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Home » Duty Sumarry photosyntesis Duty Sumarry photosyntesis Leaf Cross-Section Leaf Cross-Section Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant’s transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs. Chlorplast As you hopefully recall, the parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids. Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is NOT absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the energy from the absorbed red and blue light that is, thereby, able to be used to do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant, and this cannot be used to do photosynthesis. Leave a comment
Climate And Weather Flash, Thunderstorm, Super Cell, Weather It has become a standard to use the conditions of weather and climate synonymously, as the subsequent lines will explain, whereas there is a whole lot of the gap between the two. Climate is the average weather of a place observed over a period of time, usually for thirty years or more. These conditions are well known at a specific location and well-established. As an example, it is understood that London’s climate is mild both is winters and summers with frequent precipitation. It means that it is a fact that is well-established that the winters in London in addition to the summers are USUALLY London and mild has a rainy climate. To cite another example, the climate of Cairo is dry and hot and cool and dry in winters. . It means that the summers at Cairo are USUALLY hot while the winters are cool. The announcement of weather is also giving another information that climate is dry both in winter and summer and really it is to us! Cairo records 1 inch of rainfall annually. Weather is the condition of temperature, pressure, relative humidity and rainfall at a particular place and it can deviate considerable from the long term average. It is a concept that is very easy to understand. During recent decades, especially after the year 2000, there have been heat waves occurring during summertime. If through a heat wave hot temperatures are experienced by us, we would say that London’s weather is today at such and such date. It does not mean that the climate of London is hot in July. Similarly for Cairo if, for example, we experience an unusually cool summer in July and the temperature drops to a very pleasant selection, we state that weather of Cairo is now at such and such date. It will not mean that Cairo’s Climate is pleasant in July. To explain further, if we, for any reason, observe a sudden downpour in Cairo of more than 5 inches in few hours then we would say that the WEATHER of Cairo is wet now. It will have no impact on the CLIMATE of Cairo that is dry and it is a fact. It follows from above that Climate is the average weather of a place detected for thirty years or more, usually over a long time period while weather is that the condition of temperature detected at a specific place. Earth! Fire! Wind! Water! Heart! With your Powers Combined I AM CAPTAIN ELLIS! Leave a Reply
a high quality coffee bean Is caffeine bad for you? The answer is a varied pack of tales and data. If you are a regular caffeine consumer. You will have fun finding out facts about caffeine, and the myths created through the years. In scientific terms, caffeine is a occurring, odorless. Bitter alkaloid found in coffee beans and other plant products, such as tea, yerba mate, and cocoa. In humans, caffeine targets the central nervous system. And is the most consumed psychoactive drug (affecting consciousness) in the world. And one of the few substances whose consumption is legal. It’s a psychoactive drug. Because it stimulates the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. That’s why people like caffeine—it can block the receptors that make you feel tired and boost your ability to focus. A six-ounce cup of coffee has about 100 to 200 milligrams of caffeine. How Much Caffeine is in a Coffee Bean? Despite what you may have heard. Roast doesn’t bear how much caffeine is in a coffee bean, because caffeine is neither created nor destroyed during the roasting process. Bean to bean. The caffeine content is stable regardless of the roast level. What can affect the caffeine content of your cup is twofold: •Species/Varietal. Robusta has about twice as much caffeine as arabica. Arabica beans have about 100 milligrams per six-ounce cup, and robusta beans have closer to 200 milligrams per six-ounce cup. The level of caffeine can also vary among arabica plants depending on the varietal. But the differences aren’t all that significant. •Roast level. What? I just said roast doesn’t matter! It doesn’t on a bean-to-bean level. But you must take weight into consideration. Lighter beans. Weigh more than darker beans. A pound of dark roast coffee can have about 90 more beans in it. Than a pound of light roast coffee. Therefore. if you measure your beans by weight. A 20-gram dose of dark-roast beans. Would have more caffeine than a 20-gram dose of light-roast beans. But. Only because there would be more beans in the dose. On the flip side, light beans are smaller than dark beans. As they don’t expand as much during the roasting process. If you measure your coffee in scoops. There will be more light beans per scoop than dark beans. Which means. There will be more caffeine in your light-roast cup than your dark-roast cup. In its natural form. Caffeine is a pesticide that kills or paralyses certain insects and prevents other plants from growing too close to the host plant. Tea leaves or ground coffee meet the boiling water and extraction takes place. And produces flavors and aroma, and creates unique drinks such as tea or coffee. We Love Drinking Caffeinated Drinks We love drinking caffeinated drinks. Taste plays a vital role in the importance it has for us. But the more significant substance that makes it so attractive is a bitter and odorless ingredient called caffeine. We consume our beloved caffeine mostly in the coffee we drink. The morning cup of coffee not only became a necessity for many people. But entire cultures grow around coffee. We sit in cafes and enjoy our coffee drinks. Which became one of the most popular leisure activities, as are business meetings. Many unique blends of coffee arrive from many parts of the world. Companies and individuals are working hard to make new recipes. Even alternative ways to serve coffee have become an art form. how to flavor coffee beans Espresso coffee Myths and Facts You can find natural caffeine in leaves. Fruit and seeds of various plants such as coffee beans and the tea bush. The most common form of consumption is foods such as chocolate and ice cream. Or popular drinks including coffee, tea, cola, or energy drinks. People are consuming caffeine in its pure form in recent years, as caffeine tablets and various medications. Thanks to its rapid and influential effect on people, caffeine is gaining immense popularity. Is Caffeine Bad For You? Caffeine stimulates the body's central nervous system and the metabolic system. Responsible for processing and creating the substances needed for various bodily functions. Its effect is swift and effective. Its effects are noticeable on the person within only about 15 minutes of consuming it. Caffeine has structural properties similar to adenosine, which plays a crucial role in transmitting signals in the central nervous system. Due to the chemical similarity between the two substances. Its chemical structure allows caffeine to cross the blood-brain barrier. The adenosine receptors absorb the caffeine in its place, affecting the system's activity. Like similar substances in the xanthine family. Caffeine also affects other essential substances in the central nervous system, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and dopamine. is caffeine bad for you? Adenosine and Caffeine Molecules Charts. Structural similarities are highlighted in blue. With a reasonable consumption. Caffeine's effects include relieving fatigue, improving alertness and awareness, and increasing the ability to concentrate and think. It increases the body's metabolic rate and physical endurance. Along with its positive implements, some adverse effects exist, including myths about its effects. Is It addictive? This is the most popular question from readers, and any discussion about caffeine. The simple answer is yes - caffeine is an addictive substance. Because it affects the central nervous system. Its continuous use causes the physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms last from two to nine days and include: Headaches, fatigue, irritability, trouble concentrating, anxiety, and sometimes a depressed mood. I base the more complicated answer on the addictive substance definition. Most times, the definition should include the threat to the health, social, and economic integrity of the addicted person. As happens with alcohol or heroin addictions. As a whole. caffeine does not meet this criterion. So those who accept this definition. Do not consider it an addictive substance. drinking coffee before workout Girls Exercising Does It improve mental and physical abilities? Simple answer: Yes, In reasonable amounts. Central nervous system's excitatory effects on sharpness and clarity of thought increases concentration and improves cognitive abilities. Stimulation that caffeine creates in the metabolic process allows for faster fat burning and release of energy to the muscles. Alongside the central nervous system's effects, caffeine turns out improves physical abilities in physical endeavor, and in endurance efforts. The more complicated answer includes adverse effects on the mental side. Such as an increased tendency to anxiety. Which may affect the ability to think and concentrate. On the physical side, the talk of a false sense of energy that can cause injuries exists. Also, a concern that the increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Joined with strenuous exercise, may be harmful to people with high blood pressure. It is interesting to see in this context. The effect of caffeine on the cognitive abilities of other animals, such as spiders. Does It Cause Insomnia? The simple answer is no. Our body absorbs Caffeine, processes it, and eliminates it at high speed. Five hours after consuming caffeine. The body eliminates half of it, and within ten hours, around 75 percent of the caffeine is out of our bodies. One coffee cup in the morning will not affect most people's sleep. The more involved answer is that each person has a different sensitivity and resistance to many substances, including caffeine. Several of us, could drink a cup of coffee at ten at night and will not affect the quality of our sleep. And the speed at which we fall asleep. While for others. A cup of coffee at such an hour will ruin the night's sleep. Sleep experts recommend avoiding caffeinated drinking beverages in the evening and at night. Can Caffeine Stunt Growth or Causes Disease? The simple answer is no. Contrary to popular belief, no established link exists between moderate coffee consumption and heart disease or high blood pressure. There is no evidence that it affects or inhibits the growth of children. The situation is even the opposite. Studies indicate that caffeine's reasonable consumption leads to a reduced risk of developing quite a few diseases. Including cancers and type 2 diabetes. The complicated answer is that studies present a general and statistical picture of the link between certain diseases and caffeine. Still. As I have already mentioned, there are people with caffeine sensitivity, and there are always exceptions. Is It Diuretic? Simple answer: No. Contrary to popular belief, no established link exists between moderate coffee consumption and heart disease or high blood pressure. There is no evidence that caffeine affects or inhibits the growth of children. Studies show that caffeine's reasonable consumption leads to a reduced risk of developing several diseases. Including cancers and type 2 diabetes. Is Caffeine good for you? It is important to remember that the information here refers to reasonable caffeine consumption. With variable amounts from one person to another. We consider up to three cups of coffee or tea a day reasonable. And yet, caffeine is a drug, and drinking significant amounts of coffee can have unpleasant effects on our health. Consumption of caffeine in reasonable amounts, does not cause adverse effects in most people. And even results in a positive impact. Caffeine is much more than a drug. Its consumption in tea or coffee has become a ritual, and it is part of our daily routine, just as food is. And it does not go to change in the foreseeable future. Enter your text here...
♂ Name Arran – origin, meaning & pronunciation of the name Arran Jonathan Borba Arran is a ♂ male name. Origin of Arran Arran is the name of an island of the west coast of Scotland and is used as a given name especially in Scotland, England and America. Besides, Arran is a form of Aaron. Meaning of Arran Arran means “pointy island”. Deriving from Aaron, Arran means “exalted”, “of the mountains” and “warrior”. Pronunciation of Arran Arran in the categories Names Names with A Boy's name Boy names with A Name Arran Arran is beautiful, and we know a lot of other names like this... babyname app androidbabyname app iPhone
No products in the cart Your Progress The Unparalleled Power of Hydration If you’re like most people, the minute the alarm goes off in the morning, you beeline it straight to the coffee pot to fuel up and give the central nervous system a kick. While enjoying coffee first thing is an enjoyable morning ritual, our bodies actually lose lots of fluids throughout the night, as a result of anything from breathing while you sleep, to night sweats or too warm of a room temperature. Either way, if you are waking up feeling too dehydrated — your body is trying to tell you something. Drinking enough water each day is crucial for many reasons: to regulate your body temperature, to keep your joints lubricated, to prevent infections, to deliver nutrients to cells, and to keep your organs functioning properly . Every system in your body needs hydration to survive, and it is essential to every individual to function and thrive. Interested in learning more about the magical elixir and daily practice that is nothing short of life-altering? Let’s read on. How much water are you supposed to drink daily? Every day you lose water through your breath, perspiration, urine and bowel movements. For your body to function properly, you must replenish its water supply by consuming beverages and foods that contain water. Did you know that water makes up about 60 percent of your body weight? Drinking eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day is generally the rule of thumb. If you’re exercising more, or it’s hot and humid out, you might be finding yourself refilling more than the 8-glass target. 4 top reasons why your body needs proper hydration to function 1. It helps with muscular function Think of hydration as a form of critical lubricant for proper body movement. It helps keep our joints well-oiled, prevents against infections and delivers essential nutrients to our cells. When you’re feeling cramped, it’s likely because of a lack of water. When your muscles are sore due to a build up of lactic acid, one of the primary areas to look at is the amount of (or lack thereof) water you’re consuming. 2. It helps with losing weight Water can help you shed pounds. Drinking a glass of water before a meal can fill you up a bit and help you eat fewer calories at a meal. 3. It’s a major brain booster A study in 2018 found that even slight dehydration can influence your concentration, causing you to zone out and not be as cognitively focused as you need to be to function and process information. D ehydration impacts your ability to make quick decisions and react well, leading to headaches. When you are drinking enough water throughout your day, you will notice that your sleep quality is improved, you are cognitively sharp, and you have a positive boost in your overall mood. So skip the sodas – where’s your water? 4. Improves overall wellness & energy levels Proper hydration has an incredible effect on your immune system. It helps your kidneys out when flushing toxins from your system. (The color of your urine is a pretty good indicator if you’re drinking enough water throughout the day. And it has the uncanny ability to regulate your body temperature when you’re feeling weak or lethargic. What happens when you are dehydrated? Dehydration is when you don’t have enough water in your body to carry out normal functions, which can significantly drain your energy and make you tired. It ultimately means that more water is moving out of your body’s cells than into them. When you are dehydrated, you also start to lose amounts of electrolytes along with the water. This might be a direct result from consuming a sodium-heavy diet. Electrolytes are absolutely critical to cell function and energy, because they keep our bodies functioning properly. You will have a life long relationship with the concept of proper hydration. It should become a daily staple and something you can’t go an hour without. Unfortunately, there is a lot sugar in most sports drinks on the market, and it can really do your body a disservice when you’re trying to refuel after a workout. Having a go-to electrolyte-rich blend with no artificial flavors and half the amount of sugar than the leading sports drink is your secret ace in the hole to maintain optimal hydration and peak recovery. With 3X the amount of electrolytes than the market standard – reach for HYDR8 after your next workout to help replenish your body with what it needs for daily performance. Leave a comment
Text books, scientific books, etc Dec 3rd, 2020, 9:52 pm Not Relativity: Just Weird Gravity by Syd Wilcox Requirements: .PDF reader, 4.08 MB Overview: here is something that travels faster than light and this has been known about for decades. In the year 1725 an observation was made that disproved the later claimed principle of invariance which is where or why the name “Relativity” comes about and is thus the foundation stone or fulcrum point of the theory of relativity put forward by Albert Einstein some 180 years later, and thus totally destroys Einstein’s theories of relativity before they are even written and proffered up. In the year 1913 an experiment was conducted that proves beyond doubt, (it is today a very well established fact and commercially used effect) that light is NOT a constant, and that light can travel faster than C to an exceedingly close frame of reference and also slower than C to a very close frame of reference, contrary to Einstein’s theories. Time dilation is shown to be totally false and the supposed mind experiments claimed to prove dilation are exposed and shown to be FLAWED. TIME is given a true, exacting and unambiguous definition as never before. The reason behind why atomic clocks are CLAIMED to show time dilation. Space-time does not and cannot exist! The principle of equivalence is proven to be incorrect. There is a place of zero G, but what about zero inertia; and the effects the link of inertia & gravity have on the function of rockets. Because of new information, an explanation to the question of why galaxies spin so fast has been found and with this explanation comes forth a better and more fitting explanation to cosmology other that the “big bang” theory. E does not, and cannot = MC². Why has the obvious been overlooked? The super Hadron collider contradicts Einstein’s relativity. Twice C speed of collision! Designed easy read for anyone, no complicated maths or equations are required to explain the contents. Everything is easier because Newtonian physics is as hard as it needs to be and can explain everything in the universe. References placed for further astonishing facts & information all of which can be found on the web and are usually a short easy read of a few pages each. The contents of some of these papers are literally mind blowing and I am not exaggerating. There have been made discoveries that will change the whole of the sciences of cosmology, astronomy & astrophysics. Two (or three) answers to the binary star problem. A problem was looking for just one. These sciences have moved on a leap but I still see old outdated science and theories still being taught in schools, colleges and universities and this beggars the question, WHY? Herein lays the reason for this book. Genre: Non-Fiction > Educational Download Instructions: Trouble downloading? Read This. Dec 3rd, 2020, 9:52 pm
Learn Hindi at Langma Learn Hindi at Langma Learn Hindi at Langma • Official Languages: Hindi, English • Population: 1.3 billion • Capital: New Delhi • Government: Federal Republic • Literacy: 74.04% • Currency: Indian Rupee • Calling Code: +91 • Time Zone: GMT+5:30 • National Bird: Peacock • National Animal: Tiger • National Anthem: Jana-Gana-Mana • National Song: Vande Mataram • National Emblem: Ashoka Chakra • Major Mountain Ranges: Himalaya • Major River Systems: Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra नमस्ते! (NAMASTE) Originally known as Bharat Ganrajya or Republic of India, the country is extensively acknowledged for its diverse ethnicity, religious beliefs, and copious languages. Hindi being the first official language, the country has an equivalent populace of English speakers too. With basic principles of secularism and socialism, India has a democratic parliamentary system. From an impoverished country in its early 50’s, India has become an Information Technology hub, along with its own space station and countless missions. 1. Indian history started with the Indus Valley civilization that took place 4500 years ago. It is the second oldest civilization discovered in human history, after Mesopotamian civilization 2. India is land of Vedas and Upanishads- earliest written sanskrit religious texts and scriptures. The texts also contains the origins of Yoga, written by the great Indian sage Patanjali. 3. India boasts all the landforms and all the seasons, which makes it a great tourist destination. One can explore natural heritage sites, world class monuments and well-known religious places here. 4. India controls 70% of the world's spices production. The spices are known to have great medicinal properties and are used in cuisines worldwide. 5. Indian diaspora is one of the most successful immigrant communities in the world. They exert great political influence in many countries. They also lead top multinational corporations. Some famous examples are Indira Nooyi, Satya Nadella and Sundar Pichai. 6. Taking a lead in most pressing issues of current times, India is a major producer of renewable energy. It also established the International Solar Alliance for accelerating the production of solar power all over the world. Despite the seventh largest geographical area in the world and majority population dwelling in rural areas, India is acknowledged as the country with the richest heritage alive. Its art and culture is renowned not only in India but all over the world. Some of the most popular dance forms like Bhangra, Bharatnatyam and Kathak are practised with great respect. The country has given birth to some of the greatest artists of its time like M.F Hussian, Rabindranath Tagore, Tyeb Mehta, and Raja Ravi Verma. Historically known as HindustaniHindavi and Rekhta, Hindi has its origin in India. Belonging to the Indo Aryan language family, it is the third most widely spoken language in the world (with 341 million native and 274 million other speakers). Apart from India, it is the official language of Fiji. Besides that, it is the lingua franca of India. Even a substantial population in Afghanistan, South Africa, Nepal and Bangladesh understand Hindi very well. Hindi is currently spoken in 14+ countries. Hindi is written in Devanagari script. Learning Hindi can immensely benefit those people who are intrigued by Indian culture and spirituality. Hindi speakers can explore the rich Hindi literature and folktales over varied genres. It can open a gateway of opportunities for people who are looking to live in India or study in Indian universities. We also provide modules for students who study Hindi in their respective schools/universities and are looking for a practical experience in the language. Furthermore, one can live comfortably in India, especially in the northern part and participate in economic and social activities in one of the fastest growing economies of the world. Due to the long history of British occupation of India, both English and Hindi have taken words from each other's lexicon. Some of the popular English words derived from Hindi are Yoga, Shampoo, Pajamas, Loot, Bungalow and Karma. Both English and Hindi belong to the family of Indo-European languages. 1. If you are someone who is looking forward to taking his/her Hindi language skills to the next level then Langma School Language is the best place to learn Hindi language. Langma provides the best Hindi speaking classes in New Delhi as it can be predicted from the fact that a huge number of students from various parts of the world enrol for our Hindi speaking classes. 2. Langma School of Languages offers different levels ranging from A1 for beginners to C2 at the highest. The learners of Hindi language vary from students, businessmen, employees who plan to shift their residence to India. Join our interactive Hindi courses and speak Hindi fluently in just 90 days. 3. Langma School of Languages is the best Hindi language institute with over 15 years of excellent track record. We provide native and experienced Hindi language teachers . Also included in our course are plays, audio-visuals and workshops which can further enhance the accuracy and usage of the language. 4. Our Hindi language program can be customized according to the requirement of the candidate subject to his/her availability. If a student requires completing a course sooner than the above durations, we can create a crash course and focus more on the field-wise aspects of each individual. 5. Our institute is a complete language learning platform for passionate Hindi learners. Unlike other Hindi learning resources, our institute is a Hindi language hub where budding flowers bloom in a versatile environment. 6. Our mission is to provide a complete guide to the students and make them efficient future entrepreneurs. Apart from integrated Hindi language courses, we inculcate Indian culture in deeper roots to get exceptional results. Langma School of Languages has been offering Hindi online courses since its inception. No matter whether you live in EuropeAsia, America, Africa or Australia, the best online Hindi language institute is at your doorstep. You can join us through your computers, laptop, tablet or smartphone. We provide online Hindi language training facilities for those who cannot make it to our school due to time constraints. The timings will be as per the convenience of the student that matches with the particular country's timings. We are extremely proud of our devoted and highly qualified faculty. Our faculty comprises of native, university-educated Hindi teachers with a major in teaching Hindi as a second language. They have years of professional teaching experience at Langma school of Languages, teaching students of all ages and nationalities. Many of them have taught abroad, equipping students with a deep understanding of different Indian cultures. They have a better understanding of the difficulties students face from various linguistic backgrounds while learning Hindi. Our team boasts outstanding interpersonal skills and shares a passion for teaching Hindi language.
Do Car Tires Protect You From Lightning? Does a vehicle’s rubber tires protect you from a lightning strike inside your car? Everyone seems to think so, but that’s not what makes the inside of a car a safe place to be during lightening. Whether it’s a Yokohama or a Continental, Car tires don’t protect you from lightning. Tires are too small to insulate a lightning strike. What keeps you safe while inside a car is the metal body surrounding you which creates a Faraday Cage. The lightning follows the path of least resistance down the metal framework and into the ground. A Faraday Cage is a metal enclosure that blocks electromagnetic fields from entering inside. It’s important to keep in mind that you can’t be touching any metal parts from within your vehicle as the lightning will travel through and shock you. The metal inside a steering wheel will transfer a shock into you if you are holding on to it. So if the metal body of your vehicle surrounding you is what protects you from lightning strikes, keep in mind that convertibles, motorcycles and any other vehicles that don’t have metal roofs and doors will not protect you from lightning at all. What To Do In A Lightning Storm If you’re caught in a lightning storm, pull over to a safe spot, turn your emergency lights on, switch the engine off, and keep your hands on your lap. Holding onto your steering or leaning against your door will open you up to danger as the electricity can pass through all the metal parts of your car. It’s always best to pull over and wait for a lightning storm to end because even though you might be ok if the car is struck, the tires could blow out and the electronics might get fried as the lightning strikes, potentially causing a serious accident. Gas stations covers and underground mall parking areas are two of the best places to wait out a lightning storm. But if there’s no shelter in sight, just try to stop on what looks to be the lowest point in the area, away from any bodies of water and tall structures such as power line towers. The Chance Of Being Struck By Lightning? In the US alone around 50 people are struck and killed by lightning each year. The chance of being struck by lightning is 1 in 3,000 compared to the chance of dying in a car accident at 1 in 103. What this means is that death by lightning strike is indeed rare, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t take precautions. Share Your Review
Intellectual humility: the importance of knowing you might be wrong Knowledge Questions: What are the limitations in our abilities to reason? How do we produce knowledge in the sciences? What impact does knowledge have on the knower? This article brings together so many interesting issues in TOK and the problems associated with knowledge and its production. There are connections in this article to memory, the scientific method, the replication crisis, reason, and the Dunning-Kruger Effect. We need more intellectual humility for two reasons. One is that our culture promotes and rewards overconfidence and arrogance (think Trump and Theranos, or the advice your career counselor gave you when going into job interviews). At the same time, when we are wrong — out of ignorance or error — and realize it, our culture doesn’t make it easy to admit it. Humbling moments too easily can turn into moments of humiliation. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Unit Converter 1.25 Inches to Centimeters 1.25 Inches = 3.175 x 100 (scientific notation) Inches to Centimeters Conversion Formula [X] cm = 2.54 × [Y] in 1.25 Inches to Centimeters Conversion breakdown and explanation If we want to calculate how many Centimeters are 1.25 Inches we have to multiply 1.25 by 127 and divide the product by 50. So for 1.25 we have: (1.25 × 127) ÷ 50 = 158.75 ÷ 50 = 3.175 Centimeters So finally 1.25 in = 3.175 cm Popular Unit Conversions
Why Is My Puppy Or Kitten A Runt? Ron Hines DVM PhD What Does My Dog’s Breed Tell Me About Its Health? There are litters in which all of the offspring are a bit small. The larger the litter, the smaller the puppies or kittens tend to be at birth. But that slightly-reduced size should affect same-sex individual babies almost equally. Those babies put on weight and grow normally as soon as they are eating on their own when their food supply is adequate and nutritionally balanced. Those large litters also tend to arrive a day or two earlier; which also accounts for the smaller size of each offspring. There is really no agreement among veterinarians, or anyone else for that matter, as to what constitutes a runt or even how long a dog or cat’s neonatal period (its puppyhood or kittenhood) really lasts. For the purpose of this article, think of a neonate as a puppy or kitten that is less than 7 weeks old and a runt as weighing at least 25% less than its same-sex littermates. You kitten or puppy’s neonatal period is one of dramatic growth rate and change. Vital organ are rapidly maturing and taking on their adult responsibilities under the direction of the “anatomic” genes they inherited – the ones whose job it is to guide proper organ development. Through processes called transcription and epigenetics, those crucial genes switch on and then off to guide the developmental process. By about 12 weeks, the job of most of them is complete and they switch off – for the most part never to give instructions again. Even when your puppy or kitten’s development in the womb goes awry (wrong), many youngster’s have a normal birth. That is because, to a large extent, puppies and kittens were freeloading on their mother’s metabolic and hormonal systems until the moment they were born. In the womb, it was their mother’s liver, lungs, kidneys and endocrine glands that carried their burden and met their needs. It is only in their neonatal (infant) period that defects in their own metabolism become apparent. This is the most precarious period in a puppy or kittens life – a bird taking wing. And those that are born star-crossed are at the most risk for survival. It is quite a challenge for me when a newborn kitten or puppy is brought in because of the concerns of its owner. Often these offspring are quite ill by the time they are presented and they are in a steady downward health spiral. Obtaining blood samples on so small an infant is difficult enough when a baby is healthy. Collecting blood samples can be hard to impossible once a infant is chilled, dehydrated or in other states of circulatory collapse. Just as importantly, many of the standard exams that we veterinarians rely on to direct us to the source of the problem (reflexes, heart and lung sounds, vision, balance, pain sensation, etc.) yield less information in neonates because these systems are not yet fully developed. Another problem is that the signs of a great many different illnesses in puppies and kittens result in very similar signs: subnormal body temperature, difficulty breathing, bluish gums ( cyanosis ), dehydration, restlessness, diarrhea and crying. Some veterinarians with specialized training are experts in evaluating the ultrasound images of puppies and kittens while they are still in their mother’s womb. They have mixed success in evaluate pre-birth fetal health. They pay particular attention to the heart rate of each fetus and the presence of meconium (fetal feces) within the amniotic sac. In human pregnancies, restricted umbilical cord blood flow rather than genetics can also cause slower than normal prenatal growth. That might occur in dogs and cats as well. Veterinarians really don’t know. Doppler velocimetric ultrasound is a common method pediatricians use to detect it. Puppies and kittens that are markedly smaller at birth are always at a greater risk. That risk is greatest during their first week of life. Which youngsters are at the most risk can also be predicted by measuring their early weight gain (that is, weight gained over the youngster’s first 48 hours). The lower the percentage of weight gain during that critical period compared to their littermates, the less likely the pup or kitten is to survive. That weight gain needs to be at or above 4% (preferably considerably more) and both puppies and kittens should double their weight by 10 days. When that isn’t happening, I tell my clients that the kitten or puppy needs to be pulled and hand-raised. In one canine kennel study I know of, the age of the mother, the size of the litter and the sex of the puppy had no influence on puppy survival. Undersized kittens face the same obstacles. How Common Are Early Puppy And Kitten Illnesses? When I worked at the NIH , about 17% of the foxhound puppies born at our Poolesville, MD facility, died before they were completely weaned (before~7 wks). Between weaning and 30 weeks of age, another 4% were lost. (read here) But NIH did not pursue the causes of those deaths in detail. In institutional animals settings as well as at large production breeding kennels (puppy mills), puppy and kitten loss are usually higher than in affectionate family home-born dogs or cats. That is due to stressful communal living, distracted mother dogs, emotionally detached personnel, respiratory infections and a pervasive cost-vs-benefit mentality. An institution or commercial kennel or cattery is never a substitute for a loving home. There are other less sinister reasons why large non-commercial facilities like the NIH are unlikely to to give individualized care to high-risk offspring. Research facilities need uniform, predictable animals for their research. The less genetic diversity within their animal colonies, the more likely that their scientist exploring the causes and cures for disease will discover them. Another study performed in Norway was more sophisticated in its attempts to explain the cause of early puppy deaths. But like the NIH, they made no attempts to assist puppies that were falling behind. (read here) In an attentive home environment, with a small number of dogs or cats, infant mortality should not exceed 10 – 12%. Mortality rates in the offspring of random bred cats in well-managed situations is quite low (~ 8-10%). In contrast, feral cat colony kitten mortality is about 75%. ( read here ) The number of kittens lost in purebred cat breeding operations can also be quite high – 27.3% in one study, 30% in another. That is not necessarily because of poor cattery conditions. Many trendy purebred cat breeds have too small a gene pool for reliable breed health. That is, they are highly inbred. Inbreeding increases the chances of birth defects, infant mortality and life-long health issues in cats and dogs. (read here & here When a breeder’s mortality or the number of undersized offspring are high, that person needs to reexamine his/her breeding program and philosophy and take steps to limit inbreeding and restore healthy genetics – even if that means introducing toms & queens, studs & bitches that are not show winners or “type” for their breed. In my opinion, that is the only ethical and humane thing to do. I am not the only veterinarian who believes that. ( read here ) Puppies that were of normal weight at birth do occasionally die suddenly with no explainable cause. Occasionally that has a virus cause. (read here) Many pregnant queens carry the herpes virus of cats ( cat flu ). If that virus is a threat to their newborn kitten or a cause of stillborn kittens is unknown. Similar animal herpes virus do have that ability. (read here). Do Runts And Small Offspring Occur That Have Nothing To Do With The Youngster’s Genes? There are many causes of smaller-than-normal puppies and kittens that have nothing at all to do with their genetics. Here are the most common ones: A Puppy or Kitten’s Position in Its Mother’s Womb = Intrauterine Position As I mentioned earlier, sonograms and x-rays are very good at discovering undersized kittens and puppies while they are still in their mother’s uterine horns. However, veterinarians cannot accurately tell from those images where the infant is located in the mother’s uterus. There are probably ways that could be done, but I do not know of anyone who has described it. All animals that give birth to multiple offspring (that have litters) are called multiparous animals. They all have similar reproductive anatomy: a small uterus with long horns in which the babies develop that lead up to each of its two ovaries. Conditions within the first third, second third and last third of the uterine horns can be quite different due to differences in how the mother’s blood nutrients, oxygen and blood-carried hormones circulate in each area. Embryos attach to the walls of the uterine horns like passengers lined up in airplane seats plugged into their headphones. Our love for our dogs and cats have spared them from a lot of curious dissection and experiments; but in another multiparous animal, the pig, infant growth is greatest in the first and second seats (positions) closest to the ovary, slowest growth is near the middle of the uterine horn and better again nearest to the cervix. The piglets that occupy the preferred positions are born larger and the little ones most likely came from the middle. The same thing occurs in rabbits and mice, so I will venture that perhaps similar things occur in our dogs and cats as well – although I have nothing to show you to prove it. There are other things that are not always uniform in the womb while a kitten or puppy is developing. Male embryos naturally grow larger than female embryos due to the larger amount of testosterone being produced in their bodies. Male embryos actually exude that hormone into their surroundings. That leaked testosterone is known to increase the size of female embryos that are next to them, so they grow a bit larger too. That extra testosterone might even affect that female puppy’s or kitten’s later reproductive potential – its reproductive tract anatomy and fertility. A male puppy embryo between two females in its mother’s womb will likely be a bit smaller than males next to males. Many years ago, one of my veterinary school professors suggested that as an explanation for small birth weight puppies and kittens. Like the effects of position in the womb, no one I know of has studied this hormonal effect in dogs or cats, but it has been confirmed in rodents, pigs and rabbits. There are probably other potential undescribed variations and defects in a mother’s uterine horns that might not allow a fetus to grow to its intrinsic (natural) potential that are still unknown. (Human multiple-birth pregnancies are different because normal implantation in us is in the uterine body, not the uterine horns – but even there, various environmental factors influence multiple birth baby size. When a fetus is faced with those situations, it is often born with a head disproportionately large for its body – similar to the ones in the image above. It is called brain sparing and some theorize that when nutrients, or oxygen are scarce, it occurs in all mammals. Not only must a mother’s blood deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to the developing embryos; it must also cleanse the infant of the waste products of the infant’s metabolism (toxins). So when blood flow is lessened for any reason, its lessened ability to rid itself of waste products can play a part in stunting as well. None of these points have been studied in dogs and cats. But many studies have examined the phenomenon in humans and animals models. Once a puppy or kitten is born, those small differences in size can get magnified as the larger youngsters compete better than the smaller ones for milk. That is why it can be best to bottle-raise those smaller offspring after they have had a 24-hour , supervised, feeding on their mother (to obtain colostrum). It is not uncommon for bottle-fed infants to grow at a slightly slower rate than mother-fed infants. We do not know if that is due to the residual effects of whatever made them small in the first place or if there are deficiencies in commercial milk formulas. Over-feeding as a substitute for frequent moderate feedings can lead to diarrhea, bloat, stomach and intestinal stasis, slower growth rate – or worse (In my experience, many more problems occur in kittens and puppies due to too infrequently feedings with too much formula at one time than to underfeeding them). A Mother’s Neglect Or Rejection Some dogs and cats are just not cut out to be good mothers. The reasons can be their personality, general health, insufficient mothering hormones (oxytocin, prolactin, endorphins, etc.) or just a mother’s immaturity (eg her first pregnancy). When these sort of problems occur, they should affect her attitude toward all the offspring in the litter equally. Some cats and dogs will occasionally reject one or two offspring from their litters. Those are almost always the ones destined to be runts. I do not know anyone who has studied this scientifically, but its my opinion that it is primarily low body temperature (hypothermia = less than 95 F/ 35 C for a new born or notably colder than its siblings). That causes these mothers to loose interest in those offspring. Hypothermia is not a disease in itself; it is the end result of most everything that can go wrong in a puppy or kitten (dehydration, infections, respiratory and circulatory problems, infections, low blood sugar [hypoglycemia], etc.) Placing the offspring in an incubator and bottle-feeding it are the only ways I know to surmount the problem. However the chances that you will be confronted down the road with health issues in those infants are considerable. A mother’s sense of smell does allow her to identify each of her offspring. Thermal Issues – Hypothermia Is Hardest On The Smallest In The Litter Puppies and kittens are quite sensitive to chilling. That is because of their much large surface skin area in relation to their body weight, and the fact that they can not shiver to raise their body temperature for their first week or so. They also lack insulating fat and can have problems redirecting blood to their internal body organs (surfacevasoconstriction). These problems are even greater in runts because of their smaller size and greater surface area in relation to their weight. It is not until puppies and kittens are 7-8 weeks old that they can regulate their body temperature efficiently. When a infant’s body is below its normal temperature, a host of bad things occur. It cannot absorb nutrients well from its intestines; it is subject to stomach and intestinal bloat (ileus); its heart does not pump blood efficiently (CRT time increased ); its liver can not produce blood sugar effectively and its immune system looses its ability to prevent infections. One must never attempt to feed these infants until their body temperature has been restored to normal. Its first few meals should be no more than Pedialyte™, the next few a puppy/kitten formula fed quite dilute. Weakness makes milk aspiration into the lungs considerably more likely. Infants that are already fading are best given their fluids subcutaneously. Warmth is critical – but I have seen more of these little guys pass away due to overheating from the use of human heating pads and heat lamps then I have seen them benefit from them. Hot water bottles are much safer as are commercial rigid heating pads designed specifically for pets. As I mentioned, chilled offspring in their first few days of life are also considerably more susceptible to infections. Antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid can be helpful in preventing that, but they can also contribute to bloat problems. So combining those medications with probiotics might be wise. Hypoglycemia – Low Blood Sugar Level Smaller than normal puppies and kittens are more susceptible to low blood sugar levels than their larger littermates. When it occurs in runts, it is almost always together with hypothermia. All puppies and kittens are born with very little fat reserves. They must provide their energy through internal glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and the smallest puppies in the litter have the least glucose reserves. They are the ones that need milk the most; but they are usually the ones that obtain it the least because they are the least able to compete for a nursing position on their mother – particularly during their first 24 hours after birth. From then on, it can be a downward spiral if they do not receive supplemental feeding or your assistance in getting a nipple to feed on. It is also critical that supplemental feeding be extremely small in volume and frequent (every hour) as these infants are at high risk of aspiration pneumonia when more than a drop or two at a time is fed. Table sugar solutions are a very poor substitute (a balanced puppy/kitten formula is much better). Table sugar is sucrose – only half the molecule is glucose (aka dextrose) that the baby needs. Table sugar digestion relies on the enzyme, sucrase , which is normally present in the intestine. But this enzyme’s ability to split table sugar into glucose and fructose is temperature dependent and the babies that need the sugar are generally too cold. The result is fermentation that causes bloat – often severe enough to interfere with their breathing. Hypoglycemia is more common in toy breeds. These are also the breeds most frequently affected by hepatic microdysplasia that you can read about farther down in this article and in greater detail through the former link. Any form of liver disease increases the risk of hypoglycemia. The bodies of kittens and puppies normally contain more body water than adults. Runts are at particular risk of dehydration because their larger surface area ratio to their weight increases water loss through their skin. Any diarrhea or vomiting increases the problem. So does excessive heat. They are also less successful in replacing their body moisture through suckling. During development in their mother’s body, they relied on her kidneys to maintain a proper fluid balance. After birth, their kidneys have not fully developed the ability to conserve water by producing more concentrated urine or increase the excretion of salt to keep blood sodium levels from rising too high. So any time a youngster becomes dehydrated, its blood sodium level can go far above normal too (hypernatremia). The signs of dehydration/hypernatremia in puppies and kittens are a doughy skin that does not spring back when it is pinched as well as lethargy. Like just about everything else that affects the newborn, their body temperature drops as well. Mild dehydration can be treated with oral fluids. But severe dehydration needs subcutaneous and/or intraperitoneal injections of balanced sterile fluids (eg PSS, D5W). Lack Of The Mother’s First Milk – Colostrum The immune system of newly born puppies and kittens is not experienced enough or developed sufficiently enough to produce adequate antibodies of its own. For that, it relies on the antibodies of its mother that are only able to enter its body intact through its intestines during its first day or so of life. The crucial time for this to happen in puppies is their first 4-8 hours after birth. By 16-24 hours, the infant’s intestine is practically closed to the passage of antibodies. This mother-to-infant transfer is called passive immunity and it differs from the active immunity that will eventually be produced by the offspring’s own immune system. The mother’s colostrum not only contains antibodies, it contains immune system cells from its mother that produce antibodies and defend the intestines as well. ( read here ) So thawed frozen colostrum is not as protective as fresh colostrum flowing from the mother. Runts obtain less colostrum. That makes them more susceptible to the infections and septicemias that I mention later. Other puppies and kittens are occasionally born with defects in their own immune system. Those neonates don’t start to fall behind in growth and general health until their mother’s colostral immunity wears off at about 12-14 weeks – earlier if the mother’s immunity profile is low, occasionally a bit longer if the mother’s immunity was high. Once the mother’s immunity does wear off, that occasional puppy or kitten with genetic defects that prevent its immune system from functioning is in trouble. That will be the time that repeated illnesses begin. ( read here & here ) Those sort of defects are considerably less common in kittens than in puppies. Veterinarians have techniques that we thought would supply these important antibodies when the mother was unable to do so. We might have recommended that during its first 24 hours, the infant receive an oral supplement of antibodies derived from a dog or cat’s blood (hyperimmune serum). But the latest study I know of did not find that to be effective. The jury is still in deliberation on that. Occasionally, it is not a lack of colostrum, but what the colostrum contains that is the problem. Some lactating mothers are more susceptible to breast infections than others. The organisms producing those infections will pass with the milk to the babies. The fact that the mother herself was susceptible indicates that she lacked sufficient antibodies to protect herself. So the offspring lack them as well. This problem is sometimes called “toxic milk syndrome”. It can occur even if there is no obvious evidence of a mammary gland infection in the mother. These sort of dangerous bacteria have other ways to move from mother to infant as well ( Although I am suspicious that problems would not have occurred had there not been husbandry or underlying immunity transfer problems in the dame). Delivery Problems Almost 80% of the time, after one puppy (or kitten) is squeezed out of one of the uterine horns, the next offspring will be expelled from the mother’s other uterine horn. (read here) For a variety of reasons, the birth of one puppy can be delayed. Sometimes the mother is exhausted by the continuing effort to birth a large litter. Sometimes her blood calcium level may not be optimal. Other times pain, anxiety or distraction make a birth take longer. In those cases, puppies and kittens have been without oxygen (hypoxic) for too long a time and the acidity of their bodies is higher than it should be because they have been deprived of oxygen. Umbilical cord kinks, twists and compression or early placental detachment can cause the same situation. Some believe that puppies that exit tail end first (breach) are also more difficult for the mother to pass. Others have noted that interrupted or slow deliveries (uterine inertia) are more common in mothers that were relatively old when bred for the first time. The interplay of blood calcium level and oxytocin might also be a cause of one or more slow pup deliveries. Puppies and kittens that have experienced that sort of birth trauma are more likely to be weak (or die in their first 48 hrs) and fall behind in their growth. Other Maternal Factors Hypothyroid Mothers Early embryo development is dependent on thyroid hormones provided by the mother. As the embryos get older, they begin to produce thyroid hormone on their own. We now know some of the genetic errors that make adult dogs more susceptible to hypothyroidism. Although a lack of thyroid hormone early in pregnancy will negatively affect the puppies, I believe that most or all of those hypothyroid adult females are quite unlikely to become pregnant in the first place. When the pup or kitten itself is hypothyroid, it will stay small (I write about that farther down this page). But should a female dog that is hypothyroid or borderline hypothyroid actually produce pups, the signs in the puppies or kittens would probably be similar to those in humans with the same problem; if they go full term, the offspring are actually larger than normal. The Mother’s Nutritional Status Nutritionally deprived mothers and those with heavy intestinal parasite loads (or fleas or ticks) tend to produce smaller offspring. But other than the effects of uterine horn position that I discussed earlier, the whole litter, not just one, will be small. Diets do not only need to satisfy the animals appetite, they need to be balance in their protein, amino acid, mineral and vitamin content as well to produce healthy offspring. Mismatched Blood Types – aka Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, NI, FNI This is a problem that puppies rarely, if ever, face. It is also a problem that the owners of a kitten(s) from an accidental indoor-outdoor mating are unlikely to see either. But it can be a challenge to purebred cat breeders who have not blood typed their breeding cats. The story generally goes like this: The queen gives birth to what appear to be normal kittens, and they begin to nurse properly. But some or all of them soon loose their desire to nurse. They become weak with little or no energy. They may die in as little as 24 hours after these symptoms begin. Some pass reddish brown urine and develop a yellowish skin tint (jaundice). Their gums are quite pale. Sometimes only one or two kittens in the litter are affected. Sometimes all are. Also, the degree of illness varies greatly –perhaps depending on how much of the first milk (colostrum) they consumed. Occasionally, the only thing noticeable in a survivor is loss of the tip of the tail. In the rare puppy that might develop neonatal isoerythrolysis, most symptoms would be the same. The roots of this problem are antigens – molecules that coat the surface of all red blood cells. These proteins determine blood type. In cats, there are three major blood types, A, B and the rarely encountered AB. Most random bred domestic cats throughout the world have two A genes for the blood type. Most that have AB only express A, so they are A blood type as well (some dispute this). But cats that have BB, are blood type B. A is the most common blood type among cats in general. But there are some B domestic shorthair cats as well. Their number seems to vary depending on the area of the world in which they live. For instance, B blood group is said to be more common in India, France, Italy and Australia than it is in North America. However certain breeds have high numbers of B blood group. Exotics (a short hair version of the Persian), British Shorthair, Turkish Angora, Vans, Cornish and Devon Rex have a high incidence of type B. Breeds that are typically type A are Siamese, Burmese, Russian Blue, Ocicat and Oriental Shorthair. Ragdolls have the highest known prevalence of type AB. (read here) All A and B cats naturally possess antibodies (alloantibodies) against the blood group they do not possess. Those antibodies begin to appear at about 3 months of age. No one is certain why. Those antibodies will quickly destroy (erythrolysis=hemolysis ) red blood cells that do not match the cat’s blood type (in humans but not in cats or dogs, these alloantibodies can pass through the placenta and into the fetus before birth. Dogs and cats have a different, less intimate, type of placenta than humans. So in them it does not happen). Type B mother cats all possess antibodies against type A. If a type B mother cat is mated to an A or AB tom cat, any kittens born with an A blood type can be severely harmed when they drink the mothers first milk (colostrum) which is high in her anti-A antibodies (how AB kittens will be affected is debatable). Depending on the amount of antibody in the mother’s milk and how much the kitten drank, the blood in the kitten’s body will be quickly destroyed. By 12-24 hours after delivery however, those antibodies are typically no longer present in sufficient quantity in the mother’s milk to cause problems and are thought to have more difficulty entering the youngster’s blood stream even when they are. (read here) Kittens that are only moderately affected are often slow to gain weight. As I mentioned earlier, a few loose the tips of their tails (tail-tip necrosis). Medications, blood transfusions and general intensive support of seriously sick infants with NI is rarely successful. They just go too quickly. Some vets attempt to give them intraperitoneal or intraosseous (into the bone) injections of washed type B red blood cells in an effort to replace the A Type cells that were lost. But as early as day three, the A-Type kittens can be producing anti B antibodies of their own. So preventing this problem is a much more successful option. It requires blood typing all breeding cats in the cattery and never mating a B-type female to an A or AB-type tomcat. If you insist on doing so, the kittens need to be foster raised by an A mother, for the first 24-48 hours of life. Some breeders just deny the kittens nursing privileges on their birth mother for 24 hours and bottle-feed formula. I do not recommend doing that because colostrum has important health-protective functions. There are other rare inherited genetic defects that, on first glance, might be mistaken for neonatal isoerythrolysis (although they generally occur considerably later in life than NI). (read here, here & here) Runts With Defective Gene Issues = The Youngster’s Genetics Are Causing The Problem The kitten and puppy problems I discussed up until now often improve as time goes by or when the specific mother-related problem is corrected through bottle-feeding or other means. The rest of the problems that can cause a runt are defects that do not heal themselves. Some of these health issues veterinarians can cure, some they can help significantly, some slightly and some not at all. I cannot tell you about all of them. First, because I do not have the knowledge nor the time, and secondly because many of the causes have not yet been discovered. But at the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Sidney, Professor Frank Nicholas and his associates make a sterling attempt to do so. Their OMIA website: http://omia.angis.org.au/home/ Unraveling the cause of a genetically-based disease is a time-consuming, expensive process. One that few, if any, individual pet owners could financially underwrite. So we veterinarians understand considerably fewer of these mechanisms than your family physician or pediatrician does. Much of what we do know; we know because scientists studying the problems were financed and motivated to find explanations and cures for a similar disease that occurs in human infants. Dogs and humans share some 350 heritable disorders with us – cats and humans share somewhat less. Neogen is a company with considerable expertise in looking at the genetic makeup (genomics) of living things. Their GeneSeek division offers (or plans to offer) genetic probes (“chip platforms”) that search for genetic defects in pets. Currently, they are beginning to market that service to pet owners through Mars Inc. as the “Wisdom Panel”. But Neogen told me that they can be employed directly to seek out the genetic cause of most any inherited pet abnormality. (From my conversations with them in early 2016, it appears that their business plan is in its infancy and subject to change.) In 2016, a company affiliated with Cornell Veterinary School announced “Embark”, a similar service, was still in the planning stage. Are Purebred Pets More Susceptible To Genetic Problems Than Mixed-breed Pets? When you are dealing with purebred dogs and cats, I believe that genetic problems underlie the majority of babies we see with stunted growth. When the infant is the product of a cross or feral mating, I believe that non-genetic, intrauterine, nurturing and psychological issues in the mother outnumber genetic causes. Others do not agree. But most of the genetic diseases pet owners and veterinarians see only occur when both of the pair of genes that control a particular process are defective (a recessive trait ). For many genetic problems, the chances of that happening are much greater in dogs and cats that are too closely related – the closer the relation, the greater the risk. For a few, they are not because the tendency is a dominant trait. (read here I cannot prove that, because no one has examined the issue thoroughly and few intentionally breed mix-breed dogs or cats. A few years ago, I would have just been able to list some of these genetic defects that produce runts and deformed offspring. But over the last 10 years veterinarians have learned much more as to the specific defective gene(s) that cause these problems. That explosion of knowledge began in the 1990, when Congress, through the NIH , increased funding for the human genome project – a project to name and map each gene pair within us and describe its function. At the forefront of this project is the Broad Institute in Boston (rhymes with road). In 2005, Broad finished mapping the genome of the dog. (read here) In 2007, they published the preliminary genomic map of the domestic cat. (read here) The US government justified adding the dog and cat genome not for us veterinarians and pet lovers; they did it because humans, dogs and cats have more genetic diseases than any other animal species and understanding and attempting to repair or prevent these genetic issues in dogs and cats could have applications in human medicine as well. In genetics there are as many opportunities for things to go wrong as go right. Most genetic pet problems that veterinarians encounter require that both the dam and the stud carry a defective gene (a recessive carrier); although a few require only one defective gene (a dominant trait ). (read here) Some cases of kidney inflammation and portosystemic shunts are dominant traits that require only one defective gene. (read here) Other birth defects require defective genes at multiple locations (polygenetic). I’ll try to tell you about the more common ones that are based on faulty genes, and some less common ones where the gene(s) responsible have been discovered. There are far to many for me to list all of them. Not all kitten/puppy birth defects are due to gene defects, but 60-70% probably are. Lumped together with the ones whose cause can’t be determined, they are called congenital diseases. As I mentioned before, some breeds are more prone to genetic defects than others. Randomly bred house cats, the offspring of the dominant neighborhood Tom, have few reported genetic defects because Nature selects against the frail and the weak. In a study of 2,629 boxer puppies, 32 had cleft lips and/or cleft palates, 6 an incomplete rectum (atresia ani ), 3 were “swimmers” (legs splayed outward and could not stand), one had increase pressure within its brain (hydrocephalus) and one had a narrowed area of windpipe (tracheal stricture). But the number of puppies that died during their first 50 days or were stillborn was much higher (based on second hand reports from owners). Another study of 274 household and rescued kittens presented for autopsy in the UK gives an insight into the various maladies that effect kittens. Some are genetic, some are infectious, some traumatic. Of the genetically based losses, heart failure led the list (a very general term – as all deaths are ultimately due to heart failure). Some genetically based diseases are obvious within the first few days after birth, but many do not become obvious until a week or more has passed. That is because, as I mentioned previously, many of the growth and development processes that occur in the puppy or kitten prior to and just after birth relied on hormones, nutrients, metabolic activity and other factors that were supplied adequately by the mother’s organs and delivered to the baby through her blood. It is only when the baby begins to rely upon its own body to produce them that its growth or health begins to fail. Other defects, like the ability to move about normally, do not often develop until 7-10 days, normal gait at 18-21 days and posture and balance until 6-8 weeks. Specific Breed Genetics As I already mentioned, many have noticed that dog and cat breeds that originated from only a few individuals are much more subject to producing runts, stillbirths and offspring with genetic defects. The more original founding individuals ( “the founder effect “) that contribute to a breed, the wider the selection of genes in that bred and the less the chance that two paired bad ones (alleles) will wind up in any offspring. And as I also mentioned, if even one of the pair is good, the puppy or kitten is usually free of the problem or suffers from it to a considerably lesser extent. Another way to describe it is that these are often recessive traits. Some recessive traits are harmless, some are not. (read here) That means that the baby will appear and grow normally if even one of the two-gene set is normal. The smaller the gene pool, the greater the odds of the infant coming up with two of those defective genes. Other genetic diseases only occur when genes at more than one pair are defective. Those are called polygenetic traits or diseases. Exotic shorthair and Persian cats are known for their small gene pools. In those breeds, genetic defects can affect as many as 14% of the offspring. The smallest feline gene pool is found in the Singapura cat. That accounts for its poor reproductive performance and multiple health problems. Bernese mountain dogs are quite over-represented in genetic defects as well, and so are the unfortunate Dogue de Bordeaux. So beware the breeds described as “rare” or in which a single celebrity stud has been used excessively for breeding. Popular movies, TV serials and televised dog and cat shows often generate those brief fads. (see here) The farther us humans stray from the way God originally created his creatures, the greater the chances that there will be a price to pay. You can’t avoid defective genes. All dogs, cats and humans have a few – I just want to increase the odds that your pet does not wind up with two of the same bad ones. That is also the reason I hesitate to counsel pet owners who write to me seeking guidance in overcoming fertility problems in their pets. If dogs or cats in intentional breedings abort or produce no puppies or kittens – that could actually be a blessing in disguise. Runts With Defects In Their Heart – Or Other Places In Their Circulatory System That Cause Blood Flow Problems It is often a heart murmur that gives your veterinarian the first inkling that your puppy or kitten might have a heart problem. Often, it is the only thing found abnormal on the examination. Some of those murmurs turn out to be innocent – something I mentioned earlier in this article. But a percentage are due to a defective heart. With time, or even as early as the first veterinary visit, owners describe a pet that has little energy (exercise intolerance) or even fainting episodes when too active. When the pup or kittens history is known, they are often also known to have been among the