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In Simple words, Damnum sine injuria means damage without infringement of any legal right. damage without injury is not actionable. Mere loss of money’s. What is the difference between Injuria Sine Damno and Damnum Sine Injuria? The basic difference between the two is in their terms only. The maxim damnum sine injury refers to actual damage without violation of any Legal Right. In such case the mere fact of damage does not.
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The result of two maxims is that there are moral wrongs for which the law gives no daamnum remedy though they cause great loss or detriment; and on the other hand, there are legal wrongs for which the law does give a legal remedy, though there be only violation of a private right, without any actual loss or damage.
In the case of Mogul steamship Co.
The term ‘Res’ is a Latin word which means “thing” and the expression “Res Gesta Therefore it was held that the defendant was not liable. It is therefore considered necessary to have these combinations of various Latin and French words to be used for much clearer understanding.
The quantity of water of stream was reduced and the ramnum was closed for non availability of water.
Views Read Edit View history. Thus there was a monetary loss to the owner of Gloucester Grammar School. In Mogul Steamship Co. In Mayor of Bradford v. The plaintiffs claimed an injunction to restrain the defendant from sinking the shaft alleging that the sole purpose of the same was to injure the plaintiffs as sins did not purchase his land at an exorbitant price.
This page was last edited on 23 Novemberat The amount for compensation can even be rs. That is the general rules or principles or guidelines laid down and which are to be followed by the general public.
Case lawLaw of Tort. Another point of difference is that the sinne actionable in law, so Injuria Sine Damno is actionable per se as there is a violation of legal right, while the other is not as there is no violation of any legal right is there.
Damnum Sine Injuria Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc.
Damnum sine injuria Meaning: Riparian owners, for example, could suffer damage from their neighbors upstream use of the water, but as long as the use was considered reasonable there would be no legal remedy. Damnum Sine Injuria, the literal meaning of the word refers to loss or damage in terms of money, property or any physical loss without the infringement of any legal right.
Where the maxim is applied: Injuria Sine Damno is a legal maxim, which means that injury or loss or damage so caused to the plaintiff without suffering any physical injury or damage.
In lawdamnum absque injuria Latin for “loss or damage without injury” is a phrase expressing the principle of tort law in which some person natural or legal causes damage or loss to another, but does not injure them. Actual damage suffered without legal injury Meaning Word by Word: As Injuria Sine Damno is the legal injury so caused to the plaintiff without any damage to physical injury, while in case of Damnum Sine Injuria it refers to the damages suffered physically by the plaintiff but no damage is being caused to the legal rights as there is no violation of it.
Define the term Transfer of propertywhat are the Essentials of a valid Transfer of Property?
Damnum Sine Injuria what it is
Because of some dispute Deft left plaintiff’s school and started his own school. No loss was suffered by injuia refusal because the candidate for whom he wanted to vote won in spite of that.
Resultant was that the person was wrongfully deprived of his legal right sune attend the meeting and moreover his fundamental right i. Gloucester Grammar School Case Y. The damage may be in form of money, service, physical hurt, loss of health or reputation and loss of comfort.
This can be better explained in the following case: The maxim damnum sine injuria can be better explained by the following mathematical formula as deduced by Prof.
Defendant was willing to sell his land.
Damnum Sine Injuria Law and Legal Definition
Injury to Private Legal Rights Explanation: There are many acts which though harmful are not wrongful in the eyes of law, therefore do not give rise to a right of action in favour of the person who sustains the harm. That is actual or substantial loss without infringement of any legal right and in such cases no action lies. To explain this concept clearly the following instances along with case laws are helpful.
As due to an increase of competition the plaintiff has to reduce their fees from 40 pence to 12 pence per scholar per quarter. Breaking News 1 year ago – Resume Writing Tips: How to write a resume for law student?
Damnum Sine Injuria and Injuria Sine Damno
It is relevant only for assessing a number of damages. White [1] where the plaintiff was a qualified voter at a parliamentary election, while the defendant who was a returning officer in election wrongfully refused to take a vote of the plaintiff. Loss due to fair competition.
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2009 Group 4 Project
From CellBiology
'Tropmyosin-related kinase receptors (also known as Trk or colloqiually as "Terk" receptors), are a specific family of Tyrosine kinase receptors originating from the Trk oncogene. Trk's are present, expressed at low levels, throughout mammalian tissue types and bear particular signifcance in embryological development and maintainence and growth of neuronal cell types. [1][2]During embryonic development expression is significantly higher than in mature mammals, as if neuronal expression. Thus, Trks appear to be a major component of a highly intricate system of receptor complexes that mediate neurotropin and growth factor control of selective cell death and differentiation. There are three particular sub-types of receptor within the Trk loci - Trk A, Trk B and Trk C - each of which is characterised by specific differences in structure and discrimation for different Neurotrophin ligands, and thus, distinct functions.[1]
Figure 1: Neurotrophins and Trks
Figure 2: Common structural features of Trks
• Trk A
• Trk B
• Trk C
Demonstration of function in Knock-out mice:Multiple studies of utilizing transgenic mouse models have been employed to highlight the effects of Trk deficiency on embryological development of mice.
