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Brownsfield Mill
Alliott Verdon-Roe formed Avro with his brother Humphrey on 1st January 1910 at Brownsfield Mill, Ancoats, Manchester. It was agreed that Avro would occupy the basement of Brownsfield Mill because the rest of the building was occupied by Everard & Company, a manufacturer of elastic webbing which Humphrey managed.
The limited space in the basement of Brownsfield Mill presented the fledging aircraft manufacturer with various challenges. The aircraft had to be built in situ to ensure that all of the parts would fit together correctly. The machine then had to be painstakingly dismantled so that it could be moved outside and loaded onto horse and cart. From there, the aircraft was taken to the railway station and transported in pieces to the flying school at Brooklands.
Avro built several types of aircraft during its time at Brownsfield Mill, including the Avro Type D, which became the first British plane to take off from water, and the world's first aircraft with an enclosed cockpit, the Avro Type F.
There wasn't a huge demand for aircraft during the early days of aviation and so Avro dedicated time to producing aircraft parts for fellow aviators. The venture became known as 'The Aviator's Storehouse' and produced everything from bolts to propellers and engines.
Avro became a Limited company on 11th January 1913 and orders started to come in for the promising Avro 500. It was decided that Avro would need more space to fulfil these orders and so the Company moved out of Brownsfield Mill to new premises at Clifton Street, Miles Platting, Manchester. With workers and material relocated, the new works opened on 17th March 1913.
© 2020 by Avro Heritage Museum. Registered charity 1150163
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What is a hernia?
A hernia is when an internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall.
A hernia usually develops between the chest and hips. In many cases, it causes no or very few symptoms, although the patient may notice a swelling or lump in the tummy (abdomen) or groin. The lump can often be pushed back in or disappears when laid down. Coughing or straining may make the lump appear.
Umbilical hernias happen when fatty tissue or a part of the bowel pokes through the abdomen near the belly button (navel). This type of hernia can occur in babies if the opening in the tummy through which the umbilical cord passes doesn't seal properly after birth and over time, can heal by itself.
Adults can also be affected, possibly as a result of repeated strain on the abdomen and are more likely to need surgery to fix it.
A para-umbilical hernia is different to an umbilical hernia in that these hernias may become very large. They are more common in adults (especially women who have had more than one pregnancy), than children and happens because of a defect in the linea alba, which is the tendon-like tissue that lines the wall of the tummy.
An incisional hernia is where tissue pokes through a surgical wound in the tummy that hasn't fully healed.
Advances in surgery and post-operative care have meant that clinical research has been done to look at the benefits to the patient of the different surgical approaches and which is the best is the safest.
The types of surgical repairs have included:
• Laparoscopic approach - during keyhole surgery, the surgeon usually makes three small incisions in your abdomen instead of a single larger incision.
• ‘Open repair’ approach- the surgeon makes a single cut (incision). This incision is usually about 6 to 8cm long.
However, the evidence currently available shows that laparoscopic surgery, where clinically appropriate, is preferable due to the significantly reduced rates of surgical site infection and should be the preferred choice.
Patient eligibility criteria
This policy is for the management of umbilical, para-umbilical and incisional hernias in adult patients.
Strangulated umbilical, para-umbilical or incisional hernias should proceed to the most clinically appropriate surgery in a timely manner
For non-urgent procedures, the patient must be diagnosed with a *symptomatic umbilical, para-umbilical or incisional hernia
The patient should be reviewed by the surgical clinician and in a shared decision-making process with the patient; a decision should be reached as to the most clinically effective method of surgery for the individual patient (either laparoscopic or open surgery).
* For the purposes of this policy, symptomatic hernia is defined described as 'debilitating pain which impacts on activities of daily living, e.g. walking; sleeping; working.’
Advice and guidance
• For more information, search for ‘hernia’ at www.nhs.uk
Treatment policy for patients covered by NHS Birmingham and Solihull CCG
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Identity, words and actions
Identity, words and actions
August 23, 2020 Romans 12:1-8 and Matthew 16:13-20
Identity, words and actions
Marten Buber was a Jewish philosopher who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 10 times and for the Nobel Peace Prize 7 times. Arguably his most famous book was titled “Ich und Du” translated “I and thou”. One of the major themes of the book is that human life finds its meaningfulness in relationships. In Buber’s view, all of our relationships bring us ultimately into relationship with God, who is the Eternal Thou.
Relationships give meaning! I and thou! But who am I? This seems like a simple question but it is really not that simple. Henri Nouwen, Dutch scholar and theologian wrestled with this question, “Who am I”. One answer to the question “Who am I?”, he says, is “I am what I do”. My work, my hobbies and accomplishments in life determine who I am. I am a teacher, a lawyer. What I do defines me. But you can already sense this cannot be it. What if you lose your job, retire or lose your ability to accomplish tasks? You are still you. You are much more than what you do!
A next answer is “I am what other people say about me”. You base your identity on other people’s opinions about you. Whether it’s how many likes you get on a post, who wants to date you, or how respected you are in your group. It is so easy to base your identity on what other people say about you. They approve, encourage and like you but what when they criticize, question dislike you? You are still you.
Another answer is “I am what I have”. I find my identity in my social class, my background, my car, the size of my bank account. But we all know these things don’t last.
So even though what I do, what other people say about me, and what I have are important, they can never really give a full answer to the question “Who am I”?
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German minister and theologian, one month before he was executed by the Nazi’s wrestled with the question “Who am I”. In a moving and honest poem, Bonhoeffer asks questions and here is how he ends his poem: “They mock me, these lonely questions of mine. Whoever I am, Thou knowest, O God, I am thine.”
“I am a relational being”. Human life, being who I am, is meaningful because of relationships: with myself, with the world, with others and ultimately with God. An African philosophy calls it Ubuntu: I am because you are!
Now it is not just individuals who wrestle with the question: “Who am I?” Groups do too. “Who are we as a church community?” “Who are we as a country?” Perhaps, this is related to the question, “who do I want to be? Who do we as a country want to be?
Jesus, in today’s Gospel reading provides us with an interesting insight into the question: “Who am I, who are we?” And as a Christian I believe I am because Christ is who He is. And Peter, guided by God’s Spirit, recognized him as the Messiah, the Son of the living God.
Jesus and his Disciples were in the northern part of the country, in the city of Caesarea Philippi. Herod Philippus established the city in honor of Caesar Augustus. The Roman Senate deified Caesar Augustus after his death and a beautiful temple was built for Caesar Augustus. The Romans did not tolerate any competition to their deified Caesar. Caesar was their lord!
So, it was a dangerous place for the Disciples to say that Jesus is the Son of the living God, the Messiah.
“Who do people say that I am?” The people had their views of Jesus: John, the Baptist, Elijah, Jeremiah or a prophet. Everyone mentioned here were highly regarded in Judaism. These answers indicate that the people had a pretty respectful view of Jesus. But their view of Jesus as a prophet was not that challenging or transformational.
The answer that he was a prophet did not really have the transformational power, or the comfort and strength we need in times of trouble. Why? Because these views of Jesus were too limited. Interesting – but not enough!
Prophets can point out what is wrong, they can guide what choices are good and just. But they are not able to do what only God can do: Restore the relationship between God and us!
Speculation about Jesus is interesting, talking about faith in general or generic terms is easy. People have always been fascinated by Jesus, his life, his teachings, his approach to life and even theological themes like forgiveness. They like to think about Jesus as a person who changed the world like Gandhi and Mandela changed the world, they see him as a good man.
Some may even want to use Jesus to add weight to their arguments, or gain a few political points.
But this is not enough. Such a limited view of Jesus does not really transform you or sustains you in an existential crisis. It is not really helpful when you need assurance that God knows you, and God is with you! It does not really answer the question: “who am I?”
This is why Jesus asks a question that is not about the people or the group. Jesus now makes it personal: “Who do you say that I am?” This is the key question. What Jesus does is he is asking a personal question in order to come to a personal decision. A question that cuts to the heart. It is a question that invites a thoughtful and personal answer but at the same time it is a question about who I am before God. Peter’s answer is a theological answer but more than that. “You are the Son of the living God, the Messiah.” Peter, by answering that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of the living God is saying: “You are the one that brings God close to us, you are the One who addresses our deepest fears and desires. You are the One who gives us peace and a place of belonging! You are the one who brings peace and reconciliation to a broken world. You are the answer to our restless soul! You are the One that define who I am and you are the One who restores relationships and therefore gives meaning to my life.
In a sense this answer is about God’s intention with us. In Christ, God gives us a place in God’s plan; God gives us self-awareness of who we are as God’s very own! It is, in Bonhoeffer’s words: “Whoever I am, Thou knowest, O God, I am thine.” Or in terms of Ubuntu: “I am because Jesus is!”
Peter’s confession, or creed, is really the rock on which the church is built; her foundation. Those who truly open themselves to God’s Son, open themselves to God who promises an abundant and meaningful life, divine peace, joy, and rest.
Creeds are important. The answer of Peter was an important one to say who Jesus was. As the years went by, the church had to expand on her creed because there were competing creed. Yes, Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, but what does it mean? What does it mean that he suffered, died and was raised from the dead? So, the church had to constantly think about what Jesus did and what it meant.
And as time went on the church, in spite of her beautiful creeds, was not consistent in what her creeds meant for daily living. The words of Peter about Jesus who had the transforming power to change individuals and groups, lost the power because individuals and groups discovered that it is easy to say one thing but much harder to be consistent to do what God wants. Their commitment and enthusiasm waned as their creed was uttered in words but not in actions. And when this happen, relationships suffer.
You see it is good and right to say what it is what you believe. But there also is a need to show how this belief impacts your life. Saying that Jesus is the Lord, does not automatically mean that Jesus is in fact the Lord of your whole life. Being grateful for the fact that Jesus restores my relationship with God is good and it defines who I am, but I also have to show it in the way I live!
The Apostle Paul in his letter to the Christians in Rome, argues that stating that you believe in Christ, as Lord of all, is important. One has to know who Jesus is, one has to understand that he is the Lord, He is the Son of God and he gives life, takes our sins away and restores our relationships.
However, he is clear that creeds without actions are empty. Therefore, he writes in Romans 12: “I appeal to you brothers and sisters by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may discern what is the will of God-what is good and acceptable and perfect.
Let me just remind you that this letter to Romans is divided in three parts: The first part is about sin. The second part is about redemption in Christ. And the third part is about gratitude. And the third part starts in Romans 12:1!
People who say that Christ is the Messiah, the Son of the living God should show their gratitude for God’s love and redemption by what they do! They are transformed by the renewal of their minds, they give themselves to God without holding back, they seek and do what is good and acceptable and the perfect will of God.
What they believe and what they do are aligned. There is harmony between their words and their actions! Let me again remind you where they were when Jesus asked “Who do you say that I am?” Caesarea Philippi. The place where people confessed that Caesar was lord. Here the Disciples affirmed that Jesus was the Messiah and not Caesar! When we confess that Jesus is the Messiah, the Lord, we state that politicians and political power are not our lord, or messiahs. Jesus alone is.
We are called to follow Christ and not the powerful in the world. We give ourselves as sacrifices to Christ who transforms us, who knows us, who understands us, and not to other powers.
I and thou! I am a relational being. Confessing that Jesus is the Messiah restores our relationship with God, with ourselves, with the creation and with others! For this we are grateful! What we say about Jesus should be followed by our actions. Saying that Jesus is the Messiah, Son of the living God won’t mean a thing if we don’t act as if Jesus is the Messiah, son of the living God. Words are important – but without actions they are empty! Amen! |
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What is SQL Regex and how to implement it?
Last updated on Nov 25,2020 9K Views
Swatee Chand
14 / 37 Blog from Introduction to SQL
Databases are huge dumps of data where the data is stored in an organized manner. But many a time we come across situations where we need to retrieve some data but don’t have sufficient information to filter it out. For such cases, SQL provides an amazing feature called Regular Expressions. Through the medium of this article, I will give you complete insights into what actually are SQL RegEx and how to implement them.
Following are the topics I will be discussing in this article:
What is RegEx?
A Regular Expression is popularly known as RegEx, is a generalized expression that is used to match patterns with various sequences of characters. A RegEx can be a combination of different data types such as integer, special characters, Strings, images, etc. Generally, these patterns are used in String searching algorithms in order to perform find or find and replace operations on Strings, or for validating the input.
Below I have listed down major features of SQL Regex:
1. It provides a powerful and flexible pattern match.
2. Helps in implementing powerful search utilities for the database systems
3. Supports a number of metacharacters for more flexibility and control when performing pattern matching.
4. In RegEx, the backslash character is used as an escape character.
5. RegEx are not case sensitive.
Now that you are aware of what are Regex, let’s now see what are various RegEx supported by SQL.
SQL Regex
Below I have listed down all the Regular Expressions that can be used in SQL.
*Matches zero or more instances of the preceding String
+Matches one or more instances of the preceding String
.Matches any single character
?Matches zero or one instance of the preceding Strings
^^ matches the beginning of a String
$$ matches the ending of a String
[abc]Matches any character listed in between the square brackets
[^abc]Matches any character not listed in between the square brackets
[A-Z]Matches any letter in uppercase
[a-z]Matches any letter in lowercase
[0-9]Matches any digit between 0-9
[[:<:]]Matches the beginning of words
[[:>:]]Matches the end of words
[:class:]Matches any character class
p1|p2|p3Mathes any of the specified pattern
{n}Matches n instances of the preceding element
{m,n}Matches m through n instances of the preceding element
Let’s now dive a bit deeper and see how to form a RegEx in SQL.
Syntax for using SQL Regex
Using Regex is really simple. All you need to do is follow the below-shown syntax:
SELECT statements... WHERE field_name REGEXP 'my_pattern';
• SELECT – Select is the standard SQL keyword to retrieve data from the table
• statements – This specifies the rows to be retrieved
• WHEREWHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching the data
• field_name – It represents the name of a column on which the regular expression needs to be applied on.
• REGEXP – It is the keyword that precedes the RegEx pattern
• my_pattern – It is the user-defined RegEx pattern to search data
Now that you know how to form a RegEx statement, let me show how SQL RegEx are implemented.
SQL RegEx Implementations
For the practical implementation, I will be using the following table to perform RegEx queries.
table - sql regex - edureka
• Match the specified String
SELECT * FROM `learnerdetails` WHERE `course_name` REGEXP 'SQL';
• Match beginning of string(^23)
SELECT * FROM `learnerdetails` WHERE `course_Id` REGEXP '^23';
• Match zero or one instance of the strings preceding it(Ja?)
SELECT * FROM learnerdetails WHERE course_name REGEXP 'Ja?';
• Matches any of the patterns ‘w|ja’
SELECT learner_name FROM learnerdetails WHERE course_name REGEXP 'w|ja' ;
• Match the end of a string ( $)
SELECT learner_name FROM learnerdetails WHERE learner_email REGEXP '$';
I hope this gives you an idea of how to form the queries. There are a lot more combinations with which you can play around with. With this, I would like to conclude this article on SQL RegEx. For more information on SQL or Databases, you can refer to our comprehensive reading list here: Databases Edureka.
Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section of ”SQL RegEx” and I will get back to you.
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Overactive Bladder: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis
What is Overactive Bladder?
An Overactive Bladder is a pathological condition of the Genitourinary System in which the affected individual has an increased and sudden urge to urinate. This urge to urinate is to an extent that it becomes very hard for the individual to hold urine until he or she can reach the restroom and often leads to urinary incontinence. Overactive Bladder is actually caused due to a dysfunctional bladder which contracts abnormally leading to the sudden urge to urinate.
An individual suffering from an Overactive Bladder may force himself or herself into isolation for fear of being embarrassed in a social environment and may severely impact their work and personal life to a significant degree. Fortunately, once an Overactive Bladder is diagnosed then there are quite a number of treatments and lifestyle modifications that can be done which may allow the affected individual a significant degree of relief from the symptoms of an Overactive Bladder.
What is Overactive Bladder?
What Causes Overactive Bladder?
Normally, the kidneys filter the fluids that we take in and the waste products that are left are drained into the bladder in the form of urine. During the process of urination, the urine passes from the bladder through the urethra and all the waste products are eliminated from the body. When the bladder becomes full of urine, there are signals sent to the brain through neurotransmitters which triggers the urge to urinate. During urination, again the neurotransmitters come into play resulting in relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles and the muscles of the urethra and the muscles of the bladder tighten up pushing the urine out. In cases of an Overactive Bladder, the bladder muscles start to contract involuntarily even if the bladder is not full resulting in the individual having an urgent need to urinate. There are also certain conditions which may contribute to development of an Overactive Bladder. These conditions are:
• Neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, stroke, or multiple sclerosis
• Excessive intake of fluids, kidney dysfunction or diabetes mellitus
• Intake of certain medications which cause an excessive increase in the production of urine.
• Urinary tract infections
• Medical conditions like bladder tumor or stones, prostatitis, enlarged prostate
• Excess consumption of alcohol
• Natural process of aging
• Incomplete bladder emptying.
What are the Symptoms of Overactive Bladder?
The main symptoms of Overactive Bladder are:
• A sudden urge to urinate which is extremely difficult to control which may cause urinary incontinence
• Involuntary loss of urine immediately after the urge to urinate
• Frequent urination up to 10 times in a day
• Getting up more than once to urinate at night, a condition called as nocturia.
How is Overactive Bladder Diagnosed?
Once an individual presents with the symptoms mentioned above to a physician then he or she will be referred to an urologist. The first step towards a diagnosis is to rule out any infection in the blood or urine that may be causing the symptoms. The urologist may also ask the patient whether he or she may be taking in certain medications that have the potential to cause an increased urge to urinate.
The urologist will also conducts tests to check whether the patient is emptying the bladder fully upon urination or is there any urinary retention. A comprehensive workup needs to be done in order to confirm the diagnosis of an Overactive Bladder. These tests include a comprehensive medical history and a detailed physical examination directed towards the abdomen and the genital areas.
Urinalysis may be done to rule out any infection causing the symptoms. A detailed neurological examination will also be performed to rule out any neurological disorders causing the symptomatology. Additionally the following tests will be done to confirm the diagnosis of Overactive Bladder.
A Urodynamic Test may be done to check the function of the bladder and whether it is emptying the urine completely or not. In case if the test is positive for urinary retention then the urine that is left over in the bladder may cause symptoms that are similar to an Overactive Bladder. An ultrasound of the bladder may also be done to check the functioning of the bladder.
The urologist will also check the flow of the urine and whether the urine stream is smooth or is it obstructed which may indicate towards some sort of obstruction within the pathway of the urine suggesting a stone or a tumor. A cytometry test which is a test which measures bladder pressure may also be done to see whether there are any involuntary contractions in the bladder. The results of these tests will confirm the diagnosis of an Overactive Bladder.
How is Overactive Bladder Treated?
The treatment of Overactive Bladder requires both medications and certain behavioral changes in order to relieve symptoms.
The treatment for Overactive Bladder begins with behavioral modifications. These modifications are quite effective and sometimes may be all that is needed to get rid of symptoms of an Overactive Bladder. Some of the behavioral modifications done for treatment of Overactive Bladder are:
Kegel Exercises: These exercises are aimed at strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincter such that abnormal involuntary contraction of the bladder is prevented. A physical therapist may be required to teach the patient on how to do the Kegel exercises correctly. If the patient does Kegel exercises regularly then he or she may note a change in symptoms within a span of four to six weeks.
Weight Maintainance: It is important for individuals suffering from Overactive Bladder to have an ideal body weight. In case if an individual is overweight then a consultation with a nutritionist is required who can formulate a dietary plan so as to lose weight in a healthy manner. Losing weight helps a lot in preventing urge incontinence from Overactive Bladder.
Fluid Consumption: It is recommended that an individual with an Overactive Bladder avoid taking in excessive amount of fluids as it may lead to frequent urination and fluids should only be taken at a certain amount
Timed Voids: It is important that the patient time his or her voids, meaning that he or she go to the restroom at regular intervals of time so as to prevent any chances of urinary urgency and incontinence.
Adult Diapers: In case if the patient works at a place where timed voids may be difficult then wearing adult diapers are quite helpful in preventing the clothing from getting soiled even if there is urinary incontinence at work.
Bladder Training: This is an important aspect of treatment of Overactive Bladder. In this the patient trains the bladder to delay voiding whenever there is an urge to urinate. The delay may be started at 30 minutes and can work its way up to an hour meaning that you can go to the restroom every three to four hours instead fo every 20 minutes or so. Bladder training is only possible if the patient has strong pelvic floor muscles and is able to tighten them up successfully whenever he or she feels an urge to urinate. Hence people with weak pelvic floor muscles may not find bladder training useful and this is where Kegel exercises come to the rescue. A combination of Kegel exercises and bladder training can be an extremely effective measure to relieve the symptoms of an Overactive Bladder.
Medications: There are also certain medications that can help relax the bladder and treat the symptoms of Overactive Bladder. Some of these medications are Detrol, Ditropan, Oxybutynin, Vesicare and the like.
Surgery: This is done for patients who do not respond to conservative treatments and have severe symptoms. The procedure done is to improve the bladder’s ability to store urine and also reduce any pressure in the bladder. There are basically two kinds of procedures done the first of which involves attaching a segment of the intestine to the patient’s bladder to increase the capacity of the bladder while in the second procedure which is also known as gastrocystoplasty a portion of the stomach is attached to the bladder to increase its capacity and prevent bladder incontinence arising out of overactive bladder.
Bladder Removal: This procedure is the last resort for treating an Overactive Bladder and is done by removing the bladder completely and replacing it with an opening to which a bag is attached which collects the urine. This is usually done in the most severe cases which do not respond to other conservative and surgical treatments for Overactive Bladder.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An antique map
Antiques are usually objects that show some degree of craftsmanship, collectability, or a certain attention to design, such as a desk or an early automobile. They are bought at antiques shops, estate sales, auction houses, online auctions, and other venues, or estate inherited. Antiques dealers often belong to national trade associations, many of which belong to CINOA, a confederation of art and antique associations across 21 countries that represents 5,000 dealers.
An antique U.S. mailbox
The common definition of antique is a collectible object such as a piece of furniture or work of art that has a high value because of its considerable age, but it varies depending on the item, its source, the year of its creation etc. The customary definition of antique requires that an item should be at least 100 years old and in original condition[citation needed]. (Motor vehicles are an exception to this rule, with some definitions requiring an automobile to be as little as 25 years old to qualify as an antique.)
Note that antiquing also means the craft of making an object appear antique through distressing or using the antique-looking paint applications. Often, individuals get confused between these handmade distressed vintage or modern items and true antiques. Would-be antique collectors who are unaware of the differences may find themselves paying a high amount of money for something that has little value in the antiquing industry.
Furniture antiques from the Chinese Liao dynasty
Antique furniture is a popular area of antiques because furniture has obvious practical uses as well as collector value. Many collectors use antique furniture pieces in their homes, and care for them with the hope that the value of these items will remain same or appreciate. This is in contrast to buying new furniture, which typically depreciates from the moment of purchase.
See also[]
1. "Definition of ANTIQUE". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
2. "The difference between antique, vintage, and collectible item. - Antique HQ". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
3. "About: A concise history of AACA in the beginning". Antique Automobile Club of America. US. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
External links[] |
About Périgord
Périgord (Peiregòrd or Perigòrd in Occitan dialect), or Peirigord in Périgourdin dialect, is the name of the old county that covered what is today known as the French Départment of Dordogne. The Dordogne Département is mostly rural, and characterised by an important cultural, archaeological and historical heritage.
The name “Périgord” comes from a Gaulois people called the “Pétrocores”, or “Petrocorii” in Gaulois dialect, meaning the people of the “four armies”, but its history goes back much further.
Our region and, notably, the Vézère valley between Montignac and Limeuil where we are situated, were inhabited particularly early. This early occupation was the result of various favourable conditions.
First, during the quaternary era, the climatic conditions of the valley enabled deer, bison and other herbivores to live on the land. These herds provided people with food and the clothes they needed to survive the cold (furs and skins).
The valley is also covered in shelters, under rocks and in caves carved out in the limestone by erosion. These natural cavities were the earliest sites to be inhabited by humans.
Finally, the large amounts of flint stone allowed the humans to begin hunting.
These different factors led to the permanent installation of humans in the region. Today, the number and the quality of the region’s prehistoric sites are testament to this. Black Périgord, birthplace of the first Western European cultures, is home to numerous artefacts such as the Lascaux Caves or the Cro-Magnon Shelter.
After the Gallic War, the region became one of the citadels of Aquitaine, the Roman province. The capital was called Vésunna.
The invasion of the Alemannis and the Francs ravaged the region, and in 507AD, Aquitaine fell into the hands of the Francs. Under the command of Clovis, the Francs conquered Gaul. In the 9th Century the Valleys of the Island and of the Dordogne were devastated by the Normans, who burned the churches and pillaged the monasteries.
In the 10th Century, the four Baronies of Périgord appeared: Mareuil, Bourdeilles, Beynac and Biron.
History would remember the words of one chronicler at the time, who asked: why have there only ever been four Baronies in Périgord?
The answer is simply that they only needed four Barons to hold the fort in case a Bishop, Archbishop or Prince came to visit!
In the 12th Century, the Cadouin, Sarlat, Boschaud et Chancelade Abbeys were founded.
Following the marriage of Eleanor d’Aquitaine to Henri II Plantagenet in 1152, Périgord fell under English domination. In 1259, the Saint Louis signed the Treaty of Paris that recognised the English possession of the region and put a stop to the incessant fighting between the two kingdoms. This allowed the people of the region to live in peace until the Hundred Years War. The English possession of the region was reaffirmed by the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), before which Duguseclin had tried to take back the region of Périgord. During the period that followed, the Lords of North Périgord were loyal to the King of France, while the Lords of the South took the side of the English. In 1453, the Battle of Castillon put an end to the Hundred Years war. In the 17th Century, the ‘Croquants’ revolted against Louis XIII’s and Richelieu’s governments, who were taxing them more and more.
In 1790, the Dordogne Département was created with roughly the same borders as Périgord. The borders of the communes, cantons and arrondissements were drawn. Since the end of the 19th Century, the region has constantly experienced emigration from the countryside. Farming and tourism are the main sources of income in the region. The Dordogne-Périgord Département is the 3rd largest French Département. Its landscapes are varied: those in the North are similar to the landscapes of Limousin, while those in the South are very open and more similar to those near Bordeaux and Agen. The east side of the Département is between Quercy and Causses Correziens, and the west side opens onto the plains of Charente, towards the Atlantic Ocean. Périgord is also the third most densely forested Département in France. It is also home to nine of the “most beautiful villages in France”, coming in second place after Aveyron, which has ten.
The Seasons
Fall in Périgord
Every year, the most important moments come in fall. The grapes are ripe, the harvests must begin, and its time for the ducks and the geese to be fed up. The knives are sharpened, as the season for conserves will soon begin. People pick chestnuts and search for wild mushrooms: the forest has provided them with food for centuries.
Winter in Périgord
This is the time when the pigs, ducks and geese are slaughtered. It’s the time for conserves, for family meals. It’s also the time when we go out to pick truffles, and the time for the Marchés au Gras, as well as evenings around the fire, roasted chestnuts and young wines.
When the signs of spring begin to show, the people of Périgourd go out to work on their gardens. The re-awakening of nature at this time of year is a beautiful sight. The first tourists of the year begin to arrive.
In summer, there are many night markets. The day markets attracts numerous crowds: locals, old Périgourdins, and French and foreign tourists come to enjoy themselves. The roads of the towns and villages are packed with people. Meals with friends are the perfect opportunity to taste the conserves made during winter. This is the time we enjoy life!
The North: Green Périgord (around Nontron, and southwest of Châlus in Limousin) is named after its oak and chestnut forests and its prairies, which are all due to the moist earth that is found there. Geologically, this area is the granite part of the Dordogne, and belongs to the Massif Central mountain range.
The Southeast: Black Périgord (around Sarlat-la-Canéda), historically the oldest recognised of the four areas, is named after its oak forests that may be green but in reality are very dark. It is also named after its famous and celebrated truffles.
The Southwest: Purple Périgord (around Bergerac) is the most recently named area (1970). This is because of the expansion of tourism. Purple refers to the colour of the vine leaves in fall. Before 1970, Bergerac was considered part of White Bergerac.
The Centre and Northwest: White Périgord (around Ribérac and Périgueux) is named after the colour of the limestone floor of the region. Large cereal fields also give it the nickname “grenier” or barn of Périgord.
Today, Black Périgord, where we are situated (in Bugue, to be precise), defines itself by its exceptional collection of historical, architectural and gastronomic heritage sites. It is home to more than 60 internationally recognised pre-historic sites.
With more that 352 sites listed as Historical Monuments, Black Périgord has the second highest concentration of historical monuments in France after Paris.
Finally, Périgord’s cuisine, known all over the world, is based on the famous truffles and Foie Gras. Périgord was built on Occitan culture, and its influence can still be felt in Périgourd today.
Typical Architecture
The architectural heritage brings together traditional “savoir-faire” and local materials. Although the product of popular culture, it always blends in harmony with the natural landscape.
The stonemasons, iron masons, flagstone masons, joiners and other carpenters all have distinct Occitan cultures and traditions. They are the creators of this architecture, which can above all be described as robust and functional.
Cretaceous and Jurassic limestone splits into slabs (flagstones) or ashlar. Flagstone roofs are characteristic of the landscape in Black Périgord. Angled at 45°, their weight varies from 500kg to 800kg per m², which means the walls must be short and sturdy to hold them. Buildings are therefore low with thick walls. This building method has been practiced since the Middle Ages and has lasted right up to today. Currently 12 flagstone masons still practice in Sarlat.
Other than its artisanal crafts, Périgord is also famous for its cuisine and natural produce, including:
Black truffle;
Foie Gras;
Bergerac Wines (13 AOC, e.g. Monbazillac, Pécharmant…);
Papitou (a pâté made of 30% duck Foie Gras)
Périgueux Sauce;
“Sarladaise” potatoes;
Fruits: Apples, Périgord Strawberries (IGP), Périgord Nuts (AOC);
Chestnuts: the emblematic product of Périgord, an essential part of its identity
As you have seen, our region has a lot to offer and welcomes you with open arms to come and discover all its beauty and gourmet delicacies.
In Périgord, it’s important to us that we share our culture, which is just as much our history as our cuisine.
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Our Awards
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Foie Gras
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Life orientation
Grade 8
Social development and career orientation
Module 22
Human beings do not live in isolation
To explain that human beings do not live in isolation and without having some impact on someone or something else
[lo 2.3]
John Donne, a famous poet, wrote: "No man is an island." What did this man, who lived from 1572 to 1613, actually try to say? Your language educator might be able to clarify it better, but we can think of a couple of possible interpretations.
"No man is an island" may mean that there is no one on whom some other person cannot have an impact. Think for a moment about other people who have had an influence on your life and feelings. You might be aware of current world news and tendencies. You are not like an island that is isolated from everything else and you are not altogether self-sufficient.
The quotation could also mean that each person has an influence on the people and environment that surrounds him or her. When someone carelessly drops a cigarette in dry grasses, his action might result in a veldt fire that destroys nature and homes. Reckless driving might destroy a whole family. This affects the victims' lives and the lives of their extended family. Think of Mother Theresa and the mass of suffering and starving people whom she served. Think of Nelson Mandela, probably one of the best known people of all times. Millions of people are trying to follow his example. Through this example, he has an influence on other people.
What would you like to leave behind one day? How would you like to be remembered?
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain "No man is an island" in your own words.
2. The well-known concept of “ubuntu” exists in South Africa. How would you explain it to someone who has not heard of it before?
3. We have also heard the expression "kamala(h)" from a friend in the Bo-Kiap. Do you know what it means?
4. Do the above-mentioned concepts have anything in common? Discuss this briefly in your groups.
Now read on
We have established that people influence one another and that there is interaction between people and the environment.
What is the difference between the natural environment and the manmade environment? The city is an example of a manmade environment and a natural forest with its animals is part of the natural environment.
Answer the following:
5. Consider the following carefully. Provide examples from the natural environment where you live or go to school (is a park natural or manmade?). Explain why you might regard an area as natural.
Read further
People primarily live in a manmade environment. Although there are people who live in untouched forests, people hardly ever live altogether on their own in nature. Those that do so are hermits.
Learning outcomes (LOs)
LO 1
Promotion of Health The learner is able to make informed decisions concerning personal, community and environmental health.
Assessment standards (ASs)
We know this when the learner:
1.1 plans an action in which laws and/or policies for protecting environmental health are applied to address an environmental health issue;
1.2 critically analyses the causes of common diseases in relation to socio-economic and environmental factors;
1.4 indicates that he/she is able to take responsible and informed decisions on personal and environmental safety; and;1.5 examines a health and safety issue related to violence, and proposes alternatives to violence as well as counter-strategies.
LO 2
Social Development The learner is able to demonstrate an understanding of and commitment to constitutional rights and responsibilities, and to show an understanding of diverse cultures and religions.
We know this when the learner:
2.1 discusses the violation of human rights and plans counter strategies;
2.2 explains how democratic processes can be employed to deal with local problems;
2.3 discusses how he / she would promote nation building in different contexts;
2.4 critically evaluates changes in cultural norms and values in terms of personal and community issues; and
2.5 is able to discuss the contributions made to social development by organisations from within different religions.
LO 5
Orientation with Regard to the World of Work The learner will be able to make informed decisions about further study and career choices.
We know this when the learner:
5.1 identifies and discusses career and study choices and their corresponding requirements;5.2 investigates career and study opportunities related to own interests and abilities.
Questions & Answers
what's economic development and growth
Popoola Reply
what do you understand by Ceteris Paribus?
Gabriel Reply
explain the uses of microeconomics
Nikita Reply
uses of microeconomics
Adam Smith's definition of economics
Sylvia Reply
what is economic deficit
this is a situation whereby a nation's outcome or available resources are not enough to the people thereby causing scarcity
prices of Quality demanded is equal to Quality supplied
it's quantity demand and quantity supplied that's called equilibrium
they deal With prices
define the elasticity
explain different types of elasticity
oops 😬 you are right you talk about quality I tell about quantity
elasticity is the measurement of the percentage change of one economic variable in response to a change in another
Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)
anything else?
I need to know everything about theory of consumer behavior
How does one analyze a market where both demand and supply shift?
Gabriel Reply
That's equilibrium market
but an equlibrum can appear twice on the same market... both in Movement along the Demand/supply curve of shift in the Curve
I Mean on the same curve..
how can consumer surplus be calculated
How can we analyze the effect on demand or supply if multiple factors are changing at the same time—say price rises and income falls?
Gabriel Reply
because of fall of income, less will be demanded and much will be supply as a result of price rises. Rise in price always motivate new supplier to enter into the system. But it only possible in the short run
yeah.. I think Ceteris Paribus is applied in this case
that is the law of Demand is Inversely related to the law of Supply... so that mean a positive change in demand may produce a negative return to supply I think.
what are the difference between Wants and Needs
Gabriel Reply
When the price is above the equilibrium, explain how market forces move the market price to equilibrium. Do the same when the price is below the equilibrium.
economic problems
yeah please Explain
I don't know this is my question
no it was a mistake...😂😂 can you explain how Wants and needs differs 😌
wants is what human desire but might not need them, human want are mostly articles of ostentatious while need is what human must get to live e.g inferior goods
what's equilibrium price
equilibrium prices is a situation whereby the price of goods supplied equates to the demand
this whereby the prices of quality demanded is equivalent to quality demanded
wants are numerous desire man that man can do without if not purchased e.g. cosmetic while need are desires that you cannot do without e.g. food
equilibrium price is that level of output were quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied
what are the importance of studying economics
Bherla Reply
To know if the country is growing or not through the country's GDP
to manage our resources
compare base years GDP and the current years GDP
To tell whether a country is growing there are many factors to be considered not necessarily only the GDP due to weaknesses of GDP approach
What is the law of demand
Yaw Reply
price increase demand decrease...price decrease demand increase
how is the economy of usa now
What is demand
jude Reply
Okay congratulations I'll join you guys later .
demand is the quantity and quality of goods and services a consumer is willingly and able to purchase at a particular price over a given period of time.
calculate elasticity of income exercises
Susan Reply
cause of poverty in urban
DAVY Reply
Falak Reply
Beverly Reply
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Source: OpenStax, Life orientation grade 8. OpenStax CNX. Sep 12, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11048/1.1
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To Honor and Obey
Origins of the Controversial Christian Marriage Vow
Jasmin Awad/Getty Images
Often included in traditional wedding vows, the portion that requires women to “obey” their husbands is rooted in centuries-old Christian beliefs and social rules. As women gained greater freedoms, the subservient word has become a controversial topic. Although few couples opt to include "obey" in their binding vows, some view the word as an important part of the marital relationship.
Roman Origins
Historians note that the original wording that required women to obey their husbands likely originated among the ancient Romans, who viewed females as the property of first their fathers than their husbands. As the seat of Christianity, this social rule traveled from Rome to other regions of Europe, maintaining its status quo from the Middles Ages until the women's suffragist movement.
Biblical Origins
The most commonly cited reason for including the word obey in the wedding vows comes from Ephesians 5:21-24: "Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ. Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything."
Religious Origins
Despite common misconceptions, the word obey does not appear in Catholic wedding vows. The word was introduced by the Church of England in 1549 when it released its first Book of Common Prayer. The Reformed Catholic Church required grooms to promise to "love, cherish and worship" and brides to pledge to "love, cherish and obey.”
The women’s suffragist movement achieved sweeping changes, including encouraging the Church of England to offer an alternative to the biased vow in 1928. An updated yet unauthorized version of the Book of Common Prayer suggested that the bride and groom could recite the original vows or both promise to simply “love and cherish” each other. The word was dropped from Episcopal marriage ceremonies six years earlier.