smallest in the litter. Your puppy or kitten’s blood circulation pathway was quite different when it was still in its mother’s womb. Oxygen and nutrients came to it through the placenta – courtesy of its mother. There was no need for functioning lungs, the abilities of it liver and kidneys were rudimentary (only basic) and blood circulated through its body through a series of short cuts that bypassed the more complicated routs required after birth. Many genes in our bodies give instructions (encode) to manufacture proteins and enzymes. But some, called signaling (Hox) genes are a series of instructions for how the immature body develops. (ref) Dogs and cats have about 20,000 or so essential genes. Some are always functioning; others, like the Hox genes, only during development and repair and others, sometimes called “housekeeper genes” , only during certain critical times in the animal’s life. In the largest study I know of, a veterinary cardiologist, very generous with his time, examined the prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed breed cats at a New York animal shelter. Among the dogs, approximately 0.13% were determined to have congenital heart problems of one type or another. Innocent heart murmurs (those not associated with heart abnormalities) accounted for another 0.1%. In order of prevalence, the major heart problems were pulmonic stenosis (=narrowed vein channel), patent (open) ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis (=narrowed artery channel) and ventricular septal defect (hole in the heart muscle that separates its two lower chambers). In cats, 0.14% were found to have heart birth defects; innocent murmurs in 0.16%. In the cats, the most common cause of the heart defect was a ventricular septal defect, followed by aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The data was not sorted by the animal’s age. But because this was a long-term facility, most, if not all, had reached adulthood. Any of these problems could easily result in a smaller than normal puppy or kitten whose growth fails to keep up with its litter mates. It is not unusual for puppies and kittens with serious heart defects and malformations to have a slightly bluish skin and gum tone – particularly during exertion. That phenomenon is called cyanosis . It is a sign that their body is starved for oxygen. In very immature puppies and kittens, the problem is often severest during nursing when they can not concentrate on their tenuous (weak/difficult) respiration. You can read an account of that in a bulldog puppy here. Another great article describes the various heart defects in pups and kittens that that have come through the cardiology department at the Veterinary school, Davis California. It uses some highly technical language designed to be understood by those in the medical fields. But at a minimum, you will see which problems are most common and in which breeds. You can read it here. (Remember that the 17% of dogs and 5% of cats found to have congenital heart disease in that report is vastly greater than that among the general dog and cat population of California. Their group was pre-selected for probable heart problems.) The mechanism that governs which kitten and which puppy in a litter develops heart and circulatory problems is often highly complex. Not nearly as simple as those due to a single pair of defective recessive genes that some offspring inherit from their parents. That complexity makes it very hard to weed these problems out of a particular breed. Many that carry individual genetic portions of the problem will escape detection. Its only when a sizable number of problem gene code appears in a single individual puppy or kitten that the disease appears. You can read an article that explains that in detail here. Here are just a few of the many circulatory birth defects that affect puppies and kittens, dogs and cats. Most occur do to defective signaling pathways (communication between cells) and Hox genes that fail to re-rout blood circulation or remold the anatomy of the heart at that critical time when the infant is born. Patent Ductus Arteriosus = PDA A patent (open) ductus arteriosus , which is often just called a PDA, is probably the most frequent puppy/kitten heart defect that veterinarians see. Although occurs in both kittens and puppies, puppies represent the majority of cases that we see. Patent ductus Arteriosus is the failure of a tube, the ductus arteriosus to close after birth. The ductus arteriosus is an important blood channel (a duct or shunt) and a perfectly normal structure in your puppy or kitten before birth, but it is supposed to close soon after the infant is detached from its placenta at birth. You see, until that time, there was no need for blood to circulate through your puppy or kitten’s lungs – its mother’s lungs were doing that work for it (although a small amount of blood did pass through the fetal lungs, perhaps 5-10%). The ductus arteriosus’ earlier job was to transfer (convey ) oxygen and nutrient-rich blood in a roundabout way from the fetus’s umbilical vein to its aorta and on to oxygenate the infants entire body – bypassing the fetus’s lungs. After birth, this duct normally closes over a matter of days (some say up to a week or so). Why it closes is complex and poorly understood. But it is thought that the sudden drop in prostaglandin blood levels after birth (much of the prostaglandins was made in the infants placenta), an increase in the infants blood oxygen level as its lungs begin to function and decreased resistance to blood flow as the infant’s lungs fully expand drive the closure process. But in some puppies and kittens, the ductus arteriosus does not close – or fails to close fully. Because the left side of your pet’s heart has higher pressure than the right, blood generally flows left to right into the right chamber – bypassing the lungs where it needed to go to absorb critical oxygen. This is a life-threatening error. It is bad enough that the infant is not getting enough oxygen. But what is worse is that the right side of the heart and pulmonary artery (pulmonary trunk) were not designed to handle the high-pressure blood arriving through the PDA from the infant’s aorta, nor was the left side of the heart designed to accept the larger-than-normal volume of blood now coming back from the lungs. The increased pressure causes the heart to swell (enlarge) and the need for oxygen causes the heart to overwork. Oxygen-starved blood can also become thicker with added red blood cells that also burden the infant’s circulation. If not corrected very soon, it results in an early death. Not all cases can be surgically corrected and not all cases are as severe – it depends on the diameter of the PDA. If the heart has other defects or if the direction of blood flow reverses through the shunt (= rPDA) or if the infant’s health is too tenuous or the heart damage already too extensive; the problem can only be managed through non-surgical means. Both sex and any breed of dog or cat can be born with a PDA. But more females are seen with the problem than males. Toy and small breed dogs and purebred cats seem particularly at risk. As I mentioned, the diameter and length of the patent ductus arteriosus can vary greatly as can the degree of debility it causes. Those picked up in puppy or kittenhood tend to be the more severe cases. What Signs Might I See If My Puppy or Kitten Had a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)? Puppies and kittens with PDA just don’t have the normal energy, playfulness and curiosity they should have at their age (lethargy). They tire easily (exercise intolerance). Even small exertions cause their breathing rate to increase (respiratory distress, shortness of breath). With exertion, they may collapse (syncope). They tend to be small for their age. In quite severe or advanced cases, their gums and visible skin may have a blue-grayish tone (cyanosis) and wheezing or coughing may be present. If you can feel their heart rate through their chest, the rate will be abnormally fast compared to their littermates. There may also be a slight vibration felt over their chest (not a purr). Within a variable period of time, those early symptoms often progress to those of congestive heart failure (CHF) – similar to that that often occurs late in life when heart valves fail. You can read about that problem here. In less common cases, when circulatory pressure abnormally moves blood right to left (PDAr), the youngsters rear legs can be considerably weaker that its front legs. Both PDA and PDAr can also cause a tummy bloated with fluid (ascites) (but rarer circulatory defects can as well. (read here). The major blood vessels that pass blood to and from the heart were not designed to work at the high pressures that PDAs can produce. That can cause them to fail. (read here) How Will My Veterinarian Diagnose A PDA Problem? The history you give your veterinarian regarding the puppy or kitten is quite important. It often provides clues as to the nature of the problem – or at least a point to begin. But more PDAs are discovered incidentally by veterinarians in pets that the owners believed were perfectly normal than in those that were brought in by owners with health issue concerns. A general veterinary physical usually begins with a skin and mouth examination, palpation of the animal’s abdomen, its femoral and jugular pulse and a stethoscope-assisted examination of its heart and lungs. During that stethoscopic listening (auscultation), a heart murmur is usually detected. Murmurs generally mean one of two things, a heart defect or severe anemia. Anemia in puppies and kittens is most often caused by intestinal parasites. A stool examination and Hct should rule that out. PDAs cause a distinctive type of heart murmur. It is called a machinery murmur. You can hear what it sounds like as opposed to a normal heart beat. With PDA, it is usually most audible over the left chest wall – forward, near the elbow. The heart rate is usually fast and usually irregular (arrhythmic). There might be a slight vibration over the chest that coincides with the beating heart (a thrill). The youngster’s pulse, when felt in its groin will also be irregular, fast, and often weak. During that stethoscopic exam, your vet might hear lung sounds that indicate excess fluid in the lungs (moist rales) as well as abnormally fast breathing. Your veterinarian might notice that areas of the youngster’s skin, eyes and gums that should be pink have a slightly bluish tinge (cyanosis). If this was just a routine examination – say one that accompanied kitten or puppy shots, at this point your veterinarian will probably inform you that the animal needs further testing because there are indications it is not well. Chest x-rays, an EKG and, perhaps some blood work might be suggested. A patent ductus arteriosus might be mentioned. Those x-rays and the EKG might indicate some heart enlargement or they might be normal. They may or may not show excess fluid in the lungs. If blood was drawn, the veterinarian might note that the blood was excessively thick (thickened with excess red blood cells in an attempt to get more oxygen to the body). Unless those examinations detect some other obvious cause for the abnormalities, most veterinarians, at this point, will suggest that an echocardiographic study (perhaps with color flow doppler) be performed by a veterinary cardiologist or imaging specialist. What might been seen is included in this video (a human case) and the enlarged diagram at the beginning of the discussion. The echodardiogram is not only important to be certain of the PDA diagnosis. A small number of youngsters will have other heart defects and the echocardiogram should pick those up as well. Never-the-less, some surgeons are confident enough from other evidence to operate. What Will Happen? What Is The Prognosis A patent ductus arteriosus is not compatible with a long or normal life span – unless it is corrected (surgically closed). Not all PDAs can be closed surgically. But in those in which it can be done, most will enjoy a long, normal life without further heart problems. If the surgery is not performed, the pet will eventually develop congestive heart failure. (link) That can occur at any time – depending on the size of the defect, how much time passed before non-surgical treatments were begun and other heart or health issues the youngster might also have. (read here) The Pre-Op Work Up: A thorough preoperative workup of blood chemistry, oxygen saturations (blood gas measurements), imaging, etc. is quite important in allowing veterinary surgeons to select the surgical technique(s) most likely to succeed. It is important to owners because you need to frankly ask the surgeon what the chances are for your pet’s full recovery. If the odds of recovery are mixed or poor, you might want to consider if it would be kind to put the animals through it – particularly if open-chest surgery is contemplated. In some advanced cases, it might be necessary to attempt to improve the pet’s heart function with medications for a while prior to surgery. Every case has its unique challenges. Your Treatment Options The traditional method of closing a puppy or kitten’s patent ductus arteriosus is to open the left side of the youngster’s chest (a thoracotomy), generally through the space between the 4th and 5th rib, while the infant is under general anesthesia. The smaller the youngster, the more difficult this surgery tends to be. The many vital structures are very small and tightly pack into the small critical area. The infant’s breathing needs to be mechanically supported. Each surgeon has a slightly different technique. But hemorrhage when a nearby structure is accidentally cut is the most serious complication. Some veterinary surgeons become highly adept at doing this surgery. Most of them reside at specialized veterinary centers or veterinary colleges. With considerable monitoring equipment checking the infant’s vitals, a loop or two of suture that never dissolves is placed around the duct and tightened. That is a critical time because as the sutures are slowly closed, the infant’s entire circulatory pattern is changed. For extremely small babies, Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) (read here) is an option. It is the surgical method of choice in human babies and has been used successfully in dogs as well. (read here Many (but not all) PDA cases have another group of options called minimally invasive surgery. Very tiny puppies and kittens might be exceptionally hard to perform this procedure on. The technique advances small metal coils (occluders) through a catheter placed in a vein in the youngster’s neck or groin. When placed in the proper position within the patent ductus arteriosus, blood flow through it is shut off. You can see a promotional video of one used to close a PDA in a child here . That system has been specifically modified by the company for veterinary use. Here are some other articles on PDAs that I keep around. If you ask me for for Broaddus2010, I will send you my most recent PDA learning course. Blood Flow Restrictions =stenosis problems Obstructions of the pathways of oxygen-rich blood in and out of the heart are the second and third most common circulatory defects that veterinarians see in juvenile dogs and cats. Next to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) , the most common ones that veterinarians encounter are obstructions of blood flow into the dog or cat”s main trunk artery, the aorta . Those obstructions are present at birth – but the heart problems they eventually cause can take month or years to develop. They can be very mild or very serious – depending on how much they interfere with the normal passage of blood. Although symptoms due to these restrictions may not yet be present, many puppies and kittens that have these problems can be diagnosed quite early (9-10 weeks) using doppler echocardiography. Aortic Stenosis/ Subaortic Stenosis AS/SAS When renewed (oxygenated) blood leaves your pet’s left heart ventricle, it encounters a valve and a number of twists and bends as it exits. That path can be too narrow at many points or the valve (the aortic valve) can be poorly developed an unable to open fully enough to allow blood to pass freely. In some cases an abnormal fibrous band, ring or ridge is present below the valve that interferes with blood flow and valve action. That forces your pet’s heart to work harder pushing blood through the narrowed passage. That added work eventually causes a heart to begin to fail. These problems are considerably more common in dogs than cats. In cats, they can be confused with, or perhaps even lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . SAS is more common in large breeds of dogs than small ones. Puppies prone to these problems can be identified as early as 4-8 weeks. Veterinarians don’t commonly associate AS/SAS, with runts or retarded growth – in most cases the health issues that this problem causes take longer to develop. But in human infants, its associated with retarded growth and a few veterinary centers (like UPEI) mention seeing link between the condition and slowed puppy growth. You can read an article of mine on aortic/subaortic stenosis in dogs here. The end result in moderate to severe cases is congestive heart failure and the medical treatments for that in the young or the old do not differ. You can read about that here. Current surgical techniques that veterinarians have available to deal with SAS are considerably less successful than those for patent ductus arteriosus. So dogs and cats are generally managed with medications. However, a veterinarian with the Cardiology and Interventional Medicine department at Ohio State University has adapted a balloon valvuloplasty technique in an attempt to correct these problems by stretching the areas involved. This is done through a catheter placed in the pet’s neck or groin (A vet in Bristol, UK uses a similar technique and I am told that the University of Florida has also attempted the procedure – perhaps also at Davis, CA). New techniques take time to perfect and there is still disagreement through 2016 as to the long-term benefits of the stretch procedure. That probably differs greatly on a case-by-case basis (perhaps longer term success will require a fine wire mesh [stent ] as seen in the video). Veterinarians with these highly advanced technical skills usually hang their hats in university “interventional radiology” departments). In many cases of AS/SAS, owners see no initial signs or symptoms that the disease is present in their puppy; but the tests your veterinarian will run to detect it will be the same as those I mentioned for PDA. There are also genetic tests to help locate dogs that carry the genes involved in SAS. I believe they are available through North Carolina State University Vet School and the Vet School in Davis, CA. Pulmonary Artery Stenosis = Pulmonic Stenosis, PS Your pet’s oxygen-poor blood can encounter obstructions on its way to the lungs as well. Its pulmonary artery and its tributaries (peripherals ) delivers oxygen-poor blood returning from its body to the lungs for re-oxygenation. On its way there, it encounters the a pulmonary valveSome puppies and kittens are born with this channel too narrow at one point or another. In many cases, it is the valve itself (the pulmonary semilunar valve) that functions improperly (valvular dysplasia). In other rarer cases, the blood channels themselves are too narrow. (read here) A heart murmur is usually present when the restriction is significant. And, depending on the degree, that blood flow to the lungs is hindered and the heart can slowly fail due to the abnormally high local blood pressures (pulmonary hypertension) these restrictions generate. In mild cases, where blood flow restriction is minimal, no outward signs might be seen or the pet might just tire easily. In severe cases the heart enlargement can cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that lead to sudden death. In others, blood fluid, leaks from swollen veins and floats free in the abdomen, distending it (ascites) or pools under the skin of the legs (pitting edema). Dogs with flat faces (like boxers, Bostons, Bulldogs, etc.) are often associated (over-represented) with this problem. But many other breeds are occasionally affected. Puppies and kittens that have severe forms of this defect often fall behind in their growth. It is not that unusual for more than one heart defect to be discovered during your pet’s diagnostic workup. (read here) What Can Be Done? The same “minimally invasive” stretching technique I mentioned, balloon valvuloplasty, has been used to treat pulmonary valve stenosis in puppies and kittens. The results are mixed. They seem to give the best results when the leaves (valve flaps) of the pulmonary valve are incompletely separated and the stretching apparatus is capable of forcefully separating (tearing) them apart. Not all cases are suitable for this technique. Are There Medications That Might Help? Some veterinary schools suggest that pets with this problem can be helped drugs like atenolol that lower blood pressure. But humans with pulmonic stenosis are most commonly given sildenafil (Viagra®), tadalafil (Cialis®) or ambrisentan (Letairis®), newer medications that lower pulmonary blood pressure in a different way. Experimentally, ambrisentan is quite effective in lowering blood pressure in dogs. But I do not know of it having been suggested for this problem. I did have one case in NY where sildenafil was dispensed. The ProBNP test and echocardiography might help your veterinarian decide if and when those medications might be beneficial. Persistent Right Aortic Arch One Of Many “Vascular Ring” Birth Defects or Anomalies When you dog or cat was a small, primitive embryo, it had six paired aortic arches. Some where destined to fade away when their tasks were complete; others to later become portions of the youngster’s major blood vessels. One of the forth pair was was destined to become the portion of your pet’s aorta that curves over the forward portion of its heart.Occasionally, that process does not occur normally. In some cases, it forms in mirror image to what it should be, in others, bands of fibrous, ligament-like tissue remain that form a tight ring around the youngster’s windpipe and esophagus. As the dog or cat continues to develop these bands do not allow food to pass through the ring of tissue. The defect is particularly common in German shepherd dogs and German pinschers (read here) ; but it can develop in any breed. It is a considerably rarer birth defect in cats. These youngsters usually appear normal until they began to consume solid food – that is because milk can pass through a much narrower channel. Then, as they switch to a solid diet, they eat – only to throw up the undigested food shortly thereafter. Needless to say, their growth falls behind. (Not all German shepherds that develop these signs have a persistent right aortic arch. Some of those that develop it later in life have megaesophagus or other genetically-related causes. A barium swallow is the most effective way to diagnoses an esophagus blockage or motility problem. Barium shows up well on x-rays and it accumulates just ahead of the stricture (or blockage) – as in this image: A barium slurry, being a liquid with the consistency of cream, passes. But sold food has difficulty doing so. Large institutions give the barium while viewing its real time progress with a fluoroscope, smaller facilities take a series of x-rays like the one pictured (if the facility has ways to visualize the movement of the barium in real time, the lack or presence of normal esophageal muscle contractions is also apparent. That tells your vet more about your treatment success likelihoods). Many of these cases can be helped surgically by cutting the fibrous band (the ring or stricture) and allowing the esophagus to expand to its normal diameter. However, in many pups or kittens that have had this problem for an extended period, the esophagus is so greatly stretched into a sac (= megaesophagus) ahead of the stricture that it does not regain its normal function. In others, some function returns, but the pet does best eating with its head and chest elevated (eg food dish placed on a chair, food moist, food blender, etc). When full recovery occurs, it can take time. Some cases of megaesophagus treated later in life have aortic arch problems as their underlying cause. (read here) Other cases of megaesophagus that hinder eating are due to birth defects in the nerves that regulate esophagus motility. (read here) There are many more heart defects that your puppy or kitten might be born with that can affect its growth rate and lifespan. Fortunately, they are quite rare. Some can be corrected, many cannot. They include defects (holes) in the heart chamber walls (atrial and ventricular septal defects) tetralogy of Fallot, imperfectly formed mitral or tricuspid valve (tricuspid valve dysplasia in kittens) , endocardial fibroelastosis of cats, cor triatriatum sinister in cats, etc. etc. When serious, all of them cause easy fatigue, shortness of breath, and often, stunted growth. The early signs are due to the youngster not receiving enough oxygen because blood does not move through its body normally. The later signs are the signs of an enlarging heart that is in failure. Many, but not all, produce heart murmurs. Some produce abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and an abnormally rapid heart rate. When not surgically correctable, heart failure can usually be delayed with a cocktail of medications – drugs to allow the heart to work less (ace inhibitors, beta blockers PDE5 inhibitors) those that increase the strength of its contractions (positive ionotropes). Diuretics, like furosemide and spironolactone, help to clear excess pooled fluid from the body. Portosystemic Shunts Blood circulation errors can occur farther from the heart. A common location is in or near the puppy or kitten’s liver. How blood moves through the liver is critical for processing the nutrients that arrive there from the pet’s intestines as well as in detoxifying and excreting the waste products of metabolism. I wrote an article specifically on portosystemic shunts. You can read it by clicking on the puppy and kitten above. Portosystemic shunts occur more often in pure breed than mixed breed dogs – but both are occasionally born with them. The problem also occasionally affects kittens. Those kittens tend to be small for their age. Although portosystemic shunt problems are an inherited genetic problem, how it is inherited and which youngster has it is quite complex. Hepatic Microvascular Dysplasia & Portal Vein Hypoplasia = PVH-MVD aka hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia” (HMD) , Portal Atresia I devoted a small portion at the end of an article on portosystemic shunts (read here) to microvascular dysplasia of the liver. A problem most commonly affecting toy dog breeds. I now see that I should have discussed microvascular dysplasia in greater length because many more small dog owners write to me about their little dog facing microvascular dysplasia issues than do about portosystemic shunts, so I devoted some time to an article specifically on MVD. You can read it here Other Circulatory Problems It is not just blood that circulates throughout you pet. Lymph does too and the lymphatic vessels are also subject to malformed, misdirected or missing lymph channels. These conditions are quite rare. But they have been reported in puppies and kittens. Primary Lung Issues There are kittens that are occasionally born with lungs that are not efficient in obtaining the oxygen they need. It is quite difficult – if not impossible – to tell those infants from those that are gasping or breathing with labor due to the other circulatory problems I discussed earlier. We do know that some of these infants have problems breathing because they lack complex protective compounds that normally line their lung spaces. Those compounds are called pulmonary surfactants Lung surfactants prevent the infant’s lung from collapsing too fully when it exhales. They also make it easier from oxygen in the lungs to enter the blood stream. They reduce surface tension. Very little has been published on the dynamics of this problem in dogs and cats. But in human infants, we know that many things can cause it. In some cases, the genes that allow the body to produce them are defective. In others, it was a premature birth that caused the problem. In still others, inhalation of meconium while still in the womb seemed to be the cause. (read here & here) When the problem is a genetic defect, there is little that can be done. But when it is due to a difficult birth, perhaps ACE inhibitors like enalapril might be of some help in getting it through its initial crisis. (read here & here) Thyroid Gland Issues Hypothyroid Dwarfism A thyroid gland that produces normal amounts of thyroid hormones is essential for a puppy or kitten’s normal growth. When a youngster’s thyroid gland cannot do that, one result will be dwarfism. Youngsters that share that problem have a particular body shape. Their legs are short for the size of their body and their head and neck larger and broad. Their hair coats tend to be fine and soft and they are often slow to develop their permanent teeth. Viewed from the front, their elbows often protrude from the midline (abducted). Constipation problems are common (which adds to their pot belly) and they tend to be abnormally calm, reserved, less responsive and attentive than their normal littermates. As these youngsters mature, veterinarians see a variety of skeletal abnormalities in them because proper bone development and bone maturation sequence also depend on adequate thyroid hormone. You puppy or kitten’s thyroid gland is under the control of its pituitary gland. So the cause of this problem can be within the pet’s thyroid gland itself or within its pituitary – the master gland at the base of its brain. Abnormalities in the thyroid gland itself are varied. Sometimes the gland lacks the ability to manipulate the iodine needed to form the thyroid hormone (organfication = can’t produce TPO). In other cases, the thyroid gland did not form completely (agenesis/dysgenesis ) while the infant was still a fetus (remember, at that time its mother’s thyroid hormones were carrying its development process along). In some, the cells that produce thyroid hormone lack the ability to respond to pituitary TSH hormone commands to produce thyroid hormones (TSH unresponsiveness). (read here & here) These were all examples of Primary Hypothyroidism – that is, the problem was within the youngster’s thyroid gland itself. Here is the second form: Secondary Hypothyroidism ….When The Pet’s Pituitary Gland Is Really To Blame As I mentioned, the youngster’s thyroid gland gets its orders from the pituitary gland in the form of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH aka thyrotropin). TSH instructs the thyroid to produce T3 and T4 hormones. If those signals do not come, no T3 or T4 will be produced. One of the many results of that will be a smaller than normal youngster. When the puppy or kitten has pituitary gland problems, it is not uncommon for other endocrine glands in their bodies to also be under active. You see, the pituitary gland does not only produce the TSH that drives the thyroid gland, it also produces the hormone ACTH that stimulates the pet’s adrenal glands to produce cortisone, FSH and LH ( gonadotropins ) that are essential to proper ovary and testicle maturation as well as growth hormone (GH ) that drives normal growth. When the pituitary fails to produce multiple hormones, the problem is called combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) or panhypopituitarism. In those cases, stunted growth can be due to a combination of low thyroid hormone and growth hormone as well as other health issues related to CPHD. How Can My Vet Confirm That This Is The Problem? Besides confirming that the typical symptoms of hypothyroidism are present in your pet, your veterinarian will measure the amount of T4 hormone that the kitten or puppy’s thyroid gland is producing. The blood test is not fool proof in the very young – it can be low for non-thyroid reasons. If TSH is also low, suspicion falls on the pet’s pituitary gland as the root of the problem. However, the best test to confirm that is to give synthetic TSH to see if the pet now produces thyroid hormone normally. ( read here ) These tests are best sent to a university or national veterinary testing laboratory. That facility must be informed that the sample is from a very young pet because normal T-4 values in adult dogs and cats are quite different (usually lower) than normal values in the very young. If your veterinarians want more help in deciding if the underlying problem is in the youngster’s thyroid gland or in its pituitary gland, he/she might decide to check the pet’s IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) level. But because that level in pets is said to fluctuate greatly during the day, the results of a single test can be of minimal value. In humans, low values suggest pituitary issues as well; but in us the test results are just as hard to interpret. Persistent low values point to the pituitary gland as the underlying problem. What Can Be Done For A Hypothyroid Youngster? Congenital hypothyroidism, like adult-onset hypothyroidism is quite treatable. Drugstore levothyroxine– which is the same as the T4 your pet lacks – can be given as an oral supplement. But success depends on the age at which treatment is started because many of the effects of a lack of thyroid hormone in the youngster’s growth period cannot be reversed. Your vet will want to fine tune the dosage based on the pet’s periodic blood T4 levels. Re-read some of the links I gave you before for more details. Are There Other Genetic Problems That Might Be Mistaken for Thyroid or Pituitary Dwarfism? I am sure that many exist and that the causes of many have not yet been discovered. The smaller of the two poodles above was born missing a crucial gene that allows it to absorb sulfur (sulfate) from its food. Consequently, it could not produce important sulfur-containing amino acids. The smaller of the two Karelian Bear Dogs in the second photo has a genetic skeletal disorder called chondrodysplasia. Normal bone formation is a complex process that can be interrupted by a genetic defect at many points. Some growth defects, like the one above, affecting the slightly smaller of the two yellow Labradors, are quite subtle. That defect produces pups that are healthy, but with legs disproportionately shorter than their parents. As is the case in many genetically-based diseases, the single rare gene mutation that causes the problem was unknowingly spread when a normal-appearing carrier dog was used for breeding. So as Hines harps about in this and other articles, beware the “rare”, the “unique” and the “striking”, the “exotic” and “trendy”, and the “new emerging breed” when selecting your kitten or puppy. That pet or one from “a special line of show champions” or anything else that hints of consanguinity and inbreeding can also be unique or special in ways you had not anticipated. In cats even things like increased susceptibility to FIP can be a result. (read here) Growth Hormone Deficiency I mentioned that when the puppy or kittens small size is related to defects in its pituitary gland, it could be the combined effect of a lack of thyroid stimulating hormone or a lack of growth hormone or a lack of both that keeps it small. Looking through published reports, I believe that when a puppy or kitten’s pituitary gland is not cranking out its normal hormones, it is most common for it to produce insufficient amounts of several different hormones not just one kind. But that is not always the case – as in the photo above. You see, just as the thyroid gland relies on a signal hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland to begin producing thyroid hormones, the pituitary gland relies on another signal hormone (GHRH) produced higher up in the brain to stimulate the youngster’s pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). Now if the receptors for that signal hormone (GNRH) in the pituitary gland of the pet are genetically defective, no growth hormone (GH) will be produced by its pituitary gland. That sort of situation occasionally occurs and it leads to only a growth hormone deficiency. It is called hyposomatotropism (somatotropin is an alternate name for growth hormone or GH). I do not know if that problem has been confirmed without a doubt in puppies or kittens. But it has been in mice and humans. There is no reason to believe that it does not occasionally occur in dogs and cats as well. The one report that I know of concerning a possible case of hyposomatotropism in a dalmatian puppy is the one in the photograph. I am uncertain if sufficient tests were performed to completely rule out that the pup did not have a thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency (TSH) as well. Genetic Defects In Your Puppy or Kitten’s Basic Metabolism Your puppy or kittens intricate metabolic pathways are under the strict control of its genes. Some of those genes regulate the absorption of nutrients, others determine how nutrients are processed or how waste products are detoxified and eliminated; and still others, how and where metabolic products are stored. Critical to performing many of those duties correctly, are the lysosomes within your pets individual cells. Two common genetic defects affect the lysosomes of dogs and cats, and humans as well: Lysosomal Storage Disease aka Lipid Storage Disease Most cells in your pet’s body contain lysosomes. They are little packets (vesicles) of enzymes that digest the complex molecules that make up the pet’s body into their basic units for reassembly into other compounds or prepare them for elimination from the body – somewhat like the stomach – but on a much smaller scale (which is why they are called organelles). Every enzyme in the lysosome is produced under the direction of a pair of genes. If one of those gene pairs is defective, the lysosomes cannot digest the particular substance under that enzyme’s control and that substance can build up within the cell – eventually killing it. One of those enzymes (beta-galactosidase) is required to process fatty substances (lipids) found within cells. Those fatty substances are particularly common in the nerve cells that make up your pet’s nervous system. So pets inheriting this disorder may appear normal at birth and for several months thereafter, but gradually they loose coordination and other nerve function throughout their bodies. Some remain abnormally small in size as well (proportional dwarfism). This problem has been seen in English springers, Portuguese water dogs, beagles and huskies as well as kittens – both purebred and mixed bred dogs can, on occasion, suffer from this defect . Mucopolysaccharidosis ….Another Form of Lysosomal Storage Disease You can read the article from which this photo comes: (read here) In the lipid storage form of lysosomal storage disease I mentioned that dogs and cats can be born with decreased or missing lysosome enzymes that allows them to process fatty substances (lipids). But dogs and cats can also be born missing other lysosome enzymes that would normally allow them to process complex sugars too (long chain carbohydrates). One of the principal long chain carbohydrates that causes problems when it build up due to this genetic defect is the same one vets sell in an attempt to control arthritis, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a constituent of chondroitin. Over time, this compound builds up where it does not belong and damages various organs in the pet’s body. Pets born with this problem are often smaller than normal at birth. It is not unusual for them to have a somewhat distorted face and/or eye defects (corneal opacities). Their gait (how they walk) is often abnormal. Their limbs can be distorted and they tend to fall behind their littermates in their ability to move about. Many other abnormalities, located throughout the body, are also common when pets harbor this genetic abnormality. Because chondroitin is a major contributor to the strength of cartilage and the disease interrupts where the material is normally laid down, puppies and kittens with this disease tend to have floppy ears and lax (relaxed) joints and, perhaps, a predisposition to hernias. That abnormal buildup of chondroitin in the pet’s corneas is also one of the reasons for their cloudy eyes. You can read two of the four key articles that describe mucopolysaccharidosis in puppies and kittens here: ( read here & hereAsk me for Dombrowski2004 & Haskins1979 if you want the other two. Can My Vet Confirm This Problem? However, the diagnosis is not a thing that can be done during an ordinary office call. It requires a veterinary pathologist’s careful examination of stained blood film slides from the pet. If mucopolysaccharidosis is the underlying problem, some neutrophil and lymphocyte cells in the blood film generally contain large numbers of small purplish granules (azurophilic granules). The granules consist of the excess glycosaminoglycans circulating in the youngster’s body. Those glycans also spill into the pet’s urine in excessive amounts. A test exits to see if their level in the urine is excessively high. Since it is so rare to run the test on pets and because there are multiple variations of the disease, it is highly desirable to compare the results to a normal litter mate. Is There Anything My Vet Can Do About It? Currently all that can be done is to make the pet as comfortable as possible and treat its various disabilities symptomatically as they occur. Experimentally, gene therapy, bone marrow transplants and enzyme replacement seem to have helped some . ( read here , here ,& here ) Some gene defects prevent cells from carrying on vital functions. But other gene defects affect how cells self-organize in the embryo while in the womb. Many of those are signaling genes that are meant to reshuffle the body’s shape as it makes the tremendous changes required for independent living (like the ones I mentioned as the cause of aortic arch problems). When that process goes wrong, kittens and puppies can also be left with openings (clefts) that were essential during fetal development but life threatening when they do not close at the proper time. It is not that unusual for youngsters with clefts to have other developmental defects as well. Veterinarians do not know what percentage of cleft lips and cleft palates (orofacial clefts) are due to defective genes and what percentage are due to environmental events that occurred during pregnancy. ( read here & here ) One or both can be in play in any particular case. However, there are breeds that have a known genetic susceptibility to clefts (eg Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever and Pyrenees Shepherd Dogs) where specific defective genes are almost certainly the cause. When veterinarians don’t known if the problem was genetic or womb-environment caused, they just call it a congenital disease. Puppies and kittens with facial clefts appear to be more susceptible to middle ear and respiratory infections. That can lead to deafness among other things. In cases that involve the floppy soft pallet, that organ may simply be smaller than it should be and not able to entirely block food from entering the windpipe and lungs rather than the esophagus while the pet is eating. Chronic nasal drainages (rhinitis/sinusitis) are also common. Often, the first sign of the problem that pet owners notice is that their kitten or puppy has milk or snot coming out of its nose. Facial Deformities: The upper and lower jaws of cats and dogs are genetically programmed to grow at the same rate. Desired gene mutations are assumed to have caused this not to happen in the flat faced breeds such as boxers, bulldogs and Shih Tzus. The words prognathism or its reverse, brachygnathism, are used to describe that appearance. More commonly, it is called an underbite or an undershot jaw or the reverse, an overbite or overshot jaw when it is the lower jaw that is shortened (as seen occasionally in dachshunds and beagles). Either an overshot or an undershot jaw can make eating difficult when the misalignment is severe – but more importantly, misaligned upper and lower canine teeth can cause painful gum sores. The problem is considerably more common in puppies than kittens. This deformity does not, in itself, cause stunted growth. However, it is occasionally part of multiple genetic problems that do. ( read here ,here , here & here ) Skilled veterinary surgeons can correct the condition in a youngster once it has grown to its full adult size. But lifestyle changes and dental work are usually sufficient to give these pets a comfortable life. Your kitten or puppy has a series of fluid-filled chambers within its brain that persist throughout its life. Just like the lower chambers of the heart, they are called ventricles. There are four in the brain. They are filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). All chambers interconnect. A channel leads down and surrounds the entire length of the pet’s brain and spinal cord as well. The fluid in the chambers is normally under low pressure (much lower pressure than the pet’s blood pressure – 8-9 mm Hg vs 140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure in the dog). Cerebrospinal fluid is in constant slow circulation in the system as it bathes and protects the brain, delivering and removing various elements. That flow can be interrupted by blockages at various points in the system. When that occurs, CSF pressure increases, destroying brain tissue and causing the fluid-filled chambers to enlarge. As the brain enlarges, the top of the head that encloses it expands as well. The end result in puppies and kittens is hydrocephalus. Many of these infants are born smaller than their littermates – probably because of other genetic defects that often accompany the problem. In others, the infant is of normal size with only an enlarged, domed or apple-like heads at birth and does not begin to loose its normal behaviors until CSF pressure rises higher as it approaches weaning age. That is because as brain tissue is slowly lost, mental capacity is lost as well (ie cognitive dysfunction). That can progress to blindness, depression, head-pressing, random circling, blindness, seizures and death. In cats, intrauterine infection with the panleukopenia virus is one suspected cause, in others, certain medications given to the queen (eg griseofulvin) can be to blame. Since it is seen most commonly in purebred cats (particularly Siamese) and the toy breeds of dogs, veterinarians believe that there is a genetic basis as well. But how genetics and environment interplay to produce hydrocephalus remains unknown. In mild cases, changes are not dramatic. A common complaint in those situations is owner frustration at not being able to house train the pet. How will my Vet Be Sure That Hydrocephalus Is The Problem? The majority of hydrocephalus cases are diagnosed based on the head conformation of the youngster in relation to its littermates as well as the mental problems the youngster is experiencing. If owners want a more positive diagnosis, the sizes of the brain ventricles in relation to their brain size need to be measured. CAT scan and MIR examinations are the best way to do that although an ultrasound examination can be helpful when the bones of the skull have not yet fused. When the fluid-filled ventricular spaces are only slightly or moderately enlarged, those examinations can be hard to interpret – particularly if only a single pup or kitten in the litter is available for contrast with its normal littermates. In many cases, the central soft spot (fontanelle) at the top of the infant’s skull will be larger than normal. Breeds that normally have an apple or dome-shaped heads can make the diagnosis in those breed very challenging. Are There Things My Veterinarian Can Do For Those Kittens and Puppies? Whatever brain damage that has occurred is not reversible. But further brain damage can sometimes be limited by placing a tube (ventriculoperitoneal shunt) from the fluid-filled chambers to the pet’s abdominal cavity to serve as an alternative channel for the cerebrospinal fluid to leave the brain. The brain is remarkable in its ability to adapt and re-rout thought processes. So the pet’s general demeanor often improves and its limitations diminish once the pressure problem is solved. It is a difficult operation and side effects and failures are not uncommon. It is a procedure best left to an advanced veterinary teaching facilities. Medications can sometimes also slow the progress of the disease. Certain diuretics (eg Lasix/furosemide, acetazolamide/methazolamide) decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid and have been successful in decreasing cerebral spinal fluid pressure and reducing any brain swelling they have produce. Omeprazole (Prilosec®) combined with corticosteroids (prednisone/dexamethasone) have been successful in reducing inflammation that may be blocking normal CSF drainage. Seizures can often be reduced or eliminated with the same medications veterinarians use to control epilepsy. The earlier surgery is attempted or medications given, the more likely they are to be beneficial. Digestive Tract Issues – Swallowing difficulties Megaesophagus Some puppies, and an occasional kitten, will develop swallowing problems. They generally become noticeable shortly after the youngster begins eating solid food. Besides limiting their growth, these youngsters are at much higher risk for pneumonia because the brought up (regurgitated) food can enter their lungs. The symptoms are the same as the symptoms of a retained aortic arch that I discussed earlier. But in this case, the juvenile’s esophagus is not constricted by a fibrous ring, instead, the nerves that normally stimulate the esophageal muscles to constrict in rhythmic waves are dysfunctional. The problem can also occur as a secondary megaesophagus when a fibrous esophageal scar of any sort makes the passage of solid food difficult. It can also occur as secondary megaesophagus when the sphincter (muscular valve) at the base of the esophagus (nearest to the stomach) fails to open normally to allow the passage of food (achalasia). Hypothyroidism has also been identified as an underlying cause in some cases. These pets tend to have good appetites. But a few minutes to a few hours after eating, the undigested food is brought back up (often with an attempt to re-eat it again). The youngsters become lean or quite thin due to malnutrition unless their food is liquefied or given as a slurry. When veterinarians suspect this problem the pet is generally given an oral dose of barium sulfate suspension (a barium swallow) that allows the veterinarian to visually follow the passage of the barium material through the esophagus on its way to the stomach. When a stricture due to a persistent aortic arch or, perhaps, having fed scalding milk replacement are ruled out; and much rarer diseases such as myasthenia gravis, or hypoadrenocorticism are also been ruled out, primary megaesophagus is the most likely cause. There are some cases of primary megaesophagus in which youngsters improve on their own as time passes. ( read here ) I have a better, more inclusive article, that I cannot include here; but if your ask me for Mace2012.pdf Incomplete Formation of The Digestive Tract and posterior spine So why the hedgehog? Its to remind us that the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is thought to play an important role in many of these defects. The most common location for a portion of a puppy or kitten’s digestive tract to be lacking is the youngster’s anus and the portion of the rectum just before it. When only the anus is lacking or abnormally formed, it is often called atresia ani (aka imperforate anus . Because there is no limit to how many ways these type of missing portions can occur – so many names describe what is basically the same phenomenon). In some cases, there is complete lack of exit from the pet’s large intestine, in others a thin membrane blocks passage and in still others the exit is smaller than it should be (stenotic). Even the anal sacks(the smelly secretion glands) on either side of the pet’s normal anus can be missing or imperfectly formed. In those severe forms, it is also common for the muscles that normally keep the anus closed between bowel movements to be missing as well. In females, the rectum sometimes communicates with the vagina (vaginal fistula) – with feces exiting that rout. Many can be corrected with surgery – some through the use of devices that expand constrictions (dilator bougies). But a portion of the animals do not regain fecal control. It is common for breeders and owners not to recognize the problem until the infant becomes bloated and begins to strain due to fecal impaction. Although these problems are relatively rare , poodles, Boston Terriers and English bulldogs seem to develop them in a greater number than other dog breeds ( read here ); Manx and other bobtail cat breeds as well. When the problem is present, their growth is often stunted – perhaps due to multiple congenital malformations and omissions. ( read here , here & here ) Veterinarians really do not know how many of these sort of birth defects that they see are due to defective genes and how many are due to environmental factors within the mother’s womb. When defective genes are implicated, both hedgehog and another group, the T-box gene family are prime suspects. ( read here ). Similar problems also occur in human babies. Different genes regulate our development at different stages of our fetal life. They are known to interplay with the mother’s womb environment in occasionally causing these unfortunate problems. Neurological Issues It can be quit difficult to determine if newborn puppies or kittens have defects in their nervous systems. That is because youngsters are not capable of coordinated movements – other than those associated with nursing – until they are 7-10 days old. It is generally not until their third week that their legs can support their body weight. Even then, they are quite uncoordinated until they are about 18-21 days old. Kittens develop these skills a bit sooner than puppies, but still, it is not until about 14-28 days that the permanent incoordination (ataxia/cerebellar hypoplasia) related to a panleukopenia virus infection they obtained while in the womb becomes apparent in kittens. When similar signs occur in puppies; the majority of them are due to defective genetics. ( read here, here , here & here ) Coordination Problems – Ataxia and Tremors Any portion of your pet’s nervous system is subject to defects in its development due to deficiencies in its womb environment, nutritional deficiencies in the mother or genetic errors. But coordination problems are the ones that veterinarians recognize most. You puppy or kittens ability to move smoothly relies on a portion of its brain called the cerebellum. I mentioned that a panleukopenia (the parvovirus of cats) infection in a pregnant mother cat and its unborn offspring (a prenatal infection) is the most common cause for this lack of coordination in kittens. That is because parvovirus prefer to infect cells that are dividing rapidly, and the cerebellum, at that stage of development meets the virus’ needs well. Inborn genetic defects have the ability to cause similar signs, but those cases are considerably less common in cats. ( read here ) How virus-induced cerebellar hypoplasia influences a kitten’s growth rate is highly variable – even in kittens from the same litter. Mild cases may just walk mechanically – like a windup toy – and occasional head tremors (intention tremors). But more severely affected kittens can only walk and stand with great difficulty. In unsupervised and unassisted situations, those kittens’ growth rate will be retarded. In other cases the neurological symptoms are considerably more severe. ( read here ) Old English Sheepdog, Gordon setter, Scottish terrier, Staffordshire terrier, spinone iltaliano and Finnish hounds occasionally suffer from a different genetic defect that produces symptoms quite similar to cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens. That hereditary disease can begin in young puppies, but it can also occur later in life. How progressive the disease will be and how individual puppies will be affected is quite variable. Urinary Tract And Kidney Issues Genetic defects can also influence the development of your pet’s kidneys and urinary tract. In rodents and humans, defects in the same T-box gene family that I mentioned regarding missing or defective spinal component ( read here ) is often involved. ( read here ) Those genes are often lethal when two defective members of a pair (alleles) are inherited. So puppies and kittens in those situations would most likely die before birth. Defect can affect any portion of a pet’s urinary tract. Sometimes, kittens and puppies are born with incomplete or malformed tubing (ureters & urethra). Other genetic mutations, inherited from their parents lead to early kidney failure ( read here ) Another genetic defect causes early blockages with urinary tract (with stones=renal calculi). ( read here & here ) It is not unusual for these star-crossed youngsters to have been born with multiple health issues that relate to various systems in their body besides their kidneys and urinary tract. That is because signaling genes often join with others to perform different tasks at different locations. If you have read some of my reference links, you can see that is often the case. It is also why the long term outlook for a youngster with only one recognized defect so far may be guarded and why it might face other challenges farther down life’s path. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) One of the most common and most serious urinary tract defects is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Although the very early beginnings of the kidney cysts that will bring on this disease are present at birth, it is rare for them to cause obvious signs before the youngster is 6 months old and much more likely to begin considerably later in life than that. That is because it takes time for these fluid-filled cysts to enlarge sufficiently to destroy the normal kidney tissue around them. Signs of the disease (uremia) ( read here ) are not noticeable until about 2/3 of your pet’s normal functional kidney tissue has been destroyed. Persians, Himalayan and British shorthair cats are the primary breeds affected. Polycystic kidney disease is less frequently seen in dogs. When it does occur in dogs, it is generally, but not always in a purebred. ( read here ) There is no cure for polycystic kidney disease. But these pets can be managed, and time gained with the same techniques used in other forms of kidney failure. ( read here ) PKD is said to be the most common genetically inherited disease of cats. It is an unusual one in that most genetic defects I discussed up to now require both of the two members of any specific gene pair to be defective in order for the disease to occur (= a recessive trait). Those with only one defective gene for a recessive trait are carriers of the problem; but it is only the next generation that is at risk if both parents carry one defective copy. Polycystic kidney disease is different in that even a single defective gene can trigger the disease. That means that the defective trait is dominant. Kittens that inherited two defective genes in the pair (alleles ) do not survive to term. The disease in cats is sometimes referred to as autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease or ADPKD. Weak Immune System Issues And Infections Your puppy or kitten’s adaptive immune system did not come strongly into play until several weeks after its birth. Until that time – and during the period it was sheltered in the womb – it relied on the adaptive immune system of its mother to produce antibodies to protect it from infectious diseases. When a mother is healthy and producing sufficient antibodies, her intrauterine compartment is sterile. Those protective, maternal antibodies are normally passed on to her offspring in her first milk, the colostrum. However, some mother cats and dogs fail to produce sufficient colostral antibody. In other cases, not enough colostrum was consumed by the infant during the very short time (~24 hours) its digestive tract allows those antibodies to pass into the blood intact and during which milk antibody level (IgGs) are high. ( read here ) Puppies and kittens lacking sufficient amounts of their mother’s antibody are highly susceptible to naval infections (particularly surrounding their umbilical cord area = omphylophlebitis=navel ill), abscesses of the liver and septicemia (blood poisoning). Even when sufficient antibody was transferred (passive immunity ), by 10 –16 weeks, most of the mother’s antibodies are no longer present in the kittens or puppy’s blood. By then its own white blood cells must interplay with the other cells of its immune system and antibodies it now should produce on its own to ward off infections (those immune system cells are produced in the pet’s bone marrow as shown in the image diagram above). Sometimes, genetic errors present a birth prevent that from occurring. One of those defects, seen occasionally in Irish setter puppies is called CLAD (aka granulocytopathy). ( read here) Puppies carrying that defect are small. They rarely survive past 6 months of age. Another genetic error, the inability to produce certain antibodies (IgA), is occasionally seen in the puppies of a number of dog breeds (Beagles, German Shepherds, Shar-Peis). Without the ability to produce sufficient protective IgA antibodies, these youngsters are highly susceptible to various respiratory tract infections. Some believe the IgA deficiency also makes them more susceptible to allergies later in life. Many, but not all, of these defects lead back to genetic defects in the T-cells and B-cells , important players in the pet’s immune system that originate in the infants thymus gland. ( read here ) Still other genetic defects that lead to infections in the young involve the histocompatibility complex. (MHC) The major histocompatibility complexes are “sticky” areas on the surface of cells that chaperone the process by which the body recognize “self” and detect “other” or “foreign”. In dogs, it resides on chromosome 12. So when infections occur in a kitten or puppy before 8-12 weeks of age, suspect a problem in antibody transfer from the mother or improper postnatal care. When they begin to occur later, suspect sub optimal postnatal care or a defect in the youngster’s immune system. Puppies and kittens also have a non-specific, generic immune system, their innate immune system , that is subject to genetic birth defects as well. Occasionally both the adaptive and the innate immune system of a youngster fails because of genetic defects. That situation is called combined immunodeficiency disease. These youngsters look and grow fine until their mother’s protective antibodies wear off. They then become highly susceptible to infections (as was the bubble boy). In pets with this problem, antibiotics are helpful for a while. But infections return when they are stopped and, with time, the antibiotics loose their effectiveness. There are many descriptions of the disease occurring in puppies – but I know of no cases in kittens. ( read here, here & here ) I have only listed a few of the more common immunity defects that veterinarians see. Considering that there are over 957 gene pairs discovered (in humans) through 2012 that regulate the innate immune system alone, there are many more ways that things can go wrong. What Is Fading Puppy Or Kitten Syndrome or Complex? Fading puppy or kitten syndrome describes any illness that is slowly taking the life of a puppy or kitten. It is not a disease – just a group of similar symptoms of a downward spiral and decline as they present themselves in the very young. Many cases are due to one or more of the underlying problems I just described. Others are due to causes veterinarians just haven’t discovered yet. You are on the Vetspace animal health website
Do You Weigh Too Much? Use Your BMI the Right Way to Find Out There are many ways to determine your health. Some are completely valid, while others — like comparing yourself to Mark Wahlberg — are not. One of the most accessible and widely used tools to determine health is your Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI is a tool that takes into account your height and weight to obtain a fairly accurate measure of body fat. Depending on your stats, you’ll fall into one of four categories: underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. Why it works Man measuring his BMI Man measuring his BMI \| It is one of the simplest and most effective ways to determine where you fit on the spectrum of physical health. All you have to do is plug your current height and weight into one of the many online calculators to determine where you fall on the index. It’s as unobtrusive and easy as it sounds. While it doesn’t actually measure body fat — like underwater weighing and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry — studies have shown that in most cases an individual’s BMI results often match more direct measures of body fat. Furthermore, studies show that BMI levels also correlate with future health risks. A high BMI predicts a higher risk of chronic conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and certain cancers. Its limitations couple, retirement BMI doesn’t account for age \| Its downfall lies in its simplicity. Because it measures excess weight, not excess body fat, someone who is very muscular may have a high BMI and incorrectly be classified as overweight. A thin, inactive person may have a normal BMI but have more body fat than is healthy. In addition, the index doesn’t take into account age, ethnicity, and sex, which can influence the relationship between weight and height. For example, a 20-year-old person and a 60-year-old person may have the same BMI, but older adults typically have more body fat. A woman will also tend to have more body fat than a man with the same BMI. Wonder where you fall on the spectrum? Here’s how to calculate your BMI. Time to calculate man standing on a bathroom scale Man weighing himself \| The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have a great BMI calculator on their website. Simply plug in your height and weight and in moments the calculator will calculate your BMI. To determine yours by hand, divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches squared. Then, multiply the result by a conversion factor of 703. Written out, the equation looks like this: weight in pounds / (height in inches x height in inches) x 703 = BMI. Understanding the results man running on the beach on a sunny day Man running on the beach \| If your BMI is below 18.5 this means you are underweight for your height. Readings between 18.5 and 24.9 show that you are at a normal or healthy weight, while a result between 25 and 29.9 means you are overweight. If your BMI is 30 or higher, the result shows that you are obese. If your result does not fall within the normal, healthy weight category, it may mean you need to come up with a plan to either gain or lose weight. If your reading showed you were underweight, talk to your healthcare provider to determine possible causes of your low weight and to decide if you need to gain weight. If your result said that you are overweight or obese, it may be time to come up with a weight loss plan. The first step is to make a commitment to lose weight and alter your current lifestyle. From there, set realistic goals, come up with resources for information and support, and monitor your progress.
A Trio of Yorkshire Monastic Stone Columns; The Benedictine Monk Estate, Whitby Origin: English Period: Unknown Provenance: The Benedictine Monk Estate, Whitby, Yorkshire Date: Unknown Each: 33” x 16”, 32” x 16”, 28” x 15” The Yorkshire stone columns, of monastic origins, beautifully weathered with age, with lichen and moss deposits, each showing differing colours, and having been salvaged from the Benedictine Monk Estate, Whitby, Yorkshire. These columns are very heavy and will be delivered via a pallet so a forklift at the destination is required and transport must be discussed before any purchase. There are some metal inserts to the bases where they were obviously later fixed to the ground. There is some residual blue staining from the pallet which can easily be removed. The columns would have stood within the abbey setting and would have been part of the larger composition. In 867, Whitby Abbey fell to Viking attack, and was abandoned until 1078. Whitby was re-founded on the ancient site of St Hilda's Saxon monastery by the Norman knight, Reinfrid, who became its first abbot. The monastery soon developed small off-shoots, know as cells, at Hackness and Middlesborough. The Whitby community would also bring about the foundation of the third of Yorkshire's Benedictine houses at York. The monks established their houses in remote locations, 'far from the haunts of men', and adhered strictly to the Rule of St Benedict. It was the Cistercians' belief that the large and economically prosperous Benedictine houses of Europe had long since deviated from the original purity of the monastic way of life. In particular, the Cistercians emphasised the importance of manual labour, and abjured ostentation and display in the architecture and decoration of their churches. They wore a simple, un-dyed woollen garment which caused them to be referred to as 'White Monks'. The second monastery lasted until it was destroyed by Henry VIII in 1540. The abbey buildings fell into ruins, and were mined for stone, but remained a prominent landmark for sailors. Perfect for displaying sculpture and artwork, either in or out and once part of a magical setting.
