today + 2: fmt.Println(“In two days.”) fmt.Println(“Too far away.”) The case in the above example uses a variable “today”. Example 3:Switch with no condition Switch without a condition is the same as switch true.This construct can be a clean way to write long if-then-else chains. t := time.Now() switch { case t.Hour() < 12,: fmt.Println(“Good morning!”) case t.Hour() < 17: fmt.Println(“Good afternoon.”) fmt.Println(“Good evening.”) Example 4:Type Switch var x interface{} switch i := x.(type) { case nil: fmt.Printf("type of x :%T",i) case int: fmt.Printf("x is int") case float64: fmt.Printf("x is float64") case func(int) float64: fmt.Printf("x is func(int)") case bool, string: fmt.Printf("x is bool or string") fmt.Printf("don't know the type") 5. Exporting a functionality In Go, a name is exported if it begins with a capital letter. For example, Pizza is an exported name, as is Pi, which is exported from the math package.pizza and pi do not start with a capital letter, so they are not exported. 6. Importing a functionality import m "math" import "fmt" It’s possible to either reference exported identifier with package name passed in import specification (m.Exp) or with the name from the package clause of imported package (fmt.Println). There is another option which allows to access exported identifier without qualified identifier: import ( . “math” func main() { fmt.Println(Exp2(6)) // Exp2 is defined inside math package An import path is a string that uniquely identifies a package. A package’s import path corresponds to its location inside a workspace or in a remote repository. The packages from the standard library are given short import paths such as "fmt" and "net/http". For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to collide with future additions to the standard library or other external libraries. Example: import “github.com/mlowicki/a” Note: Golang’s compiler will yell if package is imported and not used. To avoid compilation error use blank identifier: import _ “math” Note: Go specification explicitly forbids circular imports — when package imports itself indirectly. 7. Zero values Variables declared without an explicit initial value are given their zero value.The zero value is: • 0 for numeric types, • false for the boolean type, and • "" (the empty string) for strings. 8. Scopes and Blocks in GO Block is a sequence of statements (empty sequence is also valid). Blocks can be nested and are denoted by curly brackets. ✔ for statement is in its own implicit block: so variable i declared in init statement can be accessed in condition, post statement and nested block with loop body. Attempt to use i after for statement cause “undefined: i” compilation error. ✔ if statement is in its own implicit block ✔ switch statement is in its own implicit block each clause in a switch statement acts like a implicit block switch i := 2; i * 4 { case 8: j := 0 fmt.Println(i, j) // "j" is undefined here // "j" is undefined here Scope of identifier is a part of the source code (or even all) where identifier binds to certain value like variable, constant, package etc. package mainimport “fmt”func main() { //Level 1 { //Level 2 v := 1 { //Level 3 fmt.Println(v) // v is accessible } //Level 3 } //Level 2 // “undefined: v” compilation error // fmt.Println(v) } //Level 1 It behaves differently when: v := 1 //declaration 1 v := 2 // //declaration scoped to the inner block which prints: Type declaration: type X struct { name string next X //This is possible x := X{name: “foo”, next: &X{name: “bar”}} next field must be a pointer. It’s not possible to make declaration like: type X struct { name string next X since compiler will respond “invalid recursive type X” because while creating type X and in order to calculate its size compiler finds field next of type X for which it has to do the same — define its size so we’ve an infinite recursion. With pointer it’s doable as compiler knows the size of the pointer for desired architecture. Package level scope: // sandbox.go //File 1package mainfunc main() { f() //defined in utils.go file // utils.go //File 2package main //main package declared in file 2 as well.import “fmt”func f() { fmt.Println(“It works!”) While importing packages their names have scope set to file block. // sandbox.go //File 1package mainimport “fmtfunc main() { // utils.go //File 2package mainfunc f() { fmt.Println(“f”)//compilation error with message“undefined:fmt”. 9. Methods in GO On major difference between function and method is many methods can have same name while no two functions with same name can be defined in a package.This is because methods with same names can have different receivers. package mainimport ( type Vertex struct { X, Y float64 func (v Vertex) get(v1 Vertex) { v1.X = 9.76 func (v Vertex) get2() { v.X = 9.76 func (v Vertex) get3() { v.X = 1.1 func main() {v := Vertex{3.45, 4}v1 := Vertex{3.45, 4}v.get2()fmt.Println(v.X) //Prints 3.45v.get(&v1)fmt.Println(v1.X) // Prints 9.76v.get3()fmt.Println(v.X) //Print 1.1} An array has a fixed size. A slice, on the other hand, is a dynamically-sized, flexible view into the elements of an array. In practice, slices are much more common than arrays. The type []T is a slice with elements of type T. A slice is formed by specifying two indices, a low and high bound, separated by a colon: a[low : high] This selects a half-open range which includes the first element, but excludes the last one. primes := [6]int{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} var s []int = primes[1:4] fmt.Println(s) //prints [3 5 7] The range form of the for loop iterates over a slice or map. When ranging over a slice, two values are returned for each iteration. The first is the index, and the second is a copy of the element at that index. var testArray = []int{9,8,7} for i, v := range testArray { fmt.Printf("%d %d\n", i, v) 0 9 1 8 2 7 11.Function closures Go functions may be closures. A closure is a function value that references variables from outside its body. The function may access and assign to the referenced variables; in this sense the function is “bound” to the variables. For example, the adder function returns a closure. Each closure is bound to its own sum variable. package mainimport "fmt"func adder(i int) func(int) int { //adder returns func(int) int return func(x int) int { i += x return i func main() { pos, neg := adder(1), adder(-10) //Output1 -10 2 -9 4 -7 A goroutine is a lightweight thread managed by the Go runtime. go functionName(params) starts a new goroutine running The evaluation of params happens in the current goroutine and the execution of function happens in the new goroutine. Goroutines run in the same address space, so access to shared memory must be synchronized. package mainimport ( func say(s string) { for i := 0; i < 2; i++ { time.Sleep(100 time.Millisecond) func main() { go say("world") //Invoking thread Channels are a typed conduit through which you can send and receive values with the channel operator, <-. By default, sends and receives block until the other side is ready. This allows goroutines to synchronize without explicit locks or condition variables. The example code sums the numbers in a slice, distributing the work between two goroutines. Once both goroutines have completed their computation, it calculates the final result. package mainimport "fmt"func sum(s []int, c chan int) { sum := 0 for _, v := range s { sum += v c <- sum // send sum to channel c func main() { s := []int{7, 2, 8, -9, 4, 0} c := make(chan int) //create channel go sum(s[:len(s)/2], c) //invoke thread go sum(s[len(s)/2:], c) //invoke thread x,y := <-c, <-c // receive from c fmt.Println(x, y, x+y) -5 17 12 The select statement lets a goroutine wait on multiple communication operations.A select blocks until one of its cases can run, then it executes that case. It chooses one at random if multiple are ready. package mainimport "fmt"func fibonacci(c, quit chan int) { x, y := 0, 1 for { case c <- x: //As long as channel c has value x, y = y, x+y case <-quit: //get the value from quit channel return //return from function func main() { c := make(chan int) quit := make(chan int) go func() { quit <- 0 fibonacci(c, quit) Suffering from Knowledge Quest Get the Medium app
Why Fiber Optics Are the Future – Infographic Copper cabling was the standard in the industry for years, but are now being replaced by fiber-optic cables. This transition period from traditional copper cables to newer technology fiber-optic cables has led to many myths, as users worry about the limitations of fiber-optic cables. For example, perception is that ‘fiber’ cables are highly fragile as compared to strong ‘copper’ cables. This misinformation perhaps stems from association with the common meaning of the word ‘fiber’. Truth is that the fiber-optic cable is incredibly strong, and can withstand the elements. This infographic presents the true facts of fiber-optic cables. Why Fiber Optics Are the Future - Infographic Infographic by – Markertek Follow Us onPinterest + +
You have searched the English word knit meaning in German stricken. knit meaning has been search 3385 (three thousand three hundred and eighty-five) times till 2/26/2021. You can also find knit meaning and Translation in Urdu, Hindi, Arabic, Spanish, French and other languages. Knit stricken , runzeln ,kräuseln Definition & Synonyms • Knit 1. (v. i.) To form a fabric by interlacing yarn or thread; to weave by making knots or loops. 2. (v. t.) To form into a knot, or into knots; to tie together, as cord; to fasten by tying. 3. (v. t.) To draw together; to contract into wrinkles. 4. (v. i.) To be united closely; to grow together; as, broken bones will in time knit and become sound. 5. (imp. & p. p.) of Knit 6. (n.) Union knitting; texture. 7. (v. t.) To unite closely; to connect; to engage; as, hearts knit together in love. 8. (v. t.) To form, as a textile fabric, by the interlacing of yarn or thread in a series of connected loops, by means of needles, either by hand or by machinery; as, to knit stockings. 9. (v. t.) To join; to cause to grow together. Cockle, Crumple, Entwine, Knitting, Plain, Pucker, Rumple,
Financial Anti-Terrorism Act (FATA Or PATRIOT Act) Of 2001 Financial Anti-Terrorism Act (FATA Or PATRIOT Act) Of 2001, Financial Anti-Terrorism Act (FATA Or PATRIOT Act) Of 2001: Financial Anti-Terrorism Act (FATA Or PATRIOT Act) Of 2001 means, Banks, some other financial institutions and non-financial companies have access to some financial transactions and consumer financial records. Enforce new accounting rules and reporting requirements. The Banking Securities Act covers the fight against terrorism and money laundering. Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act 2001, International Law for the Elimination of Money Laundering and Military Terrorism 2001. Literal Meanings of Financial Anti-Terrorism Act (FATA Or PATRIOT Act) Of 2001 Meanings of Financial: 1. From a financial point of view. 2. The financial or financial situation of an organization or individual. Sentences of Financial 1. Independent financial advisor 2. You should pay special attention to your financial affairs, especially your own treasury Synonyms of Financial monetary, economic, pecuniary, money, budgetary, commercial, business, fiscal, investment, banking, accounting Meanings of Anti: 1. against. 2. On the contrary. 3. Someone who is against a particular policy, activity or idea. Sentences of Anti 1. I am against alcoholism and its side effects 2. Each side of the debate, whether against it or against it, offers very convincing arguments 3. Anti-shadow soldiers threaten their game Synonyms of Anti antagonistic towards, opposed to, inimical to, hostile, in disagreement with, ill-disposed, unsympathetic, antagonistic, hostile to, in opposition to, opposed, unsympathetic to, averse, averse to, contra, at odds with, resistant to Meanings of Terrorism: 1. Illegal use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, for political purposes. Sentences of Terrorism 1. The war on terror Meanings of Act: 1. The written rules of Congress or other legislatures form the law. 2. The main part of a drama, ballet or opera. Sentences of Act 1. He called on Washington to act 2. They chased the man who was acting suspiciously 3. Blood samples are tested to determine how the drug works in the body. Synonyms of Act take measures, take the initiative, perform, venture, division, pose, play a part, behave, front, deed, dictate, bit, exploit, operation, make a move, requirement, guise, influence, have an impact on, show, accomplishment, condition, subsection, affect, enactment, manoeuvre, exert influence on, statute, have an effect on, stunt Meanings of Or: 1. Used to add alternatives. 2. Offering synonyms or explaining previous words or phrases. 3. If not (represents the consequences of not doing or not doing) 4. Usually in the form of a question, provide a reflection. 5. it is. 6. A boolean operator that returns one or more of the operas (or inputs) and otherwise zero. 7. A circuit that provides an output signal when the signal is at one of its outputs. 8. (After many) Approx 9. Heraldic texture as golden or yellow. 10. Operational research. 11. Oregon (in postal use) 12. Another patent (designated officer) Sentences of Or 1. Are you coming or not 2. I take a taxi or go anywhere 3. It doesn't matter if the theory is good or bad 4. He cannot read or write 5. This cafe is a great place to meet and chat with locals over tea or coffee. 6. He never learned to write. Synonyms of Or if not, or Meanings of PATRIOT: 1. A person who enthusiastically supports his country and is ready to defend it from his enemies or critics. 2. Automatic air-to-ground missiles for early detection and interception of missiles or aircraft. Sentences of PATRIOT 1. nationalist Synonyms of PATRIOT Meanings of Of: 1. State age 2. Shows association between two entities, usually an association. 3. Express the relationship between the author, the artist or the composer and their work. 4. Explain the relationship between a category or general category and specific items belonging to that category. 5. This is followed by a noun which indicates the title of the verb on which the first noun is written. 6. This is followed by the use of a noun to indicate the object of the verb on which the first noun is placed. 7. With an action that expresses a state of mind. 8. Give reasons 9. Are inherited. 10. Expression of anger 11. Almost every afternoon 12. at night. 13. Almost every morning 14. Late in the morning 15. This is a very unexpected or expected example. Sentences of Of 1. Behind the car 2. days of the week 3. A series of programs 4. Very easy 5. a lot of money Synonyms of Of done by, from, made by, in, caused by, of, carried out by