• Trk Defective: Overall, Trk defective mice demonstrate a significant reduction in survival over a 30 day period. Specifically, such knockouts result in impaired olfactory function, as well as poor pain and thermoception responses. This is attributed to a >70% reduction in neuronal cells in the dorsal root, trigeminal and sympathetic ganglia over this period. Multiple other pathological conditions exist but it is unclear as to whether these are attributable to Trk deficiency or secondary to extremely impaired nervous function.
• Trk A defective: TrkA defective mice lack the ability to perceive painful and thermoceptive stimuli. This is attributed to the malformation of applicable peripheral sensory neurons during embryonic and post-natal development.
• Trk B Defective: inactivation of the Trk B gene product results in significant neurological deficiencies; poor feeding responses, poor touch perception in addition other behavioural abnormalities. Overall, this is perceived to be due to a >80% depletion of catecholaminergic neurons known to relay sensory input from the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems.
• Trk C Defective: Defective mice demonstrate unusual postural responses as well as severely impaired proprioception. It is believed that these deficiencies are attributable to an absolute deficiency of Ia muscle afferents that innervate proprioceptive spindle fibres during embryological development.
Dynamic Process
NGF binding to ligation region facilitates dimerisation of Trk Receptor monomers into the signal transductive unit- activating the kinase unit[6]. Phosphorylation of the autoregulatory loop tyrosines of the cytoplasmic domain further activates the kinase. Phosphorylation of an additional five tyrosines within this region promotes signalling by providing docking sites for adaptor proteins which regulate signalling-cascade couples. Overall, the purpose of this process appears to be to facilitate down-stream phosphorylation and gene expression regulation(Eg. upregulation of Neuronal Factor Kappa B) via multiple transductive pathways, many of which, are synonymous with tyrosine kinase receptor activityref>Patapoutian A, and Reichardt LF. Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2001; 11:272–280; Retrieved May 20, 2009, from [5]</ref>. Thus, the autophosphorylation of intracellular domain tyrosine residues precipitates the association of second-messenger adaptor proteins which may or may not themselves be phosphorylated in order to illicit the desired signalling event.(see dynamics overview image for some examples in addition to those below)
Trk dynamics overview
Mechanism of Trk Activation via multiple Signalling pathways
Tropomyosine receptor kinases (Trk) enhance neuronal cell growth and differentiation of neurites via the activation of various signalling pathways. PKC, PLCy1, Ras/MAPK and PI3 are the four well known pathways, which exhibit this activity. The latter process involves the activation of transcription factors that will bind onto a specific target gene, thus trigerring neuronal cell division and/ differentiation via production of specific proteins that inhibit apoptosis. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag This occurs by the activation of the membrane bound receptor by a number of growth factors, cytokines and immunoglobins. [8] DAG is necessary for the further activation of the PKC and it remains bound to the cell membrane. IP3, a water soluble protein , in turn is released into the cytoplasm and leads to the release of Ca2+ reserves from the endoplasmic reticulum. This increase of calcium ions actives the classic isoforms of [Protein Kinase C|Protein kinase C]. [9]
PKC Pathway
See also: Protein Kinase C
Simplified Animation of PKC pathway. Full size animation
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of nucleotide-independent, Ca2+-dependent serine kinases. [10]. At least 11 isozymes have been identified, [11] most PKC isozymes are ubiquitous and multiple members of the family can be coexpressed within the same cell leading to complex pathways. However, the basic signal transduction pathway involves the allosteric activation of PKC by the intracellular messengers diacylglycerol and Calcium ions. The inactive PKC is mainly found in the cytosol. Upon stimulation the PKC proteins translocate to the cell membrane. This translocation is the result of a cascade initiated by the binding of a number of extracellular ligands, such as, growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPRC) found on the plasma membrane. This in turn activates a stimulating G protein which in turn activates phospholipase C (PLC). [12] A G protein is then activated, which then activates phospholipase C (PLC). The PLC cleaves phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1.,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). [13] The IP3, couples to Ca2+ channels found on the endoplasmic reticulum releasing Ca2+ reserves. The increased concentration of calcium ions bind to inactive PKC molecules and then translocates to the plasma membrane. Here is binds to DAG giving rise to the active PKC enzyme. [10] The PKC family plays a major role in cellular signal transduction. [14]Their main roles consist in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. [15]
Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) Pathway
The involvement of PI3K in intracellular signaling
PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) Pathway
See also: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Phosphatidylinositides which promotes survival of many populations of neurons.[18] PI3K directly activates Ras-dependent pathway through which Trk signaling promotes survival in many, but not all, neurons. PI3K has an array of main effectors which include the mitogen-transducing signal proteins such as protein kinase C, phosphoinositide-dependent kinases and mitogen activated protein kinases. They are activated either via their interaction with lipid products of PI3K or through PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of proteins.[19] PI3K is activated by number of growth factor receptors with intrinsic and tyrosine kinase activity. Nerve growth factor (NGF) activates PI3K in TRK to regulate cell functions.[20]