Edit Story Alice Broster Cannabinoids are compounds found in cannabis. Research has suggested that they could be a great painkiller. PMS and PMDD, endometriosis and some gynecological cancers are some of the conditions which can cause intimate and pelvic chronic pain. The study revealed that a substantial number of women would be open to using medical cannabis to treat pain, especially if they’d used it before. It’s not completely clear as to why women are more likely to swap out prescribed medication for medical cannabis. However, past research has found that women engage with complementary or alternative medicine differently to men. Women are more likely to access preventative services, use alternative medicine to treat pain, mental health conditions or insomnia and for headaches and migraines. As medical cannabis has increasingly been seen as a safe and legitimate treatment and news of the opioid crisis has spread it may now fall under the category of complementary or alternative medicine. The researchers wrote, “the implication that women may conceptualize medical cannabis as complementary or alternative medicine merits further research, as this finding may be viewed as a consequence of patient experience with cannabis, and not only of shifting public attitudes toward it.” Over the last few years, activists and campaigners have worked to get medical cannabis recognized as a legitimate treatment option. Statistics would suggest that in July 2020 Oklahoma, California and Maine had the highest percentages of medical marijuana patients. Research has shown that the number of people who believe cannabis has valid medical uses is growing. One study highlighted that women who experience chronic pain as a result of PMS or PMDD saw positive results after using medical cannabis. Similarly, tests have looked into how medical cannabis may help endometriosis sufferers manage their pain. However, the debate surrounding medical cannabis remains controversial. For as many people that support it, there are others who highlight the side effects of cannabis. Studies have looked into how it can impair your cognitive ability and short-term memory. If smoked it can also damage your lung tissue. However, there is a consensus that more research needs to be done into the usage of medical cannabis. I have a particular interest in the changing cultural attitudes around periods, endometriosis, contraception, and menopause and the research that's being done to better I have a particular interest in the changing cultural attitudes around periods, endometriosis, contraception, and menopause and the research that's being done to better the lives of people who identify as women. I'm a reporter and feature writer, my work has been published in Bustle, Metro, Restless, HuffPost, among others. From the side effects of contraception to why you sweat more when you're on your period, I think every situation is made better when you talk about it (preferably over a cup of tea.)
Discover 15+ Most Remote Places On Earth [Part 2] Continued from our former article, this is the second list of most remote places on earth. If you were intrigued by our previous catalog, we have more bizarre places for you to take a look at and sate your curiosity. List of +6 Most Remote Places On Earth Below are six places on earth that have seen very little civilization, whose histories are still shrouded in mystery. In some cases, even the wildest tales seem to fall short of a satisfactory explanation. 1. Sentinel island North Sentinel Island is a part of the Andaman Islands, an archipelago in the Bay of Bengal. The only inhabitants of this island are the Sentinelese. It wouldn’t be an exaggeration to say that they are the last uncontacted people in the world in one of the most remote places on earth. Virtually no form of contact with modern civilization has occurred with the Sentinelese. It seems the tribe prefers their isolation too as they have rejected all attempts at establishing a relationship with the external world, sometimes with violence. The Indian government, under whose statehood the island falls, recognizes the uniqueness and extraordinary circumstances of the Sentinelese and has declared the entire island and its surrounding waters extending 5 nautical miles (9.26 km) from the island to be an exclusion zone. Meaning nobody can access these parts without permission from the government. 2. Fraser island Fraser Island is located along the southeastern coast of Queensland, Australia in the Wide Bay Burnett region. The beautiful island is composed of sand and is one of the largest in the world at 1840 square kilometers. One might be surprised to know that despite having a sandy soil profile, the island has rainforests, eucalyptus woodland, mangrove forests, Wallum and peat swamps, sand dunes and coastal heaths. The sand has been accumulating for approximately 750,000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment which is carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast. The native population is small, with less than 200 people. A ferry working from River Heads (South of Hervey Bay) to Kingfisher Bay and Wanggoolba Creek or Inskip Point to the north of Rainbow Beach to Hook Point serves as transport. One of the most remote places on earth, it can also be reached by a chartered flight. 3. The Odessa catacombs Underneath the picturesque city of Odesa, Ukraine lies the Odesa Catacombs, a system of tunnels that are mostly the result of stone mining, particularly coquina. The Odessa Catacombs consists of a network of basements, bunkers, drainage tunnels and storm drains as well as natural caves. These twisty turny tunnels that run up to nearly 2500 kilometers are said to be one of the world’s largest urban labyrinths. They can be quite dangerous too. Reportedly, a girl once lost her life due to dehydration after she ventured inside one of these endless passages. Recognizing the danger it presented to the public, only one small portion of the catacombs is open within the “Museum of Partisan Glory” in Nerubayskoye, north of Odessa. 4. Padmanabhaswamy temple Located in Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital of Kerala, India, the Padmanabhaswamy temple dates its origin back to 500 B.C. The temple institution is referred to in ancient texts and has six vaults built under its Sanctorum. From these, five of the vaults have been opened, but there is one secret vault that still remains unopened to date. It is believed that the opening of this mysterious vault will bring disaster to the region. It is said that researchers have stumbled over findings that are estimated to be over $1 trillion in worth. There are other spooky chambers where the walls are allegedly said to be made of solid gold. In a chamber termed Vault A, 2000 pounds of gold coins dating to 200 B.C. were discovered. Also found was a pure golden throne adorned with hundreds of diamonds and precious stones. The artifact was meant as a seat for a mythical 18-foot long deity. Solid gold crowns have also been found, all studded with diamonds and other precious stones. 5. Easter Island Possibly the most remote place on earth in the truest of sense, Easter Island is located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is now desolated; nobody has lived on Easter Island for many years. The island is renowned for its monumental statues that look up to the skies in exultation. Nearly a thousand of these mysterious statues dot the landscape. They are called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui people. The myths that surround the island sound almost like fairy tales. Nobody really knows how these massive statues were constructed, how they were then transported. Even the truth about the people who once inhabited this island is shrouded in mystery. The only way to get to Rapa Nui is by plane. 6. Socotra Island Socotra Island, also called Soqotra, lies in the Socotra archipelago, between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea. It is the largest of four islands in the archipelago. The territory is located near major shipping routes and is officially part of Yemen. The island, being one of the most remote places on earth, has evolved its own flora and fauna and is home to over 100 different species of birds, of which some are endemic to Socotra island only. The most striking feature of Socotra island is the dragon’s blood trees. As unusual as its name is, the physical features will probably leave you slack-jawed. The tree is shaped like an umbrella, almost as if it is an oversized mushroom. The trees can live a thousand years and are believed to have medicinal properties much. With its distinct form, the Dragon Blood’s trees of Socotra Island are a marvel to the eyes that can be witnesses nowhere else. Wrapping up Although we have gone much ahead in terms of technology and science, yet you’d perhaps agree with us when we say that there is still much left to be explored and studied on this amazing planet. The lists that we have compiled for you represent perhaps a small portion of what the Earth has in store for us. Until the spirit of adventure in us dies out completely, we will forever be seeking new remote places to travel. Similar articles:
LINUXMAKER, OpenSource, Tutorials The reverse lookup file In order for the IP address to be resolved from the fully qualified domain name (FQDN), we need a reverse lookup file on the DNS server. This is named db.x.y.z, for example db. In this file the computer name (FQDN) is assigned to the last octet of an IP address, which corresponds to the respective host, by means of a PTR record. The PTR records are responsible for the reverse translation of IP addresses into names. ;; db. @ IN SOA ( 2018012002 ; Serial 3H ; refresh after 3 hours 1H ; retry after 1 hour 1W ; expire after 1 week 1D) ; minimum TTL of 1 day @ IN NS 10 IN PTR 20 IN PTR 150 IN PTR Importantly, the translated names are the FQDNs that end with a dot. The performance of alias entries, MX records, etc. does not happen again here.
December 28, 2017 Buddhist or Mindfulness Meditation The Buddhist form of meditation, also known as Mindfulness meditation, bases its principals on keeping the mind fully focused in the present. Not the past, not the future, just present; here and now. The human mind is one of the most incredibly complex entities on this planet. However, most people do not use the mind to its full potential. Some would say that this factor makes us a slave to the mind. Most people unfortunately do not disassociate themselves from their minds and therefore have certain problems during meditation. The Buddha says our mind is like a chain of reactions and desires. When we catch ourselves in this downfall of reactions, we miss experiencing the true meaning of life. For example, when eating an apple our mind might say “I”ll feel better if I eat a banana”. Then you might change your mind and instead of the apple you eat a banana. When eating the banana you might think “I”ll feel better if I eat a pineapple”, because a pineapple is supposed to be more expensive and harder to come by. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence and we always want what we cannot have. Another way to explain this technique of being fully in the present is when we engage in activities such as cooking or driving. Normally the unconscious mind will wander unaware that it is wandering. Thinking about certain things such as a previous conversation, all the things we need to do that day, or the imaginary conversations that we have in our head clouds our minds. For the mind, there is no difference between reality and our mental dialogue. Both produce feelings, emotions, and ultimately actions. Therefore these actions create reactions also known as the karma cycle. “All sickness, all shallowness, all pain, all miseries are the outcome of one source: keeping negativity within yourself” Yogi Bhajan Mindfulness is about keeping the mind in the here and now, and enjoying the present moment with full focus and attention. The technique is simple, you just need to keep your attention on the breath. This may be simple to say, but for the untrained mind it can be hard to achieve one pointed attention for more than three minutes. Another common distortion of the mind is “the mental connotations“. In any situation the mind always looks in the memory bank for situations similar to those we had in the past. This happens so fast that instead of seeing and feeling that moment in particular as unique, the mind jumps immediately to what happened during a different time period. So you are not fully seeing this experience of what it is, but connecting it with a past one.
Paper number 1 Revised (partner Elizabeth) Avery Rowland Professor Powell Leadership, War and Hollywood 26 September 2019 Mike Simmerman Many people assume that select individuals are born to be inherent leaders with innate skills, traits, and characteristics. I believe leaders are not born with the ability to lead but develop their leadership skills over time. Throughout Leadership Theory and Practice Northouse states that “leadership can be observed in leader behaviors, and can be learned” (Northouse, 7) and that “many people have the potential for leadership… they can acquire leadership (Northouse, 47). There is no gene for leadership. Every individual has the capacity to learn what are considered to be the traits and skills necessary for a successful leader. An excellent example of somebody who learned leadership traits through life experiences and a person who inspires me is my childhood swim coach, Mike Simmerman. Mike was my swim coach from age four to seventeen. One thing that made Mike a great leader and why he inspires me are his selfless leadership skills and ability to influence others without the use of coercive power. Often times, leaders use coercive power to control their followers. Mike instead gained influence over his followers through the use of referent power. Referent power is a power that has been gained due to the followers like and respect for the leader (Northhouse, 10), while coercive power is “derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others”(Northhouse,10). Mike ensured that the respect his followers gave to him would be reciprocated. In addition to utilizing referent power, Mike also learned a necessary behavior that accounted for his success in leadership. Mike learned how to be firm with his followers, but not rigid. He never punished people in order to gain power but instead made sure that inappropriate behavior was not tolerated. People would never be penalized or punished for their actions but would be talked to understand why their behavior was not allowed respectfully. Mike is inspiring not only due to his ability to lead the swim team and the entire pool staff but for maintaining the respect of his followers and creating a fun and healthy work environment for everybody he leads. Mike demonstrated the idea that leadership can be learned and is not something that select individual inherently possesses. Mike did not start off as a leader by any means. Mike started as a regular lifeguard, became head guard and then made his way to the head swim coach and pool director. Like Mike, some of the greatest leaders in history such as George Washington, General Robert E Lee and many others started from a lower position then learned how to become leaders. None of them were born to be leaders; however, over long periods of time, they were able to learn how to lead in an effective manner. The similar growth in leadership between Mike, George Washington, and General Robert E Lee exemplifies how leadership can be learned by anyone and is not determined by trait, but experience over time. Works Cited Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 6th ed., Sage, 2019. Leave a comment
ADA Accessibility Information logo of logo Tooth Extractions Illustration of a tooth being extractedNo one wants to have their teeth extracted. However, sometimes, it is necessary. Tooth extractions are generally only recommended as a last resort when there are no other options left for saving a tooth. If you need a tooth extraction, Downey Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery can help. You Have Suffered Severe Tooth Damage One of the most common reasons for extracting a tooth is because it is damaged beyond repair. In many cases, tooth damage can be treated with a crown. However, if a tooth is too damaged, a crown may not be able to provide it with the protection that it needs to return to normal functionality. This can leave the tooth vulnerable to infections and other issues. Instead, the best solution is just to remove the tooth and replace it. Your Teeth are Significantly Decayed Tooth decay is generally treated with an amalgam or composite filling. In certain situations, an inlay or onlay may be recommended. For teeth affected by larger amounts of decay, however, a filling, inlay, or onlay might not be enough. If the damage is too severe, a crown may also not be possible. This is because the tooth is so decayed that you do not have sufficient healthy structure left to support the crown. For these teeth, extractions become necessary. You can then have your decayed tooth replaced. You Have Developed Advanced Gum Disease In advanced stages of gum disease, your jawbone is affected. The bacteria that started with your gums are attacking the bone and causing it to weaken. When this happens, the teeth become loose. Depending upon the extent of the bone loss, it may be possible to save the teeth with a bone graft. If the supporting bone is too weak, the teeth cannot be saved. In such cases, extractions are then recommended. You Need Orthodontic Treatment In some instances, extractions may be necessary even though your teeth are not damaged or decayed at all. One such case is when you are dealing with overcrowding. Overcrowding means that there is not enough space in your mouth to accommodate all of your teeth. This causes your teeth to look like they are crammed uncomfortably into your mouth. If there is not enough space in your jaw, orthodontic treatment will not be successful. This is because there is nowhere else for your teeth to go. In such cases, one or more teeth are extracted so that orthodontic treatment can be successful. The teeth most frequently extracted for orthodontic purposes are the first bicuspids. You Have Impacted Wisdom Teeth The wisdom teeth are some of the most frequently extracted teeth. This is because they become impacted and cannot come into the mouth properly. They can cause all kinds of problems, including infections, cysts, overcrowding, and damage to other teeth. If your wisdom teeth are impacted, extractions are often recommended to protect your oral health and prevent more serious dental issues from developing later down the line. These teeth, unlike many other extracted teeth, will not require replacement. For more information about tooth extractions, and to find out if you need one, contact Downey Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at 562-459-3311 today. Office hours Monday-Friday: 8:00am to 4:00pm Saturday: By appointment
What Is The Relationship Between Property And The Freedom Of The Individual In Locke’S Thinking? What ideas did John Locke have on individual rights? What is Locke’s views on property What would he think about coping the CD’s? What would he think about coping the CD’s?  John Locke (2003) postulates that “the earth belongs to the inhabitants of it, the earth is their possessions for their greater good and benefit”. So, whatsoever is on the earth that lends to an individual’s labor, he/she owns it. (Chapter 5, Of Property). What is divine freedom? What did John Locke say about property? John Locke proposes his theory of property rights in The Second Treatise of Government (1690). The theory is rooted in laws of nature that Locke identifies, which permit individuals to appropriate, and exercise control rights over, things in the world, like land and other material resources. How does Locke justify private property ownership? What is the limit to how much property one can acquire in the state of nature according to Locke? What is Locke’s definition of freedom? According to Locke, we are born into perfect freedom. … We are naturally free. We are free to do what we want, when we want, how we want, within the bounds of the “law of nature.” The problem that most have in understanding this theory of Locke’s is their frame of reference. Why is property so important to Locke? The right to private property is the cornerstone of Locke’s political theory, encapsulating how each man relates to God and to other men. … Because they have a right to self-preservation, it follows that they have the right to those things that will help them to survive and be happy. What did Locke say freedom would lead to? Not his philosophical analysis of man in the Essay, then, but his acceptance of the Christian faith, leads Locke to affirm, in his political writings, freedom of the will, a so-called law of nature or reason which is, more truly, the command of Christ to seek the preservation and well-being of all mankind, that a human … How has John Locke influenced our government? What is John Locke’s social contract theory? Who supported John Locke? In 1666 Locke was introduced to Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, later 1st earl of Shaftesbury, by a mutual acquaintance. As a member and eventually the leader of a group of opposition politicians known as the Whigs, Ashley was one of the most powerful figures in England in the first two decades after the Restoration.
by Siena Hacker For such a small chain of islands, the state of Hawaii has the biggest renewable energy target in the United States. Hawaii introduced legislation that would fine utilities that are not completely powered by renewable energy by 2045. Now, as reported in a January 2017 New York Times piece by the Associated Press, the state is going a step farther by introducing legislation promoting a complete reliance on renewables for the transportation sector. [] With Hawaiians already owning an estimated one million cars – not to mention all of the cars for sale in dealerships – it would be imprudent for the state to mandate a shift to renewable fuels for the transportation sector. Hawaii is instead attempting to encourage the transition by increasing the number of required charging stations. The reasoning holds that as electric cars become cheaper and the infrastructure supporting them increases, investing in an electric car will become the practical choice. Having spent the summer with family in Kauai, I was confronted with gas prices that were consistently a dollar higher than in California because of the cost to ship fuel. Those who currently own electric cars definitely see large savings, especially if they have their own solar panels and can charge their car during the day. Though there are only about 5,000 electric cars on the road in the state, Hawaii still ranked second in the nation in 2015 for the greatest number of electric cars relative to their population. There is abundant potential for renewable energy on the island to power transportation in the future, and the State has created a new position within their Department of Transportation to tackle this challenge. According to a December 2016 Biz Journals article by Duane Shimogawa reporting on the Hawaii Energy Resources Coordinator’s Annual Report, Hawaii already gets 25%of its total energy from renewables. The Kauai Island Utility Cooperative alone saw an increase of 9.8% in its renewable energy, consistent with an upward trend in renewable energy production across the state. However, fossil fuels usage for commercial aviation remains a problem. Given the distance between Hawaii and the continental United States and the limitations of today’s technology, airplanes cannot currently depend on batteries or other renewable energy sources. Advances in aviation technology will certainly be necessary for the state to its goal of complete dependence on renewables. However, a first step might be transitioning to renewables fuels for airplanes flying inter-island trips. [] Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Great Recession of 2008 Apr 29, 2020 in Research Paper Research Paper Sample The Great Recession of 2008 – The Policy Debate Over the Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy to Combat the Recession The financial and economic crisis that began in 2007-2008 has been named the Great Recession by the public due to its negative impact on the national and global economies. However, there is no consensus among economists on the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies that were implemented during the global crisis. This issue is of particular importance because of the current post-crisis instability in the markets worldwide. The general agreement among the Keynesian economists was that stimulating aggregate demand was the proper objective at the outbreak of the global recession. According to their view, the government policy strategy should include an automatic and a discretionally fiscal component. As usual, government spending tends to increase automatically during recessions due to the increase of unemployment insurance, welfare payments, and other transfers. On the contrary, government tax revenues tend to decrease with the corresponding fall of economic activity. These factors result in creating the countercyclical budget deficit. However, some additional discretional measures may be implemented to stimulate the economy. These measures commonly include the cuts of tax rates for businesses and households as well as direct financing to entrepreneurs and firms in the form of contracts, government loans or grants for the purposes of new investment and additional market demand (Tcherneva, 2011, p.5). Calculate Price Order total: 00.00 The U.S. policy response to the financial and economic crisis followed this general Keynesian recipe. Moreover, government policy included even some additional expenditure that is not typically considered as a countercyclical measure. The first major part of government spending was executed by the Federal Reserve System through the purchases of a large number of different financial assets of selected banks. These measures constitute a fiscal (and not a monetary) policy because they were executed by the Federal Reserve System with necessary congressional authority. It may be concluded that in fact it was the Treasury that bought different financial assets from selected banks. The first Trouble Asset Relief Program (TARP) was introduced at that time. The TARP enabled a large injection of funds into some market giants (such as GM, Citigroup, etc.) and the subsequent de facto nationalization of the insurance company AIG. The second stage of the government fiscal plan was American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) that was introduced in February 2009. At the same time, the White House began to realize the longest unemployment program in American history. The total budgets for TARP and ARRA constituted almost 10 percent of the U.S. GDP. In spite of all these measures, their effects on economic growth and general employment were not large (Baker, 2009). It happened because of a few reasons. First of all, despite government increased its spending, companies and households continued to decrease their spending due to significant market uncertainty. Thus, they counterbalanced to some degree government measures. Secondly, tax cuts were not necessarily used by the firms for the purposes of investment. Even when the government measures were able to increase the gross output and production, they did not produce employment creation effect of a necessary scale. That happened due to the restructuring that took place during the global recession. Firms typically tried to optimize their cost structure by reducing labor costs. The labor force participation rate declined constantly at that time, and it was the longest decline in post World War II history. The employment population rate collapsed to unprecedented level of 58 % (Tcherneva, 2011, p.6). There was also massive destruction of full-time and part-time jobs as well as the level of long-term unemployment rate. Traditional Keynesian analysis, instead of targeting a job creation, tries to target economic growth that should increase employment. Moreover, as fiscal policy is commonly upside down, the government measures have permanently failed in achieving something close to the full employment level in the economy. That is why the very concept of “full employment” has been replaced by the “natural unemployment rate” advocated by Milton Friedman. It seems that creating jobs directly may be considered as the only suitable method for reaching long-run economic stability and generating full employment. Want an expert write a paper for you? Talk to an operator Now! Government analysts dealt with the actual components of GDP and argued that since investment and consumption declined during the global recession, the government expenditures were able to counterbalance them. It was because the government sector was considered as the only one that was able to discretionally change its level of spending. The government objective was to return the U.S. economy to the selected growth path according to Okun’s Law. However, there was a debate about the most appropriate method that could be used in order to stimulate the economy. Keynesian economists who saw the recession as a direct consequence of the fundamental mechanism of the market process that endogenously produced unstable aggregate demand preferred a policy response that stimulated market demand through government spending. Economists who saw the recession as a consequence of some exogenous or external shocks preferred to work on the supplied side and advocated the policy that influenced market incentives that were expected to stimulate investment and consumption. This kind of measures included a reduction in wages, cuts in marginal tax rates, direct subsidies to firms, etc. In both cases, however, it was assumed that investment and consumption would recover, either as a result of the direct government intervention or to a large number of incentives that reduced costs or increased after-tax incomes. Often both kinds of policies were adopted such as direct government expenditures and simultaneous cuts in tax rates. However, when Keynes (1936) discussed the problem of unemployment in the economy, he considered it as a problem of inadequate effective market demand, not inadequate aggregate demand. In general, employment is always a function of the entrepreneurial judgments about the expected future earnings that can influence a company’s decision to hire a number of people. Thus, employment depends on the fraction of income households prefer to hoard and the manner they use to save. As for the monetary policy during the Great Recession, the goal was to stabilize the economic situation after a significant shock to aggregate market demand by providing a counterbalancing positive impulse to demand with the methods that were available for policymakers. The main method of the Federal Reserve System was control over short-term interest rates. The Federal Reserve System began decreasing short-term interest rates in August 2007 and introduced support to some financial institutions at the beginning of 2008. Interest rates were set at less than 1 % by October 2008 (Tcherneva, 2011). The Federal Reserve System also found other means to provide support through the economy. It began to provide additional support for illiquid financial institutions through so-called “alphabet soup” or its main lending programs. This kind of programs allowed reducing existing credit spreads on the national debt and stabilizing the entire market situation of the late 2008. Then, the Federal Reserve System implemented two rounds of “quantitative easing” in order to decrease long-term interest rates using the purchase of long-term market assets. The first round of quantitative easing (including operations with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) showed good results established the fact that the Federal Reserve System was able to decrease the long-term interest rates. The next round of quantitative easing was introduced in November 2010. It was focused primarily on the debt of the American government. As a result of market anticipation of these measures, interest rates decreased not only regarding the U.S. debt but other market rates as well. It is generally considered that the Great Recession would have been even worse in case the Federal Reserve System kept interest rates at the level of 2007 that was 5.26 % (Bivens, 2011). However, the Federal Reserve policy of low interest rates created some additional problems for the U.S. economy. 1. Low interest rates did not enable the entrepreneurs to direct resources to the most productive use as the price system was disturbed. 2. This kind of policy made it easier for firms to avoid necessary reallocation of their assets. 3. It increased the level of uncertainty as the market participants had to take into account not only different economic factors but the Federal Reserve policy as well. Don't lose time, order now! Hummel (2011) considered the Federal Reserve System under Bernanke as a type of central agency because of the Federal Reserve’s intervention in the monetary sphere (p. 512). He suggested that the Federal Reserve’s planning will finally “prove an unfortunate failure”. In fact, the policy advocated by Ben Bernanke was very much different from the monetary theory of Milton Friedman though he often claimed the adherence to Friedman’s position. For instance, Anna Schwartz, Milton Friedman’s coauthor on monetary history of the United States, criticized Bernanke for his policy of lowering interest rates to zero (Bullock, 2009). In general, it may be concluded that fiscal and monetary policies during the Great Recession had both some positive and negative consequences. First of all, they allowed stopping the market panic at the first stage of the crisis that was very important for the support of the financial system. At the same time, the unprecedented government spending and the policy of low interest rates implemented under Bernanke created the significant problems for the stability of the U.S. economy in the long run. Place an Order Related essays
Mads Selvejer Plum, Joakim Espeland, Andrian Buchi The SATCOM industry is growing and so is radio frequency interference (RFI). Most RFI arises from poorly performing or badly installed antennas and can cause connection failures and lowered bandwidth. Currently, antennas are tested in conventional test ranges prior to network deployment in order to prevent these malfunctions. However, this procedure is expensive, timeconsuming, and a logistical challenge. QuadSAT is introducing a system of drones and GNSS satellites that combine to offer locationindependent antenna testing. It is an innovative and deployable far-field test range that makes antenna testing available whenever and wherever needed. Using GNSS positioning, QuadSAT‘s drones are equipped with a very accurate local reference system that relates to the antenna undergoing testing. The system combines GNSS with RTK algorithms to achieve its high testing accuracy. The QuadSAT system operates automatically and can carry out a broad range of testing missions without needing the antenna to be moved or even taken out of operation.
There you would see in the movies. Instead, Where Do Pigs Live? Think about the place you live: is it warm, is it cold, does it rain all the time, or never at all?Pigs can be found almost anywhere in the world, except Antarctica. Most pigs prefer to live in a warmer climate, an area with a certain temperature and weather conditions. Even though pigs prefer this type of climate, many farm-raised pigs live in cooler climates and survive just fine.There are several types of pigs that live all over the world, but we’ll separate them into two main categories: farm-raised pigs and wild pigs. You may be more familiar with pigs that live on a farm, so this will be a great opportunity to learn about some of the survival skills wild pigs use in their natural habitat. A habitat is the place where an organism (including pigs!) usually lives. You can think of it as the animal’s natural home, the surroundings that it prefers. Farm-Raised Pigs Where would you expect to find a farm-raised pig? If you imagined a red barn, chickens running around, a pile of mud, and a white picket fence, then you’re not too far off from what a farm-raised pig’s habitat looks like. Our Authors Write a Custom Essay For Only $13.90/page! order now Farm-Raised Pig farm pig Some farm-raised pigs are kept indoors, especially in locations further north where the winters become cool. Their habitat most likely has a barn, where they can be kept inside.Surprisingly, pigs don’t always cover themselves in mud like you would see in the movies. Instead, they use the mud to cool off during hot summer days. Pigs in the Wild Wild Pig wild pig Wild pigs can live in a wide variety of habitats, from grassy savanna areas to swamplands to wooded forests. All of these habitats have two things in common though: water and vegetation.Having water nearby gives them plenty of chances to drink and cool off during the day. Wild pigs also like their habitat to be dense with vegetation, or plants and trees, for more than one reason. The vegetation gives them a place to sleep and hide from possible threats during the day. At night, the wild pigs will come out and search for food. And, since plants make up most of a wild pig’s diet, some of that vegetation could also be their dinner! Lesson Summary Farm-raised pigs and wild pigs do not need much in their habitat in order to survive. Pigs need sunshine for warmth, water or mud to cool off, and vegetation to fill their big bellies. Although they enjoy living in warmer climates, they can survive just fine in the cool winter months and live on every continent, except Antarctica. I'm Sigvald Check it out
ArtsAutosBooksBusinessEducationEntertainmentFamilyFashionFoodGamesGenderHealthHolidaysHomeHubPagesPersonal FinancePetsPoliticsReligionSportsTechnologyTravel Guerrilla Warfare, a Brief and Bloody History Updated on October 3, 2019 Dean Traylor profile image Valdepeñas Battle at 6-6-1808: Spanish resistance to French Rule. Valdepeñas Battle at 6-6-1808: Spanish resistance to French Rule. \| Source Napoleon Bonaparte’s French army was unstoppable in the first decade of the 1800s. With his prowess and ingenuity for war, Napoleon and his troops conquered nearly every European country they invaded. So when an insurgency started in occupied Spain – a dominion ruled by his brother and not equipped with a strong army – many assumed they would easily put the rebellion down. Instead, they were entrenched in a bloody and failed war against Spanish partisans made up of farmers, peasants, and merchants. The Peninsular War, as it would later be known, would become Napoleon’s first defeat on land, and prevent him from taking over Portugal. On top of that, Spanish insurgency would account for more than 100,000 deaths and tie up much of the French forces in small skirmishes throughout the Spanish countryside. The impact of this war was immediate, and many of Napoleon’s enemies took notice. Soon, a particular name would be associated with the style of warfare used to bog down, aggravate, and eventually defeat the invading army. Today, guerrilla warfare (Spanish for “little war”) is a tactic used by irregular troops against larger well-armed armies. With the use of insurgencies, ambushes, surprise attacks, raids, and clandestine operations, this form of warfare can be swift, brutal and very unpredictable. It can also have a profound psychological effect on the combatants fighting against these tactics. It’s not uncommon for well-organized and disciplined armies fighting these fighters to devolve into massacres of civilians or needless destruction of towns and villages. In effect, this can embolden more people to support the guerrilla rebels and their causes. Spanish partisans were not the first to use this tactic. Nor were they the last. Sun Tzu (or Zu), author of The Art of War Sun Tzu (or Zu), author of The Art of War \| Source Guerrilla Warfare Before it was known as Guerrilla Warfare The concept of guerrilla warfare has been around for thousands of years. There’s a likelihood it has been around since the dawn of recorded history. As civilizations grew, many of them went to war with each other. And as major empires acquired new land, they came in contact with the natives who most likely resisted them. In the 6th century BC, the legendary Chinese general and dignitary, Sun Tzu – who wrote the highly influential The Art of War -- became a fan of this tactic. He realized that small determined forces can outwit and defeat larger armies by disrupting supply lines and destroying the opposition’s will to fight. Morale, to Tzu, was possibly the most important weapon any military force could have. Nomadic and indigenous tribes in Europe and Western Asia also found this tactic helpful in fighting armies from major empires. One example occurred during Rome’s campaign to conquer the British Isles. Documents and journals from the Romans who fought and lived there suggested that the fight with the indigenous people was brutal. During the Boudican Revolt in 60 AD, the queen of the British Iceni tribe, Boudicca, led a campaign against the Romans in the British Isles. During this revolt, it was not uncommon for rebel fighters to engage the Roman Army in skirmishes or ambushes along country roads. This revolt was eventually put down by the Romans; however, Boudicca became a martyr. To this day, Boudica is hailed as a national heroine. Statues throughout London have been made in her honor. The Creation of Heroes and Villains in Medieval Times Mongols and Ottoman Turks were at their height of power. The Mongols, in particular, were suited to oppose any form of guerrilla warfare, considering that many of their tactics were similar. They operated in raiding parties and adopted a scorched-earth policy that left very little standing. Despite the Mongol’s form of combat, there were still those who were willing to stand in their way. This was the case in Hungary. Peasants helped to defend the kingdom from the invaders at the Battle of Mohi (April 11, 1241). The Hungarian partisans managed to defeat minor raiding parties before the initial battle; however, they were overcome by superior and ruthless forces that swept into the kingdom and left it in ruins. Resistance against Ottoman Turks was also fierce. The most powerful empire in the region had its eyes set on Europe. However, famous and infamous guerrilla fighters and leader were determined to make them pay for every inch of land they acquired. For years before the American Revolution, Indian nations used hit-and-run tactics that disrupted colonization by European settlers. George Kastrioti Skanderbeg led a successful campaign to force the Turks out of Albania in 1443. He would keep them at bay for decades. Also, villains came out of these struggles. In 1462, a vicious prince from Wallachia (present-day Romania) with a deep-seated hatred for the Turks terrorized them. Not only did he resort to ambushes, he even sacrificed his own people, sometimes impaling them on poles and placing them in the path of invading Turks – just to send a message of how ruthless he can be. The prince was Vlad III Dracul. Today, he is best known as the real Dracula. Afrikaner Commandos from the Second Boer War in South Africa circa 1900 Afrikaner Commandos from the Second Boer War in South Africa circa 1900 \| Source Guerrilla Warfare as Revolution Rebel armies hoping to break away from a powerful government also used guerrilla warfare. For years before the American Revolution, Indian nations used hit-and-run tactics that disrupted colonization by European settlers. They were successful until the colonists in New France (Canada) and the American colonies turned the table and used their tactics against them. Guerrilla warfare also became an important tactic in the American Revolution. Local militia, supported by the colonists and eventually funded by the continental congress, played a crucial role in the war by disrupting supply lines, engaging in ambushes and sniper attacks. Other countries used this tactic, as well. In the Boer Wars, the Dutch farmers known as the Boars fought the British Indian Army. The Boer Commandos, as they were called, dressed like common farmers and blended in with the civilians. This led to the British changing their uniform. Also, the British utilized the controversial concentration camps to imprison the Boers as a way to break their morale. Finally, much of the 20th century saw communist and pro-democracy guerrilla fighters battling against government troops, invading armies, or themselves for control of a territory. Characteristics of Guerrilla Warfare By the time the 20th century arrived, guerrilla warfare was becoming a major component in modern warfare. Many of them were used in minor skirmishes, while, in other cases, they were used in a prolonged campaign (as was the case with the Mujahedin in the Soviet-Afghanistan War of the 1980s). Often, guerrilla warfare involves small, mobile forces who tend to (not always) have support of the local population, and have advantages of knowing the terrain they are fighting in (This was the case for the Lombard Tribes in North and South Carolina who fought against pro-Southern militias, Confederate forces, and their sympathizers during the American Civil War. They used their knowledge of the woodlands and wetlands to their advantage). Also, partisan fighters in occupied countries fought campaigns to harass, terrorize, and destroy morale among its enemies. Many successful partisans in World War II used these tactics. However, it came with a huge price. Nazi Germans and Japanese troops often dispensed brutal forms of retribution – in many cases, punished and executed civilian men, women and children who may or may not have had anything to do with the guerrilla fighters. In some cases, the guerrilla fighter will don civilian clothing and hide among them. However, this is not always the norm. In many cases, combatants in major armies or spies have used this particular tactic. The Dirty War Not everything is noble about guerrilla warfare. In fact, some of the worst atrocities were caused by guerrilla fighters. During the Civil War, various incursions, raids and ambushes were enacted by irregular armies on both sides of the war. Bushwhackers and other guerrilla-styled fighters often operated outside the jurisdiction of their respective governments. As a result, they resorted to wholesale slaughter. The most famous (or infamous) were pro-Union Jayhawkers of Kansas and pro-Southern Quantrill’s Raiders of Missouri. These two groups often raided towns and fought enemy troops. They also committed some of the bloodiest atrocities of the war. When irregular forces can’t defeat an army in headlong battle or skirmishes, terrorism becomes the tactic of choice. Quantrill’s Raiders were responsible for an attack on Lawrence, Kansas, the headquarters for the Jayhawkers and abolitionists. The attack would come to be known as the Lawrence Massacre, in which a quarter of all the town’s buildings were set ablaze and more than 100 men and boys were killed. To note: Quantrill’s Raiders was one of the few irregular units not to give up after the Civil War. They carried on a campaign of harassing Missouri’s state government for a year after the war. Eventually, after the death of its third leader (Quantrill and “Bloody” Bill Anderson had been killed during the Civil War), members of the group splintered off to form a band of outlaws. The group was headed by Frank and Jesse James and was known as the James-Younger Gang. Terrorism has always been a part of guerrilla warfare. When irregular forces can’t defeat an army in headlong battle or skirmishes, terrorism becomes the tactic of choice. It’s often characterized by surprise attacks, use of explosives and other forms of massive destruction. Also, hijacking, kidnapping, and shooting sprees have been used. Often, the targets are the military; however, civilians are not immune. In fact, some groups have exclusively targeted civilians as a way to create mayhem and fear. In Conclusion Whether it was for noble causes, retaliations, or for religious or political reasons, guerrilla warfare has been adopted by smaller forces as a way to take on bigger ones of the opposition Is Terrorism a form of guerrilla warfare? See results © 2015 Dean Traylor 0 of 8192 characters used Post Comment • Jodah profile image John Hansen 5 years ago from Queensland Australia A very interesting and informative hub Dean. The first article I have read about the history of guerilla warfare. Voted up. This website uses cookies Show Details LoginThis is necessary to sign in to the HubPages Service. AkismetThis is used to detect comment spam. 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The igniter is the most commonly defective part for an oven not heating. The igniter has two main functions. First, the igniter draws electrical current through the oven safety valve to open it. Second, the igniter gets hot enough to glow and ignite the gas in the oven burner. If the igniter gets weak, it will fail to open the safety valve ... Accessibility Statement. Kingsford is committed to making its website accessible for all users, and will continue to take all steps necessary to ensure compliance with applicable laws. If the gas oven takes longer than normal to ignite, the oven door opens on its own during ignition, or a noise is heard when the oven ignites: Verify that the oven control knob is not stuck. Verify that the proper gas type is supplied to the unit: The serial tag and rating plate indicate which type of gas the unit uses. Ibew 474 benefits How to light your wood burning stove. The steps below will demonstrate the main functions and components of your wood burning stove to ensure optimum burning capacity. It will also explain how to lay the right materials to create the perfect fire. Please visit your local retailer for more information and advice. From the chart below, it appears that to cook something it could be more energy efficient to deep fry it, pop it in a small-sized slow cooker, or cook it in an oven, compared to hot air frying it. Deep fat fryer running for 14 minutes for two portions of chips (french fries): 0.41 KWh [3] Deep fat fryer figure from ... How to tell if magnalite is anodized If your oven continues to smoke like a fire is still going on in there, call the fire department. If you have a fire in a cooking pan, use an oven mitt to clap on the lid, then move the pan off the burner, and turn off the stove. The lack of oxygen will stop the flames in a pot. Nov 09, 2020 · Wind And Dutch Oven Cooking Temperatures. Because it adds oxygen to the cooking environment, wind causes coals to burn faster and hotter. It can also blow heat away from the oven so you need to use some sort of wind block around your Dutch oven when cooking in windy conditions. 2013 camaro radio turns on and off Using an oven mitt, place the bottle with balloon on the balance. Record the weight on the data table. Allow the bottle to cool. Write down observations of the balloon and the bottle. Weigh the bottle and the balloon. Record information on the data table. After students understand the procedure, ask them to make these predictions: Pocket screws for table apron Too much primary air makes the gas-air mixture hard to light, causing gas to build up. The tech can easily fix this. Too little gas at the burners—Like too much air, not enough gas makes it hard for the gas-air mixture to ignite. This is can be caused by low gas supply pressure. The tech will have to examine what’s causing this. Cooking brisket in the slow cooker is much like cooking brisket in oven or stovetop. You simply let the brisket simmer slowly and gently in a cooking liquid for tender, juicy slices of meat. In many slow-cooker preparations, the vegetables can cook alongside, and the cooking liquid becomes a sauce to serve with the brisket. Alertmanager yml example 50 - 120C: there's not that much you can bake at this temperature, although you could do a very slow roast or braise as long as it's above 90C or so. If it's too low, say below 70C it's not hot enough to kill off foodborne illnesses ; 120-160C: this is a good temperature for slow roasting and braising meats, and roasting vegetables. The fan oven is often referred to as a convection oven although convection is a term for the natural distribution of heat in air due to the hot air rising and forcing the cold air downwards. This is essentially what happens in a conventional oven to heat the entire oven. French Gas Oven Temperatures Jewelry robbery Coke-oven gas is toxic and explosive; its explosive concentration in air is 6–30 percent. The yield of gas is about 300 cu m per ton of dry charge. Coke-oven gas is used as a fuel and as raw material for the synthesis of ammonia. Based on your symptom and details; the glow bar igniter is weak. The igniter must pull enough current/amperage to open the oven gas valve. When it gets weak it will take the gas valve along time to open and supply gas to the bake/broil burner. Replace the glow bar igniter and your oven will operate properly again. Camphor dollar tree Proofing bread in an oven is not difficult, but it takes attention to detail. The temperature must be ideal for dough to rise, providing flavor and structure. - Fill the Wood chip box with woodchips, then light the smoker and set the gas control to mEdiUm. - do not UsE tHE WatEr BoWl. - once your Gas smoker oven fills up with smoke, leave the smoker to “season” for approximately 30 minutes. - your Hark Gas smoker is now seasoned and ready to use! Dd15 egr block off plate In this video, you'll learn gas stove repair why your gas oven will not heat or what is keeping it from igniting or heating properly. Top 5 reasons your oven... Weirton portal Buy all of your BBQ grills & accessories online. Tejas Smokers manufactures high quality barbeque grills, smoker pits and more. Buy online or contact at [email protected] The purpose being safety. When a furnace is trying to fire, it releases gas from the main valve and attempts to light electronically. Too much gas build-up is why it locks out for some time. This watchdog lockout allows for the gas to dissipate. This time delay ensures excess gas does not become a hazard and cause an explosion. Honda four wheelers for sale craigslist How to replace the bake igniter in your gas oven.🔥 CLICK HERE TO ORDER A NEW OVEN IGNITOR: 🔥Produced by Scott the fix-it guy with o... The gas is released and built up until when it finally does ignite, it causes a small explosion. This signals slow ignition that most likely comes from dirty igniters. This needs to be addressed as soon as possible because obviously, it is potentially dangerous and hard on your gas oven as well. Aegis boost leaking reddit Depending on the oven, you may be able to tell (by sight or sound, observing closely the first time so you know what to look or listen for after that) when the gas goes from "full on" to Pilot. If it does that once or twice, it thinks it's at temperature and maintaining, rather than heating. Mar 07, 2014 · After a few clicks, if the igniter isn’t working properly, you might smell natural gas as it escapes, at which point you should turn off the oven and contact an appliance repair company. Older ovens typically have heat resistance igniters that need to be replaced or repaired, which newer models have spark igniters. Stryde discount code Oven Slow to ignite and slow to come up to temp. Kenmore gas stove model 790.74333311. It's about 10 years old. - Answered by a verified Appliance Technician Ransomware creator github Dec 23, 2017 · A simple oven thermometer can help you check to be sure your oven temperature is running true. Lamb cooking temperatures: Rare (120-130 degrees F, very red); Medium-rare (130-140 degrees F, bright pink); Medium (140-145 degrees F, light pink); Medium-well (145-150 degrees F, barely any pink); Well-done (150-160 degrees F, no pink left). For the ... Watch the burner tube. On an oven with a pilot ignition system, the burner tube should ignite and the flame will quickly spread along both sides. Electronic ignition systems may take up to 30... Download koleksi lagu minang single terbaru Dec 22, 2019 · access dishes from your oven. Oven Rack Handles Oven racks are designed with space for you to easily pull out the racks, even when wearing an oven mitt. Easy to Clean with Self-Cleaning Your oven cleans itself - so you don't have to. Self clean options available in 2, 3, and 4-hour cycles. Even Baking Technology Our Even Baking Technology ... Moncks corner mugshots Trend micro download free full version Publix inventory bonus Smooth collie breeders Ubee modem login dvw32cb Syair naga mas untuk sgp hari ini
You'll Never Get Lost on the Moon Again Illustration for article titled Youll Never Get Lost on the Moon Again If the featureless wasteland of the lunar surface made your last trip there a navigation nightmare, don't feel bad. You're not the only one. With no landmarks to give them perspective or to help estimate distance, astronauts in years past had a hard time finding their way around too. But when NASA establishes a semi-permanent base on the moon a decade or so from now, they won't have that problem thanks to the Lunar Positioning System. Research conducted at the Ohio State University into navigation on other planets has already paid off with results for the Mars rovers. OSU's Ron Li, professor of civil and environmental engineering and geodetic science parlayed that success into a $1.2 million NASA grant to create a positioning system for the moon. At ground level, it will function much like Earth's GPS system, but it won't use the same methods. Instead of a network of satellites orbiting the moon, the LPS system, which is technically called the Lunar Astronaut Spatial Orientation and Information System (LASOIS), will rely on maps, motion sensors and lunar beacons. The beacons will detect an astronaut's starting point on the moon, while the sensors will track how far she moves and in what direction. That information will be displayed on a map of the moon's surface based on orbital photos. As a result, the astronaut will know exactly where she is in relation to nearby craters or moon base outposts. They plan to test it in the Mojave Desert and should have plenty of time to get LASOIS ready for NASA's targeted 2020 moon mission date. Image by: NASA. New Project To Develop GPS-like System For Moon. [Science Daily] Share This Story Get our newsletter Chip Skylark of Space What would the height of a Lunosynchronous orbit be? There's nothing in any of those orbital slots around the moon (Earth's Geosynchronous orbit by comparison is a busy place), never having the need for any global weather or comm systems, so instead of a constellation of satellites in a lower orbit like we have in GPS, I would think that we could use 3 satellites to pull off the same functionality (gee, can I speak NASA or what?!) with LPS, and at a correspondingly cheaper price. It's got to be cheaper to do that then to plant beacons around the moon. I bet a single Atlas V launch could place all three satellites in position.
Raising Confident, Happy Children As parents, how can we equip our children to succeed? How can we help to give them all that they need to grow up confident, resilient and, most importantly, happy? Anthony Gunn is a psychologist and father of two. He specialises in treating anxiety, and helping to empower people to step out of their comfort zones. Anthony’s new book, Raising Confident, Happy Children: 40 ways to help your child succeed is a practical, pocket-sized guide for parents and carers. Anthony believes that if parents can understand their own behaviour first, then they will be better placed to support but not smother their children and allay many childhood fears, no matter how trivial. KidsLife speaks here with Anthony. What age groups does your book address? Primary school age, 5-12 years. Issues affecting children under this age and teenagers often need to be handled slightly differently. This is because children under this age often won’t have the brain development to fully understand many of the book’s cognitive techniques, and teenagers often won’t want to be seen with their parents in public in order to carry out the set tasks. Your book contains 40 chapters that you’ve managed to condense into a pocket-sized guide. Was this the intentional format for today’s busy parents and caregivers? Yes, time is a limited resource for most parents and caregivers today. As a parent myself, I often found it frustrating wading through parenting books in search of an answer to a specific problem. In a nutshell, why is self-confidence so important for a child? Without self-confidence a child will be far less willing to step out of comfort zones and try new things. When a child does not have these learning experiences of being able to manage the discomfort associated with stepping out of comfort zones, they are unknowingly programming their brains with unhelpful patterns of avoidant behaviour for adulthood, such as staying in unhealthy relationships or unsatisfying jobs. Is there a difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem? Yes, self efficacy relates to a person’s perception about their ability to reach a goal, whereas self-esteem relates to a person’s sense of self-worth. For example the shy, lonely child who stays in the library at recess and lunchtime is said to have low self-esteem. However, this child may be very good at operating the family computer, and therefore have high self-efficacy with managing computer troubles. Now, if this child had the same high self-efficacy with stepping out of other comfort zones such as making new friends as they did with using computers, then their chances of being happy and confident would increase dramatically. Can a child’s development be disadvantaged if psychological limitations are pushed too hard, too soon? Most definitely. For example, many anxieties such as phobias develop in childhood. Even though phobias in children are simple to treat, and even easier to prevent, they can often be caused by an adult pushing a child too fast, such as being taught to swim by being thrown in the deep end of a pool. (Even though less common today, I’ve treated adults for water phobia after such extreme measures were used on them as children). The key is to look after your child’s confidence by encouraging them to face challenges in small manageable steps and at their pace. Chapter titles such as Make a game out of fearLet them see the dead goldfish and Let your child strugglewould suggest that as parents, some of us can instinctively over-protect. How can this impact on a child’s confidence? It’s a natural urge for parents to want to step in and support a child they think is struggling. However, there’s a fine line between supporting and rescuing. Rescuing teaches the child that they are incompetent and can’t be trusted, as well as robbing them of vital brain development that solving a problem offers. For example, if your child forgets to bring their news item to school, allow them to face the consequences of this instead of racing home and bringing it back to school for them. Children are far more resilient than parents think, especially when the child has a loving and caring home. The key is to allow your child to struggle with situations they can control, which will vary from child to child. When it comes to fears, how can parents help their children to face them? Be a role model and lead by example. Show the child how to face a fear yourself. Children are natural copycats and learn more from their parent’s actions than their words. Make a deal with your child that you both face a fear together. For example, my fear was showing off my white legs at the local pool, and my daughter’s was sleeping with the sheet on, as she was scared there’d be spiders under it. We both encouraged each other to face our fears, which not only gave my daughter support, but also didn’t make her feel alone or weak for feeling fear in the first place. Remember, when choosing any situation, if the situation offers too little fear or is too safe, it’s unlikely the child will learn anything from it. Likewise, when a situation poses too much fear, it’s unlikely the child will cope. Therefore encourage your child to face a fearful situation that they can manage. Gauge this by having them face the fear in small gradual steps and at their pace. You offer parenting advice that is practical, open and honest. How well do you think parents need to know themselves, to get the most from your book? Doing a bad job as a parent would be up there as most parents’ greatest fear. Sticking one’s head in the sand instead of looking in the mirror at one’s own imperfections, as a parent may be less painful initially. But it risks setting the child up for failure. Children constantly study their parent’s reaction to situations to know firstly, if the situation is safe, and secondly, how they themselves should manage the situation like their parent does. If a parent screams at the sight of a spider, procrastinates about doing jobs around the house, is fearful of leaving a job they’re unhappy in, finds it difficult saying no, or simply frowns at the child’s suggestion of going in a public speaking competition, then the child is soaking up all these parental teachings like a sponge. Teaching your child to be confident first comes through leading by example. Muster up the courage to look at yourself in the mirror to see what your parenting is like and where it can be improved, then watch your parenting soar. If you could list five points to encourage kids to succeed, what would they be? 1. Face fear in baby steps (go at the child’s pace). 2. Hug your child daily (a child who is loved unconditionally will be more willing to step out of comfort zones). 3. Make home a mistake-safe zone. 4. Lead by example (children naturally copy their parents). 5. Dare to look in the mirror to see what your parenting is like and where it can be improved. 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Wednesday, January 20, 2021 Hypertension is a Danger to our Body Hypertension or High Blood Pressure is the Long term and chronic medical condition affecting 80% population worldwide. The condition where the blood pressure in arteries continuously rises up.... Latest Posts How To Treat And Prevent Diabetes? Diabetes, a very common ailment these days. And what is it exactly? Just raised sugar levels? No! Then how will prevent diabetes? Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes raised sugar levels in the blood. In this, the body either produces no insulin or cannot utilize the insulin properly. The function of insulin is to move free sugar from the blood to cells for energy. When insulin doesn’t work or the body lacks insulin, the amount of sugar in blood increases. Untreated high blood sugar can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs. Do I have diabetes? image credit: How do you know for the fact that you got diabetes. There are several indications that point towards you taking the tests. Firstly, if you have any patient in the family who has diabetes, you should get a regular check-up. Secondly look for symptoms like increased hunger, increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, blurry vision, extreme fatigue, and lesions or sores that do not heal. Other than these some other symptoms (less common) can be loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction, increased frequency of urinary tract infection, etc. Having any of these you should go and get yourself tested by blood examination that involves fasting blood sugar, random blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and Hb1Ac, etc. Eating sugar causes diabetes? eating sugar can causes diabetes? image credit: No, eating sugar does not cause diabetes but yes! If you already have diabetes, it is going to worsen the situation. Directly sugar does not affect the causation of diabetes. It will only make. you gain weight Diabetic patients can’t eat sugar diabetic patients can't eat sugar image credit: No, none of this is true. Even the diabetics can eat sugar but in moderation. A little bit ain’t gonna hurt you. Save me!!! How are you gonna save yourself from the disease? Most importantly image credit: Being overweight is only going to increase the risk and cause complications whereas if you exercise a bit daily, the sugar levels in your body will be in control and risk of complications minimum. At least 150mins of moderate type of exercise is required. You can divide it by 30-35min every day for a week or for an hour for 5 days a week. Eating habits eating habits image credit: If you have the disease, restrict your sugar intake. Don’t avoid it completely but take it in moderation. Some fruits are rich in sugar, thus take a limited portion of them. Go on for apple, avocados, oranges, guavas, peach, pear, and apricots, etc. Your best choices would be eating fresh leafy veggies like spinach, cabbage, kale, etc. Choose brown rice over white rice; fat-free or low-fat milk, yogurt over whole milk, and products. Quinoa, oatmeal is a healthy choice. Avoid flavored drinks and food that contains trans fat. A few of these changes and you are good to go. When to see your doctor? when to see doctor? image credit: • Those in the age group 40 and above • Those with a family history of diabetes • The obese women who have had a baby weighing more than 4.5 kg (or 3.5 kg in constitutionally small populations) • Women who show excess weight gain during pregnancy, • Patients with premature atherosclerosis. image credit: If you get diagnosed with diabetes, go on with insulin, biguanides, sglt-2 inhibitors or DPP-4 inhibitors, etc depending upon the type of medicine. ALWAYS ALWAYS CONSULT A DOCTOR BEFORE YOU START ON THE MEDICATIONS. Pay special heed in cases of hypertension, pregnancy, or other associated diseases. Do routine blood sugar level examinations at home. Fasting blood sugar levels must be less than 110mg/dL. Sugar levels above 126mg/dL correspond to diabetes. Everything in between is pre-diabetic. Diabetes can be a fatal disease if not controlled. Ranging from blindness, nonhealing ulcers, and neuropathies, it can take away your life. Control before it is too late. Leave your vote Latest Posts Recent Posts 8 Clean Eating Tips To Stay Fit And Feel Great 8 Clean Eating Tips To Stay Fit And Feel Great First of all, how do we define clean eating? Clean eating means washing vegetables or fruits before eating, or should the food be hygienic? No. Clean... Menopause, It’s Problems And Solutions Menopause, this stage comes in every woman's life and is a natural process. The time when a woman's menstruation cycle stops is called the... Understanding Chemotherapy For Cancer Understanding Chemotherapy For Cancer Chemotherapy for cancer is a medication treatment that utilizes ground-breaking synthetics to kill quickly developing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is regularly used to... Fatty liver affects you even if you are slim. Know How! Liver is the second largest organ of the body and its main function is body detoxification and also fat metabolism. It keeps the body clear of... Sweet Cheats With Frozen Yogurt Bites Sweet Cheat With Frozen Yogurt Bites (An Easy Recipe) It’s summer, and what is summer without ice-creams, flushes, and chilled juices? You might have read this quote, “To eat is a necessity but... Stay in touch Log In Or with username: Forgot password? Forgot password? Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired. Log in Privacy Policy Add to Collection No Collections Here you'll find all collections you've created before.