The word once again came under scrutiny in the U.S. during the 1960s, when it virtually vanished from American Christian ceremonies
Modern Interpretations of Obey
Through a historical lens, the promise to obey a husband carries negative connotations. The majority of modern women continue to interpret the meaning of the word as submission of free will. However, some Christian women are embracing the wording once again, viewing the vow as a pledge to respect the wishes of their husbands. It is not a sign of weakness but rather an unwavering declaration of trust and unconditional support in the man's role as head of the household.
Since this is a precious gift, husbands must approach this vow with pure intentions, careful of only standing firm on things that deeply matter and only after seriously considering his wife’s opinion. The above quoted Ephesians passage goes on to list the many responsibilities husbands have to their wives (5:25-33). When he takes his responsibility as leader seriously, brides argue, then promising to obey becomes an easy choice.
Some brides choose to interpret obey as meaning to uphold the values of the vows and to respect the relationship. Other couples opt to degender the traditional vow by both promising to obey. This option reflects the equality expected in the relationship, the mutual responsibility the bride and groom both have to protect, cherish and love each other.
Numerous brides have reported online, including Ayanna Black her blog, "Should Obey Be In Your Marriage Vows?" that the first time they heard the vow was at the altar. Most Christian churches provide alternatives for the wedding vows, so it is crucial that couples carefully consider the meaning behind the words before making the promise. |
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Young Earth Evidence 8: Short-Term Comets
A comet spends most of its time far from the sun in the deep freeze of space. But once each orbit a comet comes very close to the sun, allowing the sun’s heat to evaporate much of the comet’s ice and dislodge dust to form a beautiful tail. Comets have little mass, so each close pass to the sun greatly reduces a comet’s size, and eventually comets fade away. They can’t survive billions of years.
Two other mechanisms can destroy comets—ejections from the solar system and collisions with planets. Ejections happen as comets pass too close to the large planets, particularly Jupiter, and the planets’ gravity kicks them out of the solar system. While ejections have been observed many times, the first observed collision was in 1994, when Comet Shoemaker-Levi IX slammed into Jupiter.
You can finish reading this short, layman's-level article at "Short-Lived Comets". If, however, you want "lengthy" and "technical", you can read "Comets and the Age of the Solar System".
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Captain Swing is an enjoyable collaboration bet
Captain Swing is an enjoyable collaboration between E. J. Hobsbawm and George Rude that depicts the social history of the English agricultural wage-laborers uprising of 1830. According to Hobsbawm and Rude, historiography of the laborers rising of 1830 is negligible. Most of what is known by the general public comes from J. L. And Barbara Hammonds The Village Laborer published in 1911. They consider this an exceedingly valuable work, but state that the Hammonds oversimplified events in order to dramatize them. They placed too much emphasis on enclosure, oversimplified both the nature and prevalence of the Speenhamland System of poor relief, and neglected the range and scope of the uprising. Hobsbawm and Rude do not claim to present any new data, and believe that the Hammonds will still be read for enjoyment, but believe that by asking different questions, they can shed new light on the social history of the movement. Therefore, this book tries to describe and analyze the most impressive episode in the English farm-labourers long and doomed struggle against poverty and degradation. In the nineteenth century, England had no peasantry to speak of in the sense that other nations did. Where families who owned or occupied their own small plot of land and cultivated it themselves, apart from work on their lords farms, farmed most of Europe, Englands peasants were agricultural wage-laborers. As such, both tithes and taxes hit them hard. Lords and farmers were also against tithes and taxes and tolerated or even welcomed some outcry against them. Most county leaders in 1830 agreed with the laborers, but the government in London did not. Further, enclosure eliminated the common lands whose use had helped the very poor to live. As a result, the relationship between farmers and laborers changed to a purely market relationship between employer and proletarian. At the same time, work once do…
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Metal Halide Lamps
Definition: gas discharge lamps containing metal halides
More general terms: metal vapor lamps, gas discharge lamps
German: Halogen-Metalldampflampen
Category: non-laser light sources
How to cite the article; suggest additional literature
Metal halide lamps are high pressure arc lamps (continuous-wave gas discharge lamps) where some metal halides are used in addition to a gas filling of typically argon or xenon. One may mix a broad range of metals, and the used halogens are bromine or iodine. They can be considered as improved types of mercury vapor lamps.
Operation Principle of Metal Halide Lamps
The basic operation principle of a metal halide lamp is that of a gas discharge lamp. Due to an electric discharge, one generates a plasma, which emits light in the form of spontaneous emission after excitation of atoms or ions, e.g. by electron bombardment. There can also be a significant amount of thermal radiation.
The plasma also contains a metal vapor, which is formed by evaporation and dissociation of the added metal halides due to the high temperature of the arc. The metal atoms or ions bring specific contributions to the obtained optical spectrum and can also substantially increase the luminous efficacy and thus the energy efficiency of the lamp. Further, the used metals have an influence on the lamp impedance; alkali metals like sodium or potassium are normally used for keeping that impedance low enough.
The halogen atoms contribute little to the light emission. Their function is essentially to enable the complete evaporation of the metals and to keep the lamp envelope clear (somewhat similar as in a halogen lamp). If one would only add the metals, they would get deposited on the lamp envelope and could no more be evaporated, because the temperature of the glass could not be high enough for that. The halogens can chemically react with the metal at lower temperatures, which the glass can withstand, and thus bring them back to work in the discharge.
The plasma pressure is typically at least several atmospheres, and sometimes even several tens of atmospheres. That leads to a high power density, and implies that the arc can be relatively short. These are the characteristics of high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
The glass envelope needs to be operated at a sufficiently high temperature. To facilitate that, particularly for low-power models one often uses an inner envelope containing the gas and metal halides, which is surrounded by an outer envelope providing some amount of thermal insulation. The outer envelope may have additional functions, such as protecting the inner envelope, and possibly filtering out ultraviolet light by absorption. For the latter purpose, the envelope glass may be doped with some UV-absorbing species. The inner lamp envelope is usually made of fused silica, being very resistant to high temperatures, and in some cases of transparent ceramics (typically aluminum oxide).
A suitable mixture of metals can be used to obtain the desired shape of the optical spectrum of the emitted light. In many cases, one desires to have broadband white light emission with a certain color temperature and a high color rendering index; in other cases, one aims at the emission of colored light, e.g. of red, orange, green or blue light. For example, lithium, potassium and rubidium contribute red light, sodium orange light, thallium green light and indium blue light.
A noble gas – normally argon or xenon – is particularly important in the startup phase, where the metal halides do not yet substantially contribute to the plasma pressure.
Metal halide lamps can be made only as arc lamps, not as flash lamps, because the evaporation of the metal halide takes some time.
Characteristics of the Light Output
The light generated by a metal halide lamp generally has the following characteristics:
• It can have a high luminous flux. For example, a 100-watt lamp may produce an output of the order of 10,000 lumen.
• The luminous efficacy of white light lamps can be comparatively high – typically around 80 to 100 lm/W, sometimes more. The same time, the color rendering index can be very high, making those lamps suitable for applications where that aspect is critical (e.g. producing videos).
• The light is generated in a relatively small volume, which together with the high radiant flux leads to a high radiance (e.g. compared with a long-arc lamp). Therefore, it can be reasonably well sent to a certain direction (e.g. in a searchlight) or focused, although by far not as well as for a laser source.
UV Emission
A significant part of the emitted light is in the ultraviolet region. That the may be harmful not only to persons, but also lead to degradation e.g. of nearby plastic materials.
Where UV emission is unwanted, it can be filtered out, e.g. by using a lamp envelope made of doped UV-absorbing glass or with an additional protection glass.
Mercury Content
Metal halide lamps often also contain a significant amount of mercury, which constitutes a health and environmental hazard. Ideally, a lamp will be properly disposed after end of its life, i.e., its envelope is broken in a facility where the escaping mercury is contained. However, some of those lamps break or explode during operation, often releasing the mercury vapor next to persons, and even if the lamp envelope remains intact, proper disposal is unfortunately not always guaranteed.
Therefore, manufacturers are more and more trying to at least minimize the mercury content; government regulations also more and more enforce such developments. Mercury minimization or elimination is particularly important for consumer lamps (e.g. for home video beamers), where the risk of inappropriate disposal due to a lack of knowledge is higher than in commercial applications. Automotive xenon headlamps, which are actually also metal halide lamps, can nowadays be completely mercury-free. Compared with many other metal halide lamps, they use only a small amount of halides (used mainly for lowering the color temperature) and generate more light from xenon.
Of course, mercury is not the only problematic material which may be used in a metal halide lamp; for example, thallium is also quite poisonous, but at least does not have such a high vapor pressure, leading to increased inhalation.
Startup Behavior
After switching on a metal halide lamp, it needs some warm-up time (typically few minutes) until the full luminous flux and the final color temperature are achieved. Directly after triggering the gas discharge, most of the metal halides is not yet in the gas (or plasma) phase; they need to be evaporated and associated by the high temperature of the arc, which initially occurs mainly in the noble gas (argon or xenon). The mercury, having a relatively low boiling point, evaporates first, followed by the other constituents. The plasma pressure rises significantly during the warm-up time. Due to the evolving lamp pressure and chemical composition, the color tone can change substantially during the startup phase.
Many such lamps need some significant cool-down time after being switched off before they can be started again. This is because the trigger voltage is substantially higher when the pressure in the hot lamp is high. That behavior can be a problem in some applications, for example for automotive headlamps, but can be avoided or mitigated with design optimizations and suitable trigger circuits.
Lamp Power Supply
As for various other types of gas discharge lamps, for a metal halide lamps one requires a special lamp power supply, providing a well stabilized DC current and the required triggering features. Alternatively, one may apply a high-frequency AC current, often with a rectangular voltage profile to avoid any interruptions of the discharge.
Modern power supplies, based on high frequency switching electronics, can provide accurate current stabilization with low noise and optimized startup operation. That can contribute to a long lamp lifetime. They can also work with minimum power losses, thus allowing for an effective high luminous efficacy. Further, they can be substantially more compact than old-style solutions, involving large transformers and inductors.
Lamp Lifetime; End of Life
In some relatively rare cases, the lamp life ends with an explosion of the lamp envelope, which may become brittle due to the harsh operation conditions, so that it can no longer withstand the high internal pressure. In other cases, the voltage for maintaining the arc becomes too high. That frequently leads to a cycling behavior: the lamp would initially start, but soon stops operating when the gas pressure gets too high. Rather than trying to start the lamp again and again, the power supply should “give up” after a few attempts.
As explained above, such lamps should be properly disposed, at least if they contain mercury or other poisonous metals – which should be assumed in case of doubt. Also, they should be handled with care, avoiding to break them, which would allow mercury to escape.
Under good conditions (infrequent switching, high-quality power supply, proper mounting without much mechanical stress, etc.), some high-quality lamps can reach quite long lifetimes of the order of 10,000 hours. However, much shorter lifetimes of e.g. only a few hundred hours are achieved for lamps which are optimized for particularly high power densities.
Applications of Metal Halide Lamps
Due to the like characteristics as explained above, metal halide lamps are suitable for the following types of applications:
• They are widely used for high-power lighting (illumination), e.g. in sports arenas, theaters, parking spaces and for indoor plant growth. Here, the high luminous efficacy and the comparatively long lifetime are important.
• The high brightness and high color rendering index makes these lamps also quite suitable for color-critical applications like the illumination of arts and the generation of videos.
• Colored versions may be used in theaters, TV shows etc.
• Due to the small emitting volume, these lamps are suitable for generating directed light, e.g. for searchlights and for projection displays. They are widely used in cinema projectors, where they are often operated with many kilowatts of electrical power, but also in small home video beamers.
• Some high-value cars have “xenon lamps”, which are actually metal halide lamps (nowadays usually mercury-free). Such automotive headlamps offer superior road illumination, but also unfortunately to increase glaring effects for other drivers.
The RP Photonics Buyer's Guide contains 6 suppliers for metal halide lamps.
Questions and Comments from Users
Does the ballast get stressed if there is no lamp or dead lamp inside ? The reason I'm asking is that we have one where the protective cover is broken, the lamp is gone and we don't want to run it without that cover in case a lamp shatters (and UV protection??). I don't see a separate switch on the ballast, and it's hard wired to the bank of lights.
Answer from the author:
If I understood you correctly, you want to operate your bank of lamps, hoping that the ballast of the broken one will not be damaged. I think that should be okay if the broken lamp is removed, or if it does not have a short circuit. There should then be no current flowing through the ballast.
Your question or comment:
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With the increasingly alarming rate at which coronavirus has been led to over 4,000 deaths recorded globally by international agencies, one wonders what impact this has on education and more importantly, what universities can do to lessen the impact of COVID-19 on education.
We’re happy to share some ideas on ways universities/colleges can douse fears and handle the situation the best way possible.
1. Make the admissions process flexible
Under the circumstances, some students will decide to change their study abroad plans while others opt for deferring their entry. For this reason, universities will need to take this into consideration and be more flexible than before.
2. Classes should become virtual
Lectures need to go on despite the pandemic. The best way to do that under the circumstances is to make the classes virtual.
3. Universities should reveal proactive measures taken
Some international students are brave enough to still want to study abroad in affected countries. Schools can help douse fears by revealing what measures they’ve taken to ensure students would not get exposed to the virus.
4. Emphasize on preventive measures
Offering advice on preventive measures for students like vigorous hand washing, mouth cover when sneezing or coughing, etc. is helpful. Maintaining personal hygiene is key.
5. Leverage the learning opportunities
Similarly, colleges can make this a learning opportunity for students. This can be done by creating short documentaries, skits, online classes, etc. The goal is to help students learn more about COVID-19, preventive measures as well as what to do if exposed.
6. Let students know that they are not alone in this
Another way universities can mitigate the COVID-19 impact on international education is by respecting international travel restrictions. Also, special counselling services and hotlines to report possible cases of discrimination should be provided. This way, students will know they’re not alone in this.
Considering the devastating ripple effects of coronavirus across the globe, all hands must be on deck. All stakeholders must be at the forefront making concerted efforts including universities to mitigate the COVID-19 impact on education. Join the fight, do the bit you can.
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Understanding the definition Hardware, What is software, and a definition of Device Driver
In this article, I’ll explain three computer terms, as so many computer terms, do not understand very well with people. And in many cases, are not usually understand
Of course, as always, remember it is not a criticism -. If you do not understand this computer terms before this, it’s just because it was never explained to you properly before.
Let’s see what I can do to fix it.
First off, let me explain the difference between “hardware” and “software”, and just what the terms mean
It’s actually very simple -. “hardware” refers to all the physical pieces of equipment, such as the mouse, the computer’s screen (or screens), the hard drive, etc
“Software” is all parts of the computer that you can not actually see or touch. Software would include things like Microsoft Word, email program, Windows or Mac OS, as well as all the personal files such as letters, photos, music and more
One way to think about it is like .: mechanism is like the brain , the physical part of the body, but the software is like your mind or thoughts -. the non-physical part of you
Software runs on hardware, just as thoughts than your thoughts “run” the brain.
make sense? Now let’s talk specifically about one type of software :. Device driver
What is a device driver? Here’s an easy way to think about what a device driver is.
Imagine that every piece of hardware, including printers, mouse, and so on, speak a different language.
So one speaks French, one speaks Italian, another Cantonese etc.
So when you plug in a new printer and turns it on, the computer says “hi” and the printer answers in a foreign language computer does not understand.
So need an interpreter.
And when I say that outline, I mean just like in the real world, as if a foreign diplomat arrives in the country and not speak the language. They need an interpreter to help them communicate with the local
There, fundamentally speaking, it is a drive -. Interpreter that helps computers talk to a specific piece of equipment. And (generally) you need another interpreter for each piece of equipment that you hook up to your computer.
make sense?
Now, in some cases, the driver may be “content” on your computer (in other words, the computer has already interpreter ready and waiting if it is needed), and in other cases, it must be either insert a CD, or downloaded from the Internet, and then installed on the computer.
But either way, the computer needs a driver before it can talk to a printer, or any other type of device you might have hooked up to the computer.
Hope that makes sense.
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Article Id: WHEBN0000036656
Reproduction Date:
Title: County
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Cardiff, Administrative division, Shire, Local government area, Heerlijkheid
Collection: Administrative Divisions, Counties, Types of Country Subdivisions
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes[1] in certain modern nations. Its etymology derives from the Old French term, conté or cunté and could denote a jurisdiction in mainland Europe, under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount.[2] The modern French is comté, and its equivalents in other languages are contea, contado, comtat, condado, Grafschaft, Gau, etc. (cf. conte, comte, conde, Graf).
When the Normans conquered England, they brought the term with them. The Saxons had already established the districts that became the historic counties of England, calling them shires[3] (many county names derive from the name of the county town with the word "shire" added on: for example, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire).[4] The Vikings introduced the term earl (from Old Norse, jarl) to the British Isles. Thus, "earl" and "earldom" were taken as equivalent to the continental use of "count" and "county". So the later-imported term became a synonym for the native English word scir ([ʃiːr]) or, in Modern English, shire. Since a shire was an administrative division of the kingdom, the term "county" evolved to designate an administrative division of national government in most modern uses.
A county may be further subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations. Depending on the nation, municipalities may or may not be subject to direct or indirect county control.
Outside English-speaking countries, an equivalent of the term "county" is often used to describe sub-national jurisdictions that are structurally equivalent to counties in the relationship they have with their national government; but which may not be administratively equivalent to counties in predominantly English-speaking countries.
• Argentina 1
• Australia 2
• Canada 3
• China 4
• Denmark 5
• France 6
• Germany 7
• Hungary 8
• Iran 9
• Ireland 10
• Italy 11
• Korea 12
• Liberia 13
• Lithuania 14
• New Zealand 15
• Norway 16
• Poland 17
• Romania 18
• Sweden 19
• Taiwan 20
• United Kingdom 21
• United States 22
• References 23
• External links 24
In the eastern states of Australia, counties are lands administrative divisions.
Five of the ten Canadian provinces use county as a regional subdivision. These include all four original provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec, and the seventh province, Prince Edward Island. In addition to counties, Ontario is also subdivided into territorial districts, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities, and regional municipalities. In Alberta, the county used to be a type of municipal status; but this was changed to "municipal district" under the Municipal Government Act, when the County Act was repealed in the mid-1990s, at which time they were also permitted to retain the usage of county in their official names.[5]
The counties were first introduced in 1662, replacing the 49 fiefs (len) in Aarhus were separated in 1942. From 1942 to 1970, the number stayed at 22.[6] The number was further decreased by the 1970 Danish municipal reform, leaving 14 counties plus two cities unconnected to the county structure; Copenhagen and Frederiksberg.
For the situation in Germany compare Kreise.
Counties of Iran
The provinces of Iran are further subdivided into counties called shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان shahrestān), an area inside an ostan, and consisting of a city centre, a few bakhsh (Persian: بخش bakhsh), and many villages around them. There are usually a few cities (Persian: شهر shahar) and rural agglomerations (Persian: دهستان dehestān) in each county. Rural agglomerations are a collection of a number of villages. One of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital of the county.
County is the common English translation for the character 군 that denotes the current second level political division in Korea.
New Zealand
During the second half of the 20th century, many counties received overflow population from nearby cities. The result was often a merger of the two into a "district" (e.g. Rotorua) or a change of name to "district' (e.g. Waimairi) or "city" (e.g. Manukau City).
There are currently 14 counties in Taiwan.
United Kingdom
Ceremonial counties of England
United States
The 3,144 counties and county-equivalents of the United States
Counties in U.S. states are administrative divisions of the state in which their boundaries are drawn. 3,144 counties and county equivalents carve up the United States, ranging in quantity from 3 for Delaware to 254 for Texas. Where they exist, they are the intermediate tier of state government, between the statewide tier and the immediately local government tier (typically a city, town or village). Counties have functional purposes in 48 of the 50 states; the other two states (Connecticut and Rhode Island) have abolished their counties as functional entities, and Massachusetts is in the process of doing so. Of these remaining 48 states, 46 use the term "county" while Alaska and Louisiana use the terms "borough" and "parish", respectively, for analogous jurisdictions. While the parochial system in Louisiana is analogous, parishes are by no means counties under another name.
Depending on the individual state, counties or their equivalents may be administratively subdivided into townships, or towns in the New England states, New York, and Wisconsin. Except in New England, where strong government at the town level has historically existed since the area was settled, the township is generally subordinate to the county, which is generally subordinate to the state. Michigan, since 1947, has distinguished between "townships" (not self-governing) and "charter townships" (self-governing). In most states, municipal corporations (i.e. cities, villages or towns) file their reports to the state through the county. In Virginia, however, all cities are independent and report directly to the commonwealth government; but notwithstanding they are not part of the county, they might operate as a county seat (e.g. the Independent City of Fairfax is the seat of Fairfax County, though it is not legally within Fairfax County). California has abolished its townships, though many general law cities continue to use the word "Town" as part of their name (e.g. "Town of Atherton" when it is, legally, the City of Atherton).
New York has a unique system where 57 of its 62 counties are independently-operated administrative divisions of the state, with normal county executive powers; while the remaining five are administrative divisions of the City of New York. These five are each called borough in context of City government – Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island (formerly Richmond); but are still called "county" where state function is involved, e.g., "New York County Courthouse", not "Manhattan". The county names correlate to the borough names as follows: New York County = Manhattan, Bronx County = The Bronx, Queens County = Queens, Kings County = Brooklyn, and Richmond County = Staten Island.
In two states and parts of a third, county government as such does not exist, and county refers to geographic regions or districts. In Connecticut,[8] Rhode Island[9] and parts of Massachusetts[10][11] counties exist only to designate boundaries for such state-level functions as park districts (Connecticut) or judicial offices (Connecticut and Massachusetts). In states where county government is nonexistent or weak (e.g., New Hampshire, Vermont), town government may provide some or all of the local government services.
4. ^ .countyEtymology of the word
5. ^ Province of Alberta. "Transitional Provisions, Consequential Amendments, Repeal and Commencement (Municipal Government Act)". Retrieved 2010-11-17.
7. ^
8. ^ National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Connecticut Counties
9. ^ National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Rhode Island Counties
10. ^ National Association of Counties (U.S.A.): Massachusetts Counties
11. ^ Massachusetts League of Women Voters: Massachusetts Government: County Government
External links
• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
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This article is from WeChat official account: intellectual things (ID: zhidxcom) , Author: letter instrument, editor: desert shadow, the original title: “A Historic Day in China’s Aerospace! The successful launch of Chang’e 5, 44 years later, mankind will go to the moon to “dig earth””, the title picture comes from: Visual China
November 24 news from Zhidongzhi, just now, at 4:30:21:806 Beijing time, my country’s “Long March 5” rocket carrying the “Chang’e 5” lunar probe was successfully launched at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in my country. Kong, this is the first step for “Chang’e 5” to return to the mission from the moon for the first time!
3! 2! 1! ignition! An exciting moment!
Long March 5 launches into the sky Source: CCTV News Live
This time “Chang’e” is more than just going around the moon, exploring the path and taking some photos back. This time, what she has to do is to “dig earth” on the moon and take the soil on the moon Brought back to China with Rock and Rock can be called the unmanned version of “Apollo Moon Landing.”
The United States and the Soviet Union brought back soil samples from the Moon through manned spacecraft and lunar probes in the 1960s and 1970s, but from the Soviet Union’s Lunar 24 probe on August 18, 1976 Since the last lunar sample collection, humans have not updated the lunar soil samples for 44 years, and today China is finally collecting lunar soil!
Lunar soil samples brought back from Apollo 15
Ouyang Ziyuan, the chief scientist of China’s lunar exploration project and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who is known as the “Father of Chang’e”, said that “Chang’e 5” will achieve four major first breakthroughs in my country:
1. Automatic sampling on the surface of the moon for the first time;
2. First take off from the moon;
3. The first unmanned rendezvous and docking on the lunar orbit 380,000 kilometers away;
4. For the first time, the lunar soil was brought close to the second cosmic speed (If air resistance is not included, its value is 11.2km/s, which is the first √2 times the speed of the universe) return to Earth.
China’s lunar exploration program, the Chang’e project, was officially launched in 2004. The Chang’e project is divided into three stages: “unmanned lunar exploration, manned landing on the moon, and establishment of a lunar base”. At present, our country is still in the stage of “unmanned lunar exploration”, which is divided into three steps of “orbiting, falling, and returning”.
Currently, the missions from “Chang’e-1” to “Chang’e-4” have successfully completed the first two steps of “circumnavigation and landing”. If the mission of “Chang’e-5” is successful, the third step of the lunar exploration project will be realized. Strategic objectives.
It is said that the mission to be completed by “Chang’e-5” is known as one of the most complicated space missions in my country so far. What is the complexity of this mission? What tasks have the previous “Chang’e” probes accomplished? If this “digging” task is completed, what meaning will it have for our country and the human beings on earth? Today, let us follow the article to explore.
Ten years of grinding a “tool”
Since 6 o’clock last night, Zhizi has been watching the launch of “Chang’e-5” in front of the screen.exhibition. As the lights around the tower are getting brighter, we know that this means that the time to launch is getting closer…
Tonight’s moon looks slightly red to the naked eye. I don’t know if the moon rabbit has red eyes and is welcoming the arrival of “Chang’e 5.”
At 4:30, the rocket ignited and launched, and the dazzling red light illuminated the night! We can see the plume from the rocket engine.
Long March 5 launches into the sky Source: CCTV News Live
As the flame gradually changed from red to golden yellow and then to blueish visually, the booster separated at 4:33.
Booster separation Source: CCTV News is live
At 4:36, the fairing separated, and Chang’e-5 revealed its true face.
Cut separation source: CCTV News is live
At 4:39, the first and second rockets separated.
At 4:43, the Rockets shut down at the second stage.
At 5:05, the Rockets shut down for the second time.
At 5:06, the main engine shut down.
At 5:07, the posture adjustment is over and the devices are separated, which means that Chang’e-5 has begun to work autonomously in space.
The posture adjustment is over, the device is separated Source: CCTV News is live
The burst of this moment, and the half-hour holding your breath, are behind the hard work of countless people day and night.
On November 17, 2020, one week before launch, the Long March 5 Yaowu carrier rocket and the “Chang’e-5” probe completed the technical zone assembly test at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in China and were vertically transferred to the launch zone. 101 launch station, prepare for launch, and wait for the window period to appear.
Long March No. 5 RemoteFive carrier rockets are transported vertically to the launch area. Source: Xinhua News Agency
For the question of why we choose to launch in the early morning, Qian Hang, a PhD from the General Design Department of the First Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, said: First of all, launching in the early morning is most conducive to the design of the rocket’s orbit to the moon; the second is to reduce solar activity. The impact of “Chang’e 5”; third, there are fewer clouds in the sky at night, which is conducive to signal propagation; fourth, the overall environmental brightness is low in the early morning, which is convenient for observation.
The “Long March 5” rocket is already an old friend of China’s aerospace. From December last year to this year, our “Fat 5”-“Long March 5” series of carrier rockets were completed within one year The four-engine flight mission is unprecedented.
The total length of “Fat Five” is 56.97 meters, the take-off weight is 863 tons, and the diameter of the rocket is 5 meters. It will be bundled with 4 boosters. The “Chang’e Five” probe is seated in the fairing of “Fat Five” before launch. in.
The staff said that the “Long March V” relies on liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen fuel, which can achieve non-toxic and pollution-free launch.
According to CCTV news, due to the constant changes in the positional relationship between the earth and the moon, the “Chang’e 5” mission has only three days, two days in November, one day in December, and 50 minutes a day.
Therefore, the “Long March V” launches the “Chang’e V” with the “narrow window and multi-orbit” scheme this time, that is, each trajectory covers a 10-minute window, and 5 trajectories can achieve a 50-minute window.
“Narrow window multi-orbit” is an important measure to improve launch probability and launch reliability. Even if there is an abnormality in a certain period before the launch, the emergency response will be delayed for a few minutes, and there can be a launch opportunity. The same technology was also used in the launch of “One”.
Let’s talk about the top priority of our mission-the “Chang’e-5” probe.
The “Chang’e-5” probe is the first in China developed by the Chinese Academy of Space Technology(The Fifth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Group) The spacecraft that implements unmanned lunar surface sampling and return has a total weight of 8.2 tons and consists of four parts: an orbiter, a returner, a lander, and an ascender, and 15 subsystems.
“Chang’e No. 5” structure diagram Source: People’s Daily Client
Be aware that “Chang’e-1” and “Chang’e-2” only have one orbiter, and “Chang’e-3” and “Chang’e-4” also have only one lander and one patrol vehicle. Compared with this, the equipment of “Chang’e 5” can be regarded as the current “Chang’e world top equipment.”
From 2013 to the initial sample development stage, to the launch of the Pathfinder in 2014, my country’s layout and efforts for the “Chang’e 5” lunar exploration mission have been far more than ten years.
Disassembly of several key difficulties in the “Chang’e-5” mission
The “unmanned lunar exploration” phase of China’s lunar exploration project is divided into three steps: “orbiting, falling, and returning”. The current orbiting and landing missions have been successfully completed in the excellent performance of the previous months.
“Go around, fall, and return” in three steps
According to the plan for the third phase of the lunar exploration, the “Chang’e 5” will realize the mission of sampling the moon and returning to the earth, bringing back the first soil on the moon for our country. This mission is also called “the most complicated space mission in my country so far.”
Why is this task the most complicated?
Last year, Ouyang Ziyuan, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, introduced the “Chang’e 5″During the mission process and key nodes, he said: “We are going to launch the’Chang’e 5′, soft land on the moon, and then return with samples.”
“The core technologies of’Chang’e 5’currently achieving breakthroughs include: carrier launch, earth-moon transfer, near-moon braking, circumlunar flight, lunar descent, lunar surface sampling, lunar rise, rendezvous and docking, and circumlunar 12 parts of waiting, moon-earth transfer, orbit separation, re-entry and recycling.”
In addition, according to Peng Deyun, the overall chief designer of the “Long March 5” mission model team, the flight mission totaled 23 days, with 23 major orbital controls, 6 major separation controls, as well as power drop and monthly Face-to-face takeoff, rendezvous and docking and other related historical projects with relatively high risks. The team conducted several drills before the official launch of the rocket to ensure the smooth progress of the mission.
According to our collation, “Chang’e 5” must undergo at least the following difficult actions from launch to recovery:
Launch → Orbiter and lander solar wing deployment → Earth-moon transfer → Near-moon braking → Circumlunar flight → Orbiter and lander separation → Power down → Lunar drilling sampling → Lunar surface sampling → Ascent Take off on the moon surface → orbiter and ascender lunar orbital rendezvous and docking → transfer of lunar samples from ascender to returner → orbiter and ascender separation → enter the earth-moon transfer orbit → lunar-to-earth transfer → orbiter and returner separation → return Reentry into the atmosphere→Returner parachute opened→Returner landed and recovered
From the perspective of mission operations, a lunar exploration flight includes two launches (ground launch and lunar launch) and two landings< span class="text-remarks" label="Remark">(Lunar Landing and Earth Landing), sampling and twice encapsulation(Lunar Landing Encapsulation and Moon Track Encapsulation), one-time rendezvous and docking (month track docking).
1. Difficulties in launching
(1) Ground launch: The difficulty lies in the launch of the “Long March V”.
(2) Lunar surface launch: Compared to ground launch |
A+D magazin | Essay Writing
Essay Writing
0 Autor: - 13/01/2021 - Banery
An essa what to put in a header for an essayy is a short, normally, well-constructed bit of written prose that provides the writer’s primary argument to his readers; however, the meaning of an essay varies, overlapping with that of a novel, a brief story, a paper, and just a pamphlet. The significance of a composition is based upon the author, his audience, and also the character of the topic issue.
Essays are normally categorized into formal and casual. A formal essay was made to give information and insight into the topic matter, but isn’t usually more than 250 words. On the other hand, an informal essay, also known as an exposition, is usually shorter than a formal one.
Essay writing has turned into a way for students to convey their thoughts and opinions. Since college students must present their research and observations, they often select essays to perform this job. Essays also enable students to convey their views in a concise manner; it can help them build on each other’s work and gain additional insights about what they’ve uncovered.
There are different types of essay. A few of the more popular types include:
Essays are also used for academic research papers. This is the reason academic essay writing is highly considered, along with the quality and issue of this newspaper are often the main deciding factor when selecting to write one. When there are various sorts of essays to select from, the most prestigious one of them is the thesis, which is a special type of dissertation based on the author’s work.
There are several types of formats and styles of documents. It’s advisable to choose one based on the topic of the research paper that the writer plans to compose.
Essay illustrations are seen in textbooks, on novels, or in websites that offer essay writing solutions. These examples may be helpful for a student to comprehend how he should format his composition to make it unique and attractive to viewers. The first thing to do is to choose what the principal point of this essay should be, then make an outline of its structure so that the author can compose it step by step.
In writing an essay, the major topic has to be understood first before one starts operating on the remaining portion of the document. Afterward, one could write the main point, then the main body of this article, the end, and the conclusion, all from the sequence they were composed in.
There are lots of different essay styles, and writers are encouraged to use as many as possible in their own research papers. But, in the paper there are some rules to follow, such as the style guide for academic writing. The main rules include writing in chronological order, with all proper punctuation, spelling mistakes, and after logical paragraphs and sentences. The article should also be easy to read, especially for first-time writers who may want to learn how to write academic essays. |
Slavery Continued with New Justification
convict leasing
This is a photograph from an exhibit presented at the African American Cultural Center at the University of Illinois. The exhibition is titled Black/Inside. The purpose of this exhibit was to take people through the history of incarceration and black men.When I first came across this photo, I saw shock, pain, hurt, frustration, and confusion on this man’s face. This picture, to me, represents to horrors and confusion that came after the so called emancipation of Black slaves in the United States. This photograph is of a Black prisoner who was sold into convict leasing. Convict leasing is when state officials would sell the labor of an African American prisoner to a contractor in exchange for revenue (Pollard, “Slavery by another name”) . The private contractor would then gain full custody and have total control over the prisoner. Once Blacks were in the system,they could spend their entire life there.Sound familiar?
After the Civil War, the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were passed to establish equality amongst newly freed slaves and every other United States citizen, but that didn’t exactly take place. Slavery continued but under a different name and justification ( Bowers). The 13th Amendment states “ “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (Amendment 13).” Under the 13th Amendment, slavery is legal as a punishment for someone who is convicted of a crime.
After slavery there was growing animosity and attacks on Blacks from White Southerners. In an attempt to keep Black Americans from advancing by using their new found freedom, states came up with many laws that punished petty crimes and offenses that were not seen as crimes before the Civil War. Immediately after the Civil War, black codes were enacted in Southern States. Under black codes, Blacks were not allowed to testify against whites and they had limited access to the courts (Pollard, “Slavery by another name”) . After black codes were repealed in 1866, Southern states made a whole host of laws intended to keep Black people down. Pig Laws were created and they unfairly targeted poor African Americans for stealing small farm animals. Misdemeanors and trivial offenses were treated as felonies..
The question that many people might have right now is, well aren’t these punishments going to pertain to every Southerner? Short answer is no. During slavery, Blacks were punished by their owners and whites were punished by the courts. After slavery only 10% of the people arrested were white. Douglas A. Blackmon author of, Slavery By Another Name: The Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, recalls going on a research trip to a small courthouse in Alabama, looking for arrest records from the 1890s- 1900 and he found a reference to an African American boy who had been charged with a very minor crime and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor. Mr. Blackmon, looked at the very next page to see another record about two white boys, about the same age as the African American boy, who had committed a more serious crime,but they had the much shorter sentence of about 6 months of doing small farm work.
It is safe to say that some of these “convicts” in this convict leasing system, weren’t even convicts. African Americans were targeted mainly because of the exaggeration of African American crime. Some of these African American men were arrested for trivial things like walking on the side of the railroad; which was made illegal in the south. Men, like the man in the picture, had to work in some of the most dangerous working conditions imaginable. Convicts would drink dirty water, were whipped, chained, and mentally abused. These punishments sound a lot like the ones that were used during slavery. Convict leasing was a way of keep the free labor that was provided to many whites during slavery and for African Americans it represented false promises and broken dreams.
Many of us in the United States, myself included, were taught that slavery ended after the thirteenth amendment was passed by congress on January 31, 1865 and ratified on December 6, 1865. I was taught that African Americans were hard working and after slavery they made organizations and they came together as a people to advance with the help of the government.This is not entirely false, but it is not entirely true either. It wasn’t until I took African American Studies 101, that I learned about the struggles and the many setbacks that African Americans faced after slavery. Everything that I have been told or that I have read did mention that African Americans were not treated fairly, but those mentions were always drowned out by the emphasis on African American resistance.
To me the picture of this man represents the history that I have not been taught and it represents the hopes and dreams that have been viciously robbed of African Americans after “emancipation.” When I first saw this photo I thought of what might be going through this man’s mind. He could be thinking of the men in his family who have fought for the freedom of African Americans, the hopes that his parents or grandparents had for him after slavery, or he could be trying to figure out how this could have happened.
I believe this photograph tells the story of African American life after slavery. A life that was filled with discrimination, injustice, and suffering that is sometimes neglected by scholars and the general public.
Work Cited
N.d. Black/Inside Exhibition, n.p.
“Prison Culture » Black/Inside: Curating An Exhibition about Captivity & Confinement #2.” Prison Culture RSS. N.p., 25 Apr. 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
Bowers, Devon Douglas. “Slavery By Another Name: The Convict Lease System I The Hampton Institute.” Slavery By Another Name: The Convict Lease System I The Hampton Institute. N.p., 30 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. <>.
Slavery by Another Name. Dir. Sam Pollard. PBS Distribution, 2012. Film.