Current Research
Recent studies have hypothesized that receptors responsible for Ras activation would be effective target for treating human cancers. [16]Based on this hypothesis, since 1995, therapies utilizing the inhibition of Ras activation have aroused a major interest. Farnesylation is a process by which small G-proteins like Ras are activated and adhered to the cell membrane. In a recent paper [21], farnesyl transferase inhibitors were used in order to block the farnesylation of Ras proteins. The results revealed promising hopes in animal models but unfortunately have not been effective in human cancer treatment.[21] The major downstream target of Ras-MAP-Kinase (MAPK) has also been taken as a subject for drug design. Sebolt and his colleagues showed that MAPK-inhibitors are effective in cancer therapy using mouse models [22] . It has been also suggested that Inhibition of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway can serve as a potential therapy for NF1 in humans. [23]
Trk receptors can behave as signalling endosomes
The interplay between miRNA and Trks (tropomyosin-related kinases)
MicroRNAs are tissue specific, small non-coding RNAs, which are involved in post-trancriptional-silencing mechanism (See also: miRNA Science Overview). In non-mammals, miRNAs have been discovered to be involved in developmental process of the nervous system. For instance, in Caenorhabditis elegans, miR-273 participate in a regulatory mechanism in which ensures for the morphgenesis and differentiation of receptor neurons. [25] Likewise, in mammalian brain tissue, recent studies show that certain miRNAs have been identified, in which suggest an important role of these small molecules in modulating Trk receptors and development of nervous system. In addition, functional regulation of these miRNAs is also linked to tumorgenesis of nervous system. For instance, three neuronal miRNAs (9,125a and 125b) are found to be involved in human neuroblastoma cell proliferation by down-modulating TrkC isoform. [26]
under construction
• Apoptosis- Programmed cell death.
• Dynamin- GTPase enzyme responsible for endocytosis in eukaryotic cells.
• ERK- Extracellular regulated kinase.
• Exons-Expressed regions of eukaryotic genes.
2. Manning.G,. Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S. “The protein kinase complement of the human genome”. Science. 2002;298(5600):1912-34.
4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pyle AD, Lock LF, Donovan PJ. Neurotrophins mediate human embryonic stem cell survival. Nat Biotechnology 1996;24:344–50. Retrieved 13 May 2009 from Pubmed
7. Barker PA. p75NTR is positively promiscuous: novel partners and new insights. Neuron. 2004 May 27;42(4):529-33. Review. Retrieved from [2]
16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Wiesmüller L, Wittinghofer F.,“Signal Transduction pathways involving Ras. Mini Review”.Cellular Signalling.1994;6(3) 247-267.
17. 17.0 17.1 Harvey, J., and Ashford, M.L.J. “Leptin in the CNS: much more than a satiety signal”. Neuropharmacology. 2003;44, 845-854.
21. 21.0 21.1 Kohl,N.E., Omer C.A., Conner MW., Anthony NJ, Davide JP, deSolms SJ, Giuliani EA, Gomez RP., Graham SL., Hamilton K., “Inhibition of farnesyltransferase induces regression of mammary and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice”. Nat Med (1995).1(8): 792-7.
22. Sebolt,J.S,. Dudley D.T,. Herrera.R, Van Becelaere.K, Wiland A, Gowan RC, Tecle H, Barrett SD, Bridges A, Przybranowski.S,. Leopold WR. Saltiel A.R,. “Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo”. Nat Med. (1999).5(7): 810-6.
23. Sebti S.M., Hamilton A.D,. “Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitors and cancer therapy: lessons from mechanism and bench-to-bedside translational studies”. Oncogene.(2000).19(56): 6584-93.
24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 Watson, FL., Heerssen HM, Bhattacharyya A, Klesse L, Lin MZ, Segal RA.“Neurotrophins use the Erk5 pathway to mediate a retrograde survival response”.Nat Neurosci.2001;4(10):981-8
2009 Group Projects
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Recursive Extended Euclidean Algorithm
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Requires a Wolfram Notebook System
The greatest common divisor of positive integers , , …, is the largest integer such that divides each of the integers. There always exist integers , , …, such that .
Mathematica's built-in function ExtendedGCD returns , given the arguments . This Demonstration implements ExtendedGCD with a recursive extended Euclidean algorithm that computes a list of the results of the recursive steps.
The basic case is . The algorithm, given and , returns the list (as a column):
These rows are , where is the depth of the recursion, is the integer quotient of and , and is recursively defined by , if , and if , , where and .
The recursion terminates because . If , , , and . If , assume and . Then, , and . By induction, whenever and are positive integers, , where and .
Thus, in each row , , is the depth of recursion, is the input and is the output of with .
You can check this by studying numerical examples. Check it is true for the last row. Then check that if is true for a given row, then it is true for the previous row. It is therefore true for the first row.
When , it is a little more difficult to prove, but you can still verify numerically that if and are successive rows and , then . Also, this is true for the last row.
Contributed by: Roger B. Kirchner (March 2011)
Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA
The correctness of the recursive definitions in the source code can be argued by observing 1) they terminate, 2) they return the correct result when they terminate, and 3) they return the correct result whenever a recursive call returns the correct result. The function in the program for is ; it is defined there for reference. Only is used, however. It has a list of positive integers and a recursion level for inputs and returns the list that is displayed.