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) A shrub-like tree. Grow in average, dry to medium, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade. Best flowering is in full sun. Plants will sucker to form colonies in the wild. Promptly remove suckers to prevent any unwanted spread. Fruits are technically edible, but are astringent (hence the common name) and should not be eaten off the tree. Fruits can be harvested for processing into jams, jellies, pies and sauces. Fruits are very attractive to many birds and animals. Associates: Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple), Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow Birch), Claytonia virginica (Spring Beauty), Geranium maculatum (Wild Geranium), Lindera benzoin (Spicebush), Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry), Ptelea trifoliata (Wafer Ash), Quercus rubra (Red Oak), Sambucus canadensis (Elderberry), Sassafras albidum (Sassafras), Smilacina racemosa (False Solomon’s Seal), Smilacina stellata (Starry Solomon’s Seal), Solidago caesia (Blue-stemmed Godenrod), Tilia americana (American Linden) Additional information Bees, Birds, Butterflies Bloom Period April, May Full, Partial Tree Size 20-30' x 20-30' Dry, Medium
Quick Answer: Is Furniture A Non Current Asset? Is non current assets a fixed asset? Fixed assets are a noncurrent assets. Other noncurrent assets include long-term investments and intangibles. Intangible assets are fixed assets to be used over the long term, but they lack physical existence.. Is debtors a current asset? Fixed Assets and Current Assets “Current Assets” include cash, bank balances and assets you expect to convert into cash like stock and debtors. How do you solve non current assets? Valuing non-current assets Non-current assets are usually valued by deducting the accumulated depreciation from the original purchase cost. For example, if a business bought a computer for $2100 two years ago, this is a non-current asset and it’s subject to depreciation. Why are non current assets important? What is the difference between a current and non current asset? Current assets are assets that are expected to be converted to cash within a year. Noncurrent assets are those that are considered long-term, where their full value won’t be recognized until at least a year. Are inventories current assets? Inventory is regarded as a current asset as the business as it includes raw materials and finished goods that can be converted into cash within one year or less. Intangible assets are nonphysical assets, such as patents and copyrights. They are considered as noncurrent assets because they provide value to a company but cannot be readily converted to cash within a year. What are non current liabilities? What is depreciation of non current assets? Noncurrent assets can be depreciated using the straight-line depreciation method, which subtracts the asset’s salvage value from its cost basis and divides it by the total number of years in its useful life. Thus, the depreciation expense under the straight-line basis is effectively the same for every year it is used. Which are current assets? Current assets are all the assets of a company that are expected to be sold or used as a result of standard business operations over the next year. Current assets include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, stock inventory, marketable securities, pre-paid liabilities, and other liquid assets. Is Accounts Payable a current asset? What does an increase in non current assets mean? Is furniture a current asset? What are examples of non current assets? Is stock a current or noncurrent asset? Long-term investments: These investments are assets held by the company, such as bonds, stocks, or notes. Intangible assets: These assets lack a physical presence (you can’t touch or feel them). Patents, trademarks, and goodwill classify as noncurrent assets. What are the 4 types of assets? Types of assets can be categorized the following ways: Tangible vs intangible assets. Current vs fixed assets….Financial assetsCash and cash equivalents, like a checking or savings account.Bonds.Stocks.Certificates of deposit.Mutual funds, also known as money market funds.Retirement accounts, like 401(k)s and IRAs. How do you solve current assets? Is capital a current asset? Capital Investment and Current Assets Although capital investment is typically used for long-term assets, some companies use it to finance working capital. Current asset capital investment decisions are short-term funding decisions essential to a firm’s day-to-day operations. What are some examples of current assets? What are Current Assets?Cash and Cash Equivalents.Marketable Securities.Accounts Receivable.Inventory and Supplies.Prepaid Expenses.Other Liquid Assets. What are the examples of current liabilities?
However, any potential changes in dialysate sodium concentration However, any potential changes in dialysate sodium concentration can be mathematically modelled, accurately predicted and clinically compensated within the dialysis prescription such that any clinical consequences are avoided.19 Clearly, the introduction of any new technique – in any medical field – will require extensive staff training and familiarization. While an unavoidable disadvantage for any new method, this should not be allowed to impede the progress of a new technology if that technology is proven to clinically sound and advantageous. If sorbent dialysis continues to prove clinically applicable and is confirmed to maintain other significant advantages over single pass systems, the difficulties and costs Alisertib of training may be more than compensated by the potential for patient-specific advantage in size, portability and simplicity. The advantages and disadvantages of single pass and sorbent systems are compared in Table 1. To compete with a single pass system, a sorbent system must be cost-efficient. Table 2 shows the major competing cost components of the two systems. If sorbent costs can be made competitive – especially as economies of scale minimize cost through mass production MK-2206 – sorbent dialysis has much to offer in simplicity, portability and safety. Importantly, cartridge costs must be judged against the accumulated expense of R/O water delivery and wet-exposed maintenance that accrue in single pass dialysis systems. It has never been more important to have a basic knowledge of sorbent dialysis systems as it is now, as current dialysis equipment research is significantly sorbent-focused. The impetus for this focus comes, at least in part, from a worldwide resurgence interest in home-based haemodialysis – the needs of which are rooted in ease of use and portability.20 Size reduction, user-interface simplification, portability and travel capability and, in addition, a marked reduction in servicing frequency, complexity and cost – all largely depend upon the elimination of a continuous water source. Efforts to design a wearable artificial kidney, whether for haemodialysis Methocarbamol or peritoneal dialysis, are also highly dependent on system and driver miniaturization. To restrict the dialysate volume to a ‘wearable’ weight, sorbent-based dialysate regeneration and recirculation seem essential design components. Several sorbent systems are now in various stages of research and development. The Allient® system (Renal Solutions Inc, Warrendale, PA, USA), after Federal Drug Administration approval and successful phase III trials across several sites in the USA,14 has since been acquired by Fresenius Medical Care. Sorbent technology is now being incorporated by Fresenius into options for both home and facility. The Xcorporeal® Wearable Artificial Kidney (the WAK, Lake Forest, CA, USA) has already been the subject of a limited eight patient clinical trial in the UK21 with reported clinical success and good patient acceptance. This research was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (grant This research was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (grant no. 08/IN.1/B1843 and CSET grant no. 07/CE/B1368) and the Marie Curie International Re-integration Grant programme. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Fig. S1. Bcl-3 mRNA levels in normal (N, n = 11), Crohn’s disease (CD, n = 10) and ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 10) colon tissue. Data extracted from the NCBI GEO data set GDS1330. Fig. S2. Relative levels of cleaved caspase-3 normalized to β-actin levels in colon tissue from untreated (open bars) and dextran-sodium sulphate (DSS)-treated (filled bars) wild-type and Bcl-3−/−. Levels were quantified form immunoblot analysis presented in Fig. 6b in the main text. “ “Additional progression markers for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are warranted. In this study we related antigen-specific responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells click here to CD38, reflecting chronic immune activation, and to CD4+ T cell loss rates. Clones transiently expressing CD107a (CD8+) or CD154 (CD4+) in response to Gag, Env and Nef overlapping peptide pools were identified, along with their expression of the inhibitory programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 31 patients off antiretroviral treatment (ART). HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses dominated over CD4+ T cell responses, and among CD8+ responses, Gag and Nef responses were higher than Env-responses (P < 0·01). PD-1 on CD8+ HIV-specific subsets was higher than CMV-specific CD8+ cells (P < 0·01), whereas PD-1 on HIV-specific CD4+ cells was similar to PD-1 Selleck GSK2118436 on CMV-specific CD4+ cells. Gag and Env CD8+ responses correlated oppositely to the CD4 loss rate. Env/Gag CD8+ response ratios, independently of PD-1 levels, correlated more strongly to CD4 change rates (r = −0·50 to −0·77, P < 0·01) than the total number of Gag-specific CD8+ cells (r = 0·44–0·85, P ≤ 0·02). The Env/Gag ratio performed better than CD38 and HIV-RNA in logistic regression analysis predicting CD4 change rate as a measure of progression. In conclusion, HIV-specific CD8+CD107a+ Env/Gag response ratio was Niclosamide a stronger predictor for progression than CD38 and HIV-RNA. The Env/Gag ratio may reflect the balance between possibly beneficial (Gag) and detrimental (Env) CD8+ T cell responses and should be explored further as a progression marker. Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) effectively reverses immune deficiency in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who have HIV-related symptoms or opportunistic infections; however, the immune system is better preserved when ART is started early in an asymptomatic phase [1]. For such patients, low current CD4+ T cell counts have predominated as an indication for ART, accompanied by secondary criteria such as rapid CD4 decline or high HIV-RNA concentrations [2–5]. Measurements of blood flow, velocity, Hb, and SO2 were performed Measurements of blood flow, velocity, Hb, and SO2 were performed in 196 microvascular flaps, which had been transferred into the oral cavity to reconstruct ablative defects after surgery for oral cancer. The values were calculated superficially on the skin surface and at a depth of 8 mm. The results showed that perioperative absolute values measured were not associated with an increased rate of microvascular revisions or free flap failure. Independent predictors of microvascular revisions at the first postoperative day were the development of a falling trend in superficial and deep blood flow, and velocity in comparison with baseline values of variables measured. On day 2, all superficial and deep values of Hb, flow, and velocity were independent selleck chemical prognostic factors (P < 0.01), demonstrated as a downward trend were associated with a need for revision. The superficial and deep values of SO2 (P = 0.59 and 0.43, respectively) were not associated with ultimate free flap failure. This is the first clinical study to demonstrate that during early free flap integration to the recipient site different parameters of Selleckchem Dabrafenib perfusion and oxygenation play an important role at different points of time. Within the first two postoperative days, changes in these parameters can help influence the decision to revise microvascular anastomoses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:345–351, 2014. “ “A comparison of outcomes based on a scoring system for assessments, described by Rosén and Lundborg, after sharp complete laceration of median and/or ulnar nerves at various levels why in the forearm was carried out. There were 66 males (90.4%) and 7 females (9.6%), with a mean age of 31 years (range: 14–62 years). The patients were categorized into three groups according to the type of nerve injury. The median nerve was injured in 25 cases (group M, 34.3%), the ulnar in 27 (group U, 36.9%), and both the nerves in 21 (group MU, 28.8%). The demographic data of the patients and the mechanism of injury were recorded. We also examined the employment status at the time of the injury and we estimated the percentage of patients who returned to their work after trauma. In all cases, a primary epineural repair was performed. Concomitant injuries were repaired in the same setting. The mean period of time between injury and surgery was 5.3 hours (range: 2–120 hours). A rehabilitation protocol and a reeducation program were followed in all cases. The mean follow-up was 3 years (range: 2–6 years), with more distal injuries having a shorter follow-up period. The total score was 2.71 in group M (range: 0.79–2.99) and 2.63 in group U (range: 0.63–3), with no significant differences observed. There was a significant difference between these two groups and group MU (total score 2. However, it is now widely accepted that NK cells also possess non However, it is now widely accepted that NK cells also possess non-destructive functions, as has been demonstrated for uterine NK cells. Here, we review the unique properties of the NK cells in the uterine mucosa, prior to and during pregnancy. We discuss the phenotype and function of mouse and human endometrial and decidual NK cells and suggest that the major function of decidual NK cells is to assist in fetal development. We further discuss the origin of decidual NK cells and suggest several possibilities that might explain their accumulation in the decidua during