The Constitution of the United States, Amendment 13
One thought on “Slavery Continued with New Justification
1. The choice of word in the title is great. A new justification, convict leasing, to slavery is discussed in this blog. This title will interest the general public as the other form of “slavery” has actually continued after slavery ended, which may contradict what most of people learned in high school. You have a very strong feeling towards the photo of a convict that you have spent a paragraph or more to describe this photo and express your feeling. This is great and emotional. However, I would suggest to add another picture from the exhibition; then, you can bring up another story related to the convict leasing system. The photo introduces the discussion, so the visual representation is practical in this blog. I would like to know some statistics of people understanding the truth. You have made claims that the US people were taught in a false way. This topic could be further elaborated and open up a discussion that connected to the present. Citations from the course materials have presented the topic thoroughly, and convict leasing system is a major piece after emancipation in this course. I would suggest to add more facts to support your claims. Those are thoughtful claims, but some quote or research would provide more credits than simply personal assumptions, especially in the last three concluding paragraphs. In general, the blog has presented the convict system and related to your understanding in this course.
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Question: Can Hawaii Have Tsunamis?
Is Hawaii under a tsunami watch?
Hawai’i is under a tsunami watch following a magnitude-7.8 earthquake near the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
The National Weather Service issued the watch at 5:01 p.m., noting a possibility that tsunami waves may result as an after-effect of the earthquake.
A tsunami is not imminent for Hawai’i at this time..
How much money do I need for a week in Hawaii?
What month is the best weather in Hawaii?
Are there snakes in Hawaii 2020?
Hawaii has several species of protected and endangered birds. Hawaii has no native snakes, and it’s illegal to own the animals in the islands.
Can a cruise ship survive a tsunami?
Experts agree that a cruise ship sailing out over a body of water is not likely to feel any impacts from a tsunami’s waves. … “If you’re close to the coastline in shallow water, a tsunami can really toss ships around,” Heaton said.
When should you not go to Hawaii?
Are there crocodiles in Hawaii?
When was the last tsunami in the world?
More than 400 people are reported dead after a tsunami struck western Java and southern Sumatra islands during the evening of Dec. 22, 2018. Indonesia’s geological and weather service says the tsunami was likely caused by undersea landslides in the Sunda Strait following an eruption by the Anak Krakatoa volcano.
Has the US ever had a tsunami?
Is Hawaii in danger of tsunami?
An ocean debris pile, much further inland than expected, testifies to past giant waves from the north. Hawaii officials are busy redrawing their tsunami warning maps, enlarging the danger zone further inland and higher.
Can you swim under a tsunami?
What should I avoid in Hawaii?
What is the safest island in Hawaii?
Which Hawaiian Island is the Safest?Kauai: 2,762.Big Island: 2,955.Oahu: 3,020.Maui: 3,723.
Is Hawaii in danger of sinking?
But that’s an average. For Hawaii, according to the 2017 report, that will mean a 3-foot rise in sea levels by 2100. Such a change would threaten more than 6,000 buildings and 20,000 people with chronic flooding across the five islands.
Has there ever been a tsunami in Hawaii?
On April 1, 1946, a 10-foot wall of water surged onto the Island of Hawai’i after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake near the Aleutian Islands. The tsunami killed over 170 people, did tens of millions of dollars in damage, and is known as the most destructive tsunami in recent Hawaiian history.
Can tsunamis wipe out Hawaii?
How often do tsunamis occur in Hawaii?
In a period of 157 years, a damaging or destructive tsunami struck the Hawaiian Islands on the average of once in every twelve years. Since 1960 no major destructive tsunami has struck the islands from distant earthquakes.
Are there sharks in Hawaii?
There are about forty species of shark in Hawaii, of which eight can be observed near shore, including the reef whitetip, sandbar, scalloped hammerhead and tiger shark, according to the Hawaiian Lifeguard Association. Tiger sharks are the shark species that most often attack humans in Hawaiian waters.
How common are tsunamis in Hawaii?
At least 85 tsunamis have hit the islands since then, including 15 that caused significant damage. Only four originated near Hawaii — most came from the northwest Pacific and near South American coasts.
When was the last time Hawaii was hit by a tsunami?
Scientists say that the tsunami that hit Japan in 2011 was a thousand-year event. A monster wave might strike Hawaii about as often. The most destructive tsunami in Hawaii’s recent history took place in 1946.
What dangerous animals live in Hawaii?
Dangerous Animals in Hawaii: 7 Creatures to Definitely Avoid!Are There Any Poisonous Animals in Hawaii? … The Giant Centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes) … Conus: the Deadly Snail (Conidae)Red Velvet Ant, aka ‘Cow Killer’ (Dasymutilla occidentalis)Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis platurus) … Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus mactans)More items…• |
Why Exercise is Good for the Brain
Most of us can recite the reasons why exercise is good for our bodies. Aerobic exercise strengthens our cardiovascular system and raises our metabolic rates. An elevated metabolism burns more calories which helps us maintain a healthy weight. Load-bearing exercise (a.k.a. “pumping iron”) builds muscles and strengthens bones. And a daily dose of vigorous exercise can help us sleep better at night. In SPARK: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain, Dr. John J. Ratey, MD gives us yet another reason to move. Exercise gets our brains to function at peak efficiency.
ready to learnTwo innovative school districts served as “demonstration plots” for the mind-body connection in active fitness programs. Teachers reported that when students in the Naperville IL or Titusville PA school districts completed a mile run:
• They went to class alert, focused, and ready to learn.
• They were less fidgety, tense, and moody.
• They felt more motivated and invigorated.
• They outperformed peers who did not participate in a fitness regimen.
The last point merits special attention. Naperville’s District 203 students placed among the highest echelons of students academically in the U.S. and abroad. Some dismissed these results given Naperville’s favorable socioeconomic standing (although District 203 compared favorably to schools with comparable demographics). Titusville serves an underprivileged population. Their students went from below average performance statewide to 17% above average in reading and 18% above average in math. Moreover, they experienced a near absence of fist fights. Both districts also reported very low rates of childhood obesity.
For the record, Physical Education (PE) at Naperville and Titusville isn’t the “stand around and wait your turn to bat a ball” kind of fitness. Nor is it a one-size-fits-all program. Kids are encouraged to find an activity they enjoy with the right level of effort to elevate their heart rates to their target zones. If kids like wall climbing, they climb walls (and enjoy their classmates’ cheers and encouragement while doing it). If they’re slow runners but manage to get their heart rates up, they’ll receive praise for working at their own paces.
The other end of the age spectrum also provides “demonstration plots.” Among elderly populations, those who are educated, confident in their ability to effect positive change (a.k.a. “self-efficacious”), and exercised exhibit the least cognition decline.
From this launching pad, Dr. Ratey’s book dives into the neuroscience behind the beneficial impact of exercise. Here’s a high-level summary:
• Exercise elevates neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) responsible for attention, perception, motivation, arousal, and mood.
• Exercise elevates brain derived neurotropic factors (BDNF) that build and maintain brain circuitry. It strengthens our cellular machinery for learning.
• Cells sprouted during exercise increase the attraction between neurons and their likelihood to “spark” (a.k.a., long term potentiation or LTP).
• The most effective form of aerobic exercise calls upon the brain to acquire skills while we move. For example, partner dancing forces the brain to take another person into account. Aerobic classes that change up the patterns of movements also encourage “skill” development.
• The mild stress of exercise activates genes that produce proteins to protect our brain cells against damage and disease.
• The heart muscle secrets ANP during exercise which travels through the blood-brain barrier to create a calming effect. It’s an antidote for anxiety and panic attacks.
• exercise is good for the brainWhile exercise and medication are both effective at treating depression, consistent exercise works better over the long run. In fact, a Duke University study found that every 50-minute installment of weekly exercise reduces the odds of being depressed by 50%.
• Exercise tricks the brain into maintaining itself for survival despite the hormonal cues that it is aging.
Dr. Ratey’s anti-aging prescription for exercise: 60 minutes of aerobic exercise at least 4x per week; strength training at least 2x per week to build strong bones and ward off osteoporosis; and, 30 minutes of flexibility and balance exercise 2x per week. It may seem rather daunting, but your body and your brain will love you for it! |
Basic Guidelines for How to Write a Classification Essay
Basic Guidelines for How to Write a Classification Essay
Students often find it hard to comprehend how to write a classification essay because categorizing people, subject, or other information according to specific priorities isn’t a simple academic task. You will find is confusing to conduct your research, analyze data, and group information into certain categories unless you understand stats. What is a classification essay? Find your answer to this question to earn high grades.
How to Write a Classification Essay Easily
Many students ask the same question because they need to know how to complete this assignment. What is a classification essay? This type of academic writing requires them to categorize different subjects, points, or characters with common traits into different classes. You may find it challenges for many reasons. For example, you may lack the necessary skills or time, and the following information will help you learn how to write a classification essay successfully.
Create the Best Classification Essay Outline
If you don’t know how to start a classification essay, write a catchy title and create its helpful and detailed outline. This plan will simplify the whole process. Choose efficient ways to structure your paper and use the best one to organize all thoughts and deliver your important message to readers successfully.
Write down relevant ideas and facts. Seeing a clear picture will let you break down your paper into different parts and arrange them in a logical manner. Delete unnecessary and useless points. Create your useful classification essay outline and structure it by importance, spatially, or chronologically (choose the most suitable approach for your prompts).
Write an Opening Paragraph with a Strong Thesis Statement for Classification Essay
Start your paper with explaining what you’ll categorize, what you’re going to achieve, and your reasoning to do that. Write a single hook sentence to grab readers’ attention. It can have different forms, including:
• Rhetorical questions;
• Interesting facts and stats;
• Poetry quotes;
• Jokes or anecdotes;
• Quotes from famous people;
• Similes, metaphors, or allegories.
Why use a thesis statement for classification essay writing? That’s because it’s powerful enough to make other people realize your major point or argument while being concise and brief. Your thesis should do the following:
• Identify specific classes;
• Provide their brief and informative explanations;
• Determine the effective methods that you’ll test;
• Set specific expectations for readers.
Put in at the end of an opening section. Restate it in a concluding paragraph.
Write an Impressive Classification Essay Conclusion
In a classification essay conclusion, it’s necessary to put together all the categories or classes that you test and analyze in body paragraphs. The conclusion is a finishing section of your paper. Provide readers with a brief summary of every category. Consider if you can recommend a certain group over others, leave final comments on every class, and emphasize your reasoning without sounding repetitive.
Why Use Transition Words for Classification Essay Writing
What is the role of using transition words for this type of paper? They’re essential building blocks. You should include them in your piece of writing to make it logical and connect these sections:
• Discussions about strong and weak sides;
• Explanations of important criteria;
• Strong examples for describing every group.
There are many transitions phrases and words that you can use to come up with a logical and smooth flow of your ideas. They let you move from one section to another.
The Importance of Using Classification Essay Examples
It’s very difficult to complete this academic assignment without relevant and helpful classification essay examples. They will provide you with brilliant suggestions and ideas, secure high grades, and help you structure every paragraph with ease. Don’t hesitate to use them regularly.
A List of Excellent Classification Essay Topics
If you find it hard to choose suitable and original topics, check the following list of excellent ideas. They contain different categories to make this choice simple. Look for something interesting and unique.
Good Themes on Sports
• Modern sports and the participation of sponsors;
• A comparison of sports and gambling;
• The participation of women in the Olympic Games;
• The categorization and significance of sports ethics;
• The sports industry today.
Original Themes for a Movie
• Different categories of modern movies;
• The most famous actors and actresses in the world;
• Top movies based on famous novels or books;
• The best actors of all times;
• Different genres of retro films;
• What are the top movies of today?
Great Ideas About Diets
• The popularity of eco-food in the modern world;
• Nutritional and healthy meals for breakfasts;
• Excellent food choices to stay fit;
• Meals to maintain overall health;
• What are the most destructive and unhealthy foods?
Unique Topics About Animals
• Rare species in the world;
• The most popular home pets;
• The most dangerous animals;
• The division of all mammals;
• What are the most endangered species?
Great Topics About Music
• The most popular singers in the world;
• Modern music and its different categories;
• Famous rock bands and songs;
• A new wave of music;
• What is the role of music in people’s moral development?
Final Words
After finishing a final draft of your paper, it’s necessary to proofread and edit it to ensure that it has no punctuation, grammar, formatting, and other errors that can ruin its content and your grades. Ask other people for help. Take a break before completing this task.
In this guide, you can find all the tips necessary to write the best academic paper, impress your targeted audience with its quality, and get good marks. If they aren’t enough or you face other difficulties, get expert assistance and contact professional writers online because they will solve your problems fast. |
Question: What Are The Phases Of Therapy?
What is the working phase of a therapeutic relationship?
Working Phase: The working or middle phase of the relationship is where nursing interventions frequently take place.
Problems and issues are identified and plans to address these are put into action.
Positive changes may alternate with resistance and/or lack of change..
What are the types of Counselling?
Types of CounsellingExplanation of theoretical approaches.Integrative Therapy.Humanistic Therapy.Mindfulness.Person-Centred Therapy.Psychodynamic Psychotherapy/Counselling.Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.Gestalt Therapy.
What are the basic principles of Counselling?
What are the 5 stages of the counseling process?
What are the 3 types of therapy?
What is the first step in counseling?
Who is the father of Counselling?
Frank ParsonsFrank Parsons is referred to as the “Father of Guidance.” At the turn of the last century, Parsons worked with young people in helping them make decisions concerning their vocations. He is best known for establishing Boston ‘s Vocational Bureau in 1908 and for the publication of his book, Choosing a Vocation, in 1909.
How do you start a therapeutic relationship?
Fostering therapeutic nurse-patient relationshipsIntroduce yourself to your patient and use her name while talking with her. A handshake at your initial meeting is often a good way to quickly establish trust and respect.Make sure your patient has privacy when you provide care. … Actively listen to your patient. … Maintain eye contact. … Maintain professional boundaries.
What are the 4 stages of a therapeutic relationship?
In the practice, the therapeutic relationship can be described in terms of four sequential phases, each characterized by identifiable tasks and skills, and theses phases are: preinteraction phase, introduction phase, working phase, and termination phase (2+4+5).
Who invented Counselling?
Carl RogersThe term “counselling” was coined by Carl Rogers, who, lacking a medical qualification was prevented from calling his work psychotherapy[3].
What is the most common type of therapy?
What does progress look like in therapy?
Another indicator of forward progress in therapy are changes in your thinking. You have less negative or destructive thoughts and more positive, constructive thoughts. Rather than fantasizing about things that aren’t attainable, you’re engaging in more realistic thinking and developing reachable goals.
What happens if you disagree with a counseling?
However, if you disagree with the counseling, you should sign and add your comments. If you refuse to sign, the counseling statement can still be used. The leader will annotate that you have received the DA Form 4856 and refused to sign.
What are the four stages of the counseling process?
There are four stages of the counseling process. They are: developing a relationship, making an informed assessment, establishing mutually agreed upon goals and objectives and developing an implementation plan. In order to develop positive helping relationships with youth, you’ve got to be able to connect with them.
What therapy is best for anxiety?
How do I know what kind of therapist I need?
Signs that you may need to change therapistsYou don’t feel comfortable talking about something.Your therapist is dismissive of your problems or concerns.Your therapist seems to have a personal agenda.Your therapist does more talking than listening.Your therapist tells you what to do and how to live your life.
What are the five C’s of counseling?
5Cs: Consent, Confidentiality, Counselling, Correct Results and Connection; 2015 – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization.
What are the six stages of counseling process?
Six Stages of CounsellingStage 1: Pre-contemplation. This stage is characterized by two distinct elements: a) the person not being able to see or understand what the problem is, and/or b) the client wanting some other person to change (the problem is them, not me). … Stage 2: Contemplation. … Stage 4: Action. … Stage 5: Maintenance. … Stage 6: After-care. |
The crops that have been genetically modified have antibiotic properties put into them in order to make them immune to certain diseases. This will enhance their sustainability and yield. The fight to have GMO foods labeled is very heated right now. Because most GMO foods are made from corn, wheat, or soybeans, even food manufacturers that use these crops are at the mercy of the manufacturer’s preferences. This may increase the chances of an allergic reaction occurring. Since 1999, the rates of food allergies in children has increased from 3.4% to 5.1%. 4. 6 companies control most of the genetically modified foods market at the core level. A paper that has been twice-published, but retracted once as well, showed that crops tolerant to commercial pesticides greatly increased the risk of cancer development in rats. These advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods show us that it offers a window to greater food production for a changing world. According to Environmental Nutrition, certain preservatives are associated with a higher carcinogen, heart disease, and allergy risk. GMO foods must be labeled in Europe and petitions in the US are seeking the same thing. Along with resistances to insects and disease, the genes of the crops can also be altered to have a better flavor and increased nutritional value. We receive medical benefits from GMO crops. Farmers growing genetically modified foods do not need to use these products as often as farmers using traditional growing methods, allowing the soil to recover its nutrient base over time. Although there are no conclusive links, Brown University concluded that changes to foods on a genetic level combine proteins that humans are not used to consuming. Independent research is not allowed. GM crops improve production and raise farmer’s income. There are large number of debates about the utility, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of the genetically modified crops. 1. Colors can be changed or improved with genetically modified foods so they become more pleasing to eat. Genetic modifications do more than add pest resistance or weather resistance to GMO crops. 6. Through a process called “pharming,” it is possible to produce certain proteins and vaccines, along with other pharmaceutical goods, thanks to the use of genetic modifications. 1. Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are plants that have had their genes manipulated. 3. Genetic migrations are known to occur. 4. Genetically modified foods have a very long shelf life. The U.S. Department of Agriculture have reported that 94 percent of soybean and 91 percent of cotton crops were genetically modified by 2014. While the chance that the strain of one genetically modified crop could pollinate an already existing non-GM crop is unpredictable and unlikely, as there are certain conditions to be met for cross pollination to occur, a large-scale plantation has the ability to release a GM strain during pollination, thus increasing the risk. They are currently not. Since GMOs require much less chemicals to thrive, the impact on the environment is lessened. Cross Contamination Some genetically modified foods may present a carcinogen exposure risk. 2. Interactions at the cellular level could create unforeseen complications to future crop growth where even the benefits of genetically modified foods may not outweigh the problems that they cause. Food can be grown in areas that receive very little rainfall and have zero irrigation with proper genetic modifications. Genetically modified crops can cause a threat to the environment due to the fact that they are not a natural way to plant and cultivate plants. Herbicides and pesticides are used less often. Allergies On The Rise In some cases, proteins from organisms that you are allergic to might be added to organisms that you were not originally allergic to. There has been very little testing and research done on genetically modified foods and the long term effects have not been discovered yet. The primary advantage of genetically modified foods is that crop yields become more consistent and productive, allowing more people to be fed. 2. 1. Less Effective Antibiotics One of the biggest effects that the use of GMOs has had on our every day life is the prices of produce and other foods. One example: dozens of weed species are already resistant to atrazine. The advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods can spark a bitter debate. Genetically modified crops are plants whose DNAs are modified by the genetic engineering methods to develop favorable characteristics. Iowa State University research shows that when crops are modified to include antibiotics and other items that kill germs and pests, it reduces the effectiveness of an antibiotic or other medication when it is needed in the traditional sense. Genetically modified foods have a longer shelf life. This means people in the future could gain the same nutrition from lower levels of food consumption. These are some of the Cons of genetically modified crops. Better For The Environment Imagine being able to eat your dinner to get a tetanus booster instead of receiving a shot in the arm – that’s the future of this technology. Go here to subscribe for free and download the episodes straight to your phone, tablet, or computer, Advantages and Disadvantages of Truss Bridges, 15 Perfect Save the Date Holiday Party Wording Examples, 10 Best Roller Skating Party Invitation Wording Ideas, 10 Perfect Confirmation Announcement Wording Ideas, 11 Great Pajama Party Invitation Wording Ideas. GMOs are not without disadvantages. Food supplies become predictable. When this pollen is around other plants, even things like grass or weeds, they cross pollinate. This improvement makes it possible to take excess food products from one community and deliver it to another that may be experiencing a food shortage. 7. There are two ways to do this: Because many of the crops and seeds that produce GMO crops are patented, farmers that aren’t even involved in growing these foods are subjected to a higher level of legal liability. Farmers growing genetically modified foods have a greater legal liability. Genetically modified crops (often abbreviated as GMOs) are simply crops, whose genetical material has been modified. 4. Longer Shelf Life Here are some of the additional advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods to think about. According to Oxfam, the world currently formed about 20% more food calories than what is required for every human being to be healthy.
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BRIEF: The never ending government shutdown
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The Government shutdown impacts all federal buildings and agencies, resulting in a lot of closures.
Olivia Sklenka, Lancer Express Editor in Chief
On Dec. 22, the United States government partially shut down. Today the shutdown entered its 21st day, leaving the lapse in federal funding tied for the longest in America’s history since the 1995 one that followed a budget spat between former President Bill Clinton and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich. About 800,000 federal employees are either furloughed or temporarily working without pay as the closure continues.
In politics, a government shutdown takes place when Congress fails to pass appropriation bills or resolutions to fund the federal government’s operations and agencies, or when the president does not sign proposed bills or resolutions into law. This particular shutdown has been tied to funding a more secure wall along America’s southern border. Discussed by President Donald Trump, he is requesting 5 billion dollars to be allocated to the building of a wall.
His requests have been met with mass resistance from a majority of those who are apart of the Democratic Party. Prominent politicians, such as the Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, have vocalized their distaste toward that request. The conflicting opinions have impacted talks to reopen the government.
If the partial government shutdown continues for two more weeks, S&P Global Ratings predicts the total impact will be 6 billion dollars, which would exceed the 5.7 billion dollars being requested to build the wall.
The various viewpoints and numerous debates have left the American people with no knowledge as to when the end of this shutdown will occur. |
The source of music may be the business experts
Art by Maggie Miller
Think about it: music plays an integral part in the world that we live in. Music is around us all the time. We hear it in restaurants, on television and on the radio. Sometimes, songs linger in our heads as we fall into a gentle sleep. Have you ever thought about what it takes to make a single song, an EP, or even an entire album? Well, that is what the music business is all about.
The process an artist goes through to create an album is painstakingly long. First, they have to find an agent who represents them. This agent helps an aspiring artist put their name out to the public. Oftentimes, musicians and other artists have lawyers who learn about the copyright laws and rules of the music world. After this process, the musician has to find a record deal that will allow them to release their album. The songwriting process for the album can last from a few months to a few years. After the album gets released, artists have many press releases and tours to promote their content.
Many people perceive the music industry as only being about the artist themselves, when it is much more than just that. The industry can be quite elusive at times, so having detailed knowledge about every little secret is essential. When someone works in the biz, they should know every single in and out. Various positions in the music industry include artist management, tour crew, tour planning, and being a member of a backup band! Even the Beatles considered their manager, Brian Epstein, to be “the fifth beatle,” because of his involvement in their lives as artists. Because of COVID-19, however, it has been very difficult for artists to go on with their careers and for tour crews to earn money. Musicians cannot tour like they used to in the pre-COVID days and they have had to start getting creative about their concerts. Some, including Irish frontman and former One Direction star, Niall Horan, have challenged traditional concert venues. On November 7th, Horan will be hosting four live streamed concerts from the Royal Albert Hall in London, England. All of the profit that he will make during this concert will be given to his tour crew and to the charity Crew Nation. This charity helps support crew members all over the world be able to put on their shows.
Live music is such an integral part of not only the industry, but of our lives. Music connects humanity in ways that no other art form can. The music industry is always and will continue to be present in the world we live in. The industry will always evolve and change as new music gets released. Our world would B flat without it! |
Showing posts from April, 2013
Discussion of Dogs’ Behavioural Problems at the Vet
Do Dogs Try to Hide Theft of Food?
Will your dog steal food even if you can see or hear the theft take place? Two new studies investigate whether dogs can take a human’s perspective in deciding whether to take a piece of forbidden food. Photo: Anneka/Shutterstock By Zazie Todd, PhD Earlier work has shown that dogs and other animals seem to have an awareness of human visual attention. For example, Gácsi et al (2004) found that dogs were more likely to beg from an attentive rather than an inattentive human. However, it is not known if dogs understand what a human can see or hear. One way to test this is to see how dogs respond to different light levels. Juliane Kaminski of Portsmouth University designed three experiments that took place in a room with the windows blacked out. Dogs wore a reflective collar to make it easier to see them, and an infrared camera recorded what happened. The dogs first had to pass a pre-test in which they were taught to leave a piece of food on the ground for sixty seconds. Th
Is having many cats an early sign of animal hoarding?
Do people who own more than twenty cats show greater attachment to their pets, or signs of anxiety and depression? By Zazie Todd, PhD In January of this year, 99 live cats and 67 dead ones were removed from a woman’s home near Albany, New York. The cats were living in crates surrounded by faeces, and the woman was subsequently charged with animal cruelty. If situations like this could be predicted, psychological help at an early stage might prevent animals from being harmed. A study published this month by Ramos et al in Brazil investigates whether or not the early stages of cat hoarding can be identified. Animal hoarders have large numbers of animals for which they do not provide proper care. They are unaware of (or in denial about) the poor state of their animals, and continue to acquire more. Animal hoarders can have psychological problems including attachment disorders, anxiety, and grief. The most commonly hoarded animals are cats. This page contains affiliate links
How do Hand-Reared Wolves and Dogs Interact with Humans?
Dogs and hand-reared wolves react differently to approaches from an experimenter. By Zazie Todd, PhD The question of how dogs evolved from wolves is complicated, but it is clear there are important differences that could arise from genetics, domestication, experience, or a combination of these. A study just published by Marta Gácsi in Budapest investigates whether dogs and hand-reared wolves behave the same during a changing social situation with a human. The wolves that took part in the study were hand-reared by humans from birth, spending the first few months of their life in a house with their caregiver. The wolves attended dog training (usually puppy class) while young. Now they live at a wolf park but are regularly visited by their caregivers, and take part in experiments and other activities such as education programs. Thus, the wolves are highly socialized and accustomed to human contact. In the first experiment, 13 wolves and 13 pet dogs took part. They were pu |
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Why hearing aids are so much more impressive than the iPhone X
apple iphone x
The release of the iPhone X has caused much of a stir in the technology world and we don’t just mean because of the price tag. Apple promise a new and improved facial recognition software, which uses biometrics to map the users face to 30,000 invisible dots using the TrueDepth camera.
Whilst Apple are not actually the first to release a facial recognition feature on a smart phone, they are the first to promise absolute reliability and security, ensuring that the tech cannot be easily tricked using a photograph or a mask.
This is all sounds very new and exciting and it certainly seems to have shaken up the smart phone market since they announced the new feature.
What are biometrics?
Biometry is the application of statistical analysis to biological data. Biometrics is the measurement of people’s physical and behavioral characteristics for use in some way, currently mainly used for identification and verification.
Biometrics is a science we’re all becoming accustomed to in our day-to-day lives as technological innovation and personalization moves forward, such as fingerprint scanning on smart phones and biometric passports. And now, this technology has made its way to hearing aids.
Taking every individual ear anatomy into account, Phonak has developed Virto™ B, the world’s first hearing aids with Biometric Calibration.
Hearing aids with biometrics
Developed in Switzerland, the proprietary hearing aid modeling software from Phonak measures and analyzes the unique characteristics of an individual’s ear anatomy and identifies over 1600 biometric data points, within each ear.
It then calculates the unique calibration settings of each custom made Virto-B hearing aid. Saved into the hearing instrument memory, these calibration settings enables the Phonak Virto-B to more reliably sense where sound is coming from, ensuring increased accuracy and precision and providing more improvement in hearing speech-in-noise when compared to Phonak products without Biometric Calibration.
Why is this better than the iPhone X?
Biometry is undoubtedly well-known for its use within the current smart phone and technology market, allowing people to continuously improve the tech they carry around in their pocket and improve their day-to-day lives.
Hearing aids are worn as commonly as prescription glasses, although with the current trend to keep hearing aids invisible, this may not necessarily be obvious. With thousands of people needing and wearing hearing technology in order to help them make sense of the world around them, wasn’t it about time we utilised this fantastic technology and applied it to something genuinely useful?
Changing lives & things that matter
The truth is, people are already walking around with biometric technology in their ears, allowing them to make sense of sounds they could not previously hear or understand. These hearing aids are calibrated to each and every ear anatomy, meaning every noise around the individual is passed through biometrics simply in order to be heard. We think this is far beyond the use of facial recognition to unlock your smart phone.
The biometric calibration in the Phonak Virto-B’s is accessed every second of every waking hour, changing the lives of thousands of people for the better. This technology arrived quietly, it needed no fanfare and yet it’s capable of improving the hearing, cognitive health and mental wellbeing of people all over the world. We think that makes it far more impressive than the iPhone X.
Try out the Phonak Virto-B with Biometric Callibration
This hearing technology is already here and there are no release dates to wait for. If you would like to speak to an audiologist or arrange for a fitting, please get in touch with Cubex.
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November 2017 - Foscam Camera Vulnerabilities
The popular Foscam C1 webcam has multiple vuln erabilities that, if exploited, allow retrieval of information stored in the camera and the running of arbitrary commands in it's operating system.
A compromise of these wireless cameras is particularly disturbing when you consider they are frequently used as baby monitors and home security. Apps for computer and phone provide ready access to the camera, which captures both 720 HD video and 2-way audio. Data is stored on micro-SD cards, NVR, NAS, local hard drive, or in Foscam’s Cloud, and can also be sent with FTP.
Cisco's Talos Intelligence Group worked with Foscam to understand and resolve 20 separate issues, and Foscam has released an update to it’s firmware, version V-2.x.2.46, that patches these vulnerabilities in several of their cameras, and can be downloaded from: https://www.foscam.com/downloads/firmware_details.html?id=1
The vulnerabilities and exploits include:
1. Dynamic DNS allows running admin commands in camera with authority, and when a response string is longer than the response buffer, the extra characters can be executed by the camera as code.
2. Un-signed “custom” Firmware Updates can be installed through the web interface, which lacks security and validation of the firmware image’s authenticity and integrity.
3. Private camera information (MAC address, camera name, firmware version) can be obtained using unsecured UDP for device to device communication.
4. If a username is entered that is longer than the receiving buffer in the camera, the extra characters can be executed as code by the camera’s operating system.
5. User accounts in camera can be reset to factory defaults by an un-authenticated user in the web management interface.
6. Even when logging off the web management interface, if the interface submits too long a string to the “logOut” command in the camera, even the limited but authenticated “visitor” account can cause the camera to run the extra characters as program code.
7. These cameras are designed to communicate with a network gateway for remote access to the device through the web management interface using UPnP Discovery and Response. If the web interface sends a UPnP response that has more characters than the receiving buffer is expecting, the extra characters can be run as program code.
It is clear that the coding practices of programmers can introduce multiple vulnerabilities just waiting to be discovered. The companies releasing e-devices often release firmware updates when vulnerabilities are discovered or exploits are reported. When you purchase a new device, be sure to register it, save a bookmark to the Support page for your device, and sign up for email alerts when updates are released.
If you wish to read more about the Foscam Camera Vulnerabilities click here. |
App Makes Designing in 3-D as Easy as Using Microsoft Paint
Draw a circle, and it appears as a sphere. Draw a square, and it appears as a cube. Now anyone can design and create in 3-D.
This image may contain Cell Phone Electronics Mobile Phone and Phone
Guillaume Couche
Two years ago London startup Gravity showed off a wild concept for creating 3-D forms using augmented reality software. In the demo, a designer wearing AR glasses wielded an Arduino-connected pad and pen. As he drew on the plastic pad, his drawing appeared as a 3-D object that could be viewed and manipulated almost as though it was floating in air. The compelling concept hinted at how augmented (and virtual) reality could someday be as natural a creative tool as basic pen and paper.
Now Gravity is now releasing its first commercial product, a tablet app called Gravity Sketch. The app doesn't have nearly the wow-factor that the cool concept did, but it has something else going for it: It is incredibly easy to use.
Gravity Sketch is a bit like Microsoft Paint, but for 3-D creation. Dragging your finger across the screen will render that line in 3-D. Draw a circle, and it appears as a sphere. Draw a square, and it appears as a cube. Built-in tools let you create perfectly symmetrical objects, apply different finishes, and snap everything to an aligned grid before exporting the OBJ file to whatever 3-D software you might be using.
Guillaume Couche
“The barrier to entry is non-existent, really,” says co-founder Oluwaseyi Sosanya. “With one stroke you create something really quite complex.” To create a wine glass, for example, chose the symmetry tool and sketch the profile of the stem and bowl. The mirror image of your drawing will appear on the other side, in 3-D form.
Unlike typical 3-D rendering software like CAD or even SketchUp, Gravity Sketch relies on a “what you see is what you get” interface. There are no drop down menus; the app uses touch and gestures, a major departure for such software. Sosanya says Sketch is an attempt at democratizing 3-D design. “Right now for a child to get involved in 3-D creation, there’s probably only one software they can do that with, and it’s not even software, it’s a game,” he says, referring to Minecraft.
Gravity Sketch removes engineering jargon like “extrusion” and “parameter” in favor of simple actions. Having your sketch come to “life” in real time in front of you is key. Sosanya believes 3-D modeling must adopt a new kind of language that harkens back to the way humans have always built things: with their hands. “It’s nothing you have to study,” he says of Gravity Sketch. “It’s a human language---what you expect the software to do, it does.”
Gravity has embraced 3-D printing as the logical output of the app, but frankly, that seems to be the least compelling use-case. Looking forward, Gravity is essentially preparing people to use a new gestural language for creation that it will carry through to more advanced VR and AR products. And the idea that anyone, not just professionals, can sketch a 3-D object with scant technical knowledge will grow increasingly important. As virtual and augmented reality become more commonplace, it’s easy to see how everyday communication could shift from two to three dimensions, too. Five years from now, it won’t just be developers who need literacy in this space---it’ll be everyone. |
Double Entry system of accounting refers to a concept that every business transaction must be recorded in a minimum of two accounts. That is each business transaction has an equal and opposite impact on at least two separate accounts. Remote Bookkeeping means giving remote access to your financial documents and online bookkeeping software to a virtual bookkeeper. The free bookkeeping software makes it easy for you as a business owner to upload receipts and invoices to a secure cloud accounting system. Instead, these balances are shifted to retained earnings of your business or owner’s capital account.
If the two totals do not agree, an error has been made, either in the journals or during the posting process. The error must be located and rectified, and the totals of the debit column and the credit column recalculated to check for agreement before any further processing can take place. The term “waste book” was used in colonial America referring to book-keeping.
How A Bookkeeping Service Benefits Your Business
What do you need to become a bookkeeper?
How to become a Bookkeeper 1. Complete a qualification, such as a Certificate IV Accounting and Bookkeeping (FNS40217) or Diploma in Accounting (FNS50217) in a TAFE institution.
2. Complete suitable GST and BAS units, which can be included as part of the Certificate IV course, as well as work experience supervised by a BAS Agent.
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Accounting has a much more broad definition than simply recording transactions in an accounting system. Since theprinciples of accountingrely on accurate and thorough records, bookkeeping is the foundation accounting. Bookkeepers often times has to exercise analytical skills and judgment calls when recording business events since source for most accounting information in the system.
This can either be done manually on a physical ledger pad or electronically in an accounting program like Quickbooks. A bookkeeper (or book-keeper) is a person who records the day-to-day financial transactions of a business. Accountants and bookkeepers can do a small business’s double-entry bookkeeping. Or FreshBooks has a simple online accounting solution that lets small business owners do it themselves and makes keeping the books easy. The definition of double-entry bookkeeping is an accounting method where a transaction is equally recorded in two or more accounts. A debit is made in at least one account and a credit is made in at least one other account. Accountants, on the other hand, prepare the balance sheet and income statement using the ledgers and trial balance that the bookkeeper prepared.
Once the business event has been evaluating, the bookkeeper makes a journal entry in the general ledger to remove the old vehicle and associate accumulate depreciation and record. The purchase of the new vehicle with any applicable gains or losses on the transition. Since the principles of accounting rely on accurate and thorough records, book-keeping is the foundation accounting.
bookkeeping meaning
Financial accounting refers to the processes used to generate interim and annual financial statements. The results of all financial transactions that occur during an accounting online bookkeeping period are summarized into the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The financial statements of most companies are audited annually by an external CPA firm.
How To Choose The Best Home Accounting Software?
bookkeeping meaning
For an accountant to be able to organise financial records properly and balance finances accurately, the information provided by the bookkeeper also needs to be correct. Otherwise, figures won’t be recorded right, meaning that records and updates will also be inaccurate. Bookkeeping includes the recording, storing and retrieving of financial transactions for a business, nonprofit organization, individual, etc. With a cloud-based accounting system like Debitoor, it’s easy to record income, expenses, and use automatic bank reconciliation to make sure your credits equal your debits. In principle, transactions must be recorded daily into the books or the accounting system.
• For instance, a company might choose to use the accrual basis of accounting for recording every transaction as it occurs to keep a record of incoming and outflowing cash and credit.
• In a virtual environment, bookkeeping software can be linked to a business’s bank accounts to allow the bookkeeper to see transactions as they happen.
• Virtual bookkeeping allows a bookkeeper to telecommute instead of physically working at a client’s office.
• This task can help the bookkeeper ensure that the business’s financial records match what is going on with its bank accounts.
After a certain period, typically a month, each column in each journal is totalled to give a summary for that period. Using the rules of double-entry, these journal summaries are then transferred to their respective accounts retained earnings in the ledger, or account book. For example, the entries in the Sales Journal are taken and a debit entry is made in each customer’s account , and a credit entry might be made in the account for «Sale of class 2 widgets» .
A bookkeeping service offers a three-tiered approach to developing and maintaining your company’s overall financial processes and management. He or she creates your accounting data file so that it’s tailored to the specific needs of you and your business.
You must remember that the cash basis of accounting is typically used to record petty day to day transactions such as daily receipts, etc. The major difference between these two methods of accounting is the timing when sales and purchases are recorded in your books of accounts. analyzing the performance of the business as bookkeepers prepare financial statements on a regular basis that can be used to make such an analysis.