A classic exposition of these ideas is found in "1.7 The Euclidean Algorithm", in Birkhoff and MacLane, which can be read online.
The recursive algorithm we have used (for ) is essentially described in Euclidean algorithm, under "Extended Euclidean Algorithm".
G. Birkhoff and S. MacLane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, 4th ed., New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1977.
K. H. Rosen, Elementary Number Theory and its Applications, 4th ed., Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley, 2000.
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• Why are they contaminated?
Can you believe that 80% of marine pollution comes from the land? Most of the time this happens as a result of runoff or the draining away of water. This happens when trucks, cars or any source of transportation drops small amounts of oil, which make their way to the sea. The sea can also be polluted with air pollution. This happens when dirt or contamination gets in the air and then gets in the sea. This pollutant can really harm fish and marine life. Finally, trash that people leave on beaches many times ends up in the oceans, and it can really harm marine life. This might cause animals to die, or it could result in something worse.
• How does this affect us as ECA students, and how can we help?
You might be asking yourself, “How does this harm me?” or “How does this affect my school?” The answer is simply, water provides life. Without water, neither you nor I would be alive right now. Also, we wouldn’t be able to go to a nice beach during the summer because they would be contaminated.
Now, how can we stop this problem from happening? Maybe we can’t do something that is going to stop marine pollution immediately, but we can take little actions that can really make a difference. Every time you go to a beach, make sure you clean up all your personal trash, and try to pick up some left by others. Second, try not to use your car all the time, because this causes harm for marine life. You wouldn’t be helping only the oceans, but also the environment. You can also help at ECA by making sure you use only the amount of water you need, and by cleaning the area around you.
Gabriela Sabogal, 6th Grade
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1. luis theran
excelente reflexión.
“si sabemos hacer lo bueno y no lo hacemos se nos cuenta como pecado” Stg 4:17
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The Climate-Change Debate Has Shifted, Not Ended
Is there still a debate over climate change? Yes and no. As a scientific matter, the issues of whether it’s happening and who’s to blame are long settled. But there’s no end to debates about what to do about it. Arguments about the need for and costs of action are playing out against a nonstop, live-on-TV drama of the massive storms, record wildfires and deadly heat waves already fueled by global warming.
1. What’s new in the climate debate?
For one thing, there’s been a revolution in renewable energy. The price of wind and solar has plunged in a way even its most ardent backers wouldn’t have dared dream 20 years ago. Bloomberg NEF projects that by 2050, renewable power will produce two-thirds of the world’s electricity, the same fraction that fossil fuel produces today. The world’s biggest polluter, China, is taking far more aggressive action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions than was expected even a decade ago. A combination of slower economic growth and a drive for cleaner air have put China ahead of schedule for its emissions to peak by 2030.
2. How has the debate shifted?
There’s robust argument over how to balance the effort put into mitigation versus adaptation. Mitigation gets most of the attention — the headline news from the 2015 Paris climate accord, for instance, was about the pledges different countries made to limit the release of greenhouse gases. But adaptation is becoming a pressing need as temperatures rise. Some communities are already trying to relocate away from rising waters. Storm-surge barriers and flood gates geared to climate change have gone up in Rotterdam and Venice. New York installed gates after parts of the city were inundated by the surge driven by super storm Sandy in 2012, and Houston, flooded by Hurricane Harvey’s torrential rains in 2017, is considering new defenses. Even steps as small as providing air conditioners for the poor can play an important role in making cities livable in a hotter future.
3. What’s the status of the Paris agreement?
Even though President Donald Trump intends to pull the world’s biggest economy out of the accord, the U.S. is still participating in nuts and bolts discussions on implementing the voluntary pledges made by almost 200 countries. Coalitions of cities, states, businesses and universities in groups such as We Are Still In and America’s Pledge have organized to keep progress going in the U.S. even if the country formally leaves the pact. (America’s Pledge was co-founded by Michael R. Bloomberg, the founder and majority owner of Bloomberg LP, the parent company of Bloomberg News. He has told the New York Times that he is considering a campaign for president.) The U.S. is currently seen as on track for its climate goals for 2020 but falling short of its longer-term pledges, as are the European Union and Japan, according to Climate Action Tracker, a research project.
4. What’s Trump’s argument?
Money. Trump said the Paris pact would hurt American workers and amounted to a “massive redistribution” of wealth from the U.S. to other countries. Meeting the Paris goals would conflict with his efforts to revive U.S. coal production. He’s also moved to water down fuel-efficiency standards and proposed rolling back Obama-era regulations meant to force utilities to reduce emissions. Officials in his administration insist that U.S. economic growth is a more urgent priority than climate change.
5. Who’s agreeing with him?
Influential groups of voters in countries where a shift away from dirty fuels has raised energy prices. In Australia, Malcolm Turnbull was pushed out as prime minister in August after conservatives in his party rebelled over his plan to write the country’s Paris targets into law. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2015 bowed to pressure to allow pipelines carrying carbon-heavy oil from tar sands to be expanded. Now his plan for a national carbon price to drive down emissions is under attack and is expected to be a focus for his opponents in 2019 elections.