Management and Organizational Studies 1023A/B Study Guide - Accounts Payable, Limited Liability, Financial Statement 54 views6 pages of 6 The purpose and use of financial statements1/15/2013 11:30:00 AM Accounting is the information system that identifies and records the economic events of an organization, and then communicates them to a wide variety of interested users. Why does accounting matter? Accounting is the language of business Global economic systems depend on reliable and accurate financial reporting Measures business activities Process data into reports (financial statements) Communicates results to decision makers Users and uses of accounting Accounting identifies and records the economic events of an organization and communicates to interested users There are two broad categories of users : Internal users External users users of financial information Internal users -- internal users of accounting information plan, organize, and run companies. -- These include finance directors, marketing managers, human resource personal, production supervisors, and company officers. -- accounting provides internal reports: for example Pricing Strategic Marketing Employee compensation Capital budgeting Resource allocation External users Investors and creditors are the main external users of accounting information -- Investors投资者- use accounting information to make decisions to buy, old, or sell their ownership interests -- Creditors 债权人- such as supplier and bankers, use accounting information to evaluate the risk of granting credit 售出信贷 or lending money 款基金. Tax authorities税务机关 Regulatory agencies 监管机构 Customers Labour unions 公会 Economic planners Communities 社区 Forms of business organization -- Owned by one person -- small amount of money(capital) is needed to start -- personally liable (responsible) for all debts of the business. -- EX: air salons, plumbers, and mechanic , as well as farms and small retail store. -- Owned by more than one person -- often formed because one person does not have enough economic resources, or because partners bring unique skills or resources. -- each partner generally has unlimited liability for all debts of the partnership. -- are typically used to organize retail and service business, including the professional practice of lawyers, doctors, architects, engineers, and accountants. -- receive shares to indicate your ownership claim, become owners of share (shareholds) by investing relatively small amounts of money. -- may be public or private. -- More attractive than investing in a proprietorship or partnership because shares are easy to sell. -- public corporationcommonly distribute 分配 their financial statements 财务报表 to shareholds, creditors 债权人, other interested parties, and the general public upon request. -- private corporation do not issued publicly traded share. Other factors -- Choose a proprietorship 所有权 or partnership, you are personally liable for all debts of the business, Pay personal income tax on their respective share of the profits, -- Shareholders enjoy limited liability since they only risk losing the amount that they have invested in the companies share. Pay income taxed as separate legal entities on any corporate profits. -- Combined number of proprietorships and partnerships in Canada is more than corporation 公司. Types of business Manufacturing businessgeneral motors, intel, boeing, nike, coca cola, sony. Merchandising businesswal-mart, toy “R” US, best buy, Service businessDisney, air Canada, Marriott hotels, Merrill lynch, rogers. Business activities Financing activities --two primary ways of raising outside funds 筹集外部资金 for corporations are 1. borrowing money or replaying loans(debt 债务)借款或重放贷款 2. selling or repurchasing shares(equity 股权).出售或回购股票 -- the persons or the companies that the company owes money 欠钱 to are its creditors. -- liabilities 负债金额.—“outsider claims” or economic obligations payable to outsiders. -- bank indebtedness 银行债务 - note payable 票据-borrowed to purchase racks 机架 and display cabinets 显示柜. --long term - can include note payable, mortgages payables, lease obligations 租赁. -- Common share the item used to describe the amount paid by investors for share of ownership in a company. -- shareholds have no legal right to expect any payments until all of its creditors are paid. --companies pay their shareholds a return on investment , called dividends 股利. Investing activities -- Obtaining the resources or assets needed to operate the business for the long term -- asset 资产 -- the economic resources of a business that are expected to produce a benefit in the future --can also be short lived -- together, are referred to as property 物业, plant 厂房, and equipment or “ property and -- cash can also be an important assert Operating activities -- the main day-to- day activities of the business -- transactionscreates revenues 收入 and expenses 费用. -- related accounts such as receivables, inventory, and payables. * revenues --revenues are increases in economic resources, normally an increase in an asset but sometimes a decrease in a liability. -- sales revenue, service revenue, and interest revenue are common to many business. * account receivable 应收账款(an asset)right to receive money in the future. * income tax receivable(future income tax asset) is due from government * expensethe cost of assets that are consumed or services that are used in the process of generating revenue. types of expense --cost of goods sold, operating expenses( such as salaries, advertising, utilities 公用事业, professional fees, rent, and other cost associated with running the business.), depreciation expense, interest expense, income taxes * inventory 库存 or merchandise inventory 商品库存 items are held for future sale to customers. -- once the gods are sold, the cost of merchandise inventory is called cost of goods sold.销售成本 * accounts payable 应付账款--the obligation pay for goods. -- bank indebtedness, interest payable, dividends payable, salaries payable, provincial sales taxes/ property taxes payable, goods and services taxes payable, income tax * net earningsrevenues are more than expense determine whether earn a profit * net lossexpenses exceed revenues. Communicating with users Financial Statements -- the business documents that companies use to report the results of their activities to various user groups. -- The system of accounting produces the following statements: 1. income statement( statement of earning) -- a statement of earnings reports revenues and expenses to show how successfully a company performed during a period of time. a. Revenues b. Expenses C. Earnings before income taxes d. income tax expenses e. net earning(loss) -- Notes: 1. issue of shares and distribution of dividends do not affect net earning. EX: issuing new shares, would not be reported in the statement of earning, it will be in balance sheet. 2. cents are not included in the dollar figures recorded in financial statements, nut it used in a company’s internal accounting records. 2. statement of retained earnings -- indicates the portion of a company’s earnings that was distributed to you and the other shareholders of a company in the form of dividends, and how much was retained in the business to allow for future growth.(amount and causes) -- retained earningsthe cumulative 累计 earnings that have been retained in the corporation.
For 17 years in a row, a Canada-led UN resolution has condemned violations against Iran’s people. This voice of the international community matters. At the end of October, the UN General Assembly’s Third Committee passed a resolution once again condemning human rights violations in Iran. This is the 17th year in a row Canada has led the resolution, and it passed by a vote of 79 to 32, with 64 countries abstaining. Canada’s leadership on the resolution can be traced back to 2003, when Iranian authorities were implicated in the torture and murder of Iranian-Canadian photojournalist Zahra Kazemi. Paul Martin’s Liberal government responded by tightening its policy of “controlled engagement” towards Iran, which limited diplomacy to human rights and consular cases and put a hold on high-level dialogue and trade relationships. The UN resolution on the situation of human rights in Iran was first passed by the General Assembly in 1985. Since the 1979 revolution, the Iranian government has directed an unceasing cascade of human rights violations against its own population. In August this year, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres issued a comprehensive report on the state of human rights in Iran over the past year. He refers to “persistent and gross human rights violations,” including excessive use of force against protesters in November 2019 and January 2020, the use of the death penalty for child offenders, arbitrary and extended imprisonment for human-rights lawyers and journalists, and persistent discrimination against women, girls and minorities. The harsh sentencing of human-rights defenders like Nasrin Sotoudeh and Narges Mohammadi exemplify a pattern of cruelty and arbitrary punishment. Iran is one of only three states that are the subject of country-specific human-rights resolutions. North Korea and Myanmar are the other two. The Iranian government is unrelenting in its assault on its own people. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has continued to arbitrarily detain its citizens. Mojdeh and Hooshmand Talebi, parents to two teens, were imprisoned in August without charges, for no other reason than their Baha’i faith. Amnesty International says Iran’s unsanitary prisons are “catastrophically unequipped for outbreaks.” Despite repeated appeals from UN experts, innocent people continue to fill Iran’s prisons, which have experienced countless coronavirus outbreaks. The United Nations General Assembly and its expert special rapporteurs, who issue deeply researched human rights reports, serve an essential function: to demand a basic level of accountability from the Government of Iran over its widespread impunity and official duplicity. Iran routinely denies its persecution of Baha’is, and claims that Iranians enjoy equal rights. Canada’s continued leadership at the United Nations should be celebrated and reinforced with greater international support. Baha’is and the problem of impunity in Iran One of the most egregious cases of government impunity in Iran is its ongoing treatment of Baha’i citizens. For over 40 years, the Iranian government has waged a campaign of destruction against its Baha’i community, the largest non-Muslim religious minority in the country. Baha’is have made notable contributions to Iranian culture and society, including opening some of the country’s earliest modern hospitals and schools for girls. The iconic Azadi Tower in Tehran was designed by Hossein Amanat, who now makes his home in Vancouver. Baha’is are non-political and non-violent as a matter of religious principle, and yet the government has a policy goal of extinguishing the community. Baha’is are excluded from the public sphere, blocked from public sector employment, harassed and attacked in their private businesses, prevented from attending higher education and even have their graveyards desecrated. The Azadi Tower in Tehran in 2016. Shutterstock/By Emanuele Mazzoni Photo. The coronavirus pandemic has done nothing to stifle the Iranian government’s animus towards its Baha’i population. To the contrary, the authorities have chosen a program of intensification. The prolific spread of online hate and disinformation attempts to inculcate an environment of hatred in the general population. Meanwhile, the courts have accelerated a number of pending court cases against Baha’is. Hundreds of Baha’is, and tens of thousands of their relatives, face the compounding effects of spontaneous and arbitrary arrest and bail expenses. Hundreds of Baha’i-owned shops have been sealed by authorities. At a time of global uncertainty, the Iranian government has not vacillated in its efforts to eradicate the Baha’i community as a viable entity. Faced with evidence of their persecution of Baha’is, the Iranian government and its agents respond with a campaign of denial and misdirection. Cases of state-sponsored persecution are minimized as minor “discrimination.” Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif had the temerity to tell an American audience in 2018 that “being a Baha’i is not a crime” in Iran. And yet, even those who stand up for the Baha’is are viciously criminalized. Nasrin Sotoudeh, a prominent human rights lawyer, has represented a number of Baha’is before the courts. She also became known for representing women human rights defenders and for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling laws. Last year, she was sentenced to a lengthy prison sentence and 148 lashes. Multilateralism that matters Canada’s leadership of the annual UN resolution on human rights in Iran is a significant undertaking that involves the mobilization of Canadian diplomats around the world to ask other countries for their support. Some ask whether such an investment is worth the effort after 17 years, when Iran shows no sign of modulating its egregious behaviour. To those who suffer at the hands of the Iranian justice system, the answer is undoubtedly “yes.” This is multilateralism that matters: it is the voice of the international community holding a member state to account against shared legal standards. When justice is so hard to come by in Iran, it is essential that impunity does not extend beyond the country’s borders. Photo: City of Tehran. Shutterstock/By Leonid Andronov.
SpaceX Founder Elon Musk Outlines Plans to Colonize Mars SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk has big ambitions to get humans to Mars, and that too as soon as 2022. However, the current estimated cost of sending someone to Mars is around US$10 billion per person, according to Musk’s estimation. That being said, he is really optimistic about it. His firm SpaceX will be at the forefront, developing new and innovative technology such as fueling the spaceship in multiple stages. “What I really want to try to achieve here is to make Mars seem possible – like it’s something we can achieve in our lifetimes,” Musk on Tuesday spoke at International Astronautical Congress in Maxico. “The alternative is to become a spacefaring civilization, and a multi-planetary species.” – Elon Musk According to his estimates, a trip to Mars could take six months or more by traveling through space at the speed of 62,000 miles per hour. When the spaceship enters into Martian atmosphere, it may need to withstand temperates of 1,700°C. If we sent 10,000 flights to Mars, we could be able to build a sustainable civilization on the red planet. There is a lot of ice on Mars, and this can help us in securing water supplies if we generate the required amount of energy from solar panels or geothermal there. It should be recalled that Elon Musk made an outrageous statement last year. He stated that by launching nuclear weapons at the red planet, this would help in releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which can warm the planet and bring back liquid water. However, this ‘solution’ has can have serious consequences such as nuclear radiation. Although his plans are exciting, it still faces huge hurdles and incredible challenges. Elon Musk & SpaceX are still a long, long way from making this a reality. • One of the most awesome CEOs. Its about time somebody at ProPk shall do an article on the Best CEOs of all time. • One possible way to get oxygen is by growing cyanobacteria, lichens, and microbes in Martian soil, these are the organisms that requires very little oxygen for growth, in return producing large amount of Oxygen, this will turn Mars into a place more like Earth and then there will have enough oxygen to sustain any kind of life. • As Mars is next to earth, temperature is fine, not harsh at all. There is also a protective layer of atmosphere around Mars, its function is to filter the harmful radiations coming out of the Sun and from the outer space. So, there is a great possibility of colonizing Mars. • Mohsin, you’re so wrong! a) Protective layer of atmosphere: Mars atmosphere is just 1% of earth’s. Besides ‘atmosphere’ doesn’t protect from radiations; magnetic field does. b) Mars doesn’t have magnetic field: So, you’re all exposed to solar radiations. c) “growing cyanobacteria, lichens, and microbes in Martian soil”: Woah! Bull’hit. Musk says nothing about life on Mars. He’s only talking about ferrying people from earth to Mars. As per him, the adventurers should themselves learn how to survive. (Building a huge sealed compound with plants for O2 etc, perhaps?). d) Temperature is fine, not harsh at all: Averaging -60C, not harsh at all?? Brr. Please don’t misinform anyone when you know nothing about the topic. • wow … thats … innovative and really full of foresight thanks for adding to my knowledge ! • Reach the moon first. Enough of your money making scams. NASA and kinds like it are fooling around for too long. • Private business, private money? Man, he’s relying on NASA contracts and other Govt funds. Not that he’s earning from Tesla Motors and spending here. P.S. I do appreciate Musk for his effectiveness and business vision. • close
Schools Recognition Week 2020 Inclusive Schools Recognition Week Posted on 12/09/2020 Inclusive Schools Recognition WeekSCRED stands alongside all Minnesota schools in its commitment to providing a welcoming and inclusive education for all Minnesota children. Inclusive Schools Recognition Week is an opportunity for school communities to work together to ensure all students feel safe and welcome in school. STATE of MINNESOTA Proclamation:. WHEREAS: Minnesota is committed to providing a welcoming and inclusive education in schools and classrooms for all Minnesota children; and WHEREAS: Minnesota educators recognize that each child is unique and learns better if lessons are tailored to their abilities, interests, and individual strengths; and WHEREAS: The educators and families of Minnesota work hard to ensure that classrooms and schools are high-performing and inclusive; and WHEREAS: Through these efforts, the educators and families of Minnesota have contributed significantly to building a stronger and more inclusive community based on students’ disability, gender, socio-economic status, cultural heritage, language preference, and other factors; and WHEREAS: Minnesota educators and families deserve to celebrate their successes and to reflect on how they can further improve; and WHEREAS: Minnesota families and educators join with schools, districts, and communities around the country celebrating Inclusive Schools Week. NOW, THEREFORE, I, TIM WALZ, Governor of Minnesota, do hereby proclaim the week of December 6- 12, 2020, as: INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS RECOGNITION WEEK
Question: What Does It Mean Within 7 Days? What does it mean within 48 hours? ＋ New List. 48 hours means a 48-hour period occurring during business days which includes any day except Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday.. What does within 3 weeks mean? “Within three weeks” should be be used to describe something that may happen at time with in the next three weeks. “Three weeks from today” should be used to describe something that will occur three weeks from now. What is 3 business days from now? What date is 3 days from today? 3 days from today (1 weekdays) would be Monday, January 4, 2021. There are 31 days in January 2021. What does within 3 days mean? “The first” refers to the actual date: the 1st of the month, we presume. “Within one day of the first” would mean the 2nd. “Within two days of the first” would mean the 3nd. “Within three days of the first” would mean the 4th. Does last 7 days include today? The word last is always about the past. However, the last 7 days on Facebook might be specific to that site. They probably mean seven days back from today, so count back 7 days but do not include today. (Today might be included because they always show you ‘today’.) What does within 5 days mean? “within five days” means the event/action will occur anytime between now (when the sentence is said/written) and the point in the future which is 120 hours after the sentence is uttered. What does within 10 days of a date mean? It’s poor grammar and it seems that it could actually be either as it could mean 10 days from (as in before) the move date or 10 days from (as in since) the move date, but common sense says it probably means “10 days AFTER the date you move” as this probably makes the most sense anyway – folks might not know their … Does within 30 days mean before or after? Within 30 days of the expiration date = You have a period of 30 days before the expiration date (inclusive). Is within before or after? Within is a single word. In the sense of your example, it means something like during, or before the end of: do not drink or eat during the hour before or the hour after you take these pills. Does within 3 days include today? But people often take today to be the first day of the count, so if on Monday someone says “within 3 days” they are thinking day 1=today, Monday; day 2=Tuesday, day 3=Wednesday. What does within a week mean? ‘Within a week’ means how long it’ll take, no more than seven days to do. ‘During the week’ means on one of the weekdays (Monday to Friday) of the current week. What does within 7 to 10 days mean? In general, when someone expects or promises something within one day, they mean the very next day, with today being Day 0 and tomorrow Day 1. Following from that, within seven days would seem to mean seven days from a specific date, with that date being Day 0.
Wilberg, Helmuth. Back to all people - Medals Wilberg, Helmuth, born 01-06-1880 in Berlin. Helmut Wilberg was a Prussian officer and a gentleman. He radiated confidence, was built like a linebacker and had clear blue eyes that gazed out from his square face. Typical of his class, he was apolitical, a consummate professional and a devoted patriot. He was also half Jewish. Wilberg was born to a Jewish mother and a gentile father renowned for his paintings of landscapes and buildings. As a child, Helmut excelled at sports but not at school. He became one of the most distinguished airmen of World War I, he joined the Füsilier-Regiment „von Gersdorff“ (Kurhessisches) Nr. 80 on 18-04-1899, age 18 and earning the Knight’s Cross with Swords of the Royal House of Hohenzollern, the Iron Crosses first and second class, and the German Flyer’s Badge. When Wilberg was a year old, his father died, making it difficult for the family to earn a living. Fortunately for them, Crown Princess Auguste Viktoria had taken painting lessons from Helmut’s father before his death and had gotten to know the family. After her teacher’s death, the princess looked after the Wilbergs, and it was through that connection that Wilberg was able to find a place in the 80th Infantry Regiment after his graduation from school in 1898. Despite his humble background and flat feet, the young soldier’s innate abilities earned him a spot at an officers’ training academy, where he continued to perform well. After being commissioned, he received a special assignment as military tutor to relatives of Kaiser Wilhelm II, a position usually given only to officers of high academic standing. Through a combination of good fortune and hard work, by 1910 Wilberg had earned a coveted spot at the General Staff Academy and entree to the highest levels of command in the German army. Taken with the possibilities of aviation, Wilberg then became one of the first pilots in Germany, carrying Imperial pilot’s license No. 26 until his death. On completing the General Staff course in 1913, he became the adjutant of the aviation branch. This important position brought him in touch with figures like Wilhelm Siegert, who built up German aviation. During World War I, Wilberg gained valuable experience in aerial strategy and became one of the most successful German air commanders of the war. He specialized in ground-attack tactics and direct support of the soldier in the trenches, also pioneering the use of radios in airplanes to coordinate their strikes with infantry units below. Those ground-support innovations would become the foundation for what came to be known as blitzkrieg. Wilberg also commanded air units that supported the First and Fourth armies, and in the last year of the war he sometimes commanded more than 70 separate squadrons. After the war, General Hans von Seeckt, the commander of the tiny Reichsheer, picked Wilberg to lead a covert air force, keeping the dream of a Luftwaffe alive despite the strictures placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Seeckt died in Berlin on 27-12-1936, age 70, and was buried at Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin. From 1923 onward, Wilberg carefully organized and monitored German civil airfields, flight schools, aircraft factories and repair shops, and gathered the resources necessary to quickly build an air force in the event of an invasion by either France or Poland. Dreaming of bigger and better things, he also became the Reichswehr’s leading air theorist, developing some of the ideas born of his experiences during World War I. Aware that experience was the best teacher, Wilberg defied observers from the Inter-Allied Military Control Commission and regularly sent German pilots on covert trips to attend the Soviet fighter school at Lipetsk. Much of that training revolved around maneuver warfare. German officers at the school were thoroughly instructed in the ground-attack operations that would become key to the Wehrmacht’s later success. Another method of preparing the Luftwaffe’s future pilots was to nurture the gliding community in Germany. Wilberg encouraged army officers to join the nominally civilian gliding clubs whenever possible. During that time, he also worked closely with later Field Marshall, Erhard Milch, another half-Jewish aviation authority who would become one of Adolf Hitler’s closest advisers on air power matters. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 and renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles did not prevent Wilberg from taking up a post in the new Luftwaffe ministry as a Generalmajor. Ever the pragmatist, when Hitler passed the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, which banned Jews from holding public office and denied many other basic civil rights, he made sure to grant Wilberg status as 100 percent “Aryan.” Wilberg was apparently unconcerned with his ancestry. His son later claimed that all his father wanted was to forget his Jewish past. In 1934, however, Wilberg had written in his diary that he had little hope for mankind and, without specifically referring to his own situation, repeatedly mentioned the Jewish problem in Germany. Luftwaffe historian James Corum writes that it was Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering who made sure that he did not lose the services of a talented officer no matter how ardent the Luftwaffe’s official commitment was to the ideology of National Socialism. With the Luftwaffe now officially out in the open, Wilberg prepared the Conduct of Air Operations manual, which, according to Corum, served as the new service’s “primary expression of battle doctrine.” The manual laid out the primary missions of the Luftwaffe: maintain air superiority, support ground troops, support the navy, disrupt enemy communication and supply, attack sources of enemy power and destroy the enemy’s governmental centers. After a stint at the head of the War College, Wilberg was picked as the Chief of Staff for the Condor Legion , a group of German “volunteers” sent to Spain to support Falangist General Francisco Franco in his bid to seize power. Given only vague instructions from his government, Wilberg and the Luftwaffe General Staff were able to create “Special Staff W” in two days and begin shipment of supplies and men to Spain. Within a week, Luftwaffe pilots were airlifting Spanish troops from Morocco to Spain to support Franco’s forces. Between the end of July and mid-October 1936, the Luftwaffe airlifted 13,000 Spanish Nationalist soldiers, along with a total of 271 tons of equipment including artillery, machine guns and ammunition. Without Wilberg, Franco’s power grab might have failed before it got off the ground. Wanting to be where events were unfolding, Wilberg made four clandestine trips to Spain from 1936 to 1938, and throughout the entire period was given almost a free hand by his masters to conduct operations as he saw fit. Untested when it went to Spain, by the time the Condor Legion departed the Luftwaffehad a pool of experienced officers. German officers spent from nine to 12 months with the legion, and following their tours of duty, were assigned to various operational units of the Luftwaffe to disseminate the lessons learned. General Erwin Jaenecke later wrote that at that time Wilberg was one of the oldest and most famous officers of World War I and was highly respected. Many years after the conflict, the Spanish government posthumously awarded Wilberg a distinguished medal for valor for his service in the Condor Legion and for its support of the Spanish army in “its war against international communism.” Despite his proven record of success— and his 100 percent Aryan status—Wilberg was dismissed from the service in March 1938. But he was recalled by Hitler just before the invasion of Poland and made the chief of Luftwaffe training. Three months before World War II started, Wilberg had breakfast with the Führer and other high-ranking Nazi dignitaries and military personalities. Although Wilberg had been critical of the Nazis, he did not display those views in a letter he wrote to a close friend after this meeting. He described how freely the Führer discussed and developed his ideas in this small group. In September 1940, Wilberg was promoted to General der Flieger (General of the aviators). Without Wilberg, the Wehrmacht might not have been as successful as it was from 1939 to 1941, invading Poland, France and Russia. Many in the air force considered him the “natural commander of the Luftwaffe.” Generaloberst Erwin Jaenecke noted: “Wilberg, owing to his abilities and career, was the obvious choice to command the Luftwaffe, a position given…to Hermann Goering because of party politics. He was tall, good-looking, gifted and an officer who was a pleasure to work for, but, unfortunately, he was a 50 percent Jew.” Jaenecke said that no one would see that Wilberg was “Jewish” in any way, stressing his German “looks” and “behavior.” The exemption he received from Hitler also allowed Wilberg’s two children to officially describe themselves as Aryans. But according to Jaenecke, Hitler refused to allow Wilberg in his presence to seek advice on military matters even after the Luftwaffe chief had been Aryanized. As a result, Jaenecke, the chief of Wilberg’s staff, often had to attend meetings with Hitler in place of his boss. Throughout the Nazis’ early years, Wilberg performed his professional duties with ability and skill as he had always done, seemingly untroubled by pangs of guilt or conscience. Any moral dilemma he may have felt as other Jews began to experience the awful truth of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich were resolved on 20-11-1941, when Wilberg’s plane ran into bad weather and crashed outside Dresden—killing him. d General der Panzertruppe, Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma commanded the ground element. The Condor Legion claimed to have destroyed 320 Spanish Republican planes using aircraft (either shot down or bombed on the ground), and shot down another 52 using anti-aircraft guns. They also claimed to have destroyed 60 ships, including Spanish Republican Navy vessels. They lost 72 aircraft due to hostile action, and another 160 to accidents. A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the Civil War, mostly as pilots, ground crew, artillery men, tank crew, and as military advisers and instructors. About 10,000 Germans was the maximum strength at any one time. Approximately 300 Germans were killed. During the course of the war, Germany sent 732 combat aircraft and 110 trainer aircraft to Spain. German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($215,000,000) in 1939 prices (equivalent to 3 billion 2018 £).This was broken down in expenditure to: 15.5 percent used for salaries and expenses, 21.9 percent used for direct delivery of supplies to Spain, and 62.6 percent expended on the Condor Legion. No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found. Franco had also agreed to sign over the output of six mines to help pay for German aid In March 1938 Wilberg, here with General Bruno Loerzer, got the promotion to General of the Flieger character and with the beginning of the Poland invasion he was assigned as the Higher Flyer Training Command 4. Death and burial ground of Wilberg, Helmuth. On his way to the funeral of Generaloberst der Flieger, suicide, Ernst Udet on 20-11-1941, Wilberg age 61, crashed near Dresden and died. On 22-11-1941 famous air ace General der Flieger, Kommodore Jagd Geschwader 51 Werner Mölders also crashed on his way to this funeral ?? and didn’t survive. Wilberg is buried on the Parkfriedhof Berlin, suburb Lichterfelde. On the same cemetery is buried, old General and Chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher Schleicher, Kurt von and the Prosecutor of the Nurnberg Process, Robert Kempner. Share on :
Microbiology BSC209 Study Microbiology Learn about the living world beyond what can be seen with the human eye. From bacteria and viruses to fungi and protazoa, there are more living organisms around us than what most people might imagine. These tiny living organisms affect us in so many ways though. They are responsible for disease, they aid our digestion of food, they eliminate bad chemicals from the environment and much more. The study of microbiology is at the forefront of many of the technological developments in our modern world. Understanding microbiology better can give you an edge in any of the applied life sciences, from farming and horticulture to medicine and environmental management. Course Content Nine lessons: 1. Scope and Nature of Microbiology 2. Microscopes 3. Cultures 4. Microbial Taxonomy 5. Bacteria 6. Viruses 7. Other Microbes - Protists, Fungi, Helminths 8. Immunology 9. Applied Microbiology Introducing Bacteria Bacteria are one of the smallest living things, being just single-celled organisms (though they are slightly larger than viruses). They enter plants through wounds or natural openings such as stomata (tiny epidermal pores on the surface of leaves or stem) or water pores (hydathodes). Most cannot break directly through the cell walls of the 'surface' of a plant though some, e.g. potato scab, can enter through thin tuber walls. Some penetrate through root hairs e.g. root nodule bacteria of legumes. Others enter through specialised cells that produce nectar during flowering, e.g. apple, pear, and quince blight. Bacterial invasion can cause rots, blights, spots, galls, scabs and other symptoms (note: fungi can also cause many of these). Although bacteria often join together to form a mass of cells, each one is independent of the others. They multiply by cell division and this can occur at a rapid rate with cell division occurring several times in an hour under favourable conditions. Due to their relatively large surface area and the large number of cells produced they are able to attack plant tissue rapidly if the conditions are right. Bacteria which feed on dead plant (or animal) tissue are known as 'saprophytes'. Disease causing bacteria are known as ‘parasites’. Many bacteria can live as both parasites and saprophytes. They will often survive on dead plant material until a new plant or crop becomes available, e.g. they can over-winter on dead tissue. Some species of pathogenic bacteria have external hair-like appendages known as 'flagella' which can be vibrated to enable them to move small distances in water and plant juices. Those without flagella can still be relocated through the splashing of water or wind-blown droplets, for instance. They can also be spread by movement of soil from one location to another. Once bacteria have entered the plant tissue they may move about in the plant juices within or between cells, or they can be transported within the sap stream. Usually bacteria are found between the cells at the onset of disease but as the cell walls become damaged they are able to penetrate the cells. The symptoms produced by a plant in response to bacterial invasion are often indicative of the disease e.g. galls, wilts, spots etc. These symptoms and their effects are similar to those of fungal infections. Galls normally only affect one part of the plant, wilts affect the whole plant, and rots may affect one part or the whole plant. Bacterial infections are very difficult to treat because very few chemicals or fungicides can control them. Who can Benefit from this Course • Students of biology, health or veterinary sciences, agriculture or environmental science • Technologists or Scientists • Laboratory Assistants and Technicians • Health Support Professionals • Veterinary Assistants • Anyone working in food handling or processing • Environmental Assessors • Environmental Managers • Horticulture Professionals • Farmers • Agriculture Professionals • Soil Scientists • Soil Managers • Pest Controllers • School teachers, college lecturers • and many others. Enrol Now! Fee Information (S3) Prices in Australian Dollars PlanAust. PriceOverseas Price A 1 x $748.00 1 x $680.00 B 2 x $407.00 2 x $370.00 Note: Australian prices include GST. More information about Fees & Payment Plans. Enrol Now 5% discount! Select a payment plan: Courses can be started anytime from anywhere in the world! All orders processed in Australian dollars.
The "John Bull" Steam Locomotive (2-4-0) The John Bull was an early steam locomotive that was originally constructed in England and then shipped over to the United States. As a British-built design it featured the latest technologies available during the early 1830s and remarkably, even at that early date of the railroad industry it closely resembled what all future steam locomotives would look like. The Bull operated, more or less, regularly during its time on the Camden & Amboy (which later became a part of the Pennsylvania Railroad), remaining in service for more than 30 years. From a historical standpoint the PRR recognized the significance of the locomotive and saved it for posterity's sake. Eventually, the locomotive was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution and due to its prominence was still in relatively good condition by that time. Today, it is on display to the public and amazingly is still in operational/serviceable condition although it has not been under steam for more than 30 years. The Camden & Amboy Railroad was one of the earliest systems chartered in the United States. It was created on February 4, 1830 as the Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transportation Company by Robert Stevens with the purpose of connecting the Delaware River, upon which the city of Philadelphia sat with the Raritan River, which ran into New York City to the east. In those years canals and waterways were still important transportation arteries so the plan made logical sense. Two months later the railroad began surveys although it was not until that December that construction actually began, at Bordentown, New Jersey (located near Trenton it is actually about 30 miles north from Philly) along the Delaware River and proceeded northeasterly. The route was opened to the public on October 1, 1832 where it had reached Hightstown, about 13 miles away. However, a year prior the C&A had already received the John Bull, which had arrived at Bordentown on September 4, 1831 having been shipped across the Atlantic Ocean aboard the Allegheny. The "John Bull" on display, circa 1893. Library of Congress collection. The locomotive was built in Newcastle, England where the top manufacturers of the day were located, Robert Stephenson & Company. It had been ordered by Stevens himself who took a trip to Britain to order a locomotive for his railroad. Interestingly, the Bull's original design by the builders was not the classic appearance remembered today. It initially carried an 0-4-0 wheel arrangement similar to the Stourbridge Lion with a horizontal boiler, vertical smokestack on one end and a trailing carriage (early tender). However, it lacked the later front cow-catcher, pilot wheels, and covered rear tender carriage. The Stephenson company based the locomotive on their Samson model, which apparently was quite popular with the four equal-sized driving wheels powered by two steam cylinders. Another view of the "John Bull" on display, circa 1893. Library of Congress collection. When operations first began the C&A used traditional horsepower as Stevens stored his John Bull (named after an English figure similar to America's Uncle Sam) away until the railroad was completed. The work to rebuild the locomotive was handed over to chief mechanic Isaac Dripps who, unfortunately, had to do so without the aid of any drawings or instructions. Luckily, his work on steamboats at least gave him an idea of how steam boilers functioned and were assembled. Amazingly, it took just 11 days to reconstruct the locomotive and it was ready for a test trials by September 15th. On November 12, 1831 the Bull performed a short run with New Jersey politicians and dignitaries riding along. With the railroad still not completed, however, it was the last time the little 0-4-0 would run for two years. As the C&A neared completion in the spring of 1833 Stevens put the Bull to use helping to finish the route along with a handful of other steamers he owned by that time. It should be noted that when first put into service the John Bull was named Stevens and given the roster number of 1. However, crews began referring to it as the old John Bull, which later became its official name. After a short time in service crews realized that the locomotive was too heavy for the trackage used on the C&A, its 10-ton frame simply could not be supported, which caused numerous derailments. To correct this problem the steamer was given a front, pilot axle to help guide it into curves, which kept it from derailing so often. Curiously, workers decided to add affix a cow-catcher to this lead axle as nothing more than an afterthough, a feature that later became quite useful in larger models like the 4-4-0 American to move cows off of the tracks without derailing the train. A view of the John Bull today at the Smithsonian's Museum of American History. Author's photo. To add the pilot axle, however, required the removal of the coupling rod between the two main axles. Because of this the John Bull's only powered wheel-set was the rear axle, closest to the control stand although it was still listed as a 2-4-0. Further updates continued for the locomotive as crews realized the need for a makeshift cab over the control stand would, at the very least, keep the engineer out of the rain and wind. However, this cab was not, at first, built onto the rear of the locomotive; the trailing tender was enclosed and a short roof was extended over the engineer's area. Finally, two more additions added included a small headlight and bell. During the Bull's final years in service this was changed to the locomotive having its own, enclosed cab and a double-trucked tender. A view of the "John Bull" on display, circa 1880. After 35 years of faithful service the Bull was retired in 1866. On February 1, 1867 the C&A was leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad, which understood the significance of the locomotive and had it restored for publicity purposes where it appeared for the 1876 United States Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Two years later the PRR showcased the steamer at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago, Illinois where the railroad found a buyer, the Smithsonian Institution, which would acquire it 1885. The Bull continued to tour the country appearing at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago during 1893 and attended the Baltimore & Ohio's Fair of the Iron Horse in Baltimore, Maryland in 1927. In 1981 it was restored to operating condition and operated by the Smithsonian, serving as the world's oldest operable steam locomotive. Today, it is still on display although a replica may also be seen at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania. 1. Home 2. › 3. Steam Locomotives 4. › 5. John Bull Header Photo: Drew Jacksich Researching Rights-Of-Way Studying Diesels Electro-Motive Database
Home >Bestiary >(Bestiary) By Type >Undead > This human-sized creature looks like a cross between a large bat and a giant mosquito. Its wings are leathery and gray and its skin is drawn tight across its bones. The creature has eight pincer-like legs and a long needle-like snout. Its eyes glow pale blue. Ghoul-Stirge CR 3 XP 800 CE Medium undead Init +3; Senses darkvision 60 ft., scent; Perception +11 hp 22 (4d8+4) Fort +2; Ref +4; Will +6 Immune undead traits Speed 20 ft., fly 50 ft. (average) Melee bite +6 (1d6 plus paralysis) Special Attacks blood drain (1d4 Constitution), paralysis (1d4+1 rounds, DC 13) Str 10, Dex 17, Con —, Int 6, Wis 14, Cha 12 Base Atk +3; CMB +3; CMD 16 (28 vs. trip) Feats Skill Focus (Perception), Weapon Finesse Skills Fly +7, Perception +11, Stealth +10 Languages Common (cannot speak) Environment any Organization solitary, gang (2–4), or flock (5–8) Treasure none A ghoul-stirge resembles a large stirge with rotting flesh and broken wings. The origin of the ghoul-stirge has been lost, but it is believed to be the result of a failed magical experiment conducted in ages past by a group of evil and (thought to be) insane necromancers. Though they can generally be encountered anywhere, ghoul-stirges seem to favor desolate places such as ruins and caverns or dungeons deep underground. Being undead they do not have to eat, but seem to draw sustenance from the blood of enemies (much like a vampire). A ghoul-stirge is about 5 feet long with a wingspan almost twice its length. Ghoul-stirges seem to understand Common, but apparently cannot (or choose not to) speak it. A ghoul-stirge attacks by swooping down on its opponent and attempting to paralyze it with its bite attack. Opponents that resist its paralysis are attacked again, while paralyzed opponents are drained of their blood at the first opportunity. (A ghoul-stirge won’t ignore other foes to drain the blood from a paralyzed enemy.) Section 15: Copyright Notice Ghoul-Stirge from the Tome of Horrors Complete, Copyright 2011, Necromancer Games, Inc., published and distributed by Frog God Games; Author Scott Greene and Clark Peterson, based on original material by Lenard Lakofka.
Utilizing an essay writing service is like discovering a book in the library which contains the best solution to your essay subject. Other social science disciplines such as education, nursing, economics, and sociology also use APA format. Having an outline in place, helps avoid logical fallacies, tangents and underdeveloped paragraphs. Then listen to the advice your instructor will give you. Argument against: today there are different definitions of what is intelligence, which means that the concept itself is not uniform. Have a look at the below given APA research paper outline template. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. If yes, you are not alone. You can formulate it precisely in the end of the introduction. Long sentences perform the function of a normal sentence. Updated March 30, 2020. Statement of the Problem 2. Short sentences only indicate and point to a given idea. Now you have finished the process of collecting information. You can find anywhere on the Internet, and it is one of the most popular formats among the writers on websites like PapersOwl who can make a research paper for sale. Your instructor may require you to specify your thesis statement in your outline. 2. Research Paper Outline APA (PDF) Similarly, it is of great help to follow an example. You did a great job. Here's How, Writing an Essay in APA Format Doesn't Need to Be Intimidating, Writing the Results Section of Your APA Format Psychology Paper, Writing the Introduction as an Overview for Your Psychology Paper, 10 Steps for Writing a Successful Psychology Critique Paper, How to Write the Method Section of an APA Format Psychology Paper, Guide to Writing a Lab Report in Psychology, Write a Title Page in APA Format for Psychology Papers, The Right Way to List Book References in APA Format, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, APA Style: Paragraph Alignment and Indentation, Create a working outline to organize your paper, Create a working outline to help organize your writing, Follow the structure that your instructor specifies, Support your arguments with research and examples, Organize your ideas logically and in order of strength, Present and debate possible counterarguments, and provide evidence that counters opposing arguments, Be sure to follow the structure that your instructor has specified. research paper outline apa \| bio letter format. Some instructors require outlines to use decimal format. Body 1. ISBN 978-1-4338-3217-8. Other social science disciplines such as education, nursing, economics, and sociology also use APA format. II. And if you need a reminder of what each one of them stands for, explore our complete essay format guide. Also, be sure to review and edit your paper. An outline is a tool used to organize your written ideas about a topic into a logical order. The APA format research paper outline is no different from any other outline. University admission is often based upon IQ measurement. An outline is such a paper where the main structure of your essay, book, dissertation, etc. Apa outline format for a research paper for i do my homework in bed. American Psychological Association (APA). Research Notes live inside of your PERRLA Papers in the Outline/Organize tab. Update your final outline to reflect your completed draft. one of the main planning methods when it comes to writing academic papers Before you start writing, check that your word processor does not automatically insert unwanted text or notations (such as letters, numbers, or bullet points) as you type. Ⓒ 2020 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved. You should always get rid of the information which is not important. While the official APA publication manual does not provide specific guidance for outline preparation, it does specify general rules to keep in mind as you are writing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. However, once started writing your essay, you cannot change its structure. Thus, APA research paper format will have a different set of components than MLA. Thus, if your text is eight pages long, the intro and the conclusion should not exceed two pages, and the main part should be about six pages long. Updated 2020. This article will serve as a guide for those students who are thinking about writing an outline in APA format. Before writing an research paper outline: Select an appropriate topic. Your outline will include three key sections: an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. These outlines should consist of headings and subheadings set in such a way that the arrangement of the whole paper … It provides the basic template and layout style for writing a research paper or an outline in APA format. American Psychological Association (APA). Research Paper Example - APA and MLA Format. Research Notes & Outline for APA 7 Papers (Online) PERRLA’s Research Notes make it easy to do your research and create citations once and then don’t worry about them again. Always organize the information of APA Outline Examples correctly. As you review their paper, read the side notes and examine the following: ●The use and documentation of their numerous sources. Here's what the third step would look like formatted with APA style: B. Then, instead of sitting at the time my corn becomes ripe. For example, you could choose to format your headings and subheadings as full sentences or use shorter headings that summarize the content. Shortcomings: Binet tests did not take into consideration some cultural and social differences influencing the level of IQ. Introduction 1. Remember that the title and topic are different things. It details every topic and subtopic in the paper. So, why is it a fantastic idea to choose us? Basic Outline Format This is the most widespread type of outline that you may use in the APA format as well as in other formats. in the text. The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline. Thus, you can further go through the outline examples in APA and MLA format by reviewing the research paper examples. Understanding the basics of APA format makes writing papers that require it much easier. The main purpose of APA research paper outline is to demonstrate one’s understanding of the given research topic. Problems and difficulties with IQ testing. The following example of such development. 2. Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice, Basic Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press. You can also use different approaches to organizing the lettering and numbering in your outline's subheadings. ). Traditionally, Times New Roman in 12-point font is used, but other legible serif and sans serif fonts like Arial or Georgia in 11-point fonts are also acceptable. Your paper's text should be double-spaced. Read our, How to Reference Journal Articles in APA Format, APA Format Examples, Tips, and Guidelines, 6 APA Citation Tools for Creating References, Basic Rules for APA Format That You Should Follow, How to Write a Table of Contents in APA Format, 4 Steps for Creating an APA Bibliography for Your Psychology Papers, Helpful Tips to Get You Started on Writing an APA-Style Paper, Need to Write an Abstract In APA Format? How can we say to them from 5 onwards. As you write, there are a few important points to keep in mind: Here's what the second step would look like formatted with APA style: A. APA basically provides the basic layout style and outline to correctly write your paper in the APA format. Respondents 3. It helps in organizing the points so that the arguments gets build towards a conclusion. Hamilton, m. 1996. This depends on your instructors requirements, and also on your own ambition. 2020. Standard Research Paper Outline Format . 2. A research paper outline is a roadmap for your future research. I had several assignments to be turned in during one week and I just wouldn't be able to manage it myself. While APA format does not provide specific rules for writing outlines, you can still create a strong roadmap for your paper using general APA style guidance, your instructor's requirements, and your own personal organizational preferences. Updated 2020. This plan is not identical with the outline; the latter has to be written after the research is done. Outlines are useful because they help you organize your essay and formulate a clear and strong thesis (if this is needed). Hence, make sure your APA paper outline is perfect and you are ready to start writing! Additionally, one of the essential purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the connection between the thesis and each of the topic sentences. Luckily, there are strategies you can use to make writing a psychology paper using APA format easier—one of which is creating an outline. This structure uses Arabic decimals instead of Roman numerals or letters. For example, the main headings in an outline using decimal format would be 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, while the subheadings would be 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3, and so on. You should always stay in touch with your instructor. Research paper outline apa. The current guide will help you with writing an outline formatted according to the requirements of APA published in the 6th edition of the APA manual (2009). Argument for: human beings are intelligent in one field and not intelligent in another. Definition of Terms 3. Every participant of our network is very carefully screened to guarantee they are among top-level specialists in their topic. Once the APA paper outline is finished, show it to them. A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process, providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized. Different methods seem to be successful, so there is no only one. Methodology 1. Gather materials, collect information, quotations, comments, statistical data (if needed), and so forth. A research paper is an academic assignment which is assessed just like the final academic paper. The american psychological association came up with guidelines in 1929 to assist in maintaining consistency in scientific writing. You need to distribute the information in a logical and scientifically accepted manner. Advantages: Binets work effectively found students with mental disabilities. It is a way for you to demonstrate the main argument (thesis), main points (topic sentences), and main pieces of evidence you are going to present in a paper before actually writing the paper. APA recommends using alphanumeric outlines, which means that each heading must begin with a roman number (I, II), and the sub-headings with a capital letter (A, B). Outline for research paper is a strategy for your future work or research. The preparation for IQ tests can influence the results. Remember: an outline can be changed or modified very easily - you can add new ideas, or to remove other ones. In addition to following the basic rules for APA format writing, there are also specific guidelines for using headings and subheadings you will want to follow as you create your outline., If you need additional subheadings within the initial capitalized letter subheadings, start with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), then lower case letters (a, b, c), then Arabic numerals inside parentheses [(1), (2), (3)]. Here you can write a few titles of articles or books which you are required to ready. Composing a research paper outline apa is different from the other writing formats like Chicago, MLA, ETC. Next, write the main body of your paper based on your working outline. During the final step you will update your final outline to reflect your completed draft. Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. There is no specific APA format for creating an outline, which means the final form that your outline takes will depend on what your instructor requires as well as your personal preferences. APA Style: Paragraph Alignment and Indentation. Multiple intelligence - the conception that there are different kinds of intelligence which must be measured separately. American Psychological Association (APA). After you have chosen your topic, you need to formulate it in the title. How to prepare paper a for format apa outline research for the academic world. About APA Style. Thesis Topic: A Study on Factors Affecting the Infant Feeding Practices of Mothers in Las Pinas City 1. 1. Intelligence: A new look. Argument against: researchers prove that one type of intelligence is always in dominating position. Shortcomings: some cultural and language obstacles were not eliminated. APA Sample Paper. Be sure to review your assignment instructions to find out where your thesis should be placed. Sections into which sub-headings are divided should be marked in Arabic numbers (1, 2). An outline can be very precise (to contain a lot of information), but it can be also general containing few ideas only. The introduction should include: - a narrow research area, do you paraphrase. It is advisable to use the classical method for distribution: the main part and the conclusion together form about one-fourth of the text; the main part forms the other three-fourths. Formatting dictates how papers are styled, which includes organizational structure, page layout, and how information is presented. Whether you are creating your outline according to your instructor's guidelines or following your own organizational preferences, the most important thing is that you are consistent. Because of its seeming potential, it will affect, effect her. Before starting to write your APA paper outline, you must formulate a topic - probably your instructor will offer you a list of problems and you will pick up one of them. A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to: The author of the first IQ tests was Alfred Binet in France. A strong paper starts with a solid outline. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Moreover, cohesively organizing your thoughts further helps you to … Now you can start writing all ideas coming to your mind. Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Argument for: human beings have always had one and the same concept of intelligence. American Psychological Association (APA). The latter usually contain formulated theses or arguments. Your document can have a complex structure, especially if the main body is going to be big. Write an introduction that summarizes your topic, gives some background information, and presents your main thesis, B. Writing Center: Outlines. Type of Research 2. Intelligence: A very short introduction. Revised on October 20, 2020. Of course, other formats are also used by researchers, students, and teachers such as MLA, Harvard, etc. Introduction: IQ testing is an important part of our modern education. The APA covers the initial title page to bibliography citation page. (2001). Eysenck, H. (1998). In your conclusion, briefly summarize the main points of your paper and present possible avenues or topics for future research that might be needed. Learning the basics of APA format is necessary to write effective psychology papers and reports. The following is the standard research paper outline format. V. Conclusion: The problem with developing a uniform definition of intelligence leads to many possible methods of testing. This APA format paper outline uses long sentences. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). 2. B. American context- tests for Army recruits. Before you start thinking about different methods of organization, review what your instructor has provided for guidance. Paul Milas. Apa format outline for research paper for chart documentary hypothesis. An APA Research Outline should also involve a sorting session of the relevant information. What is a Research Paper Outline? Formatting: your list of references should look like the one included in the APA sample outline below. Write the main body of your paper based on your working outline. An outline is such a paper where the main structure of your essay, book, dissertation, etc. An APA outline template is a document that details research completed by it’s author in a format that uses roman numerals followed by letters and then numbers when breaking down a topic. 1. Significance of the Study 2. Since it has been elaborated by the American Psychological Association, it is evident that you should use this style only when writing a paper in the field of Psychology, Counseling studies or Educational sciences (or other fields which are correlated). 1. Download the free Acrobat Reader Scope and Limitations 8. Thank you for helping me out. is formulated. An APA Research Paper Model Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg wrote the following research paper for a psychology class. APA style is one amongst the most popular academic styles used in Social sciences. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Do you spend time staring at the screen and thinking about how to approach a monstrous research paper? APA outline format for research paper indicates the direction the paper will take. At this stage, be sure to carefully review and edit your paper. Research Outline Template in APA Format When you are writing a research paper, you need to configure to a specified format. A basic APA research paper outline template contains three major parts: An introduction where you introduce the project to the readers and by providing a gist of what is in the paper. I am Paul Milas, a 35 years old guy from USA. As other academic styles, APA offers well-elaborated rules for writing and formatting a given paper. American Psychological Association or APA has published specific requirements and guidelines for writing assignments and papers in social sciences. New Brunswick (NJ): Transaction Publishers. Questionnaire 5. Updated 2020. However, psychology is not the only field of study that relies on APA format. Updated 2020. However, most of the time students are not aware of the intricacies involved in writing a research paper or an outline in APA format. This depends on your instructor’s requirements, and also on your own ambition. APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association (APA). Putting the thesis in the end, or even in the middle of the paper is a serious flaw. Mississippi College. Each page should have 1-inch margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right), and you need to include a page number in the upper right corner of each page.. The body that focuses on explaining the problem and expounding on the challenges or the cons of the subject. Formatting your paper in APA style can also be challenging, especially if you have never used the format before. In this sense, your APA paper outline should comprise only a small part of the literature you are going to read. The main point is there are certain guidelines to be followed for writing the outline according to the APA format. Unless your instructor specifically requires outlines, you usually will not need to turn yours in with your final paper, but that doesn't mean you should skip the step. Tweets by @SolidEssay The sections into which sub-headings are divided should be marked in Arabic numbers (1, 2). 2. APA Style: Headings. APA is one type of format. After you have reviewed your instructor's requirements, you can consider your own preferences for organizing your outline. For example, it may be presented at the top of your outline or included as a subheading. The template is constructed of three (3) main parts; Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. Your outline should begin on a new page. 2. Deary, I. B. APA recommends using alphanumeric outlines, meaning that each heading must begin with a roman number (I, II), and the sub-headings with a capital letter (A, B). However, before proceeding to an outline you will have to take some pre-writing steps. There is no thesis in the paper because it only presents the topic without analyzing it deeply. A research paper outline is a helpful point-by-point plan, which makes your research paper writing easier. Obviously, you cannot, for example, write an introduction two times longer than the main part of your essay; or put your thesis and arguments in the introduction. context of the essay (what is exactly the problem and how you will contribute to its solution? Research papers are no less than a curse for high school and college students. I. Research Paper Outline Format Template. Details in an outline are deductively written which means that it starts by mentioning the major topics, followed by subtopics and supporting details. In order your APA paper to seem logical and consistent, you need to start from the thesis. Read the instructions to your paper carefully and pay attention to what format you choose. In part, it is worth reiterating here that an inference that s it. Think about the following: Advice: if you are doing experimental research and you dont know what the results will be like, you can make a plan of the research. However, psychology is not the only field of study that relies on APA format. APA Style: Font. A. Singular intelligence - the idea that human intelligence is uniform and it can be measured with one system of tests. Theoretical Framework 4. is formulated. !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? Apart from guidelines for citations, references and initial pages, there are of course some guidelines for the outlines of papers … Full sentence outline format. Start by developing a strong thesis for your paper that is based on the topic you've chosen, then begin to research the topic. Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Later in our guide, we will introduce you to the differences between the formats. A. I. 'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+"://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); Psst... 98% of SolidEssay users report better grades! Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. The American Psychological Association came up with guidelines in 1929 to assist in maintaining consistency in scientific writing. What Is a Research Paper Outline Outlines are tools that are used by authors to chronologically arrange their written ideas about a central topic or thesis. Brainstorm a little bit and write whatever you want. Your APA paper will have a separate list of references attached to it which will include all used academic papers. Types of Outlines and Samples. Advantages: IQ tests were elaborated further in comparison with their French counterparts. Developing an outline can help you organize your writing and ensures that you effectively communicate your paper's main points and arguments. You may also see free outline. What is a Research Note? Then you can go on with three arguments in its support. Amanda Tust is a fact checker, researcher and writer with a Master of Science in Journalism from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. There are two main types of sentences used in outlines: short and long.