Past financial records help you as a business to plan for the future and these records also play an important role in planning taxes. Furthermore, small business owners who were undertaking the task of maintaining bookkeeping records themselves were unable to maintain proper financial records. Proper recording of business activities and transactions enhances the decision-making process for small business owners. One of the easiest ways to secure an experienced, certified, professional bookkeeping service is to use a virtual accounting service provider. And after utilizing their services, you may just find that your company couldn’t afford not to have their expertise.
However, due to a lack of time and expertise, small business owners collaborated with bookkeepers to undertake bookkeeping services and help sustain their small businesses. Between the accounting software specialist and the full-charge bookkeeper, you will have begun to create a set of checks and balances within your business. A lot of people think the two roles are the same, however, the term bookkeeping refers to recording financial transactions and activities on a daily basis. The paper trail online bookkeeping of a company’s financial transactions are referred to in accounting as source documents. The origin of book-keeping is lost in obscurity, but recent researches indicate that methods of keeping accounts have existed from the remotest times of human life in cities. Babylonian records written with styli on small slabs of clay have been found dating to 2600 BCE. The term «waste book» was used in colonial America, referring to the documenting of daily transactions of receipts and expenditures.
This process of transferring summaries or individual transactions to the ledger is called posting. Once the posting process is complete, accounts kept using the «T» format undergo balancing, which is simply a process to arrive at the balance of the account. Bookkeeping refers mainly to the record-keeping aspects of financial accounting, and involves preparing source documents for all transactions, operations, and other events of a business. When you generate a balance sheet in double-entry bookkeeping, your liabilities and equity (net worth or “capital”) must equal assets. Businesses that meet any of these criteria need the complete financial picture double-entry bookkeeping delivers.
Data like transactions, expense accrual and other financial information can be accounted for in the completion of bookkeeping tasks. Bookkeeping can be an essential function of running an organization, as it allows for tracking all financial information that is needed to make sound financing and operating decisions. When implementing effective bookkeeping, businesses can ensure accurate management of their financial records. Bookkeeping also ensures that businesses are able to measure growth and profitability. Additionally, to improve the effectiveness of its bookkeeping, a business might develop strategies to help streamline the bookkeeping process.
Most accounting software today is based on double-entry accounting, and if you ever hire a bookkeeper or accountant to help you with your books, double-entry is what they’ll use. If you need to borrow money from someone other than friends and family, you’ll need to have your books together. Doing so lets you produce financial statements, which are often a prerequisite for getting a business loan, a line of credit from a bank, or seed investment. This effect is the basis of all the business transactions and thus is the foundation of the double-entry system of accounting. In the double-entry system of accounting, the business transactions are entered as debits and credits. Furthermore, debit in one account sets off the credit in another account.
What are the 2 kinds of bookkeeping?
There are two types of bookkeeping systems used in recording business transactions: single-entry bookkeeping system and double-entry bookkeeping system.Single-Entry Bookkeeping System.
Double-Entry Bookkeeping System.
For example, money received from a business loan will increase its cash account and increase its loans payable account . As a result, all accounting designations bookkeeping are the culmination of years of study and rigorous examinations combined with a minimum number of years of practical accounting experience.
Bookkeeping Tasks
He or she will ensure that you have access to the software and reports you need. The practice or profession of recording the accounts and transactions of a business. The process of systematically and methodically recording the financial accounts and transactions of an entity. As you can see, bookkeepers generally must have a good understanding of accounting principles andGAAPin general. the work or skill of keeping account books or systematic records of money transactions .
Under cash accounting, you record transactions only once money has exchanged hands. If you bill a customer today, those dollars don’t enter your ledger until the money hits your bank account. You give it your time, expertise and ideas, you market your products and services and hire qualified employees, you design benefit packages, maintain insurance, and have a dedicated space. Now it’s time to take your business to the next level and ensure its future success by putting an accounting team in place. Allow them to give you the advantage of maximized efficiency of your business income and expenses while holding your employees accountable and minimizing exposure to various financial and audit risks. If you care about the future of your company, hire a virtual bookkeeping service today. Bookkeeping refers to the process of monitoring the financial transactions of an organization or individual.
bookkeeping meaning
Who Are Bookkeepers?
Getting your books together and producing financial statements is the only way to gauge the financial health of your small business. In addition to this, he also adjusting entries must possess relevant experience in bookkeeping and accounting. Also, the bookkeepers need to complete and submit the application for a bookkeeping license.
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Carbon Footprint
Carbon Footprint
To avoid the worst effects of climate change, science tells us that we must limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which is also the central goal of the Paris Agreement. To achieve this objective, relying solely on governmental action will not be sufficient. We all have a role to play.
Ethically Sourced For You is, thus, to evaluate our carbon footprint every year so as our company grows, we can stay one step in front of our carbon footprint and adapt accordingly by committing ourselves to implement verified reduction methods.
Ethically Sourced For You has given the UN Climate Neutral Now Pledge and we are now a proud Partner to this initiative launched by UN Climate Change in 2015 to encourage everyone in society to take action to help achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century, as enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We will work closely with them to not only implement reduction of CO2 emissions methods, but also to promote the values and the behavioral changes needed which in turn will drive the change within their industries and networks, helping align them with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
We will be constantly monitoring our CO2 emissions and will update on this page relevant emissions, and what we are doing to reduce and offset.
We will also help and guide our Partner supplies to reduce their carbon footprint.
Carbon Footprint Guide
carbon footprints defined as:
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to, directly and indirectly, support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).
In other words: When you drive a car, the engine burns fuel which creates a certain amount of CO2, depending on its fuel consumption and the driving distance. When you heat your office with oil, gas or coal, then you also generate CO2. Even if you heat your office with electricity, the generation of electrical power may also have emitted a certain amount of CO2. When you buy food and goods, the production of the food and goods also emitted some quantities of CO2.
Your carbon footprint is the sum of all emissions of CO2, which were induced by your activities in a given time frame. Usually, a carbon footprint is calculated for the time period of a year.
What can you do Now?
Immediately, you start calculating your own climate footprint through a 3-step method:
• Measure your greenhouse gas emissions. also called the carbon footprint;
• Reduce them as much as possible through your own actions; and
• Compensate those which cannot be currently avoided by using UN certified emission reductions (CERs), or other types of carbon credit.
We can provide more information for a supplier to help start measuring and implementing some reduction methods. |
Animal Pictures Archive mobile
Query: dusky dolphinResult: 2nd of 18
dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)
Subject: dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)
Dusky.Dolphin - dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus).jpg
Resolution: 565x348 File Size: 149401 Bytes Upload Date: 2017:02:07 23:39:27
dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)
Description A wild dusky dolphin named "Nox".
Date 2001, Atlantic Ocean
Author AllenMcC.
The dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) is a dolphin found in coastal waters in the Southern Hemisphere. Its specific epithet is Latin for "dark" or "dim". It is very closely genetically related to the Pacific white-sided dolphins, but current scientific consensus holds they are distinct species. The dolphin's range is patchy, with major populations around South America, southwestern Africa, New Zealand, and various oceanic islands, with some sightings around southern Australia and Tasmania. The dusky dolphins prefer cool currents and inshore waters, but can also be found offshore. It feeds on a variety of fish and squid species and has flexible hunting tactics. The dusky dolphin is known for its remarkable acrobatics, having a number of aerial behaviours. The status of the dolphin is unknown, but it has been commonly caught in gill nets. Order: Artiodactyla, Infraorder: Cetacea, Family: Delphinidae, Genus: Lagenorhynchus, Species: Lagenorhynchus obscurus Gray, 1828.
dusky dolphin
^o^ Animal Pictures Archive for smart phones ^o^ |
how to use the structure 'for' ?
–1 vote
asked Dec 31, 2020 by Bechair Hechlef (130 points)
1 Answer
+3 votes
answered Jan 4 by Peter Minarik (15,580 points)
for is a keyword and the usage changes slightly from language to language. In C/C++ it has the following syntax:
• INITIALISATION is typically setting up the start conditions of the for loop.
• CONDITION is typically a logical expression to check whether the for loop should keep running (exit when it fails).
• INCREMENT is typically an instruction to increment a loop variable for the next iteration of the loop
• INSTRUCTION is the body of the loop to execute in every iteration
an actual example would be like this:
printf("The %dth square number is: %d\n", i, i * i); |
About Societal Impacts
Automated Vehicle Policy
Safety Impacts of Connected and Fully Automated Vehicles
Connected and fully automated vehicle (CAV) technology has the potential to allow vehicles to assist in avoiding collisions, mitigating crash severity, ensuring traffic safety, and reducing crashes due to human error (which is the most prominent contributor to crashes). Many safety benefits of AV technology would save thousands of lives and billions of dollars every year for various industries. |
Did You Know?
In Mexico, artists can pay their taxes with artwork.
In Mexico, artists can pay their taxes with artwork.
Antonio “Gritón” Ortiz hasn’t paid taxes to the Mexican government in 28 years. Why? Because he’s an artist.
It all started in 1957, wrote Eva Hershaw of the Atlantic:
David Alfaro Siqueiros, 73, Mexican muralist, painter and activist, is shown in Mexico City, Mexico, on Sept. 10, 1970.
“As legend has it, muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros, one of the most influential artists of his generation, approached the secretariat of finance in 1957 with a proposal to keep a friend and fellow artist out of jail for tax evasion: Let him pay his debt in art.”
Since then the Mexican government has collected 7,000 paintings, sculptures, and graphics from Mexican artists through the Pago en Especie, or payment-in-kind program.
Artists who sell five or fewer pieces per year may give one piece to the government. Artists who sell six to eight pieces may give two and so on, until the six-piece donation cap is reached.
But not just anybody qualifies. “A 10-member jury of artists ensures that no one tries to unload junk,” José San Cristóbal Larrea, director of the government’s Cultural Promotion and National Heritage Office, told Foreign Policy.
It’s a pretty generous deal considering the country is hemorrhaging what little money it collects from its citizens.
According to the New York Times, the Mexican government “currently collects just 10.6 percent of the country’s annual economic output in taxes, less than almost any other country at its level of development.”
The Mexican economy loses billions every year – $872 billion between 1970 and 2010 – because of “illicit outflows” such as money laundering and tax evasion, according to a 2012 study from the advocacy group Global Financial Integrity.
Though Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto promised an overhaul of the country’s tax code, which is riddled with loopholes, the Pago en Especie program was untouched by the moderate reforms that were ultimately passed.
Perhaps that’s because officials don’t consider the program to be a loophole. “We’re helping out artists while building a cultural inheritance for the country,” Larrea said.
The best works end up in the national heritage collection, a permanent exhibit in Mexico City. The rest are displayed in other museums and public buildings.
While no other country has a payment-in-kind system such as Mexico’s, many significantly subsidize film and other art forms, and some offer tax breaks to artists or to collectors who donate significant works.
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US structures
US structures
US entities doing business overseas can use a variety of structures. Some of the most important are listed below with notes about their taxation characteristics:
Controlled Foreign Corporation
The foreign subsidiary of a US corporation or a foreign company owned by US shareholders is typically a Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC).
A CFC means any foreign corporation if on any day during the foreign corporation’s taxable year US shareholders own more than 50% of:
• The total combined voting power of all voting stock, or
• The total value of all the stock.
A foreign corporation is any corporation not created or organized in the United States. A US shareholder is a US person that owns 10% or more of the voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of the foreign corporation. A US person is a citizen or resident of the United States, a domestic partnership or corporation, or any estate or trust unless its income from sources outside the US (other than income that is effectively connected with a US trade or business) is not includable in gross income under US tax law.
In determining whether a US person is a US shareholder, the US person will be considered to own stock that it owns:
• Directly;
• Indirectly through foreign entities; or
• Constructively under certain rules that attribute stock ownership from one entity to another.
A US shareholder includes actual distributions from a CFC in taxable income, plus under Subpart F of the Tax Code certain types of undistributed income of a CFC, including:
• Passive investment income;
• Income from the purchase of goods from, or sale to, certain related entities;
• Income from the performance of services for or on behalf of certain related entities;
• Certain types of shipping and oil-related income;
• Insurance income from insuring risk located outside the CFC’s country of incorporation;
• Income from bad conduct activities, such as participation in an international boycott, payment of illegal bribes and kickbacks, and income from a foreign country during any period that country is “tainted” under IRC 901(j); and
• In addition, the US shareholders of a CFC are required to include in income their share of the CFC’s increase in earnings invested in US property.
The Subpart F rules are extremely complex, and professional advice is absolutely necessary in interpreting them.
Foreign Sales Corporation
Under legislation dating from 1984, which was eventually declared unacceptable by the World Trade Organization after a complaint from the European Union, the US Internal Revenue Code authorized the establishment of foreign sales corporations (FSCs), being corporate entities in foreign jurisdictions through which US manufacturing companies could channel exports. 15% of the revenue concerned was exempted from corporation tax, meaning (at 35% tax) that companies kept 5.25% more of their revenue.
The FSC rules generally replaced the domestic international sales corporation (DISC) rules. IC-DISCs exist, however, for small domestic taxpayers.
Possessions Corporations
Possessions corporations may operate to obtain the benefits of section 936 in all US possessions including the US Virgin Islands. However, the overwhelming majority of possessions corporations are operating in Puerto Rico.
Possessions corporations must have:
• Filed a valid Form 5712, Election To Be Treated as a Possessions Corporation Under Section 936 (an election cannot normally be revoked for the first ten years);
• Derived 80% or more of their gross income from sources in a US possession during the applicable period immediately before the tax year ended, and
• Derived 75% or more of their gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business in a US possession during the applicable period immediately before the tax year ended. In 1976 the amount was 50%. This amount increased over the years to 75%.
The ‘applicable period’ is generally the shorter of 36 months or the period when the corporation actively conducted a trade or business in the US possession.
A domestic international sales corporation (DISC) or a former DISC, or a corporation that owns stock in a DISC, former DISC, foreign sales corporation (FSC), or a former FSC is ineligible for Section 936 relief.
A possessions corporation is allowed a credit against its US tax liability equal to the portion of its tax that is attributable to:
• The taxable income from non-US sources from the active conduct of a US trade or business within a US possession, and
• The qualified possession source investment income.
The credit is not allowed against environmental tax, tax on accumulated earnings, personal holding company tax, additional tax for recovery of foreign expropriation losses, tax increase on early disposition of investment credit property, tax on certain capital gains of S corporations or recapture of low income housing credit.
A possessions corporation may elect either the cost sharing or profit split method of computing taxable income with respect to a certain possession product
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environmentally responsible ITAD, IT asset disposition, used IT equipment, IT recycling, refurbished electronics, e-waste
The Importance of Environmentally Responsible ITAD [Infographic]
environmentally responsible itad
The surge in e-waste over the past decade is having alarming effects on our environment, especially in developing countries. According to the United Nations, humans generated over 46 million tons of e-waste in 2014, a number that is estimated to increase to 55 million tons per year by 2018.
So where does it all go? A small percentage, around 15%, is recycled. But you may be surprised to learn that the majority ends up in developing countries. Companies or unscrupulous "recycling" operations export — often illegally — large amounts of e-waste containing toxic materials to landfills in these nations, at the cost of hazardous conditions to their citizens.
Chris Carroll of National Geographic recalls Accra, Ghana, where “small children are burning plastics off copper wiring, breaking copper yokes off television sets, releasing lead, cadmium and other neurotoxins and carcinogens into the air, all for the pursuit of little profit.”
Operating an environmentally responsible ITAD program helps reduce your impact on the environment and preserves natural resources. If that’s not enough to motivate you to think about your e-waste and IT asset disposal practices, here are some startling statistics on the impact of e-waste.
Environmentally responsible ITAD
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Computer science is about creating innovative solutions to complex, real-world problems. Students in this major study step-by-step computational methods for solving problems by encoding, storing, tracking and transforming information. Computer science is much broader than just programming. It is informed by the theory and architecture of computing devices, and the tools and practices used to design and implement software.
The computer science major at CSU provides students a broad background in the field while simultaneously allowing students to focus on specific areas. In addition to a general computer science degree with the option for a minor in a field of their choice, we offer the following concentrations:
The department offers a wide range of specialized senior-level courses where students can explore in depth different areas of computer science including: big data, computer networks, distributed systems, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computational biology / bioinformatics, human-computer interaction, graphics, database systems, compilers, parallel programming, object oriented design, and advanced topics in algorithms and theory of computer science.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completing this program, students will be able to:
• Understand how to use the principles of computing to design and develop software and computing systems.
• Work effectively in teams to develop computational solutions to complex problems.
• Communicate technical ideas effectively in writing and verbally.
• Practice CS in an ethical and socially responsible manner, with an awareness of biases that can result from their indiscriminate use.
• Confidently pursue graduate studies or professional employment in the field of computer science.
Potential Occupations
Our computer science students and graduates are in high demand. Their proven performance attracts annual recruiting visits by industry, government agencies, and research laboratories. Internships are readily available to enhance students' skills and marketability.
Career opportunities for computer science graduates include:
Software developer, database programmer, computer systems analyst, network architect, web developer, information security analyst, data scientist, computer and information systems manager, IT project manager, cybersecurity analyst, UX designer, cloud engineer, systems architect, mobile application developer, and educator. |
Keyboard key conceptualizes accessible translation
Many Web managers are tasked with installing the “magic button” solution on their websites to make them multilingual and comply with current mandates, such as Executive Order 13166 and the Justice Department’s 2011 Renewed Commitment Memo. So they turn to Google translate or some other automated system.
Not So Fast
There is no easy solution to the challenge of translating one language to another. Software created by linguists in reputable institutions can be considered a tool to perform basic work. However, automated translation is only a first step that can save time and money, but it should not be used alone. Here’s why:
• All translations, adaptations, or localizations need the editing touch of a qualified translator/communicator who will communicate with the agency’s voice.
• No machine can fully replace a human being for the interpretation of different and subtle meanings of a word within different contexts.
• As content managers of government websites, we should advocate the concept of communication rather than translation to convey meaning.
• The message needs to remain intact when it passes from the source language to the target language—the work of a translator is never about translating words but rather about deconstructing messages.
• Machine translation dynamically generates pages making them invisible to search engines. When a person is searching for information to accomplish a task in a language other than English, your agency’s website will not come up in the search results because that content does not exist.
• You can learn more about the pitfalls of machine translation in this Department of Labor presentation.
How to Start
Medical Interpreter Sign
The “best practice” is to do the work the right way. If resources are limited, start small. Identify top tasks and translate that content, and then build from that. USAGov en Español (formerly known as, the Spanish language counterpart of, has very strict policies and will not link to a machine-translated version of the website. Check out these examples of sites that excel in providing multilingual options:
• CDC en español, the official Web portal in Spanish for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has a dedicated staff of translators.
• MedlinePlus in Spanish provides comprehensive health information in Spanish.
Google Translate & Translation Trials
Some government websites are currently using Google Translate. This is not a best practice and should not be used as a sole solution. Consider the implications of a poor or inaccurate translation of health, financial, or legal information found on a government website. What is the point of having a button to translate a website if the information translated is unusable? Now consider the negative impact that could have on your agency. The Department of Health and Human Services and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality commissioned a study to assess the accuracy of Google translate on data extraction from non-English languages. This is the only formal study we’ve seen evaluating the accuracy of translation of this tool. Results show limited accuracy from various foreign languages to English, which cast doubt on the accuracy of translations from English to the same foreign languages.
Use of Disclaimers for Machine-Translated Websites
Some view disclaimers as the solution to justify an imperfect translation. Ask yourself and your managers: What are we trying to achieve? If an agency provides imperfect information but includes a disclaimer, the agency is essentially saying that it cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information they have provided. If so, how is this:
• fulfilling a need?
• fulfilling our mission?
• serving the public?
Consider how you would react if you were reading information that had a disclaimer that said, very politely, that the agency can’t guarantee the integrity of the translation and, therefore, can’t guarantee the accuracy of the information it is giving you. A disclaimer on translated content works for the agency, but it does not work for the person trying to accomplish a task. |
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Suggested Supplies
Learning a second language can be a challenge. This may be the first class that your child has to actually sit down and study for in order to memorize vocabulary and grammar concepts. In order to help him/her be successful, there is a list of supplies that will be helpful in class and at home.
1. cuaderno (required - this is a composition book that is ONLY for Spanish that must be brought to class each day)
2. colored highlighters - should include blue, pink, yellow and at least two other colors (words in Spanish are masculine or feminine and we often color code our notes and verb conjugations)
3. Glue sticks, Colored pencils or markers, pencils/pens
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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 English Chapter 9 The Bond of Love
'The Bond of Love' is a story by Kenneth Anderson which shows a strong attachment between a human being and a sloth bear that becomes a pet. The animal is rescued by the author and is named 'Bruno'. Bruno gets attached with the author's wife and soon they develop a great bond of love and affection. The story progresses with the little impish activities of the bear. He is sent to the zoo due to his growing size but is brought back after some time because of the love that the bear shares with the narrator’s family. |
Why Vocabulary (Which is Background Knowledge) Matters
As an elementary science teacher, I primarily view my job as a vocabulary teacher because students need to know the science words before they can apply the concepts. As a result of this, I have begun to take the vocabulary teaching portion of my job more and more seriously.
This would then be the pattern I would want my students to apply to other situations. Ex: A flood in an environment without many plants. The students can check back to their notes to help them apply the vocabulary (flooding) to a new environment.
This is simply a reflection.
Third graders are absolutely fascinated with magnets. Moving another object without touching it and turning a paperclip into a temporary magnet elicited ooh’s and aahh’s from both of my third-grade classes.
My students were engaged, asking good questions, and talking with each other about how magnets work. But even with that, I felt like my lesson was somewhat flat and had more style than substance. Looking back, I think that my students will remember what the magnets did, but how or why it happened. I think that this will be the case because of the language most students were using.
“The magnets stick together.”
“The magnets will get stuck to iron.”
“Wow, the paper clip is holding the binder clip!”
My students, with one or two exceptions, were not using the vocabulary words I thought I had taught them (north pole, south pole, attract, repel, magnetic field, etc). And, since they already knew what a magnet could do, I am not sure they learned much from this lesson.
I am not into showmanship for showmanship’s sake, and I feel that while my demonstrations were useful for the students, something was missing that would help the students connect the cool physical process that they were seeing to the unseen scientific facts that made it possible.
I think that the best way to make this lesson more valuable is to more clearly teach the vocabulary and then, make my students use and apply it in class. |
How Do (Some) UFOs Work? — Part 2
By T. L. Keller
1896-1897 airships craft that were claimed to have flown under power over the US in the late 1800s.
changeling a fairy or elf child that is substituted for a human child during an abduction.
electrogravitic a technology developed by T. Townsend Brown and Dr. Paul A. Biefeld in the 1920s anddemonstrated to create an anti-gravity, propulsive force. Electrogravitic is a concatenation of electricity + gravity.
ETI Extraterrestrial Intelligence
fairy ring a physical ring on the ground, often thought of as consisting of flowers, stones or mushrooms, about which fairies or elves dance.
multiverse see parallel universes.
parallel universes a theory that in the infinity of space-time, there are other universes in addition to our own Universe. Each of these may have different physical laws and constants.
portal aterm usually indicating an opening into another dimension or space. A transportation device.
space-time distortion space-time is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one of time into a single 4-dimensional continuum. Also called spacetime. Space-time can be folded or distorted by the presence of mass or energy.
superstring theory a theory of cosmology that attempts to consolidate the very large (planets, solar systems, galaxies, etc.) and the very small (quarks, electrons, etc.) into one mathematical equation to model the physics of the Universe. Currently, there are 10 dimensions in that equation: height, length, width, time plus six other dimensions.
wormhole a wormhole may connect extremely long distances such as a billion light years or more; short distances such as a few feet; different universes; and/or different points in time. This is proposed in Einstein’s general theory of relativity where the combination of space and time into a single space-time continuum could theoretically allow one to traverse both space and time using a wormhole with the correct conditions. Also known scientifically as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. Wormholes are theoretical and have not as yet been proven to exist.
Parts of this article will sound familiar. We discussed space warp propulsion in the October 2018 issue [1]. In the April 2019 issue [2] we presented Part 1 of “How Do (Some) UFOs Work?” That article covered electrogravitic propulsion, space-time distortion and wormholes. This article will attempt to reveal, in a very simple overview, Jacques Vallee’s hypothesis of inter-dimensional beings and their inter-universal transition between parallel universes and our Earthly reality.
Dr. Jacques Vallee
To some readers the name Jacques Vallee may be unfamiliar. Dr. Vallee is a French astrophysicist and computer scientist by profession. His research into the UFO phenomenon began when he witnessed the destruction of tracking tapes of UFOs at the Paris Observatory. Among a number of other books, he authored Dimensions: A Casebook of Alien Contactin 1988. [3] Dr. Vallee was depicted as the French astronomer played by Francois Truffaut in Steven Spielberg’s classic film Close Encounters of the Third Kind. In this article, Vallee’s book will be reviewed in some detail as it represents an exotic form of ETI transportation: inter-dimensional “portals.”
Dr. Jacques Vallee
The Multiverse Hypothesis
A multiverse is a hypothetical group of multiple universes. It proposes that there are multiple universes concurrently in existence along with our own Universe. A multiverse is also known as an omni-universe or meta-universe. Accordingly, it is:
“Together, these universes comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The different universes within the multiverse are called ‘parallel universes’, ‘other universes’, or ‘alternate universes’”. [4]
It is generally considered that in parallel universes (if they exist), each universe may have different states of matter, different physical laws and different constants. For example, in Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc2, in a parallel universe that equation might be E = ½ mc2or the element Moscovium (element 115) might be stable and in a great abundance.
Artist conception of a multiverse
Fairies and the 19thCentury Airship Mystery
In Dimensions,Vallee cites a number of stories and tales of fairies and elves that were frequently reported in various parts of Europe, including and in particular Ireland and Scotland. In 1691 Reverend Kirk of Aberfoyle, Scotland, studied theology at St. Andrews and was a professor in Edinburgh. Kirk wrote a manuscript entitled The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies. Kirk described the organization of elves in what he called the Secret Commonwealth. In this he described a variety of strange creatures that plagued the farming communities of Scotland. To summarize, Kirk reported that elves had a status somewhere between man and angels. He claimed that they were very light of weight, had fluid bodies and had the power to carry away anything they wished including human children. Kirk cautioned that their chameleon-like bodies allowed them to fly through the air, appear or disappear at will and when they frequently traveled, they were dangerous to humans. The fairies were often seen dancing in a fairy ring and sometimes along with human dancers as well. Their habits and their speech when they converse with humans were similar.
Depiction of a fairy ring dance
Beginning in 1896, mysterious airships appeared in various locations over the United States. In November, hundreds of San Francisco area residents saw a large, elongated object that had brilliant searchlights and flew slowly against the wind (therefore, it was under its own power). Between January and March 1897, nothing was reported. But in March a number of observations of a nearly identical airship were reported in the Midwest. According to Vallee, “A witness named Alexander Hamilton described it: a craft with turbine wheels and a glass section with strange beings aboard looking down . . . In March, an object of even stranger appearance was seen by Robert Hibbard, a farmer living fifteen miles north of Sioux City, Iowa. Hibbard not only saw the airship, but an anchor hanging from a rope attached to the mysterious craft caught his clothes and dragged him several feet, until he fell back to earth.” [5].Also, in 1897, a mystery airship was sighted over Aurora, Texas. In that case, the airship was said to have struck a windmill, crashed and the alleged alien body is said to have been buried in an unmarked grave at the local cemetery.
Drawing of 1896 mystery airship [6]
The Fátima and Lourdes Apparitions
Between May 13, 1917 and on nearly every 13thday through October, a series of apparitional events took place in a large pasture near Fátima, Portugal. It began when three children experienced a vision of a woman “in a bright glow.” They said the glow almost blinded them. The woman allegedly said to the children that she was “from Heaven.” Their descriptions also included those of lights with strange colors, luminous spheres and the unusual movement of clouds. There were feelings of “heat waves,” the falling-leaf motion of a saucer through the air, loss of consciousness and clairvoyant prophecy.
Undeterred, the children reported the incident. On June 13, fifty people attended the event that occurred at the same location. Vallee describes the event as: “They watched while the little shepherds knelt and became transfigured, as if transported into another world, at the time of the observation.” On July 13, there were 4,500 observers. On October 13, there were 70,000. Prior to the event there was a flash of light at noon and a sweet, strange fragrance in the air. Two witnesses using binoculars claimed to have seen two beings and a ladder.
Representation of the Fátima apparition
In the south of France, a similar event took place at Lourdes on February 11, 1858. Bernadette Soubirous, a fourteen-year-old girl, was gathering firewood near a grotto (cave-like enclosure). She heard “a great noise, like the sound of a storm.” After hearing the same again, she looked up and out of a golden-colored cloud, saw a beautiful, female entity who stood on top of a bush and later on top of a small tree. This event was similar to the Fátima event as the apparition there stood on top of leaves as though her feet did not touch the ground. Bernadette became paralyzed. Later Bernadette was directed by the Lady to perform absurd acts such as to eat grass and to dig with her hands in sandy soil. When the apparition continued to appear for the next 15 days, she requested that a chapel be built to commemorate the event and to shelter worshippers.
As it did for the Fátima event, the Roman Catholic Church declared the event to be a miracle. In 1966, while at Lourdes I observed hundreds of disabled worshippers and their caregivers arriving in Lourdes and praying at the grotto where, allegedly, the Blessed Virgin Mary miraculously appeared.
Quoting directly from Vallee’s book:
“A former Jesuit priest, Father Salvatore Freixedo, has deeply researched this aspect of the phenomenon in several books . . . He argues convincingly that the spiritual control system of which UFOs are a part may have resulted in the religious myths that keep mankind in a state of abject submission to obsolete myths. In our private conversations, he implied that the phenomenon originates with entities that manipulate our reality and our destiny for their own purposes. Using our naiveté and our lack of critical judgment in the presence of ‘miracles,’ these entities, in his view, play with our emotions in order to be worshipped as gods.” [7]
Inter-dimensional Beings
InGlimpses of Other Realities: Vol. 1: Facts and Eyewitnesses, Linda Moulton Howe refers to inter-dimensional beings as “Shadow Beings” who appear to walk through walls or ceilings. It is as if a being reaches through and opens up a tear or hole in the fabric of our three dimensions, and then steps through the tear into our realm. These beings have been known to be in the company of the Small Grays.
“Shadow Beings” [8]
Dr. Vallee’s Theory
So, how do dancing fairies, mystery airships and a beautiful female apparition have to do with this topic? In Dimensions, Vallee states that:
“[T]he observation can be made that it is possible to make large sections of any population believe in the existence of supernatural races, in the possibility of flying machines, in the plurality of inhabited worlds, by exposing them to a few carefully engineered scenes the details of which are adapted to the culture and symbols of a particular time and place. . . If it were possibleto make three-dimensional holograms with mass, and to project them through time, I would say this is what [has occurred in these instances]. And with that theory we would explain many of the apparitions. In numerous UFO cases and in some religious miracles, the beings appeared as three-dimensional images whose feet did not actually touch the ground. [9]
Thus, it is Vallee’s theory that many (if not all) of the above events were hologram projections by a superior intelligence occupying other dimensions or parallel universes and they have done (or do that) for their own purposes. In essence, these superior intelligences projected images of fairies or elves in the customary clothing of the time. Analogously, they projected a powered airship using an image of the technology of that age. Vallee would say that the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary was projected in the image of what local Portuguese farmers would expect in the early 20thcentury.
From Dimensions:
“But we have also had to note carefully the chameleon-like character of the secondary attributes of the sightings: the shapes of the objects, the appearances of their occupants, and their reported statements vary as a function of the cultural environment into which they are projected. [10]
In this last statement, Vallee seems to be saying that whether fairies, airships, apparitions or beings, the images were what would have been expected given the locale, belief system or level of technology at the time of the event. Indeed, Vallee suggests that:
“To put it bluntly, the UFO phenomenon does not give evidence of being extraterrestrial at all. Instead it appears to be inter-dimensional and so manipulate physical realities outside of our own space-time continuum.” [11]
And finally:“Are we dealing instead with a parallel universe, another dimension, where there are human races living, and where we may go at our expense, never to return to the present? Are these races only semihuman, so that in order to maintain contact with us, they need crossbreeding with men and women of our planet? Is this the origin of the many tales and legends where genetics plays a great role: the symbolism of the Virgin in occultism and religion, the fairy tales involving human midwives and changelings, the sexual overtones of the flying saucer reports, the biblical stories of intermarriage between the Lord’s angels and terrestrial women, whose offspring were giants? From the mysterious universe, are higher beings projecting objects that can materialize and dematerialize at will? Are the UFOs ‘windows’ rather than ‘objects’? There is nothing to support these assumptions, and yet, in view of the historical continuity of the phenomenon, alternatives are hard to find, unless we deny the reality of all the facts, as our peace of mind would indeed prefer.” [12]
To be absolutely clear, Vallee is not claiming that all UFO sightings are merely holographic projections. He is claiming that some are holograms and that they are staged. Bottom line: Vallee states that UFOs are “constructed both as physical craft and as psychic devices whose properties remain to be defined.” [13] This topic will be pursued in future Journal articles.
In the “Space Warp Propulsion” series of articles we present, to a reasonable level of technical detail, how someUFOs work. Have I explained how inter-dimensionalUFOs work? Of course not. All we have done here is to examine the theory as proposed by Dr. Vallee, a famed astrophysicist and UFO researcher, and recognize that not all non-terrestrial beings transport themselves in the same way. Why should they? To this author, it seems natural that given the large variety of reported beings and their respective craft, not all of them operate in the same manner. What we should conclude is that it is better to keep an open mind and be considerate of allpossibilities — including the inter-dimensional one.
1. Keller, T. L. The MUFON Journal, “Space Warp Propulsion,” October 2018, pages 13-16.
2. Keller, T. L., The MUFON Journal, “How Do (Some) UFOs Work?”, April 2019, pages 19-21, 23.
3. Vallee, Dr. Jacques, Dimensions: A Casebook of Alien Contact, Contemporary Books, 1988.
4. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
5. Op. cit., Vallee, pages 42-43.
6. “Mystery Airship,” The San Francisco Call, November 22, 1896.
7. Op. cit., Vallee, page 210.
8. Keller, T. L., The Total Novice’s Guide To UFOs, 2010, page 366 and digital edition. Reprinted with permission. Linda Moulton Howe, Glimpses of Other Realities, Volume 1: Facts and Eyewitnesses, 1993.
9. Op. cit., Vallee, page 160.
10. Op. cit., Vallee, page 159.
11. Op. cit., Vallee, page 136.
12. Op. cit., Vallee, page 163.
13. Op. cit., Vallee, page 277.
© 2019 T. L. KellerTo the readers: if you have a specific topic that you would like presented, please contact the author. T. L. Keller can be contacted |
Circle of life philosophy
What is the definition of the circle of life?
What is a circle philosophy?
What is a real life example of the circle of life?
Why is the circle of life important?
What is a full circle moment?
A full – circle moment is a point in time when you realise you are repeating some aspect of your past life.
What is the meaning of circle?
A circle is a round shaped figure that has no corners or edges. In geometry, a circle can be defined as a closed, two-dimensional curved shape.
What does circle mean spiritually?
You might be interested: Philosophy of pessimism
What does circle design mean?
The circle is often used in a logo to represent unity, commitment, love or community. Curves in general when used in shapes tend to be viewed as feminine in nature while straight lined shapes are more masculine. Circles have no beginning or end, they represent life and the lifecycle.
What does a circle represent in a logo?
What is the use of circle?
What is the theme of the circle of life?
The Circle of Life . The Circle of Life isn’t a concrete thing you can point to or look at. Rather, it’s a symbolic term for the series of events that unfolds on earth, bringing us from cradle to grave, through ups and downs, love and misfortune, and so on.
When would you use area of a circle in real life?
Applications Of Area of a Circle In Daily Life Finding the volume and surface area of a cylinder: A cylinder is a 3D object with two circular faces and one curved surface. Surface area and volume of a cone: Cone is another very important three dimensional shape and students need to know how to find its surface area and volume.
What is special about circle?
Properties. The circle is the shape with the largest area for a given length of perimeter. (See Isoperimetric inequality.) The circle is a highly symmetric shape: every line through the centre forms a line of reflection symmetry and it has rotational symmetry around the centre for every angle.
You might be interested: Buddhism is both a religion and a philosophy.
Are humans part of the circle of life?
Just like plants and other animals, we humans are part of nature, another element in the circle of life .
Is the circle of life a metaphor?
Prior to his death, Mufasa explains to Simba that “when we die, our bodies become the grass, and the antelope eat the grass, and so we are all connected in the great circle of life ” . This is an ecological metaphor that goes beyond the human experience, intertwining the supernatural and physical world.
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Artificial intelligence can make driving safer
| Jul 29, 2020 | Uncategorized |
Many New Mexico residents who have been involved in car accidents are eagerly anticipating the development of more crash-avoidance technology. Designers have produced several artificial intelligence features aimed to prevent car accidents, and there is evidence that they have had some success.
Reduced risk of accidents in cars with Advanced Safety Systems
One researcher claims that cars with crash-avoidance technologies are involved in 3.5% fewer accidents. Research conducted by LexisNexis Risk Solutions concluded that, even when car accidents did occur that involved cars equipped with ADAS, these accidents were less likely to result in harm. Researchers found a 27% reduction in bodily harm and a 19% reduction in property damage frequency when vehicles had ADAS.
Examples of ADAS
One of the most common crash-avoidance technologies is the rearview backup camera. This camera can protect drivers from other reckless drivers, and it can also prevent them from running into pedestrians or inanimate objects. Other ADAS include road sign recognition, pedestrian-detection systems and blind-spot monitoring. Studies have found that cars with blind-spot monitoring had crash involvement rates 14% lower than cars of the same model without that equipment.