6. How much would meaningful action cost?
It’s hard to know, and there’s a wide range of forecasts. The Deep Decarbonization Pathway Project, a research effort backed in part by a United Nations group, estimates that for 16 leading countries, meeting their Paris targets would require investments amounting to 0.8 percent of gross domestic product a year by 2020 and 1.3 percent by 2050. The International Finance Corporation has estimated that the Paris accord opened up $23 trillion in investment opportunities for government and private industry by 2030. BNEF projects that half that much will actually be spent. Developed nations have committed to boost climate-related aid to poorer countries to $100 billion a year by 2020, including money from both public and private sources.
7. What are the stakes?
Because the warming process is cumulative, if by some magic all greenhouse gas emissions stopped tomorrow, researchers predict we may still be in for 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming this century — three times as much as we’ve seen since the mid-1990s. Climate Interactive, a research non-profit, calculates that even if the Paris pledges are met, we’d blow past the target of holding warming to 2 degrees above mid-19th century levels. If current emissions levels aren’t reduced, warming could gallop past 4 degrees. Studies have projected changes ranging from more kidney stones, smaller goats and less sex in the short run, to swamped cities and widespread extinction of species in the decades ahead.
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Big Data Hadoop Interview Questions
Get Technical Answers for Big data hadoop Interview Questions by Hadoop Developers, Advanced Technical Questions for Freshers and Experience Persons. Free practical tests
1. On What Concept The Hadoop Framework Works?
2. What Is Mapreduce?
MapTask: will process these chunks in a completely parallel manner (One node can process one or more chunks).The framework sorts the outputs of the maps.
Your business logic would be written in the MappedTask and ReducedTask. Typically both the input and the output of the job are stored in a file-system (Not database). The framework takes care of scheduling tasks, monitoring them and re-executes the failed tasks
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3. What Is Compute And Storage Nodes?
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4. How Does Master Slave Architecture In The Hadoop?
The MapReduce framework consists of a single master JobTracker and multiple slaves, each cluster-node will have one TaskTracker. The master is responsible for scheduling the jobs' component tasks on the slaves, monitoring them and re-executing the failed tasks. The slaves execute the tasks as directed by the master.
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5. How Does An Hadoop Application Look Like Or Their Basic Components?
Minimally an Hadoop application would have following components.
Input location of data
Output location of processed data.
A map task.
A reduced task.
Job configuration
5. Explain How Input And Output Data Format Of The Hadoop Framework?
See the flow mentioned below
6. What Are The Restriction To The Key And Value Class ?
7. Explain The Wordcount Implementation Via Hadoop Framework ?
input Assume there are two files each having a sentence Hello World Hello World (In file 1) Hello World Hello World (In file 2)
Mapper : There would be each mapper for the a file For the given sample input the first map output:
< Hello, 1>
< World, 1>
< Hello, 1>
< World, 1>
The second map output:
< Hello, 1>
< World, 1>
< Hello, 1>
< World, 1>
Combiner/Sorting (This is done for each individual map) So output looks like this The output of the first map:
< Hello, 2>
< World, 2>
The output of the second map:
< Hello, 2>
< World, 2>
Reducer : It sums up the above output and generates the output as below
< Hello, 4>
< World, 4>
Final output would look like
Hello 4 times
World 4 times
8. Which Interface Needs To Be Implemented To Create Mapper And Reducer For The Hadoop?
9. What Mapper Does?
Maps are the individual tasks that transform input records into intermediate records. The transformed intermediate records do not need to be of the same type as the input records. A given input pair may map to zero or many output pairs.
10. What Is The Inputsplit In Map Reduce Software?
An InputSplit is a logical representation of a unit (A chunk) of input work for a map task; e.g., a file name and a byte range within that file to process or a row set in a text file.
11. What Is The Inputformat ?
12. Where Do You Specify The Mapper Implementation?
Generally mapper implementation is specified in the Job itself.
13. How Mapper Is Instantiated In A Running Job?
14. Which Are The Methods In The Mapper Interface?
15. What Happens If You Don't Override The Mapper Methods And Keep Them As It Is?
16. What Is The Use Of Context Object?
The Context object allows the mapper to interact with the rest of the Hadoop system. It Includes configuration data for the job, as well as interfaces which allow it to emit output.
17. How Can You Add The Arbitrary Key-value Pairs In Your Mapper?
18. How Does Mapper's Run() Method Works?
19. Which Object Can Be Used To Get The Progress Of A Particular Job ?
20. What Is Next Step After Mapper Or Maptask?
21. How Can We Control Particular Key Should Go In A Specific Reducer?
Users can control which keys (and hence records) go to which Reducer by implementing a custom Partitioned.
22. What Is The Use Of Combiner?
23. How Many Maps Are There In A Particular Job?
Suppose, if you expect 10TB of input data and have a block size of 128MB, you'll end up with 82,000 maps, to control the number of block you can use the mapreduce.job.maps parameter (which only provides a hint to the framework). Ultimately, the number of tasks is controlled by the number of splits returned by the InputFormat.getSplits() method (which you can override).