pregnancy. Natural killer (NK) cells comprise approximately 5–15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. They originate in the bone marrow from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells,1 although recent studies suggest that NK cell development also occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues2 and in the thymus.3 NK cells populate different peripheral STA-9090 molecular weight lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, spleen, and uterus.3,4 These innate effector cells specialize in killing tumor and virally infected cells and are able to secrete a variety of cytokines.5,6 In the peripheral blood, there are two NK subpopulations. The CD56dim CD16+ NK cells, which comprise ∼90% of the NK population, are considered to be more cytotoxic than the CD56bright CD16− NK cells, which comprise only ∼10% of peripheral blood NK cells and are the primary source of NK-derived immunoregulatory Lenvatinib cost cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).7 Although, a recent report suggests that even the CD56dim CD16+ NK population could secrete a large amount of cytokines, especially when interacting with target cells.8 These two NK subsets also differ in the expression of NK receptors, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and in their proliferative response to IL-2. For example, CD56dim NK cells express high levels of the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and CD57,9 whereas most of the CD56bright NK cells do not express KIRs and CD57, but express high levels of CD94/NKG2 receptors.10 The differential Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules can also account for the functional differences between these NK subsets. For example, CD56bright NK cells express high levels of CCR7, CXCR3, and CXCR4.7,11 In addition, they express high levels of the adhesion molecule l-selectin.7 The expression of these molecules implies that CD56bright NK cells can migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, as well as to non-lymphoid organs. Indeed, it was shown that the T-cell regions of lymph nodes are enriched with CD56bright NK cells.12 It was also demonstrated that non-lymphoid tissues, such as the decidua, are enriched with this NK subset,11 which will be discussed later. On the other hand, downregulation of IRF4 might dampen exaggerate On the other hand, downregulation of IRF4 might dampen exaggerated responses during autoimmunity. Future studies further investigating the molecular actions of IRF4 may facilitate the development of such strategies and their employment in therapeutic settings. This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grants HU 1824/2-1 and SFB/TR22 to M.L. The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. “ “Ly49G2 (G2+) NK cells mediate murine (M)CMV resistance in MHC Dk-expressing mice. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) studies revealed that G2+ NK cell-mediated MCMV resistance requires Dk in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. As a Ly49G2 ligand, Dk in both cell lineages may contribute to lysis of virus-infected cells. Alternatively, GDC-0449 solubility dmso cellular differences in self-MHC Dk may have affected NK-cell education, and consequently NK cell-mediated viral clearance. We investigated the Dk-licensing effect on BM-derived NK cells in BMT recipients by analyzing cytokines, cytotoxicity and MCMV resistance. In BMT recipients with lineage-restricted Dk, G2+ NK-cell reactivity and cytotoxicity was diminished in comparison to BMT recipients with self-MHC in all cells. Reduced G2+ NK-mediated MCMV resistance in BMT recipients with lineage-restricted self-MHC indicates that licensing of G2+ NK cells is related to NK-cell reactivity and viral control. Titrating donor BM with self-MHC-bearing hematopoietic cells, as well as adoptive transfer of mature G2+ NK cells into BMT recipients with self-MHC in non-hematopoietic cells only, enhanced NK-cell licensing and rescued MCMV resistance. This disparate self-MHC NK-cell education model would suggest that inadequately licensed NK cells corresponded to inefficient viral sensing and clearance. “ “Colitis is still however a significant disease challenge in humans, but its underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channel plays an important pathological role in host immunity, as deficiency of TRPV compromises host defence in vivo and in vitro. Using a DSS-induced colitis mouse model, the function of TRPV2 in the development of colitis was investigated, utilizing TRPV2−/− and Wt mice. Less severe colitis was observed in TRPV2−/−, compared to that of Wt mice, at the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical levels. Compared to Wt mice, reduced severity of colitis in TRPV2−/− mice may be due to less intestinal inflammation via reduced recruitment of macrophages. The TRPV2 pathway contributes to the development of colitis. These data provide useful information for potential therapeutic intervention in colitis patients. “ “Bcl11b is a transcription factor that, within the hematopoietic system, is expressed specifically in T cells. A literature search of databases (MEDLINE, PUBMED and OVID) betwe A literature search of databases (MEDLINE, PUBMED and OVID) between January 1998 and July 2010 was conducted using both MESH terms and the free text words ‘gene’ or ‘P2X7’ in combination with ‘tuberculosis’ in addition to manual searches of citations retrieved from relevant original studies and review articles and correspondence with researchers in this particular field of study. We corresponded with authors whether data on genotype frequencies were not available in their respective articles. For Alectinib inclusion in this analysis, respective studies had to be nonfamilial case–control studies and to provide information regarding the prevalence of P2X7 polymorphisms in tuberculosis patients and control subjects. All control subjects were ethnically matched with case groups. Another prerequisite was that sufficient data be available to calculate odds ratios (OR). HIV-positive patients were excluded from the metaanalysis. Two investigators (J.X. and L.S) extracted data independently and reached a consensus on all conclusions. For each study, the characteristics of the individual research articles were collected, including author, year of publication, geographic location, gender distribution, mean age, type of tuberculosis, study size, diagnostic methods used to establish tuberculosis Selleckchem Birinapant infection, the techniques used for genotyping variants, DNA extraction methods, the frequency of the genotypes, consistency of genotype frequencies in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the control subjects and the source of the control subjects. We evaluated the risk-associated variant allele (1513 C) using the common allele (1513 A) as the reference and the protection-associated variant −762 C allele using the −762 T allele as the reference. Pooled ORs and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals Bay 11-7085 (CI) were estimated using the fixed effects model (Mantel–Haenszel). The random effects model (DerSimonian and Laird) was performed when heterogeneity was present. Because of the limited number of studies published to date, it was not possible to stratify and analyze data for P2X7 polymorphisms according to geographic location, ethnicity and types of tuberculosis, or to analyze publication bias using a funnel plot. We assessed HWE only in controls because cases may not be in HWE if there was an association between genotype and disease outcome. Statistical analysis was performed using revman software, version 5.0 (Cochrane). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. We identified six studies published between 1998 and 2010 that fit our study criteria (Li et al., 2002; Fernando et al., 2007; Niño-Moreno et al., 2007; Mokrousov et al., 2008; Xiao et al., 2009; Sambasivan et al., 2010). 3D) After 4 wk, three to five times more CD34+ cells were presen 3D). After 4 wk, three to five times more CD34+ cells were present in those cultures using IL-32 than in control samples (p<0.018, Table 2). These differences were in part accompanied by a higher number of 2-wk cobblestones formed by cells cultured in IL-32 plus SCF (p<0.015) than those formed by cells cultured in SCF alone. The highest numbers of 5-wk cobblestones, an indicator for more primitive HPCs, were achieved in cultures supplemented with 100 ng/mL IL-32 (compared with intra-assay control p=0.014). After 2 wk in culture, the frequency of CD34+ cells ranged from 5 to 39%. The IL-32 expanded cells continued to be positive for CD34 until the end of the culture period; they also increasingly expressed CD45, indicating AZD1208 datasheet leukocyte differentiation (Fig. 4A and B). The cells’ colony-forming capacity, especially the total number of burst-forming unit erythrocyte and the plating efficiency were significantly better than in control cultures consisting of medium only (Fig. 4C). The total numbers of colonies of cells cultured with IL-32 were equivalent to those cultured in SCF alone, while they led to a significantly higher plating efficiency (11±1.3% versus 4.9±0.43%, p<0.001). The other potential growth factors we tested led to significantly fewer numbers of colonies than SCF (Supporting Information Fig.). Injections of 5-fluorouracil (FU) produce profound myelosuppression in Balb/c mice within 7 days, and regeneration usually begins around day 10 24. In our study, myelosuppression was attenuated when this website human recombinant IL-32 was applied after 5-FU treatment. Both white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts were significantly higher in mice treated with IL-32 on day 7 (Fig. 5A and B). On day 4, WBC counts were 30% higher, if 5 μg IL-32 had been administered (97.5±15×108/L versus normal saline 68.6±5.5×108/L, p<0.03). On day 7, the difference was even more prominent (53±6.6×108/L versus normal saline 33.6±3.1×108/L, p=0.011), which paralleled significantly higher monocyte counts (191.2±41.8×106 versus normal saline 34.5±10.1×106, p=0.002). On this day, platelet counts of mice treated with 5 μg IL-32 were also significantly higher than in the control group (169.4±11×109/L versus normal saline 130.2±10.3×109/L, p=0.013), and they were surpassed by platelet counts in Phosphoglycerate kinase mice, which had received the high dosage of 50 μg IL-32 (216.9±22.4×109/L, p=0.038). Though the number of thrombocytes seemed to be higher in IL-32 treated mice on days 10 and 14, differences discontinued to be significant (p>0.1). On day 14, twice the number of granulocytes was present in mice treated with 50 μg IL-32 compared with the normal saline group (1315.6±344×106 versus 670.3±290.8×106, p=0.04). No differences between the three different treatment groups were found in the hemoglobin contents, hematocrits, lymphocyte and red blood cell counts. Prostate secretions, albeit only representing 20–30% of the total Prostate secretions, albeit only representing 20–30% of the total SP volume, are in direct and immediate contact with the major numbers of spermatozoa NVP-BGJ398 and are the first SP portion to confront the cervical canal. The protein contents consist of three major proteins, all under hormone regulation: PSA (Zinc-binder, Kallikrein family, mainly released in prostasomes but also produced by the Littré glands), prostatic acid phosphatase and the cysteine-rich prostate-specific protein-94 (PSP-94, β-inhibin-β-microseminoprotein).54,55 PSA primary function is the liquefaction of the coagulum by hydrolysing semenogelins, while prostatic acid phosphatase and the PSP-94 have enzymatic, respectively, growth factor action. As per the Cowper’s gland (which is difficult to sample isolated), it contains an extremely abundant protein: mucin.2 As well, peptides are a major component of the SP albeit most of them are either fragment products of SP proteins or sperm-associated peptide hormones.15 Other enzymes are also present in the SP, such as glycosidases [β-glucuronidase (BG), α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), etc.].2 Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase, Ku-0059436 datasheet an enzyme present in the stallion and boar SP, is of epididymal origin,6,56 and related to male fertility.57–59 Other enzymes, such as lipases60 or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), relate to semen quality.61,62 In addition to enzymes, the SP of most species contains protein compounds similar to those present in blood plasma, such as pro-albumin, albumin, α-, β- and γ-globulins, transferrin, some immunoglobulins, complement factors and differential amounts of cytokines and chemokines,63–66 as studied in thawed SP derived from individual or pooled whole ejaculates post-liquefaction. Whether these Idoxuridine cytokines are related to inflammation in the male genital tract (i.e. prostatitis67) or are in direct relation to the presence and amounts of shed leucocytes68,69 remains to be fully studied. Besides, there are specific amounts of pro- and anti(or tolerance related)-cytokines.70,71 Moreover, there are differences regarding their source, which calls for differential studies of ejaculate fractions. In that direction, we have studied SP of different categories of human samples grouped as (i) whole ejaculates (control) (ii) samples with low-zinc levels, e.g. vesicular vesicle-dominated samples, (iii) ejaculates from men with agenesia of the seminal vesicles, e.g. prostata-dominated secretion and (iv) ejaculates post-vasectomy, e.g. without sperm-, testicular or epididymal fluid exposure, and detected a rather large number of cytokines and chemokines. 