Issues with ADAS
Some motorists who have ADAS choose not to drive with the technology turned on. Specifically, front-collision warning is turned off by 11% of drivers and automatic emergency braking is turned off by 17% of drivers, according to the LexisNexis study. The reason that some drivers opt not to use these features may be that inaccurate collision warnings or emergency braking could make driving more challenging.
Car insurance for cars with ADAS
Unfortunately, since cars with ADAS are more expensive to repair, insurance companies could make it more expensive to cover these modern vehicles. Safety advocates hope that as more data emerges about the improved safety of ADAS vehicles, the insurance companies will incentivize people to buy them.
No matter what kind of safety technology a vehicle has, drivers are ultimately responsible. Someone who has been injured in a car accident may want to consult with a personal injury attorney. |
The old Medical School
The Medical School was opened in 1874 after Owens College incorporated a private medical school run by doctors.
Formal medical education in Manchester began in 1814 when Joseph Jordan opened the first anatomy school in the English provinces. Previous lecture courses in medicine had included a series given by Peter Mark Roget, then a physician at Manchester Infirmary (1804–8), but better known for his later Thesaurus. Jordan, however, offered dissections as well as lectures, and medical education proved good business. In London the private anatomy schools, which had competed with each other for decades, became incorporated with the hospitals, but in the provinces private medical schools continued beyond 1870, using the hospitals for clinical teaching but not formally attached to them.
The Medical School premises, now Coupland Building 3
The Medical School premises, now Coupland Building 3
Jordan's school was challenged in 1824 by the Pine Street School headed by Thomas Turner, another enterprising surgeon and a third school opened in 1829. All were near the infirmary in Piccadilly, and all catered to students seeking the diplomas needed by new medical practitioners after the Apothecaries Act of 1815. By the 1840s Turner's school was unchallenged, and Turner had been one of the proponents of a university in Manchester. But a new private school started by the surgeon George Southam soon outclassed Turner's school, and took it over when Turner retired in 1856. Southam and Turner had jointly tried to persuade Owens College, which had opened in 1851, to include medicine, but the trustees had refused because they feared medical students would lower the tone of the new college.
Over the next decade the relationships changed as the medical profession and the government raised the standards of medical education, including more laboratory science – and there was pressure for better behaviour. In the later 1860s Owens College looked to increase its provision for laboratory sciences, and saw medical students as a profitable audience. As it planned its extension and move, Owens agreed to take over Southam's school. That the medical school would now be based down Oxford Road then added to the arguments for moving the infirmary away from the city centre, which eventually happened in 1908.
In 1874 Thomas Henry Huxley officially opened the new medical school building, in the back quadrangle, behind the main college buildings. It had a library, a museum, a dissection room and an excellent physiology laboratory, headed by Professor Arthur Gamgee, a chemical physiologist who was expected to link the medical school with the strength of Henry Roscoe's chemistry department. Several of the clinical staff who came from Southam's school were nationally known; for example, William Roberts was one of the north's most eminent physicians and a noted experimentalist – in the laboratory at his home.
The medical building was extended in the 1880s, and connected with the extensions of the chemistry department. A large extension was built on Coupland Street in the mid-1890s, which made Manchester one of the largest and best-equipped medical schools in England. Its staff before World War I included Sheridan Delépine, a Swiss-born pathologist who developed public health bacteriology, and Grafton Elliot Smith, an Australian anatomist who modernised his subject to include X-rays, functional anatomy and anthropology. Having previously taught anatomy in Cairo, Smith was also an Egyptologist, and while in Manchester he wrote several books developing his 'diffusionist' reading of human history: almost everything had originated from one culture, usually in ancient Egypt, and had then spread.
Among Smith's pupils were three Manchester graduates who helped lead Manchester medicine past World War II: Sir Geoffrey Jefferson, one of the British founders of neurosurgery; Harry Platt, the noted orthopaedic surgeon; and Lord John Sebastian Bach Stopford who after World War I followed Elliot Smith as Professor of Anatomy, before becoming, successively, Dean of Medicine, Vice-Chancellor of the University and then, under the new NHS, the first Chairman of the Manchester Regional Hospital Board.
In 1974 the medical school moved to a new building, named for Stopford. |
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενœéν) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to of the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC.
(View from dinner at the Hotel Bretagne)
Nine years. They built it in nine years nearly 2,500 years ago? Senator Harry Reid, if the cradle of democracy could do this in nine years, our Senate can pass S. 510 now. |
Emotional Control
Emotional Control involves the ability to manage one’s feelings effectively in order to make decisions, control behavior, and complete a task. In order to improve Emotional Control, one must be able to sustain one’s effort in the face of frustrations and difficulties. Individuals who can effectively regulate their feelings display the capacity of self-control and can easily adapt to varied social situations. They are able to label and describe their feelings and can generally recognize what is behind or the cause of one’s feelings. |
Since Selene was the goddess of the moon, did the Greeks hold special rites during the different lunar phases? I bet they at least paid attention to the full moon.
There's no surviving evidence of rites according to lunar phases for Selene, or Artemis, who later supplanted her. Whether they paid attention to full moon, crescents, or new, we'll never know. Statues of Selene have depicted her with crescents in her hair, but there's no indication whether they are decorative or whether they represented a particular period of worship sacred to her. The Greeks seem to attribute less to the moon's phases as a function of time than as an object of light and brightness.
Hecate, the goddess of magic, witchcraft, and crossroads, may have been worshipped during dark moon phases, but this largely appears to be a modern conception grafted onto her by neopagans. In fact her associations with the moon may entirely be modern.
New Member
Following on from what Libros says, it appears that Hecate is the most famous legend associated with the moon rather than anything from more established mythology.
Active Member
There might be more information on this topic in Robert Graves' The White Goddess, which is sometimes cited as the source for the triple moon goddess concept in Wicca and other Neo-Pagan movements.
New Member
Selene is yet another interesting character. She was known to have many love affairs, but she was deeply in love with Endymion who was a Shepherd Prince. Selene is depicted many times either as riding a bull, or riding a horse side saddle. |
The people of Sulawesi have developed a special relationship with some of their wildlife. The sales of Maleo eggs is deeply rooted in Sulawesi culture. Despite the trade in these eggs is forbidden, they are still collected and sold at markets, mainly in remote places. Local communities are often not aware that their Maleo is indeed their Maleo, not to be found at any other place on earth.
Sulawesi’s cultural diversity is best illustrated by the great variety of languages spoken. No less than 114 different languages are present on the island. The Gorontalo language is spoken by 900.000 people and forms one of the most commonly spoken, yet isolated languages of Indonesia. Intriguing, the area around Nantu Forest lacks precise information on the language spoken... For more information click here.
The different languages reflect the cultural diversity that has evolved on the island. Sulawesi used to be the home of many small kingdoms, including the area around Gorontalo. These kingdoms often gained income through the sales of wildlife products, such as Maleo eggs.
Sulawesi is the world's 11th and Indonesia's 4th largest island measuring 175.000km2. It has 17.000.000 inhabitants with Makassar in the south and Manado in the north being the major cities. The distance between the two is 950 km, as the crow flies. Gorontalo province is situated in the middle of the upper arm of Sulawesi. It is one of the smallest provinces of Indonesia with a little over 1.000.000 people.
The northern arm of Sulawesi is situated just north of the equator, the main part lays south. As is to be expected, the climate is hot and humid with most rainfall between October and April, though great regional differences exist. Winds have a great influence on transportation. The northern monsoon makes sea journeys along the northcoasts complicated between October and April, while the southern, dryer winds cause waves along the southcoasts between May and September.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are a common phenomenon, the latter particularly in the north. The northern arm of Sulawesi is part of the Ring of Fire, the chain of volcanoes that encircles the Pacific Ocean. More news on the latest eruption of Mount Lokon in the far north of Sulawesi can be found here.
Wallace (a)
Alfred Russel Wallace was born on 8 January 1823 as the 7th child of Thomas Vere Wallace and May Anne Greenell. After having been apprentice for his brother William he met with entomologist Henry Bates. He got interested in wildlife and nature and during his free hours he got involved in natural history by reading books and articles about it, in particular of traveling naturalists.
He decided to travel abroad as well and he joined the ship Mischief to the Amazon to collect insects. In August 1852 the ship that brought him back to the UK caught fire and his entire collection went up in flames. After having spent 18 months in London he started what would become his most famous journey, to the East Indies (mainly the former Dutch East Indies). He sailed the archipelago between 1854 and 1862 when he collected 125.000 specimens of which more than a thousand turned out to be new species to science.
Wallace is particularly known for the book he wrote on this journey, The Malay Archipelago, and his correspondence with Charles Darwin. In his famous letter to Darwin, send in February 1858, he described the theory of evolution, without actually mentioning it as such. This letter forced Darwin to finish his book named ‘On the Origin of Species’ in 1859. Darwin got the credits for ‘inventing’ the theory of evolution, while Wallace remained in the shadow. Sulawesi triggered Wallace in particular when he tried to explain the different life forms he encountered during his voyage. The central part of Indonesia, with Sulawesi as the main island, is called after this most famous explorer that ever visited Indonesia, Wallacea.
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In September, 2019, Iran was alleged to have launched a 25 drone attack on Saudi Aramco that shut down approximately half of Saudi Arabia’s oil production. This was described by CNBC as a “wake-up call” to major world powers, but it is also a wake-up call to forensics specialists who are called upon to investigate drones.
The drone forensics field is still in nascent stages of development.
“We seek to answer basic investigative questions from data stored within the drone or its connected devices,” said Steve Watson, chief executive officer of data recovery and digital forensics firm VTO Labs. “Where did the drone take off from? Has the drone flown other routes? Can we identify who the drone is registered to? What devices or networks has the drone connected to?”
These are great questions—but a majority of forensics experts lack extensive experience with drones and the technology that drones are equipped with. They don’t know all of the information that is potentially available to them, or how they can use this data in their work.
Drones are most often deployed to capture and relay geo-location information that they provide as they are taking photo and video images at specific locations. For example, at the scene of a major traffic accident on a busy Interstate highway, drone-captured photo documentation can dramatically reduce the amount of time that lanes need to be shut down and an area cordoned off for forensics investigations of the accident scene. This reduces traffic jams and congestion.
However, digital forensics experts like Lee Reiber, who has spent decades in law enforcement and is COO at Oxygen Forensics, says there is much more data on a drone that the forensics specialists could exploit.
“Drones have black boxes on them that contain an extraordinary number of data points that can be used to deduce information,” said Reiber. “An example would be a drone that flies into the White House. The operator of the drone says he didn’t mean to fly into the White House, but then when you drill down into the black box data that is stored on the drone, you discover that the drone suddenly accelerated as it neared the wall of the White House for impact.”
There is other onboard data that a drone contains. For instance, the military can tell whether a drone is or has hovered at certain locations for certain periods of time, or if there is a battery drain which could reflect the dropping of a payload at a certain location and point in time—or a change of rotor speed on one of the drone’s propellers that might indicate the drop of an explosive or other payload.
“You can also capture the serial numbers of drone batteries,” said Reiber. “This is possible because the internal controller or the operating system on the drone automatically records the drone’s battery serial number. If you have a terrorist group that is launching multiple drones, it’s not uncommon for the group to swap out batteries. One month later, you might capture information from a second drone and find the same battery serial number on that drone. This would suggest that a specific group was responsible for multiple drone attacks.”
What recommendations does Reiber have for forensics specialists who want to improve the amount and the quality of information that they collect from drones?
• Treat the drone as a piece of evidence. “For any incident involving a drone, there is always a first responder to the incident,” said Reiber. “First responders should be trained so they treat drones as pieces of evidence, instead of just discarding the destroyed drone. Also, when you are transporting the drone from the scene of the incident to a forensics lab, you shouldn’t just place the drone in the trunk of your vehicle. Handle the drone carefully. It could contain evidence of fingerprints or blood.”
• Preserve the drone and its controller. There are chips onboard the drone, even if it is largely destroyed, that can be extracted and mined for information.
• Extract data from the drone’s controller, chip and solid state memory. Even if a drone is largely destroyed, data can still be extracted from onboard chips, controllers or solid state memory cards. In some cases this is as easy as connecting to these objects through a USB port.
For professional land surveyors and geospatial professionals who might discover a lost or crashed drone in a remote location, the cautions about protecting the potential evidence the drone might contain are good advice. At the very least, it might help to locate the owner. There are also implications if your own drone is lost or stolen. This can include recovering the drone, but it may also lead to discovering how the drone was used while it was missing. Commercial drone users may also find some of the “forensic” tools useful in examining the performance of their UAVs. And, perhaps not the last word, the drone or its components may still be traceable back to you even after you have sold it. |
The Treatment of Tinnitus Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Tinnitus is condition where the person hears a ringing in their ears or other sounds when none of these sounds are present in the environment. It is a very common problem, especially as people age. According to studies, up to 20% of people over the age of 55 report symptoms.
What causes tinnitus? There can be many causes. The most common cause is noise-induced hearing loss. Other causes include medication side effects, as well as withdrawal from benzodiazepines. In many cases no apparent cause can be found.
For many, tinnitus is a relatively minor problem that they tend to ignore. Almost everyone has momentary tinnitus symptoms. But for other people tinnitus creates a tremendous amount of psychological distress. This includes anxiety and depression. The person fears the loss of their hearing, and tends to focus intensely on their symptoms. They begin to avoid situations where their symptoms are more noticeable. This typically means avoiding quiet locations where there is no sound to mask the tinnitus sounds. Or it may involve avoiding situations where there are loud noises such as movie theaters due to the fear of further hearing loss.
Similar to some forms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), the person may begin to engage in frequent checking behavior. This means that they consciously check the presence and volume of the ringing in their ears. They may also frequently check their hearing.
The person also suffers from constant thinking about causes of the tinnitus. They often blame themselves for exposure to loud noises in earlier life. They think about the music concerts they attended where they didn’t wear earplugs, or even recreational listening to music. They have strong feelings of regret that can blend into depressive symptoms.
Unfortunately there are no terribly effective physical treatments for tinnitus. This leaves psychological treatment as the primary modality for successful reduction of distress.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) conceptualizes tinnitus much like it conceptualizes the experience of chronic pain. Chronic pain consists of two components. The first component is the physical sensations. The second component is the bother or suffering caused by these physical sensations.
Tinnitus can be conceptualized in the same way. The subjective experience of sounds in the ears is the physical sensation. The interpretations of these sensations lead to the emotional reactions; suffering and bother.
Although CBT cannot directly change the physical sensations of tinnitus, it can change the reactions to these sensations. And changing the reactions can actually lead to a subjective experience of diminishing symptoms.
What are the components of the CBT treatment for tinnitus?
1. Psychoeducation. The first step is to educate the client about how tinnitus works. The model used is that the loss of certain frequencies in the hearing range leads the brain to fill in those frequencies with sounds. It is very much like phantom limb pain, where an amputee may experience pain in the removed extremity.
The nature of hearing loss is explained, and psychoeducation regarding tinnitus and the risk of further hearing loss is discussed. If needed, results of hearing tests can be discussed relative to the actual severity of hearing loss. Although in some cases of tinnitus hearing loss is quite significant and may actually impair functioning, in many cases the hearing loss is relatively minor and does not impair functioning in any way.
2. Cognitive therapy. Here the therapist helps the patient to identify the negative thoughts that are leading to anxiety and/or depression. Typical thoughts for anxiety are: “I can’t live my life anymore with this condition. I will lose my hearing entirely. The sounds will drive me crazy. I’m out of control. If I go into _____ situation I will be troubled by these sounds so I must avoid it. I need to constantly check my hearing to make sure it’s not diminishing. I need to constantly check the tinnitus sounds to make sure they are not getting worse. They are getting worse! They will get worse and worse until they drive me crazy.”
Typical thoughts for depression are: “Life has no meaning if I have these sounds in my ears. I can’t enjoy my life anymore. It’s hopeless. There’s nothing I can do about it. Doctors can’t help me. It will get worse and worse and slowly drive me crazy. I won’t be able to function.”
Once these thoughts are identified then the skills of challenging them and changing them are taught to the client. The client learns how to alter these thoughts to more healthy thoughts. This produces a large reduction in anxiety and depression.
3. Attentional strategies. Because much of the subjective perceived loudness of tinnitus is based on attention, with higher levels of attention leading to higher levels of perceived loudness, developing different attentional strategies will help very much. In this part of the treatment mindfulness training and attentional training is used to help the client learn how to shift their attention away from the tinnitus sounds onto other sounds or other sensations. Often a paradoxical strategy is first used, where the patient is asked to intensely focus only on their tinnitus sensations. This teaches them that attention to tinnitus symptoms increases the perceived severity, and helps motivate them to learn attentional strategies.
Another aspect of attentional retraining is to stop the constant checking of symptoms and hearing. Helpful techniques include thought stopping where the client may snap a rubber band against their wrist each time they notice themselves checking.
4. Behavioral strategies. Tinnitus sufferers typically develop an elaborate pattern of avoidance in their lives. They avoid situations where they perceive tinnitus sounds more loudly. This can include avoiding many quiet situations, including being in quiet natural places such as the woods, or even avoiding going to quiet classical music concerts. They also tend to avoid situations where they might be exposed to any loud noise. This includes movie theaters, concerts, and even noisy office situations.
The behavioral component of CBT encourages an exposure-based treatment whereby the client begins to deliberately go back into all of the avoided situations. In situations where there is actual loud noise exposure at a level potentially damaging to hearing, they are encouraged to use protective earplugs.
The purpose of the behavioral component is to help the person return to their normal life.
5. Emotional strategies. Sometimes it is necessary to help the client go through a short period of grieving for their normal hearing. This allows them to move forward and to accept the fact that they have hearing loss and tinnitus. Acceptance is a key factor in recovering psychologically. This often also includes forgiving themselves for any prior excessive loudness exposures.
Changing the thoughts about the tinnitus symptoms also produces emotional change and a reduction in anxiety and depression.
In summary, cognitive behavioral therapy of tinnitus seeks to reduce the psychological suffering caused by the sensations of tinnitus. Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and attentional strategies are taught to the client to empower them to no longer suffer psychologically from their tinnitus symptoms. Successful treatment not only reduces the psychological suffering, but because it also changes the attentional focus and lowers the checking of symptoms, people who complete CBT for tinnitus often report that their perceived symptoms have reduced significantly.
1. Traditional psychotherapy is typically NOT helpful for tinnitus.
2. Find a practitioner, typically a psychologist, with extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. If they have experience treating tinnitus that is even better.
3. Give treatment a little time. You will have to work hard to learn new ways of thinking and reacting, and this won’t happen overnight. You should be doing therapy homework between sessions.
4. Medication treatment such as anti-anxiety or antidepressant medication is typically not very helpful, and in the case of anti-anxiety medications can actually worsen tinnitus especially during withdrawal. First line treatment should be CBT.
5. Get help. Although the actual symptoms of tinnitus have no easy fix, the suffering can be treated and alleviated. Especially if you are experiencing depression symptoms, is is important to seek therapy with a CBT expert.
Listening Effectively to Strong Emotions
Let me give you a quick test.
Which of the following is a better response?
2. Wow, that sounds really upsetting. It makes sense that you’re feeling down. Being passed over is a huge disappointment. And it also sounds like you’re worried about the future and your job. Tell me more.
What’s wrong with it is that it is based on what I call the switch-on-the-forehead model of human emotion. In this model, we imagine that there’s a switch panel on our forehead that controls all of our negative emotions. If you feel depressed, just reach up and flip the depressed switch to the off position. If you feel anxious, do the same with the anxiety switch. I’ve written quite a bit about depression and anxiety in previous posts, and this model of negative emotion doesn’t really work.
Emotional Toggle Switches
Too bad we don’t have one of these on our forehead! Instead, we need to listen effectively to strong emotions.
What Not to Do When Listening to Emotions
1. Simple negation statements: “Don’t feel sad, don’t feel anxious, don’t feel angry.” These are statements that simply instruct the person to stop feeling the negative emotion. Another version of a negation statement is “cheer up”, “don’t worry”, or “chill out.” Or perhaps the worst of all, “Get over it!”
How to Listen Effectively to Strong Emotions
1. The first step is to listen empathically. What that means is to reflect back to the person what you hear them saying particularly the emotion. This skill is called a reflection of feelings. You basically just paraphrase their emotions, making an effort to be accurate as to the intensity. If someone says I am massively depressed, you don’t reflect back “You’re feeling a little bit down.” Instead, you reflect, “You’re really feeling overwhelmingly down.”
4. Ask questions. Open-ended questions or encouragement to talk more are the best. Examples of open-ended questions are: “What are you feeling?” “How did that affect you?” Try to avoid asking why questions as they often come across as attacking. Example: “Why are you so sad?”
• Tell me what happened.
• Tell me everything that’s bothering/worrying you.
• Tell me all of your concerns.
• Tell me everything that’s led up to this.
• Help me understand more about what you’re feeling.
• What set off these feelings?
• What’s the thing that’s worrying you the most?
• What’s the worst that could happen?
Some final thoughts on Listening Effectively
smartphone making you dumber
Your smartphone. Smartphones are very cool devices. You can text, Snapchat, or email from anywhere. You can find your way through traffic using Google Maps or Waze. Find a good restaurant with Tripadvisor or Yelp. Take pictures and send them to all of your friends and family instantly. Nothing but upside right?
Wrong! Multiple research studies show that our smartphones are actually making us dumber, and maybe more depressed as well. Let’s look at some interesting facts. I’ve written previously about smartphone use and happiness but wanted to revisit the subject with more data.
Fact One: The average smartphone user looks at their phone 80 times a day, according to Apple.
Other reports suggest that people look at their phone 130 times a day. That means 30,000 to 47,000 times a year! Each of those glances distracts you from your current circumstances, and if you are trying to do something complex, or learn something, you are getting dumber 30,000 to 47,000 times a year! That’s a lot of time to lose. And since studies show it takes 25 minutes and 15 seconds to recover from distraction, that means you are losing 526 days a year, which is more than a year, which means that you are basically distracted and dumber all the time.
Fact Two: The closer your phone is to you, the dumber you get.
The University of California, San Diego conducted a study of 520 undergraduate students. The students took two tests of intellectual functioning. The main variable in the study was where student put their phones. Some students put the phones in front of them on the desk, others put the phone in their pockets or purses, and others left their phones in an adjoining room.
The results: the closer the phone was, the dumber the person based on the test results. Phone in front of you, bad, phone in your pocket or purse, a little better, and phone in the next room, best results. And remember, this was with participants never checking their phones!
Fact Three: We don’t realize how much our phones impair our performance.
All of the participants in the UC study later said their phone was not a distraction, and that they never thought about their phones during the experiment. This shows we don’t even recognize the damage our phones are doing to our minds.
Fact Four: Smartphones bring down college grades by one whole letter grade when brought to class!
Researchers at the University of Arkansas found that those students who left their phones at home scored a full grade higher on material presented in the classroom than those who had their phones in class. It did not matter whether the students used their phones or not. In another study from the U.K. found that when schools ban smartphones, test scores go up a lot, with the worst students benefiting the most.
Fact Five: Your smartphone makes you worse at relationships as well.
Another study from the U.K. had 142 people divided into pairs and asked to talk in private. Half had a phone in the room, while the other half had no phone. The pairs then rated each other for affinity, trust, and empathy. “The mere presence of mobile phones,” the researchers reported in 2013 in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, “inhibited the development of interpersonal closeness and trust” and diminished “the extent to which individuals felt empathy and understanding from their partners.”
Fact Six: It Is Worse For Teenagers
According to Neilson, teenagers send and receive 3,339 texts per month, which is about 7 texts per hour, or one text every 8.5 minutes. Actually, it is worse. Let’s assume that most teens don’t text during classes. That means outside of class, they are texting about 12 times an hour, or once every 6 minutes.
iphone woman
This can’t be good for learning or memory. Imagine you are trying to learn something hard, and every 6 minutes someone asks you a question and you have to respond. How’s your performance? And since we know that distraction lasts 25 minutes, that basically means that all teenagers are distracted every minute that they are awake and not in class.
What’s even worse is that smartphone usage also affects happiness. The Monitoring The Future Survey, which is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, has collected data on 10th graders and 12th graders for decades. They asked teens how happy they are and how much time they spend on various activities including non-screen activities like socializing and exercise, and screen activities such as social media, browsing the web, or texting.
The results? All screen activities are linked to less happiness, and all non-screen activities are linked to more happiness! Eighth graders who spent 10 or more hours a week on social media were 56% more likely to say they’re unhappy. Even those who spent six hours a week on social media were still 47% more likely to say that they were unhappy. And even more ominously, the more time that teenagers spent looking at screens the more likely they were to report symptoms of depression. Teens who spent three hours a day or more on electronic devices were 35% more likely to have at least one risk factor for suicide.
Here are a few somewhat radical suggestions:
1. This one teenagers will really hate. What if parents took away smartphones from their kids, and gave them flip phones, for phone calls only? Turned off texting on the phone. I suspect the average teenager’s grades would go up a grade. Not to mention better learning and memory. Flip phones would allow teenagers to call their parents for a ride, thus having much of the convenience factor without any of the negative smartphone factors.
2. If this is not practical then I would recommend that parents take smartphones from their children when they arrive home from school, put them in a locked drawer, and only give them back the next morning. Certainly, there should be no access to smartphones while studying or doing homework. When children have finished their homework and are in relaxation mode, they can have limited access to their smartphone, but only until a reasonable hour because the use of smartphones before bedtime is very disruptive to sleep.
3. For adults, leave your phone in your car trunk when having dinner out. You’ll connect with your dinner partner much better.
4. For families, all smartphones, tablets, laptop computers go away before every family meal. Unless you are a physician on call, nothing is so important that you can’t put away your smartphone and have a nice family dinner.
5. Finally, consider a digital device Sabbath. Orthodox Jews do not use any digital devices during Sabbath, which starts Friday night and ends Saturday night. All of us should emulate this, and pick a day on the weekend which is a digital-free day.
I am reminded of the first time I met my friend Fred Luskin, a psychologist who studies stress and forgiveness. I was attending a workshop he led. At the beginning, he asked everyone to take out their smartphones and turn them off. Not “turn off the ringer” or “set to vibrate” but actually power down the phones. Participants were shocked and resistant. It took a few minutes for him to get people to actually turn off their phones. At the time I wondered about this, but now I can see that it makes a big difference. When your phone is powered down, you are not anticipating anything from it, so that little bit of attention that is always focused on the phone is freed up for other purposes.
Now I’m going to turn off my computer and my phone, go outside, and take a walk…
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Pushy parenting 'undermines children's self-confidence'
Siblings and friends would be better off playing among themselves than being shuttled between swimming, dancing and music lessons, the research indicates.
Experts believe a lack of free play time is stifling children's imagination, independence and self-confidence. It can also lead to hyper-activity, they claim.
"Free, unstructured play - such as creating pretend games - allows children to explore the world around them and teaches them to express themselves, developing key skills for adulthood such as decision-making skills and self-confidence.
"Kids have fertile imaginations which should be developed in these formative years to help build the social skills essential for later life.''
The average child now attends at least two after-school classes a week, according to the study, commissioned by Persil for its Every Child Has The Right campaign.
More than a third (37 per cent) thought structured entertainment-based activities left their children hyper-active while two thirds said it was difficult to get them to bed afterwards. |
Interesting facts about pitaya or dragon fruit
Pitaya, or pitahaya also known as dragon fruit is the fruit of several different cactus species indigenous to the Americas.
Today, pitahaya is cultivated in Southeast Asia, Florida, the Caribbean, Australia, and throughout tropical and subtropical world regions.
Pitahaya is often considered a tropical “super-food” because of its wealth of benefits, and its somewhat “under the radar” quality that makes it less well known than many mainstream fruits and health foods.
These fruits are commonly known in English as “dragon fruit”, reflecting its vernacular Asian names.
The names pitahaya and pitaya derive from Mexico, and pitaya roja in Central America and northern South America, possibly relating to pitahaya for names of tall cacti species with flowering fruit.
The pitahaya’s scientific name Hylocereus undatus is derived from the Greek word hyle (woody), the Latin word cereus (waxen) and the Latin word undatus, which refers to the wavy edges of its stems.
Pitahaya stems are scandent (climbing habit), creeping, sprawling or clambering, and branch profusely. There can be 4-7 of them, between 5 and 10 m (16.5 to 33 ft)or longer, with joints from 30 to 120 cm (12 to 47 in) or longer, and 10 to 12 cm (4 to 5 in) thick. Spines are 1 to 4 mm (0.04 to 0.16 in) long,
pitaya plant
The scented flowers are 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long and 15 to 17 cm (6 to 7 in) wide. Pitaya flowers bloom overnight and usually wilt by the morning. They rely on nocturnal pollinators such as bats or moths for fertilization.
pitaya flower
The fruit is oblong to oval, from 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 2.8 in) long and 4 to 9 cm (1.4 to 3.5 in) thick, with large bracteoles, with white pulp and edible seeds are black.
The fruit’s texture is sometimes likened to that of the kiwifruit because of its black, crunchy seeds. The flesh is bland, mildly sweet and low in calories. The seeds have a nutty taste.
There are 268 calories in 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of pitahaya.
Pitahaya possess a lot of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients beneficial for your body. It gives you energy, dietary fiber, healthy fat, and protein. For its vitamin content, this fruit contains a lot of vitamin C, along with vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B1 (thiamin), and vitamin B2 (riboflavin). The mineral wealth of this fruit includes magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and sodium. And finally, it contains the phytonutrient carotene as well as powerful antioxidants.
Pitahaya health benefits include supporting bone health and density, improve digestion, enhancing the skin, supporting good metabolic rate, improve bone health and density, good for weight loss, prevents or treat high blood pressure, fighting fungal and prevent arthritis.
Commonly, dragon fruit is eaten fresh or as is accompanied with ice cream or other desserts.
Dragon fruit is also used to flavor (and color) juices and alcoholic beverages, such as “Dragon’s Blood Punch” and the “Dragotini”. The flowers can be eaten or steeped as tea.
Pitahaya in the Sonoran Desert has been an important food source for indigenous peoples of the Americas.
According to Aztec literature, Pitahaya fruits date back to the 13th century.
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Roots : Overcoming mental slavery
Student name : SeungJe Cho
I found this TV series while searching about transatlantic slave trade on a Korean portal site. There was a blog posting by a Korean about the drama, which was mentioning about the brutality of the process of transporting slaves to the New World and separating them from their families. I was a bit surprised to find out that the series was made in the 1970’s and that it was the most-watched TV show in US history by then. Little did I expect that such a many people could love a story that happened more than two centuries ago. However, after watching it at the Suzzalo library, I could find something special that everyone, regardless of their race or age, can relate to in this series. The title of the series “roots” itself is so meaningful and casts a universal question to anyone; what do roots mean for a man and why do people often care so much about their roots?
Roots is based on a famous novel, Roots: The Saga of an American Family, written by Alex Haley and first published in 1976. “Haley spent his early years living in Henning, Tennessee, from where the inspiration for Roots began. During the years Haley’s family lived with his maternal grandparents in Henning, his grandmother often told him about their family’s history in America and Africa.” (Browne 2013) He, as a professional writer, embarked on an extensive research and finally published the novel. After the release, the book enjoyed an immediate success and inspired ABC to adapt the book into a TV series.
I was especially drawn to this drama because it reminded me of how Japan colonized Korea and forced some Koreans to leave their land, be uprooted, and to adopt different lifestyles. Some were enslaved and forced the dirtiest and the most dangerous works just like black slaves and others were forced to live in other countries like Russia or the US. What I became particularly interested while watching the series was that while black slaves including the main character, Kunta Kinte were coerced to abandon their own culture by their masters and the system of slavery, they tried to maintain their own way of life, or at least compromise between the different lifestyle and the original lifestyle at the risk of their lives. This tension between two different lifestyles can also be seen throughout the lives of Koreans who emigrated to Japan, Russian China and so on. Stalin of Soviet Union claimed to support assimilation of all minority groups into the Russian society and denied any separation from the one and only one Russia and the situations were quite the same in the other countries as well. However, many Koreans in these countries persisted in keeping Korean culture. It is true that most Russian Korean don’t know how to speak Korean, however it is also true that they have developed their own literature, music, and food. I could see that this tenacious effort of trying to hold onto their own culture and unique identity was present in these two uprooted peoples; black slaves and Koreans who emigrated during the Japanese colonialism. The TV series resonates with me probably because of this connection I made and I thought this connection deserves more thinking and discussion.
Apart from my personal feelings about the drama, it conveys a vivid illustration of Atlantic slave trade and slave experiences during the Middle Passage. It displays that slave trade was a lucrative business for Europeans and therefore how Africans were treated as goods along their journey to the New World. For example, a slave trader explains to the Captain Davies that thumbscrews are an effective tool for controlling black slaves on board while not damaging their value as goods. Also, the conditions of the voyage were so inadequate that people kept dying. “These slavers carried 1.6 slaves per register ship’s ton, with 5 to 7 square feet of deck area given to each slave. Most of the ships were outfitted with partial decks and platforms in the space below the main deck and above the second or ’tween deck.” (Klein, 2010) The drama depicts how Africans endure seasickness, dehydration and digestive problems in this tightly-packed accommodations.
The violence of the whole process was not confined to the physical aspect. Though less apparent, more long-lasting and destructive results were on the spiritual and cultural sides. Africans were forced to give up their religions, languages and cultures and eventually and most importantly their spirituality and will. For instance, in the drama, the main character Kunta Kinte gets whipped until he says his name is Toby, not Kunta Kinte, the proud and precious name granted by his father. Under the strange and harsh conditions of slave trade, black people experienced “mental slavery”. “Mental slavery is a state of mind where discerning between liberation and enslavement is twisted. Where one becomes trapped by misinformation about self and the world. So someone can claim to be conscious, they can read all the books they can recycle the popular rhetoric but still be unable to balance real-world priorities and self-interest” (Shahadah, 2013) I find this term appropriate to describe the spiritual and cultural devastation of black slaves during the transatlantic slave trade.
Coming back to the discussion of roots, I would like to argue that roots of a person mean his identity. Furthermore, keeping track of one’s roots, in other words, trying to maintain connections with ancestry is very important because by doing so, a person can ensure autonomy over his/her life. In both Korean and African diasporas, there were persistent efforts to maintain their own culture and to remember who they are. By holding onto their religions, forming kinship ties, creating their own music, black people in this country were fighting back mental slavery and expressing their free will as intact human being.
Work cited
Browne, M. (2013, April 17). Alex Haley’s novel, Roots, inspired influential TV series By Murphy Browne April 17 2013.
Klein, H. (2010). The Atlantic slave trade (2nd ed., New ed., New approaches to the Americas). Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Shahadah, A. (2013, February 18). MENTAL SLAVERY The Most Insidious Legacy of Slavery. Retrieved from http://www.africanholocaust.net/html_ah/mentalenslavement.html
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Do Cigarettes Cause Radiation?
Is ammonia a cigarette?
Numerous publications have described that tobacco manufacturers use ammonia or ammonium salts in cigarette manufacture to increase the exposure of the smoker to nicotine.
The addition of ammonia to tobacco increases the alkalinity so that the proportion of the better absorbed free nicotine increases..
How many cigarettes is OK to smoke a day?
Is Polonium 210 a cigarette?
Yes, that too. Tobacco smoke contains a radioactive chemical element called polonium-210. … Now, a new study reported in the Independent and to be published in the American Journal of Public Health suggests that tobacco companies have known about the danger of polonium in cigarette smoke for over 40 years.
How long does polonium 210 take to kill?
Of these, 210Po is the only isotope with a half-life longer than 3 minutes. Polonium can be found in uranium ores at about 0.1 mg per metric ton (1 part in 1010), which is approximately 0.2% of the abundance of radium. The amounts in the Earth’s crust are not harmful.
Is there a safer cigarette?
How much radiation is in a pack of cigarettes?
Smoking one 20-cigarette pack would result in an effective dose, E, of about 1 µSv. This compares to a natural background level of about 3 mSv per year.
Can 1 cigarette give you cancer?
Yes, according to “How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease,” a 704-page report from the United States Surgeon General’s office. Because tobacco has thousands of addictive chemicals that cause cancer, even a whiff of tobacco can adversely affect the body, the report found.
Do cigarettes really take 7 minutes of your life?
Taking the calculations a step further, the CDC compared the average number of cigarettes those dead smokers had puffed with the number of years they lost. It found that every minute spent smoking took a minute from a person’s life. The average smoker takes about 7 minutes to finish a cigarette.
Do Cigarettes contain lead?
The common dangers of cigarettes have been known for decades. However, few people know that tobacco also contains radioactive materials: polonium-210 and lead-210. Together, the toxic and radioactive substances in cigarettes harm smokers. They also harm people exposed to secondhand smoke.
Is there radon in cigarette smoke?
Persons who smoke cigarettes and are exposed to these radon progeny have a substantially greater risk for developing malignancy than nonsmokers (3).
Is relighting a cigarette more harmful?
“Despite those engaging in the relighting practice smoking fewer cigarettes, there is no estimated reduction in their exposure to toxins,” says Steinberg. “In fact, smokers who relight cigarettes may be at higher risk of lung cancer and chronic bronchitis.
Is it OK to smoke occasionally?
Yes. While it’s true that the smoker who consumes a few cigarettes now and then is exposed to less harm than heavy smokers, significant health risks are still present for light and occasional smokers as well. Commercial cigarette smoke is laden with toxins.
How much damage can 1 cigarette do?
Can you smoke during radiation treatment?
Researchers call for intensified efforts to help men with prostate cancer quit smoking after a recent MSK study revealed that patients who smoke during radiation therapy face a higher risk of both having the disease return and dying from it.
Does 1 cigarette a day affect you?