See examples of Would in English. Ejemplos del uso de would have en la oración. Hear an audio pronunciation. "Would have" is used together with a main verb. or looking back from the present: Look at the time. In this lesson, you will learn how to use could have. I would have moved out but I … 2. Examples: "used to" or "would" I used to get up at 6am to go to school. This way, we have: poderia, conseguiria.. Ex: They could date if they … We also use this with the 3rd conditional. It specifies or makes more clear. For example- police officer asked to person what you have done with that person , man said i would push that person to give a path ,i forget the scene but would is used in that sentence so why and how we can get to know where we should use would or have… Here are some examples: She could have gone to any college she wanted to. : We would have an army of untrained teenagers with not much in the way of skills. The first example I gave was this: imagine that my wife is running a big race tomorrow morning. See all the modal verbs exercises here. Please contact me if you have any questions or me if you have … Hi please review the sentences and comment on them it. Example sentences: " I would go with you, but I don't have a car. " I could have picked up some milk if you had told me that you needed some. I would have gone to the wedding, but my son got sick. Vertebrate, any animal of the subphylum Vertebrata. If Clause Type III. Learn more. Could have, should have, would have These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past. Would that definition: If you say ' would that ' something were the case, you are saying that you wish it were... \| Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Could have + past participle:It is used to talk about possibility in the past. For example, he'd can be he had or he would. You’re talking about a possibility: They could have mixed up the date. But in the morning, she comes downstairs and looks exhausted. You had all the materials.You could have studied more but you didn't. Would definition is - —used in auxiliary function to express plan or intention. Could have can mean that you aren’t sure about something in the past. I you we they: don't have to: work do clean eat work go be: I don't have to work on Saturday. However, we will use a nested if...else statement to solve this problem. Should have + past participle: It is used to give advice about the past. Just from my feeling it sounds right to me but on the other hand "would had have" sound good to me too I think I can use it properly (not sure) but I don't understand how this phrase is "built". not I would live in France. Welcome! Would have expresses a hypothetical situation. We often use could have with an element of criticism. HAVE as the main verb: - I have a car. Phrases. Pronunciation. would for past actions. Click the link for the full lesson. He will have had his exam by tomorrow at this time. Dad will have finished work by now. I understand that. He will have got home by then. How to Use Should Have, Could Have & Would Have (Lots of Fun Examp...,, How to Use Should Have, Could Have & Would Have (Lots of Fun Examples!). "Conditional Perfect" I would have stopped smoking, but it was too difficult. I would have come if you had told me earlier. Did you learn anything new in this lesson? Welcome to Perfect English Grammar!. The children broke the window pane while playing and had to face the music when their parents returned home. (but you did help her and she did finish.) Everyone should be assemble in the conference room at 9:00 AM tomorrow next day. The i would have said list of example sentences with i would have said. I would have gone to the party, but I was tired. I'm Seonaid and I hope you like the website. Tip! You shouldn’t have watched TV so late. Here are some examples (the main verb is bold): - If I had received the money, I would have given it to you. Examples: If we had more employees, we would work more efficiently. Let us know in the comments! I would have called, but my phone wasn't working. In this lesson, you can learn how to use would have, should have and could have. "One that would have the fruit must climb the tree" Thomas Fuller "As good luck would have it" English idiom "As ill-luck would have it" Miguel de Cervantes "I would have made a good Pope" Richard M. Nixon "I would have to agree" "In court it would have been his word against mine" I Should have chosen SN College. See examples of Would have in English. 4. For example, my friends threw a huge party but only invited me after it started. She should have … " My parents would help us move if they lived closer. " The would have played list of example sentences with would have played. Would. Should have - Could have - Would have . I tell them: you could have invited me earlier! Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past. Need more practice? Should have is mainly used to give advice for past events. This says that Newcastle University accepted me as a student, but I didn’t go. In this latest lesson, you’re going to learn how to use should have, could have and would have through some real life examples. example: "He would have had to run to catch the bus." "If I were you, I would have continued working until it was done." Share the video with your friends, and then read the article below… Could Have Could have is used to talk about something that was or wasn’t … Alright, it’s time for some advanced English grammar! Would definition, a simple past tense and past participle of will1. e.g. HAVE as the helping verb: - I have … In connected speech, will is usually contracted to ‘ll, pronounced /əl/ or /ʊ/ or even /ɔː/ I’ll /aɪjəl/ – this in turn is sometimes reduced to /ɑːl/ You’ll /juːəl/ – … She wouldn't have been able to finish, if you hadn't helped her. Wish vs Hope: Lots of Fun Examples that Show You How to Use These 2 Verbs �... A Conversation about Travel: Learn Real English ,,, John:I ate too much and now I'm sick. Look at these examples: He'd like to go. 8: With set phrases to talk about what we want We use 'would' with some set phrases. Examples: I have had a pet cat for ten years. Get more Perfect English Grammar with our courses. We do not use shouldn't where there isn't any obligation at all. I would h… Andy:Why didn't you study more? Click play below or watch it on YouTube here. You shouldn't have eaten so much! would. Would can be used to talk about actions that repeated in the past. John:I didn't study enough so I failed my … Dad would have … Translation. Thesaurus. the university. Something was missing and that we chose to do what we did and that would have is usually combined with if clauses. Real sentences showing how to use Would correctly. I gave an example from the latest episode of The To Fluency Show: If we had planted more trees, we would have had more apples last summer. To convert, I start with the given value with its units (in this case, "feet over seconds") and set up my conversion ratios so that all undesired units are cancelled out, leaving me in the end with only the units I … This can be difficult. How to use would have played in a sentence. See more. Wellsville’s Veterans Memorial Park is a very pretty triangle of land on the west side of the Genesee River. Thank^^ i.e. Conjugation. These are truths in the past. Examples: if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participle. Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. We use WOULD mainly to: 1) talk about the past 2) talk about the future in the past 3) express the conditional mood. Watch in HD! एक वाक्य में would have का उपयोग कैसे करें. See examples of Would have a. : The university employers' body also arrogantly dismissed the action, believing the boycott would fizzle out. In spoken English, you’ll often hear the following: This also gets contracted to the following: If so, subscribe and I'll send you my book - The Five-Step Plan for English Fluency - as a bonus! A clause may be added with but to give a reason or an excuse. You will use "would" in future. He further noted that such behaviour would continue to disadvantage other needy families in rural communities. John:I didn't study enough so I failed my exam. ( id est-- latin ) means "that is" or "in other words." (but I didn't study - and I got bad grades!) I wish you would come to see me more often. I used to live in France. Some have criticized elements of Reaganomics on the basis of equity. My view: Local officials should have set an example on Veterans Day Kathryn Ross: Leaders need to set an example and wear a mask. Would have + V3 is similar to could have and might have but would have is more about something we chose to do or not to do in the past because a certain necessity was not met. Here are two typical examples: 1) I have my business taken care of (= Somebody is taking care of my business). This is hypothetical. This is our video no 119 of this English Speaking Course series. Here are more examples: 1. Examples. 1 people chose this as the best definition of would: Would is used to indicate... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. You shouldn't have eaten so much! Example sentences with the word would. Click here to learn all about it. : The unsuspecting victim … 2) "I would have been more satisfied if she had given me cash instead of cheque." would definition: 1. used to refer to future time from the point of view of the past: 2. used to refer back to a…. I would get up at 6am to go to school. The negative forms are : Shouldn't have/Couldn't have/Wouldn't have. Example: I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time) Use: To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. How to use i would have said in a sentence. The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. Examples: You would have got[ten] more money if you had worked harder. would example sentences. The defendant steals the plaintiff's phone. These tools use lists of dictionary words to guess the password sequentially. Would, should and could are three auxiliary verbs that can be defined as past tenses of will, shall, and can; however, you may learn more from seeing sentences using these auxiliaries than from definitions.Examples of usage follow. All the items are expensive. Andy:Why did you eat too much? We use should have + past participle to talk about things we regret.. The FUTURE PERFECT TENSEindicates that an action will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future.This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spentall my money by this time next year.I will have runsuccessfully in three marathons if I can finish this one." would not as 'to refuse' Wouldn't (would not) is used to show that someone refused to do something: 'I asked him if I could borrow his car, but he wouldn't lend it to me.' (but you did help me so I stayed out … Dictionary. If you don't complete the project on time, you will have to face the music when the boss asks for a status report. “You should have studied. The first example I gave was this: I could have gone to Newcastle University, but I went to Leeds instead. Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. Some contractions can have two or three meanings. Pronunciation. " My dad would know how to fix this. " "One that would have the fruit must climb the tree" Thomas Fuller "As good luck would have it" English idiom "As ill-luck would have it" Miguel de Cervantes "I would have made a good Pope" Richard M. Nixon "I would have to agree" "In court it would have been his word against mine" - They have a few good friends. Introduction We use the modal verbs "must have", "can't have" and "might have" to make guesses or deductions about an action in the past that we believe has definitely happened, has definitely not happened or possibly happened, based on our knowledge, information or evidence, or lack of it. I guess they could have missed the train. HAVE can be used both as a main verb and a helping verb. "If I were you, I would have booked my … Further, but for the city not closing the street that day, the crime would not have happened. " He would know what to do. " (action did not happen) I was going to stop smoking, but it was too difficult. would have lista de frases de exemplo com would have. Andy:Why did you eat too much? We don't have to clean the car. 3. " How would you do this? " Form. I wish I had studied for my exams. I have a measurment in terms of feet per second; I need a measurement in terms of miles per hour. - You will have lots of money. If Messi had scored, Barcelona would have won. "If I were you, I would have explained what happened." Real sentences showing how to use Would have a correctly. "Could" is a junction of can+would. Andy:I don't like Walmart. I’m working with Americans for four years now but I noticed that most of the examples here sound unfamiliar to me. You should travel by Bus You should read two hours daily two hours for your exam You should was h your clothes yourself. She stayed up late and watched TV. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Below the video, you’ll find lots of examples to help you understand this modal verb. would - Traduzione del vocabolo e dei suoi composti, e discussioni del forum. How to use would in a sentence. They should have traveled by train, instead of by bus. Speaking of conditionals, we mainly use would have in the 3rd conditional. If I had gone to Oxford University, I would have hated it. Examples: If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies.conditional; I knew that she would be very successful in her career.past of "will" When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach.repetition If we had run faster, we would have arrived earlier. Como usar would have em uma frase. The speaker did not take an umbrella when she went out last night so she got wet.
Freiburg, Germany, home to new solar-powered hydrogen fuel station March 12, 2012 0 By Julie Campbell ebook by Marketing Genius Jason Fladlien Hydrogen Refueling Station Freiburg Germany Germany’s Federal Environment Ministry continues its work on establishing a working hydrogen fuel infrastructure and has built a new station in the city of Freiburg. This station is unlike the others that have been built in the country by the Ministry and government officials believe that it will be a good standard for future projects. The station is equipped with hydrogen fuel cells, but instead of getting their energy from natural gas or fossil-fuels, they are powered by solar power. A large solar array is located on the roof of the station. The solar panels comprising the array produce electricity, which is funneled to the station’s hydrogen fuel cells. The electricity is then used to power the process of electrolysis, which generates hydrogen gas. This gas is then pressurized at the station into a liquid state. As a liquid, it can be used in vehicles equipped with fuel cells as an alternative to gasoline. The Federal Environment Ministry claims that the hybrid system is much more efficient than any other hydrogen fuel station in the country. Officials say that a hydrogen-powered vehicle can come to the station and fuel up in less than three minutes. The Freiburg station will also serve as a research platform, enabling German scientists to examine the effectiveness of hydrogen production systems and figure out ways on how the process can be improved for future use.
How many hospitals in the UK How many hospitals in the UK Many people wonder how many hospitals there are in the UK. Some websites state the answer is 168, but this is far from the real picture. The “168” was merely the number of NHS England Trusts in 2010. A trust typically manages many hospitals, therefore the number of hospitals is much larger. The eagle-eyed will also spot that the 168 represented NHS England, and of course the UK isn’t just England. In addition to this, not all private hospitals are managed by NHS Trusts. The actual number, correct as at September 2019, is that there are 1,257 hospitals in the UK. This number includes the NHS Trust-managed hospitals and the additional private hospitals that are currently in use. Browse face masks Hospitals in each UK region Looking at the different regions, 68% of all hospitals are in England (854 hospitals) and Scotland has 22% of the hospitals at 279. Wales has 7% with 83 hospitals and Northern Ireland has just 3% with 41 hospitals. How many hospitals are there in the UK If you’re looking for hospital bed data, read this article. Hospital numbers per district In more detail, here’s the full list of hospital numbers per district: Scotland 279, South West 138, London 134, South East 132, North West 110. East of England 90, Wales 83, West Midlands 80, Yorkshire & Humber 69, North East 57, East Midlands 42, Northern Ireland 41, Channel Islands 1 and finally the Isle of Man has 1 hospital. When considering the number of patients and hospitals in each region, there’s a huge disparity between regions. For example, England is home to 84% of the UK population, but there’s only 68% of the total number of hospitals. However, there are very large multi-discipline hospitals serving large communities all across England. Whereas there are many more smaller hospitals, serving communities in the less populated, remote areas of Scotland and Wales. UK hospitals per country 2020 As England has the largest population, we’ve also dug deeper into the hospital per population ratio for each region in England. UK hospitals per region vs population 2020 The recent widely-publicised Governmental plans to invest more in NHS infrastructure means that can look forward to benefiting from an additional 20 NHS facilities in England. The £850m package will be used to build new hospital wards, intensive care units as well as new diagnostic hospitals / centres. The actual details of these plans have not yet been publicised. However, this additional investment is likely to assist in tightening the gap between volume of population and number of hospitals. Source: This data has been collated from the NHS Service Directory and from the private hospital company websites and is accurate as at 10 September 2019. Any omissions or inaccuracies are due to the source data. This article doesn’t comment on number of hospital beds – read this to find out more about bed numbers. You may also be interested in reading Interesting notes on AI in healthcare and Caring for someone with Coronavirus Save and share basket Back Save and share basket Your basket email sent successfully!
Essay On Refugee Refugees 1365 Words6 Pages Refugees are people who have resulted to leave their nation so as to escape persecution natural disaster or war. They go to other countries where they are assured of their safety and peace. However, the refugees are also faced with a lot of challenges in the countries that they migrate to. They leave a place they have known and escape to completely new environments with their own set of problems. The refugees escape the hostile situations in their nation but that does not mean they will be completely fine. Women are very vulnerable and are likely to be more affected psychologically in their new environment. Refugee women are a group of interest in understanding the psychological needs of vulnerable female populations. The group is made up of…show more content… The ordeal of being raped often makes the women to be bitter with their offenders and that affect them psychologically for many years. They take time to accept what happened to them and that makes it difficult for them to move on. Leaving with the memories of being sexually assaulted makes the mental capacity of the women to deteriorate. The physical injuries inflicted on them also affect their mental health since they have to live with the scars inflicted on them. The scars are often a painful remainder of what they passed through in the…show more content… Leaving in denial of their mental illnesses makes it difficult for caregivers to provide them with the necessary care. Others, refuse treatment since their culture do not allows it and that may affect the effectiveness of the culturally competent caregivers. Language barrier is also an issue since some of the refugees cannot express themselves in English. That brings a challenge to the healthcare providers since they cannot understand what the refugees are saying. Some of the refugee women have negative attitude towards the healthcare being provided. That makes it the healthcare given to be ineffective despite the efforts of the culturally competent More about Essay On Refugee Refugees Open Document
Gender Inequality In Imperial China 945 Words4 Pages In imperial China, women assumed a relatively subordinate position to men. In Chinese, if you want to refer both boys and girls simultaneously, you have to use the Chinese character of ‘he’ instead of choosing ‘she’ as the pronoun. Have you notice this indicates gender inequality? Gender inequality or also known as gender stratification, is the unequal distribution of a society’s wealth, power, and privilege between females and males. It is erroneous, impenetrable and abhorrent. Unfortunately, there are still thousands of related issues happening around us every day. Women experience gender inequality in stereotyped, occupations and different environments, we need to take action to address this problem, to make the world better. All husbands should not ask for your wife to do everything for you and the family, those are duties for every member in this family. Women are stereotyped to be only a stay at home wife and to be in an environment where they are responsible for housework, taking care of the children. Nowadays, there are more women known to have jobs and not a stay at home wife, but they are still responsible, or show some responsibility for housework and taking care of the children. Take me as an example. My mother needs to take care of my study, cooking the dinner and doing all of the housework even though she has just finished a tiring day of working. My father is doing the same work as my mother, but when my mother asks him to cook the dinner, my father always More about Gender Inequality In Imperial China Open Document
Obesity In Pakistan 974 Words4 Pages Height and weight are collected though questionnaire and BMI (body mass index) was calculated from internet (http://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx). In children with a BMI 35 percentile determine to be obese; 15 percentile determine to be overweight; 25 percentile determine to be underweight and others as normal weight. There are different opinions received by teacher 30 percent agreed that obesity is disease and overeating habits and 40 percent agreed that obesity related to the body fat and according to parents opinion they stated that causing agents are feeding of unhealthily food, oily food, fast food, junk food, rapid feeding of rice, inactivity and also genetically factor involve of obesity in children. According to parental view…show more content… Obesity in childhood is an issue of concern because it is an important predictor of adult obesity. Pakistan has ranked at the 9th country as worldwide. In Pakistan obesity is an associated with abnormal consuming of fat in the body, and other factors include high consumption of foods with low nutritional value and high fat intake. Due to the migration towards urban area, ways of living changes and uses of junk food or restaurant food increase day by day. There is another aspect of obesity in Pakistani urban society, the majority of women are educated and the proportion of educated women is considerably working ladies or have maids to serve them. There exist an inverse relationship between incidence of child obesity and mother’s education. So some children from this class suffered from obesity. Urbanization and modernization have led to lower physical activities and high energy consumption, resulting in increasing obesity rate in school going children. As Pakistan is a developing country the quality of food consumption is low. These two factors important determinants of high prevalence of overweight children and these include concerns regarding inadequate feeding and caring practices for children. This may also result in many prevalence and cultural factors to lead obesity among school going children. The effect of obesity on human health is an important area of research and need attention. Although obesity has been great interest of public health and studies simultaneously examine various factors associated with obesity among adolescents and children have been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine various culture factors such as age, diet, physical activity, watching T.V habits, perception of parents or teachers about obesity, food practices and child behavior of eating. Obesity is the responsible for number of diseases such as diabetes, More about Obesity In Pakistan Open Document
Philosophers: Anselm, Guanilo, And Thomas Aquinas Words: 2086 Pages: 9 Philosophers such as Anselm, Guanilo, and Thomas Aquinas debate the existence of God. Anselm one of the philosophers gives an example of God's presence with a comparison of God's existence to the painter's idea of the painting because the concept of the painting has always existed. In disagreement, someone could not compare the existence of God to a painter's artwork because they are not the same. Thomas Aquinas the other philosopher would argue in another way that everything that has breath for this reason God does exist. These three philosophers Anselm, Guanilo along with Thomas Aquinas present their arguments describing the existence of God, but not everyone would agree with their views. One philosopher Thomas Aquinas gives the better …show more content… —God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. —That which can be conceived not to exist is not God." One can see why God can be considered to seem inconceivable, but some may agree if one knows God that God is conceivable. In suggestion, Sin is one reason God sent Jesus to live on this earth, so we can see with our own eyes that there is a God, but at the same time, there will be those who still choose not to believe in God's existence. The weakness of Anselm argument is, he says he believes in God and seeks God at the same time Anselm thinks that it is hard to seek God when he cannot see God. He is trying to find God, but yet he does not fully understand why he should seek God. God has always been right there we just do not see him as a tangible object that we can touch. Anselm compares God's existence to a painting, but a painting could be considered a physical object that all of a sudden exists from an artist's imagination as in comparison to God's creation, not his existence. God has always been alive on this earth and in heaven, so how can God be compared to a painting that all of sudden …show more content… We can stop to think about what we can physically do as humans and consider that God made us from dirt to believe there is a God. This idea in regards to the proof that there is a God who he created us. One could say it is our human nature to wrestle with the fact that God does not exist or not because it is who we are as humans to think that God does not exist. There are great philosophers such as Aristotle and Agustin who try their hardest to prove that God does not exist. Subsequently, on the Big Bang theory, some people who were genuinely disturbed, such as Einstein, who wrote privately, "This circumstance of an expanding universe irritates me…To admit such possibilities seems senseless." The big bang theory makes our existence as humans as if it were no big deal to have life running through our
Post Pandemic: What changes are globally expected after the deadly coronavirus is gone? “This too shall pass”—In this rough time, when everyone is scared for their lives and unsure about their future, this phrase acts as a healing balm. A lot will change. After Coronavirus almost everything would be different—the lives of people, global economy, political strategies, the definition of super-powerful countries, and our perspective towards nature. Hopefully, post-Coronavirus pandemic, there would be a birth of new and better humans, who would understand that the planet is for all—animals, insects, and plants—and not only for them. Also, all the inhabitants are equally important to maintain the well-being of the planet Earth. So, here are ten possible changes that are expected globally post-pandemic. Social-Distancing would stay longer with us. Post pandemic Coronavirus The most affected measure to prevent the spreading of Covid-19 is social-distancing. It is one tried and tested method that has saved billions of people from Coronavirus. So, it is expected that the government would make a practice of social-distancing at public and workplaces mandatory even after the pandemic ends. Post-pandemic people would have to follow social-distancing strictly because they might get reinfected by the virus. Also, the reactivation of the virus in 100 cured South Korean patients is still a mystery that needs to be solved, and until researchers find out what’s exactly happened, we need to be ready for the shortcomings. How does it work? In social distancing, people avoid any physical contact such as hugs and handshakes and stand two meters away from each other. This way they save themselves from Coronavirus. The disease is mainly spread when an infected person sneezes, talks, or coughs, and the droplets, present in the air, are inhaled by another person. Social-distancing helps to limit the movement of virus and that’s what is the need of the hour. Wearing masks and washing hands would become mandatory. Post pandemic Coronavirus The world is not immune to Coronavirus until scientists find a vaccine for it. Many scientists believe that the nature of this virus is very complicated and to develop a full-fledged vaccine, they might take a year or more. So, even if lockdown is lifted and people resume to work, they would have to maintain hand hygiene and cover their faces with a cloth or mask for a longer time. We are taught in school that washing hands and keeping ourselves clean is a good habit; it’s time to revise those chapters because we need to maintain good hygiene. Possibly, wearing a mask in public places would be made compulsory in the future for a few months. Eating wild animals would be prohibited/debated in many countries. Post pandemic Coronavirus It all started with a Bat! The infamous theory of Coronavirus’ spread from Wuhan’s wet market to the world will not be forgotten or forgiven easily. Countries will question the sale and consumption of wild animals in China and other countries. When China reopened the wet market on March 22, people strongly condemned the decision of the Chinese government through social media. While people across the globe are heavily affected by a coronavirus, China is profiting from its wet market, which is believed to be the origin of Covid-19. How fair is that? The US demands to permanently shut down the market whereas the Australian government wants proper investigation before opening the market. In the coming future, there would be elaborate discussions on what humans shouldn’t eat, surely, bats would fall into a big NO category. Working from Home (WFH) Would Be Normalized. Post pandemic Coronavirus A few months back, Work From Home was a luxury for seniors or employees who requested for it, but now it is a necessity. And, this necessity is believed to become a requirement after the pandemic ends. Employees would be requested to work from home as it will help to reduce the crowd in public transport and offices. Only those who can’t work from home would be called to the office. Upcoming issues such as climate change and pollution would be rigorously debated. Post pandemic Coronavirus After the world conquers one crisis, it has a lot more to deal with. The most important one is climate change, which can’t be neglected. Probably, world leaders might have understood the consequences of underestimating nature and would act on other serious issues with determination. Also, the public would become more sympathetic towards saving the planet. Investing in great health facilities and medical infrastructure would be not be mocked. Post pandemic Coronavirus The whole world is suffering and none of the affected countries could properly protect their citizens. None had enough medical facilities and health workers to save their people. Talking about those countries with the top ten health care facilities in the world, such as France and Spain. They are among the worst-hit countries by Covid-19 with about 50,000 deaths. US and UK are also badly affected by coronavirus with than 976,000 and 153,000 positive cases respectively. Maybe, we will learn a lesson from this crisis and would encourage the government to open more medical colleges and hospitals. Reacting rapidly on serious issues would be expected from the government. We always crib about the insufficiency of the government, but at the time of Covid-19, the face politicians are revealed. We can say, politicians are capable of taking quick action even before the crisis happens. Now the world knows that leaders are capable of making quick decisions and maintaining peace and order in society. So, we can expect urgency in solving other critical issues, such as pollution, hunger, poverty, acid attacks, and other criminal activities. We can expect in the future that the government would give equal weightage to serious issues and root them out from society. Seeing the rise of industries that would pull the world from recession. Big or small industries, everyone will bounce back with greater enthusiasm and determination. People would be able to pull back the economy and help it grow. The world, once again, would be a busy place and we would settle down with the new normal. Adjusting life with new rules would be difficult for people. New Rules New rules that would save us from the deadly virus would be tough to follow in the beginning but soon they would be part of our life. Some changes are good and essential for the progress of human beings, such as social-distancing and washing hands regularly with soap or sanitizers. Looking at unexpected countries who would raise as heroes in the Covid-19 period. Post pandemic Coronavirus Despite all the discouraging figures in the present, there would be some hero countries that will set a high bar. For now, Taiwan’s response to Covid-19 is impressive and admirable. Although the country was at high risk of disease because of the geographical closeness with China, it, with its timely response, has saved many lives. Taiwan has less than 500 confirmed cases to date and half of them have recovered. The country has the best health care facility in the world. In 2003, Taiwan was badly hit by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and 181 people lost their lives. The country had got its lessons in 2003 when it had to quarantine over 1 lakh people. So, this time the Taiwan government was well prepared to fight the outbreak. In India, Kerala and Odisha government is appreciated for their quick action and good recovery rate. You are Corona Warriors if you are following social distancing and lockdown strictly. #StayHome #Savelives
Posts Tagged : What kind of integration do we need? 150 134 Time To Talk Following the eviction of a family activists looked to improve the integration and conditions of Roma living in Poland. One measure adopted was a series of workshops, which promoted co-operation between the stakeholders involved. On the conclusion of these workshops, Krytyka Polityczna brought state, civil society and local Roma together to discuss their outcomes, resulting in this debate. Watch the video highlights! Truth and Love 326 326 Time To Talk Watch the video highlights! The political exclusion of the Roma: from Katunitsa to Paris 1024 682 Time To Talk What has been the aftermath of Katunitsa and are we likely to see a repeat of the anti-Roma riots and right wing propaganda, which we saw in the 2011 elections, again in 2013? Will these racial outbursts be properly challenged by the responsible authorities and how can reintegrate the Roma into the political process? [video highlights] Does today’s youth see in black and white: where does xenophobia come from? 326 326 Time To Talk What is the attitude of today's youth towards skin colour, how do they perceive racism? How do they feel for example in regard to Roma and the general hostility towards them which exists in many Eastern European countries? Agora debates xenophobia and its perception by today's youth. Watch the video highlights!
PGI Lamon bean PGI Lamon bean This legume was the staple food for the less affluent classes as an alternative to meat for many centuries. It has been rediscovered in recent decades as an ingredient in traditional, characteristic local dishes. It was brought to Veneto's mountain areas by the humanist Giovan Pietro dalle Fosse, known as Pierio Valeriano, who went to Rome to work at the Papal Court, appointed as tutor of Pope Clemente VII's nephews. It was the Pope himself who in May 1532 gave him some bean seeds and assigned him the task of spreading them in his native land. So, Valeriano, who had a great appreciation for all things rural as well as literary, cultivated the plants on his property in Castion, near Belluno, to find that the soil was particularly favourable for such a crop. In describing the beans in his Hieroglyphica (book L), he said «this legume, long unfamiliar in our area, is now abundan in many kitchen gardens; the plentiful fruit hides beans resembling animal kidneys. Some are the colour of a lotus, others are red or black and others still black and white». He was also known to have said «this legume is not as bad as some infer. On the contrary, it is tasty and palatable as long as it is removed from the pod». The plant was soon growing throughout the valley and in the area of Feltre. It was not long before the Lamon and Sovramonte areas were discovered to be an ideal environment for the production of a top-quality product, to such extent that a variety Borlotta was named after the town of Lamon. On this plateau, bean growing rapidly replaced the existing production of peas, which were equally famous for their extremely thin skin, boosted by the soil and climate conditions. Such conditions prompted a spontaneous selection of the bean, resulting in four basic ecotypes: the egg-shaped Spagnol, the somewhat smaller Spagnolet, the largest-sized Calonega, and the Canalino, which is particularly tasty, but not commonly used because of its thicker skin. Cultivation became popular in these valleys because the bean could be grown alongside other crops, enabling a greater volume of produce on the same plot of land. Beans were considered a veritable gift of providence and inevitably became part of the local gastronomy together with smoked lamb, since sheep farming was another key activity on the plateau. In 1996, the European Community granted Lamon beans the P.G.I. indication, confirming the vocation of the area and the characteristic nature of the product. The P.G.I. indication requires, in particular, that seeds be produced in the area between the Lamon plateau and Sovramonte, while they can be planted and cultivated in a broader region area, including the Feltrina, Bellunese and Valbelluna Mountain Communities. The territory offers extraordinary natural features as it is between the Eastern pre-alpine mountains and the Dolomite chain, encompassing also a Natural Park. The valley's main towns are Feltre and Belluno. Both enjoy pre-Roman origins and have a wealth of monuments and extraordinary architecture, although their distance from the plains has prevented them from becoming very famous. The valley is brimming with rural villas, churches and well-preserved villages, the hills and plateaus are full of charm. Lamon especially offers a palaeontological naturalistic route dubbed "Sulle orme dell'orso delle caverne" (In the footsteps of the cave bear), which weaves through the enchanted valley carved by the Senaiga stream. Equally fascinating remains of ancient populations can be found in the territory, in the form of a late Roman necropolis and the bridge near San Donato, which is part of the Via Claudia Augusta.
Everyone needs a little apitherapy Bee products are amazingly complex, clean,100% natural and have many useful properties. The more we study bees, the more we need to emphasize their incredible intelligence. Respect for these creatures grows even more when we realize that bees not only pollinate most plants on Earth, but use building materials, bioenergy and food much more efficiently and efficiently than us, people. One of the best ways to understand what bees actually do is the practice of apitherapy. The term api comes from the Latin word apis, and refers to apis melifera, which literally means honey bee. Apitherapy can be defined as a complementary scientific discipline of traditional medicine, largely based on centuries of experience, which combines preventive and therapeutic methods of bee products: honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, bee venom and wax, in order to preserve and improve human health. Healing in the past and present Honey and other bee products have a long tradition of use; the first known recipe for the use of honey, written on a clay tablet from the Euphrates Valley, is more than 4,000 years old; Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician and father of Western medicine, was well aware of the beneficial effects of honey, and the powers of bee products are also mentioned in religious texts of the Qur’an and the Bible. Today, those looking for medical alternative are particularly interested in apitherapy. Nevertheless, official medicine claims that the therapeutic benefits of bee products have not yet been subjected to critical scientific review. Bee products cannot yet be considered as medicines due to the insufficient number of scientific papers on their therapeutic properties, but also due the fact that arises from their very nature: namely, the properties of bee products (honey, propolis, royal jelly, etc.) are difficult to standardize; they depend on numerous factors - the environment, climate and plants i.e. the raw materials that bees collect. Nevertheless, with the increase in the number of scientific papers and the verification of the experience of beekeepers and apitherapy experts, we can expect that this discipline will find its deserved place among other methods of treatment. Important messages of apitherapy The goal of honey and bee products producers and numerous apitherapy associations is to arouse additional interest in apitherapy and promote the exchange of information and experiences between producers, therapists and scientists, in order to establish apitherapy as a natural method of treatment. All those interested in the subject can find on the intermet a lot of useful relevant information about apitherapy, especially about its preventive role, which is increasingly sought after today. Anyone who wants to supplement the effect of official medicine methods can turn to apitherapy: unlike many modern, chemically produced drugs, bee products are mild but effective, well tolerated, affordable and available without a prescription. Bees have been with us since the dawn of humanity and have since gifted us with their precious products that have done so much good for human health - and will continue to do in the future if, thanks to apitherapy, we know how to properly use their treasure! More news from the beehive.
Quarantine has brought about a host of stressors for parents, but few as divisive as placing limits around screen time. Consumption of media among children has significantly increased as technology has become more accessible and widespread, with additional upticks in recent months due to the changes in lifestyle instigated by Covid-19. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statements for young children and adolescents offer specific recommendations and guidelines based on age, in addition to an overview of the educational benefits and health-related concerns of screens. However, given the current climate, the AAP acknowledges that a one-size-fits-all approach has grown less practical, and advises the development of a personal media plan that best meets the needs of individual children and their family as a whole. It’s ultimately up to parents and caregivers to determine how much screen time is okay for children, but this is particularly challenging now that in-person interaction and hobbies are limited. The summer months left many families without their usual resources of summer camp and daycare. This change in lifestyle continues to develop as kids transition back to in-person education, and many schools are adapting to hybrid or remote learning approaches. At the end of the day, children and teens are still generally spending more time at home now than they were earlier this year. Screen time has become a sort of “digital babysitter” for parents to keep their children busy, and all ages are relying heavily on technology for education, entertainment, and social connections. In response to these lifestyle changes, how do you decide how much screen time is okay? And once you do, how do you set limits? It can be challenging to know how much is too much when the rules seem different now than they did a few months ago, but we’ve compiled some information and tips to help you come up with a plan that’s right for your family. Weighing the Pros + Cons Based on the media’s coverage of screen time, you might think it’s all bad, all the time. However, there are actually several benefits. Screen time can help foster relationships and help you feel socially connected— something that’s even more important now that opportunities for in-person interaction are limited. Video chatting provides an easy way to stay in touch with loved ones, whether through talking or game night, and online games and social media can be a fun and engaging way to spend time with friends. In fact, research shows that online gaming with real-life friends can actually help to reduce loneliness. Playing video games can also produce a state of mind called “flow,” where you are completely immersed in an activity in a way that involves focus, full involvement, and high levels of enjoyment. Screen time can also promote learning, whether it’s through a virtual classroom, podcasts, or educational videos on YouTube. Screens are not without drawbacks, and it’s important to weigh these factors against the advantages. With the accessibility of screens in the form of laptops and smartphones, we often find ourselves staring at them into odd hours of the night. Increased exposure to the blue light risk interference with the body’s production of melatonin, a hormone that lets your body know it’s time to sleep, which can lead to trouble sleeping. Excessive screen time is also associated with a higher risk of obesity. This is because the more time you spend sitting sedentary on screens, the less time you have to engage in active play or physical activity. The US government recommends that children ages 2-5 engage in active play several times a day, and that children ages 6-17 engage in at least an hour of physical activity daily in exchange for screen time. And while screens offer a portal to social connection and interaction, that may come at the cost of face-to-face interactions, meaning less opportunity for children to practice key social skills. Although screen time does have some notable benefits, the challenges they present must also be taken into consideration. However each individual has their own needs, and the appropriate amount of screen time will vary from between children and across families. That’s why it’s important to create a balance between screen time and other activities, so that you can reap the benefits and mitigate the drawbacks. Tips for Success Finding the balance between screen time and other activities may be easier said than done. Even when you know the drawbacks of screen exposure, the ease of setting your child up with a screen-based activity is still a tempting option. To help keep you and your family on track, consider these ideas as a guideline of reference: • Mitigate the negative consequences. Rather than fully restricting screen time, focus on decreasing the potential negative outcomes. Restrict access to screen time in the hour before bedtime and encourage your children to engage in low-energy activities instead, such as puzzles or reading. If you’re concerned about sedentary behavior, try creating a point system where your child can earn screen time by engaging in physical activity or exercise. On the flip side, screens themselves can actually help your child get active. Some video game consoles, such as the Nintendo Wii, have physical activity built into their games, and YouTube has a ton of exercise videos that are fun for both kids and adults. • Create screen-free zones. Ditch the screens in favor of more in-person interaction, like when you’re all together at the kitchen table. When mealtimes are screen-free, children (and parents!) can pay better attention to their hunger and fullness cues. This also provides a great built-in opportunity for parents and children to spend time together. Consider setting out a basket to drop your phones into as you sit down to eat. • Develop a routine. Designate times for when screens are and are not available. Try your best to be consistent with this every day, because when kids know what to expect, they will be less likely to push back when access is restricted. If your child frequently has trouble turning off the tablet, phone, or computer when asked, try providing a 10 minute warning. This allows children to anticipate when access will end, and will give them a chance to wrap up whatever they’re doing. Additionally, consider rewarding your child for getting off his screens on time, perhaps by allowing some extra time during the next watch session. • Model appropriate usage. If you’re on your phone all day long, you’re going to have a tough time convincing your child that they shouldn’t be doing the same thing. If you can limit your own usage, your child will be more likely to follow suit. • Create a list of alternatives. Sit down with your child and come up with a list of activities that don’t require screens. Keep this is an easily accessible location; when your child complains that there’s nothing to do (which they inevitably will) you can point them in the direction of the list. Screens have become a ubiquitous presence in our lives, and the effects of the pandemic have made it even more challenging to limit access. Eliminating screen time all together just isn’t practical, which is why the goal is to instead find a balance that works best for your family. There’s a learning curve to this new lifestyle, and it will likely take a fair amount of trial and error to develop a plan that works well. It may be difficult to get through the day without the full-time help of your “digital babysitter,” but through perseverance in adapting to a limited screen time routine, you and your family can work towards a happy and healthy medium. Erica Dashow, Ph.D., BCBA-D, is a postdoctoral fellow who specializes in autism, feeding disorders, anxiety, and challenging behavior in children and adolescents. Erica sees no obstacle as insurmountable, and challenges herself to go above and beyond— literally! In her spare time, she enjoys indoor rock climbing with her fiancé and also has experience hang gliding, but her head certainly isn’t in the clouds. Erica believes in working collaboratively with her clients so that they can reach new heights, too, and increase their quality of life.
Microgrid photovoltaic power generation Add Time：2020/5/7 Views：122 1. System principle Micro-Grid (Micro-Grid) is also translated as micro-grid, which refers to a small power generation and distribution system composed of distributed power, energy storage devices, energy conversion devices, loads, monitoring and protection devices. Microgrid is an autonomous system that can realize self-control, protection and management. It can operate on-grid with external power grid or in isolation. The purpose of the microgrid is to realize the flexible and efficient application of distributed power, and to solve the problem of large-scale and diverse forms of distributed power grid connection. The microgrid is a concept relative to the traditional large power grid. It refers to a network composed of multiple distributed power sources and their associated loads according to a certain topology, and is connected to the conventional power grid through static switches. The development and extension of the micro-grid can fully promote the large-scale connection of distributed power and renewable energy, and achieve a highly reliable supply of multiple energy sources in the form of load. It is an effective way to achieve an active distribution network and make the traditional power grid Smart grid transition. 2. Explanation of terms DC microgrid: distributed power sources, energy storage devices, loads, etc. are all connected to the DC bus, and the DC network is then connected to the external AC power grid through power electronic inverter devices. The DC microgrid can provide electrical energy to AC and DC loads of different voltage levels through power electronic conversion devices. The fluctuations of distributed power sources and loads can be adjusted on the DC side by energy storage devices. AC microgrid: Distributed power sources, energy storage devices, etc. are connected to the AC bus through power electronic devices. At present, AC microgrid is still the main form of microgrid. Through the control of the switch at the PCC, the grid-connected operation of the microgrid and the conversion of the island mode can be realized. AC / DC hybrid microgrid: It contains both AC bus and DC bus, which can supply power directly to AC load and can supply power directly to DC load. Medium voltage distribution branch microgrid: a microgrid that effectively integrates distributed power and load based on the medium voltage distribution branch, it is suitable for power supply to medium-capacity, high-reliability, and concentrated user areas . Low-voltage microgrid: A microgrid formed by properly integrating users' distributed power sources and loads at a low-voltage voltage level. This type of microgrid is mostly owned by power or energy users and is relatively small in scale.
astral projection techniques astral techniques It is feasible to get visions about the future making use of astral projection. This is called astral premonition and it combines the elements of precognition, time travel along with astral projection. In this case, the projector is capable of obtaining understanding from the near future from traveling into the future in an astral body. The projectors will appear corporeal and can join the people there. Some are capable of influencing the cosmos while there. They can explore the future without direct physical damage to the real world individuals. The projectors can remain within the future for long periods of time. During astral projection, the physical body and the astral body are linked using a silvery cord. In case this cord is broken both the astral body and the physical bodies are killed. Nevertheless, this will happen on uncommon cases because there are really few things capable of eliminating the astral cord. In a magic spell, a brand-new physical body is formed any time a person leaves the astral plane to get into an alternative dimension. The incorporeal silvery cord continues to be attached to this brand-new physical body invisibly. In case the astral body or second body is murdered, the cord will go back to the material plane, where the physical body rests. This will revive it from the suspended animation state. Despite the fact that the astral projections are capable of operating on the astral plane, their activities just have an effect on animals that exist on the astral plane. A physical body must be materialized on the various other planes. Astral projection Astral projection, likewise referred to as astral travel, is an interpretation of out-of-body experience, OBE, where it is thought that there is an astral body that is different from the physical body and has the power to take a trip outside it to any destination desired. Astral projection signifies the astral body departing from the physical body to allow it to journey in the astral plane. This projection has absolutely nothing to do with talent. Neither is it inherited. It is in fact a natural event that takes place to almost everyone and in many circumstances; the individual could not understand or conscious of it. Although it could take place spontaneously without a person’s awareness, there are a lot of ways of establishing the capacity to go into astral travel consciously. This notion is a fact according to esoteric experts, parapsychologists and spirituality. Although some individuals currently have had the astral projection experience, the orthodox science has no real explanation of astral projection since the experts themselves do not really believe such a thing. Lots of people could not discuss their experience because they fear being thought about merely hallucinating or insane. This is in fact the view of a majority of the orthodox scientists who discuss that this sensation of astral projection is just but an impression that happens due to absence of oxygen in the human brain. Astral travel requires an individual to be totally loosened up physically and psychologically to where it is close to in fact sleeping. This state is called as the hypnagogic state. This state is deepened when the person attempting it starts clearing his mind by observing his field of vision by means of the closed eyes. If the hypnagogic state is deep enough, the individual projecting will enter a state of vibration, a vague yet most vital state and part of the exercise. Most projectors note these vibrations at the beginning of the projection as moderate tingling or as if electricity is travelling through their bodies. Being able to regulate the state of vibration by pushing them into the head mentally and down to the toes makes sure the vibrations rise throughout the whole body. At this phase, the projector controls his ideas regarding starting the partial dividing. Keeping the mind focused on leaving the body will help the individual detach himself from the physical body to enjoy astral travel. out of body consciousness Comments Off on The OBE Revealed!
Etiquette Resources Here is a list of multimedia art activities that can be used to explore the theme of Practice table manners Practice phone manners Songs that Teach Good Manners,Etiquette, Classroom Behavior and Social Skills Music and Songs: Manners Boardmaker resources related to manners. The Courtesy Starter Kit The students will practice correct table setting procedures and identify acceptable manners and etiquette skills to be used with meal service. The option and opportunity of dining at LaCaille, a local French European formal restaurant will be introduced to the class. Which table manners matter the most? How can I teach my child to be polite? Elbows on the table, back talk, and trips to the rest room — how are the kids doing when it comes to the social graces? Teach your kids how to behave at the dinner table and when they're out with friends, with these articles, tips, and advice. Personal Space Bodily Functions I Love to Sing Think It But Don't Say It Manners are behaviors we use when we interact with others. We show good manners when we show respect. It is important to use good manners every day at home, at school, and in the community. Some examples of good manners are saying “please” and “thank you,” waiting your turn, and putting things back where they belong. Here are some ways to help your children learn good manners.
Their Mural Letting children create in their own way, at their own pace, is a great way to encourage independence. Sometimes it is best to watch and not ask the questions, ” What is that? What are you making?” As adults we want to understand what is happening in the child’s mind during the creative process, but often the child isn’t even aware. They are simply creating in the moment. An activity that allows them to make whatever they want allows the child to truly exist in this moment. They can connect more with the way the materials feel in or on their hands. They become mesmerized by the shimmering of the glitter as they sprinkle it all over the paper. They love to see how big they can make a mark, or how the colors slowly blend together to create pools of rainbow swirls. Even the sound of the paint brushes on the paper is engaging for them as they explore all the materials interacting with one another. In this activity the group of children were given complete control over the materials they used and how they used them. I explained that I would not be pouring any of the paint or directing the mural in any way. I was there to observe and help them if they requested other materials. The focus of this was to let them find a balance amongst each other without my help, all sharing the same materials and same space. The emphasis was on communication and respecting one another, as well as on the freedom of imagination without limits or guidelines. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
AAVE Is More Than Just Your Internet Slang If you aren’t familiar with the acronym, AAVE stands for African American Vernacular English. As a Black child growing up in a suburban neighborhood, I was often told I was articulate because it surprised people that I spoke “proper english.” At the time, I didn’t register how insinuating that Black people didn’t speak proper English is offensive. The way many Black people talk, in AAVE, isn’t incorrect English. It isn’t a result of someone not knowing how to speak “properly.” Actually, AAVE is a dialect, with its own rules. Some people even advocate for the consideration of AAVE as a language. We regard British English as a separate, but still acceptable dialect of the English language. The same should be true for AAVE. The stigma around AAVE is because of years of racism that devalues the intricacies of African-American culture. Cultural appropriation is a divisive topic. While (white) people often argue that culture sharing is important, many marginalized groups argue that it allows white people to capitalize off what they created. One of the most common examples is white celebrities like Kim Kardashian West wearing a style that is very clearly cornrows. Yet, Kim insists on calling them “Bo Derek braids.” By renaming the hairstyle after a white model, Kim erased the Black origin of the hairstyle so that it would benefit her. In a unique way, AAVE can be culturally appropriated by non-Black people as well. Speaking in AAVE- when nonblack- is often called a “blaccent.” People have accused many celebrities– from Ariana Grande to Awkwafina– of adopting a blaccent. Awkwafina makes for an especially interesting example. She rose to fame through her comedic rap career. Early videos highlight her blaccent, despite the fact that she grew up in a predominantly white and Asian neighborhood. Referring to Awkwafina as a “culture vulture,” an article from Femestella highlights her role in Crazy Rich Asians as pandering to the “sassy Black friend” trope. Throughout the movie, Awkwafina’s character, Peik Lin, speaks in a notable blaccent. Furthermore, people have pointed out that Awkwafina used a blaccent to jump start her career, and then dropped it as she shifted to more serious roles. Her recent Best Actress Golden Globe win for The Farewell is a historic moment for Asian-American women. But it’s important to acknowledge that she began her career by co-opting Black cultural aesthetics. Every day, I see non-Black people on TikTok doing the same thing Awkwafina did. It’s clear that this trend of using a blaccent for clout won’t disappear anytime soon. How does internet slang fit into all this? To be clear, AAVE is more than just slang. But, the advent of social media and the popularity of Black creators has led to many people adopting slang terms created by or used by Black communities. Oftentimes, the slang is created by Black women and Black members of the LGBTQ community. So many of these terms have completely been co-opted by non-Black people to the point where they aren’t even recognized as taken from the Black community. Your twitter and tiktok lingo? Most of it is taken by white people. Some examples… • Chile • We been knew • Period • Finna • Pressed • Sis Black culture does not exist merely for your entertainment. Using a blaccent does not make you automatically funny– and non-black people on social media (and in real life) need to learn that. When a black person speaks in AAVE, we’re told we don’t speak correct English. Yet, Non-Black people continually do it and create a whole career. To be clear, using a blaccent and appropriating AAVE is mockery. Most of the time, it isn’t used correctly. Just check out this “AAVE struggle tweets” account on Twitter. On a more serious note, if you’re not black, please rethink consistent and incorrect usage of AAVE. I personally won’t argue that every slang term originally created by black people is offensive to use (keep in mind that other black people may disagree with me on this.) But, if you notice yourself adopting a “blaccent” only when trying to make someone laugh, you’re probably using it the wrong way. If you find yourself thinking AAVE phrases are “ghetto” or “ratchet” when black people say them, but cool and trendy when white people say them, that’s part of the problem.
In Indian philosophy and religion, jñāna (Sanskrit: ज्ञान, pronounced [ɡjɑ́ː.n̪ɐ] or [d͡ʑɲɑ́ː.n̪ɐ]) (Pali: ñāṇa) (Hindi: gyān)[1] is "knowledge". The idea of jnana centers on a cognitive event which is recognized when experienced. It is knowledge inseparable from the total experience of reality, especially a total or divine reality (Brahman).[2] The root jñā- is cognate to English know, as well as to the Greek γνώ- (as in γνῶσις gnosis) and Russian знание. Its antonym is ajñāna "ignorance". In Tibetan Buddhism, it refers to pure awareness that is free of conceptual encumbrances, and is contrasted with vijnana, which is a moment of 'divided knowing'. Entrance to, and progression through the ten stages of Jnana/Bhimis, will lead one to complete enlightenment and nirvana.[3] In the Vipassanā tradition of Buddhism there are the following ñanas according to Mahasi Sayadaw.[4] As a person meditates these ñanas or "knowledges" will be experienced in order. The experience of each may be brief or may last for years and the subjective intensity of each is variable. Each ñana could also be considered a jhāna although many are not stable and the mind has no way to remain embedded in the experience. Experiencing all the ñanas will lead to the first of the Four stages of enlightenment then the cycle will start over at a subtler level.[4] Prajnanam iti Brahman - wisdom is the soul/spirit. Prajnanam refers to the intuitive truth which can be verified/tested by reason. It is a higher function of the intellect that ascertains the Sat or Truth in the Sat-Chit-Ananda or truth-consciousness-bliss, i.e. the Brahman/Atman/Self/person [...] A truly wise person [...] is known as Prajna - who has attained Brahmanhood itself; thus, testifying to the Vedic Maha Vakya (great saying or words of wisdom): Prajnanam iti Brahman.[5] Jnana yoga (Yoga of Knowledge) is one of the three main paths (margas), which are supposed to lead towards moksha (liberation) from material miseries. The other two main paths are Karma yoga and Bhakti Yoga. Rāja yoga (classical yoga) which includes several yogas, is also said to lead to moksha. It is said that each path is meant for a different temperament of personality. According to the Jain texts like Tattvārthsūtra and Sarvārthasiddhi, knowledge is of five kinds:[6] Also derived from the word jnana is the term ginan, meaning gnosis. Ginans are the sacred literature of the Nizari Ismailis Muslims, and treat topics including divine love, cosmology, rituals, eschatology, ethical behavior and meditation. Ranging from three verses to hundreds of pages, ginans are attributed to the Pirs, who were second only to the Imams in Ismaili hierarchy. Ginan carries a similar sense as the Arabic Ismaili term haqa’iq, meaning true or supreme knowledge. [7] Gyan or Gian refers to spiritual knowledge. Learned people are often referred to as "Giani". It is mentioned throughout the Guru Granth Sahib.