24. What Is The Reducer Used For?
25. Explain The Core Methods Of The Reducer?
26. What Are The Primary Phases Of The Reducer?
Shuffle, Sort and Reduce.
27. Explain The Shuffle?
28. Explain The Reducer's Sort Phase?
29. Explain The Reducer's Reduce Phase?
30. How Many Reducers Should Be Configured?
(<no.of nades> * mapreduce.tasktracker.reduce.tasks.maximum).
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Post 601 by Gautam Shah
In ancient age, endeavours like: survival, hunting, farming, communal living, communication, wars, and mitigation of calamities or disasters, required some degree of skilled handling. Endeavours that are unprecedented in nature or first time ever required group action, innovation and commitment. These qualities were fundamental requirements for handling a complex situation. Over a period, many of these activities become routine, and so could be handled by smaller groups, or within the family, and without any distinctive expertise.
Street in Pompeii > Wikipedia image by Paul Vlaar
Wars, disasters’ mitigation and ambitious projects were governments’ forte and handled by a coterie of disciplined experts. These endeavours required new technologies, faster completion and assured results. Such experts were available with the military, and since then technical management has been part of the military’s domain. For many autocratic nations the fact holds true even today. In most of the countries nascent efforts in space, communications, electronics, transport, marine engineering and similar fields are initiated or sponsored through the military establishments. Such devolution of project handling has created perception that construction affairs of the Government are either military affairs or civil matters (nonmilitary or routine affairs), and it is still continuing.
Poulnabrone portal tomb Ireland > Wikipedia image by Jon Sullivan (PD
The Military affairs versus the Civil matters also divide the ambit of management skills into two distinct streams: Administrative-management and Technical-management. Things or happenings that involve Routine tasks, even if complex, are handled by the Administrators. Administrators are adapt at managing predictable situations like tax collection, governance, law administration, logistics, building or road construction, etc. Technical-management is required for high risk situations of political and climatic nature. These are unpredictable and unprecedented in scale, extensive in affectation, complexity and urgency. The technical management involves three crunching factors: Time, Extent and Resources. Situations handled by techno-experts are, input of knowledge without experimental reliance, successful solutions at the first attempt, involution of diverse conditions, lack of immediate know-hoe, lack of intermediate testing.
Bridge Construction > Wikipedia image by US Army
Civil matters require an input of technology that is with well-established norms and unlikely to see any rapid obsolescence. On the other hand military efforts are occurring with extreme constraints of Time, Space and Resources. And these three elements change their scale during planning, execution and operations requiring tactical corrections. The Tactical corrections, require on the spot decisions, improvisation and strategic insight. The resources’ crunch was not acute due to the exigency of the situation and political sponsorship, but time and space were omnipresent. Military affairs require an unique Engineering Contribution.
Mexican army response to Hurricane Katrina > Wikipedia image by US Army
Technical or military engagement for projects was part of all societies at all times, but early 19th C. saw a different variety of projects emerging. Industrial production units were not planned by political coterie or the civil administrators, but rather rich merchants and entrepreneurs. Industrial projects were conceived, executed and made operational in a very compact time frame in comparison to any other project in the history. The time-compression necessitated new methods of project management.
Factory in Brazil 1880 > Wikipedia image
World war-I and conflicts of that era were spread over very large area, fought in unfamiliar territories, using very heavy equipment and large number of combatants. These necessitated mathematically based planning and forecasting methods, to anticipate the demand, production schedules, and material procurement locations (for food, water and fodder) and coordinating the logistics of supplies at right place on right time. These were mainly military room affairs. The methods developed into a new discipline concerned with the planning, assessment and control of operating systems, such as industrial production, commerce, or virtually any human effort, later known as OR -Operations Research. Interest in the methods for design and logic of these systems, rather than in their operations, led to another subject, SE -Systems Engineering.
Logistic issues during WW -I > Wikipedia image
In today’s world ‘Management has come to mean many things to many people’. Broadly three classes of management are recognized: Governmental, Business and Engineering.
■ In Governmental management, administration, legal frame work and intendance of wealth, predominate. This is reflected in Civil Services that Governments form through selection, training and situational exposure.
■ In Business management, public relations, communication, material and human resource planning, strategy and methodology, economics and financial management, market management, are dealt. These are seen in Business managers that trade and industry inculcate within their personnel or through specialized educational courses.
■ In Engineering management, all pioneering human endeavours are planned, operated and serviced with infusion of technology. Engineering management, however, requires a competence that is substantially different from business management. Designers and Engineers, who have had several years of varied working experience, gain circumstantial administrative and business management skills, but very late in a carrier. Fresh students of Design and Engineering branches, who go through advanced courses in business management, lack the multi-engineering disciplinary exposure.
Dabbawala of Mumbai India (Tiffin -lunch box delivery men) Routine Management > Wikipedia image by Zachs from Pune India
To manage a business commercially or any non business organization administratively, business management training or exposure may be adequate. Substantial technical contribution is necessary for conception of complex entities, design, implementation, production, operations, and servicing of engineering projects, systems, gadgets and components, resource planning, material procurement, environmental engineering, quality control, preparation of specifications, standardization and procedural documentation, some different sets of skills are necessary.