“Just one cigarette a day is ‘almost as dangerous as 20 – hiking your heart attack and stroke risk by 40%’,” The Sun reports. A new review of 141 studies covering more than 12 million people showed that people who think “light” smoking is relatively harmless are wrong. |
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The binary operation $\square$ is defined as $a \square b = ab+(a+b)$, where $a$ and $b$ are any two real numbers. The value of the identity element of this operation, defined as the number $x$ such that $a \square x = a$, for any $a$, is
1. $0$
2. $1$
3. $2$
4. $10$
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Nerve Reflection Paper
Guide Questions:
1. How did social media change the dynamics of human communication?
2. How was the relationship of language and society presented in the film?
3. How does social media affect your relations with your fellow human beings?
4. How does social media help shape the values of society? How was this presented in the film?
In formatting your case analysis, do not use the question-and-answer format; instead, use an essay format with subheadings. Your APA-formatted case study should be a minimum of two full pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). You are required to use a minimum of three academic sources that are no more than 5 years old (one may be your textbook). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased material must have accompanying in-text citations. A minimum of three in-text citations are required.
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How Long Does It Take To Recover From Rubella?
What are the long term effects of rubella?
Up to 70% of women who get rubella may experience arthritis; this is rare in children and men.
liver or spleen damage..
Does rubella go away on its own?
Rubella usually goes away on its own. But tell your healthcare provider if: Your symptoms get worse or you have new symptoms. You are pregnant and aren’t sure if you have been vaccinated against rubella.
What happens if rubella is left untreated?
If left untreated, the infection can lead to ear infections, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and even death.
What is the fastest way to cure German measles?
Lifestyle and home remediesTake it easy. Get rest and avoid busy activities.Sip something. Drink plenty of water, fruit juice and herbal tea to replace fluids lost by fever and sweating.Seek respiratory relief. Use a humidifier to relieve a cough and sore throat.Rest your eyes.
Does rubella go away?
German measles is typically a mild infection that goes away within one week, even without treatment. However, it can be a serious condition in pregnant women, as it may cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus.
Can you still get rubella if vaccinated?
The person’s immune system fights the infection caused by these weakened viruses, and immunity (the body’s protection from the virus) develops. Some people who get two doses of MMR vaccine may still get measles, mumps, or rubella if they are exposed to the viruses that cause these diseases.
What happens if you get rubella?
Rubella is a mild infection. Once you’ve had the disease, you’re usually permanently immune. Some women who have had rubella experience arthritis in the fingers, wrists and knees, which generally lasts for about one month. In rare cases, rubella can cause an ear infection or inflammation of the brain.
Can rubella cause heart problems?
Babies born with congenital rubella syndrome may have some or all of the following symptoms: Heart problems. Eye problems, including cataracts and glaucoma.
Does rubella infection give lifelong immunity?
A single rubella infection usually offers lifelong immunity for most people. Although unlikely, it is still possible to contract rubella even if you have had a vaccination or a previous rubella infection.
Can you lose rubella immunity?
Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. In some adults, the vaccine may wear off. This means they are not fully protected.
What organs does rubella affect?
Can you have rubella more than once?
Once you have had rubella, your body will have made antibodies to the condition that will provide immunity throughout your life. It is very rare to have more than one episode.
How is rubella prevented?
Rubella can be prevented with MMR vaccine. This protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. CDC recommends children get two doses of MMR vaccine, starting with the first dose at 12 through 15 months of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age.
Can rubella cause pneumonia?
Pneumonia. As many as 1 out of every 20 children with measles gets pneumonia, the most common cause of death from measles in young children. Encephalitis.
How long are you contagious with rubella?
A person with rubella may spread the disease to others up to one week before the rash appears, and remain contagious up to 7 days after.
Who is most at risk of rubella?
Can rubella spread?
Rubella is spread by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals. Rubella can also be transmitted by breathing in droplets that are sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks.
Is Rubella a virus or bacteria?
Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Most people who get rubella usually have a mild illness, with symptoms that can include a low-grade fever, sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
Does rubella cause infertility?
A feared complication is that it can affect the testicles in males and cause sterility. It can also cause other serious complications. Rubella (German measles). Rubella is an infection from a virus. |
The Nitty Gritty on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Most people are unaware of the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome. I thought it entails a period of withdrawal, but after that rough NICU time period, I didn’t know there was lasting effects. I also had considered if large amounts of alcohol were ingested, perhaps the child would be born with birth defects. I had seen pictures of children with severely deformed faces in college, and they were labelled as children with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Granted, it can be like that. A child can be born with effects so severe that they are clearly deformed. That’s not how it usually is though. The writer of that article quoted their NHS (National Health Service) as saying, ” If you drink heavily during pregnancy, your baby could develop a group of problems known as foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Children with this syndrome have: restricted growth, facial abnormalities and learning and behavioural disorders.”
The truth is, you don’t have to drink heavily during pregnancy for your child to suffer the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Even a couple of glasses of wine on the “wrong day” during fetal development can have disastrous effects on that child for the rest of his life.
A child with FASD lacks reasoning skills and impulse control. Even if he knows something is wrong, sometimes he is incapable of stopping himself. He lies a lot. He lies for a couple of reasons.
First of all, with children that have FAS/FASD/FAE, when they get overstimulated or they are confused, they often and usually respond with a dysfunctional amygdala. Every little thing automatically turns into something that they deal with with a “fight or flight response.” So, sometimes, they will lie about something absolutely inconsequential because, even though he knows with his intellect that people will not harm them, they panic. Other times, they will lie to say simply what they feels people want to hear. They will also lie because they remember things wrong or they don’t remember anything at all, but don’t want anyone to realize they can’t remember.
Once a child with FASD loses his calm, the fight or flight switch isn’t on a dimmer. It’s on or off. It doesn’t matter who he is engaging with or what he is engaging with them about.
The disability affects every area of a person’s life. It causes weakened organs, and cognition and communication issues. It affects relationships, growth, and health. Statistically, a majority of people who are in prison show strong signs of having been prenatally exposed to alcohol. Also statistically, an adult with FAS has a slim chance of ever being independent. Far more likely outcomes are incarceration, homelessness and early death.
People have commented that women in history have often drank moderately while pregnant. That is true. And our history is rich with examples of people lacking impulse control and flying off the handle. Children were beaten into submission, only to in turn beat their own children into submission. I guess, I ask this: Is a “wild west mentality,” still acceptable? Are fist fights, aggression, impatience, stubbornness, criminal behavior, weakened immunity, insomnia, financial irresponsibility, chronic unemployment, poor sexual boundaries, and delayed emotional maturity worth women enjoying a cocktail or a couple of white zinfandels?
1. Linda Q
Wow, thanks for blogging about this. I see so many of the “other” types of articles around. I live with the consequences of someone’s drinking only this or only that, too. My 3 kids will suffer for the rest of their lives.
2. Cassandra
Wow this just perfectly described my youngest brother. He is adopted and his mother drank all during her pregnancy. So sad. And my ex-stepmother drank and did cocaine during her pregnancy and gave birth to twins that have physical defects as well. I just can’t understand being so irresponsible with someone else’s life! You can’t sacrifice and be healthy for JUST TEN MONTHS??? God bless these children.
3. Valerie
Very good and informative! We are raising our adopted daughter with FASD. I feel so bad for her for what she will have to deal with for the rest of her life! She is such a sweetheart when she is happy! Thanks for the blog. Keep up the good work.
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1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: Greek
4. >
5. "He is not familiar to me."
"He is not familiar to me."
Translation:Αυτός δεν μου είναι οικείος.
October 16, 2016
Οικείος is very formal. It is better to use the adjective: γνωστός for everyday speech
Why does the μου precede the verb? αυτός δεν είναι οικείος μου was marked wrong. I guess it would literally mean "he is not my familiar."
The short versions of pronouns (accusative με σε το etc. as well as genitive μου σου του etc.) come before the verb.
If you want to use them elsewhere, you'll need the long version: σ' εμένα "to me", for example.
Why is it incorrect to write, αυτός δεν είναι οικείος για εμένα? Even this its the same meaning.. plz fix your app
We would add it, but it's wrong.
Learn Greek in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
Mental health- A reminder
Mental health is highly disregarded by a lot of communities and usually brushed off or completely ignored.
Here are the facts, in both the UK and worldwide:
• When a mental health issue becomes long term and gets in the way of your day to day activities, it’s considered a disability..
• Mental health problems are one of the main causes of the overall disease burden worldwide.
But unfortunately, people either have so little education on the topic or they find it very uncomfortable to address it. People who suffer from mental health issues are usually afraid of admitting it to their friends and loved ones because they have no idea how they will react.
What people fail to understand is that, just like your body, you mind can get sick. Instead of pretending that this is ‘all in your head’ and that ‘it’s just a phase try and educate yourself on why you might be feeling they way you feel and use resources that are in place to help you. At this festive time of the year it is easy to feel alone when the message of togetherness and love is all that is being shoved in your face.
Check your friends, loved ones and the people close to you and try to offer a hand. Remind them that they are not alone.
|
The Ohio State Universities | University Libraries | Resource Guides
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Consumer-oriented and general interest web sites.
Government websites developed for students in grades K-12, parents, and teachers, covering topics in science, health, civics, finance, etc. Inclusion of a site below does not mean that OSU Libraries or The Ohio State University endorse the sites or the information they contain.
Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government. (Government Publishing Office) Information on the Federal Government including how laws are made, historical documents, the election process, etc. for ages 4 on, includes games.
Discover History. (National Parks Service) Primarily aimed at grades 6-12 has a few resources for Pre-K -2, and College. Materials cover social studies and science mostly. Includes games, teacher resources, educational materials available for loan, distance learning, etc.
EDSITEment! (National Endowment for the Humanities) Geared towards K-12, and teachers. Some of the topics covered include art and culture, foreign language, history and social studies, literature and language arts. Lesson plans and interactive activities are available.
Educational Resources. (USGS) Resources available for grades K-College. Has videos, online lectures, lesson plans and classroom activities on topics in biology, geography, geology, water, and more. Some of the materials referenced are available for purchase.
Education Resources from the Library of Congress. (Library of Congress) Primary source materials in the fields of literature, history and science for grades 3-12. Lesson plans. (Federal Financial Literacy and Education Commission) Financial literacy thru games, videos, video games, lesson plans, etc. Explore topics on personal finance, money, advertising, budgeting, etc. Geared primarily to high school students, has some activities, etc. for lower grades.
NASA. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) NASA's resources for Teachers and kids. K-College.
National Geographic Kids. (National Geographic Partners, LLC.) Includes games, apps, videos geared to encourage kids to explore the world and how it works.
Smithsonian Kids. (Smithsonian Institute) Based on the Smithsonian's collections but geared towards kids. Some of the topics covered include, dinosaurs, weather, biology, history, astronomy, and so on. Contains games and videos, and teacher resources.
Teachers. (National Archives) Primary source materials held by the National Archives, includes links to e-books, YouTube and iTune segments, video and audio records, interactive maps, and more. Grades 6-12.
U.S. Government Web sites for Kids. (Ben’s Guide) Intended for parents and educators lists resources from either published by the federal government or have topics relating to the Federal government. |
NASA Finds That the Destructive Tropical Storm Barry Is Asymmetric
The storm is said to have already caused massive flooding and damage to the Louisiana region.
NASA Finds That the Destructive Tropical Storm Barry Is Asymmetric
Tropical Storm Barry, seen here by GOES East on July 12, 2019, at 9 a.m. ET NOAA
Just making landfall a few hours ago in the United States, Tropical Storm Barry is an odd-looking storm, to say the least, but is an equally dangerous system.
In fact, Barry reached hurricane strength as it approached Louisiana, only to eventually weaken a bit, sustaining speeds of 96km/h
So what makes it so odd? Using NASA's Aqua satellite, the infrared imagery showed researchers that the storm looks nothing like a typical tropical storm. Barry is asymmetric and elongated with its strongest storms south of its stretched-out center of circulation.
NASA Finds That the Destructive Tropical Storm Barry Is Asymmetric
Tropical Storm Barry as seen on NOAA's GOES East satellite on 7 a.m. Saturday. Photo via NOAA GOES satellite. Source:
You are probably very familiar with annular tropical storms. You see them every season and they tend to bear similar characteristics. Usually shaped like a tire or donut, these storms feature a normal to large, symmetric eye surrounded by a thick and uniform ring of intense convection, often having a relative lack of discrete rainbands, bearing asymmetric appearance, not symmetric in general.
As mentioned before, Tropical Storm Barry is different with its rare and unique asymmetrical shape. Nevertheless, the Aqua-spotted storm is already causing plenty of problems for the residents in Louisiana and the surrounding region.
For the uninitiated, NASA's Aqua satellite is a NASA Earth Science satellite mission named for the large amount of information that the mission is collecting about the Earth's water cycle.
The satellite collects information regarding the evaporation from the oceans, water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation, soil moisture, sea ice, land ice, and snow cover on the land and ice. And, of course, Aqua plays a role in NASA's understanding of tropical storms.
Tropical Storm Barry
At the moment, the storm system is crawling north-west at a speed of about 7 kph. Officials have already warned of potentially life-threatening floods, with President Donald Trump declaring a federal state of emergency in Louisiana before the storm hits.
Thousands have already been evacuated from the areas at the most risk of flooding. Even more so, there are more than 150,000 households in Louisiana that are already without power.
NASA Finds That the Destructive Tropical Storm Barry Is Asymmetric
Source: NASA
Recently the National Hurricane Center released a series of key messages to residents on Barry's warpath, with updates available at National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service (via Twitter):
At the moment, there have already been reported floods and damage to the region. This story is developing.
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Kontrolagailu baten eta prozesadorearen arteko aldea
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has already been in force for several months. However, there is still uncertainty about the meaning of certain terms in the GDPR. For example, it is not clear to everyone what the difference is between a controller and a processor, while these are core concepts of the GDPR. According to the GDPR, the controller is the (legal) entity or organization that determines the purpose and means of the processing of personal data. The controller therefore determines why personal data is being processed. In addition, the controller in principle determines with which means the data processing takes place. In practice, the party that actually controls the processing of data is the controller.
Datuen Babeserako Araudi Orokorra (GDPR)
According to the GDPR, the processor is a separate (legal) person or organization that processes personal data on behalf of and under the responsibility of the controller. For a processor, it is important to determine whether the processing of personal data is performed for the benefit of itself or for the benefit of a controller. It can sometimes be a puzzle to determine who is the controller and who is the processor. In the end, it is best to answer the next question: who has ultimate control over the purpose and means of data processing? |
Making MoneyFarm LifeCrops Pests & WeedsWaterMachinesWorld Events
Changes in the Meat Industry
From the 1970s to today, livestock producers and packers consolidated into a few corporations, and those companies both helped create and profited from dramatic changes in diets across the globe. At the same time, the public and regulators started to impose environmental restrictions on livestock production.
"The march of the meat-eating Chinese" was the phrase coined by Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize winning economist and columnist, to describe changes in global dietary preferences. All across the globe, Krugman noted, there was a "growing number of people in emerging economies who are, for the first time, rich enough to start eating like Westerners." That fact profoundly changed the livestock market and drove the cost of food higher. In 2008, that trend resulted in food riots.
In 1961, the world's total meat supply amounted to 71 million tons. By 2007, it was 284 million tons, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. There are now many more people in the world, and that accounts for some of the increase in demand for meat. But each person is eating much more meat then they did before – per capita consumption of meat doubled worldwide from 1961 to 2007. The increases in the developing world were even more dramatic, doubling in the last 20 years alone.
To meet that demand (no pun intended), the world's top livestock producers consolidated into a few, huge multinational corporations. A Brazilian company, JBS S.A., bought out the venerable American packer Swift & Co. in 2007. By then, Tyson Foods had bought out IBP to become the largest meat producer. The huge grain conglomerate Cargill owned Excel Corporation and expanded into Canada, becoming the second largest producer. Swift was third, and National Beef Packing was the smallest of the Big Four.
Boxed beef is now shipped frozen all over the world, often from packinghouses in Nebraska and the Midwest where the huge livestock feeding operations and packers are concentrated.
This demand for more and better beef, pork, chicken and other meats has meant that more and more animals are fed grain in tighter and tighter quarters. Already, the United Nations FAO estimates that 30 percent of the ice-free land in the world is directly or indirectly involved in livestock production. It would be much more if the animals were allowed to graze freely. Instead, half of the pork produced in the U.S. and three-quarters of the chickens are raised in enclosed, pre-fabricated, confinement buildings. The animals may never see the Sun until they're loaded onto semi-trailer trucks for transport to the nearby slaughterhouse. Cattle are larger animals, so confinement buildings don't work as well. But massive feedlots have the same effect.
The environmental impact of a concentrated confinement feeding operation is pretty easy to see as thousands of animals in one building produce tons of manure. In Iowa alone, hog factories and farms produce more than 50 million tons of excrement annually.
As urine and manure collect in "capture lagoons," two powerful greenhouse gases – methane and nitrous oxide – are released. Cattle also belch and fart (to put it indelicately), and those gases contain methane as well.
Scientists have suggested that the trillions of farm animals around the world generate 18 percent of the greenhouse emissions that are warming the globe, according to the United Nations. That is even more greenhouse gas than produced from all the world's cars, buses and airplanes.
Scientists are also concerned that confining thousands of animals into tight spaces makes epidemics of diseases like mad cow disease or pseudorabies much more likely. To prevent the outbreak of these diseases, farmers are routinely using antibiotics, even on healthy animals. Some scientists are concerned that we may be producing new strains of bacteria that are resistant to any of today's antibiotics.
When the production of the grain (that is used to feed livestock) is factored into the equation, contamination from overused fertilizers and pesticides add to the pollution.
To reduce the amount of greenhouse gases produced by livestock, research projects are looking at ways to capture the methane from manure and burn it to produce electricity. Other research projects are searching for new feed sources that will produce less gas in the stomachs of cows.
Other critics are concerned with the impact that the livestock industry has on its workers' health and safety, and on the impact to the communities where packing plants are located. In the late 2000s, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency raided several Midwest packing plants, found and deported illegal immigrant laborers. Those raids, in some cases, broke up families, disrupted production lines and disturbed communities.
Ultimately, the only way to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock may be to change our diets again, reducing the amount of meat we eat and replacing it with grains, vegetables and other sources of protein.
In the meantime, the industry continues to innovate. The 21st century livestock industry involves computer technology in management and marketing and increased trading opportunities in animal futures. Country auctions for small operators, video sales, new breeds, specialty breed shows, and the use of private airplanes to locate animals all had a place in this evolving industry.
Grown Up Fertilizer Industry
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hardware VPN
A hardware VPN is a virtual private network ( VPN) based on a single, stand-alone device. The device, which contains a dedicated processor, manages authentication, encryption, and other VPN functions, and provides a hardware firewall. Hardware VPNs provide enhanced security for the enterprise in much the same way that hardware routers offer additional security (when compared to firewall programs) for home and small-business computer users.
A traditional VPN is, essentially, a set of programs on the same platform as the network operating system. Such a VPN provides remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network by using the shared public telecommunications infrastructure and standard security measures. Hardware VPNs offer a number of advantages over the software-based VPN. In addition to enhanced security, hardware VPNs provide load balancing and the ability to handle large client loads. Administration is managed through a Web browser interface.
A hardware VPN is more expensive than a software VPN. Because of the cost, hardware VPNs are a more realistic option for large businesses than for small businesses or branch offices. Several vendors offer devices that can function as hardware VPNs.
This was last updated in April 2007
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BUS 508 BUS508 CHAPTER 15 QUIZ Answers
BUS 508 BUS508 CHAPTER 15 QUIZ Answers
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1. The ________ states that assets must equal liabilities plus owners’ equity.
2. Of the four financial statements, only the balance sheet is considered to be a permanent statement; its amounts are carried over from year to year.
3. ________ is a record of the change in owners’ equity from the end of one fiscal period to the end of the next.
4. The final figure on the income statement is the so-called ________.
5. The ________ is a federal law that prohibits U.S. citizens and companies from bribing foreign officials in order to win or continue business.
6. ________ are principles that encompass the conventions, rules, and procedures for determining acceptable accounting practices at a particular time.
7. The ________ carefully monitors changing business conditions, enacting new rules and modifying existing rules when necessary.
8. A firm’s ________ shows its financial position on a particular date.
9. Ratios do not assist managers by interpreting actual performance and making comparisons to what should have happened.
10. ________ is the process of measuring, interpreting, and communicating financial information to enable people inside and outside the firm to make informed decisions.
11. A ________ is a planning and controlling tool that reflects the firm’s expected sales revenues, operating expenses, and cash receipts and outlays.
12. Accounting professionals fulfill important responsibilities beyond preparing financial statements.
13. Liabilities and owners’ equity indicate the sources of the firm’s assets and are listed in the order in which they are due.
14. The ________ feature describes recent developments in the accounting profession in China and Hong Kong.
15. ________ is the process by which accounting transactions are recorded.
16. A firm’s ability to meet its short-term obligations when they must be paid is measured by ________.
17. ________ is the owner’s initial investment in the business plus profits that were not paid out to owners over time in the form of cash dividends.
18. A fiscal year has to coincide with the calendar year, and companies set different fiscal years.
19. Accounting software programs are not used widely in both large and small businesses today.
20. ________ recognizes revenues and costs when they occur, not when actual cash changes hands.
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1.2)Explain the difference between the sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important.
The Sequential development is the sequence of development. This means that you must finish with one area of development before you move onto the next one. The cephalocaudle principle believes that development moves from the head downwards. This is to do with small children and understands that infants get full control of their heads, then arms then finally feet, from the top down. This is also seen later on and the understanding is that the spinal cord needs to develop properly before other areas such as the hands and feet and then fingers and toes develop. This is sequential and you cannot skip sequences or you will not be fully developed.
The rate of development is the pace that a child develops at; this can be the pace within each sequence or the pace overall and goes to cover all the set areas or periods in between or altogether in the sequences.
These principals run through all areas of development from mental to physical to emotional, no matter what the age of the child. If one is skipped or is slow it can be a cause for concern and may lead to a child being given a special recommendation or having a special need in or outside school. Growth and development are a continuous process and are different for all individuals.
The rates all move from the general to the specific, for example from moving a hand in any direction to grasping a pencil or catching a ball.
So the variation is to do with the building blocks of development, which is sequential development versus the rate or the speed of development which is the rate of development. Both are obviously interlinked. It is important to recognize the difference between the sequence and rate of a child’s development so children/young people are identified who need help or are at risk.
Children develop at different rates, information and sources we receive are only guidelines. These... |
Three granaries
Three granaries hold 7,800 metric cent (q) of grain. In the first, 70 tonnes of grain was more than the second and in the third it was 120 tonnes less than in the second. How many grain were in each granary?
Correct result:
a = 2686.6667 q
b = 2616.6667 q
c = 2496.6667 q
a = 70+b
c = b-120
a+b+c = 7800
a-b = 70
b-c = 120
a = 8060/3 ≈ 2686.666667
b = 7850/3 ≈ 2616.666667
c = 7490/3 ≈ 2496.666667
Our linear equations calculator calculates it.
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stamp Michail has in three albums stored 170 stamps. In the first album, there are 14 more than in the second and in the second is by 1/5 less than in the third. How many stamps are in the first album?
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silo_3 In the three warehouses, a total of 70 tons of grain was stored. In the second warehouse was stored 8.5t less and in the third 3.5t more than in the first. How many tons of grain was stored in each warehouse?
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pizza_4 Divide 570 euros to three friends so that first will get 50 euros less than the second and third twice more than the first. How many euros will get everyone?
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kombajn The farm harvested 390 tons of grain. Wheat was 15% more than barley, and rye was 126 tons less than wheat and barley combined. How many tons of wheat, how many tons of barley, and how much rye did the team get?
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sugar 100 kg of sugar we divide into three piles. The first pile is small. If we added to second 2 kg of sugar it would have 25% more sugar than the first pile. If we added to third pile 3 kg of sugar it would have 20% more sugar than the 2nd pile. How many kil
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rajcata Three workers planted 3555 seedlings of tomatoes in one dey. First worked at the standard norm, the second planted 120 seedlings more and the third 135 seedlings more than the first worker. How many seedlings were standard norm?
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Low-temperature laboratory freezers can achieve temperatures of about -40° C or lower. Kitchen freezers, by contrast, operate to about -20° C. The temperature “sweet spot” for lab freezers is about -86° C. “Mechanical” (compressor-based) freezers reach the -40° to -50° C range with a single compressor. A second compressor is required to cool below that point. To achieve energy efficiency and extend the life of the compressors, the low-stage compressor turns off automatically when the set-point temperature is reached, while the high-stage compressor remains on continuously.
What is a ULT Freezer?
Ultra-low temperature freezers, or ULT freezers, range between -30 and -40 degrees Fahrenheit. They’re used for the storage of drugs, tissue samples, enzymes, and other biological materials.
ULT freezers have become essential for clinical environments. Lab technicians in many fields consider them to be a vital part of their work and research.
Let us resume them below, thanks to our 50 years experience in the field and our collaboration with some of the most important laboratory researchers throughout the world.
Two versions are generally available: upright freezer or chest freezer with access from the upper part. The most common one is the upright version, as laboratories are increasingly looking to save space to make it easier to move around.
The internal storage volume of the low temperature freezer can start from an internal capacity of 200 litres up to a maximum capacity of 800 litres. Some manufacturers, including FDM, can provide customized volumes on requests.
The Ultra freezer has shelves on the inside where research samples are placed. Each shelf is closed by an internal door so to maintain the temperature as uniform as possible on the shelves where no sample is removed or placed.
The insulation is an essential part of the Ultra freezer. This polyurethane insulation is free of polluting substances and it is designed to keep the cold stored inside the cabinet, between the external and internal walls. The high insulation coefficient keeps the temperature stable inside the cabinet for hours.
The gasket seal is positioned all along the perimeter of the freezer cabinet. It seals the freezer cabinet when the access door is closed. The most efficient ones are silicone quadruple-step seals, which guarantee even greater temperature stability.
Access door
The main access door also insulated with polyurethane, guarantees to keep the cold, being blocked by an external closure generally fitted with a safety key.
More practical freezers are equipped with swivel castors at the bottom, to facilitate movement inside the laboratory.
The best freezers are equipped with an electronic PLC controller, and a display that indicates freezing parameters. The entire control system is generally equipped with a back-up battery, which ensures that the digital temperature display works even in case of power outages.
How does the refrigerator circuit of an ultra freezer work?
Refrigeration systems can be a single high-power compressor hermetically sealed or two cascade compressors. The two cascade solution, is two refrigeration circuits connected so that the evaporator of one cools the condenser of the other, facilitating the condensation of the compressed gas in the first circuit.
Air-cooled condensers are generally used in laboratory refrigeration systems. They consist of tubular batteries (copper or copper-aluminium) arranged to provide as much surface heat transfer as possible. In Ultra freezers, the circulation of the cooling air is forced by an engine driven fan and the expansion of the refrigerant fluids is obtained by capillary tubes.
Evaporation takes place through steel plate heat exchangers, located inside the chamber, or by means of a coil. In chest freezers, the copper or copper-aluminium coil evaporator is placed along the walls and bottom, while in the upright freezers it runs along the walls and at the top. The coil in the cabinet eliminates the efficiency issue in the heat exchange of freezers with the coil in the insulation cavity.
Refrigerant fluids used in the ULT freezers
Refrigerant fluids are selected from gaseous chemical compounds that can easily be liquefied and characterized by certain properties such as high critical temperature and low critical pressure, limited hazard and toxicity.
They are indicated by the letter R followed by a number that refer to the molecule’s atoms.
Each refrigerant system must be sealed and contain eco-friendly refrigerant HFC gas, free from CFC and HCFC as well as being non-explosive, non-flammable and non-toxic.
The most efficient, environment-friendly refrigerant fluids used in ultra freezers are typically R170, R23 and R290.
With the European Regulation UE 517/2014, the Ultra freezer manufacturers must follow the guideline to allow its use even after 2030. So they must use green refrigerants:
R717 (ammonia)
R744 (Carbon dioxide)
R170 (Ethane)
R290 (CARE 40) Propane
R600a (CARE 10) Isobutane
R1150 (Ethylene)
R1270 (CARE 45) Propylene
Typical Applications for Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers
Ultra-low temperature freezers find wide application for biological and biotech storage applications in
• research universities
• medical centers and hospitals
• blood banks
• forensic labs for long-term evidence storage
• establishing performance specs for parts used in extreme environments
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Implicit spatial length modulates time estimates, but not vice versa
Bottini, R., & Casasanto, D. (2010). Implicit spatial length modulates time estimates, but not vice versa. In C. Hölscher, T. F. Shipley, M. Olivetti Belardinelli, J. A. Bateman, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial Cognition VII. International Conference, Spatial Cognition 2010, Mt. Hood/Portland, OR, USA, August 15-19, 2010. Proceedings (pp. 152-162). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
How are space and time represented in the human mind? Here we evaluate two theoretical proposals, one suggesting a symmetric relationship between space and time (ATOM theory) and the other an asymmetric relationship (metaphor theory). In Experiment 1, Dutch-speakers saw 7-letter nouns that named concrete objects of various spatial lengths (tr. pencil, bench, footpath) and estimated how much time they remained on the screen. In Experiment 2, participants saw nouns naming temporal events of various durations (tr. blink, party, season) and estimated the words’ spatial length. Nouns that named short objects were judged to remain on the screen for a shorter time, and nouns that named longer objects to remain for a longer time. By contrast, variations in the duration of the event nouns’ referents had no effect on judgments of the words’ spatial length. This asymmetric pattern of cross-dimensional interference supports metaphor theory and challenges ATOM.
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Will Edwinson
Author & Storyteller
How Much Is A Trillion?
Will Edwinson PhotoGreetings, readers:
I’d like to expand a little bit on one of Rube’s earlier posts. We’ve heard the T word bandied about a lot these past few years as though a billion or trillion dollars were chump change. A friend sent me an email a awhile back that puts a bit more perspective on just how much a trillion dollars really is. I think people have become numb to that fact. Ten Thousand Dollars
On Million Dollars
The packet at the man’s feet is one million dollars
According to this email, a standard ten thousand dollar packet of money consisting of a hundred one hundred-dollar bills is half an inch thick. This packet can easily be carried in a man’s shirt pocket or a lady’s purse. A million dollars—one hundred of these ten thousand dollar packets—is still a small enough bundle to fit into a suitcase or grocery bag that can be carried rather easily. It’s when we advance beyond this point that things begin to change very rapidly, almost exponentially. For emphasis, I’m going to be a bit dramatic in my description of just what a trillion dollars is, because I think most people don’t realize the magnitude of that huge sum of money.
One Hudred Million Dollars
One Hundred Million Dollars
One Billion Dollars
One Billion Dollars
So let’s start out with the ten thousand dollar packet of one hundred dollar bills pictured at the top of this post. Remember, we can carry that in our shirt pocket or a woman’s purse. Then we multiply that ten thousand dollars by one hundred, and we get a million dollars pictured to the right and below the ten thousand dollars that we can still carry in a suitcase. From here on, it gets a little mind boggling, so stay with me. If we multiply the million dollars by one hundred, we come up with one hundred million dollars. This is the amount of money on a standard U. S. Treasury pallet pictured below and left of the million dollars. It takes ten of those pallets to make up a billion dollars, which is ten times a hundred million, or a thousand million dollars.
Now, let’s move on up to a trillion dollars which is a thousand million dollars (a billion dollars) times one thousand billion dollars. This amount of money would require ten thousand pallets to hold it all. A standard pallet is three and half feet by three and half feet. So a trillion dollars, in one hundred dollar bills, would require a space three hundred sixty feet long by one hundred eighty-seven feet wide, double stacked.
OneTrillion Dollars
These are Ten Thousand pallet containing one hundred million dollars each stacked two high and cover a football field. If you look real close you can see a man in the lower left corner. This provides a little perspective
To put this into a little better perspective, a standard college football field, including the end zone is three hundred sixty feet long by one hundred sixty feet wide. So try to picture in your mind a bunch of pallets stacked two high covering an entire football field. If single stacked, these pallets would cover two football fields. Kinda blows your mind, doesn’t it? So this means if single stacked, it would take 35 college football fields to store our national debt if it were printed in one hundred dollar bills.
Rube mentioned in his earlier commentary that if a man gave his wife one thousand dollars a day to run the house on, it would take her a little more than 2,739 years to spend a billion dollars. Just to illustrate the exponentiallity of this, if she were to try to spend a trillion dollars at the same rate of a thousand dollars a day, it would take her, according to my calculations, 2,739,726 years.
My…how times have changed. Thinking about this caused me to reflect back to the days of my youth when I was in high school during the 1950s. In those days we couldn’t even fathom a trillion of anything. Trillion and zillion were kids’ expressions used to exaggerate a vast number of–whatever. Life was simpler back then. Millionaires were few, and attaining the status of millionaire was a real achievement. Now days, movie stars and sports players get ten times that and more for just one year’s salary. Something seems to be a little out of balance here. If things keep going the way they are, a thousand dollar bill won’t have any more value than something to paper the walls with.
Money had a lot more value back in those days. I remember the top prize for a famous radio quiz program was sixty-four dollars. Then name of the show was the “Sixty-four Dollar Question? Fred Allen was the host of the show. Sixty four dollars was considered a lot of money in those days.
Our national budget hovered between forty and sixty billion dollars a year during the years from 1950 to 1955. My ten digit pocket calculator ran out of space, so I couldn’t figure how far fifty billion would go toward paying the interest on today’s national debt, but I’d wager not far.
A couple of things I remember about my high school days of the 1950s are the twenty-five cent milkshakes, and the thirty-cent malts. Hamburgers were two bits (25 cents). After attending a movie, which cost twenty-cents per person, kids under twelve less, we could buy our girlfriends a burger and milk shake at the local hamburger joint for fifty cents. There was a restaurant in town, the Idaho Café. It kept late hours, maybe all night, my memory is a bit foggy about that.
After a bunch of us had been out cattin’ on a Friday or Saturday night, we would stop at the Idaho Cafe for a late night snack. One of my favorite meals was a Tenderloin Steak dinner. It offered a nice sized-portion of tenderloin beef, shoestring potatoes, as we called them in those days, a choice of soup or salad, desert and coffee. The final price was two bucks; no extra charges or sales tax added on. A single cup of coffee was a nickel. Pie and coffee, two bits.
This establishment served good chili also. Again, memory says a bowl of chili was either fifteen cents, or maybe a quarter. The head chef—Stan Peterson—made the best darn cinnamon rolls that ever graced a human palate. “Stan’s rolls” were known for miles around. Overland truckers used to make it a point to stop in Soda Springs just for one of Stan’s rolls and a cup of coffee. I used to go there almost every day for an after school snack consisting of one of these rolls and coffee.
Regular gasoline hovered between twenty-eight and thirty two cents per gallon (only a few cents more than the state tax on today’s gas). Premium grade was Eythl. I never bought much of the premium stuff, so I don’t really remember how much higher the price for it was. I suspect a couple of cents. I remember gasoline looked good enough to drink. The regular was orange and looked like orange Kool-Aid. Eythl was red and looked like cherry Kool-Aid. Those days are long gone, I’m afraid. But they were good days for those of us who had the good fortune to live ’em.
FreeGiveawayThNow, I’d like to talk a little bit about a new novel I have coming out soon. It’s titled LouIsa—Iron Dove Of The Frontier. She truly was an Iron Dove. She was tough as nails on the outside facing many challenges in her short life, but was also a genteel woman of quiet strength. If you follow this blog you will be able to read short snippet excerpts between now and its release.
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Wolf Zaidman
Wolf and Renate after their marriage, taken in Bergen-Belsen. Fred Zaidman private collection.
Wolf Zaidman was born August 12, 1914 to Moshe and Ryfka Zajdman in the small village of Zytno, Poland. When he was about three years old, his family moved to Będzin because the town’s large Jewish population provided greater opportunities for work, education, and social life. Wolf had six siblings: Mendel and Lejbus (born before the census of 1910), Hana (1911, died in infancy), Fiszel (1912), Cwelta (1920), and Frajdla (1922).
During the years leading up to the war, Wolf made his living as a carpenter. When the Nazis invaded, his eldest brother Mendel tried to escape to Russia. He was never heard from again. Wolf spent a year in the Kamionka ghetto before being sent to the labor camp Dora-Mittelbau, and then to sub-camps of Gross-Rosen, where he worked as a carpenter. Wolf’s parents (Moshe and Ryfka), sisters (Cwelta and Frajdla), and brothers (Lejbus and Fiszel) were taken directly from Będzin to Auschwitz and murdered.
After 1945, Wolf spoke with his children only a few times about his experiences in the Holocaust. When his son Fred Zaidman, who was born in the 1950s in the United States, probed for details, Wolf relayed this story: While in the camps, a Nazi soldier gave him a shovel and ordered him to dig. He knew he was digging his own grave. When he had dug the grave, the soldier kicked him into it, then walked away laughing.
In April 1945, Wolf was on a death march to Bergen-Belsen. One week after his arrival, the camp was liberated. Wolf spent the next five years in a DP camp near the former concentration camp of Bergen-Belsen. Wolf met Renate (born in 1912 as Dvorah Rifka Kochman) who was also a survivor of the Holocaust. They married in August 1945. In June 1947, their first son Martin was born. The young family left Bergen-Belsen in 1950 for Los Angeles. |
This Unit is about the Computer System and how it works.
A system is a set of things working together for a common goal. Failure of one of the system components may imply failure for the whole system.
Since computing requires input, processing, storage and output, there are many items that do something specifically at each of the stages.
The computer system basically consists of hardware, software, and human ware.
Other components are data and, communication.
The computer system (Illustration)
Computer Hardware
This is a term used to describe all the various physical devices in the system
Computer hardware components are tangible (they can be touched).
Computer hardware includes
Input devices like the keyboard and mouse,
Processing devices like the Microprocessor Chip,
Storage devices like the Hard disks and the CDs,
Output devices like the monitor and the printer.
Computer software
Software is a term for electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.
These are a series of programs (instructions) that tell the computer what and how to work.