0404, Wilcoxon p=0 0280; progression-free survival: Log-Rank p=0 0404, Wilcoxon p=0.0280; progression-free survival: Log-Rank p=0.0225; Wilcoxon p=0.0136). In vitro assays revealed increased proliferation and migration of medulloblastoma cell lines after PAX8 siRNA knockdown. In summary, high PAX8 expression is linked to better prognosis in medulloblastomas potentially by suppressing both proliferative and migratory properties of MB cells. The distinct spatio-temporal expression pattern of PAX8 during brain development might contribute to the understanding of distinct MB subtype histogenesis. “ “Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) represents the deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the meningeal and intracerebral learn more vessels. It is often observed as an accompanying lesion of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or in the brain of elderly individuals even in the absence of dementia. CAA is largely age-dependent. In subjects with severe CAA a higher frequency of 3-MA concentration vascular lesions has been reported. The goal of our study was to define the frequency and distribution of CAA in a 1-year autopsy population (91 cases) from the Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Geriatrics, Geneva. Five brain regions were examined, including the hippocampus, and the inferior temporal, frontal, parietal and occipital cortex, using an antibody against Aβ, and simultaneously assessing the severity of AD-type pathology with Braak stages for neurofibrillary tangles identified with an anti-tau antibody. In parallel, the relationships of CAA with vascular brain Succinyl-CoA lesions were established. CAA was present in 53.8% of the studied population, even in cases without AD (50.6%). The strongest correlation was seen between CAA and age, followed by the severity of amyloid plaques deposition. Microinfarcts were more frequent in cases with CAA; however, our results did not confirm a correlation between these parameters. The present data show that CAA plays a role in the development of microvascular lesions in the ageing brain, but cannot be considered as the most important factor in this vascular pathology, suggesting that other mechanisms also contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of microvascular changes. “ “Glioblastomas display marked phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity. The expression of the PTEN protein in glioblastomas also shows great intratumour heterogeneity, but the significance of this heterogeneity has so far received little attention. We conducted a comparative study on paraffin and frozen samples from 60 glioblastomas. Based on PTEN immunostaining, paraffin glioblastomas were divided into positive (homogeneous staining) and both positive and negative (heterogeneous staining) tumours. DNA was extracted from manually microdissected samples from representative areas, and from frozen samples taken randomly from the same tumours. Simultaneously, sirolimus treatment led to a significant reductio Simultaneously, sirolimus treatment led to a significant reduction in the number of CD4+ IL-17A+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph node cells as well as IL-17A production in mesenteric lymph node cells. Therefore, sirolimus may offer a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal diseases that affect anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody the human digestive tract.[1, 2] Although evidence implies that genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers accelerate the immunopathogenic process,[3] the aetiology of IBD is still unknown. The current studies showed that intrinsic factors, such as inappropriate immune responses, exert an essential role in the development of IBD.[4] Excessive or dysregulated intestinal mucosal immunity leads to an over-production buy Maraviroc of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β released primarily from macrophages and lymphocytes. These pro-inflammatory cytokines play a major role in the perpetuation of intestinal inflammation and result in an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in IBD.[5] Down-regulating the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed intestine can suppress the established inflammatory reaction and attenuate IBD effectively, as suggested by clinical and experimental studies.[6, 7] Recently, a body of evidence suggested that imbalance of the development and function of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases, including IBD.[8, 9] The Th17-cell-derived cytokines IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 are supposed selleck inhibitor to participate in the protection of the host against various bacterial and fungal infections, particularly at mucosal surfaces.[10] Meantime, there are also findings that uncontrolled and persistent effector Th17 cell responses can contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis,[11] multiple sclerosis,[12] systemic lupus erythematosus[13] and type 1 diabetes.[14] On the other hand, Treg cells, also known as CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells, are involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the control of immune responses by initiating suppressive effects on activated immune cells.[15] The development of IBD has been associated with an imbalance between pro-inflammatory, effector Th17 cells and anti-inflammatory, tolerating Treg cell subsets in inflamed mucosa.
What is alopecia areata? Alopecia areataAlopecia is a general term for hair loss. Alopecia areata is a specific, common cause of hair loss that can occur at any age. It usually causes small, coin-sized, round patches of baldness on the scalp, although hair elsewhere such as the beard, eyebrows, eyelashes, body and limbs can be affected. Occasionally it can involve the whole scalp (alopecia totalis) or even the entire body and scalp (alopecia universalis). It is not possible to predict how much hair will be lost. Regrowth of hair in typical alopecia areata is usual over a period of months or sometimes years, but cannot be guaranteed. The hair sometimes regrows white, at least in the first instance. Further hair loss is not uncommon. In alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis, the likelihood of total regrowth is less. What causes alopecia areata? Hair is lost because it is rejected by the affected person’s immune system which does not recognise the hair roots (follicles) as "self", but regards them as "foreign" (autoimmunity). Why this happens is not fully understood, nor is it known why only localised areas are affected and why the hair regrows again. Someone with alopecia areata is more likely than a person without it to develop other autoimmune conditions such as thyroid disease and vitiligo (white patches on the skin), although the risk of getting these disorders is still low. Your doctor may suggest a blood test looking for antibodies that may predict whether you are likely to develop thyroid problems or pernicious anaemia. Alopecia areata is not catching nor is it related to diet or vitamin deficiencies. Stress, particularly events such as bereavement, separation and accidents, occasionally appears to be a trigger for alopecia areata. Is alopecia areata hereditary? There is a genetic predisposition to alopecia areata and close family members may be affected. Thyroid problems are also common. What are the symptoms? There may be a tingling sensation in the scalp. It can be a very upsetting condition to the sufferer, especially if the bald area cannot be disguised by hairstyle. What does alopecia areata look like? Can it be cured? No, alopecia areata cannot be cured. If the hair loss is patchy, there is a good chance (about 60-80%) that there will be complete regrowth within 1 year without treatment. There may, however, be further episodes of hair loss in the future. If there is very extensive hair loss from the start, the chances of it regrowing may not be as good. In people with Down's syndrome, or those who have severe eczema, the chances of regrowth are not so good either. How can alopecia areata be treated? The treatments that are available include: • Local steroid injections. These can be used on the scalp and brows, and are the most effective approach for small patches of hair loss. Injections can be repeated every few months. A small dimple may develop at the injection sites, but this usually recovers after a few months. Special care is taken around the eyes, when injecting the brows, as injecting too much may cause glaucoma (raised pressure inside the eyeball). • Dithranol cream. This cream, which is usually used to treat another skin condition called psoriasis, causes irritation of the skin, and occasionally this stimulates the hair to regrow when applied to the bald areas. It is safe to use, but stains the skin and hair a purple-brown colour, which is particularly prominent in blond and fair-headed people. • Minoxidil lotion. This is available over the counter. Applied to the bald patches it may help some sufferers although it seldom produces cosmetically useful regrowth of hair. Some individuals with alopecia areata will prefer to wear a wig while they wait for recovery. These can either be bought privately, or obtained through the NHS (although a financial contribution is required) on a consultant’s prescription. Your local hospital orthotic (surgical appliances) department will be able to advise you on the range of hairpieces available on the NHS and can recommend local suppliers who are sensitive to the needs of alopecia areata sufferers. What can I do? • If you find that the regrowing hair is slow to recolour, it can be dyed. logo 03 Tel: 031-208 3370 Address: Suite 3, First floor 45 Hopelands Road (en route Parklands Hospital), Durban logo 03 Tel: 031-5368006 Suite 309, Medstone Medical Centre, 19 High Street, off Umhlanga Ridge Boulevard, logo 03 Tel: 032-004 0055 Address: Suite 1, Upper level, The Well (Next to Dentists Dr Loubser & Perold) 1 Kirsty Close
Oliver Hartwich: Don’t know much about history? It does not happen every day that I find myself in agreement with the Ministry of Education. But its reasoning for introducing a New Zealand history curriculum is sound. Many young people “haven’t learned where we have come from,” the Ministry writes on its website. It explains that “understanding the past will help to shape the way we move forward into the future.” The former statement is true, while the latter is a truism. Its lament on students’ ignorance of history is understandable, but the Ministry is also partly to blame. In the New Zealand Curriculum, the entire social science curriculum (which includes social studies, geography, history and economics) fits on a single A4 page – for all years of school. It is therefore laudable, in principle, that the Government has decided to spell out what Kiwi students should learn about their country’s past. Introducing a New Zealand history curriculum was always going to be controversial. Historian and former Labour cabinet minister Michael Bassett has pointed out that important elements of New Zealand history were absent from the draft. National’s education spokesperson Paul Goldsmith, himself a trained historian, opined the proposal was “lacking in balance and needs revision”. There is a bigger problem with the proposed New Zealand history curriculum, though. Many students would not be able to contextualise whatever New Zealand history is put in front of them. In our schools, general history is not taught systematically. Certainly not at the primary and intermediate stages of education, and it is possible to largely avoid the subject at secondary school. You can spend 13 years at school without ever encountering the Roman Empire, the Ming Dynasty, the American Revolution, let alone the Cold War. For young New Zealanders without knowledge of such past events, the world must be a bewildering place. Even with a compulsory New Zealand history curriculum, knowing New Zealand’s place in space and time would be hard. How could you understand the turning points which shaped humanity’s fate, the ideas that formed our societies and the people who promoted them? If this sounds too abstract, let’s illustrate it with a few examples. The late British economic historian Angus Maddison dedicated much of his life to documenting the prosperity of the world over the past two millennia. Thanks to his research, we can reconstruct how GDP per capita increased since Roman times. The remarkable thing about economic progress is how little there was for most of human history. From ancient times to the 1700s, hardly anything changed. The Roman Empire expanded and then fell, the Middle Ages began and ended, the Reformation and the Renaissance occurred: yet economic output per capita barely moved. As Thomas Hobbes put it, life remained “nasty, brutish and short”. But then, from the 18th century, the world witnessed an explosion of prosperity. Starting in Britain, then spreading through Europe, the British colonies and America, rapid growth and a hitherto unknown increase in living standards occurred (see graph). How would one make sense of this development with no historical background? If you are unfamiliar with history, you would not imagine just how unusual the past 300-odd years have been. Homo sapiens appeared around 200,000 years ago. The first great civilisations in Mesopotamia date to the 4th millennium BC. But only the past 20 to 30 generations experienced rapid progress. Not just in economic output but in health, life expectancy and literacy as well. Without historical knowledge, students would not have any chance to understand what suddenly sparked this development. Nor would they understand why it all took off in the most unlikely of places: that small, cold and often rainy island in the North Atlantic. Even with such knowledge, there are competing and complementary explanations. Was it the Enlightenment’s focus on reason and the scientific method? Was it technological progress, the invention of the steam engine and the use of fossil fuels? Was it the development of contract and property law which enabled a greater division of labour? All these factors (and some more) have played a role. School history is not about presenting a single definitive answer but meant to enable students to think about the past while establishing links and drawing comparisons with the present. Only non-historians would believe that history is just about the past. History can teach us many lessons about our own time. If we let it, it provokes us to see ourselves differently. Take, for example, the perennial question of inequality. Louis XIV (1643-1715), the French “Sun King”, was famous for his lavish lifestyle. If he met the richest person on the planet today (currently Amazon founder Jeff Bezos), what would impress King Louis? Perhaps it would be that Jeff Bezos has a smart device allowing him to take photographs, talk to distant people, read international newspapers and translate foreign languages. Maybe it would be that Bezos has a car, a fridge, a shower, a microwave and a TV. However, it could also be that billions of other people, too, have access to the same technologies and devices. Or that despite his riches, Bezos does not hold formal political power. None of this is to deny there are social inequalities in society today. Still, to put them into a historical context shows what progress has been achieved – especially since we barely recognise it anymore. The same can be said about political rights and political participation. For most of human history, the individual’s place in society was in a strict hierarchy, often determined by birth. The struggle for personal rights against such hierarchies, shaped by state and religion, is a constant theme over the centuries and millennia. How could we appreciate the rights and freedoms we have today if we were unaware of these struggles? The British nobility demanded the Magna Carta from King John because it wanted basic legal protections. The American Revolutionaries fought freedom from the state’s intrusions. The suffragettes wanted voting rights for women. And us? If we do not even remember these historic struggles, we are at risk of taking our liberties for granted. International surveys of millennials and Gen Zs (so everyone born since 1980) record a resurgence of sympathies for ‘socialism.’ ‘So what’ you might say. However, the problem is that the same surveys then also reveal that many of these young people are unacquainted with the actual meaning of the term, let alone its historical expressions. These young ‘socialists’ know little of Marx and Engels, let alone of Lenin, Stalin and Mao. They would also be unfamiliar with the economic consequences of socialism and its totalitarian tendencies. They would probably not even know what totalitarianism means. That kind of historical ignorance is widespread. It results directly from our failure to teach general history at school. The most basic ideas, events and people are unknown to many of our students. Which brings us back to the proposed New Zealand history curriculum. For students unaware of world history, it will be difficult to make sense of developments that happened in this country. In most other areas of inquiry, we proceed from the general to the special. We build up a generalist background knowledge before delving into detail. Why should it be any different with New Zealand history? New Zealand students deserve a better understanding of history, including their own but not limited to it. Designing a world history curriculum could well prove even more controversial than the exercise of drafting the New Zealand history curriculum has been. If written with a political agenda, it could also mislead students where it should guide them. Should that stop us from trying? – Dr Oliver Hartwich is the executive director of The New Zealand Initiative (www.nzinitiative.org.nz) Source: Read Full Article
Stigler’s Law of Eponymy Alois Alzheimer by Nicholas Wade Stigler’s law of eponymy [uh-pon-uh-mee] is a process proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication of the same name. In its simplest and strongest form it says: ‘No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer.’ Stigler named the sociologist Robert K. Merton as the discoverer of ‘Stigler’s law,’ consciously making ‘Stigler’s law’ exemplify Stigler’s law. For example: Alzheimer’s disease, though named after Alois Alzheimer, had been previously described by at least half a dozen others before Alzheimer’s 1906 report which is often (wrongly) regarded as the first description of the disorder. Historical acclaim for discoveries is often allotted to persons of notoriety who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. In the case of eponymy, the idea becomes named after that person, even if that person is acknowledged by historians of science not to be the one who discovered it. Often, several people will arrive at a new idea around the same time, as in the case of calculus. It can be dependent on the publicity of the new work and the notoriety of its publisher as to whether the scientist’s name becomes historically associated. Stigler’s law is an example of the idea of multiple discovery, which stands in contrast with the heroic theory of invention and scientific development. Stephen Stigler’s father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. He said that ‘If an earlier, valid statement of a theory falls on deaf ears, and a later restatement is accepted by the science, this is surely proof that the science accepts ideas only when they fit into the then-current state of the science.’ The Matthew Effect was coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar, so that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. Boyer’s Law was named by H.C. Kennedy in 1972. It says Mathematical formulas and theorems are usually not named after their original discoverers and was named after C.B. Boyer, whose book ‘History of Mathematics’ contains many examples of this law. Kennedy observed that ‘it is perhaps interesting to note that this is probably a rare instance of a law whose statement confirms its own validity.’ ‘Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it’ is an adage attributed to English mathematician and philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead. One Comment to “Stigler’s Law of Eponymy” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Gandhi Blog series # 15 Gandhi’s nationalism is unique. More than just a political ideology it favored a moral standard. The high values formed the spirit of Mahatma’s nation. Gandhi arrived at his notion of a moral state after intense research. He directed his efforts to know about different polities. At the same time, he was anchored on the indigenous culture of India. He took the right policies from the west and integrated it with the inherently spiritual nature of his country. In the present age, when ultra-nationalism is gaining prominence, it is good to know what Gandhian vision of nationalism and politics is. Contempt of hateful nationalism ‘The state represents violence in a concentrated and organized form. The individual has a soul but the state is a soul-less machine, it can never be weaned from violence to which it owes its very existence.’ (Source: The Modern Review, Oct.1935) Gandhi was aware of the atrocities caused by ultra-nationalistic ideologies. He was always against the idea of the power of the state being concentrated among a few individuals. Though all the states and nationalists primarily claimed to be moral institutions operating for the good of the people as a whole, Gandhi understood its evil. He foresaw that the state will easily turn into an arena of conflict between organized interests. He feared the biased leaders might manipulate and control these institutions with their gimmicks. To prevent that he envisioned a nation with self-ruling villages that are brought together by moral high standards. This, he believed, will refute the nationalist fanaticism. The problem of fanatic patriotism “…politics divorced from it (morality) is like a corpse fit only for burning.” The Indian freedom struggle demanded utmost sacrifice from the 330 million Indians. It could only be achieved by igniting a strong sense of nationalism. But Gandhi did not resort to that. Gandhi understood the problems posed by such an extremist society after independence. Even though it would help him fight the iron fists of the mighty British Empire, he saw that ultimately the fanatic ideals will destroy the soul of India. He could never let that happen. He held that to achieve complete independence (Purna Swaraj) India had to be free from ultra-nationalism and embrace high moral standards. His contemporaries observed in awe how the frail old man slowly empowered the masses through his teachings and moral life. Concept of Rama Rajya ‘The Ramraj of my dream ensures the rights alike of prince and pauper.’ Gandhi’s envisioned the nation to evolve into the kingdom of god. It was the ultimate aim in his political carrier to make India one such place. American historian William Roger Louis observed that Gandhi’s nationalism was ‘larger than the struggle for independence’. ‘..Ramraj I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ramraj Divine Raj, The Kingdom of God’. (Source: Young India, Sept. 19, 1929) Even though he proclaimed himself as a Hindu to the very core of his being, Gandhi’s concept of state was not based on shallow ethnic or religious communalism. He did not want India to be a Hindu nation. He believed the soul of India is its pluralistic culture. He wanted the nation to live in a religious harmony as it did for more than a millennium. Non-supremacist Nation He wanted to reshape India into a country where people followed a moral code. Such a country is named Ramarajya by Hindus, Khuda- I-raj by Muslims and the kingdom of God by Christians. With effort and self-purification, he believed, it can be created on earth. He formulated the term Swaraj to refer to the deep philosophy. It was as much a political philosophy as a moral guideline. In his book Hind Swaraj (Indian Home rule), Gandhi delves deeply into his concept of the state. He believed such a state will be above all the established political states. Nevertheless, Gandhi explicitly mentions the moral superiority of the nation should not be a precursor for belief in supreme power. Once India sees itself thus, moral superiority is lost. Thus the state disintegrates from inside. Relevance Today Nowadays our nationalism has so decayed that it is measured with the hatred towards a rival nation. We created slogans to make our countries ‘great again’, discounting the fact that the very idea of a nation is based on an arbitrary geographical demarcation. If the human race becomes extinct at one point in time, the next intelligent species will be at loss on why Homo Sapiens created so many barricades on earth. In a world ridden with shallow patriotism, Gandhian Rama Rajya may seem utopian. But how good a nation will be if it is brought together in love and high morality. It will be a great achievement over the vile regionalism and fanaticism that makes up the nations today. In that sense Gandhi’s gospel becomes relevant today. Thank you for reading. Please post your valuable comments below 14 thoughts on “Gandhian Nationalism” 1. When I studied in lower primary school, I had a subject named moral science.Not every school had this subject. The marks of the subject is not included in the main exam ,still top three scorers of the subject were rewarded. Once I got second prize for that. The fact is that the class toppers are not at all in the list . After around 15 years I was going beside the school and there is a function going on there. I asked a person nearby about the function. The answer was very shocking, he said “ it’s an inauguration function of a rehabilitation center “. Moral of the story – ( you decide). 2. This article is relevant for every time period of Independent India. Now with ultra-nationalism on the rise across the world, world leaders should take a cue from Gandhi Post your valuable opinions here %d bloggers like this:
VOA Special English - Pomegranate: Still Healthy at 5,000 Years Old Pomegranate: Still Healthy at 5,000 Years Old 11 February, 2015 The pomegranate is one of the oldest known fruits. Pomegranates are found in ancient writings and pictured in the ancient art of many cultures and religions. The pomegranate is also a symbol of health, fertility and long life. Experts think the pomegranate is native to northern India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Today it also grows in Southeast Asia, the western U.S., Armenia and parts of Africa, among other places. Pomegranate: Still Healthy at 5,000 Years Old This file photo taken Sept. 3, 3009 shows sliced pomegranate. The ruby red fruit, which resembles a large apple but only its seeds are edible, is in season in September. (AP Photo/Larry Crowe) The skin of a pomegranate is strong. It can be red, purple or orange-yellow. The inside is filled with beautiful dark red seeds that shine like rubies. It is not easy to get them out. But the reward is great. Health benefits The pomegranate grows on trees. Parts of the pomegranate tree and fruit are used to make medicine. The pomegranate is used for many conditions. However, the U.S National Institutes of Health says there is not enough scientific evidence to rate pomegranates as effective for any of them. Still, in traditional medicine, the pomegranate is used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels, including high blood pressure and "hardening of the arteries." The jewel-like seeds of the pomegranate are loaded with many nutrients and chemicals called antioxidants. These antioxidants remove poisons from the body. The antioxidants found in pomegranates may help remove build-up of damage in blood vessels. So, it is a very heart-healthy fruit. Antioxidants slow the progression of age-related sickness and may slow the growth of cancer cells. Men who have prostate cancer may benefit from a daily serving of pomegranate juice. Pomegranates are used for weight loss and used as a treatment for sore throat. Pomegranates are also high in vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron. Let's just say pomegranates are loaded with great things for the inside of your body. Beauty benefits But let's not forget the outside, too! Pomegranates are great for the skin. They protect the skin by encouraging new skin growth, healing wounds and repairing tissue. Pomegranates protect the skin against sun damage as well. They may help skin look younger by providing moisture and elasticity. Recipes for pomegranates But how does one eat a pomegranate? Pomegranates seeds are both sweet and tart. A thick liquid, or syrup, from the pomegranate tastes great with lamb, pork or chicken dishes. Pomegranate seeds provide extra flavor to salads and other vegetable dishes. The seeds are also delicious in rice and grain dishes. And, of course pomegranates make great desserts. In the U.S., pomegranate juice is often added to sparkling drinks, drinks called smoothies and alcoholic drinks. Fresh pomegranates are only available in the United States from September to January. They can keep, or remain good to eat, in the refrigerator for about two months if kept in a plastic bag. I'm Anna Matteo. Are pomegranates popular where you live? Share recipes or other health and beauty benefits in our comments section! Words in this Story ruby - n.a deep red stone that is used in jewelry : a dark red color moisture - n. a small amount of a liquid (such as water) that makes something wet or moist elasticity - n. the quality or state of being elastic elastic - adj. able to return to an original shape or size after being stretched, squeezed, etc. tart - adj. having a sharp or sour taste. For example, lemonade without enough sugar is tart.