A high Technology situation > Wikipedia image by Siemens Pressebild
Engineering management skills are necessary when:
1. An activity is required to be accomplished in a shortest time frame.
2. An activity spreads out over a vast terrain, and over which physical control is diffused.
3. An activity is so critical that its non accomplishment or inadequate performance could result into a grave risk, fatalistic hazard or substantial disadvantage.
4. An activity is unprecedented in nature.
5. An activity involves such risks that its management or compensations are difficult to handle.
6. An activity is such that its full comprehension cannot be made till full size tests or actual enactment takes place.
7. An activity may have to be carried out in spite of resources shortage.
Russian Soyuz Space craft > Wikipedia image by NASA
Engineering-management plays many different roles. Primarily, it helps in efficient infusion of technology in various types of situations. It is true that in fields where the technology has been sufficiently ingrained and conditions are predictable, non engineering experts can manage or administer the situation. Engineering management is than required to provide the `technical’ advice and solution, or interpret the `technical’ feedback to the administrator or manager. High technology situations arise in many areas of government and business. Most high technology situations require a coordinated working of several different technologies to generate a new level of specialization.
Sagrada Familia roof in Construction > Wikipedia image by Etan J. Tal er a caption
Who is an Engineering Management expert? To handle a high technology situation, a person who is a broad-based technologist capable of understanding and integrating several technological disciplines is required. Such a person will also have imbibed circumstantial administrative or business management skills.
Spot welding Robots > Wikipedia image by BMW Werk Leipzig
Fresh engineering and design graduates have no such education, skill or experience to handle a situation that calls for coordinated working of several different technologies. Even where they have had a multi disciplinary exposure through an apprenticeship, have no capacity to comprehend the job, plan a setup for it, to recognize and assign tasks, to monitor the task performance, to develop new specialization or equip the organization for complex tasks.
Students from Design and Engineering have some basic skills of creating and interpreting (‘reading’) technical drawings, and specifications. They have fairly good knowledge of Materials’ sciences, basics of building technologies, logistics of execution processes, integrated working of ‘men, machines, materials and money’. Techno-students today form substantial number entrants for post graduate level Business Management Course, but ultimately end up for top positions in Financial, Economics, Marketing or Human Resources fields. Very few Business management students become entrepreneurs.
Inter-disciplinary approach > Wikipedia image
There is a distinct need to develop an Engineering Management stream at Post Graduate level. Graduate students from Design fields (Architecture, Interior Design, Product Design, Fashion Design etc.) and Engineering branches (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation etc.) are cumulatively exposed to assimilated working of several disciplines (Conception, Project formation, Detailing, Implementation processes and Operational parameters). The students can be exposed to identity and requirements of various stack-holders, societal concerns, legal and other responsibilities. To be an entrepreneur or a self-reliant handler of techno-projects core knowledge of business operations such as, financing means, norms of economics (investment, return, depreciation), productivity is required. |
BASH Programming
How to Return a String from Bash Functions
Use of BASH function that returns a value
Bash Functions can’t return values like other standard programming languages. Bash functions support return statement but it uses different syntax to read the return value. You can get the value from bash functions in different ways. In this tutorial, you will learn how you can pass string data from bash function to the caller by using different types of bash syntaxes. Open a text editor to test the following bash function examples to understand how string or numeric values can be returned from bash functions.
Example-1: Using Global Variable
Bash function can return a string value by using a global variable. In the following example, a global variable, ‘retval’ is used. A string value is assigned and printed in this global variable before and after calling the function. The value of the global variable will be changed after calling the function. This is a way of returning string value from a bash function.
function F1()
retval='I like programming'
retval='I hate programming'
echo $retval
echo $retval
Create a bash file named with the above code and run the script from the terminal. Here, the output ‘I like programming’ is assigned and printed after function call.
Example-2: Using Function Command
You can receive the return value of a bash function and store it in a variable at the time of calling. In the following example, a local variable, retval is used and the value of the local variable is return by the function F2 is assigned in a global variable, getval which is printed later.
function F2()
local retval='Using BASH Function'
echo "$retval"
echo $getval
Create a bash script named with the above code and run the script.
Example-3: Using Variable
In the following example, the return value of the function is set based on the argument variable of the function. Here, a value is passed to the function F3 by using an argument variable, getval1 at the time of function calling. After checking conditional statement, the return value is assigned and printed.
function F3()
local arg1=$1
if [[ $arg1 != "" ]];
retval="BASH function with variable"
echo "No Argument"
getval1="Bash Function"
F3 $getval1
echo $retval
echo $getval2
Example-4: Using Return Statement
Most of the standard programming language use return statement to return a value from the function. Function values are returned without using any return statement in the above examples. In the following example, return statement is used to return a numeric value from the function F4. Here, $? is used to read the value 35 which is returned by the function using return statement.
function F4() {
echo 'Bash Return Statement'
return 35
echo "Return value of the function is $?"
You can use bash functions in various ways to return any string or numeric value after calling the function.