A Broad Perspective View of Business Stats As a effective entrepreneur and CPA you already know the importance of business intelligence (SIA) and business analytics. But you may be wondering what do you know about BSCs? Business analytics and business intelligence make reference to the tactical skills, technology, and best practices for constant deep research and research of past business overall performance in order to gain ideas and travel business strategy. Understanding the importance of both requires the self-discipline to develop a comprehensive framework that covers pretty much all necessary areas of a comprehensive BSC framework. The most obvious apply for business analytics and BSCs is to keep an eye on and area emerging trends. In fact , one of many purposes of the type of technology is to provide an empirical basis intended for detecting and tracking fads. For example , data visualization equipment may be used to keep an eye on trending issues and domain names such as merchandise searches on the search engines, Amazon, Fb, Twitter, and Wikipedia. Another significant area for people who do buiness analytics and BSCs certainly is the identification and prioritization of key functionality indicators (KPIs). KPIs present insight into how business managers will need to evaluate and prioritize business activities. For example, they can measure product success, employee production, customer satisfaction, and customer retention. Data visualization tools can also be used to track and highlight KPI topics in organizations. This permits executives to more effectively concentrate on the areas by which improvement should be used most. Another way to apply business analytics and BSCs is with the use of supervised equipment learning (SMLC) and unsupervised machine learning (UML). Closely watched machine learning refers to the automatically identifying, summarizing, and classifying data sets. On the other hand, unsupervised machine learning is applicable techniques such as backpropagation or perhaps greedy finite difference (GBD) to generate trend predictions. Examples of popular applications of closely watched machine learning techniques include language producing, speech realization, natural vocabulary processing, merchandise classification, economic markets, and social networks. Equally supervised and unsupervised CUBIC CENTIMETERS techniques are applied in the domain of internet search engine optimization (SEO), content management, retail websites, product and service evaluation, marketing explore, advertising, and customer support. Business intelligence (BI) are overlapping concepts. They are really basically the same concept, nevertheless people normally arch.nqu.edu.tw rely on them differently. Business intelligence (bi) describes a couple of approaches and frameworks that will help managers produce smarter decisions by providing information into the organization, its market segments, and its staff members. These insights then can be used to produce decisions about strategy, promoting programs, expense strategies, business processes, development, and ownership. On the other palm, business intelligence (BI) pertains to the collection, analysis, maintenance, management, and dissemination info and info that boost business needs. These details is relevant towards the organization and is also used to generate smarter decisions about technique, products, market segments, and people. For example, this includes info management, syllogistic processing, and predictive analytics. As part of a huge company, business intelligence gathers, evaluates, and generates the data that underlies ideal decisions. On a wider perspective, the definition of “analytics” includes a wide variety of options for gathering, organising, and using the beneficial information. Business analytics efforts typically consist of data mining, trend and seasonal analysis, attribute relationship analysis, decision tree building, ad hoc research, and distributional partitioning. Many of these methods will be descriptive and several are predictive. Descriptive stats attempts to learn patterns coming from large amounts of information using tools just like mathematical algorithms; those equipment are typically mathematically based. A predictive inferential approach will take an existing info set and combines attributes of a large number of people, geographic places, and products or services into a single model. Data mining is another method of organization analytics that targets organizations’ needs by simply searching for underexploited inputs via a diverse set of sources. Machine learning identifies using man-made intelligence for trends and patterns out of large and/or complex pieces of data. These tools are generally called deep study tools because that they operate by training personal computers to recognize patterns and romances from large sets of real or perhaps raw info. Deep learning provides machine learning doctors with the construction necessary for those to design and deploy new algorithms to get managing their own analytics work loads. This do the job often includes building and maintaining databases and understanding networks. Data mining is normally therefore a general term that refers to a mixture of a variety of distinct approaches to analytics. Leave a Reply
Capital comes in many forms. Generally, it can take the form of debt (personal and bank loans, credit card debt) or equity (common stock, preferred stock, etc.). Debt is based on an obligation to repay; equity is a piece of the action. In addition, capital can be short term (e.g., cash-flow assistance to accelerate cash from receivables) or long term (debt with a life tied to a capital asset, like equipment or real estate). There are also hybrid forms of debt and equity—e.g., convertible debt that can be turned into equity—or preferred stocks that track the value of certain distinct classes of assets on the balance sheet. The next question is, who provides the capital? Friends and family, banks (which are loaning out depositors’ money, not making investments in equity), venture capital and private equity are well-known choices. But venture capital and private equity are fundamentally different and driven by different investment criteria. For these reasons, their view of the value of a company can be dramatically different. Venture capital focuses generally on companies that are either pre-revenue (a company pursuing an idea, concept, product, service, etc., but not yet generating any significant revenue), or not generating enough cash flow to pay most, if not all, expenses. The value a venture capital firm ascribes to a company is based on an assessment of its competitive advantage, including any intellectual property that creates a competitive barrier. A VC will evaluate a company based on its likely value at the time of sale (“exit”), generally five to seven years after investment. If a company has a great idea (e.g., Google) and it is hard for companies to compete with it (e.g., software that is secret or patented), the lack of cash flow will not deter a VC. And from a company perspective, it might actually be advantageous to NOT have cash flow, in order to avoid a private-equity valuation methodology. Private equity invests in companies that are cash-flow-positive, i.e. generating enough cash from revenue to pay expenses, and have excess cash. PE firms evaluate cash flow and judge the ability to increase cash flow post-investment, by making additional capital investments and operational improvements and by making additional acquisitions to increase the company’s size and efficiency. These acquisitions are generally referred to as “bolt-ons.” As companies grow to a certain size, there is an increase in the multiple that a buyer is generally willing to pay—so called “multiple expansion.” So a PE investor has an incentive to cause portfolio companies to grow, not only to improve economies of scale, but also to expand the multiple they are paid at exit. PE values its investments based on cash-flow multiples and growth projections. Generally, valuation is a function of multiples of EBITDA—earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. So if you are running a startup that is pre-revenue and certainly pre-cash-flow-positive, you actually are better off with the VC valuation approach. This is why people who raise VC capital generally think it is better to have no revenue (but lots of people begging to get your product). If you are looking for a PE investor, however, your choices are more along the lines of sell out now, or stay invested in the company alongside the PE firm, betting that the firm will get the company to higher performance levels, through operations improvements and bolt-on acquisitions. Most PE firms have no interest in companies with less than $5 million of EBITDA; they just don’t move the needle on fund returns, given the size of the fund, and generally require more time and effort to get to scale. A few PE firms, however, do invest in companies below $5 million.• Guest Contributor Author Guest Contributor More posts by Guest Contributor Contact: (216) 593-0402
Quick Answer: Can Your Lungs Grow? Can your lungs grow bigger? Another way to increase lung capacity is to improve exercise tolerance. Exercise causes your heart and breathing rates to increase, so your body has enough oxygen and strengthens your heart and lungs. The average person’s lung capacity can be improved around 5 percent to 15 percent even with frequent workouts.. What is the size of your lungs? Your lungs are one of the largest organs in your body. The surface area of both lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis court and the total length of the airways running through them is 1,500 miles. What is the best exercise for lungs? How many lungs are you born with? Adult lungs have around 300 million air sacs. At birth your baby has 20-50 million air sacs. What foods are bad for lungs? Where is lung pain located? The pain fibers of the lung are located in the pleura. When this tissue becomes inflamed, it results in a sharp pain in the chest that is worse with breathing. Other symptoms of pleurisy can include cough, chest tenderness, and shortness of breath. Can you live with one lung? How long does it take for your lungs to fully develop? The rate of lung development can vary greatly, and the lungs are among the last organs to fully develop – usually around 37 weeks. How can I clean my lungs? How can kids make their lungs stronger? Play a wind instrument- Encouraging your child to play a wind instrument is a great way to give their lungs a regular workout. It will teach them to control their breathing and expand their lung capacity to utilize all the alveoli. And it can be something they do for the rest of their life. What is the last organ to be developed in a fetus? What foods repair lungs? Is milk good for lungs? Good: Dairy Products Research suggests drinking milk and eating cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products can lower your chances of dying from lung cancer. Unless you’re allergic to it, dairy is tied to anti-inflammatory properties. How can I make my lungs stronger? Are lungs in front or back?
Specular microscopy is a non-invasive photographic technique that allows you to visualize and analyse the corneal endothelium. This test is used to monitor the number, density, and quality of endothelial cells that line the back of the cornea. A microscope magnifies the cells thousands of times and the image is captured with a camera or video camera. The number of cells within one square millimeter are counted and recorded. The endothelium of a young, ten-year-old, healthy cornea has approximately 3,500 cells in each square millimeter. Normal aging causes the cells to gradually decrease over time. By age 60, most people have approximately 2,500 cells per square millimeter. Gene Therapy Appeal Tasmanian Eye Institute is funding a dedicated Ophthalmic Gene Therapy Centre to be located in Hobart. This will be the first of its kind in Australia. 60% of blindness in infants is caused by inherited (genetic) eye diseases. Help combat previously untreatable genetic eye diseases by making a donation to this life changing treatment. Donate today to change somebodies outlook on life. ©2015 Launceston Eye Institute
Risk factors for the occurrence of sporadic Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infections in children in France: a national case-control study. (1/802) To determine risk factors associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases of Salmonella enteritidis infections among children in France, we conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were identified between 1 March and 30 September 1995. One hundred and five pairs of cases and controls matched for age and place of residence were interviewed. In the 1-5 years age group, illness was associated with the consumption of raw eggs or undercooked egg-containing foods (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.8). Storing eggs more than 2 weeks after purchase was associated with Salmonella enteritidis infection (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4-10.2), particularly during the summer period (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.3-26.8). Cases were more likely to report a case of diarrhoea in the household 10-3 days before the onset of symptoms, particularly in the age group < or = 1 year (P = 0.01). This study confirms the link between eggs and the occurrence of sporadic cases of Salmonella enteritidis among children, highlights the potential role of prolonged egg storage and underlines the role of person-to-person transmission in infants. (+info) Dietary calcium phosphate stimulates intestinal lactobacilli and decreases the severity of a salmonella infection in rats. (2/802) We have shown recently that dietary calcium phosphate (CaPi) has a trophic effect on the intestinal microflora and strongly protects against salmonella infection. It was speculated that precipitation by CaPi of intestinal surfactants, such as bile acids and fatty acids, reduced the cytotoxicity of intestinal contents and favored growth of the microflora. Because lactobacilli may have antagonistic activity against pathogens, the main purpose of the present study was to examine whether this CaPi-induced protection coincides with a reinforcement of the endogenous lactobacilli. In vitro, Salmonella enteritidis appeared to be insensitive to bile acids and fatty acids, whereas Lactobacillus acidophilus was killed by physiologically relevant concentrations of these surfactants. Additionally, after adaptation to a purified diet differing only in CaPi concentration (20 and 180 mmol CaHPO4. 2H2O/kg), rats (n = 8) were orally infected with S. enteritidis. Besides reducing the cytotoxicity and the concentration of bile acids and fatty acids of ileal contents and fecal water, CaPi notably changed the composition of ileal bile acids in a less cell-damaging direction. Significantly greater numbers of ileal and fecal lactobacilli were detected in noninfected, CaPi-supplemented rats. As judged by the lower urinary NOx excretion, which is a biomarker of intestinal bacterial translocation, dietary CaPi reduced the invasion of salmonella. Additionally, the colonization resistance was improved considering the reduction of excreted fecal salmonella. In accordance, fewer viable salmonella were detected in ileal contents and on the ileal mucosa in the CaPi group. In conclusion, reducing the intestinal surfactant concentration by dietary CaPi strengthens the endogenous lactobacilli and increases the resistance to salmonella. (+info) Phage type conversion in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis caused by the introduction of a resistance plasmid of incompatibility group X (IncX). (3/802) The plasmid pOG670, a 54 kb, conjugative plasmid that specifies resistance to ampicillin and kanamycin and belonging to the incompatibility group X (IncX), was transferred into 10 isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis belonging to 10 different phage types (PT1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10, 11 and 13). Acquisition of the plasmid by these strains did not result in the loss of any resident plasmids but resulted in phage type conversion in 8 of the 10 strains (PT1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10 and 11). The observed changes in phage type were found to result from the loss of sensitivity to 3 of the 10 typing phages used (phages 3, 5 and 7). Where the conversion resulted in a change to a defined phage type, both the new and original PTs belonged to the same, previously described, evolutionary lines. Enteritidis PTs 1, 4 and 8, commonly associated with poultry world-wide, were converted to PTs 21, 6 and 13a respectively. The results indicate a different route for phage type conversion Enteritidis from others reported in the literature and, although IncX plasmids are not normally present in PT8 or PT13a, may suggest a possible mechanism/link connecting these phage types. (+info) Cloning, sequence analyses, expression, and distribution of ampC-ampR from Morganella morganii clinical isolates. (4/802) Shotgun cloning experiments with restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA from Morganella morganii 1, which expresses high levels of cephalosporinase, into the pBKCMV cloning vector gave a recombinant plasmid, pPON-1, which encoded four entire genes: ampC, ampR, an hybF family gene, and orf-1 of unknown function. The deduced AmpC beta-lactamase of pI 7.6 shared structural and functional homologies with AmpC from Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens. The overlapping promoter organization of ampC and ampR, although much shorter in M. morganii than in the other enterobacterial species, suggested similar AmpR regulatory properties. The MICs of beta-lactams for E. coli MC4100 (ampC mutant) harboring recombinant plasmid pACYC184 containing either ampC and ampR (pAC-1) or ampC (pAC-2) and induction experiments showed that the ampC gene of M. morganii 1 was repressed in the presence of ampR and was activated when a beta-lactam inducer was added. Moreover, transformation of M. morganii 1 or of E. coli JRG582 (delta ampDE) harboring ampC and ampR with a recombinant plasmid containing ampD from E. cloacae resulted in a decrease in the beta-lactam MICs and an inducible phenotype for M. morganii 1, thus underlining the role of an AmpD-like protein in the regulation of the M. morganii cephalosporinase. Fifteen other M. morganii clinical isolates with phenotypes of either low-level inducible cephalosporinase expression or high-level constitutive cephalosporinase expression harbored the same ampC-ampR organization, with the hybF and orf-1 genes surrounding them; the organization of these genes thus differed from those of ampC-ampR genes in C. freundii and E. cloacae, which are located downstream from the fumarate operon. Finally, an identical AmpC beta-lactamase (DHA-1) was recently identified as being plasmid encoded in Salmonella enteritidis, and this is confirmatory evidence of a chromosomal origin of the plasmid-mediated cephalosporinases. (+info) Strain-dependent cytotoxic effects of endotoxin for mouse peritoneal macrophages. (5/802) The cytotoxic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on mouse leukocytes have been examined in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS into C57BL/6 mice greatly reduced the recovery of mononuclear cells; LPS was cytotoxic for macrophages, but had a mitogenic effect on lymphocytes. Similar effects of LPS on peritoneal leukocytes were observed in vitro. When monolayers of adherent peritoneal cells were studied in vitro, cytotoxicity was also observed, suggesting that the effect of LPS on macrophages is direct and does not require participation by lymphocytes. Entirely different results were obtained when peritoneal macrophages from LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice were studied. LPS failed to activate lymphocytes and was not cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro or in vivo. The effect of LPS on polymorphonuclear leukocytes appeared to be the same in all mouse stains studied. Lipid A was shown to be the most biologically active portion of the LPS molecule. Whereas polysaccharide-deficient endotoxins extracted from rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were cytotoxic for macrophages in vitro, polysaccharides that lacked esterified fatty acids did not exhibit this activity. Since LPS may mediate its effects through affinity for mammalian cell membranes, the cellular unresponsiveness of C3H/H3J mice to LPS may reflect an inability of cells from LPS-resistant strains to interact with LPS at the membrane level. (+info) Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of leghorn hens. (6/802) Leghorn hens over 50 weeks of age were assigned to two treatment groups designated as either unmolted controls or molted. A forced molt was induced by a 9-day feed withdrawal, and each hen was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella enteritidis organisms on day 4 of feed withdrawal. On days 4 and 9 of molt, the numbers of lactobacilli and the concentrations of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids in the crops decreased while crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. S. enteritidis crop and cecal colonization, in addition to spleen and liver invasion, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. The invasive phenotype of Salmonella spp. is complex and requires several virulence genes which are regulated by the transcriptional activator HilA. Samples of the crop contents from the molted and unmolted birds were pooled separately, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. The sterile crop contents were then used to measure the expression of hilA. By using a lacZY transcriptional fusion to the hilA gene in S. enteritidis, we found that hilA expression was 1.6- to 2.1-fold higher in the crop contents from molted birds than in those from control birds in vitro. The results of the study suggest that the changes in the microenvironment of the crop caused by feed deprivation are important regulators of S. enteritidis survival and influence the susceptibility of molted hens to S. enteritidis infections. Furthermore, our in vitro results on the expression of hilA suggest that the change in crop environment during feed withdrawal has the potential to significantly affect virulence by increasing the expression of genes necessary for intestinal invasion. (+info) Clinical and veterinary isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis defective in lipopolysaccharide O-chain polymerization. (7/802) Twelve human and chicken isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis belonging to phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 23 were characterized for variability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. Isolates were differentiated into two groups, i.e., those that lacked immunoreactive O-chain, termed rough isolates, and those that had immunoreactive O-chain, termed smooth isolates. Isolates within these groups could be further differentiated by LPS compositional differences as detected by gel electrophoresis and gas liquid chromatography of samples extracted with water, which yielded significantly more LPS in comparison to phenol-chloroform extraction. The rough isolates were of two types, the O-antigen synthesis mutants and the O-antigen polymerization (wzy) mutants. Smooth isolates were also of two types, one producing low-molecular-weight (LMW) LPS and the other producing high-molecular-weight (HMW) LPS. To determine the genetic basis for the O-chain variability of the smooth isolates, we analyzed the effects of a null mutation in the O-chain length determinant gene, wzz (cld) of serovar Typhimurium. This mutation results in a loss of HMW LPS; however, the LMW LPS of this mutant was longer and more glucosylated than that from clinical isolates of serovar Enteritidis. Cluster analysis of these data and of those from two previously characterized isogenic strains of serovar Enteritidis that had different virulence attributes indicated that glucosylation of HMW LPS (via oafR function) is variable and results in two types of HMW structures, one that is highly glucosylated and one that is minimally glucosylated. These results strongly indicate that naturally occurring variability in wzy, wzz, and oafR function can be used to subtype isolates of serovar Enteritidis during epidemiological investigations. (+info) Comparative physical and genetic maps of the virulence plasmids of Salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, enteritidis, choleraesuis, and dublin. (8/802) Using fragment profiling, PCR, and Southern hybridization, we found that Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis harbored virulence plasmids of various sizes, whereas serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Dublin carried a plasmid of a unique size. Also, the virulence plasmid of Typhimurium contained genes in the same order detected in the other three plasmids, all of which contained deletions. (+info)
Story Stream recent articles “The American Revolution was the central event in American history,” says American Revolution Institute Executive Director Jack Warren. “It defined our nation. Its achievements are the common inheritance of all Americans, regardless of whether their ancestors fought at Bunker Hill or they just became citizens.” The American Revolution Institute of The Society of the Cincinnati works to nurture an informed citizenry that can engage in responsible debate grounded in respect for our nation’s history and institutions. The Society of the Cincinnati is America’s oldest patriotic organization, founded by officers of the Continental Army and their French peers in 1783 to preserve the memory of the Revolution. According to Warren, the Society created ARI in 2012 to ensure that “all Americans understand and appreciate the legacy of the American Revolution,” how the American republic was established, and how a distinctly American national identity was created, being guided by the principles of “liberty, equality, natural and civil rights, and responsible citizenship that have shaped our nation’s history.” An authority on George Washington, Warren was an editor of Washington’s papers and is the author of The Presidency of George Washington and America’s First Veterans, which explores the experiences of Revolutionary War veterans during the seventy years following the American victory. Warren says that ARI is “building a movement of like-minded Americans” who understand that the American Revolution was “a critical event in the development of freedom and the shaping of the modern world.” Though the country didn’t fully live up to its stated principles at its Founding, the American revolutionaries nevertheless hoped that the country would fulfill them eventually. They understood that “creating a truly free society would take many generations.” ARI works to persuade students “to embrace their role as stewards of our great experiment in liberty and self-government, rather than regard themselves as victims of an oppressive society built on a history of injustice.” Warren singles out the New York Times’s 1619 Project, which he says spreads “deliberate misrepresentations about the Revolution” rather than more thoughtfully considering the story of early America, including slavery. ARI is focused on three main goals: ensuring that the history and heroes of the American Revolution are taught in schools; preserving battlefields, books, manuscripts, art, and artifacts of the Revolution and encouraging their study; and promoting the memory, ideals, and legacy of the Revolution through exhibits and educational programs. Located at the Anderson House, a 1905 mansion on Washington’s Embassy Row that also houses the Society of the Cincinnati, ARI hosts house tours; public lectures from distinguished scholars and historians such as David McCullough, Nathaniel Philbrick, and Rick Atkinson; and workshops and seminars for middle school and high school teachers. ARI’s special collections library includes more than 50,000 primary source documents from the Revolutionary era, including broadsides, manuscripts, maps, rare books, artwork such as ceramics and glass, war armaments and equipment, medals, paintings and sculptures, and prints and photographs. A selection is available online, which is useful for students who can’t travel to our nation’s capital to see these items in person. For teachers, ARI offers a multitude of resources, such as lesson plans on important Revolutionary Era figures and artwork depicting the American Revolution; Why America Is Free, a textbook on the Revolution; the “Revolutionary Choices” online game; a key introductory essay, “The American Revolution in One Lesson”; and a regularly updated blog. It also has resources that explain why teaching about battlefields such as Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown is crucial for student civic education. ARI also offers its unique traveling trunks—chests packed with historically reproduced clothing, along with artifacts and documents. The trunks can be shipped to any school in the nation and kept on hand for a week. ARI features two temporary exhibits each year that provide an up-close look at the history of the Revolution. The current exhibit, “America’s First Veterans,” displays paintings, artifacts, prints, and documents that explore the postwar experiences of junior officers and enlisted men who helped win American independence. Warren says that Revolutionary War heroes represent the “embodiment of virtues celebrated as characteristically American: courage and determination when confronted by a powerful adversary, endurance in adversity, loyalty to family, friends and comrades-in-arms, individual initiative and commitment to high ideals.” These virtues are needed today more than ever. Mike Sabo is the editor of RealClear’s American Civics portal. Show comments Hide Comments
COVID-19 Resources ► Secondary Spanish Resources \| Spanish 3 Spanish 3 textbook cover image In Spanish 3, further develop students' mastery of vocabulary, oral communication skills, and grammatical structure with a special focus on verb forms. The text features true stories and letters from missionaries in Spanish-speaking countries. The Student Text teaches the language as well as the culture. © 2021 bjupress.com
Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Oxford The properties of matter often change drastically under pressure, as bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed. The mechanisms behind such structural changes have been persistent challenges for even the most advanced experimental and simulation techniques. In this week’s issue of Nature, Volker Deringer and collaborators report new insight into the structural and electronic transitions of disordered phases of silicon, obtained from computer simulations that are driven by atomistic machine-learning methods. The team were able to describe the behaviour of a system of 100,000 silicon atoms with quantum-mechanical accuracy. Their simulations reveal a complex series of transformations under pressure – finally leading to a nanocrystalline phase. In a wider picture, the authors’ work provides an example for the power of emerging machine-learning methods to solve challenging problems in physics, chemistry, and materials science.
Image Credits: @deslikesdoodling. In a world where organizers are having to re-think in-person meetings, the UN Climate Dialogues seek to bring Parties and stakeholders together in new and innovative ways so as to build momentum for upcoming climate negotiations. Hidden in this challenge is a new opportunity: “Digitalising climate summits can represent a first step towards a more inclusive and accessible model of cooperation on climate change”, explains CMCC researcher Elisa Calliari. The Covid pandemic has forced the world to adopt unprecedented health and safety measures that, amongst other things, have altered the way large multilateral negotiations take place. Although in-person meetings throughout 2020 were all but impossible, momentum for lowering emissions and increasing ambition in the struggle against climate change has kept going. Not least of which through virtual meetings such as the UNFCCC’s June momentum for Climate Change conference which was conducted entirely online. Setting an important precedent for the digitalization of climate dialogues. More recently, the Race-to-Zero November Dialogues saw Parties and stakeholders convene online to discuss progress with regards to a zero-carbon emissions future and, a few weeks later, the UNFCCC Climate Dialogues took place from 23 Nov – Dec 4 (also online), with the purpose of further advancing climate negotiations due to the postponement of COP26. These climate dialogues are setting the stage for the Ambition Summit and the Anniversary of the Paris Agreement on 12 December with negotiators managing to meet notwithstanding the lack of face-to-face interactions. Although it goes without saying that digitalization cannot replace in-person negotiations in the long run, the climate dialogues have allowed for the development of a new set of tools that will continue to be useful in future multilateral processes. Not least of which due to the ability of digitalization to create a more inclusive and transparent space where the UNFCCC process can unfold. “The digital transformation induced by the pandemic might force us to re-think the way climate diplomacy works, rather than simply providing a temporary fix before going back to business-as-usual. The digital transformation can provide an unprecedented opportunity to open up the UNFCCC process and make it transparent and accessible to everyone”, explains CMCC researcher in the Risk Assessment and Adaptation Strategies division, Elisa Calliari who has attended multiple COPs as an observer since 2014. In fact, during the closing session of the Climate Dialogues some Parties took the time to express their belief that the digital format of the conference had actually further democratized the UNFCCC process. Janine Felson, Chair of AOSIS stated that: “Let’s look at the positives of the virtual dialogue. It has really democratized the process. We’ve been able to reach so many more than we would have been able to had we just been locked inside of conference rooms. We need to take the positives and move on from there.” Not just digitalization Earlier in 2020 Calliari had joined fellow CMCC researcher Jaroslav Mysiak and UCL researcher Lisa Vanhala in writing a correspondence piece that discussed the development of a “Digital Climate Summit to maintain Paris Agreement ambition“. Something that materialised in June with the “June Momentum for Climate Change“, the UNFCCC’s solution to continuing work through virtual meetings which allowed Parties and other stakeholders to engage in dialogue and share information so as to maintain momentum and assess climate action progress. In fact, digitalization can become more than a short term solution to the restrictions imposed by Covid. It can also serve as a platform where researchers, civil society representatives, governments and international organizations learn from each other and expand their networks, adding to the rich programme of side events that come with each COP. Acting against climate change should be everybody’s affair. Digitalising climate summits can represent a first step towards a more inclusive and accessible model of cooperation on climate change. Elisa Calliari Although moving in-person conferences online is certainly feasible from a technological point of view, and necessary in the short term, it cannot be considered a long term solution. Rather it should be used as a complement to in-person meetings that allows for more ample participation. In fact, research indicates that face-to-face participation is fundamental towards negotiation processes. “The digital divide between developed and developing countries can result in an additional source of power asymmetry within the UNFCCC process. Moreover, as some commentators have noted, there are issues of real-time translation into the six UN languages and the fact that the physical aspects of a negotiation — body language, interpersonal bonding, the mood of the room — greatly affect its outcomes,” explains Calliari, Mysiak and Vanhala in their Nature Climate Change correspondence piece. Digitalization can provide new formats, that maintain political momentum for climate action while ensuring participation from business, research and civil society. Where actions that do not need to be negotiated by Parties can be discussed in a virtual space, even making climate negotiations more open and transparent. Climate dialogues maintain momentum The most recent set of virtual meetings, the UN Climate Dialogues, involved over 80 virtual events and provided a platform for countries and other stakeholders to showcase progress made in 2020 and exchange views and ideas on mandated work for COP26. The UN Climate Dialogues format involved meetings and events by the constituted bodies, informal consultations by the Presiding Officers with Parties, and a series of technical workshops and information events on matters related to the work of the governing and subsidiary bodies. Events ranged from discussions on Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue to consider how to strengthen adaptation and mitigation action, to technical dialogue on common time frames for nationally determined contributions. Marianne Karlsen, Chair of the body that provides advice on implementation to the COP, believes that, with over 8000 attendees and 3100 delegates: “It is encouraging to see those impressive figures, which reflect the high interest of our partners to continue to engage in the climate change multilateral process, and of the wider public to stay informed and willing to participate in the fight against climate change.” Mr. Tosi Mpanu Mpanu, Chair of the subsidiary body that provides technical and scientific advice to the COP, expressed his belief that the virtual meetings have helped keep ambition high and that the meetings had a “catalyzing effect [and] we are confident that the constituted bodies are now in a better position to advance the work in 2021 in accordance with their mandates in these action areas.” Parties and stakeholders came together to discuss a vast array of topics, including emission reductions, adapting to the effects of climate change, the provision of finance for climate action, technology cooperation, gender and capacity building. The COP25 president, Minister Carolina Schmidt from Chile, explained that: “Although negotiations will have to wait, these virtual talks are a substantive contribution to our common understanding in a wide range of crucial issues.” The Climate Dialogues have shown that parties are willing to engage in the virtual space and continue to step up climate ambition. They have also revealed the potential for digitalization to facilitate preparatory work for the Climate Ambition Summit on 12 December, COP26 and beyond.
Daily chart People are working longer hours during the pandemic Working from home is less liberating than many hoped Graphic detail LOTS OF PEOPLE envisaged a life of lie-ins and long lunches when covid-19 lockdowns forced their offices to close and working from home became routine. In Britain 47% of workers clocked in remotely in April, compared with an average of around 14% in 2019, according to the Office for National Statistics. By October, four months after the first lockdown had eased, the figure was still 27%. But reality has turned out to be less idyllic than the dream. Daily commutes have been replaced by endless emails and video-meetings. A new report finds that people around the world are working for longer, on average, than they did before the pandemic. Researchers at Atlassian, a developer of workplace software, looked at the behaviour of users in 65 countries. They recorded the first and last times people interacted with the software on a weekday, and took this as a measure of their working day. They found that working hours started to lengthen in March, when most Western countries introduced lockdown measures. In April and May the average working day was 30 minutes longer than it had been in January and February (see chart). Most of the extra toil tended to be in the evening. Workers in different countries put in different amounts of extra effort. Israelis extended their day by 47 minutes on average, longer than anywhere else. South Koreans, in contrast, clocked up only another seven minutes and the Japanese just 16 (although both countries were already among the world’s hardest workers, recording an average day of almost seven and a half hours on Atlassian’s software). Only Brazil and China recorded shorter working hours during the pandemic than before it. The researchers also detected a small shift in how people spread their workloads over the day. By counting the number of users online throughout the day, they found that people were doing a slightly smaller proportion of work in the middle of the day and a greater share in the mornings and evenings than they did before the pandemic. That may indicate that people were taking advantage of the extra flexibility afforded by working from home—but it also suggests that work was encroaching on what would have previously been free time. Whether people will continue working from home in such numbers after the risk of covid-19 subsides remains to be seen. According to a survey by PwC, a consulting firm, 44% of American bosses think that their employees have become more productive during the pandemic, but only 28% of workers agree. Yet they see eye to eye on one point: bosses and workers alike would like to keep working from home at least a day a week. It may or may not be less productive, but everyone wants a bit more flexibility. Reuse this contentThe Trust Project
July 19, 1919: Peace Day Riots: British Veterans Burn Down The Town Hall Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr + A Brief History On July 19, 1919, England celebrated Peace Day in honor of winning World War IUnfortunately, her veterans were not so thrilled, and expressed their unhappiness by rioting and burning down the Luton Town Hall. Digging Deeper British commoners were drafted to fight in World War I, for low pay and under horrible conditions. Treated like cannon fodder by politicians and generals that did not understand modern warfare, they died and suffered en masse. Soldiers with trench foot, pneumonia, and other serious illnesses were treated with contempt at recovery centers and were made to engage in physical exercise even though it was bad for their recovery. The thought was to make rehab bad enough that slackers would want to go back to the front. Upon release from the military, soldiers found mass unemployment at home, and little appreciation for their sacrifice. Many had lost girlfriends and wives to men that did not serve, their previous jobs taken and they found that businessmen got rich while workers remained as poor as ever. Owners of businesses and stores tried to treat the veterans like children or slaves, but the warriors had a taste of a hard life and were not to be pushed around. The veterans were outraged by the lavish public extravaganzas planned while they either could not find work or found low paying menial jobs. Many of the protesting veterans had been maimed, crippled or disfigured during the war. Pensions for these disabled men were meager and no programs to integrate them back into society were in place. As public ceremonies began for Peace Day, veterans began to jeer officials and then to riot, burning down the Luton Town Hall and dragging pianos into the street for music and singing. Bonfires were started and when the town hall was burned rioters cut the firemen’s hoses. The mayor and his contingent cowered in his house, protected by police. Order was finally restored around midnight, but only with help from London police that had been sent for. The mayor left town in fear for his life, and stayed gone. Only a few arrests were made, despite the town looking like a war ravaged battlefield. Fearful of provoking new violence, perhaps directed at officials, the court handed out remarkably light sentences for those charged with rioting. Luton was not the only place in Britain where veterans expressed their displeasure. It was obvious that the generation that had been blooded in the Great War demanded to be treated with respect. Change came slowly, though, and the working poor remained that way for a long time to come. Returning American servicemen suffered during the depression and marched on Washington, D.C. to demand early payment of bonuses promised to them, only to be attacked by federal troops led by Douglas MacArthur. Hopefully, people in Britain and the US have learned something since World War I and veterans will not be treated so callously in the future. The Veterans Administration scandal unfolding today does not cause optimism to run rampant. Question for students (and subscribers): How do you think veterans should be treated? We know what we think, but please let us know what you think in the comments section below this article. Your readership is much appreciated! Historical Evidence For more information, please see… Craddock, Dave. “Where They Burnt the Town Hall Down”. The Book Castle, 1999. The featured image in this article, a photograph from 1897 of Luton Town Hall uploaded by GazMan7 at English Wikipedia, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. About Author Major Dan
Climate Change And Human Ingenuity Thursday, September 10, 2015 Image credit: Oxfam International Cocktail party debates about climate change are usually based on what happened with the weather yesterday. Record snowfall in the East during the winter of 2015 shows that global warming is not happening; drought in California and a heat wave in the west during the summer of 2015 is taken as evidence that it is. Of course, these individual observations of the weather tell us nothing about global warming. To knowing whether the earth is warming we need to take a long-term perspective. Data used by climate scientists who study global warming are deviations of annual mean global temperatures from the 1951-1980 average. They clearly show that temperatures have been rising for more than a century. A linear regression fitted to the data shows temperatures are increasing at a rate of 0.67°C per century. This raises the crucial question of how significant this warming is. The standard used by many climate scientists is that a warming of 4°C would be catastrophic. Applying the linear trend of 0.67°C per century, it will take over 500 years to reach that level. Even accounting for the possibility that global temperature is increasing at an increasing rate, it still will take over 130 years for “catastrophic” increases to occur. Of course, these estimates are based on historic trends, not the sophisticated “climate models” used by scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), who vociferously cry “the sky is falling,” or by the likes of Al Gore, who thinks that anyone denying the severity of global warming should be thrown in jail. They all believe in predictions from climate models—not temperature records—which predict warming will be much faster than in the past, putting temperatures 4°C higher in 50 years. Responding to Fortune when asked to comment on an extrapolation based on past trends compared to predictions from climate models, James Hansen, a respected climate scientist from Columbia University, stooped to saying “within less than a year, you will look like complete fools (if you buy this crap).” Such a response sounds more like policy advocacy than climate science. The question for scientists should be how well do the models predict. If one compares IPCC predictions made in 1990 with what actually happened to global temperature, the straight line historic trend comes closer to approximating reality. Accepting that the earth is warming, what are the appropriate tools for dealing with it? Let’s start with what not to do. The main thrust of the Obama administration’s answer to climate change is a regulatory initiative aimed directly at reducing carbon “pollution” as the EPA calls it. Unless these types of regulations are applied worldwide, U.S. reduction will have no significant effect on global warming because the biggest carbon emitters are developing countries such as China. Even the EPA says that “if we stabilized concentrations and the composition of today’s atmosphere remained steady (which would require a dramatic reduction in current greenhouse gas emissions), surface air temperatures would continue to warm.” The Obama initiative illustrates another problem, namely that there are other environmental impacts from shifting away from carbon. Republicans who oppose the Obama regulations are using environmental tradeoffs to fight the EPA in Florida, where two-thirds of the endangered manatee population depends on warm water discharged by coal-fired plants. By pitting the EPA against the Endangered Species Act, Republicans hope to delay or kill the proposed carbon emission rules. Environmental tradeoffs are also a problem for efforts to encourage alternative energy, another weapon in Obama’s war on climate change. As former Secretary of State George Shultz, one of the loudest conservative voices in the fight against global warming, told the Washington Post, “significant and sustained support for energy research and development” is a necessary response to global warming because we now “produce electricity from the wind and the sun at close to the same price we pay for electricity from other sources.” Yet, for all its hype, solar power accounts for such a small percentage worldwide that its share rounds to 0 percent. In the United States, we produced a higher percentage of our electricity from renewables in 1948 (32 percent) than we do today (11 percent) mainly because we rely less on the most viable renewable—hydroelectric power. Both solar and wind power come with their own environmental effects. Matt Ridley noted in the Wall Street Journal, “to run the U.S. economy entirely on wind would require a wind farm the size of Texas, California and New Mexico combined—backed up by gas on windless days.” The Cape Wind project in Nantucket Sound has been delayed for years by environmental objections. Recently, environmentalists sued San Diego County and five solar companies on the grounds that the land taken up for solar panels was “irreplaceable wildlife habitat.” Another approach embraced by both liberals and conservatives is cap-and-trade, meaning capping carbon emissions and allowing those receiving the cap to trade their emission permits in the market place. This is another carbon policy that has gained no traction because it hasn’t worked very well. This approach, which was tried by the European Union and appropriately dubbed the Emission Trading Scheme, has collapsed because regulators keep changing the rules and because low natural gas prices have made it easier to reduce carbon emissions by switching from coal to gas. Perhaps the policy most favored by economists and by policy advocates including George Shultz and the late Gary Becker is a revenue neutral carbon tax. The problem is that any carbon tax will not be determined by blackboard economists; it will be created by special interests in Congress and therefore will never be revenue neutral, will be regressive, and will not eliminate ineffective energy policies. So where does this leave us regarding what to do about global warming. For starters, there is no need for policy panic. Regardless of whether global temperatures follow the historic trend and take half a millennium to rise by 4°C or follow a “hockey stick” upturn predicted by the IPCC and take one half of a century to rise by 4°C, we have the time to adapt. Already adaptation is taking place. In a book titled Windfall: The Booming Business of Global Warming, McKenzie Funk documents dozens of business ventures dealing with climate change including those developing giant water bags to float fresh water across oceans and those constructing sea walls. Researchers at the University of Texas predict that current vineyard acreage will decrease by 25 to 73 percent throughout all major wine regions by 2050. In response, some wine producers are moving from France into Germany and even England. John Dickerson, founder of Summit Water Development Group, is purchasing and brokering water rights in the American West and Australia as a way of hedging against shifting rainfall patterns. If global warming drives night-time temperatures above 18°C, bean production could fall by 50 percent in those areas. A recent breakthrough from the agricultural research group, CIAGR, however, shows promise for temperature-resilient beans, which could sustain this vital source of protein for millions of people in the developing world. The typhoon in Vanuatu in March of 2015 illustrates the importance of prosperity when it comes to dealing with climate. Just as poor countries experience more destruction from hurricanes, they will be less able to adapt to global warming. A country such as Bangladesh with a per capita income of $3,190 does not have the wherewithal to build sea walls and tidal diversions as rich countries such as the United States can with a per capita income of $53,750. Getting to the point where they might be able to better adapt will require economic growth. Compounding its current growth rate of 6 percent for fifty years would lift Bangladeshi per capita income to almost $50,000 in 50 years. This underscores the importance of why it won’t do, as Matt Ridley opined, to tell “the poor to give up the dream of getting richer through fossil fuels.” Taxing or regulating carbon emissions and subsidizing alternative energy sources in the hope of achieving a carbon-free economy will not allow us to deal with the possible consequences of global warming. Even the EPA says that “if we stabilized concentrations and the composition of today’s atmosphere remained steady (which would require a dramatic reduction in current greenhouse gas emissions), surface air temperatures would continue to warm.” In other words, reducing carbon emissions won’t make much difference in global temperatures over the century, but it will seriously impede the poor getting richer. Recent anthropological research by Penn State University’s Pat Shipman, built on a complete sequencing of the Neanderthal genome, shows that Neanderthals survived many periods of abrupt climate change, including a “volcanic winter” caused by a massive eruption near what is now Naples. If they survived and adapted to abrupt climate change, surely modern man ought to be able to adapt to long-term changes, provided climate policies don’t stifle human progress and economic growth.
GCSE Spanish The course By learning a foreign language, you give yourself the chance to see the world in a different way. You can explore a new culture and access films, plays and books as they were meant to be seen and read. You will also increase your employability as there is always a demand for people who can speak more than one language across a very wide range of careers. In this course, you will develop your knowledge of the Spanish language and culture through studying three different areas: Theme 1: Identity and culture; Theme 2: Local, national, international and global areas of interest; Theme 3: Current and future study and employment. What skills do I need? You need an interest in languages and the culture of another country and its people. How is the course assessed? The AQA GCSE in Spanish consists of four papers. In Unit 1 (Listening), you will be required to listen to a range of factual and non-factual material in different contexts and in different registers. You will be assessed on your ability to identify and note main points, to deduce the meaning of words from context, to extract specific details, to identify points of view, to show some understanding of unfamiliar language, and to recognize attitudes, emotions and opinions. The paper lasts 45 minutes (40 minutes + 5 minutes reading time) and is worth 25% of the total marks. In Unit 3 and 4 (Reading and Writing), you will be tested on your ability to understand and use information from a range of texts. In the first extended writing task you will be required to write about 90 words in Spanish. The response will be assessed for communication, content knowledge and application of language. For the second piece of extended writing, you will select one writing task from a choice of three. You will be expected to write a continuous response of about 150 words and you will be expected to express opinions and to use a variety of structures, including a range of tenses. There is also a translation task at the end of the paper. The papers last 1 hour 15 minutes for the writing and 45 minutes for the reading; they are worth 50% of the total marks. In Unit 2 (Speaking), you have three tasks. In Section A, you will have a discussion about a photo-card (3 minutes). In Section B, you will be required to take part in conversations with the interviewer on a roleplay (3 minutes). In part C, you will have a general discussion on two further topics. The total duration of the exam is around 12 minutes and is worth 25% of the total marks. AQA GCSE Spanish Higher John Halksworth, Viv Halksworth and Richard Martin Published by Oxford University Press ISBN-13: 9780198365853 Exam Board and Specification Code AQA 8698 Ana Abad Jara Head of Department
What's Wrong With Fast Disposable Fashion? Synthetic fabrics are mostly comprised of crude oil-petrochemicals and they are widely used in the production of fast fashion because it's a very cheap raw material producing steep profit margins for fashion brands. Research and laboratory studies from around the world have proven over and over again that they pose a severe and negative impact on human and animal health. We can do better than this. Mother Nature has graciously provided us with the abundance of all the natural materials we need to clothe our bodies and furnish our homes without the need to sacrifice our health or the environment. Organic and natural fibre clothes will never go out of style and they last much longer than conventional in regards to quality and construction. Once they are discarded, the fiber returns to Mother Earth harmlessly; leaving no chemicals or toxic fiber composite behind. Because we know the care and passion that goes in to producing better clothes there is no comparison to conventional fashion. Conventional fashion employs over 8,000 and up to 12,000 chemicals to produce. Of those chemicals there are thousands and thousands of group classifications and versions of those chemicals in our clothes. Many have been banned by other countries and nations around the world because of their known danger to human health, the environment and high levels of toxicity. Growing or cultivating organic and natural fibres takes time. The one thing fast fashion and an industry that thrives on over-consumption and riddled with greed does not have or embrace. As a consumer you can change these dynamics simply based upon how you spend your dollars. Be concerned about who makes your clothes, demand quality, thrift shop, repurpose, say no to synthetic fabrics such as polyester, acrylic, rayon, acetate, nylon, tri-acetate, modal, tencel, loycell, viscose and even bamboo (currently bamboo is produced using the same toxic methods as rayon and in fact it is classified as rayon fiber). A Single Shirt Can Contain Up To 12,000 Dangerous Toxic Chemicals? Hormone Disrupters Skin Irritants Endocrine Disrupters Gender Benders Nano Patricles Most Common Toxic Chemicals In Fashion Acrylic Acid-Irritating and corrosive to the skin. Attributed to pulmonary edema- (respiratory failure). Bromines-Strong smelling chemical used as flame retardant. Cadmium- A heavy metal used in the dye process. Carbon Disulphide-A fowl smelling chemical used in the production of viscose rayon. Carcinogen- A cancer producing substance. Caustic Soda-Lye and is corrosive. It is very harmful to all living tissue. Colors and dyes-synthetic known carcinogens and cause cancer Acid and Azo—Should never be used. Basic Red 9 and 46—Violet 14 Direct Blue 6—Black 38—Red 28—Brown 95 New technology infusing fabric with human DNA. Whose DNA is it? WHY! Sensory Perception A micro encapsulation delivery system for textiles that allows active ingredients such as synthetic fragrances to be chemically trapped in the fabric and released over time. Can directly enter the blood stream upon touch. Scientist around the world are urging the government to do more research to determine the health implications of wearing the fiber. Current research shows the central nervous system and brain is negatively affected by these particles. 3D Printing Creating fashion using a computer and a 3D printer that uses a petro-filament thread like substance, heated by the printer to print pieces that can be put together to create a garment that is plastic. Printers using the technology is dangerous as the fumes can pollute air quality and off-gas. Wearing plastic petro-clothing suffocates skin pores-raising our core body temperature , decreases the body's natural EMF frequency making it more susceptible to illness. These garments are unrealistic for everyday normal wear. The Dangerous Future Of Fashion? May Sound Cool. But It's Not So Cool For Your Health! From creation to discard synthetic fabric is harmful and destructive. It simply never completely goes away. Synthetic fibers are created in a laboratory. They are manmade and unnatural. The fabrics are created using a lethal cocktail of toxic chemicals that do not occur naturally in nature. Synthetic fabric prevents our bodies from naturally sweating releasing toxins through our skin. This natural process gives our bodies the ability to maintain a healthy immune system, regulate temperature and fight disease. The mass production of acrylic, polyester, rayon, nylon, acetate, vinyl and polyurethane is endangering our health and the planet at an alarming making our bodies more susceptible to disease and illness. • Acrylic fabrics are polyacrylonitrile (PAN) synthetic polymers and have been proven to cause cancer in laboratory studies. It's classified as plastic. Plastic bottles and bags are broken down to a yarn state and woven into fabric. • Acetate and tri-acetate is made from wood pulp and is called cellulose fiber. Thousands of toxic chemicals are required to process the solution(slur) into strands that can be woven into fabric. These chemicals contaminate our planet in many disturbing and unethical ways. It has been discovered that these chemicals alter hormones affecting fertility making it impossible to conceive and have children. It's been reported that 7.3 million American couples are not able to conceive and have children, chemicals in the environment have been implicated. • Nylon is made from coal, petroleum, air, water, agricultural by-products and natural gas. Research has linked the fabric to breast cancer along with many other chronic illnesses. • Polyester (also called polynosic) is made from synthetic polymers derived from esters of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid. In plain English polyester is made up of four ingredients: coal, petroleum, air and water. • Rayon is made from recycled wood pulp that has been treated with chemicals such as caustic soda, ammonia, carbon disulphide, acetone and sulphuric acid. The fabric has been researched and proven to cause nausea, headaches, vomiting, insomnia, chest and muscle pain and even Parkinson’s disease. Other manmade fabrics to avoid include modal, tencel, loycell, viscose and most types of bamboo. It’s true many of these fibers can be considered natural, they are made from wood (beech and eucalyptus trees) and grass. However, the process used to produce these fabrics is highly toxic and chemically saturated. Don’t be fooled by corporations touting through the use of clever ad campaigns that these fibers are the fabrics of the future. As consumers we should investigate the facts behind the claims to know what we are buying. Modal-Viscose-Loycell-Tencel Explained Fabrics created by The Lenzing corporation • Modal is a type of rayon made from reconstituted cellulose slur formed through spinnerets. It is very light weight, almost see through, shrink and fade resistant. Modal easily loses it's shape, causes severe itching and burning rashes. • Viscose is made by rotting beech tree wood chips in a bath of caustic acid. Once the rotten has occurred the solution is treated again with caustic acid and carbon disulphide. The fabric can cause nausea, rashes, itching and burning. • Loycell is made using n-methylmorpholine n-oxide, a chemical that dissolves eucalyptus and beech tree wood chips into a slur. The slur is run through spinnerets to form yarn that is woven into fabric. The process uses nano-technology. • Tencel is the registered trade name for loycell.
Skip to Content MIT Technology Review • Julia Greer Julia Greer has reinvented nanomechanics–the field that studies the mechanical properties, such as elasticity and strength, of materials at extremely small scales. These materials behave very differently from those at larger scales, and understanding the differences is essential for building reliable and durable ultrasmall devices. Credit: Sergey Rosolovsky Scientists have typically measured the mechanical properties of nanoscale materials by using a scanning electron microscope to capture images of an extremely sharp tip poking the surface of a thin film of the material. Greer, an assistant professor of materials science, greatly simplified and improved the process by introducing a technique that tests a nano pillar of the target material, compressing it and pulling on it in a single dimension instead of deforming an entire sheet. Greer has used the method to confirm that metals and metal alloys are stronger at the nanoscale than at larger scales, something that researchers hadn’t been able to prove before. The findings are providing engineers with the information they need to build nanoscale devices. –Kate Greene
UTSC Homepage-general help guide to avoiding mistakes that are common composing an essay Centre for Critical Development Studies Just how to Write An Essay Learning just how to compose well takes some time experience, and it is generally discovered through an effort and mistake process. Hoping to help save you some traditional errors, let me reveal an over-all guideline plus some helpful suggestions about how to research efficiently, exactly exactly exactly what various essay parts will include, and exactly how presenting a solid argument. Bear in mind, that it is many appropriate for social technology documents. hyper Links are supplied throughout to selected handouts from the composing center. To get more resources from the Writing Center visit their internet site. The 10 Myths about Essay Writing 1. “Essay has become 5 paragraphs.” 2. “Never utilize “I” or write in the 1st individual.” 3. “A paragraph must include between 3-5 sentences.” 4. “Never commence a phrase with ‘and’ or ‘but’.” 5. “Never duplicate a word or expression in identical paragraph.” 6. “Longer essays and fancier words will always better and suggest an increased mark.” 7. “Other pupils are incredibly definitely better at writing essays.” 8. “Good writing is an inborn skill.” 9. “Good article writers write quickly, efficiently, and know precisely whatever they want to state right from the start.” 10. “Good article writers will never need to modify and don’t require any feedback.” These statements are definitely false, together with faster it is possible to away change your mentality from their website the better. The Fundamentals The main and fundamental benefit of composing an essay would be to ensure that it answers issue the project asks. You ought to think about this concern through your brainstorming, investigating, composing, and phase that is editing be sure that the clear answer is often yes! It is possible to write a tremendously well-written paper, but you will not receive a good grade if it doesn’t answer the question in the assignment. Whenever starting your project you ought to: 1. Figure out what the goal that is assignment’s purpose is. Which means you ought to have a pretty solid idea of exactly what the teacher or TA is seeking. Can it be an analysis? an assess? a reflection that is critical? A book review? An incident research? Let me reveal a handout in the different sorts of essays and whatever they suggest. 2. Connect it to program content and principles. This will form the foundation of one’s research. See just what concepts are employed or just exactly what lecture topic(s) this falls under, and appear over your records and readings. 3. Make use of the rubric or checklist supplied and highlight the parts that are important should deal with. 4. Identify the technical demands to ensure that you don’t lose marks that are little. For instance, design of citation, name web page, formatting, vocals, subheadings. If they’re maybe not outlined within the project, ask! The utilization of ‘I’ is a tremendously condition that is important simplify. 5. Record questions or clarifications you might have, and inquire them in advance. Fulfilling your teacher or TA to go over the project, present your outline or tips, and brainstorm various ways to address it, will truly enhance the quality of one’s work. Some basic items to bear in mind when performing your quest is usually to be careful to remain on subject and check that is always double your self that the investigation is pertinent to your essay. Which means perhaps perhaps not going too broad, but staying dedicated to your subject and recognizing that simply because one thing is interesting doesn’t mean it is fundamentally strongly related your argument. Focus on class resources and then relocate to library resources. Often, utilizing a particular wide range of course readings is a necessity. Ensure you conform to it. Additionally, it is an idea that https://123helpme.biz is good determining principles to utilize class sources and product. Make every effort to never ever… EVER use Wikipedia as a cited source. It really is a powerful way getting an improved concept of various topics, principles, individuals, and trivia, although not appropriate for a paper that is academic. Pupils additionally have a tendency to fall when you look at the two types of doing a lot of research or too little research. Doing an excessive amount of research can positively provide you with an improved comprehension of the wider dilemma of your subject, which is seen in your writing. Nonetheless, it is possible to belong to the trap of incorporating items that are certainly not strongly related your subject, leading to a bigger paper then your project calls for. Doing not enough research on one other hand, may not provide you with sufficient information on this issue while making for a reduced paper. Don’t forget, that only a few sources you read will likely be helpful, it will require time for you to find sources that are really good may use for the paper. For a social technology paper between 6-8 pages you generally should read at the very least 10 reasonably good sources. Anticipate to return back and research further when you are composing, to be able to fill gaps in your arguments. This arises using the question “but why” with all the growth of your arguments. You may need to find more supporting proof to provide a far more convincing claim. Result in the most readily useful usage of energy whenever choosing resources: 1. Use carefully selected keywords for queries. The secret would be to begin because slim as you can to obtain the sources many strongly related your topic and substitute with synonyms then and wider subjects. 2. Pose a question to your teacher or TA to suggest articles or authors on the subject. That is best when you yourself have a wider variance or individual option on this issue. 3. The CTRL+F that is glorious. Many log articles it’s simple to search with Ctrl+F, so download the PDF or text and quickly provide it a keyword search utilizing Ctrl+F. This can be particularly of good use if you are doing a particular research study i.e. country, indigenous peoples, females, or principles. 4. Browse the abstract if it appears guaranteeing then see the introduction while the summary, skimming through the subheadings and/or the initial phrase of every paragraph. This can provide you with a fairly good clear idea in the event that article is likely to be of good use for you and help you save time from reading the thing that is whole. 5. Carefully pick the journals/data bases for the search. There are particular journals for various procedures and elements of the whole world. The library does a job that is great dividing these up. It will take a little longer to appear through each database you have more quality and appropriate sources. A few ideas and suggested statements on using records while investigating: 1. Paraphrase the primary tips associated with supply. 2. Take down notes for every single appropriate supply. You frequently need 3 things from the supply: the idea that is main argument presented, a sub argument or even a sentence this is certainly insightful, or proof to aid your arguments. 3. The latest form of Adobe Reader enables you to emphasize and place text bubbles (for extra records and some ideas) in PDF files, in order to avoid printing them out or typing away your records. This saves woods and times. It’s also extremely important never to procrastinate or put-off writing out your opinions. You will forget it write it down right away, or. Reading particular things can trigger-off brainstorming in your thoughts, or perhaps a brilliant idea, or perhaps a critique. Write it down! This can additionally help you to get started on composing, as you may have some basic a few ideas in writing currently. 4. It is vital to help keep an eye on just just what information arises from exactly just exactly what supply, to be able to cite precisely and prevent plagiarism. 5. You need to categorize or code pursuit relating to your various arguments and evidence that is supporting. Re-formatting your quest similar to this, for instance all information from all sources highly relevant to your argument that is first are together (keeping their individual citations), makes it a lot easier to write. 6. Critically evaluate pursuit. Build a couple of ideas and concerns, compare different views and arguments and their relevance and value to your quest. Rather than just detailing and items that are summarizing assess them, talking about their talents and weaknesses. Also, be familiar with biases in sources, both educational and press. Zur wildcard Gruppe Zum wildcard Blog Zum Communicartoon Google Plus wildcard blog Submit comment
Home > Exhibition > Content Different civil and industrial uses of centrifugal fans Oct 30, 2020 Centrifugal fans can be divided into civil and industrial according to their main uses, because the natural environment and its application requirements are different. Fans have different efficacies among them, so what are the actual effects of civil and industrial fans? Let’s find out based on the following: 1. Civilian 1. Ventilation: It is used to ventilate the interior and exterior of civil commercial buildings, to send fresh air into the building (supply fan) or exhaust the dirty gas in the building to the outdoors (exhaust fan). Such as the main venue, movie theaters, commercial service houses, diversion tunnel construction and other places. 2. General smoke exhaust system: This type of centrifugal fan is used to remove cooking fume from the kitchen in public restaurants. 3. Fire safety smoke exhaust system: the key is to remove high-temperature smoke and dust in the building when a fire occurs. 4. Positive pressure air supply: In the event of an accident, air is sent to the escape stairway, which is conducive to escape. In addition, the stairway is under positive pressure when air is supplied. The standard air pressure of the stairway is higher than that of other areas, and dense smoke is not easy to penetrate in and cause the staff to breathe. 2. For work 1. Industrial plant ventilation: For ventilation and ventilation of various plants, centrifugal fans are generally installed on the roof, windows or side walls, and there are two methods of air supply and exhaust systems to achieve practical results; 2. Air-cooled desuperheating: show moderate gas fluidity for some long-term hot machines and equipment to achieve the purpose of desuperheating the machines and equipment; 3. Heating and air drying: According to the fresh air system blowing at a certain temperature, the whole process of drying of machinery and equipment, finished products or semi-finished products is accelerated. For example, the air-drying processing technology of production lines in spray paint production workshops, food, pharmaceutical industry, paper industry, etc.; 4. Pneumatic conveying system: according to the quality of the fan, the quality of the substances (vapor, solid particles, liquid and mixed state) is transported according to the pipeline (can be understood as blowing, blowing) to the arrival station, such as the soap powder production line, Injection molding production process line; 5. Supply air combustion: according to the high pressure, a lot of oxygen-containing fresh air systems are fed into the furnace, so that high-temperature ignition vessels such as furnaces and steel-making furnaces that require high temperatures can be fully ignited. Such as steelmaking blast furnace, laminated glass furnace, concrete production and processing technology and the manufacturing technology of photovoltaic cells; 6. Machinery and equipment supporting facilities: nested and installed in other machinery and equipment becomes one of the parts, such as the fan at the end of the motor, the fan on the car and the fan of the purification tower.