Quirks & Quarks·quirks and quarks Scientists figure out how to wipe out all life on Earth It's good news for alien hunters that Earth's hardiest creature, the tardigrade, can survive astrophysical doomsday scenarios. What kind of global catastrophe could wipe out all life on our planet? Our world has been through a lot - asteroids, solar flares, ice ages, events which have caused major extinctions, like the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs. But even after spectacular catastrophes, life has always managed to bounce back, which made one group of scientists wonder - what would it take to kill everything? Dr. Rafael Alves Batista, a physicist and postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, and his colleagues did the math and some modelling - to see how big a disaster they would need to obliterate life completely. They didn't look at human life though. When it comes to major doomsday scenarios, like massive asteroids, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts, we're just a wee bit too fragile. Instead they focussed a much tougher life form: a tiny animal called a tardigrade, which is ridiculously hard to kill. Animation of a tardigrade Related stories:
Screen Readers Skip to Content Is it Healthier to Be Vegetarian, Vegan or Omnivore? Author: Darrell Miller Published: 2009-02-12 Updated: 2019-01-21 Main Digest Obviously omnivores will lack nothing except by choice, since all foods are available for their consumption. If vegans do lack a specific chemical need, then is that available as a supplement in a form that can be effectively used in the chemistry of our bodies. So What Are Humans? Vegetarian, vegan, food word cloud. Vegetarian, vegan, food word cloud. Let's then study the advantages and disadvantages of each type of diet: B Vitamins Are Essential However, for the healthiest form of human life, our biochemistry, history and physiology indicate that there is a balance somewhere between the extremes of both views that is right for us, and that either diet can be sustained with appropriate supplementation based upon what is missing from one diet or the other. By replacing animal foods with plant foods this helps reduce saturated fat and cholesterol and increases healthy fiber, vitamin C, folate and carotenoids. Do You Remember Being Told to Eat Your Fruit and Vegetables as a Child? Research has shown that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables can decrease the risk of having a heart attack or stroke, protect against a variety of cancers, lower blood pressure plus has many other health benefits to help you prevent disease. According to Dr T. Colin Campbell, nutritional researcher at Cornell University and director of the largest epidemiological study in history, "The vast majority of all cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other forms of degenerative illness can be prevented simply by adopting a plant-based diet." (i.e. a pure vegetarian diet with no animal by-products). Plus just think about this for a moment: some of the world's largest and strongest animals are pure vegetarians e.g. The Elephant, Hippo, Giraffe, Rhino, Cattle, Horses, Gorilla etc. And they seem to be thriving very well living off vegetation and have done so for many hundreds of years... So does this not at least show you that to grow up big and strong we as humans too can gain all of the nutrients and dietary requirements solely from plant sources alone? Of course it does - common sense confirms this statement plus there have been countless studies with much evidence to show that a pure vegetarian diet is one of the healthiest choices you can make for you, the animals and the planet. Livestock and Food Crops So, Omnivore Vs Vegan. Who is Right? I once read this statement somewhere: "There is no right or wrong - There is only what serves you and what does not." Related Documents Cite Page: Journal: Disabled World. Language: English (U.S.). Author: Darrell Miller. Electronic Publication Date: 2009-02-12. Last Revised Date: 2019-01-21. Reference Title: Is it Healthier to Be Vegetarian, Vegan or Omnivore?, Source: <a href=>Is it Healthier to Be Vegetarian, Vegan or Omnivore?</a>. Abstract: The omnivore vs vegan argument as to who is right and who is wrong can be argued from a number of different platforms. Retrieved 2021-02-26, from - Reference Category Number: DW#262-941.
Do You Have Concussion Symptoms? 1. Sensitivity to light or noise 2. Loss of memory 3. Not thinking clearly 4. Slow reaction time 5. Lack of concentration 6. Headache(s) 7. Blurred vision 8. Nausea or vomiting 9. Dizziness 10. Feeling tired or lacking energy 11. Increased sadness 12. Nervousness 13. More emotional 14. Change in sleep patterns 15. A stunned or shocked feeling 16. Seizures 17. Not feeling “right” How Concussions Happen DTI Exams Measure Brain Injuries Unseen on Other Exams DTI exams are able to focus on the connecting circuits of the brain and localize nerve damage. By recognizing this nerve damage, doctors can keep a close eye on their patients and help them during the recovery from their injury. Learn More About Concussions Diagnosing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome with DTI Between our work, family, school, and social lives, fatigue is a common feeling among people. Defined as “extreme tiredness or exhaustion,” fatigue is one of the most reported symptoms to physicians. It can be hard for doctors to tell if a patient is simply tired or if there is a contributing condition like chronic fatigue syndrome that may be causing their exhaustion. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is described as more than just day-to-day tiredness. This condition’s symptoms include exhaustion that is both debilitating and without cause. Patients may have feelings of being extremely tired. Chronic fatigue is usually accompanied by impaired memory or concentration, dizziness, inability to stay awake or upright, and overwhelming exhaustion without exertion. Persisting longer than 6 months, this condition requires more than a caffeine fix and a good night’s sleep — it needs medical attention. The condition affects more than 1 million adults and children in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis is complicated and usually involves ruling out many other conditions. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome can become more than just debilitating. It can be dangerous as well. Fatigue of this degree can become problematic when the patient is driving or operating heavy machinery. Symptoms related to chronic fatigue can resemble other diseases such as Lyme disease, major depressive disorder, lupus, and hypothyroidism. This makes it difficult for doctors to diagnose these conditions. Physicians would much prefer a standalone test to diagnose CFS. And a 2014 study brings such a test slightly closer to doctors’ clinics. The additional help in diagnosing this condition comes from using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). DTI is a relatively new form of advanced MRI in which the nerve fibers of the brain can be specifically highlighted and imaged to determine possible damage from things like concussions or conditions including chronic fatigue. In the same way that MRIs use sound waves and computer technology in order to image the internal organs, DTI focuses on the nerve fibers in the brain and is able to image them with startling detail. MRIs can show the musculoskeletal and vascular system. But, with DTI, physicians hope to go even deeper into the nerves where doctors can see definitive proof of chronic fatigue syndrome. In a 2014 study published online in the journal Radiology, researchers studied 15 CFS patients and 14 people selected as age and gender control subjects. When they compared results between the CFS patients and the controls, they found that the CFS group had slightly lower white matter volume, meaning there was less overall white matter in the brain. Researchers also found that patients complaining of CFS symptoms had high Fractional Anisotropy (FA) values in a certain area of the brain. FA describes how water moves along the nerves within the brain. Results suggested that this area of the brain can serve as a biomarker for CFS where “the more abnormal the tract, the worse the fatigue.” When the nerve fibers in the brain are experiencing irregularity or degeneration, in combination with the aforementioned symptoms, doctors can diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome faster and with more accuracy. The time delay and inconsistency that was once prominent with this condition can now be eliminated thanks to the advanced MRI technology made by diffusion tensor imaging. “This is a very common and debilitating disease,” said the study lead author Michael M. Zeineh, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of radiology at Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, Calif. “It’s very frustrating for patients because they feel tired and are experiencing difficulty thinking.” “This is the first study to look at white matter tracts in CFS and correlate them with cortical findings,” Dr. Zeineh said. “It’s not something you could see with conventional imaging.” Dr. Zeineh added that the findings need to be replicated and expanded upon in future studies to refine the understanding of the relationship between brain structure and CFS. “Most CFS patients at some point in time have been accused of being hypochondriacs and their symptoms dismissed by others,” Dr. Zeineh said in an interview with NBC Today. “And there is still skepticism in the medical community about the diagnosis. That’s one of the reasons these findings are important.” DTI Now Available at Doctors Imaging Doctors Imaging is the first facility in Louisiana to offer DTI exams. If you have more questions about the symptoms of concussion or how DTI works, please visit the dedicated website This reconstructed magnetic resonance image shows the blue tracks and arrows and yellow tracks and arrows in a single patient. These two tracks are overlaid on their respective track profiles. The green arrows point to the middle temporal region of increased cortical thickness. Source: Radiological Society of North America Learn more: How DTI Is Aiding Studies of Concussions, Chronic Fatigue and Autism Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) exams are receiving more and more attention in the public and medical field because of the light they have shed on certain neurological and mental conditions. DTI is an advanced form of MRI technology that is able to closely follow the flow of water throughout the brain’s pathways giving doctors a better understanding of brain injuries and connectivity. DTI is used for determining the extent of brain damage from causes such as concussions. Concussions can happen during car accidents and other serious head injuries. MRIs vs DTI for Concussions Unlike conventional MRIs that use magnetic fields and computer technology to excite and then map the hydrogen atoms of the body, DTI machinery tracks the pathway of water throughout the brain. Because water in the brain only goes in one direction, it is easier to track this motion and thus map the different nerve paths of the brain as they are very complex and convoluted. Once the nerve pathways are clearly mapped, neurologists can see if there is damage, bleeds or symptoms of other neurological or mental conditions. Thanks to DTI, concussions are now being more thoroughly imaged. Before the advanced technology of DTI, concussions could be examined through conventional MRIs but small bleeds and nerve damage were always difficult to identify — especially in the white matter areas of the brain. Now, doctors can track the nerve pathways in the brain with high clarity and understand the genetic and biological causes of some medical conditions. DTI and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Recently, DTI has been used to identify brain abnormalities that lead to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Feeling fatigued is not an unusual symptom to have, but for some people, fatigue cannot be fought with adequate sleep or stress-relieving activities. Thanks to imaging techniques, the causes of chronic fatigue syndrome have finally been identified. In a 2014 study published online in the journal Radiology, researchers found that those complaining of CFS symptoms had “lower white matter volume” as well as high FA values (measurement of diffusion of water in the specific tract within the right hemisphere), suggesting that this is the area of the brain where “the more abnormal the tract, the worse the fatigue.” DTI, Fragile X and Autism In another 2014 study, DTI was instrumental in uncovering the area of the brain that possibly contributes to autism. Scientists determined that Fragile X syndrome is the leading cause of mental developmental issues and the most frequent cause of autism spectrum disorders. Their conclusion found that FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein) is critical in brain development and that if the correct positioning of brain cells during the development of the cortex is not made, autistic traits can emerge as a child becomes older. Source: Scientists at VIB and KU Leuven (Belgium), in collaboration with Tor Vergata University (Italy) and VU University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). DTI Now Available at Doctors Imaging These factors could not have been studied in such high detail without the help of DTI. This advanced imaging technology could help scientists find the causes and cures for more diseases and conditions in the years to come. Doctors Imaging is the first facility in Louisiana to offer DTI exams. If you have more questions about the symptoms of concussion, loss of sensation after a head injury or how DTI works, please visit the dedicated website Car Accident Head Injuries, Safety and Precautions Car accidents can be some of the scariest moments of one’s life. Despite the innovations and advances in automobile safety technology, human error is still hard to beat. About 20 percent of all reported head injuries are the result of an automobile accidents. Buckling seatbelts is a major preventative measure that everyone should apply when riding in a car. However, car accident head injuries can still come from steering wheel collisions, airbag deployment as well as window, windshield and debris injury. Head injuries can vary in the degree of seriousness. Some people walk away with a bump on the head often referred to as a contusion, others suffer from conditions like concussions, and some have more traumatic brain injuries such as memory loss. In the event of a car accident, having the proper body and brain imaging can be a major protective measure against the progression of the injury. At Doctors Imaging, we have lots of experience helping those who have suffered from car accident head injuries. Whether it is our digital X-ray capabilities for broken bones or more advanced exams to determine the extent of brain injury, at Doctors Imaging we are committed to providing high-quality imaging services for the greater New Orleans area. Our most detailed exam for brain injuries is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Because car accident head injuries are so common, we are proud to be offering this service to the Gulf South region because of the numerous benefits it provides. Diffusion tensor imaging is an advanced form of MRI that traces the movement of water and hydrogen atoms in the nerve pathways of the brain. A DTI exam measures brain injuries that are not seen on MRI and CT scans performed elsewhere. Conventional MRI scans are the best for determining internal or soft tissue damage in the body. However, CT scans and MRI are not adequate for tracing the nerve pathways in the white matter of the brain and highlighting otherwise unseen brain injuries. DTI goes further than a conventional brain scan. Water molecules follow a certain pattern in the brain along the nerve pathways. When you can see that the path has been disrupted, physicians know to look further into this area to find possible injury. Because head injuries can appear non-threatening, they can develop into more serious conditions in the weeks and months after the accident. DTI is especially useful for patients who have suffered a concussion. Some concussions can heal in a few days while others can leave more lasting injuries. The only way that diffusion tensor imaging can be performed is with a 3.0 Tesla MRI and special software capabilities. Doctors Imaging is the only facility in the Gulf South. For this reason, we see patients from all over the region who are looking to determine the extent of their sport, work injuries and car accident head injuries. If you have more questions about head injuries, diffusion tensor imaging or other injuries that require imaging, please contact Doctors Imaging at 504-833-8111 or visit the website of The Concussion Group for more information. If you would like to set up an appointment for imaging, you can use our Request Appointment page any time.