Computer software can be grouped into System software and Application software.
System software like the Operating system manages and coordinates all the computer resources and activities.
Application software like Games, Calculator and Media Player solve the specific or exact needs of the user.
Computer human ware /Users
This is the most important component of a computer system.
Human ware refers to the people who operate and initialize instructions to the computer system
They design and develop computer systems, operate the computer hardware, create the software, and establish procedures for carrying out tasks.
Kinds of Computer Users
There are two kinds of Computer Users:
Ordinary user – is someone without much technical knowledge of computers but uses computers to produce information for professional or personal tasks, enhance learning, or have fun. Ordinary users include Computer students, Typists (Secretaries), etc.
Professional user -is a person in a profession involving computers who has had formal education in the technical aspects of computers; Examples include Computer programmers, webmasters, etc.
Computer data
Data refers to raw facts and figures that are entered into the computer for processing.
Data is anything in a form suitable for input into a computer for processing.
Data can also be grouped into two:
Unprocessed data Like Letters, digits and symbols (e.g., a, b, c, &, …), Musical notes, etc.
Processed data (Information) Like words (e.g boy), a mathematical formula, grades, a piece of music, a song etc.
Computer communication
Computer communication is the transmission of data and information over a channel between two computers.
Computer communication allows sharing of hardware, software, data and human ware among computers in a network like the Internet.
It also facilitates communications between people e.g. through e-mail.
Communications devices are used for enabling computer communication.
They include
• Cables
• Switches
• Routers
• Modems
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Quick Answer: Where Is 14 Mentioned In The Bible?
What day is Jesus birthday?
In which countries is the Bible banned?
The two countries that have been listed by other answerers are North Korea and Saudi Arabia (the list by Gideons International don’t ban bibles, they just ban the organisation). Saudi Arabia certainly bans churches but you are allowed to bring in a Bible for personal use (as a christian expatriate).
Which country has the richest history?
How long is 14 generations in the Bible?
The numbers may be linked to Daniel 9:24–27, which states that seventy weeks of years, or 490 years, would pass between the restoration of Jerusalem and the coming of the messiah. Since generations were commonly placed at 35 years, this means exactly 14 generations.
What is the meaning of 13?
What numbers are considered evil?
When was Jesus born what year?
What does 14 represent in the Bible?
According to the Bible, number 14 is considered to be a symbol of salvation and deliverance. Actually, the 14th day of the 1st Hebrew month called Nisan is the Passover. This day was important because of the deliverance of the firstborn from death.
Where is the original Bible located at?
Is fourteen a lucky number?
‘Fourteen’ Is a Lucky Number: That’s Where the Monarchs Are – Bug Squad – ANR Blogs. “Fourteen” is a lucky number at the Berkeley Aquatic Park, 80 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley. Fourteen is considered a day of love and romance, as in the 14th of February, Valentine’s Day. … Or love at first site.
Where was the Garden of Eden located?
What is the significance of 14?
In many ancient religions, number 14 represents sacrifice and generosity. If you sum up number one (represents change and new beginning) and four (express power, that can also be destructive) you get the symbol of movement and change. The 14th years of age is in many cultures the first initiation into the adult world.
How do you spell 14?
How many generations since Jesus died?
Which countries are mentioned in the Bible?
Old TestamentBiblical nameMentioned inCountry NameDedanEzekiel 38:13Saudi ArabiaEcbatanaEzra 6:2IranElimExodus 16:1EgyptEn-gannimJoshua 19:21Palestinian territories77 more rows |
• What is really meant by a “strong” dollar?
The price of a currency is determined by supply and demand. For example, if foreigners are very keen to buy US dollars, they will have to pay more of their own currency for a given amount of dollars. The dollar is said to be “strong” when its price in terms of other currencies, known as its exchange rate, remains relatively high over a prolonged period.
• Would there be advantages in having a single currency throughout the world?
Things might be a lot simpler then! But who would be responsible for ensuring that the currency maintained its value? Different currencies can be measured against each other and such competition gives them an opportunity to prove their worth.
• Why is the dollar such an important currency?
The dollar is the currency of the world’s most important economy, the United States. It is used in many other countries as a second currency and also plays an important role in international payments and settlements.
• Wouldn’t it be great if everything kept getting cheaper?
If you knew that something was going to be cheaper tomorrow, you would never buy it today. Continuously falling prices would paralyse the economy. Besides, if prices kept on falling, wages and salaries would also have to fall, creating a spiral in which everyone would lose out. This is what is known as deflation, and central banks need to guard against it just as much as against inflation, which, on the other hand, is characterized by a rise in the general level of prices, leading to less purchasing power for consumers.
• Can the National Bank influence the stock market?
Not directly, and it should not even attempt it. But monetary measures do sometimes have an impact on the stock market because the market reacts – among other influences – to expectations regarding economic trends. If a Central National Bank raises interest rates because of a risk of inflation, economic activity will slow down and the stock market in that country will tend to weaken. On the other hand, low interest rates can stimulate the economy, which often helps to buoy up the stock market.
• Does the economy influence the Central Banks’ policy?
Economic conditions are always changing in ways that hit some sectors harder than others. Thus exporters suffer from a marked appreciation of the currency, whereas the construction industry, for example, remains virtually unaffected. In such a situation the export industry will want monetary policy to be eased. When judging whether or not to change its monetary stance, the Central Banks must consider not only the interests of a single sector, but also the situation of the economy as a whole.
• Why don’t the Central Banks try to keep inflation at zero?
Higher prices are not only caused by inflation. Products and services can become dearer because of quality improvements. But it is not always possible to assess this factor accurately when measuring inflation. This is why an inflation index often records inflation at a somewhat higher level than is actually the case. The Central Banks take account of this fact when it equates “price stability” with an annual inflation rate of less than 2%. If it targeted an inflation rate of 0%, the money supply would usually be too tight.
• Couldn’t the Central Banks simply prevent unemployment?
Unemployment can have various causes. For example, it can be the result of cyclical weakness. In this case the Central Bank will ease monetary policy. This will stimulate demand in the economy at large and help to bring unemployment down again. But when unemployment persists at a high level, the reasons often lie elsewhere, e.g. in an over-regulated labour market. There is nothing that monetary policy can do in this situation. Instead, changes to the law are needed to encourage job creation.
• Does the Fed Reserve Board coordinate its monetary policy with foreign central banks?
The Fed lays down its monetary policy with reference to conditions in the US. On the other hand, the US economy is very much dependent on developments abroad. The Fed therefore needs to know what foreign central banks are thinking and doing. Such knowledge is imparted through the regular exchange of information between the US Fed and foreign central banks.
• Do all countries pursue a similar monetary policy?
Today most countries aim at price stability and try to create conditions that allow their economies to achieve balanced growth. The idea, once held, that the economy could be encouraged to keep on growing through the pursuit of a very liberal money supply policy without this leading to inflation has now been abandoned. However, although a marked convergence of monetary policy objectives has taken place, differences in practice persist.
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What is the Difference Between Micro & Macro Economics?
Image by Flickr.com, courtesy of Kevin Krejci
Microeconomics and macroeconomics--micro and macro, as many economists call them--are the two major subdivisions in the field of economics. Micro examines the economy in miniature, while macro concerns itself with economic aggregates, such as gross domestic product or national unemployment rates.
Microeconomics studies the economy in miniature, considering specific sectors or industries, and the interactions of households and firms within these markets.
Features of Micro
The major areas of study in microeconomics include firms' optimal production, the impact of public policy on particular markets, and issues related to prices.
Because so much of microeconomics examines issues related to prices of goods and services, micro is sometimes referred to as price theory.
Macroeconomics takes a "big picture" approach to the economy, studying economywide phenomena and issues affecting the economy as a whole.
Features of Macro
Major concepts in macroeconomics include unemployment, inflation, productivity, government budget deficits (or surpluses) and gross domestic product (GDP).
Business Cycles
Business cycles, a term for fluctuating periods of economic strength and weakness, are a major topic of study in macroeconomics. |
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Lungs are spongy air-filled organs in the chest. They exist in pairs. The right lung and the left lung. Although they are different in size and shape.
They aid in taking in oxygen from the atmosphere to the bloodstream and also regulates the amount of acid in the body.
This organ can be affected by diseases such as; lung cancer, acute bronchitis, asthma among others. These diseases are mainly caused by some lifestyle habits and preventive measures can be taken to keep the lungs healthy.
Some bad habits with are dangerous to your lungs are;
1. Smoking
Smoking is a dangerous habit to your overall health including the lungs. The smoke contains toxins such as nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide which when introduced to your body causes chronic inflammation to the lungs and also triggers lung diseases such as asthma and lung cancer which can lead to death.
2. Exposure to pollution
Pollutants such as dust degrade your lung health and cause difficulty in breathing. Keeping the environment clean is encouraged to boost lung health.
3. Using bleach in your washing
Products such as chlorine and ammonia irritate the lungs of people living with lung problems such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It also causes asthma to people who never had lung problems.
4. Not exercising
Many people despise regular exercises terming it as a waste of time. Seating in the office all day will only increase your income but damage your lungs. Regular deep breathing will help in increasing the vital capacity of the lungs.
Live long Cashflow
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The Complete Beginner’s Guide to the parts of a mountain bike
Mountain biking is a fun sport. It promotes good exercise and appreciation of the great outdoors. A mountain bike is a specifically designed bicycle to maneuver over rough terrain and off road areas. It also has several specific parts that are usually used for mountain bikes only.
The frame
Also referred to as the body is the most important of the mountain bike parts because this is the biggest and this is your basis for all your other mountain bike parts. It is here that you will attach all the other parts that you will need to be able to use your mountain bike. Frames come in many sizes and shapes and even have different materials depending in the rider’s preference. Bike frames come in steel alloys, very heavy and used in the first generation mountain bikes.
The aluminum alloy frames are lighter and more rigid. They are also more affordable and easier to make in to the desired shapes because they are more pliable. Titanium frames are the most expensive among the lightest frames in the industry but they are also the most durable and less likely to corrode or break due to high pressure and stress. Other materials are carbon fiber and Kevlar. These frames are also light but they are prone to corrosion and are irreparable once dented or broken. In my opinion the best frames are which ever you find most comfortable. Click here to find some great deals on the best frames
Handle Bars
which are is used to control the bike along with the crank and derailleur. Handle bars are supposed to be as wide as the biker’s shoulders but these can be cut to suit the biker’s preference.
Are the parts that are attached to the chain rings and the chains to make the bike move. Pedals are attached to the cranks for a biker’s feet or bike shoes.
The Derailleur is the part used to shift the chain from one chain ring to another to change the speed of pedaling. More mountain bike parts are the shifters and gears. These are connected to the previous mountain bike parts. The shifters control the derailleur to accommodate the shifting of the gears from a low speed to high speed.
Gears are several rings that have teeth around them where the chains slip into place to be able to make the rear wheel move. The brakes, wheels and tires are mountain bike parts that are also essential to ride. Brakes help to stop or slow the speed of the rider while the wheels and tires are specifically designed to withstand the rough terrain where the bike and rider go. Most mountain bikes use front suspension or shocks to absorb the impact of the rough terrain. One of the more important parts of accessory of a mountain bike is the helmet. Always wear one when you are riding your bike. |
Python: some of the best practices you must know
As you may know, Python is one of the most famous programming languages at the moment. Developers all over the world are using it for back-end web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.
This useful language is easy to learn, has a large community and developers who have experience working with Python find better career opportunities than others.
Those advantages stated why software engineers everywhere should choose to learn Python.
This article by Designveloper will show you some of the best practices when using Python in your project. Enjoy.
I. Style
Variables, functions, methods, packages, modules:
Classes and Exceptions:
Protected methods and internal functions:
_single_leading_underscore(self, ...)
Private methods:
__double_leading_underscore(self, ...)
Don’t use one-letter variables especially the characters ‘l’ (lowercase letter el), ‘O’ (uppercase letter oh), or ‘I’ (uppercase letter eye).
for e in elements:
import audio
core = audio.Core()
controller = audio.Controller()
elements = ...
active_elements = ...
defunct_elements ...
person.age = 42
II. Imports
Import entire modules instead of individual symbols within a module.
import canteen
import canteen.sessions
from canteen import sessions
from canteen import get_user # Symbol from canteen/
from canteen.sessions import get_session # Symbol from canteen/
Imports should be grouped in the following order:
• Standard library imports.
• Related third-party imports.
• Local application/library specific imports.
You should put a blank line between each group of imports.
III. Documentation
Use one-line docstrings for obvious functions.
Multiline docstrings should include
• Summary line
• Use case, if appropriate
• Args
• Return type and semantics, unless none is returned.
"""Train a model to classify Foos and Bars.
>>> import klassify
>>> classifier = klassify.train(data)
:rtype: A :class:`Classifier `
• Use action words (“Return”) rather than descriptions (“Returns”).
• Document __init__ methods in the docstring for the class.
class Person(object):
"""A simple representation of a human being.
:param name: A string, the person's name.
:param age: An int, the person's age.
def __init__(self, name, age): = name
self.age = age
IV. On comments
# If the sign is a stop sign
def is_stop_sign(sign):
return sign.color == 'red' and sign.sides == 8
if is_stop_sign(sign):
When you do write comments, remember: “Strunk and White apply.”
V. Line Lengths
Don’t stress over it. 80–100 characters are fine.
Use parentheses for line continuations.
wiki = (
VI. Testing
Strive for 100% code coverage, but don’t get obsessed over the coverage score.
• Use long, descriptive names. This often obviates the need for docstrings in test methods.
• Tests should be isolated. Don’t interact with a real database or network. Use a separate test database that gets torn down or uses mock objects.
• Prefer factories to fixtures.
• Focus on one tiny bit of functionality.
• It often makes sense to have one test case class for a single class or model.
import unittest
import factories
class PersonTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.person = factories.PersonFactory()
def test_has_age_in_dog_years(self):
self.assertEqual(self.person.dog_years, self.person.age / 7)
• Write tests as a scenario. Testcase and test method names should read like a scenario description.
import unittest
class TestAUser(unittest.TestCase):
def test_can_write_a_blog_post(self):]
# Goes to the her dashboard
# Clicks "New Post"
# Fills out the post form
# Clicks "Submit"
# Can see the new post
Notice how the test case and test method read together like “Test A User can write a blog post”.
Hope that this blog post would help you with practicing Python in the future. Follow Designveloper’s Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to update new articles every week.
Source: The Best of the Best Practices (BOBP) Guide for Python via
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Designveloper is leading software development company in Vietnam. We offer Web development, mobile application, UI/UX Design, VOIP.
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Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
Also found in: Legal, Wikipedia.
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee,
case decided in 1816 by the U.S. Supreme Court. From 1779 to 1785, Virginia passed a series of laws by which the state confiscated all lands owned by foreigners. David Hunter was granted 800 acres of confiscated lands that had been willed to Denny Martin Fairfax, a British subject. Fairfax brought suit against Hunter for return of the land. On Fairfax's death the suit was taken over by his heir, Philip Martin. Martin argued that Fairfax's ownership had been protected by treaties between the United States and Great Britain guaranteeing British subjects the right to hold land in America. The Virginia court of appeals upheld the grant to Hunter, but on appeal the U.S. Supreme Court voided the grant (1813). The Virginia court refused to obey the Supreme Court ruling, declaring that it had no right to review the decisions of state courts under the U.S. Constitution. When the case again came before the Supreme Court, Justice StoryStory, Joseph,
1779–1845, American jurist, associate justice of the Supreme Court (1811–45), b. Marblehead, Mass. Admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1801, he practiced law in Salem and was several times elected to the Massachusetts legislature.
..... Click the link for more information.
ruled that section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the U.S. Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction over state courts in certain situations (as in this case, where a state court denied the validity of a federal statute), was constitutional. His decision affirmed the Supreme Court's right to review state court decisions. |
Lumbar Decompression
Lumbar Decompression
Lumbar decompression surgery is performed using minimally invasive techniques. This procedure is performed to relieve the symptoms and pain associated with nerve compression. The main spinal condition corrected by lumbar decompression surgery is spinal stenosis. Only part of the lamina and part of the overgrown facet joints are removed to conserve bony structures needed for stability of the spine. Removing the thickened ligament (ligamentum flavum) is also performed to achieve complete decompression.
The minimally invasive technique utilizes one small incision to allow the surgeon access to the affected area, and the soft tissue and muscles are gently dilated with a tubular system. This advanced procedure can be executed in less time and with less damage to the surrounding tissue, and with less pain to the patient, than the traditional open method of surgery.
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How the surgery works
This procedure requires the patient to be under general anesthetic so the patient will be unconscious for the duration of it and will not feel any pain as the surgery is performed. The patient will be placed prone (face down) on a special operating table that allows the surgeon easy access to your spine. After cleaning and sterilizing the surgical area, a small incision about 1.5 centimetres will be made at the affected spinal level. An X-ray is used to confirm the proper location is being operated on. Your surgeon will then insert soft tissue dilators to separate the muscle fibres. A tubular retractor is inserted over the dilators which are then removed. Special instruments are used to remove a portion of the lamina (the bone that comprises the back of the spinal canal) to expose the spine. Soft tissue (ligamentum flavum) and a portion of the overgrown facets are removed. This will allow the nerves to have adequate space in the spinal canal. Your surgeon will also investigate for any bone spurs that may be causing your spinal compression and will remove any that are found.
Once your lumbar decompression surgery has been completed, your surgeon will carefully reapproximate the muscle and tissue that had been divided back into place and strong sutures will be used to stabilize them. The incision is closed with dissolvable sutures and surgical tape (Steri-strips) will be placed. The incision will be covered with a small dressing.
Minimally invasive lumbar decompression surgery usually takes around 1 hour to complete.
Postoperative care
Minimally invasive lumbar decompression is performed as a day surgery, and you will be discharged from the surgical centre shortly after you have recovered from the effects of general anesthetic. Because there will have been less cutting or trauma to the muscles and tissues surrounding the affected spinal level than in traditional surgery, your level of pain in the surgical area following the procedure should be minimal. You will be given a set of postoperative instructions. You will also be advised to avoid twisting your back or bending over for at least the first week or two after surgery.
Frequently Asked Questions
Because the recovery time for our minimally invasive lumbar decompression surgeries is reduced when compared to the traditional open method of surgery, you should be able to return to work in a reduced capacity a week or two following your procedure. Depending on how quickly your pain subsides and the muscles regain their strength, most patients are able to return to full work and recreational activities around 4 to 6 weeks after their surgery.
Studies have shown that lumbar decompression surgery can be very successful in improving physical function and reducing the symptoms associated with spinal stenosis. One such study states that 80-90 per cent of people who receive this treatment are relieved of nerve-root pressure pain.
This type of minimally invasive spinal surgery requires very little wound care. You will leave the surgical centre with a small dressing and this should be left on for three days. After three days, the wound can be uncovered and exposed to air. The surgical tape keeping the suture in place should not be touched and the area where the incision has been made should be kept dry and clean. When taking a shower, the wound should be covered by a bandage and care should be given to ensure you do not get water directly on it. Bathing is not recommended until roughly five days after the procedure.
Receive the care you need right away
Horizon Surgical can expedite your minimally invasive spine surgery to be done in a timely fashion. From beginning to end, you can typically receive your minimally invasive spine surgery within a couple months. With our reduced recovery times, you’ll be able to get back to living your life and doing what you love most right away.
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The ZX Spectrum was a British computer produced by Sinclair Research in the 80's, The processor is a z80 produced by Zilog, still in production and has some interesting features, such as being a Von Neumann architecture it support self modifying code. The ROM on the ZX Spectrum includes a version of BASIC, but the device can also be programmed in assembler.
high 8bit low 8bit
a f
b c
d e
h l
a is 8 bit accumulator hl is sort of a 16 bit accumualtor (only destination for 16bit add) b conventionally for loops : djnz is “decrement b, jump if not zero”
ld 'loads' right to left:
• ld reg, 255 ; literal
• ld reg, reg ; register
• ld (reg), reg ; dereference reg
• ld reg, (reg) ; dereference reg
• ld reg, (ix + 3) ; array lookup
16bit pairs, bc, de, hl, ix, iy
push/pop stack - 16bits, eg:
• push hl
arithmetic: inc, dec, add, sub, adc, sbc
wierd block processing instructions, ld, as in load, i/d inc/dec, r for repeat. each one uses bc,de and hl - bc is counter, de destination, hl source.
LD DE,0000h
LD HL,4000h
LD BC,0100h
copies 0x100 bytes of data from 0x4000 to 0x0000.
cpir is for searching memory, bc = counter, hl = source and a is the search value
LD HL,0000h
LD BC,0000h
LD A,124
• dave_s_zx_spectrum_exploration_notes.txt
• Last modified: 2014-06-19 19:50
• by davegriffiths |
Question: How Many Sentences Is A Short Essay?
How do you start a short essay?
DoMake the essay snappy: present, support, introspect.
Put your thesis in one of the first three sentences of the introduction if you are writing a 3-4 paragraph essay, and in the first sentence if you are writing a 1-2 paragraph essay.Limit supporting evidence.
Answer the prompt and showcase your best qualities.More items….
How many lines is 150 words?
17 linesAny letter or report should be at least 150 words long, that’s 17 lines. That’s it for today, good luck to everyone, go hit the books!
How do you write a 500 word essay short?
A Step-by-Step 500-Word Essay ExampleStep 1 – Create a Thesis. Everything in your essay revolves around your thesis. … Step 2 – Write the Introduction. The introduction should grab your reader’s attention and prepare for an explanation of the thesis. … Step 3 – Write the Body Paragraphs. … Step 4 – Wrap It up with a Conclusion.
How many sentences is a essay?
Most essays will require only two sentences for your introduction paragraph. You will need to write a background statement and a thesis statement. There is no need to write more.
How many sentences is a short paragraph?
Write short paragraphs and cover one topic per paragraph. Long paragraphs discourage users from even trying to understand your material. Short paragraphs are easier to read and understand. Writing experts recommend paragraphs of no more than 150 words in three to eight sentences.
Can a paragraph be 3 sentences?
There’s often a lot of confusion, but if you’re looking for a general answer to the question, “How many sentences in a paragraph?” the answer is there are 3 to 8 sentences in a paragraph. The important key to take away from this answer is that it’s a rule-of-thumb.
How many sentences is 100 words?
How long is a 100 word essay?
0.2 pagesThe answer is 100 words is 0.2 pages single-spaced or 0.4 pages double-spaced.
How long is a 500 word essay?
Pages by Word CountWord CountPages (single spaced)Pages (double spaced)400 Words⅘ Page1⅗ Pages500 Words1 Page2 Pages600 Words1⅓ Page2⅔ Pages750 Words1½ Pages3 Pages16 more rows
What are the parts of a short essay?
How long is a short essay?
500 wordsA short essay is 500 words long, which is about two pages with double spacing and one page with single spacing. That number is based on the assumption that you use Times New Roman font (12pt) with standard margins. Various formatting styles have different requirements for those elements.
What should a short essay look like?
The major parts that comprise a short essay are introduction, body, and conclusion. While introduction and conclusion are one paragraph long each, the number of paragraphs in the body is usually dictated by the topic of the short essay. … If the essay topic is very narrow, one or two paragraphs should usually be enough.
What does 8 sentences look like?
How many pages is 2000 words?
|
Hamlet noble essay
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Hamlet essay insane or sane
After being rejected by t. Hamlet not insane sane persons, hamlet insane or sane memories are the lesson to sane essayshamlet was sane. On hamlet insane or sane. Read this full essay, that essay, hamlet insane is hamlet and other essays in shakesperean and other essays in many ways. Essay, an ideal prince, and the tone of values, except the tone of that is with a non guilty party. From hamlet was sane persons, an ideal prince, except the gold medal in many ways. On the other essays? |
Greek Mythology of Troy and Relation to the Modern Society
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Troy was a city that was proven to be the strongest city in the all of Greek. This was because of the walls of troy that had been said to have stood for a long period of time. Also, because the prince hector who was said to be a warrior Troy always prevailed. Just like today we see that there is a lot of countries that are just like Troy and are flourishing because of their might. In Homer’s Iliad we are shown that there is difference between the myth itself and the adaption of the myth. That difference was how they showed the gods in the book and how the gods had a more interactive relationship with the people. But there are also similarities in the book that are shown in both the adaption and the myth and those are going to be shown in the paragraphs.
In this paper I will talk about how our lives are based on things that has happened in the past. The Greek myth of Troy relates to our daily lives in our society in terms of relations, power and politics.
First of all, in the Greek myth we are shown how the war, or the undertaking of the City of Troy began. The plan to take the city of Troy began due to the mistakes made by the young Trojan prince Paris of going into a forbidden relation. This relationship was going to ruin the partnership between the Trojans and Agamemnon. In today’s society we a lot of these things happening. For example, today most people in business form partnerships in the hopes of succeeding in their business but because of the temptations in this world most people those partnerships due to illicit relations with the wrong people and thus violating that partnership. This is also shown in the adaption of Troy where Paris the younger brother of Hector store always with Helen to Troy thus upsetting Menelaus and ruining the partnership they had with Sparta. Clearly, there is a parallel between the adaption and the myth of Troy where they all went in the same direction on the betrayal between the two nations and the consequences that each and every one of them suffered.
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Second of all, in Homer’s Iliad Troy is shown as a power house that was facing another power house with one the strongest army in the whole world. After Troy went on a fallout with Sparta, it was a battle of power to determine which city had the will and the strength to win the battle. Just like how China and the United States of America were in a fallout and wanted to start a nuclear war with each other. As you can see, I could say that the Greek myth of troy does influence the world we live and how people who were once friends will try to eliminate the other once the trust between them in broken. Even in our society we are shown that power can be one sided because as we can see right now, Doug Ford has changed everything and making hard for students to attend school and payoff their student debts. This is also shown in the adaption Troy, when the city of Troy was destroyed in one sided manner when they sneaked in the city as an offering from the Gods. Clearly, we can see how power throughout the Greek myth of troy and the society we live influences the decisions that is made by the people who are in charge of us.
Lastly, we are shown how politics can influence our society and that is also illustrated in Homer’s Iliad. In Homer’s Iliad we are shown how Agamemnon has the power to gather all the troops and conquer nations. He approached the people in a political manner and made them submit to his rule or face his wrath. This is just like in the adaption movie of troy when we saw the first scene of Troy when Achilles battled Boagrius. Boagrius lost and his army had to submit under Agamemnon and follow his command whenever he called for them. Moreover, this is shown in politics in this day. For example, Donald Trump is using the fact that he got elected to be president of the united states of America as an excuse to accomplish his own ambitions and fulfill his dream of making America great again. Clearly, we can say that the myth of Troy is a myth that focuses on politics and how it affected their world.
Conclusion, the Greek mythology of Troy and its adaption has great influence on the world and how the world functions today as a whole. Troy’s focus on relations has a great influence on society and how they lived in their time because stealing another men’s woman was a cause for war and betraying a partnership was just as much a cause for a war as anything. Moreover, in their time they focused on how power was the way of doing things and thus making this the way they should live their lives during their time because a man without any power was considered weak. Lastly, they focused on politics which meant that everyman had the power to do something as long as they have the power to campaign for their ambition or that person had to bow down to another man and submit to them and their rule.
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Monday, 10 June 2019
Pentecost- Reality Check: Is There a Reason For The Theory Of The End of The World?
The holy day of the Christians which is celebrated after the fifty days of the Easter Sunday is known as Pentecost. In the UK, this day is also known as ‘White Sunday’ or ‘Whitsunday’. In the next day of the White Sunday, there is a public holiday in the UK. This is known as ‘White Monday’. In Germany, this day is known as ‘Pfingsten’ and this day opens the doors for lots of activities, organizations and festivals. It is a moveable feast because its date is fixed on the basis of the Easter event.
The term Pentecost is derived from the Greek word which means fiftieth. In the rabbinic tradition, this day is also known as ‘Feast of 50 days’ or ‘Feast of weeks’. In order to signify this holy day, the Septuagint writers write this day as the year of jubilee. According to them, this year occurs only once in fifty years. We can also see the use of this term in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism. In the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, the term Pentecost is also used for the two times.
There is some Christian domination which considers that this is the day of the birth of the Christian church and they celebrate it as the birthday of the Christian church. Originally, Pentecost was one of the three major feasts during the Jewish year. It was celebrated after 50 days of the Passover. The Jewish people celebrated it for Thanksgiving of the harvest crops. Anyhow, the Christians started to celebrate it and they give this event a name that something which is far away and far different. Before the crucified, Jesus asked their disciples that this holy event will come after him.
The North American Christians hardly pay attention to the Pentecost day. On the other hand, in the European countries, this day is celebrated as the major holiday. According to them, Christmas is celebrated on 25th and 26th December. The Pentecost is also celebrated after fifty days of the Easter on Sunday and Monday. Lots of people don’t have enough idea about the main features of the Pentecost. The main features of the Pentecost are given below;
1. The feast of the Pentecost is also known as ‘The feast of weeks’, ‘The feast of the harvest’ or ‘The day of first-fruits’.
2. Pentecost also represents Christ’s promise for the end of Luke’s Gospel. This essential feature of the Pentecost provides a reason for the theory of the end of the world.
3. This holy event also contains two symbols of the Holy Spirit and its activities. The main elements of this holy event are wind and fire. The wind is the sign of breadth for us and fire is the sign of transforming of the energy to the Holy Spirit actions.
4. This holy event also tells the Christians that all the tongues are the same and we should try to understand the connections between all the tongues.
5. It is one of the most important solemnities for us.
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A woodcut of Henry VIII features on the title-page of this 1535 German account of the trial and execution of Thomas More, which sold for $11,500 (£9055).
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More is sympathetically viewed as a man of courage and constancy and the work includes a description of his daughter, Margaret, clinging to her father as he was led to the Tower of London.
Sold for $10,000 (£7875) was a 1588 account of the defeat that year of the Spanish Armada, the first part of which is a Copie of a letter sent out of England to Don Bernardin Mendoza, Spain’s ambassador to France.
The letter had been found in the possession of John Leigh, a priest who was subsequently executed for treason. A second portion of the work deals with the death and destruction suffered by the Armada in Irish waters. |
Decorative image
Types of surgery
Eye surgery is a very specialised area of cancer treatment. This section does not discuss all the details of the operations.
Eye surgery
Before your surgery your ophthalmologist (eye surgeon) will explain the operation. They will discuss how it might affect you afterwards.
Your surgeon will preserve as much sight as possible. If your surgeon needs to remove your eye (an enucleation) then you will lose the sight in that eye.
Losing the sight in an eye can come as quite a shock. You will need time to come to terms with this change. Your medical team will help you. And there are organisations that can support you during this time. Ask questions as often as you need to, especially about your sight and appearance after the operation.
When you might have surgery
You might have an operation to remove certain types of eye cancer. For example, melanoma of the eye or lacrimal gland cancer. It is rare to have surgery for lymphoma of the eye.
Removing part of the eye
Surgery to remove a cancer from the eyeball or around the eye is known as a tumour resection. The operation can also involve removing a small amount of healthy tissue around the cancer (a margin). This is to make sure all the cancer has been removed.
You may hear your specialist refer to this as eye sparing or eye conserving surgery. After your operation you might have chemotherapy and, or radiotherapy.
The type of operation you have depends on where your cancer is. For example, you might need to have part of the choroid removed (a choroidectomy). Or for small melanomas of the iris you might have one of the following:
• removal of part of the iris – iridectomy
• removal of the iris and the ciliary body (the muscle that focuses the eye) - iridocyclectomy
Mohs micrographic surgery
Mohs micrographic surgery is used to remove skin cancers. It aims to remove all the cancer, while sparing as much healthy tissue around it as possible. You may also hear this called Mohs surgical technique.
Your surgeon might use this surgery to remove skin cancers from delicate areas around your eye, such as the eyelid. For example squamous cell or basal cell skin cancers of the eye.
The surgeon removes the cancer with a very small margin around it and examines it under the microscope. If cancer is seen at the edge the surgeon removes a little more. They repeat this until they remove all the cancer.
The surgeon that does this operation is a specialist that is also trained in looking at specimens (pathologist).
Removing the whole eye
Your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the whole eye (enucleation). Or some people might have a bigger operation to remove the eye and surrounding tissue (orbital exenteration).
The operation to remove your eyeball is called an enucleation. This is often used to remove large eye melanomas.
Your specialist will only suggest this if it is necessary. They will explain the operation and, if possible might show you pictures and photographs, so you know what to expect. This can help you prepare for how you might feel and look afterwards.
Your surgeon will remove your eyeball but leave your eyelids, brow and the surrounding skin in place.
During the operation to remove your eye, your surgeon fits a permanent eye implant into the socket. The implant is usually round like a ball and helps to fill some of the space where your eyeball once was.
The implant helps keep the structure of the eye socket and supports the artificial eye, which is fitted later. The implant is covered with eye tissue in the socket so you can’t see it. The area just appears pink. It is permanent and you can’t take it out.
Plastic implants have been used for decades and allow some eye movement. More recently new types have been used, an example is hydroxyapatite implants. They are made from an artificial form of sea coral. This material is very similar to bone in structure. Blood vessels can grow into it so it can work as part of the normal eye tissue.
Your surgeon may also put a temporary plastic shell in the socket over the implant called a conformer. It is similar to a contact lens. The conformer helps to keep the shape of the eye socket while it heals. It has a hole in the middle that allows air to flow around the socket. It also helps to drain any build up of fluid.
The conformer is kept in for a few weeks. Before you go home you are shown how to remove and clean it. You may prefer to do this at your GP surgery, or at your hospital with a nurse until you are confident to do this on you own. After a few weeks the conformer is replaced with an artificial eye (prosthesis).
Photograph showing a conformer
About 4 to 6 weeks after your surgery you have a temporary artificial eye fitted. At the same time you will be measured for an artificial eye made just for you.
The artificial eye is not round like a ball, but more like the shape of a big contact lens. It will have an eye painted onto it to match your remaining eye. It looks quite natural but you may not have the same the range of movement as the other eye.
You can take out your artificial eye whenever necessary.
Rarely a surgeon may recommend surgery to remove the eyeball and surrounding tissue. This includes the eyelid and the muscle and fat around the eye. This is a bigger operation and is called an orbital exenteration.
After surgery there is a wound around the eye socket. You usually have a dressing over the eye and this is kept in place for about a week. The nurses will check and clean the area and show you how to look after it.
After a few months when the area has healed, a prosthesis is made to replace the part of the eye that was removed. This includes an artificial eye, eyelid and lashes.
It can be difficult to recover from and cope with this kind of surgery. Your healthcare team will support you throughout your recovery and follow up. You will also be offered counselling.
Risks of surgery
It is unusual to have problems following eye surgery. But with any eye operation there is a small risk of:
• bleeding
• infection
When a surgeon removes part of the eye there is a risk of your retina becoming detached. Or the operation could damage the lens of the eye, causing cataracts. This could cause problems with your vision or changes to your vision.
Removing part of the eye means there is a risk of cancer cells breaking away from the cancer and spreading to the surrounding tissue. This is rare and your surgeon will do all they can to reduce this risk.
Your nurse will monitor you regularly while you are in hospital. Before you go home, your team will go through what to look out for. And you should have a contact number to ring if you have any questions or concerns.
How you might feel after eye surgery
After eye surgery you can go through a range of emotions. It can take time to adjust and come to terms with how you feel, as well as managing practical changes.
Loss of sight in an eye can cause changes in depth perception. This is how you judge distance between things. In time you will get used to these differences. Your healthcare team will support you. And there are other organisations who can offer information and support.
Last reviewed:
16 Nov 2018
• Uveal Melanoma Guidelines
Melanoma Focus, January 2015
• Uveal Melanoma: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Management
B Tarlan and H Kıratli
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 2016. Vol 46, Issue 3, Pages 123-137
• Lacrimal Gland Tumours
A Proia and others
International Ophthalmology Clinics, 2018. Vol 58, Issue 2, Pages 197-235
Information and help |
Vol. 3: Kelly, Patrick
Type: Article
Kelly, Patrick ‘William Molyneux and the Spirit of Liberty in Eighteenth-Century Ireland’, Eighteenth-century Ireland/Iris an dá chultúr, Vol. 3 (1988), pp 133-148.
This essay provides evidence in support of the popular notion of William Molyneux was one of the most important patriot figures in eighteenth-century Ireland. Kelly offers Molyneuxs The Case of Ireland and the subsequent nine re-printings of the book from 1706-1782 as evidence of his significant contributions to Irish political discourse. Kelly discusses the release of each edition in terms of the socio-political context at the time and considers how publishers and political figures viewed the book at each reprinting. Molyneuxs theory of Natural Rights was of importance to Irish patriot thinking, and appealed also to the American colonists. Molyneuxs name was often invoked in parliamentary speeches and in political pamphlets, particularly in the 1780s by Grattan and Flood and in the debate on the union, when Molyneux became the standard of political orthodoxy in Ireland. |
Communists and Nationalism : 4 historical episodes
One of the core tenets of Communism is internationalism. In simple terms, Communism does not claim to recognize any other difference between people than the economic class difference. However, this is the ideal condition. If you observe people and politicians of Communist Russia, Communist China, Communist Korea or Communist Cuba, you will find that in these countries, Communist parties are quite nationalist.
However, there is a catch. This nationalism is discouraged in countries that are under control of bigger communist countries. For example, it was discouraged in other areas {like Georgia, Ukraine, Latvia etc} that were under control of USSR. They imposed Russian nationalism in these places. You can see the same strategy applied by China in such places as Tibet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.
Communism in Bharat comes under latter category. As the party was supported ever since its inception by USSR and China, Communist policies in Bharat have also been dictated by these countries.
Ever since Communism’s failure became apparent in the late 20th century, these parties have progressively lost their political space except in certain areas. However, they still have a stronghold in universities, film and media world. They continue to peddle their agenda from these places.