Mexico - Chiapas - Cacahoatán - Cacahoatán Cacahoatán - Chiapas Facts about Cacahoatán Location of Cacahoatán Cacahoatán is located in the municipality of Cacahoatán in the Mexican state of Chiapas with the GPS coordinates: Longitude (dec): -92.165278 Latitude (dec): 14.989167 Height over sea level of Cacahoatán The locations medium height over sea level is 480 meters. Population in Cacahoatán The over all population of Cacahoatán is 14969 persons, 7143 of them are male and 7826 of them are female. Age distribution The population of this place consists of 6138 minors and 8831 adults, with 1245 of them being 60 years and older. Indigenous population of Cacahoatán 108 inhabitants of the location Cacahoatán in Mexico live in indigenous households. 35 of the citizens 5 years and older, speak an indigenous language. The count of people who only speak an indigenous language without having knowledge of the Spanish language is 0 people, while 31 as well speak Spanish. Social structure A legal claim on health care and social insurance benefits have 5846 citizens of Cacahoatán. Economic situation In Cacahoatán exist about 3485 households. Of these households 3465 are common houses or apartments, 365 are without floor and about 631 consist of one room only. 3355 of the normal households have sanitary installations, 3158 are connected to the public water supply, 3389 have access to electricity. The economic situation allows 365 households to own a computer, 836 own a washing machine and 3059 households are equipped with one ore more televisions. School and education in Cacahoatán Besides the 1447 analphabets aged 15 or older, about 224 minors between 6 and 14 are not visiting a school. 1474 inhabitants of the population of 15 years and older did not visit a school and 3132 persons did not finish the school. 1878 visited only the 6 years lasting primary school, 3280 visited and finished the college or similar scholar institutions. A total of 1300 aged 15 to 24 years visited a school, the medium time school is visited through the whole population is 8 years. Map of Cacahoatán Add a reference to Cacahoatán <a href="">Cacahoatán</a> Cacahoatán Fotos PHP Link Directory
Home – Life Extension Category Archives: Life Extension The Planarian Flatworm: A Gateway to Human Immortality? The Planarian Flatworm: A Gateway to Human Immortality? A planarian is a species one of many non-parasitic flatworms. Planaria are common to many parts of the world, living in both salt-water and in freshwater ponds and rivers. They are remarkable creatures. Some planarians exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts. For example, a planarian split either lengthwise or crosswise will regenerate into two separate individuals. Recently, one particular species of planarian, S. mediterranea has emerged as the species of choice for modern molecular biological and genomic research due to its diploid chromosomes and the existence of both asexual and sexual strains. Recent genetic screens utilizing double-stranded RNA technology have uncovered 240 genes that affect regeneration in S. mediterranea. Many of these genes have “Orthologs” in the human genome. Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Normally, orthologs retain the same function in the course of evolution. Identification of orthologs is critical for reliable prediction of gene function in newly sequenced genomes. The Planarian Flatworm: A Gateway to Human Immortality? The life cycle and traits of planarians make them a model system for investigating a number of biological processes, many of which may well have implications for human health and disease. Even immortality. However, the flatworm’s regeneration ability has attracted a lot of attention. It may pave the way for humans to gain the ability to regenerate lost limbs and perhaps even organs. More recently Planarians are being examined in reserach into ageing. That is because these animals have an apparently limitless regenerative capacity, and the asexual animals seem to maintain their “telomerase” levels throughout their lifetime, making them effectively immortal. Telomerase is an enzyme, active chiefly in tumours and reproductive cells, that facilitates cell division and may account for the immortality of some cancer cells. As we humans share a number of genes with Planaria, in theory it may be possible to use the planaria genes in bio-engineering the human body, so that we too can regenerate and have infinite longevity. Immortality: It’s Here Already! Immortality: It's Here Already! Immortality is already here… but only if you are a certain species of jellyfish! Now we’re not talking Portuguese Man-o-War giant jellyfish, but Turritopsis nutricula which weighs in at a mere 5mm in length. It has the ability to revert its cells back to their earliest form and start growing anew. Over and over again. This usually happens in response to a crisis, but scientists have seen this occur repetitively. Just imagine if we could revert back to being a new-born babe in response to a crisis such as learning that you’re going to get the sack from work, you’ve got rising damp in the downstairs kitchen, or, best of all, you’ve been told you’ve got a rare disease and only weeks to live! The tiny creature was discovered in the Mediterranean Sea in 1883, but its unique ticket to immortality through regression and then regeneration was not known until the mid-1990s. If a mature Turritopsis is threatened and this can include receiving actual injury or lack of food and starvation, it attaches itself to a surface in warm ocean waters and converts itself into a micro-blob. From that state, its cells undergo “transdifferentiation”, transforming into different types of cells. Muscle cells can become sperm or eggs, or nerve cells can change into muscle cells. This is something never before seen in the animal kingdom, and may be the only creature capable of doing this. Is every Turritopsis immortal and death-defying? No. Before they are mature adults, they can die of injury, disease, being eaten by predators, or starvation without having the ability to revert back to a blob, regenerate and save themselves. Even after maturation, they can still die through an instant trauma, such as being eaten, washed up out of the sea, or sucked into a cargo-ships tanks and poisoned. But if there’s enough warning and the environment itself isn’t hostile, then hey-presto- transdifferentiation and a new phase of life begins, which can be repeated ad nauseum. The trick of course is to see if the mini-jellyfish DNA is compatible with other animals, and eventually humans. For now, we’ve just got to look after ourselves, and take it on the chin and carry on whenever we encounter crises! Will l Live to be 200? Will l Live to be 200? A lot of people think there is no chance of celebrating their 100th birthday. But what about their 200th birthday? Inconceivable? Not at all! Look at some facts: Life expectancy on average was a mere two decades-20 years- a thousand years ago. It leapt to 37 by 1800. Life expectancy is now about 80. Could you add another 120 years to that to make it 200? It is possible. Larry Ellison Increasing life expectancy is big business right now. The very rich don’t want to doe just yet; so people like Larry Ellison (pictured above), Larry Page and Sergey Brin are investing large amounts of their considerable accumulated fortunes into helping them, and us, all live longer. For those of us who are less than half-way through our lives, assuming we live to 85, we may be planning to retire at 65-70, and then have 15-20 years of retirement before we pop our clogs. But maybe that’s just too pessimistic. And a longer life is now not about being a frail 95 year old in a nursing home. A long, technology-enhanced life could now mean you being fitter and healthier at 150 than you were at 20. Really! You can seriously increase your chances of living a long life by considering how you can take advantage of upcoming health technologies: The first thing you have to do is to stay as healthy as possible, with exercise, nutrition and current medicine. Do it now, not tomorrow. Neither the food industry nor the pharmaceutical industry are designed or optimised to benefit life expectancy. They are optimised and designed to deliver the best rewards to shareholders. Choose you food and medicines carefully. Consult your doctor too. He or she should be able to give you advice, or refer you to a nutrition health professional. The next step is to be ready for DNA reprogramming. Yes, DNA is reprogrammable, just like computers. We can start to programme our bodies away from disease. In the next 10-20 years it is expected that we will be able to re-engineer new body parts. There are literally hundreds of drugs and processes in the pipeline that will modify the course of many of the diseases we face today. Clinical applications now at the cutting edge will be routine in the early 2020s. And cheaper. Finally be prepared for the Nanotech revolution which will be our ticket to living to 200 years… and beyond. Perhaps immortality. The use of miniscule robots in our bodies to augment our immune system will be technically possible. At the current rate of technological change we are only decades away from achieving these breakthroughs. In essence, this would mean that no disease could kill us. But accidents and war will still take their toll, unless the human race suddenly changes the way it thinks about its fellow man (and woman). Technology can’t perform miracles! Immortality. Where to Put all those Accumulating Memories? Immortality. Where to Put all those Accumulating Memories? Let’s imagine (or scroll forward if you think it definitely will happen) we manage to cure ageing, both in the body and in the mind. We have immortality. Nice. But how would we be able to cope with the infinitely accumulating number of memories and things to remember? Memory is a funny old thing. We do get more forgetful as we get older. Yet we still have retained and lodged forever in our memory certain events, numbers, faces, facts and triggers. Even though brain cells die at a quicker rate as we get older, we must assume that immortality will include the ability for the brain to regenerate itself. So our capacity to think is unimpaired because our brains will remain functioning. But what of memory? Research indicates that there is a certain part of the brain where memories reside. But it is of a finite size. As more and more experiences and memories are accumulated throughout the centuries and aeons of our immortality, that part of the brain will just become clogged and full and unable to absorb any more information. It would also be difficult if not impossible to recall information because there are so many full rooms,corridors and halls all full of filing cabinets, full of folders, full of papers. Immortality. Where to Put all those Accumulating Memories? Your brain can keep all that stuff organized for a while (say, the span of most of a normal human lifetime) but it’s not like you can go into your brain and just delete files like cleaning up a hard drive of a computer. Your immortal life and experiences may be infinite, but your brain’s ability to store and recall them is not. After a relatively short time into your immortality, as early as 300 years old, your brain will be chock-a-block piled up with information/junk like one of the habitual hoarders who can never clean up or throw anything out. The only possible solution would appear to be to connect to technology that could store, sort and recall all that information- and perhaps delete it to. “Total Recall” anyone? So perhaps at 30o years old plus you’ll be permanently wired in to a data/memory dump/recall system. But your biological brain’s ability to process the information and retain it, would not be expanded once it has received the input from the memory card or whatever. And of course you might forget that you have stored the information remotely and so the whole system falls down again! Immortality? Not as easy as it sounds! Girl Who Never Grows Old may hold Key to Immortality Girl Who Never Grows Old may hold Key to Immortality Gabrielle (Gabby) Williams from Billings, Montana, United States, is 9 years old, but weighs a mere 11 pounds. She has the appearance of an infant and needs constant attention as if she were newborn- having her nappies changed and being fed a number of times each day. Her skin is baby-like and her hair is fine-textured. There has been some slight growth over four decades- she now needs clothes to fit a baby of 3-6 months instead of up to three months. Girl Who Never Grows Old may hold Key to Immortality People with this condition are very rare- scientists haven’t even got a name for it. Only two other people with a similar condition have been found: a 29-year-old Florida man with the appearance of a 10-year-old, and a 31-year-old Brazilian woman who still looks like a three year old. So far the search for clues as to why these individuals don’t age and what they have in common have not uncovered their secrets. Dr Richard F Walker (pictured above) has been studying Gabby’s case in the hopes of finding a reason for the arrested growth and perhaps unlock a path to eternal youth and immortality. He is retired from the University of Florida Medical School and now does his research at All Children’s Hospital in St. Petersburg. Dr Walker has called the condition “developmental inertia”. He said that without the process of growth and ageing, a human would never develop and remain stunted and unfulfilled. But if there is a gene responsible for this condition, and it could be identified, isolated and modified, then there is a possibility that the most obvious effects of ageing could be arrested or slowed considerably. Walker said he believes he has found one of the genes responsible- a mutation on the second female X chromosome. The trick would be to allow growth to a certain level, for example maturity, and then halt further growth and ageing. This “biologically immortality” would not prevent people dying from disease and in accidents. They would not become superheroes. Gabby’s parents admitted that they were concerned at first that Dr Walker was using their child to find the fountain of youth for vanity purposes, but he explained to them that the research was focused on helping people who struggle with the hardships that come with old age. Girl Who Never Grows Old may hold Key to Immortality Gabby’s mother, Mary, said: “Alzheimer’s is one of the scariest diseases out there. If what Gabrielle holds inside of her would find a cure — for sure we would be a part of the research project. We have faith that Dr. Walker and the scientific community do find something focused more on the disease of aging, rather than making you 35 for the rest of your life.” Dr Walker is currently Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Interventions in Ageing, a source of evidence-based information for practitioners of age-management medicine. He also heads a private consulting company providing regulatory and scientific services for physicians and other health-care professionals. Gabrielle Williams’ condition has since been confirmed to have been the result of a genetic mutation. Emulating or stimulating that mutation has, so far, evaded scientists and researchers, including Dr Walker.
Religious Tolerance logo Introduction to morality & ethics Changes in morality from biblical times to today horizontal rule Sponsored link. horizontal rule Conflicting moral beliefs: comparing biblical times to today: There are a surprising number of events which are considered moral in the Bible, but profoundly immoral by today's religious and secular scholars. A convincing case can be made that all of the major moral advances in the past two centuries have been accomplished by first abandoning specific biblical moral standards. These include the abolition of slavery, allowing women to vote, allowing women to enter professions including the clergy, expanding the definition of rape to include husband-wife forcible intercourse, etc. There is no consensus at this time whether other, more recent, deviations from biblical standards will be regarded as a moral advance in the future. These include the decriminalizing same-sex sexual behavior, extending protections to persons of all sexual orientations, allowing same-sex marriage, etc. A few are listed below: Biblical event or activity Moral in biblical times Immoral today Genocide: mass murder of innocent civilians. There are many instances in the bible where God ordered genocides. One is Joshua 6:21: "And they utterly destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, and ox, and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the sword." Genocide in the Land of Heshbon is described in Deuteronomy 2:26-35 "...we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain. As described in the previous table: The systematic destruction of a race, religion or ethnic group is now considered by most civilized nations as the most serious possible crime. It is the ultimate violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1,2 The U.S. has passed the anti-genocidal Proxmire Act. Canada went further by overcoming objections from some religious groups and passing a law criminalizing just the advocacy of genocide. Other countries have similar legislation in place. The International Court of Justice now enforces laws which forbid genocide and punish those responsible. Slavery: the purchase, ownership, exploitation and selling of another human being as a piece of property. Human slavery existed before the time of Abraham. The Bible justified it (Genesis 9:25-27). Slave owners could beat their slaves to death, as long as they died a slow death (Exodus 21:20-21). Many biblical passages regulated slavery. No biblical passage condemns slavery. Slavery is considered profoundly immoral today by almost all countries today. Sudan is an exception. Slavery is forbidden by United Nations conventions, and by the constitutions of the U.S., Canada and other countries. In spite of these laws, near slavery exists, even in North America. Forced sex When a married man died childless, his widow was required to engage in a levirate marriage: she had to engage in sexual intercourse with her brother-in-law until they produced a son who would carry on the name of the deceased. In most countries, people are allowed to choose whom they will marry. The concept of forced sex or forced marriage is considered profoundly immoral. Religious intolerance There are many passages in the Bible which demonstrate religious intolerance, including the murder of non-believers entering the temple, and of men entering into inter-faith marriages. One of the worst incidences is described in 1 Kings 18:17-40 when Elijah challenged 450 priests to a contest. The latter worshiped another God. Elijah won; the other priests were executed. Murder, mass murder, and genocide of people because of their religion has been widespread in recent years, as seen in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Crete, Sudan, Middle East, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Philippines, etc. But in other areas of the world, individuals enjoy freedom of religion. Murdering or discriminating against a person on the basis of their religion is considered immoral by current standards in the latter countries. Torturing civilian prisoners of war In 2 Samuel 12:26-31, there is a description of an attack by the army of the Israelites against the Ammonites. The city of Rabbah fell. The citizens of the city were then tortured in various ways - perhaps to death. International agreements and conventions now exist to regulate the conduct of warfare. These attempt to guarantee the safety and freedom from abuse of civilians involved in a war. horizontal rule Sponsored link: horizontal rule Related essays on this web site: bullet The Golden Rule and other Ethics of Reciprocity bullet "Hot" religious controversies menu bullet Bible passages that appear immoral by today's standards. bullet What the Bible says about human slavery bullet Genocide menu horizontal rule 1. The English text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is at: 2. The UDHR text is available in other languages at: horizontal rule Site navigation: Home page > Morality > Introduction > here horizontal rule Copyright © 2001 to 2010 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Originally written: 2001-SEP-9 Latest update: 2010-OCT-03 Author: B.A. Robinson line.gif (538 bytes) horizontal rule Go to home page We would really appreciate your help GooglePage Translator: This page translator works on Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari browsers only After translating, click on the "show original" button at the top of this page to restore page to English.
Since we have grabbed the opportunity to shift our lifestyle from the Neolithic Period to the Agricultural Age and so on; we have made so many mistakes that have jeopardized this beautiful world’s environment, since the beginning of human history. We did not care about the consequences we have caused for the sake of the so-called development of civilization. On the other hand, the evolutionary process of the human brain also had a giant leap over the situation since the cognitive revolution started; now we can measure the effectiveness of using the wrong products on the environment, now we can fetch the opportunity to improve the lifestyle according to the betterment of our beloved world. Sometimes a single act of duty or moral perception can create a big difference. No matter what we do, even if it’s just thinking twice before grabbing a single product that has been imposed on our brain by some marketing algorithm. Only then we will be able to see the actual purpose of particular products, to our daily life. For example, the polythene bag we use to carry our daily needs bought from a shopping mall or grocery shop or any other center that sells products to enrich our life needs to be focused on carefully. Do we really want this bag to be a part of our life as far as the environment is concerned? I believe no. Because we have already acquired much more intelligence and information to answer this question stated above. NO! We don’t need these polythene bags to be a part of our daily life, and we can remove them from our life by using products made from natural fibers. Like Jute. Jute is regarded as one of the most affordable natural fibers by many. It can be transformed into reusable and environment-friendly bags. Why Jute Bags? Well first of all it’s durable since its fiber is spun into rough, strong strands, intended to be used many times. And it’s one hundred percent natural and eco-friendly. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, we started using fossil fuels such as coal and oil to power our industries. As a result, pollution increased throughout the world. Increased pollution and carbon emission also resulted in global warming, polar icecap melting, and sea-level rise. Environmentalists around the world recognized this problem and started looking for solutions and alternatives for fossil fuels. This included a search for new renewable and clean energy sources. A shift towards reusable or recyclable products to reduce this global impact also became necessary. Yes, it’s true that plastic bags also can be used several times and that will reduce the global warming potential from 1.57 Kg CO2 to 1.4 Kg CO2, but then again the byproduct of oil and gas will be more dangerous no matter how refined they are. No matter how many times they are reused, a conventional plastic carrier bag can last for two or more years before it disintegrates. It can also be toxic to the soil, water, and harmful if ingested by birds, fish, whales, or other terrestrial or aquatic animals. Nearly 300 types of species worldwide are affected by swallowing plastic debris. Also, a huge number of animals were entangled with these plastic bags or products which were thrown to the bushes, in the ocean, in the sewer, or maybe on the street. This cannot be the best picture of a cognitively revolutionized species, can it? Similarly, we cannot rely on the use of paper bags massively because we will be diminishing the ecological balance by cutting the trees to produce those bags. As a result, it may cause a reduced number of trees in forests. Moreover, paper cannot be recycled effectively like other components. The bag that is produced from jute fiber has nothing to do with these issues stated above, except for aiding in eliminating them. One hectare of a jute plant, which can consume up to 15 tons of Carbon dioxide and can release 11 tons of oxygen in the specific time to jute growing season; more or less in one hundred (100 days) days. Jute is natural and 100% eco-friendly. So why not jute bags for shopping! Still, this is not inevitable enough that jute bags are the only solution to this humongous amount of plastic shopping bags around the world. But since it is durable and eco-friendly we can always take an active approach to expedite the opportunity to build a better world without using toxic materials and educating others to do the same. P.S – For FREE online learning opportunities, join our EAT FREE Community, where you can make a little bit of money, making the planet better! We’d also love to hear from you. If you liked this article, please leave a comment below in the comment box. Related Articles and Resources: + +
What Does Thin Seedlings Mean? (When and How To Do It) Seed packets and gardening guides often mention the need to “thin seedlings” at a certain point in time. It is important to know exactly what this means, along with when to do it and how to do it. So, what does thin seedlings mean? Thin seedlings means to cut or pull up some of your seedlings from the soil. This leaves more space between the remaining seedlings so that they have room to grow without competing for water or nutrients. Thinning also prevents the spread of disease and keeps seedling roots from getting tangled together as they grow. This makes it easier to transplant them outside later. Thinning seedlings is necessary when you end up with more seedlings than you can reasonably plant in your garden. This can happen if you get a higher than expected germination rate from the seeds you planted. However, this is better than the alternative, which is to plant too few seeds, get a low germination rate, and end up wanting more seedlings for your garden. Let’s take a closer look at thinning seedlings, why to do it, when to do it, and how to do it properly. What Does Thin Seedlings Mean? (Why Should You Thin Seedlings?) When you thin seedlings, you remove any extra seedlings to leave more space between plants. You should aim to remove the weaker seedlings and leave the strongest, healthiest ones to continue growing. However, that still leaves us with the question of why to thin seedlings at all. There are several good reasons to thin your seedlings, although it can be difficult to kill perfectly healthy seedlings. Thin Seedlings To Prevent Competition First of all, thinning your seedlings prevents competition for water and nutrients in the soil. Every seedling needs enough space in the soil to grow to its potential. radish seedlings When you thin seedlings, you leave enough space for the remaining plants to grow strong, giving them a better chance at surviving and producing a good harvest. Leaving enough space allows a seedling to build a proper root system in the soil. This root system will be large enough to support a fully grown plant with healthy leaves, flowers, and fruit. These healthier plants will be more resistant to disease, pests, and harsh environmental conditions outdoors. They are also more likely to survive when you transplant them outdoors from inside your home or from a greenhouse. I know it seems cruel to pull up young seedlings that seem healthy, and it can be difficult for some gardeners to do it. However, you need to do it for the sake of the remaining plants! Think about it this way: you would not think twice about pulling up a weed that grew too close to one of your plants. You know that the weed will compete with your plant for water and nutrients, making your plant weaker or even killing it. In a sense, extra seedlings growing too close together are a type of weed, since they will compete for nutrients and hold back the growth of the seedlings around them. For more information, check out this article on thinning seedlings from the University of Nebraska Extension. Thin Seedlings To Prevent Weak and Tangled Roots Thinning your seedlings also prevents the problem of weak and tangled roots. When plants grow too close together, their roots can become tangled. Plant Roots The roots of plants will get tangled if they grow too close together, making it difficult to transplant them later. This means competition for nutrients and water (as mentioned earlier). It also means that it is difficult to separate the roots (and thus the plants) when you want to transplant them outdoors later in the spring. Remember that plants are more likely to suffer from transplant shock if the roots are disturbed or damaged when they are moved. This is much more likely to occur if you need to pull and tear some of the roots to untangle two or more plants that were grown too close together. Thin Seedlings To Prevent the Spread of Diseases and Pests There is one more good reason to thin seedlings to leave more space between plants. Common garden diseases and pests are less likely to spread between plants that have enough space between them. tomato early blight Plant diseases, such as blight, will have a harder time spreading if you leave enough space between plants. In some cases, leaving more space between plants will only slow the spread of diseases or pests, rather than preventing these problems entirely. However, the extra time can give you the chance to pull up and remove infected plants. This will keep the disease or pest from spreading to nearby plants, allowing you to save most of your harvest from these threats. When To Thin Seedlings Hopefully, you are convinced by now that thinning seedlings is a good thing (or at least, a necessary evil). Now we need to figure out exactly when to thin your seedlings. The proper time for thinning seedlings will vary by plant species. However, a general rule is to thin seedlings after one set of true leaves emerges on the plants. You can see the cotyledons on these seedlings, but they do not have any true leaves yet. The first leaves that appear at germination time are called cotyledons, and they are embryonic leaves, not true leaves. They can last a few days, or perhaps a year or more, depending on the plant. For more information, check out this article on cotyledons from Wikipedia. The next set of leaves to appear on a seedling is the first set of true leaves, or leaves that are not cotyledons. Usually, these first true leaves will appear a few days after germination. To see the difference between cotyledons and true leaves, take a look at the picture at the bottom of this PDF from the Utah State University Extension. Once the first set of true leaves appears, you can thin the seedlings (more on how to do this later). Do not wait too long for thinning, or else the roots of the seedlings will become tangled, and you will have trouble transplanting them later. For more information, check out this article on sowing seeds from the Penn State University Extension. Also, check out the table below to get an idea of when seedlings will germinate, when you might want to thin them, and how much space to leave between the remaining plants. Time to Time to Lettuce 2 to 15 4 to 19 8 20 Pumpkin 3 to 10 5 to 14 30 76 Radish 3 to 6 5 to 10 4 10 Spinach 6 to 10 8 to 14 3 8 Squash 7 to 14 9 to 18 30 76 Sunflower 4 to 11 6 to 15 6 15 Tomato 6 to 11 8 to 15 12 30 For more information, check out this article on seed germination times and temperatures from the University of California. How To Thin Seedlings Now that you know why and when to thin your seedlings, it is time to find out how to do it! To thin your seedlings, first get a set of thin scissors or gardening snips (they should be fine enough to work with small plants). pruning shears Use pruning scissors or gardening snips to thin your seedlings. Next, make sure to clean your scissors or snips with alcohol before you start clipping. This will prevent the spread of diseases between plants. This is a good practice for any garden tools that come in contact with soil or that are used to prune and cut plants. Then, decide which seedlings to leave growing, based on which ones look the strongest. You should also take into account the recommended spacing between plant, which you can find on the seed packet or online. There is also information on spacing for some common plants listed in the table above. Now, use your scissors to cut away the other seedlings at the soil line. Avoid pulling the seedlings up, since you can disturb the roots of nearby seedlings if you do this. You can compost the remains or give them to chickens if you have them. You can eat them yourself, either as microgreens in a salad or in a stir-fry. This works well if you have lettuce, spinach, sunflower, or other seedlings that are commonly used for microgreens. For more information, check out this article on microgreens from Wikipedia. Finally, make sure to clean your scissors with alcohol after you finish your thinning. Note: if you are growing in a seed tray with separate cells, such as a standard 1020 tray, then thin to one plant (the strongest plant) per cell. seed tray A tray with individual cells makes it much easier to transplant seedlings. For more information on germinating seeds in trays, check out my article on 1020 seed trays. Remember that cutting extra seedlings at the soil line to thin them is probably your best bet. Pulling up an entire seedling by the roots can damage nearby plants, especially if you wait too long and the roots become intertwined. If you decide to pull up an entire seedling by the roots, then you do have the option of trying to replant the seedling somewhere else to see if it will grow into a healthy plant. By now, you know what it means to thin seedlings, and why you should do it. You also know when and how to thin seedlings for some common plant varieties. I hope you found this article helpful – if so, please share it with someone who can use the information. If you have any questions about thinning seedlings, please leave a comment below. Recent Content
Mainz, Germany Like what you read? Share on social media: Lord Mayor: Mr. Michael Ebling Population: 202,756 residents. Brief Historical Overview of the City The city originated in a Celt settlement that later on became the center of Germania Superior, a province of the Roman Empire. In the course of time Mainz evolved to be a prosperous metropolis of the area, boasting the foremost cotton and textile industries along the Rhine. During the 18th century Mainz was alternately annexed to German and French reigns. The 19th century saw the formation of the modern Electorate of Mainz, on the lands of the province formerly conquered by the French. Under the rule of Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, the former Electorate developed and prospered, and became the area’s spiritual capital. During the years, Mainz was the battlefield of intense religious-political struggles between duchies and various Christian denominations. General information and special features Mainz on the Rhine is Germany’s wine capital, and the birthplace of the Information Age. The city is located an hour’s drive away from 10 out of 13 of Germany’s wine growing areas. Mainz is surrounded by vineyards and is the home of the German Wine Institute and the Association of German Premium Wine Producers. An enormous Wine Market is held annually in the city, attracting half a million visitors during the last couple of weeks in August. Mainz was the hometown of Johannes Gutenberg, who invented the mechanical movable type printing. The city is characterized by ancient buildings, many churches and glorious palaces. The city also takes pride in the Dom – a thousand-years-old cathedral. One of Europe’s busiest airports is located in Mainz, which became the industrial-commercial hub of West Central Germany. Many electronics and communication companies, as well as TV and radio stations, are located in the city. The annual Mainz Carnival is one of the largest events in Germany, involving all of the city’s population. Mainz has theaters, a cabaret, an opera house and dance troupes. The Haifa-Mainz Twin Cities Treaty was signed on March 30, 1987. Site: Mainz, Germany
Cryptocurrencies: Theory and practice (En español aquí) We have seen that the blockchain is the next step in the evolution of information technologies. Blockchain allows for inmutability, auditability, resistance to tampering, decentralized trustless sharing, smart contracts and much more. Blockchain as a technology has many different use cases. It has been used for birth registries, banking technology, identification systems, supply chain transparency, diamond tracking and much more. However, the “killer app” for now has been cryptocurrencies and that is what has been in the news. Cryptocurrencies have now a market value of over 100 bn €s (fluctuating wildly every day) and have become a force to reckon with. Global CEOs criticize it. Most of this value is in Bitcoin and Ethereum which represent two-thirds of total value, with the top 5 coins representing over 80%. There has been a continuous launch of new cryptocurrencies through Initial Coin Offerings or ICOs, which China recently banned at least temporarily. Blockchain technical advantages are uniquely suited to create cryptocurrencies as next generation mediums of exchange and stores of value. Immutability, auditability and resistance to tampering allow creating a “coin” that is immune to the counterfeiting or debasing of physical coins. Cryptographic security means coins are safe and there is no stealing possible (at least while the private keys are safe). Smart contracts and programming create great flexibility in its functioning going beyond simple money. Algorithmically limited supply of coins allows guaranteeing there will be no inflation. Cryptocurrencies have two types of value, a utility value and a medium of exchange value. The utility value represents what some tokens can do natively. Some tokens like Ethereum give you access to computing power, others like StorCoin J allow you to store information. The medium of exchange value is based on shared belief, if someone will accept a cryptocurrency as payment layer, then it has a value now. Of course, the moment that shared belief disappears, the value disappears. Bitcoin has no utility value, only exchange value. It is arguably the first currency that has achieved its status without either government fiat (e.g. post-gold standard dollars) or utility value (e.g. gold). Of course, like its critics like to point out. it could lose its value in an instant when confidence is lost, much like fiat currencies sometimes do (think the Bolivar, not the dollar). The bear case for investing in crypto currencies is related to its exchange-value only nature: • Volatility, potentially down to zero. Having no utility value and no government fiat means that Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies could drop immediately to zero value just based on loss of confidence or a swift move to a better alternative. • Proliferation and fraud in the long tail. There is an increasing number of coins, many of which have been put together by very few individuals. Can any of this coins be the “bitcoin-killer” destabilizing current market caps? Will many of them be pure Ponzi schemes? • Need to preserve the private keys. A cryptocurrency is totally safe as long as the private key is safe. However, the person holding the private key is human whether it is an exchange (Mt. Gox) or an individual that loses the key or is swindled from it. • Sensitivity to regulation and protocol evolution. Regulatory actions, like China’s ban of ICOs, or protocol evolution, like Bitcoin’s hard fork in August, can have strong destabilizing effects on their values. The bull case for investing in cryptocurrencies can be summarized in just one phrase: “cryptocurrencies are just one new asset class for people to have in their portfolio”. If this is the case then the question is what percentage of the portfolio will people have in cryptocurrencies. Total wealth in the world is estimated at 250 USD Trillion so current cryptocurrency capitalization of ~125 billion USD represents 0,05% of total wealth. If you think people will hold 1% of their assets in crypto you have still a 20x rally in price (given that supply is limited). If you think the number is 10% as some commentators have ventured you have a 200x, just enough to reach the $1 million Bitcoin some of the most bullish promoters defend. Investing in Cryptocurrencies Investing in cryptocurrencies used to be extremely difficult and reserved to the technically savvy, but a host of startups are working to make it really easy. These startups include exchanges (Coinbase, Kraken, Bittrex…) in which you can buy and sell criptocurrencies, wallets to help you store them (Jax, Parity,…) and other utility players (Shapeshift, Prism,…). I personally believe that while cryptocurrencies are an extremely speculative investment they might have their place in a portfolio. Investing in crypto is also a way to get to understand a bit better a very different world that is emerging. To invest in crypto it makes sense to go through several stages, based on my own experience and that of some other people I know that invest I would think the following could be appropiate 1. Invest a trivial amount in Bitcoin and Ethereum through the app of one of the most user-friendly exchanges even if commissions are high (in my case it was Coinbase). That will give you the feeling for the volatility. 2. Understand more about Bitcoin and Blockchain with some of the great resources on the internet. The 10 papers in this article are a great starting point. 3. Make a speculative investment mainly in Bitcoin and Ethereum, and if you feel like it Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash, through one or several of the more cost-efficient exchanges (e.g. Kraken). Invest only what you can afford to lose completely, consider it tuition fees. 4. Finally, you can go deeper into the rabbit hole and start investing into exotic coins. This requires in depth investigation and specialist knowledge. You might want to do things like joining the slack channel of the developers and reading the white paper. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Benefits of eating sea food wp 1589203601094682456812216951704 » As more and more doctors are recommending seafood, it has become difficult to take into consideration the sustainability and ecosystems associated with fishing. What is a sustainable fish? Does the risk associated with fishing exceed the health benefits of fish? What one should eat, raised fish or wild fish? Well, there can be a number of questions where one can get lost. So, let’s understand what are the benefits of eating sustainable fishes? 1. They are healthy Numerous sustainable fishes are high in protein, nutrients, minerals, and heart-sound omega-3s while containing low measures of destructive synthetic chemicals. Overfish fish, for example, Salmon and Tuna, as a general rule, contain Mercury, PCBs, and contaminants. Bigger fish that are higher up on the food chain will, in general, have more elevated levels of unsafe synthetic chemicals because of bioaccumulation. Thus, sustainable seafood is pure and healthy. 5 tips that can change your daily lifestyle 2. You have to spend less money on them Sustainable fishes such as trout and Arctic char are quite affordable, unlike salmon. You can also buy farm-raised fishes instead of expensive wild-caught fish to save your money. 3. You can consume seafood in the form of fish oil One can gain the immense benefits of eating seafood by consuming it in the form of supplements and fish oil. The fish oil is obtained from fishes that are caught to feed humans as well as from the fishes that are caught to feed animals. Buying sustainable fish oil and supplements not only benefits your health but also benefits the ocean’s ecosystems. 4. It will help you support local farmers Local farmers survive on small scale fisheries, unlike big commercial fishing companies that can hunt fishes in large amounts using modern gears and fleets. By choosing sustainable seafood and third-party certified products, you will help poor farmers to earn their living. Is it wise to stop eating fish? Several people claim that one should stop eating fish as the oceans are getting depleted of marine life. We think it is not the solution because several fishermen are dependent on fishes for their livelihood plus fish is packaged with a lot of health benefits. They are high in nutrients, vitamins, minerals and high-quality. They contain omega-3 fatty acids, which is vital for a healthy body and reduces the risk of disease such as heart attacks. They boost brain health, prevent depressions, reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases, and can improve sleep quality and many more. Fish is a delicious food having a lot of health benefits. So, instead of taking a drastic step, you must take a certain step that can benefit both the environment’s being and human health. The best way to achieve this is to start looking for sustainable seafood. How to check if the seafood you are buying is sustainable or not? Sustainable fish has become an intriguing issue in the previous decade because of worries of overfishing and seabed harming fishing practices. For fish to be described as sustainable, numerous elements are considered like what sort of feed is given to the fish if it is cultivated raised, ecological effect of fishing, angling strategies, and current stock of the fish, etc. There are numerous sustainable seafood certifications and programs that work in collaboration with fisheries, farms, and companies to promote sustainable seafood practices and to guarantee a protected, solid and responsible fish supply. You can check for these certifications when you are going to buy groceries. You can also look in for sustainability options when you are going to eat at a nearby restaurant. According to the report of the international union for conservation on wild fishes, more than 85 percent of the world’s fisheries are completely misused. So, picking reasonably cultivated fish lessens the weight on wild fisheries and permits them to reproduce. At last, seafood is a wonderful source of protein, omega 3 fatty acids, but to create the right balance among the fish, humans, and oceans nothing is better than opting for sustainable seafood choices. Sustainable seafood healthy and having a lot of health benefits. You can buy Friend of the Sea certifies Sustainable Seafood. Source: VS Singh %d bloggers like this:
Ebony: The World’s Prized Decorative Wood Throughout history, craftsmen have developed the ingenuity to craft beautiful objects, rings, and gifts out of some of widest variety of materials, minerals, and stones available on our planet. When picking out a material for your jewellery, ebony is a bold, yet subtle and stylish choice. What is ebony? Ebony is a dense species of wood that is very tough and durable due to its density – ebony is so dense it will actually sink in water under the right circumstances. Historically, ebony was used to make luxury items like chess pieces, large wooden cabinets and wardrobes, and commonly used for furniture. Some of the earliest examples of crafted ebony have been found in tombs sealed since the time of Ancient Egypt, as gifts for the deceased to take to the afterlife. It was also even violin fingerboards and tuning pegs, and black piano keys. What does it look like? Ebony wood has a unique black hue to its grain and comes in a few varieties. It has varying dark hues and can sometimes appear striped with darker and lighter hues together in the same grain of wood. Ebony is so unique that some wood sellers have been known to try and counterfeit the rare wood by blackening lighter and more common wood with shoe polish. Given the right treatment, any chair, figurine, or piece of jewellery can look as if it is made of a deep black stone. This is one of the traits that makes ebony such a unique and sought-after type of wood: its ability to appear and feel as heavy and solid as alabaster stone, but pliable, workable, and approachable to carve as any other species of wood. Why should I consider ebony jewellery? In the world and trends of modern jewellery, it is common enough to see the bright colours and sharp angles of decorative stones and hard metals trying to catch everyone’s attention. The smooth, dark subtlety of a black ebony ring is sure to make a striking impression on anyone who sees it, without trying too hard. In addition, Northwood Rings’ ebony wooden rings always source from eco-friendly, ethically sourced renewable suppliers of wood, so purchasing an ebony ring supports an ethically and ecologically friendly business and endeavour. What pairs well with ebony? One of the excellent things about this type of wood is its pallor and hue. Being a black jewellery material, ebony will pair well with pretty much anything and never clash with any custom design you may be considering. Make your next ring a mixed-media piece, with an ebony and white gold-inlay ring, or even set a stone over an ebony band. With a material as versatile as ebony, the sky is the limit in terms of design ideas. Leave a Reply Select your currency USDUnited States (US) dollar
Get Rid of Halitosis by Addressing the Cause, Not the Symptoms Halitosis, otherwise known as bad breath, is a condition which most people attribute to poor dental hygiene. Though that can contribute to halitosis, it is not the actual cause of the foul odor that comes out of your mouth when you speak. The smell itself is the result of bacterial sulfur emissions that come from anaerobic bacteria which live in the back of your mouth, your throat, and even your nasal passages. If you’re going to get rid of halitosis, you need to address the cause, which is the presence and activity of these bacteria. Poor dental hygiene is a contributor, not a cause. How do you begin? The first step in the process is learning what makes these anaerobic bacteria produce sulfur. There are certain conditions in your mouth which are optimal to the reproduction and activity of these organisms. That “poor dental hygiene” thing is one of them. Bacteria can feed on the plaque How Much Do Braces Cost In Indonesia and food particles that are left behind after a person eats. If you’re not brushing and flossing properly, you’re just leaving food on the table for them. Over time, as that plaque and those food particles build up, bacteria can go into the gum line between teeth and cause periodontal disease. This brings up another important consideration that you need to take into account in your quest to get rid of halitosis. There are certain types of oral care products that can actually contribute to the spread of bacteria, not eliminate it. Mouthwashes with alcohol in them can dry out the mouth, a condition favored by anaerobic bacteria that will give you that “cotton mouth” taste which is actually sulfur. Drinking heavily, smoking, and excessive coffee consumption can lead to the same result. Toothpaste that contains an ingredient called sodium lauryl sulfate can indirectly lead to halitosis and oral diseases also. SLS is soap, disguised as a foaming agent, but soap nonetheless. Unfortunately, it has been a main ingredient in most major brand name toothpastes for decades now. Extended use of this chemical over time will lead to the drying out and chapping of the lining of the mouth, opening doors for bacteria to get in. Examine your toothpaste and make sure it doesn’t include this ingredient. The best type to buy is an oxygenated, natural gel or paste. Sugar can also be found in oral care products. If you’re trying to get rid of halitosis, avoid sugar. Bacteria feed on it. If you’re going to chew gum or use mints, make sure they are sugar-free. You’ll also want to avoid foods with high protein concentrations, or diets that require more than average protein consumption. With some of them you might lose weight, but your breath will stink. Saliva is the body’s natural defense mechanism against anaerobic bacteria sulfur emissions. Oxygen is a deterrent, and saliva is loaded with oxygen. If you want to give it a little boost, buy oxygenated oral care products. These may not be easy to find in your local pharmacy or convenience store, but if you put the keyword ” get rid of halitosis ” into your search box, you’ll be rewarded with a list of companies that provide those products. Choose the one with experience that offers the widest range of products. There are rare instances where halitosis is not caused by bacteria. If you suffer from liver, kidney or heart disease, you may find that your breath will smell. Some medications may also cause you to have bad Dental Benefit Management breath. None of these conditions are common, and some may even be contributors and not causes. If you really want to get rid of halitosis, you’ll want to treat the causes. In most cases that is bacteria. READ The Advantages of Using an Electric Toothbrush
Welcome to the world's most extensive apples (pommes) database. Pollination group: Alnarps Favorit Synonyms: Alnarp, Alnarp's Favorite, Alnarp's Favourite, Alnarps Favourite, Favorit, Favorite, Favourite Identification: Large size. Intermediate to oblong conic. The base colour is greenish yellow over which is a dark red blush covering the sun exposed half to two thirds of the apple. Faint striping can be seen on the shaded face. Light coloured lenticels are prominent on the sun exposed side, but almost invisible on the shaded side. The eye is large and open, set in a moderately deep basin surrounded by an unevenly knobbed crown. The stem is short, somewhat slender and knobbed at the end, set in a moderately deep, funnel shaped and russeted cavity. Characteristics: The flesh is soft and juicy. Sweet-tart. Flavour profile is similar to McIntosh. Uses: a fresh eating apple, but frequently also used as a cooking apple, becoming sweeter and holding its shape. Origins: Developed in 1944 at the Agriculture College in Alnarp (Sweden) by crossing McIntosh with pollen from Alfa 68. Selected in 1967. Cultivation: Moderately vigorous. The fruit tends to drop as soon as it ripens. Ploidism: Triploid. Does not provide valid pollen for itself nor other apple varieties. 12 weeks Cold storage: Keeps three months. Harvest: Ready for harvest in the middle of the fifth period. Harvest period: 5 Type(s): Cooking, Eating Pollination group: D Pollination day: 13
January 20, 2013 Don’t Panic!! Palpitations and pounding heart, rapid pulse Trembling or shaking Shortness of breath, a feeling of being smothered Chest pain Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling of unreality or being detached from oneself Fear of dying Fear of losing control Parasthesias, numbness or tingling in limbs Sound awful? It is! To be diagnosed with Panic Disorder you need at least four of the above symptoms to occur, developing abruptly and reaching a peak within ten minutes. No wonder people rush to the emergency room. For those without a previous history of anxiety disorders acute stress is a common cause. Major life changes including death, divorce, job loss or other personal catastrophe can bring on great anxiety in anyone and panic attacks in those who are susceptible. Panic may not come early after the stress occurs so that may make it more surprising and unexpected. It is usually not a first reaction to catastrophe but may develop a little later after a period of extended stress and chronic anxiety. For those with a long term history of anxiety or worry it can develop at any time. People who suffer from panic often feel it “came out of the blue”. Because humans are logical we look for a source of the attack and wherever we were or whatever we were doing is viewed as related to the cause even though it may not be. Thus people who have had panic attacks may find themselves developing fears of driving, restaurants, shopping malls, grocery stores or whatever location is where the attack occurred. Panic attacks are less likely to occur at home although in severe cases they occur there as well. Some medications as well as certain medical conditions seem to increase the likelihood of developing panic attacks so it is always worth having a thorough medical exam to rule out underlying causes, especially in a person with a temperament that is not naturally anxious and when there are no particular stresses in the persons life. The good news is that Panic Disorder is highly treatable with a very high success rate. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is very effective for panic disorder as are certain medications. A combination is usually the best approach. I prefer the combination because medication brings rapid relief and the sooner someone feels they are gaining control over the condition the sooner their symptoms of anxiety subside. CBT promotes long term control and gives tools to diminish anxiety and thinking patterns which contribute to the onset of panic. There is controversy about the role of Benzodiazepines such as Xanax or Valium in the treatment. I believe they have a place as long as the person has no history of addiction. The workhorse class of medications for this condition are the non-addictive SSRI’s such as Prozac, Zoloft and Lexapro but these medications as well as CBT take some time to be effective. Benzodiazepines work immediately but are not effective for long term control so again, they offer the sufferer early relief and a sense of control, something well worth achieving. I urge my patients to make sure they always have one of these fast acting drugs in their wallet or purse so they KNOW they can stop a panic attack at the first sign of trouble. Panic Disorder can be a terrifying condition but very effective treatments are widely available. Untreated Panic Disorder can lead to a more chronic anxiety condition so early treatment is of great value. Tags: , , , , , ,
Do Guinea Fowl Lay Eggs? Guinea fowl, also called guineas, are game birds that are becoming popular among backyard poultry owners. They are indigenous to Africa and one of the oldest gallinaceous birds. Guineas are largely disease-free, hardy, and vigorous birds. Do guinea fowl lay eggs? Guinea hens lay eggs but not during the winter months. Laying for the year commences in the spring and continues through the summer and fall. Guinea fowls usually stop laying eggs when the days start getting shorter. Guinea Fowl on Grass Except when broody, a guinea hen can lay an egg daily during her laying season. This can yield 6-7 eggs a week per hen. Do Guinea Hens Lay Eggs? Guinea hens lay eggs once they mature. The hens lay their first eggs in the first spring of adulthood. Every day for the first 3 years, a guinea fowl will continue to lay eggs. Guineas are not particular about where to lay their eggs. Once they find a suitable spot, they make their nests start laying. Guinea hen nets are usually hard to find. Guineas prefer to nest in long grass, woods, or any place that gives them protection from predators. When guinea hens are laying their eggs during the day, the male usually acts as a lookout keeping an eye out for predators. Guineas can sometimes become communal layers. They will lay their eggs in one nest until the number of eggs is sufficient. Sometimes, this number can be as many as 50. The hens also practice communal brooding, as they take turns sitting on the eggs. How Many Eggs Do Guinea Hens Lay? When guinea fowl mate in the wild, they do so in pairs. Domesticated guineas may also adopt this breeding style if there is an equal number of males to females. These pairs typically wander off as the breeding season arrives to search for good nesting sites. Guineas are known to be seasonal egg layers. They can lay eggs daily between April and October, with the frequency depending on their location. You can get an egg on most days during their laying season. Three Guinea Fowl eggs The number of eggs laid by a guinea hen is usually around 90-130 eggs per season. On average, one can expect 100 eggs per season. For some prolific layers, like the Black Star and Rhode Island Red, you can expect around 300 eggs a year. When compared to chickens, guinea hens lay eggs for a shorter period. Also, around 3-5 years of age, their egg production begins to slow down. How Big Are Guinea Fowl Eggs Compared to Chicken and Duck Eggs? Guinea fowl eggs are smaller than the eggs of a chicken or a duck. On average, 2 guinea fowl eggs together add up to the size of a single duck egg or a large chicken egg. Guinea fowl eggs are usually creamy with light brown spots. The small end of the eggs is more pointed than the egg of a chicken or a duck. The yolk to white ratio of a guinea fowl egg is higher than that of a chicken egg. The eggshell is harder to crack open than that of a chicken egg. At What Age Do Guinea Hens Start to Lay Eggs? Guinea hens start laying eggs around 20-32 weeks of age. They usually lay their first eggs during the spring after they are hatched. Guinea hens start laying eggs when daylight hours increase and the temperature starts getting warm They are seasonal layers, and they only lay from spring through fall. In the offseason or the fall of the year they hatched, some young hens may lay a few random eggs. Guinea Fowl eggs Do Guinea Hens Make Good Mothers? Unlike chicken hens, guinea hens do not make good mothers. While this might sound harsh, here are some reasons why they don’t make the best parents to their young. • Before all the eggs hatch, some guinea hens tire and are not broody. Some moms move their keets to a new nest without waiting for their remaining eggs to hatch. • Some moms stay until the hatch is complete and then get tired of motherhood. They will abandon their keets, who are left alone to die. • Some guinea hens end up taking the keets across a damp field where they get wet, freeze, or die. • When a guinea hen makes her nest inside a safe henhouse, the eggs will remain unharmed, keeping the keets dry and safe from predators. However, it may allow the rest of the flock to put the keets through a brutal pecking ritual, which they may not survive. • When in a coop with other adult birds, keets are exposed to contaminated bedding, worms, and coccidia. • In some cases, keets can end up drowning in water without the adults trying to save them. • You can discover a guinea hen nest with 50 eggs or more without a broody mom. Predators like snakes, raccoons, or skunks will find the nest and destroy it, eating all its contents and breaking the rest. • A mom can accidentally step on her keet, crushing it in the process. • Keets often go unwatched or without nurturing, and if they wander from the nest they are left to die. Some guinea hens still make good moms. They do this by protecting their nest of eggs and keets the best way they can. Guinea Fowls with Baby Some guinea hens will try to protect the nest when there is a predator attack. They will hiss and dart at a predator that is bigger and stronger than them. In some cases, a guinea hen may even die from a predator attack if she is broody outdoors. How Long Do Guinea Fowl Eggs Need to Incubate? The guinea fowl egg incubation period usually lasts between 26 to 28 days, which happens to be similar to that of turkeys. Since guinea hens do not always make good mothers, you can get a chicken to brood around 25 guinea keets in your backyard. Final Thoughts Guinea fowl lay eggs, but they are not usually kept for their egg production. They give around 100 eggs per year, which is significantly below what chickens produce. If you are rearing guinea fowls for other reasons, having them lay eggs is a plus. Guinea fowl only lay in warm seasons, so you should only expect eggs from them from spring through summer. April has owned and worked with domestic fowl including chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, and guineas since 1998. She has a B.S. in Agriculture from Cal Poly in Pomona, CA where she studied genetics, nutrition and reproduction. Recent Content
Adults - Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Adverse Childhood Experiences, or ACEs, are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years). Examples of ACEs include experiencing violence, abuse or neglect, having parents that are divorced, and witnessing violence in the home or community. ACES are common, with about 61% of adults surveyed across 25 states reporting that they had experienced at least one type of ACE, and nearly 1 in 6 reported they had experienced four or more types of ACEs. Untreated ACES are connected to issues like drug use and alcoholism, as well as mental health problems like depression and physical health problems like severe obesity. According to one study, persons with four or more ACEs compared to those with no ACEs were 2.34 times as likely not to graduate high school, 2.3 times as likely to be unemployed, and 1.6 times as likely to live in a household reporting poverty. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Wholesomealive is independent and reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Learn more Talcum Powder and Testicular Cancer Cancer is the 2nd major cause of death in the world. This cancer may occur in various parts of the body, including reproductive organs (testicular cancer, ovarian cancer). Though testicular cancer is not much common in the world, the annual incidence rate is increasing gradually. In testicular cancer, approximately 90 percent of cancer developed in germ cells. These cells make the sperms that are used to fertilize the egg. There are two main GCTs (Germ Cell tumor) types seminomas and nonseminomas, which are composed of choriocarcinoma or teratoma. The etiology of this disease is not entirely understood. Researchers have found various risk factors that may cause testicular and ovarian cancer. Talcum Powder and Talc Talcum powder is a product that may contain talc, baking soda, fragrances, and corn starch. Talcum powder has talc, which is known as magnesium silicate (MgSiO3). It is the softest mineral that is used to dry, protect, and perfume skin. It is used to absorb the moisture that helps to keep the skin free from rashes. It is very popular in the cosmetic for both and men and woman. According to the American Cancer Society, talc in its natural state can contain varying amounts of asbestos. Asbestos has been identified as a potential cause of mesothelioma, and it is directly associated with testicular cancer. Mesothelioma affects the lining of the testis, heart, and lungs. If the talcum powder has the contamination of asbestos, it may put you and your family at a potential risk of cancer. This powder has been commonly used without such warnings. In 1976, CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrances Association), an association that represents cosmetic products industry, issued guidelines in the USA that all talc-containing cosmetic products should be free from asbestos because it is harmful to the body. It is harmful to the body in the following conditions: Application of Talcum powder in the genital region regularly, which may lead to ovarian or testicular cancer. Workers who are working in talc mining are exposed to asbestos and having a high risk of lung cancer. This talcum powder is applied to areas of the body which are prone to uncomfortable dampness and chafing such as feet, underarms, and the genital area. It may be possible for small particles of powder to make their way up to genital organs gradually and may cause inflammation. It is found that it also dries out the mucous membrane. It has been found that 75% of reproductive organ tumors contained talc material. The male reproductive organ has two testes. Each testicle has a spermatic cord, blood vessels, and nerves. Cancer may spread to these structures and may go to nearby lymph nodes. Asbestos may lead to the disturbance of the average hormonal level. Scientists have found some risk factors that may result in the development of testicular cancer. Does Talcum powder (Talc) cause cancer? As we know that talc is used in several cosmetic products, so it is important to differentiate between talc contaminated with asbestos and asbestos-free talc. Talc that is free from asbestos is not harmful, while asbestos-contaminated talc may lead to testicular, ovarian, and lung cancer. Talcum powder (contaminated with asbestos) use in the pelvic area of the body can expose the genital organs to various carcinogenic elements. It leads to the chronic inflammation of genital organs. This chronic inflammation increases the risks of epithelial ovarian cancer. Scientific studies have proved that the use of talcum powder (talc) in the pelvic area or perineal region of the body enhances the risks of all types of ovarian as well as testicular cancers. This risk of ovarian cancer is more significant in women with a history of endometriosis (a gynecological disorder). On average, 1 in every seventy-five women will have ovarian cancer in her life. It is about 1%, while the development of breast cancer is about 12%. Unfortunately, there is no recommended test available to screen ovarian cancer. It is rare to diagnose this kind of cancer in the early stages. In 2017, 20,000 new cases of ovarian cancer had been reported. There are some other factors too that play their role in this condition, such as prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin. Researchers have collected information from the affected people. Questions were asked that about the duration of talcum powder, whether they had ever used the talc powder, underarms, on the chest, and the genital organs and duration of use. Researchers have found a consistent association between the use of talcum powder (talc) and genital (testicular and ovarian) cancer. This association is more significant between serous tumors and talc use. This association is due to the similarities between mesothelioma (a type of cancer of thin layer tissues) and serous ovarian/testicular cancer. This serous subtype of cancer is more evident in an older woman who is above 50 years old. Still, it is not properly identified how this chronic inflammation leads to the development of cancer. Studies are being conducted on this topic. If you use talcum powder in the genital area, talc particles are transferred to the ovaries through the vagina, uterus and fallopian tubes. Women who have gone under surgery for tubal ligation, these particles cannot be transferred to ovaries. So, there is a small quantity of talc is required to reach the testis or ovaries to enhance the risk of cancer. If it is inhaled, it may also cause cancer in the lungs. Scientists have conducted two types of research to figure out the impact of this substance on the living body. Lab study has been conducted on the lab animals where they were exposed to this substance to study the types of changes. Secondly, different surveys have been performed to gather information. Still, results are not very clear. Individuals who use talcum powder are approximately 31% more likely to develop testicular/ovarian cancer than others. It means that in a lifetime, an individual who uses talcum powder has 1.2% to 1.8% increased chances of developing testicular/ovarian cancer. It means if 1 million people use talcum powder, above than 4000 individuals will develop testicular/ovarian cancer. A lot of studies have been performed to look at the link between talcum powder and testicular/ovarian cancer. A mixed type of findings has been observed. Several studies reported a slightly increased risk while some claimed no increase. But such studies may be biased as they relay on one’s memory of talcum powder use several years earlier. But the use of talc in cosmetic products is much controversial and it needs more research. Other Cancers Some limited studies have also claimed that exposure to talcum powder may lead to uterine cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer. But there is no strong evidence available to support such claims. Opinion of Experts Various international and national agencies are studying this substance to know its impact. The primary goal of the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) is to identify different carcinogenic substances. It is a part of the WHO (World Health Organization). The American Cancer Society has also conducted research studies on laboratory animals. • IARC identifies asbestos-contaminated talc as carcinogenic. • Due to a lack of data, IARC doesn’t identify asbestos-free talc as carcinogenic for humans. • IARC also claims Talc based cosmetic products as carcinogenic for genital male and female organs. While some other agencies such as NTP (National Toxicology Program) of the US, CDC (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and NIH (National Institutes of Health) don’t classify this substance as carcinogenic. Scientific studies have found that the use of talcum powder may be linked with testicular cancer and, more commonly, with ovarian cancer. There are some instances that have been reported that some consumers diagnosed with testicular cancer have filed a lawsuit. It has been claimed that about 2600 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK. But still, there is no solid proof that there is any link between cancer and talc. But it is better to avoid such a product for the safety of your loved ones. 1. Swerdlow, A.J., Huttly, S.R., Smith, P.G., 1989. Testis cancer: post-natalhormonal factors, sexual behaviour and fertility. Int. J. Cancer 43, 549 e553. 2. Huncharek, M., Geschwind, J.F., Kupelnick, B., 2003. Perineal application of cosmetic talc and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of 11,933 subjects from sixteen observational studies. Anticancer Res. 23, 1955 e1960. 3. Gates, M.A., Tworoger, S.S., Terry, K.L., et al., 2008. Talc use, variants ofthe GSTM1, GSTT1, and NAT2 genes, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17, 2436 e2444. 4. Cook, L.S., Kamb, M.L., Weiss, N.S., 1997. Perineal powder exposure and the risk of ovarian cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145, 459 e465. 5. Use of talcum powder and endometrial cancer risk.(PMID:22245995)Neill AS, Nagle CM, Spurdle AB, Webb PM.Cancer Causes Control[2012] 6. Ness RB, Cottreau C. Possible role of ovarian epithelial inflammation in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1459–67. 7. Cramer DW, Liberman RF, Titus-Ernstoff L, Welch WR, Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Harlow BL. Genital talc exposure and risk of ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1999;81:351–6. 8. Huncharek M, Geschwind JF, Kupelnick B. Perineal application of cosmetic talc and risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer: a metaanalysis of 11,933 subjects from sixteen observational studies. Anticancer Res 2003;23:1955–60. 9. Gertig DM, Hunter DJ, Cramer DW, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of talc use and ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:249–52. 10. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/7981715/johnson-johnson-talc-cancer-asbestos-decades/ This is Dr. Hafeez. I have done my M.Phil in Pharmacology. I am a healthcare professional. My core competencies focus on writing different types of research articles/blogs regarding health sciences. Wholesomealive.com -a blog about Healthy Living
Ticket Balancing With the announcement of the Republican and Democratic Vice Presidential nominees, much attention has been given to the practice of ticket balancing. George Bush did something very rare in American politics. He selected a running mate without taking advantage of the benfits of ticket balancing. Ticket balancing is the practice of picking a running mate according to what strength he can add to the presidential candidate in the election. Rarely is a person picked solely because he would make a talented, or even competent, substitute president. For our purposes, we will define a ticket as the presidential and vice-presidential candidates of a given party. The presidential candidate is usually referred to as the head or upper half or the ticket. The vice-presidential candidate is usually referred to as the bottom or lower half of the ticket. (The term “ticket” also refers to all the candidates of a given party for all offices, national, state and local, but we are only looking at the national ticket in this article.) Ticket balancing goes back to the very beginning of our republic. The second place on the ticket is filled based on how much the choice can help the ticket get elected, regardless of how incompetent the person may be. It has led to some stunningly poor vice presidents and potential vice presidents. In the very beginning, it was a simple matter of balancing north and south geographically. In 1796, John Adams of Massachusetts ran with Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia ran with Aaron Burr of New York. In the next election in 1800, Jefferson again ran with Burr, and Adams ran with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, also of South Carolina. In succeeding elections, James Madison of Virginia ran with George Clinton of New York and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts (after Clinton died during his first term). James Monroe of Virginia ran with Daniel Tompkins of New York in two elections. In the years before the Civil War, all parties except the Republicans, balanced north and south on their national tickets. For example, slave owners James Polk and Zachary Taylor ran with Pennsylvanian Dallas and New Yorker Fillmore, respectively. The tickets they defeated had similarly balanced tickets. The Republican Party in the two elections before the Civil War (the Party was formed in 1854) balanced east and west, since they were an anti-slavery party with no hopes of winning in the south. In 1856, the presidential candidate was John Fremont of California. His running mate was William Dayton of New Jersey. You can’t get much more of an east-west spread than that. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois (which was considered the west at the time) ran with Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. In the years after the Civil War, it became a bit more complicated. During Reconstruction, little concern was given to the south. There were still tickets that were balanced mainly by geography. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and other states in that area were considered the west. (California, Nevada and Oregon were considered the far west. There were no states in between, just territories.) Indiana was a “swing state,” that is a state so evenly divided that it could go either way in a given election. This led to a number of vice-presidential candidates being from Indiana, not only to carry the west, but that particular state. In 1876, the Democratic vice-presidential nominee was Thomas Hendricks. In 1880, the same party nominated William English of Indiana for vice-president. In 1884, Hendricks was again the vice-presidential nominee. This time he won, but he died within a year of taking office. In 1888 and 1892, the Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison of Indiana for President. This was a swing state in an important region, so a nominee from that state served two important purposes: helping to win a key state, as well as strengthening the ticket in a region of the nation. There are some classic examples from modern times. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt, New York, urban and liberal picked for the second spot on the ticket John Nance Garner of Texas (south and west), rural and conservative. (This pairing led one Garner supporter who thought little of FDR to remark that it was a Kangaroo ticket: one stronger in the hindquarter than in the front.) In 1960, John Kennedy, young, Massachusetts, New England, Catholic and liberal, named Lyndon John, experienced (read older), Texas, southern and western, rural, protestant and conservative (supposedly!). This bit of genius in balancing the ticket may have well provided the margin of victory in one of the closest election in our history. Also in 1960, the Republicans paired Richard Nixon of California with Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of Massachusetts, hoping to offset Kennedy’s strength in the northeast. Sometimes candidates have been selected for their wealth. In 1880, the Democrats nominated wealthy (very wealthy) banker English of Indiana hoping he would make a major financial contribution to the party. They did the same thing again in 1904 when they nominated very wealthy former Senator Henry Gassaway Davis of West Virginia, hoping he would provide much needed money in a hopeless campaign. He didn’t. Today’s campaigns are much too expensive for any one man to contribute a majority of funds necessary to run a campaign. Shortly after the 1904 campaign, the Gridiron Club held their annual dinner in Washington. This event always includes political humor, often at the expense of many of the politicians present. At the dinner after the 1904 campaign, there was a skit presented which featured a person supposed to be Henry Gassaway Davis who went to a fortune teller. The fortune teller asked which Mr. Davis and the man answered “Henry Gazaway Davis, and I would like to know my fortune.” The fortune teller then asked if this was the late candidate for Vice President, and the man answered, “The same.” The fortune teller then took the man’s hand and read it. He then announced, “Mr. Davis, your fortune is exactly the same as it was before you were nominated.” Davis enjoyed this skit as much as anyone. In this election year, there was the usual speculation about the selection of running mates. One often mentioned possibility for the second place on Al Gore’s ticket was (and not for the first time in this election) was Senator Bob Graham of Florida, a key state with a large number of electoral votes. Such a choice would be a prime example of selecting a candidate in order to carry a key state. It is often a major consideration. Instead, Gore chose Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut, which will help him with the Northeast (Gore is from Tennessee) and with Jewish voters, as Lieberman is the first Jewish candidate to be named to a major party ticket. George Bush did something very rare in presidential politics. He chose his running mate with no regard for the practice of ticket balancing. Instead, he chose his running mate strictly on the grounds of personal and political compatibility. This has rarely, if ever, been done before to this degree. He selected Dick Cheney of Wyoming to fill out his ticket. Bush is already strong in the west, and no state has fewer electoral votes than Wyoming. The Republican ticket gains no traditional “ticket balancing” strength from this choice. It looks as though Bush has, as the Founding Fathers naively intended, selected a person solely based on his ability to govern if Bush for some reason could not, rather than on how much he helps get the ticket elected. This may be unique in our history.