Browse over 10,000 Electronics Projects Make a solar cell in your kitchen Make a solar cell in your kitchen A solar cell is a device for converting energy from the sun into electricity. The high-efficiency solar cells you can buy at Radio Shack and other stores are made from highly processed silicon, and require huge factories, high temperatures, vacuum equipment, and lots of money. If we are willing to sacrifice efficiency for the ability to make our own solar cells in the kitchen out of materials from the neighborhood hardware store, we can demonstrate a working solar cell in about an hour. Our solar cell is made from cuprous oxide instead of silicon. Cuprous oxide is one of the first materials known to display the photoelectric effect, in which light causes electricity to flow in a material. Thinking about how to explain the photoelectric effect is what led Albert Einstein to the Nobel prize for physics, and to the theory of relativity. Materials you will need The solar cell is made from these materials: Two alligator clip leads. An electric stove. My kitchen stove is gas, so I bought a small one-burner electric hotplate for about $25. The little 700 watt burners probably won’t work — mine is 1100 watts, so the burner gets red hot. Table salt. We will want a couple tablespoons of salt. Tap water. Sand paper or a wire brush on an electric drill. Sheet metal shears for cutting the copper sheet. Visit Here for more.
Molar Mass Of Gas Essay 829 Words4 Pages A volatile liquid can be easily converted to its gaseous state, the gas that forms from vaporization is known as vapor and it is assumed to behave as an ideal gas. One of the properties that characterize a volatile liquid is determination of its molar mass. Dumas method also known as the vapor density method uses the vapor density of the unknown volatile liquid in determining its molar mass. The major assumptions of these methods are the substance behaves ideally. The molar mass of a volatile liquid can be obtained by measuring the temperature, pressure, mass, and volume in a gaseous state. The equation used to determine the molar mass is derived from the Ideal Gas Law equation. The objective of this experiment aims to determine the molecular mass of a…show more content… In order to calculate for the molar mass the temperature, volume, mass, and pressure was measured. The ideal gas law equation was derived in order to express the relationship between the molar mass, mass of the condensate, temperature, pressure, and volume. A 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask was added with an unknown liquid, was capped with an aluminum foil with a tiny hole and was heated in boiling water in a beaker until the liquid in the flask is vaporized. The flask was cooled until condensate is observed. After cooling, the flask was weighed in an analytical balance. The experimental molar mass was 45.56g, which is closely identical to the 46.068g of the molar mass of ethanol. The percent error between the two values is 1.10%, the probable sources of error are the following: the size of the tiny hole in the aluminum foil, measurement of the temperature in the thermometer, and measurement of the initial volume of the flask. The recommendation for the experiment is to dry the flask completely before measuring the initial mass and to closely observe if the temperature of the water bath is More about Molar Mass Of Gas Essay Open Document
Nineteenth-Century Literary Analysis 1005 Words5 Pages The purpose of this collection of nineteenth-century fiction British literature is to encapsulate the classic works of fiction from two important periods in literary history: the romantic and Victorian eras, which collided in the nineteenth-century. The romantic period began in the late eighteenth-century/early nineteenth-century, and the Victorian period began near the middle of the nineteenth-century. Fiction during these two periods detailed and shaped the culture it was written in, as well as paved the way for future works of fiction. Reading the books in this collection will provide the reader with a detailed knowledge of the social environment of the 1800s while also giving them a foundation of many classic works of literature. Due to…show more content… These works also share a reoccurring theme about the corruption of money and the role of money and possession in an individual’s life. Victorian literature was predominantly opposed to the rigid class structure embedded into British culture. Dickens in particular was an author who addressed these theme in nearly all of his works and was devoted to breaking down social barriers. Dickens, along with other authors, promoted education as a means to gain agency in British culture and break free from the oppressive class structure. Austen, on the other hand, was an other from the romantic period. The power of these works of literature to shape their culture and catapult change in social values is both inspiring and necessary. Literature has the ability to change the world, and when looking at how the thematic elements of the past impacted their future, people can understand the importance of the written word and the arts as a whole. Society craves change and by creating works that question current systems of thought the change desired can be more effectively implemented into any given culture. Fiction British literature of the 1800s is an example of the power in literature and evidence that social change can be enacted through creative Open Document
• 79° Aquatic therapy helps with pain Exercise can be either too difficult or painful for many physical conditions and diseases. In cases of chronic hip, knee or back pain, obesity, neurological disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease, people often spiral toward increasing health-related illness and debility for lack of ability to safely or comfortably move or exercise. Aquatic therapy is an alternative or supplement to land-based exercise programs that often can be very beneficial in allowing people to use the properties of water to effectively exercise in a safe environment and improve overall health. Aquatic therapy uses the properties of water including buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, and resistance. • Buoyancy, the force of upward thrust in the opposite direction of gravity, decreases weight bearing and compression forces on joints, decreases stress on tissues, supports weakened muscles, and enhances flexibility and range of motion. Buoyancy also increases the latency period for falling, which allows more opportunity to compensate. • Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted on an immersed body in equal portions. Benefits of hydrostatic pressure include decreasing pain and edema, increasing circulation, and improving inspiration/exhalation ability. • Resistance from water viscosity (drag) improves muscle tone, muscle balance, and cardiac output. Additionally, the temperature of the water in a therapy pool is set to allow for warmth and distraction of pain receptors. The water bombards the nervous system with sensory input, which travels on larger, faster conducting fibers than pain, thus blocking pain input. Thibodaux Regional’ Rehabilitation Center offers traditional aquatic therapy, as well as the state-of-the-art Hydroworx therapy pool, and has two certified aquatics therapists on staff. The Hydroworx pool, located in the Aquatics Center of the Wellness Center includes a patented underwater treadmill that uses the buoyant forces of water to allow for walking/running in multiple conditions, earlier in the rehab process than would be available or advisable in land-based programs. Underwater cameras allow a patient and the therapist to monitor movements for proper mechanics and make adjustments as necessary. Adjustable water depths allow for optimal de-weighting of a patient according to his or her specific protocol or needs. The combination of treadmill therapy and de-weighting can improve the biomechanics of gait, which formerly would be postponed in orthopedic injuries until a patient is pain free or the tissue is further healed. In neurologic patients, the cameras and treadmill offer valuable feedback for gait abnormalities and progression of treatment. The Hydroworx pool also incorporates hydro massage jets, which allow therapists to direct progressive resistance for increased conditioning, strength, and flexibility, as well as, being used for deep tissue massage. Along with all the physical benefits, patients also experience improved self-confidence, relaxation, and decreased anxiety and depression. Aquatic therapy can be the opportunity for many people to begin their journey to wellness and improved well-being. Prior to beginning any exercise program, a patient should discuss the opportunity with his or her doctor, and should then be evaluated by a physical therapist to determine if aquatics alone or in conjunction with a land-based program will benefit him or her in reaching his or her health goals. For more information about aquatic therapy contact the Rehabilitation Center of Thibodaux Regional, 985-493-4782. — Contributed by aquatic therapists Dori Waltz, PT, DPT and Hannah Arcement, PT, DPT
Eight Ways To Reduce The Amount Of Plastic You Use National Geographic just released their shocking issue titled, “Planet or Plastic?” and is ripping open just how bad our plastic dependency is to date. An estimated 9 million tons of plastic manages to end up in the ocean every year, according to National Geographic, and more than 40 percent of plastic items are used just once before being thrown away. California decided to start charging for plastic shopping bags in an effort to entice people to bring their own reusable bags. But still, even after some attempts to lower the use of plastic, there is a huge crisis with the aftermath of the damage that’s already been done. So, in an effort to help prevent the continuation of this earth drowning in plastic, here are eight simple ways you can start cutting plastic out of your life. Bring reusable bags when shopping This is such an easy way to prevent the need for plastic grocery bags, and all it requires is getting into the habit of bringing your own reusable bags to the store with you. Most bags can be purchased at any grocery store for a couple dollars and some even come insulated for items that need to stay cold. But using these bags should go beyond just the local supermarket. Bring them when you go to the mall or any place that might use plastic bags when you buy something. Say no to straws Straws are the most common item found littering the oceans, beaches, and marine life’s stomaches. How many of you have seen the video of a fisherman pulling the straw out of a poor sea turtle’s nose? It looks horrible and I would never want to live my life with a plastic straw lodged in my nostril, would you? Think about how many straws you can go through in a day. At a restaurant you’ll get a straw. Go to Starbucks and get a straw. Want a smoothie? You’ll get a straw. Say no to plastic straws and if you absolutely need one, buy reusable straws for your drinks. Start using reusable water bottles or cups Just like eliminating single use shopping bags, it’s time to eliminate single use plastic cups and water bottles. Buy a nice reusable water bottle that’s insulated so it can keep cold drinks cold and hot drinks hot. You can even go a step further and bring a thermos with you when you go to get your coffee, eliminating the need for a disposable cup. And if you like iced drinks from your local coffee shop buy a heavy-duty reusable cup to bring with you instead. Stop buying products with plastic as an ingredient It seems crazy but those face washes, hand soaps and body washes with little exfoliating beads in them are very bad for the environment. Known as microplastics, these tiny pieces of plastic are the worst because they are near impossible to filter out of the water. Avoid ingredients like polypropylene or polyethylene, which are not biodegradable, and choose natural alternatives for face and body exfoliation. No more disposable razors Disposable razors contribute to plastic waste because when it’s time to change them out, we throw the whole thing away. Instead, buy a razor that only requires you to change out the razor head instead of the whole item. Start using glass or ceramic food containers Ugh! I know this one might be hard, but try giving up plastic Tupperware. Instead of using plastic food storage containers, consider buying a set of containers that are made out of ceramic or glass. Many come with great lids that snap on and secure the food better than plastic lids. Choose cardboard over plastic When you can, choose cardboard over plastic. Cardboard is biodegradable and breaks down easier than plastic does. Instead of buying items like detergent or pasta in plastic containers or bags, choose the items that come in a cardboard box. Be done with plastic cling wrap and other one-use items It’s too easy to grab plastic everything when throwing a BBQ and the last thing you want to worry about is washing a ton of dishes. Instead of grabbing plastic plates etc., grab paper instead. When it comes to the cleanup, ditch the plastic cling wrap and use aluminum foil. Better yet, store your leftovers in your nifty glass food storage containers.