Infact, they try to portray themselves as true patriots. They try to appropriate figures like Netaji Bose and Bhagat Singh. However, Bharat’s History is replete of many instances where leftists in Bharat have chosen to stand against Bharat and Bharatiya identity. I have mentioned four{4} of them below:-
The foundation of the party
In 1925, a communist called Satyabhakta called a meeting of Communists in Kanpur for making a communist party. When they met in Kanpur, he proposed the name ‘Indian’ Communist Party. Probably, he was a nationalist who had turned communist. Next thing, he was thrown out of party for prioritizing ‘Indian’ above Communist. Even today the name is Communist Party of India. This disdain and revulsion towards nationalism continues to inform the actions of Communist Parties in Bharat.
Betrayers of National Movement
There are many instances of when Communists put the interests of USSR above Bharat during freedom movement. The most glaring example is during Quit India movement. In 1942, the World War was going on in Europe. After Hitler’s attack, Russia had become an allay of Britain. As a result communists in Bharat started cooperating with British.
When the whole country was supporting Quit India Movement, Communists spied on freedom fighters for the British as their paymaster Stalin was in alliance with Britain. They now try to appropriate Netaji Subhash Bose, but at that time they called him “Dog of Tojo (the Japanese Dictator)”!
The conspiracy to break Bharat
In 1943, Gangadhar Adhikari, a communist leader, wrote a thesis which was adopted as official view by the Party. It not only justified the demand for Pakistan, but also favoured partitioning Bharat into dozens of countries. They believed and even now believe that Bharat is not a single nation, but a collection of nationalities. This explains their stand on Kashmir issue, their support to all separatist movements in Bharat and their hate of the Bhartiya nation.
Betrayal during China War
It is well known that they colluded with the Communist China during the 1962 war. Indeed, Nehru who was quite sympathetic to the Communists, had to ban Communist party. Leaders like Jyoti Basu and H S Surjit were sent to jail as they were trying to help China. They conspired with Chinese community in Kolkata, and gave lectures saying “China cannot be the aggressor”. Thus, Bharat was to blame for the war. At the time, their slogan was “China’s Chairman is our chairman!”.
One can again see their deceit during the current Ladakh issue, where they refuge to believe army and government, but parrot Chinese propaganda. Their international reach can be gauzed by the ease with which they get to become voices of Bharat on international forums. The global left supports them on every cause. For example, recently Noam Chomsky et el wrote a letter in support of known urban naxals G N Saibaba and Varvara Rao.
It is important that these fifth columnists of enemies are repeatedly exposed so that their propaganda loses its power. Their continued dominance in media and academics is a threat to interests of Bharat.
(Featured image source: rediff)
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Don Quixote
Don Quixote
Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote: Part 1, Chapter 19 Summary & Analysis
When night comes, the two friends have neither food nor a place to sleep. Suddenly they notice lights coming at them from a distance. Soon they see a group of figures in white carrying torches and a plank covered in a black mourning cloth, and followed by six men on mules. Imagining this is an adventure from his books, Quixote approaches them and tells them his duty is “either to punish you for the wrong you have done or to avenge you for the wrong done you.” The riders brush him off, so Quixote grabs one of their mules by the bridle, which makes the mule and rider fall over. The riders shout insults at him, so he charges the whole group, wounding many people and scattering the rest, who seem to be unarmed.
The world in Quixote’s eyes is divided into the wrongdoers and the wronged, along with a few knight-avengers. Quixote believes that everyone he meets requires either punishment or help. This misconception, too, derives from the particularities of the chivalry books he loves: nearly every plot point in such books is a knight battling evil, helping the innocent, or loving chastely. In making Quixote’s life imitate art, Cervantes is satirizing the omissions and naiveté of chivalry books. But perhaps Cervantes is also praising Quixote for his faithful reading.
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Literature, Realism, and Idealism Theme Icon
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One of the fallen figures tells Quixote that he is a student and priest who has come with eleven other priests to bring a dead body to its funeral. The man died of fever, and Quixote is satisfied that he does not have to avenge his death. The man thinks that Quixote has done not good but harm, because he has maimed many innocent people, but Quixote explains that he had no choice but to attack a group that looked so suspicious. Sancho takes some of the group’s food and decides to rename his master Knight of the Sorry Face, because he looks very pathetic at that moment. They walk a little, settle down in a valley, and make a nice meal of the priests’ food.
Once again, Quixote has insulted and hurt a group of defenseless priests. As readers, we feel sorry for everyone involved. But it’s important to note that priests are not entirely innocent in this novel; remember the priest from Quixote’s village who burned Quixote’s books. Quixote’s explanation shows that he feels compelled to act impulsively, confusing impetuousness with courage.
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Although the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) classifies buses as one of the safest forms of transportation for passengers in the United States, the safety does not extend to people not on the bus. The FMCSA reported that the country experiences over 50,000 bus accidents every year, resulting in thousands of injuries and fatalities. The sheer magnitude of buses makes them a serious and potentially deadly threat to Maine motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and bystanders. In some instances, bus passengers may suffer injuries and death as well. Despite the training that bus drivers must complete, many Maine bus drivers operate their vehicles without the proper concern for others’ safety. In these cases, Maine bus injury victims may seek compensation for their damages.
Many reasons can cause a Maine bus driver to collide with another motorist or pedestrian. These drivers encounter the same risks and hazards as other motorists; however, the accidents come with much more significant consequences. Although the rate of injury is lower, Maine bus passengers face risk when traveling in these vehicles. The primary risk stems from the state’s lack of seat belts on many public and school buses. Although some manufacturers add seat belts on these vehicles, most individuals do not have access to buses with seat belts, and there are vague rules requiring wearing them. Further, most Maine transit buses are overcrowded, especially during peak travel times. Overcrowding leads to many passengers standing closely together without access to safety handles. If an accident occurs in this situation, the passengers may ram into one another, resulting in more serious injuries.
There are even more dangers to those not traveling on the bus. Most Maine transit buses weigh between 20,000 and 40,000 pounds. As a result, a moving bus generates over four times as much energy than a typical vehicle. Further, the design of these buses often results in many blind spots. This often impairs a driver’s ability to gauge their surroundings safely, which can result in a collision. These accidents can have long-lasting and potentially fatal consequences.
Under Maine law, an individual who suffers injuries because of another’s negligence or reckless conduct may hold at-fault parties or entities responsible for their damages. In some cases, the other party may be responsible under both civil and criminal statutes. Generally, tort or civil claims involve situations where one or more parties’ negligence directly or proximately causes personal damages to another person. Whereas criminal conduct involves a wrong committed against society, in general. The difference between this conduct generally involves the method of wrongdoing, the actor’s intent, and the effect on society. However, in some cases, a tort activity may involve criminal conduct. In either case, a victim may be entitled to damages through civil awards or court-ordered restitution.
Court-ordered restitution is “monetary reimbursement ordered at the offender’s sentencing.” This reimbursement may include a combination of monetary compensation or services by an offender to the victim of a crime and the economic loss caused by the crime. Under the law, criminal courts cannot impose restitution for pain and suffering. In cases where restitution is a condition of an offender’s probation, a probation officer will monitor compliance. Also, the Maine Crime Victims’ Compensation Program may provide additional compensation for a victim’s expenses.
Victims must understand that criminal restitution does not negate their right to civil damages. Court-ordered restitution and civil damages serve different purposes. Victims who seek compensation through the civil system do not need to establish that the victim was guilty through the criminal system. Restitution is designed to rehabilitate the offender and deter future criminal behavior. In contrast, a civil judgment is aimed at compensating the plaintiff for their losses. Although civil plaintiffs can recover through restitution, this does not always cover the extent of the victims’ losses.
Recently, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court issued an opinion addressing whether medical records of individuals who are not parties to a lawsuit are protected from discovery. The case arose after a patient died shortly after undergoing gallbladder surgery. The decedent’s estate argued that the surgeon negligently cut the incorrect duct and caused bile to leak into the woman’s abdomen, resulting in additional surgeries, extended recovery, and additional treatments. The estate filed a lawsuit against the hospital that employed the surgeon, arguing that it was vicariously liable for the doctor’s negligent conduct.
In support of its claim, and per Maine’s statutory scheme, the decedent’s estate went through the pre-litigation screening process. At the screening panel, the plaintiff claimed that the safest manner to perform the surgery was through a procedure called the Critical View of Safety (CVS), and that the doctor did not implement this procedure. The defendant’s expert testified that although that procedure is commonly regarded as the safest way to perform the procedure, a surgeon is within the standard of care if they use an approach they are comfortable with. The doctor testified that she performs approximately 200 surgeries every year, and she does not use the CVS method.
The estate filed a motion to compel the doctor’s notes, with redactions, for the 25 gallbladder surgeries she performed before and after the decedents’. The defendant did not produce the documents, arguing that the records were irrelevant and violated privacy laws.
When you witness an accident, especially involving a close family member or loved one, it can often be a traumatic experience. Thankfully, the law provides various opportunities to recover in the wake of these incidents. When a bystander only hears — and does not see — an accident occur, however, the legal calculus can often become complex.
In a recent Maine Supreme Court opinion, a couple sued after an accident resulted in their son’s death. The plaintiffs had their own company and employed their son as a foreman. On the day of the accident, an employee of the defendant arrived at the plaintiffs’ home to deliver supplies. The delivery included multiple pieces of extremely heavy concrete. During delivery, one of the pieces fell off the forklift and landed on the plaintiffs’ son. The plaintiff’s father was in another part of the house when he heard a loud bang, followed by screaming. He ran to the scene and found his son lying face down with blood coming out of his mouth. After the concrete was removed, the plaintiff performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on his son for thirty to fifty minutes. The plaintiff’s son never regained consciousness and died by the time EMTs arrived. For several hours after he died, his body remained in the yard of the plaintiffs’ home awaiting the official investigation.
Following the accident, the deceased’s father was unable to move back into his home because of emotional pain and threatened suicide several times to his wife. The couple was later divorced. The deceased’s father filed a bystander negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) claim individually, and the deceased’s mother filed a loss of consortium claim against the defendant. The lower court ruled in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiffs appealed.
Under state law, a negligent city, town, county, or state government official may be held liable for negligence through a Maine personal injury lawsuit. However, unlike typical personal injury claims, these cases impose significant burdens on injury victims. For over a century, the doctrine of sovereign immunity protected states and government agencies from civil lawsuits for their negligent conduct. However, to address the inherent unfairness in the doctrine, lawmakers have determined that these laws are not absolute.
Those who have suffered injuries because of a Maine government entity’s negligence may file a lawsuit under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) or the Maine Tort Claims Act (MTCA). The avenue of relief depends on the case’s circumstances, including the defendant, injury, and accident location. The FTCA provides Maine citizens a way to hold federal government employees liable for their tortious acts. On the other hand, the MTCA, is more restrictive, and allows these lawsuits in limited circumstances.
Under the MTCA, injury victims can pursue lawsuits against government employees under four circumstances. The first circumstance includes when the lawsuit stems from the government’s negligent ownership or maintenance of a vehicle or machinery. The following situation, is when the injury occurred at a public government building. This includes locations such as police stations, fire departments, public schools, and libraries. However, the government is not liable for accidents occurring because of the ownership or maintenance of areas such as historical sites or unimproved land. Lastly, the government may be liable for damages resulting from road construction or pollutant discharge.
As people become accustomed and adjust to social distancing and the “new normal,” our shopping centers and roads are becoming busy again. With more people out and about, that also means a higher likelihood of potential accidents. Car collisions can truly occur anytime, anywhere, and often happen when you least expect it to. When you find yourself involved in an accident, sometimes it can fuel a lot of adrenaline and anxiety. However, everyone should take a few crucial steps when they’re involved in a Maine auto accident, especially in regards to reporting the incident to the proper authorities.
A recent news report discussed a car accident that took place near the entrance of a shopping center and left at least one individual hospitalized. According to those on the scene who witnessed the accident, a car collided with a sign placed where two lanes diverge. The car then slid into the opposite lane and crashed into a truck. Following the accident, local fire rescue, police, and the sheriff’s office all responded to the crash. Many cars near the accident were trapped in the lane and surrounded by emergency vehicles until law enforcement could re-direct traffic around the scene of the accident.
Auto accidents can be an extremely stressful experience, and are often laced with chaos and confusion. In Maine, following a car accident, state law requires that you file a report to the police if you are on a public road and have caused more than $1,000 in property damage or bodily injury. In parking lots or private property, however, you do not have to report. Failure to notify the local authorities of an accident is considered a Class E crime and can result in your license being suspended.
Product liability claims generally arise when an individual suffers injuries as a result of a defective or unreasonably dangerous product. Under Maine product liability law, any person who is a “reasonably expected” user of the defective product may have standing to file a lawsuit, regardless of whether they purchased the product. Further, although many products have limitations on warranties, state law provides that manufacturers and sellers cannot limit the implied warranties on consumer products. It is important to note that the law distinguishes between consumers and commercial purchasers. Despite the broad rights and remedies that consumers have, Maine product liability lawsuits often entail many challenges.
Maine product liability claims are often complicated, especially when the defective product was bought through Amazon, or a similar online retailer. Historically, Amazon maintained protection for defective products purchased through their site. However, the tide has begun to turn, and courts have found that Amazon cannot always shield itself from liability for defective products. This policy shift has occurred mainly after a series of situations where consumers suffered injuries from defective products sold by third-parties. However, lawmakers are now focusing on Amazon’s liability for its own defective merchandise.
A recent news report indicates that senators across the United States are demanding that Amazon recall hazardous Amazon-brand products. Many of these products are marketed under “AmazonBasics.” Safety experts discovered that many defective products remained available for sale, despite reports that they presented fire hazards. Senators wrote to Amazon CEO, Jeff Bezos, indicating that Amazon’s refusal to remove defective products may pose a serious threat to consumers.
Maine head-on collisions are typically some of the most devastating types of accidents because they tend to lead to serious injuries or death. Unlike other collisions, head-on collisions involve two cars that are traveling toward each other before the accident. In these accidents, the drivers and front passengers are often flung toward, and maybe through, the front windshield. According to the Insurance Information Institute, head-on collisions account for approximately 2 percent of motor vehicle accidents, but they lead to 10 percent of yearly accident-related deaths.
For example, recently, a Maine news report described a harrowing head-on collision involving a car and a pickup truck. An initial investigation revealed that a sedan heading east crossed into a center lane. The pickup truck driver was traveling westbound when the sedan slammed into his vehicle. The sedan driver was not wearing a seat belt and was ejected from his car. His female passenger was wearing a seat belt but died at the scene of the accident. The pickup truck passengers were wearing seat belts, but were transferred to a hospital for their injuries.
Like the collision above, most head-on accidents occur when a motorist crosses to the wrong side of the road. Although these situations may occur because of poor road conditions, defective vehicles, and bad judgment, the majority occur because of driver impairment. The at-fault driver may be fatigued or driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control cites drowsy driving as a leading cause of head-on collisions.
For many people, motorcycles are a preferred method of transportation for their day-to-day transportation needs. Motorcycles are often less expensive to buy and own when compared to a car, they are faster, and need less storage space and gas. For these reasons, motorcycles seem to be growing in popularity for both commuters and casual riders. However, motorcycles can also pose a number of unique dangers – especially when ridden without a helmet. This is why many states, like Maine, have implemented helmet laws in order to increase road safety for motorcycle operators and to encourage the community to engage in safer practices when they choose to ride a motorcycle.
In a recent news report, two Maine residents were killed in a tragic motorcycle accident. The two individuals were on their motorcycle when it collided head-on with an SUV coming from the opposite direction. The pair were traveling on their motorcycle when they veered into the lane of oncoming traffic. The driver of the SUV was transported to a local hospital with some complaints of pain, but his passenger was uninjured. Both motorcycle passengers were reported dead on the scene, and neither were wearing helmets.
Across the U.S., not all states have helmet laws. However, Maine has had a mandatory motorcycle helmet law since 1967. In Maine, violations of helmet laws can lead to a traffic infraction. Motorcycle and moped operators in Maine must always wear protective headgear or a helmet if they are under 18, under a learner’s permit or within a year of completing a driving test, or the passenger of a driver required to wear headgear.
Salmonella is a common bacterium associated with many food-related illnesses in the United States. There are many challenges with containing the bacteria because it cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted. Despite the benign presentation of food products containing salmonella, the consequences of ingesting it are often severe. The bacteria often result in salmonellosis, an illness marked by severe gastrointestinal distress, including vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. Individuals who suffered illness related to contaminated foods should contact a Maine product liability attorney to discuss options for recovering for their losses.
Although salmonella infections occur infrequently, the contamination can cause serious illnesses leading to hospitalization and even death. Salmonella poisoning is particularly dangerous for medically vulnerable individuals. These populations include pregnant individuals, infants, older adults, and those undergoing treatment for cancer and other serious conditions. Many infections stem from foods processed with contaminated meat and nut butter, raw eggs, dairy products, raw or undercooked meat, and raw fruits and vegetables. Salmonella poisoning occurs more often in the warmer temperatures, as the bacteria grow faster with heat. Further, many people consume a more substantial amount of raw fruits, vegetables and undercooked meats during the warmer months.
For instance, according to a recent news report, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently advised consumers to discard peaches that they believe carry salmonella. After nearly 70 people suffered illnesses related to salmonella contamination, the FDA discovered that the common denominator was peaches packed by a specific company. The packing company explained that the majority of their peaches were sold to one grocery chain, Aldis, but they were distributed to others across 16 states. FDA officials explained that determining the cause of contamination is challenging because contamination can occur at any step of distribution, including picking, transporting, packing, handling, and unloading.
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Show full transcript for PALS Pharmacology Overview video
In this section of your ProPALS course, we're going to cover the current PALS pharmacological treatment options. And in this lesson, we'll go over some important things to keep in mind as you progress through this section of your course.
It's important to remember that no medication will the work the way you want it to unless the patient's biological status is such that the patient's body, at the cellular level, is able to respond favorably to that medication.
What does that mean? When a person is in cardiac arrest, that person, at the cellular level, has only a short amount of time before clinical death progresses to biological or cellular death. (These two terms, cellular death and biological death are interchangeable, and we'll often use just one or the other, rather than both.)
As you can see in the video above, clinical death occurs around the six-minute mark, after the patient's breathing and heart rate have stopped. While biological death occurs around the 10-minute mark.
Pro Tip #1: As cellular hypoxia progresses to cellular death, the body's ability to react favorably to treatment becomes more difficult and more unlikely. Which is why it's important to provide high-quality and highly effective basic life support. This is the vital foundation for any successful PALS treatment, as effective basic life support buys you and the patient time by delaying the onset of biological death.
PALS Medications
The variety of medications that we'll cover in this section of the course are only one part of any successful resuscitation (and one part of the chain of survival) and will include:
• Adenosine
• Amiodarone
• Atropine
• Dopamine
• Epinephrine
• Lidocaine
• Magnesium sulfate
• Oxygen
• Procainamide
The PALS Chain of Survival
Advanced life support is the next level in the chain of survival for pediatric patients. This chain of survival includes:
• The administration of medications
• ECG monitoring
• Advanced airways
• Other treatment options
Pro Tip #2: The goal of the PALS chain of survival is to keep the patient in a state of survivability, by delaying cellular death, until you can get the patient appropriate and definitive treatment that will reverse their life-threatening conditions.
Pediatric Drug Dosages
Compared with adult drug dosages, pediatric dosages vary greatly depending on that child's size. One helpful tool to determine a child's medication dosage for pediatric emergencies is known as a color-coded length-based tape, such as a Broselow tape.
The Broselow Tape, also called the Broselow pediatric emergency tape, will help you quickly determine a pediatric patient's weight so that you can better calculate their drug dosage.
How to Use a Broselow Tape
To use a Broselow tape, simply lay it next to the pediatric patient and measure from their head to their toes. The tape will then relate the child's height to his or her weight and provide you with information on:
• The medication dosage that child needs
• The size of resuscitation equipment that you should use
• The level of AED shock that you'll need to deliver for defibrillating the patient
Pro Tip #3: The Broselow tape is designed for children up to approximately 12 years old, with a maximum weight of around 36 kilograms or 80 pounds.
Medication Breakdown
As we review the PALS medications in the upcoming lessons, we'll be breaking down the drugs into four distinct categories:
1. The medication and its effect
2. The medication's indications
3. The medication's precautions and contraindications
4. The appropriate dosages for each medication
A Word About Medication Therapy for Pediatric Cardiac Arrest
Your objectives as a PALS provider for administering medications to pediatric patients during cardiac arrest include:
• Increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and blood flow
• Stimulate spontaneous or more forceful myocardial contractility
• Accelerate the patient's heart rate
• Correct and treat the possible cause for the patient's cardiac arrest
• Suppress, or treat for, any arrhythmias
Medications that can be used while treating pediatric patients in cardiac arrest will be covered in detail in the upcoming lessons. But it's important to keep these objectives in mind as you progress through this section of your course. |
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The life of Virginie Gautreau, the notorious beauty of Madame X, John Singer Sargent's most famous and scandalous portrait, provides inspiration for this absorbing and intriguing novel.
Madame X caused an immediate furor when Sargent unveiled it at the 1884 Paris Salon. The subject's bold pose, provocative dress, and decadent pallor shocked the public, and the critics panned the picture, smashing Sargent's dream of a Paris career. The artist soon relocated to England, where he established himself as the favorite portrait painter of the wealthy.
In this remarkable novel, Gioia Diliberto tells Virginie's story, drawing on the sketchy facts of Virginie's life to re-create her tempestuous personality and the captivating milieu of nineteenth-century Paris. Born in New Orleans to two of Louisiana's prominent Creole families and raised at Parlange, her grandmother's lush plantation, Virginie fled to France with her mother and sister during the Civil War. The family settled in Paris among other expatriate Southerners and hoped, through their French ancestry, to insinuate themselves into high society. They soon were absorbed into the fascinating and wealthy world of grand ballrooms, dressmakers' salons, luxurious country estates, and artists' ateliers. Because of Virginie's striking appearance and vivid character, her mother pinned the family's hopes for social acceptance on her daughter, who became a "professional beauty" and married a French banker. Even before Sargent painted her portrait, Virginie's reputation for promiscuity and showy self-display made her the subject of vicious Paris gossip.
I Am Madame X is a compulsively readable immersion in Belle Epoque Paris. It is also the story of a great work of art, illuminating the struggle between Virginie and Sargent as they fought to control the outcome of a painting that changed their lives and affected the course of art history.
Reading Group Guide for Gioia Diliberto's I Am Madame X
1. In Chapter 1, Virginie Amelie Avegno Gautreau (Madame X) surmises that her "unconscious mind" dwells in the Old South. Throughout the novel, Madame X is extremely nostalgic about the old days at Parlange. Why do you think she never returned to permanently to New Orleans?
2. In the final chapter Virginie admits: "I believe my life would have been easier if we hadn't moved to France." Do you agree? If so, describe how life was harder for Virginie as an American in Paris. How would have been easier in New Orleans?
3. Of the two settings, Paris and New Orleans, which do you find more appealing, more visceral?
4. Discuss the narrative voice of Madame X. What does her telling of the story reveal about her as a character? Do you find her narcissistic? Insecure? Does Virginie recognize her own beauty or is her self-esteem based on other people's commentary?
5. Describe Virginie's relationship with her mother. How did the mother-daughter dynamic affect Virginie's relationship with men? With other women? With her own daughter?
6. Do you think Virginie would have been as socially ambitious were it not for her mother's influence? Do you feel she was prematurely thrust into the social scene? If so, what were the consequences?
7. The author, Gioia Diliberto, says that she found John Singer Sargent's 1884 portrait of Madame X to be "extraordinarily modern." Discuss how the painting affects you. Does the story of Madame X reveal a modern woman or a woman consistent with the era?
8. At the height of Virginie's popularity, (or unpopularity, one might argue), she claims: "I considered it my job to be stunning..."(Chapter 8) Comment on the "professional beauty" circuit in France. Considering the lack of opportunities for women, educational or otherwise, is sharing one's beauty with the public a valid profession?
9. John Singer Sargent spent a year trying to convince Virginie to pose for him. Why do you think it took her so long to decide? What was the turning point in her decision? What were her feelings about the painting before the salon premiere?
10. At one point(Chapter 8), Virginie accuses Sargent of living in "a visual world, not an emotional one." Could she be accused of the same? Did everyone treat her with this sort of superficiality? Was there anyone with whom she maintained an emotional attachment?
11. Given Virginie's reputation for wanton dress and promiscuity, why do you suppose the Parisian community found the Madame X painting offensive? Was it not an accurate portrayal of her personality? Were lashing out against the subject of the painting rather than the painting itself? How do the anti-American sentiments of the French figure into the scandal?
12. Virginie's aunt Julie attempted suicide to avoid an unwanted marriage, but Virginie accepted the proposal from Pierre Gautreau for a marriage blanc. Why do you think she accepted? Did the marriage help or hurt her reputation?
13. Discuss the role of music in Virginie's life. Did her piano playing add dimension to her character? Did people take her more seriously after discovering she was an accomplished musician?
14. Is it ironic that the author chose to call the book "I Am Madame X," when Virginie was so opposed to Sargent omitting her identity?
15. Why do you think the doctor, Samuel Pozzi, never returned the other painting that Sargent did of Virginie? Do you think it was a matter of possessing her beauty once and for all?
Photo Credit:
Gioia Diliberto has written biographies of Jane Addams, Hadley Hemingway, and Brenda Frazier, as well as the critically acclaimed novels I Am Madame X and The Collection. She lives in the Hudson Valley with her family.
Los Angeles Times Diliberto fills in the blanks of Virginie's life with vivid brush strokes. What ensues is a complex and often incredibly fun portrait...[a] handsomely imagined story.
The New Orleans Times-Picayune Diliberto does not make the mistake of imagining a coherent biographical trajectory for her protagonist, but instead presents the messiness and difficulty of real life. In other words, her novelistic portrait of a real person turns out to have more psychological truth than many a biography.
Booklist Lively and provocative...Diliberto has created a heroine who is as capricious and vain and as compelling and seductive as [Sargent's] portrait suggests.
Chicago Tribune a Chicago Tribune Best Book of 2003 A romping good read.
More books from this author: Gioia Diliberto |
organic chemistry topics
Organic Chemistry Topics for Beginners
Read Time: 5 188博金宝电子游戏
Life on our little blue marble relies on one thing above all others — the presence of carbon. Everything living on our planet is made up of carbon in one form or another, from the cells in your body to the grass in your yard to the trees across the street. Organic chemistry is the study of living things — or rather, what composes living things — and how it applies to life on Earth.
This might sound like an intimidating subject to broach, so we’ve gathered some easy organic chemistry topics for beginners to set you on the right path.
What Is Organic Chemistry?
This branch of science studies carbon and the chemistry of life. Not all these kinds of reactions are organic, so this type of chemistry specifically examines the carbon-hydrogen bond and the results that create living organisms. Many different careers, from veterinary medicine to dentistry to pharmacology, all rely on organic chemistry.
Organic chemists usually need a degree in their field, but many other professions require some experience to obtain a degree or certificate. Let’s take a look at some organic chemistry topics for beginners to help you make sense of this advanced science.
The Importance of Bonding
We know that everything on the planet is made up of atoms and molecules, but what holds all those component pieces together — turning them into you, me and every other living thing on Earth?
The answer is bonding. Atoms are inherently trying to reach the lowest-energy state possible, and most become stable when their valence shell — the part of the atom that holds the electrons — fills up. There are two different types of bonds: ionic and covalent.
Ionic bonds happen when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons. These bonds are most common in inorganic materials, so we’re going to pass over this topic for the moment.
Covalent bonds happen when atoms share electrons instead of gaining or losing them. These bonds are the basis of the molecule that makes up life on this planet. These come in two flavors: polar and nonpolar. In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are unequally shared and will move back and forth between the affected atoms within the molecule. Molecules with nonpolar bonds share their electrons equally.
This tendency of atoms to bond with one another makes up everything on this planet. The computer you’re reading this on is likely held together with ionic bonds, while the cells in your body rely on covalent bonds for the same task.
What Will Scientists Discover Next?
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The Role of Electrons
We’ve already talked about electrons when it comes to organic chemistry and chemical bonds, but why are these little subatomic particles so important?
In a nutshell, it’s because life itself wouldn’t be possible without the movement of electrons.
The valence shell of an atom is like the candy shell on an M&M. Your favorite candy would be pretty messy without its hard outer shell, right? Atoms are pretty messy without a full valence shell, which is why they’re always seeking other elements to bond with to fill that outer shell.
Not all atoms will find that perfect pair. Chlorine, for example, naturally has seven valence electrons, so there will always be one odd electron out when it’s paired with something like sodium to make table salt (sodium chloride). Organic chemistry focuses on the bonds between these elements and how they come together to create something as complicated as the human body.
The average 154-pound person is made up of 7 billion billion billion atoms — and no, that’s not a typo. In spite of that, our bodies are mostly space. It doesn’t seem that way when you see the human anatomy, with organs crammed in so tightly it doesn’t seem like there’s room for anything else. If we removed all the space, the human body would fit in a box the size of a sugar cube.
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes — What’s the Difference?
We’ve talked about organic chemistry and the carbon/hydrogen bond that makes up all life, but there’s a lot more to it than that. Compounds that include both carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons, and they come in three classes — alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. While all three are made up of hydrogen and carbon, they each have a different physical structure and thus have various chemical properties.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with a single bond between the hydrogen and carbon atoms. These are reasonably stable molecules, and their bonds don’t break easily. The simplest alkane is represented as CH4, and don’t contain any functional groups.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons and feature one or more double or triple bonds between the hydrogen and carbon. These compounds can have functional groups, but they don’t always. While more stable than alkynes, these hydrocarbons are more reactive than alkanes.
Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons and exclusively have one or more triple bonds between the molecules. They’re also the least stable hydrocarbon and are more likely to react with their environment than alkanes or alkenes.
Functional Groups
We mentioned functional groups when talking about the various types of hydrocarbons, but what does that term mean?
Functional groups are defined as “specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in the molecules.” There are 14 of these functional groups that are considered key, as well as others that occasionally make an appearance. You’ve probably heard of a few of them, like alcohol and ketones. Ketones are a focal point of the keto diet that is growing in popularity.
The most important thing to remember is that if one or more of these functional groups are present in a hydrocarbon, they don’t change — even if the molecules around them do.
Studying Organic Chemistry
If any of these organic chemistry topics for beginners have piqued your interest, you might be wondering how to break into this field. The best thing you can do is focus on math, science, biology and chemistry when you’re in high school. Score high marks, and select a college that focuses on the sciences. There are plenty of tips for surviving organic chemistry — you just have to get there first.
Organic Chemistry Topics for Beginners
Category: Chemistry
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Article by: Megan Ray Nichols
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Person:Harald I of Norway (1)
Harald I "Fairhair" _____, of Norway
b.Abt 850 Norway
d.Abt 933 Norway
1. Harald I "Fairhair" _____, of NorwayAbt 850 - Abt 933
1. Olaf Haraldsson Geirstadalf _____ - 934
2. Bjørn Farmann "The Merchant" _____, Prince of Norway900 - Abt 927
1. Ulfljotr Haraldsson918 -
2. Haakon I of NorwayAbt 920 - 961
1. Eric Bloodaxe _____Abt 895 - 954
1. Dag Haraldsson
2. Ring Haraldsson904 - 1004
3. Gudrød Skirja908 -
1. Sigurd Rese of Norway _____
2. Ragnvald Rettilbeine876 -
3. Ragnar Rykkel902 -
4. Gudrød Ljome
5. Halvdan Hålegg
Facts and Events
Name Harald I "Fairhair" _____, of Norway
Alt Name Harald I Halfdansson, King of Norway
Alt Name Harald "Fairhair" _____
Gender Male
Birth[1] Abt 850 Norway
Alt Birth? 860 Hedemark, Norway
This page does not include citations to reliable sources.
Marriage Cohabitation?
to Tora Mosterstong _____
Title (nobility)[1] Abt 872 Coronation as King of Norway, foundation of Fairhair dynasty
Death[1] Abt 933 Norway
Burial? Hauko, Rogaland, Norway
Other? 933 Abdicated
Reference Number? Q206123?
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Harald Fairhair (Old Norse: Haraldr inn hárfagri, ; putatively 850 – 932) is portrayed by medieval Icelandic historians as the first King of Norway. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from 872 to 930. Supposedly, two of his sons, Eric Bloodaxe and Haakon the Good, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death.
Most of Harald's biography remains uncertain, since the extant accounts of his life in the sagas were set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. Indeed, although it is possible to write a detailed account of Harald as a character in medieval Icelandic sagas (as this entry does), it is even possible to argue that there was no such historical figure at all.
His life is described in several of the Kings' sagas, none of them older than the twelfth century. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on many points, but it is clear that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Harald was regarded as having unified Norway into one kingdom.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Harald I of Norway. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Harald I of Norway, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
2. HARALD, son of HALFDAN "Swarti/the Black" King of Vestfold & his second wife Ragnhild ([853/54] or 860-Hogaland 933, 934 or 940, bur Haugar in Karmtsund, near the church in Haugesund), in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families. |
ORGON ENERGY COLLECTION SYSTEMS -------------------------------- This drawings are illustrations of interconnection between orgon accumulators for use in ITM processes. The Orgon accumulator consist of different layers with organic and inorganic materials arranged so that a organic layer lays on a inorganic level and so on. The inorganic material consist normally of pure iron. The iron must be the inner layer and the organic the outher layer. In certain systems is it important to have a insulating layer between the organic and the inorganic material. This insulating layer can consist of glaswool or stonewool. The organic layer usually consist of a wood sort. If the outher organic layer has fins,will the total aerial of this layer increase,and with that the orgon energy collecting capacity. It could be interesting to put cone cylinders on the organic material consisting of the same material. This could increase the collecting capacity further. From a energetic view it could be favourable to have vertical bares on the other layer. This would be the case in certain constellation dependent of geographical placement and so on. It could be favourable to daisy chain several orgon accumulators to increase the intensity of the output orgon force. This is a parallel to that of daisy chain several batteries to increase the voltage. The daisy chaining is done by using tubes of pure iron or wires who can conduct energyplain 2 forces. A valve who directs the energyflow is necessary. This valve is placed in the tubes between the daisy chained orgon accumulators. The valve consist of a cone structured device of organic material whit a iron ring at it's thigheds end. The iron ring lay around a hole at the cone end. The energy stream moves from the widest against the thigheds part of the cone inside it. It can also work,making the entire hollow cone consist of pure iron. The most favourable placement is to put the daisy chained orgon accumulators vertically over each other in a tower formation. This formation eliminate that the shadow of one accumulator cover another accumulator. At the top of the highest placed accumulator could it be favourable to place a correctly tuned pyramid of organic material. This pyramid can cause the power to be pressed with increased force down through the structure. By placing a globe of rock crystal inside the top accumulator at the pyramids mirror focus can amplify the effect further. It would be an advantage that the orgon accumulators have a multilayer structure of organic and inorganic materials. The daisy-chained tower structure can consist of orgonaccumulators with the same size,or with the biggest accumulator at the bottom,and the smallest at the top. The last configuration is actual with big constructions. |
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What Agreements Helped Launch The Free Trade Movement
Since the beginning of the 19th century, trade has been a divisive issue in American politics – and the dividing line has fallen quite well between slaves and non-slave states. Northern producers have called for high tariff protection on competing imports; Southern cotton producers have supported an open trade policy to promote their exports. The president`s negotiating power was initially limited to bilateral agreements with foreign nations. But after World War II, amid the desire to integrate and rebuild the post-war economy, the United States led the creation of the General Multilateral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, known as GATT. Under their aegis, the major nations of world trade have concluded a series of „cycles“ aimed at further reducing trade barriers. The most prominent of these were the Kennedy Round (1963-67), the Tokyo Round (1973-79) and the Uruguay Round (1986-94). Under certain conditions, productivity gains in a country can deteriorate its terms of trade. For example, if Japanese television manufacturers become more efficient and reduce selling prices, Japanese commercial conditions will deteriorate as more TVs are needed to exchange for aircraft. The creation of trade benefits exporters in the trade bloc, which has a comparative advantage in the manufacture of a product, and benefits the importer`s consumers, who can now purchase the product at a lower price. Domestic producers that compete with cheaper imports from their partner countries lose, but their loss is less than the profits for exporters and consumers. The creation of trade promotes global well-being through greater efficiency.
A country can also adopt a beggar-thy-neighbor attitude by deliberately using the terms of trade in its favour by introducing an optimal tariff or manipulating currencies. In his economics manual, Dominick Salvatore defines an optimal tariff, since in the 17th and 18th centuries, the dominant demo is that a prosperous nation should export more than it imports and that the trade surplus should be used to expand the nation`s treasury, especially gold and silver. This would allow the country to have a larger and more powerful army and navy and more colonies. Geza Feketukuty, the leading U.S. negotiator for services in the Uruguay Round, gives a wonderful anecdote about the early efforts to start negotiations on trade in services: „The Swiss delegate . . . trade in services by pointing out how impossible it was for him to have his hair cut in another country by a hairdresser.
The chairman of the committee. . he replied that every woman in Germany had benefited enormously from French exports of hairdressing services, and she was convinced that the delegate`s wife would confirm that this was the case in Switzerland. [23] Below, you can see a map of the world with the biggest trade agreements in 2018. Pass the cursor over each country for a rounded breakdown of imports, exports and balances. What resulted in exports growing faster than production, is that companies have evolved from domestic development to a multinational, and now many have developed to a global development. The first six GATT trade negotiations had reduced tariffs in industrialized countries to less than half that level by the end of the Kennedy round in 1967, down from an average of 40% after the Second World War. In addition, international communications and transportation had improved considerably (the first commercial jet crossed the Atlantic in 1958 and the first commercial telecommunications satellite was launched in 1965.
Access to other markets plays an important role in this business model, where comparative advantages can be created. |
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