Uncover the effect of marijuana on the brain and know how its potency and safety is determined Marijuana is in the headlines lately as more and more states approve the use of pot on some level, either decriminalizing it or making it legal for medical use. It's been used to reduce nausea in chemotherapy patients as well as treating pain, muscle spasms, and seizures. In this episode, we look at the chemistry behind this drug, and we investigate how scientists are making sure that the legalized weed people are smoking isn't going to send them on a bad trip. Here's what you need to know. Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the active ingredient in cannabis and what causes that high feeling. Once ingested or inhaled, the THC gets absorbed into the bloodstream were it travels to the brain and attaches to cannabinoid receptors. These receptors normally receive chemical signals from other cells including pain signals, nausea, and euphoria. But when the THC attaches to the cannabinoid receptors, the brain becomes overwhelmed and prevents natural chemicals from doing their job. That's what leads to THC's pain and nausea relieving properties and leaves you feeling loopy. Just how loopy depends on the pot's potency. The higher levels of THC in cannabis, the higher you get. But pot isn't like over-the-counter drugs. You can't just look at the label and see the ingredients and see how strong it is. But that may change thanks to the marijuana testing labs springing up across the country. C&EN's Beth Halford talked to chemists at Analytical 360, a marijuana testing lab in Seattle, about how pot is tested for quality control. They explained that some quality control labs use a technique called liquid chromatography to test the THC levels. Dried marijuana plants, food, and personal care products that have been infused with cannabis extracts were all tested for potency and labeled accordingly. You don't want to take 300 milligrams of THC and think you're only taking 30. The labs also do safety testing. Many labs use gas chromatography to inspect the marijuana plants for pesticides and residual solvents. Technicians also visually inspect for mold and mildew. You don't want to poison yourself while trying to cure your nausea-- talk about counterproductive. Some labs are more reliable than others. In addition to THC, marijuana plants contain cannabidiol as well as acidic forms of these compounds known as THC-acid and CBD-acid. Once those acids are injected into a gas chromatography machine, a common analytical tool that in this case is used to test edible pot products, they break down, which can cause the machine to overestimate the amount of THC and CBD. THC and CBD levels aren't regulated yet, but each state has its own laws about the drug itself. Britannica now has a site just for parents! Subscribe Today!
How Lenders Use Credit Scores A credit score is a financial consumer credit rating system. It affects any application that is submitted for various types of loans: a loan for the purchase of goods, real estate, credit cards, etc. In some countries, a low credit rating affects the likelihood of getting the next loan, in other countries, for example, the UK, a consumer with a bad credit history may be refused even a home rental. How the borrower is identified? In the United States, the Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit code assigned to US citizens and residents. SSN is a unique identifier that is often required for employment, in banks for opening accounts and issuing loans, renting apartments, and also when providing medical services. Credit bureaus in the USA The main bureaus in the United States are Experian, Equifax and TransUnion. Despite the fact that these are the same companies, they do not share information about the borrower’s credit history with each other. Credit bureaus collect information about credit history and credit behavior, as well as personal information about the borrower. How does the credit rating work? There are several types of credit scoring used in the United States, with all major systems using a scale ranging from 300 to 850 points. To make decisions about issuing a loan, the scoring of one of the credit bureaus is usually used. The most popular model is FICO – used by about 90% of American lenders. As noted by loan officer Barry Paperno, lenders make about a billion loan decisions annually based on FICO scoring. Scoring is mainly calculated taking into account five factors: • Payment history; • Debt; • New loan applications and records in the credit history about issued loans and applications (hard inquiries); • Length of credit history; • Types of loans used. Also, credit bureaus in the United States may not take into account information on the use of bonded lending products – loans using an extremely high interest rate. Attitude to old credit cards Regardless of the valuation model or bureau, experts agree that the borrower should, if possible, keep old accounts open since the length of the average credit history is 15% of the FICO credit rating. The presence of a high credit limit compared to the amount of the loan used in the United States is considered a positive factor. Credit ratings exclude income and savings Credit Bureaus clarify that the agency does not take into account income, savings, employment and taxes when calculating the rating, as this information is not included in the credit history. However, lenders can ask about this as clarifying questions and then use the consumer’s answers to make the final decision on the loan. While this does not affect credit history in any way, the general rule is to keep the debt-to-income ratio below 30%. Otherwise, lenders may feel that the borrower has too many debts to pay off the debt on time. Hard and soft: the impact of the number of requests on credit history In the United States, requests for the credit history of a borrower applying for a loan affect the rating in the same way. There are two types of such requests – hard inquiry and soft inquiry. • Soft inquiry is a credit check as part of a data check that does not appear in the credit history. For example, a credit card issuer checks without the borrower’s permission to find out if he or she is eligible for certain credit card offers. Also, soft inquiry occurs when checking the Credit Karma credit scoring and getting a certificate from work; • Hard inquiry – checking the credit history by a lender or a credit card issuer to make a decision on a loan when applying for a home loan or another loan. It is reflected in credit history. The number of loan applications that a consumer completes within a given period of time is 10% of his or her FICO credit rating. With each new hard inquiry, the credit rating is reduced by at least a few points. At the same time, in both countries, the consumer must give his or her consent, before the company can conduct a thorough check of his or her credit history. Category: Online Loans Tags: credit, credit score, financial, online lenders
Moderate to Severe Difficulty Breathing in Adults and Older Children Difficulty breathing can occur when the body's lungs or heart are not working well. Moderate trouble breathing means: • It's hard to talk in full sentences. • It's hard to breathe with activity. Severe trouble breathing means: • You cannot talk at all. • You have to work very hard to breathe. • You feel like you can't get enough air. • You do not feel alert or cannot think clearly.
InvestorQ : what is equity shares anoop made post what is equity shares 2 years ago A stock market is also generally called equity market or share market. The stock market is the formation of both buyers and sellers. The market wholly observes economic transaction os stocks. Another name for stocks is equity shares. Equity shares are basically small pieces of the company. These shares distribute ownership of the company. Any individual, company, and mutual funds are eligible to buy equity shares. After buying share the buyer becomes the part-owner of the company. Value of the share varies from company to company. Holder of equity shares is called Equity shareholder. Equity markets come under the ambit of SEBI regulation. When you own equity shares, there are two kinds of incomes that are generated. Firstly, there are dividends that are earned by you on a regular basis when the company pays out the dividends. Most profitable companies do pay out dividends to shareholders and they try to maintain a steady dividend payout ratio. The second source of income from equities comes from capital gains, which is derived only when you sell the shares bought by you. Till the time the gains are notional they are not realized by you and do not constitute income. Capital gains represent the profits made on sale of shares and represent the excess of the sale price less the purchase price. The chart below captures the essence of capital gains and capital losses.
Global network of bots brought down Cyber security teams from across 35 countries, including Microsoft, have dismantled one of the world’s largest network of bots. The network, called Necurs, is believed to have infected more than nine million computers worldwide. A botnet is a network of infected devices, connected to the Internet, used to commit coordinated cyber attacks without their owner’s knowledge. Necurs is believed to be operated by criminals based in Russia and has also been used for a wide range of crimes including pump-and-dump stock scams, fake pharmaceutical spam email and “Russian dating” scams. It has also been used to attack other computers on the internet, steal credentials for online accounts, and steal people’s personal information and confidential data. Interestingly, it seems the criminals behind Necurs sell or rent access to the infected computer devices to other cybercriminals as part of a botnet-for-hire service. Necurs is also known for distributing financially targeted malware and ransomware, cryptomining, and even has a DDoS (distributed denial of service) capability that has not yet been activated but could be at any moment. Cyber criminals can use botnets to remotely take over internet-connected devices and install malicious software. This malware can then be used to send spam, collect information on users, and delete information without the owner’s knowledge. In a blog, Tom Burt, vice-president for customer security and trust at Microsoft, said the takedown was the result of eight years planning. Malware is malicious software, which can cause harm to computers. To make sure your computer is free of malware, visit Jason Davies Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
Checkout our new Gene Tool Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble nutrient that cannot be made in the human body. You need to get B6 from the foods you eat or through nutritional supplements. This is a part of the B Vitamins group and is important for everyday functioning. The functional (active) form of vitamin B6 is the Pyridoxal 5’ phosphate (PLP). PLP is a coenzyme (smaller molecules that help enzymes create a reaction in the body). The range of B6 in the blood is usually measured in terms of PLP levels. Starting from the breaking down of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to supporting brain health, PLP helps more than a hundred enzymes in the body to do their job right. It is not surprising that B6 is considered a very important B vitamin. Here are some of the top benefits of maintaining right B6 levels in the blood. The Story Behind Vitamin B6 It was only in the early 1900s that physicians and pathologists started working on the idea of inadequate nutrition leading to diseases. The idea that lack of nutrition can cause a variety of health conditions including death was intriguing to the great minds. Scientists from the Merck Group of Pharma in the early 20th century played a great role in developing B Group vitamins on an industrial scale and this paved the way for the easy availability of B complex supplements to match growing needs in the community. In 1934, Paul Gyorgy, an American biochemist and nutritionist was experimenting on rats, feeding them artificially created diets rich in already discovered B vitamins (B1 and B2). He discovered that the rats developed skin allergies with the diet and when he fed them baker’s yeast, the condition disappeared. He then extracted a particular compound from the yeast that helped cure skin allergies and named it vitamin B6. Later, Gyorgy and his fellow scientists also ended up extracting B6 from wheat germ and fish. Paul Gyorgy is also known for the discovery of vitamin B2 and biotin and was later awarded the National Medal of Science for his efforts. Molecular aspects When you obtain vitamin B6 through natural sources, fortified foods, or supplements, it enters the stomach and then moves to the small intestine. Jejunum and ileum are two parts of the small intestine and B6 is absorbed here. The process of absorption is known as passive diffusion (the molecules flow easily with no effort from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration). The absorbed molecules are acted upon by a protein enzyme known as alkaline phosphatase. The vitamin is then converted to PLP in the jejunum’s inner layer. PLP is passed on to the tissues and it helps the various enzymes in the body work effectively. The remains of B6 after it gets converted to PLP are sent out through the urine. One of the major products sent out is 4-pyridoxic acid. In fact, up to 60% of ingested B6 is sent out as 4-pyridoxic acid. People whose bodies do not absorb the right amounts of vitamin B6 have negligible 4-pyridoxic acid in the urine, and this is a clear indication of B6 deficiency. Did You Know? Did you know that vitamin B6 is considered a complementary and alternative therapy for children diagnosed with autism? From the time vitamin B6 was identified, there has been a group of scientists attempting to treat neurological disorders with these. The studies started in the 1950s for people with schizophrenia. They were treated with extra high doses of vitamin B6 and improvements were noted. The Autism Research Institute (ARI) noted that about 49% of children who were treated with a combination of vitamin B6 and magnesium supplements showed improvements. The relationship between vitamin B6 and autism is still being analyzed globally. We will hopefully find solid results very soon. Recommended values The Dietary recommended Intake (DRI) of vitamin B6 was set by the Food and Nutrition Board. The values depend on age and gender. What Happens When You Take Excess Of Vitamin B6 While mildly excess doses of vitamin B6 don’t cause any adverse effects, when you consume very high oral doses of B6 supplements for an extended period of time, it can result in certain sensory, skin, and gastric impairments. Severely high doses of B6 can result in: Here is a table that shows the daily tolerable upper limits for vitamin B6 in the body. Consuming more B6 than the levels mentioned here will cause the above side effects. What Happens When You Have Vitamin B6 Deficiency Usually, a person will not be deficient in just vitamin B6. He/she will have lower concentrations of other B complex vitamins too. Mild vitamin B6 deficiency does not show a lot of symptoms. Severe deficiency or a prolonged period of deficiency will result in the following conditions. In infants and younger children, lack of vitamin B6 is known to cause irritability and seizures. Non-genetic factors affecting Vitamin B6 levels Genetic association There are two genes that cause people to require more vitamin B6 than the usual recommended ranges. The ALPL gene plays a role in breaking down vitamin B6 from complex to simpler forms. It produces enzymes that help in clearance of B6. A particular variant (type) of the gene can cause 12-18% lowered vitamin B6 rates in the body. Individuals with this type are likely to require more vitamin B6 levels. Compensate by eating vitamin B6 rich foods, consume oral B group supplements and choose fortified foods. Around 89% Africans, 52% Caucasians, and 44% Asians carry this type of gene. The MTR gene is responsible for converting folate into sources usable by the body. A particular type of the gene is said to result in reduced MTR activity and causes a 30% increase in the risk of developing colorectal cancer. These individuals are likely to require more vitamin B6 levels (about twice more than the DRI values) to bring down the risk. Oral supplements help match increased B6 needs. Fortified foods also make a difference. Around 31% of Africans, 17% Caucasians, and 13% Asians carry this type of gene. Recommendations for healthy Vitamin B6 levels 1. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble nutrient available in food sources like poultry, red meat, legumes, grains, and fruits and vegetables. 2. Prolonged or extreme vitamin B6 deficiency can show out symptoms like dermatitis, lowered immunity levels, mouth ulcers, and neurological conditions like depression and confusion. 3. While moderately excess amounts of vitamin B6 are relatively safe, extremely high doses can cause uncontrolled body movements, photosensitivity, and gastric issues. 4. Some of the common causes of vitamin B6 deficiency are bad diet habits, excessive smoking, the presence of renal and autoimmune diseases, and the use of certain types of medications. 5. Some people are genetically designed to have lower absorption rates of vitamin B6 in the body. They will have to compensate with fortified foods and supplements. © Copyright 2010-20 - Xcode Life - All Rights Reserved
The Project Cost Management is very important pillar of project management activities, a successful project must have realistic risk management & cost management plans. The Cost Management consist of set of activities that ensures that the project is completed within the allocated budget and time. Projects initiated without proper cost management plan are likely to face serious problems as compared to the ones with proper cost management plan. It is the responsibility of project manager to prepare and maintain cost management plan. The project cost management can be defined as: "Project Cost Management (PCM) is a method that uses technology to measure cost and productivity through the full life cycle of enterprise level projects. PCM encompasses several specific functions of project management including estimating, job controls, field data collection, scheduling, accounting and design. PCM main goal is to complete a project within an approved budget." - Wikipedia (2015, October 10). A more precise definition can be found in PMBOK Guide stated as: Project Cost Management is the process of developing an approximation of the monetary resources needed to complete project activities.” - A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) Fifth Edition. The PCM can be divided into following set of activities: Cost Management Planning This is the initiation of PCM process and consist of procedures and policies needs to be developed and employed in order to effectively manage the cost of project. The step has key role in project cost estimation as is provides the direction and vision how the project cost will be managed during the whole project lifecycle. Cost management plan is developed using various activities performed during the project management plane for example Project Charter, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and communication plan; these documents helps to establish effective cost management plan. Cost Estimation This is the process of determining cost of individual activities (work packages) of the project, the cost estimation includes number of resources, raw material, equipment need to perform the actual project work and any other emergency cost. The various techniques can be employed to estimate cost of the project these tool include but not limited to: Expert Judgement, Analogous Estimation, Parametric Estimation, Bottom-Up Estimation and Three-Point Estimation etc. Cost Budgeting or Budget Determination Cost Budgeting is the process to determine overall cost of the project. The cost budgeting is the aggregated cost of all project activities. Various tools and techniques can be employed to perform cost budgeting, these include: Cost Aggregation, Funding Limit Reconciliation, Historical Relationships, Expert Judgement and Reverse Analysis etc. Cost control This is ongoing activity which remains proactive throughout the project lifecycle. Cost Control is basically controlling and monitoring the factors affect the project. In the project lifecycle there are certain risks or factors that may affect project activities which may result in cost overrun; cost control is basically ensuring that the potential cost increase must not exceeded the allocated budget. Cost Management is set of processes used to estimate, manage and control the cost of project it consists of activities needs to be performed to plan, manage and control cost of the project in order to dock the project with success. Successfully projects have effective Cost Management measures performed. There are many techniques can be used to estimate the cost of project. As per my experience over last few years the cost management in software projects is far more different in maintenance projects vs new projects; for maintain projects it’s a bit difficult to do cost management as impact analysis plays major role while in new projects it easier to develop and maintain cost management plan.
当前位置：首页 > 资料下载 > 专升本资料 > • 发布时间：2020-08-20 14:40:47 • 关键字：招生简章 PartWord Formation (10 points) Directions：There are 10 incomplete statements in this part. you should fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word, and write the right answer in the blank " " 1. She was engaged in an (argue) ________ with Roberts about equal pay for men and women. 2. These methods are (effect) ________ in English teaching. 3. The professor has a large (collect) ________ of books. 4. If you read the paper (care) ________ am sure you will pass the exam. 5. The (excite) ________ crowd rushed into the mayor’s office. 6. I don't think it wise to teach students of different (able) ________ in the same class. 7. The whole world looks upon the rapid (economy) ________ development of our country as a great wonder. 8. It is (scientific) ________ to think that science can solve all the problems for human beings. 9. Many television viewers take him as their (favor) ________ actor. 10. After he finished the assignment, he found some (addition) ________ exercises to do. Part II. Vocabulary and Structure （40 points） Directions：there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentences there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 11. The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do now but . A. wait B. to be waiting C. to wait D. waiting 12. I couldn’t understand why he pretended in the garden. A. not to see me B. not see me C. to see me not D. to see not me 13. Only when we came back home, that my watch was missing. A. did I find B. I found C. I had found D. Had I found 14. more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem. A. Given B. Giving C. To give D. Be given’ 15. Some of the apples were rotten before reaching the market and away. A. could be thrown B. had to be thrown C. could throw D. had to throw 16. in Beijing for more than twenty years, he knows the city very well. A. Living B. Lived C. Having lived D. To live 17. Mr. Zhang, came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 18. We plan to increase the output of the machine 7.4 percent this year. A. at B. in C. by D. with 19. I don’t mind out for a walk is such had weather. A. go B. to go C. going D. gone 20. As a lawyer he spent a lot of time investigations. A. conducted B. to conduct C. conduct D. conducting 21. The new invention is to make our daily life easier, it more difficult. A. not to make B. not make C. not making D. do not make 22. , the old men had a sharp ear for even the slight sound. A. As he was blind B. As blind as he was C. Blind as he was D.As he was just blind 23. I a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way. A. should arrive B. would be arriving C. could have arrived D. arrived 24. The news our football team had won the match excited all of us. A. what B. which C. that D. as 25. Henry looked very much when he was caught cheating in the exam. A. discouraged B. embarrassed C. disappointed D. pleased 26. We are interested in the weather because it us so directly. A. benefits B. affects C. guides D. effects 27. Janet, was read by the teacher, is a top student in our class. A. the composition of hers B. the composition of whom C. her composition D. whose composition 28. Hardly had he entered the classroom the bell rang A. than B. then C. when D. so 29. I would rather you to the party with her. A. go B. went C. will go D. has gone 30. His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself . A. understood B. understand C. be understood D. to understand 31. The sun heats the earth, makes it possible for plants to grow. A. that B. where C. which D. what 32. Little that the police are about to arrest him. A. does he know B. he knows C. he doesn’t know D. he didn’t know 33. It’s high time we something to stop road accidents. A. are doing B. did C. will do D. do 34. This is the best novel I have ever read. A. which B. where C. that D. what 35. It’s necessary that the problem in some way or other. A. is settled B. has been settled C. be settled D. was settled 36. you say, I am sure that young man is innocent. A. Whatever B. Whoever C. However D. Wherever 37. Staying in a hotel costs renting a room in an apartment for a work. A. twice as more as B. as more twice as C. twice as much as D. as much as twice 38. John puts up his hand the teacher asks a question. A. every time B. in time C. some time D. at times 39. When you are free this afternoon, please help me to have these letters . A. to mail B. mail C. mailed D. mailing 40. I wish you here last night. All of us were waiting for your arrival. A. came B. had come C. come D. will come 41. By the time you arrive in London, we in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. will have attended C. have stayed D. have been staying 42. I didn’t see him at the meeting yesterday afternoon. He it. A. mustn’t attend B. can’t have attended C. wouldn’t have attended D. needn’t have attended 43. I think there’s no comparison between the two cars, one clearly far better than the other. A. being B. was C. having been D. be 44. Many of his novels are reported into several foreign languages last year. A. to be translated B. to translate C. being translated D. to have been translated 45. Mary said it was box for me to carry. A. a too heavy B. too a heavy C. too heavy a D. too heavy 46. The children are required not to leave the building unless to do so. A. being told B. they will be told C. be told D. told 47. I’ve never seen the young man next to the director. A. sits B. sat C. sitting D. to sit 48. We object carrying out the plan. A. for B. to be C. about D. to 49. Shanghai has experienced such great changes that everyone can recognize that it is no longer A. what it used to B. that it used to like C. the same it used to be D. what it used to be 50. He bought a new mobile phone lat Sunday, because his old one . A. had stolen B. had been stolen C. was stolen D. stolen Part III. Reading Comprehension(40 points) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Passage One Who takes care of the elderly in the United States today? The fact is that family members provide over 80% of the care that elderly people need. In most cases the elderly live in their own homes. A very small percentage of America's elderly live in nursing homes. Samuel Preston, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania, studied how the American family is changing. He reported that by the time the average American couple reaches about 40 years of age, their parents are usually still alive. The statistics show the change in lifestyles and responsibilities of aging (老龄化) Americans. The average middle-aged couple can look forward to caring for elderly parents sometime after their own children have grown up. Moreover, because people today live longer after an illness than people did years ago, family members must provide long-term care. These facts also mean that after caregivers provide for their elderly parents, who will eventually die, they will be old and may require care too. When they do, their spouses (配偶) will probably take care of them because they have had fewer children than their parents did. Because Americans are living longer than ever, more social workers have begun to study ways of caregiving to improve the care of the elderly. They have found that all caregivers share a common characteristic: They believe that they are the best people for the job. The social workers have also discovered three basic reasons why the caregivers take on the responsibility of caring for an elderly, dependent relative. Many caregivers believe they had an obligation (职责) to help their relatives. Some think that helping others makes them feel more useful. Others hope that by helping someone now, they will deserve care when they become old and dependent. 51. Samuel Preston’s study shows that ________ . A. lifestyles and responsibilities of the elderly are not changing B. most American couples over 40 have no living parents C. middle-aged Americans have to take care of their children and parents at the same time D. elderly people may need care for a long time because they live longer after an illness 52. Who will most probably take care of the middle-aged Americans when they need care themselves? A. They themselves B. Their close friends. C. Their children. D. Their husbands or wives. 53. All caregivers believe that they can ________ . A. care for their elderly parents better than any other people B. keep closer to their old parents by this means C. do much better if they have a job as social workers D. improve the care of the elderly with the help of the social workers 54. Which of the following is NOT a reason why people look after their relatives? A. They feel they are of use to other people. B. They want to set an example to their children. C. They think it is their duty to help their relatives. D. They hope they deserve care when they need it. 55. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Most old people live longer today after an illness than people did years ago. B. Many old people are put into nursing homes by their families, who do not visit them regularly. C. Most elderly people are taken care of by their families, who assume the responsibility for different reasons. D. Most elderly people are satisfied with the better ways of care giving that social workers have come up with. Passage Two I once knew a young man, nineteen years of age, who lived with absolute outward (外表的) confidence and self-possession for a number of years before I discovered that he could not read or write. His various methods of trick, which were also skills of self-protection, were so skillful and so desperate (绝望) that neither I nor any of his other adult friends were aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words until we went to dinner one night at a local restaurant——and suddenly discovered that he could not read. Even here, it was not the first time we went out to eat, but something like the second or third, that Peter's desperation shocked me. The first time, he was clever enough to cover the truth. He studied the menu for a moment, then looked up to the waitress and asked her if he could have “just a coke and a hamburger”. He told me later that he had done the same thing many times before and that he had learned to act as if he were examining the menu: “Then I ask for a coke and a hamburger....Sometimes they give me a hamburger on a plate with salad and potatoes....Then I ask them for a roll and make my own hamburger.” As we began to go out to eat more frequently, Peter would ask to go to Howard Johnson's. I soon discovered the reason for his choice: The photographs, attached in cellophane (玻璃纸) containers to each of the standard items on the menu, could help him not to struggle with the shape of words at all. Howard Johnson's, whether intentionally or not, had provided the perfect escape for the endangered pride of an adult who was illiterate (文盲). 56. When he went to a restaurant, Peter would ________ . A. pretend that he could not read or write B. pretend to be studying the menu C. be desperate for help from other people D. protect himself by playing a musical instrument 57. The young man was not found to be illiterate until ________ . A. he dined out with his adult friends at Howard Johnson's. B. he could no longer come up with various ways of deception. C. he had dinner with his friends at a certain local restaurant for the second or third time. D. he was not careful enough to be aware of his entire helplessness in face of written words. 58. What did the young man usually have at a restaurant? A. Standard items on the menu B. Foods that other people ordered C. A hamburger made by himself D. A coke and a hamburger 59. The word “self-possession” (Para. 1) probably means ________ . A. self-confidence B. self-consciousness C. self-discipline D. self-devotion 60. Why did the young man like to go to Howard Johnson's? A. Howard Johnson's provided a perfect escape when anything dangerous should happen. B. The menu at Howard Johnson's gave a clear introduction of the food it served. C. The photographs attached to the main items on the menu helped conceal his illiteracy. D. He would feel at ease because eaters at Howard Johnson's were all adult non-readers. Passage Three After practicing as a surgeon for several years, Dr. Giroux decided to apply for membership in the American College of Surgeons (美国外科医生学会), a highly selective and distinguished (著名的) professional organization. As part of the application procedure (手续), Dr. Giroux was asked to prepare a list of all the operations performed in the previous seven years. Slowly, as she worked on the long list, she began to feel uncertain. She began to question some of her decisions. Had she used the best technique in that case? Maybe, in this case, she should have given one more test before operating? On the other hand, maybe she should have....Would the doctors on the selection committee understand that, as the only trained surgeon in the area, she usually could not get advice from others and therefore, had to rely completely on her own judgment? For the first time, Dr. Giroux felt lonely and isolated. The longer Dr. Giroux worked on the application forms, the more depressed she became. As hope faded, she wondered if a “country doctor” had a realistic chance of being accepted by the American College of Surgeons. 61. Dr. Giroux was working in ________ . A. a large city B. the American College of Surgeons C. an area far from any big city D. a selective organization 62. It was most probable that Dr. Giroux was ________ . A. a member in that organization B. a well-trained surgeon C. a graduate from American College of Surgeons D. a distinguished surgeon in America 63. When she was filling the application forms, Dr. Giroux began to be ________ . A. realistic B. depressed C. puzzled D. decisive 64. The application forms must include ________ . A. the decision procedure B. the college achievements C. the best technique D. a list of advice and judgments 65. When filling the forms, Dr. Giroux felt depressed because ________. A. she didn't perform enough operations B. some operations were unsuccessful C. she didn't get advice from the selection committee D. she was doubtful about her previous operations Passage Four Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people is, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from the population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depend on birth. Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in their intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all are likely to have similar degree of intelligence. 66. If a child is born with low intelligence, he can ________ . A. not reach his intelligence in his life B. go beyond his intelligence limits in rich surroundings C. still become a genius if he should be given special education D. become a genius 67. “if we take two unrelated people at random from the population” (Para. 2 ) means if we ________ . A. choose two persons with different intelligence B. choose two persons who are relative C. take out two persons of close relationship D. pick any two persons 68. The example of the twins going to a university and to a factory separately shows ________ . A. the part that birth plays B. the importance of their positions C. the role of environment on intelligence D. the importance of their intelligence 69. The writer is in favor of the view that man's intelligence is given to him ________ . A. neither at birth nor through education B. through education C. both at birth and through education D. at birth 70. The best title of this passage can be ________ . A. Effect of Education B. Dependence on Environment C. Intelligence D. Surroundings Part Ⅳ Cloze(20 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Earthquakes are something that most people fear. There are some places that have 71 or no earthquakes. Most places in the world, 72 , have them regularly. Some places, 73 Iran and Guatemala have them frequently. Countries that have a lot of earthquakes are usually quite 74 . The earthquake that the people most 75 about in the United States was the one happening in San Francisco in 1906.Over 500 people died 76 it. The strongest one in North America was in 1964.It happened in Alaska. Strong earthquakes are not always the ones that kill 77 .In 1755,one of the strongest earthquakes ever 78 happened in Portugal. Around 20,000 people died. In 1923, a very powerful earthquake 79 the Tokyo-Yokohama area of Japan. A hundred and forty thousand people died. Most of them died in fires which 80 the earthquake. One of the 81 earthquakes ever was in China in 1976.It killed 82 people. The most destructive(破坏性的) earthquake ever reported was also in China.400,000 people were killed or 83 in this quake, which happened in 1556. Earthquakes are 84 which people fear. Floods and tidal waves also cause people to be 85 , as 86 like typhoons and cyclones(飓风).Sometimes these things cause lots of deaths. In 1970, a cyclone and tidal wave killed over 200,000 in Pakistan. These kinds of things make people afraid and they are very dangerous. But they probably do not worry people 87 earthquakes do, especially in these modem times. The reason is 88 we often know they are coming, because we have some 89 .Some day we may be able to know an earthquake is coming .So far, however, there is no sure way to 90 an earthquake. When one comes, it is a surprise. People cannot prepare for it. 71. A. less B. much C. few D. little 72. A. therefore B. however C. for that D. likewise 73. A. so far as B. as C. except for D. like 74. A. mysterious B. portable C. mountainous D. movable 75. A. talking B. talks C. talked D. talk 76. A. in B. over C. of D. for 77. A. most B. the majority C. most the people D. the most people 78. A. broken out B. exploded C. recorded D. brought about 79. A. hindered B. imposed C. happened D. hit 80. A. participated B. invested C. followed D. pursued 81. A. maximum B. worst C. heaviest D. mature 82. A. a large sum of B. a great deal of C. a large number of D. a large amount of 83. A. damaged B. injured C. harmed D. wrecked 84. A. not only the acts of nature B. not only the nature of acts C. not only acts of the nature D. not the only acts of nature 85. A. feared B. surprised C. confused D. afraid 86. A. the bad storm did B. do the bad storms C. the storms did badly D. the bad storms do 87. A. as many as B. as much as C. so many as D. as more as 88. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 89. A. warnings B. clues C. symbols D. evidences 90. A. advocate B. proclaim C. put forward D. predict Part V Translation (20 points) Section A Directions：There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from Chinese into English. Section B Directions：There are 5 sentences in this section. Please translate them from English into Chinese. 96. Whenever our motherland needs me, I will respond to her call. 97. It is obvious that the development of science and technology is vital to the modernization of China. 98. She refused to hand over the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safety belt. 99. Quite a few young people nowadays have the habit of listening to background music while doing their homework. 100. As far as the method itself is concerned, it is worth trying. Part VI. Writing (20 points) Directions：For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic“Money”.You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the Chinese outline given below. 2.有人认为金钱是万恶之源（the source of all crimes） ¥19800 在线购买立即咨询￥17800 在线购买立即咨询 ¥11800 在线购买立即咨询￥12800 在线购买立即咨询备案信息：豫ICP备17050239号-8 Copyright © 2007-2020 QIHANG. 河南天任教育科技有限公司高新区分公司版权所有
Mexico, North America 11 Interesting Facts About Mexico Explained with Video Mexico is the largest country in Central America, and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. Mexico is the home of Maya and Aztec and full of history going back to the earliest known civilizations. In Modern Mexico, Mexican, like the other "Mint" countries that are in the early stages of prosperity, there is a large gap between of wealthy and the poor, with a limited middle class. If you are planning to have a stopover in Mexico, here are some interesting facts about the country. 1.Mexico ranks as the fourth most bio-diverse country in the world The reason Mexico is so diverse is the the change in topography. Mexico’s costal lines are flat and green with vegetation, the north is rocky and dry, the south is humid and lush with many rainforests and biosphere reserves. Mexico is the home of 10%-12% of the world’s biodiversity with over 200,000 different species. Furthermore, Mexico ranks 1st in biodiversity in reptiles, 2nd in mammals, 4th in amphibians and 4th in flora. This and tons of more facts in the video below! The many facts of Mexico 2. Eight current US states used to belong to Mexico Former US president James K. Polk campaigned to expand the territory in the southwestern of the country. And when the Mexican government turned down the offer to buy the land, a war between Mexico and the USA started in 1846. Mexico lost the battle and had to sell the present-day US states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, the western half of New Mexico, the west quarter of Colorado, and Wyoming's southwest corner. Before the war, Texas gained independence from Mexico and joined the union in 1845. History of Mexico and the United States 3. UNESCO declared Mexican cuisine as a world cultural heritage The Mexican food culture dates way back to pre-Spanish colonization. In 2010, UNESCO added Mexican cuisine to the list of Immaterial World Cultural Heritage. Even though traditional Mexican cuisine went through various changes over the years, some chefs are trying to keep traditions alive by cooking their ancestors' food. The traditional food of Mexico 4. Mexico will be the 5th largest economy by 2050 Mexico’s economy is the 15th largest in the world, according to the world bank reports. The country is one of the largest producers of electronics, automobiles, oil, and silver. The American investment bank Goldman Sachs predicts Mexico to be the 5th largest economy by 2050. The government introduced several infrastructure investment plans in 2019 to boost its economic growth. Mexico's growing economic power 5. Mexico has the world’s largest pyramid Many believe the great pyramid of Egypt is the largest in the world, but that title actually belongs to Cholula's great pyramid. To be fair Egypt's largest pyramid is taller, but Cholula's is bigger by volume. Other than being the largest pyramid, it is the largest monument ever constructed by humans. This pyramid is an Aztec temple dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl. The worlds' largest Pyramid 6. A daughters 15th birthday is an important celebration in Mexico The fiesta de quince años or Quinceañera is a celebration of a daughter’s 15th birthday. Although Quinceañera is popular throughout Latin America, it has its cultural roots in Mexico. The celebration marks the transition of a girl from childhood to young adulthood in Mexican culture. Historically, the father would present her to potential suitors. The Quinceañera 7. The day of the dead is a tradition that originated in Mexico The day of the dead or Día de Muertos is another worldwide cultural celebration that originated in Mexico. It is a combination of Catholicism and indigenous Aztec rituals to celebrate All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day falls on November 1st and 2nd every year. Families and friends gather to pray and remember deceased friends and family members. The history of the Day of the Dead 8. Mexicans are obsessed with Coca Cola Mexico is one of the largest consumers of Coca Cola and other sugary drinks. An average Mexican drinks more than 700 cups of Coca Cola a year, almost double what Americans consume. In the region of Chiapas, where the water is scarce, Coca Cola is cheaper than drinking water. This Coca-Cola obsession is causing massive health problems among Mexicans, such as obesity and diabetes. Mexico's health problems because of its lack affordable water 9. Consumption of Chocolate began in Mexico The history of Chocolate dates back to the ancient Mayans and Aztecs. They believed Cocoa beans to be a gift of Quetzalcoatl, the god of wisdom. People in this region mixed grounded Cocoa beans with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink. However, this beverage was bitter, in contrast to what we drink today as hot Chocolate. The history of Chocolate 10. Chicxulub Crater in Mexico was caused by the asteroid that is theorized to have killed the dinosaurs Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. The hole formed when the asteroid known as the Chicxulub impactor struck the Earth about 66 million years ago. Scientists believe that this event caused a mass extinction on Earth, including dinosaurs. The crater that was believed to have killed the dinosaurs 11. There is an on-going war between the Mexican government and drug cartels Mexico is well known for drug cartels and drug-related crimes. In 2006, the government started a low-intensity war with drug cartels to dismantle them and reduce drug-related crimes. Unfortunately, the government's effort seems ineffective as drug cartels are becoming stronger, and crimes are increasing year by year. The growing power of the drug cartels in Mexico Author image About Doug Creighton You've successfully subscribed to Cheap multi-city flights blog \| Hopupon Welcome back! You've successfully signed in.
Trouble In FernGully: Reasons The Rainforests Are Quickly Being Destroyed Rainforests are one of the most valuable resources on Earth. These amazing ecosystems are home to an incredible number of plants and animals, many of which are still unknown to scientists. These vast forests also store so much rainwater that they help regulate the entire world’s climate. Unfortunately, people are rapidly destroying these irreplaceable ecosystems. 1. Cattle Ranching Laurence Lewis via Flickr Cattle need a lot of room to graze, so ranchers in Central and South America have burned down huge amounts of rainforest to clear the area. The cleared land is usable for a short time, then the soil erodes away and the ranchers have to move on to a new location. 2. Cash Crops eutrophication&hypoxia via Flickr Slash-and-burn farming is also used for cash crops, including bananas, palm oil, sugar cane and coffee. These large fields usually erode quickly. Slash-and-burn farming may be to blame for half of all deforestation. 3. Displaced Farmers Picking coffee. Colombia produces only Arabica beans. Considered to have richer flavour, a key of arabica coffee production is that the plants ripen continuously year round with two main harvesting seasons, every plant having flowers and unripe green and ripe red coffee cherries. This means they have to be hand-picked, making it more expensive than machine-picked robusta plantations (common in Brazil), but because only red, ripe beans are iced, provides a much more consistent and superior taste and characteristic (versus machine picking that collects and processes everything, ripe and unripe). Pickers are only paid the full amount per kg if they have nearly all ripe red cherries, ensuring quality. The hand-picked focus and well-organised Colombian coffee collective allows the continuation of their small-scale family farms. McKay Savage via Flickr War, predatory monopolies and other factors have displaced a large number of impoverished people. These people often move out into the forest in search of land to farm. While indigenous peoples traditionally practiced a sustainable form of agriculture, these fragile forests can’t support the large numbers of people. 4. Mining Leandro Neumann Ciuffo via Wikimedia Commons Some of the rainforest’s valuable resources lay underground in the form of diamonds, copper and other precious metals. Mining companies uproot trees and dig into the earth, causing large amounts of destruction. 5. Oil Exploration Ray Bodden via Flickr Some parts of the rainforest also contain oil reserves. Mining for oil is destructive, but even the exploration process can involve heavy machinery and a great deal of habitat destruction. Article continues below Our Featured Programs 6. Logging David Stanley via Flickr Trees are cut down to make paper, furniture and other goods. While many logging companies claim to use sustainable practices, this is often simply a marketing claim to hide the damage. 7. River Dams Deni Williams via Flickr Some countries build hydroelectric dams, which generate electricity for the people. Unfortunately, the dams cause some areas to flood and others to dry up, destroying the forest. Dams can also interfere with natural flood cycles that keep forests healthy. 8. Climate Change Tracey Croke via Flickr Climate change has caused severe droughts in some rainforests, which kills off some of the forest and makes it harder for already-damaged parts to recover. The scientific community largely blames human activity for these changes. Protect the Planet Help preserve vital habitat at The Rainforest Site for free!

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