(134340) Pluto V Styx (moon).jpg Discovered byShowalter, M. R. et al. Discovery siteHubble Space Telescope Discovery date • 26 June 2012 • (verified 7 July 2012) Pluto V Named after Στύξ Styx S/2012 (134340) 1 S/2012 P 1 AdjectivesStygian /ˈstɪiən/[2] Orbital characteristics[3] 42656±78 km 20.16155±0.00027 d Satellite ofPluto Physical characteristics Dimensions16 × 9 × 8 km[4] Mass7.5×1015 kg[5] 3.24 ± 0.07 d (chaotic)[4] 82°[6] (to orbital plane) Albedo0.65 ± 0.07 geometric[4] Styx is a small natural satellite of Pluto whose discovery was announced on 11 July 2012. As of 2020, it is the smallest known moon of Pluto. It was imaged along with Pluto and Pluto's other moons by the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015. A single image was returned.[4] Styx is the second-closest known satellite to Pluto, and the fifth discovered. It was discovered one year after Kerberos. Styx is approximately 16 km (9.9 mi) across its longest dimension,[4] and its orbital period is 20.1 days. Discovery and observations[] Hubble image of Styx (circled), with the outer moons' orbits shown Styx was discovered by a team led by astronomer Mark R. Showalter, using fourteen sets of images taken between 26 June and 9 July 2012 by the Wide Field Camera 3 fitted to the Hubble Space Telescope.[9] The discovery was announced on 11 July 2012. Styx is about half as bright as the dimmest previously known object in the system, Kerberos, and about one hundred thousandth as bright as Pluto.[10] It was designated S/2012 (134340) 1,[11] and informally referred to as P5.[10][12][13] The survey work leading to the discovery of Styx was in preparation for the mission of the unmanned New Horizons spacecraft, which flew by the Pluto system on 14 July 2015. The discovery of another small Plutonian moon heightened concerns that this region of space may harbor more bodies too small to be detected, and that the spacecraft could be damaged by an uncharted body or ring as it traversed the system at a speed of over 13 km/s;[7][14] tiny moons, such as Saturn's moon Pallene, tend to be associated with tenuous rings or arcs, because their gravity is unable to hold on to material ejected by meteoroid impacts; such diffuse material represents the chief navigational hazard.[15] However, the New Horizons spacecraft did not detect any smaller moons or rings, and passed through the Pluto system safely. The unexpectedly complex moon system around Pluto may be the result of a collision between Pluto and another sizable Kuiper belt object in the distant past.[16] Pluto's moons may have coalesced from the debris from such an event, similar to the early giant impact thought to have created the Moon. The orbital resonances may have acted as "ruts" to gather material from the collision.[10] Physical characteristics[] Styx was originally estimated to have a diameter of between 10 and 25 km (6.2 and 15.5 mi).[17][18] These figures were inferred from the apparent magnitude of Styx and by using an estimated albedo of 0.35 and 0.04 for the lower and upper bounds, respectively.[7] After measurements made by New Horizons, it turns out that Styx is (albeit not surprisingly) very irregularly shaped, measuring approximately 16 km × 9 km × 8 km (9.9 mi × 5.6 mi × 5.0 mi).[4] It is thought to have formed from the debris lofted by a collision, which would have led to losses of the more volatile ices, such as those of nitrogen and methane, in the composition of the impactors. This process is expected to have created a body consisting mainly of water ice.[19] Front view Side view Pluto · Charon · Styx · Nix · Kerberos · Hydra Styx orbits the Pluto–Charon barycenter at a distance of 42,656 km,[3] putting it between the orbits of Charon and Nix. All of Pluto's moons appear to travel in orbits that are very nearly circular and coplanar, described by Styx's discoverer Mark Showalter as "neatly nested ... a bit like Russian dolls".[16] It is in an 11:6 orbital resonance with Hydra, and an 11:9 resonance with Nix (the ratios represent numbers of orbits completed per unit time; the period ratios are the inverses).[3][20] As a result of this "Laplace-like" 3-body resonance, it has conjunctions with Nix and Hydra in a 2:5 ratio. Its orbital period of 20.16155 days[3] is about 5.0% from a 1:3 mean-motion resonance with the Charon–Pluto orbital period of 6.387 days. With the other moons Nix, Kerberos and Hydra, it forms part of an unusual 1:3:4:5:6 (period ratio) sequence of near resonances.[10] In contrast to the orbit, Stygian rotation is chaotic; like the other small Plutonian moons, Styx is not tidally locked, and its rotation varies over short timescales (at a rate of about 3.239 days at the time of the New Horizons flyby).[21] Upon discovery, Styx received the minor planet designation S/2012 (134340) 1 because it was the first satellite (S) discovered orbiting the minor planet 134340 Pluto in 2012. It is known informally as "P5", meaning the fifth Plutonian moon to be discovered. The convention for naming Plutonian moons is to use names associated with the god Pluto in classical mythology. To decide on names for P4 and P5, Mark Showalter and the SETI Institute, on behalf of the discovery team, conducted a non-binding internet poll in 2013, in which the general public was invited to vote for their favorite names. The public could choose from a selection of Greek mythological names related to the god Pluto, or could propose their own names.[22] After the initial announcement, William Shatner, the actor who plays Captain James T. Kirk in the Star Trek franchise, proposed the names Vulcan and Romulus, ostensibly referring to the fire god Vulcan (a nephew of Pluto), and to Romulus the founder of Rome, but also alluding to the fictional planets of Vulcan and Romulus in the Star Trek universe.[23][24] The 'Romulus' suggestion was discounted, as there is already an asteroid moon of that name,[25] but Vulcan won the poll after Shatner tweeted about it, with Cerberus (the dog that guards Pluto's underworld) coming second and Styx (the goddess of the river of the same name in the underworld) coming third. The winning names were submitted to the International Astronomical Union.[24] However, Vulcan was unacceptable to the IAU because it was not the name of an underworld figure and had already been used for a hypothetical planet inside the orbit of Mercury, as well as having given its name to the vulcanoids.[23][26][27] On 2 July 2013, the IAU announced that it had formally approved the names Styx for P5 and Kerberos for P4.[28][29] 1. ^ "Styx". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) 2. ^ "Stygian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) 4. ^ a b c d e f "Special Session: Planet 9 from Outer Space - Pluto Geology and Geochemistry". YouTube. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2019. 6. ^ "DPS 2015: Pluto's small moons Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra [UPDATED]". www.planetary.org. 7. ^ a b c Sanders, Ray (11 July 2012). "Hubble Space Telescope detects fifth moon of Pluto". Phys.org. Retrieved 11 July 2012. 15. ^ Redd, N. T. (28 November 2011). "Pluto's Moons Could Spell Danger for New Horizons Spacecraft". Space.com. Retrieved 19 July 2012. 18. ^ "Hubble discovers new Pluto moon". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012. 19. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (16 July 2012). "Fifth Moon Discovered Orbiting Pluto". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 20. ^ Witze, Alexandra (3 June 2015). "Pluto's moons move in synchrony". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17681. 22. ^ "You & William Shatner Can Name Pluto's 2 Newest Moons". 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2015. 24. ^ a b Witze, Alexandra (23 April 2013). "Moon and planet names spark battle". Nature. 496 (7446): 407. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..407W. doi:10.1038/496407a. PMID 23619668. 26. ^ Miriam Krame (25 February 2013). "'Vulcan' and 'Cerberus' Win Pluto Moon Naming Poll". SPACE.com. Retrieved 25 February 2013. External links[]
What is a graphite pencil? – Pencil Drawing Tutorial For Beginners The graphite is an alloy of graphite and an alloy of steel. The graphite contains a small number of carbon atoms and thus tends to bond to the steel. When a graphite pencil is used for drawing to paper the graphite bonds to the steel surface, causing a strong, but fairly weak effect on the paper; graphite tends to draw away from the paper instead of forming a smooth surface. This is why most people find graphite pencils difficult to use for writing. What is a black line? The black line is composed of carbon. Some graphite pencils allow the carbon to be removed, which allows the pencil to be used without drawing, but the pencil remains hardened so that it can not be used to draw. Other pencils make use of the carbon by attaching it to the graphite surface with a resin. These pencils tend to be more durable than graphite; but when a person uses a black line and then the graphite pencil has been removed they usually find the black line harder and harder to draw. If the graphite is hardened, it can be easily removed by placing an ordinary pencil in a glass of water and drawing with it. What is a soft eraser? The soft eraser is made of a soft, non-abrasive plastic. The soft eraser can be used when the white line is used for drawing on top of the white line. If only the thin white line is used then the eraser will be able to move quickly over a hard black one. There are soft erasers that allow the use of two colors; so for example, when the white line is drawn on top of the black line it can be used as a soft eraser over the solid black line. Soft erasers are also sometimes called hard erasers because they are capable of holding on to the paper. How many lines can I use with a graphite pencil? It is possible to draw very large, solid surfaces with black on white graphite pencils. Because of the flexibility of graphite, one can also draw surfaces that are much smaller or smaller than a pencil drawing. As a rule of thumb when drawing, use your longest line as a baseline for the length of the drawing. For example, you might draw a 20 foot long straight line, then draw a 5 foot long parallel line across the center of the 20 foot line, then draw another 20 foot long parallel line along half of the 20 foot line and so on. When most people think of easy pencil sketches of girl, pencil drawing images cartoons, easy pencil drawings of love, pencil drawing techniques pdf, pencil drawing definition
Peruvian Chilies Inside the Soul of a Global Gastronomic Trend Peruvian Chilies Let's get inspired Peruvian Cuisine "The Next Big Thing" (The New York Times) World’s Leading Culinary Destination About Peruvian Chilies Peruvian Chilies There is something particular about chilies: they add color, savor, aroma, and sometimes they can be spicy. Chilies can sharpen body sensations, dilate taste buds and lead to discover an explosion of flavors in the mouth. Chilies can also have healing properties and were used as offerings to their gods by ancient civilizations. Nowadays, they are the soul of the Peruvian cuisine, a leading trend in the gastronomic world. Chilies in the Peruvian Cuisine • Not all Peruvian Chilies are spicy hot. The word chili usually refers to the Capsicum Baccatum specie, but not all chilies grown in Peru belong to this class. • According to Biodiversity International, Peru is one the top countries in terms of varieties of chilies along the five domesticated species (C. annuum L., C. baccatum L., C. chinense L., y C. frutescens L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav.). • There are nearly 300 varieties of chilies cultivated by more than three million small farmers scattered along the Peruvian land. • Chilies have a long tradition in the Peruvian cuisine and have been found in several archeological excavations. • Peru is the world´s third largest producer and exporter of dry chilies in the world after India and China (FAOStat) • Some of the most popular chilies in Peru are : Aji Amarillo, Aji Mirasol, Aji Limo, Aji Panca and Rocoto. • Chilies are popular in Peruvian cuisine, like in ceviche, tiradito, causa, anticucho, rocoto relleno and hundreds more. Peruvian Traditional Cuisine Arroz con mariscos Causa rellena Ceviche de pescado Jalea mixta Lomo saltado Pulpo al olivo Solterito arequipeno Suspiro limeno James Berckemeyer and the Peruvian gastronomy

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