About the author
Fahmida Yesmin
Fahmida Yesmin
|
Difference between revisions of "Dientamoeba fragilis"
From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
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(9. References)
(Higher order taxa)
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==Higher order taxa==
==Higher order taxa==
Kingdom Excavata, Subkingdom Metamonada, Phylum Parabasalia, Class Tritrichomonadidae, Order Trichomonadida, Family Dientamoebidae
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis
Revision as of 18:54, 10 December 2018
This student page has not been curated.
This student page has not been curated.
Higher order taxa
Dientamoeba fragilis
2. Description and significance
Dientamoeba fragilis (D. fragilis) is a bacterium regarded as a human intestinal parasite. There is a possible link between D. fragilis colonization and abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms (1) ; however, some studies show that there is no causal relationship (2). D. fragilis has a worldwide distribution in both urban and rural areas, with infection rates ranging from 0.5% to 16%, where higher rates were reported in outbreaks and associated to the lack of personal hygiene(3). Similar to some other parasites, D. fragilis causes disease in humans regardless of their immune status, by which common symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. D. fragilis has been increasingly recognized as a relatively common cause of human diarrhea and long-term chronic infections since the late twentieth century(3).
3. Genome structure
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? The complete genome of any D. fragilis trains haven’t been sequenced. To date, only the coding region of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU rRNA) gene has been published(15). So far, genotypes 1 and 2 of D. fragilis are recognized through comparing the sequence of their coding regions of the ssu rRNA gene. Genotype 1 has a strong predominance in both humans and few animal hosts. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis of ssu rRNA PCR products enables the distinction of these genotypes, a more applicable direct detection method for this parasite in human stool(4). By sequencing a large number of PCR products and examining across the investigated loci, a very low level of polymorphism was observed, indicating the existence of major clone of D. fragilis with a widespread geographical distribution(5). In other words, there is little genetic viability found in the SSU rRNA sequences: the two genotypes share ~97% similarity at the locus, and scarce variability is found among the isolates of the predominant genotype 1. Thus, studies have been conducted to find other portions on the ribosomal cluster that can be used for detection and typing of D. fragilis. Variation in the sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) within the AT rich region showed extensive genetic variability, due to the variation in number of A and T bases. However, since such variability was also found within single isolate, it can’t be used as a subtyping tool. Analysis done on the C-profile, which are the peaks for C nucleotides from a sequencing chromatogram, allows comparing isolates and identifying intra-genomic variability. Besides, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequence is used for detection but not genotyping of D. fragilis due to its short length and limited genetic variability(4). Variations in D. fragilis’ rRNA gene sequence are used only as markers to analyze speciation and search for phylogenetic association in closely related species. They don’t have any influence on the pathogenic potential of the parasites. Further studies of variation in potentially pathogenicity involving genes of D. fragilis could be valuable(15). For instance, D. fragilis encode key virulence proteins such as cysteine proteases, lectins, and calmodulin, and the difference in expression level could play a potential role in determining their pathogenicity(16).
4. Cell structure
Interesting features of cell structure. Can be combined with “metabolic processes” The cell shape of D. fragilis varies from spherical to ovoidal, sometimes amoeboid with the range of size between 4 to 10 m. Flagella or undulating membrane were not found. There were two types of cell surface structure found under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM): smooth and ruffled surfaces. The ruffled cells are more common.
Nucleus: The nucleus, which is normally detected in the central area, ranges in size from 0.86 to 3.52 um in mononucleated trophozoites (a growing stage of some parasites when they absorb nutrients from the host) and from 1.12 to 2.06 um in binucleated cells. Both mono- and bi-nucleated trophozoites have fragmented nuclei. But only mononucleated cells divide their nucleus. When dividing nuclei appears, the nuclei size could be larger than binucleated cells. A double membrane with plenty of nuclear pores consists the nuclear envelope. Two to eight chromatin bodies, without peripheral chromatin, could be seen in both of the trophozoites. The nucleolus, a rounded structure on the periphery of the nucleus, consisted of a dense fibrillar component but there is no membrane appeared(6).
The predominant stage observed in vitro culture is mononucleated cells. D. fragilis seems reproduce by binary fission, which helps to constrict the body. The shape of non-dividing cells could be spherical, oval and even irregular shaped. There is a extracellular spindle between the nuclei in binucleated cells, which emanating from one polar complex adjacent to one nuclei. The spindle microtubules originate in pairs and non-periodic structures. The types of microtubules observed in the cell are: pole-to-pole, pole-to-nucleus, and pole-to-cytosol(6).
Golgi: the well-developed golgi complex was observed as a vesicular structure in perinuclear region, near endoplasmic reticulum(ER) and near microtubule bundles. The complex is a single and prominent structure with 7-10 cisternae. The length of golgi in D. fragilis is around 450nm. In binucleated cells, golgi seems to be mostly fragmented and not in an organism form(6).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Smooth and rough ER are well developed in both mononucleated and binucleated trophozoites, appearing clearly around nucleus. Rough ER was more commonly showed in the mononucleated cells. They were closely connected with the hydrogenosomes, food vacuoles and microtubules(6).
Hydrogenosomes: They are electron-bound organelles with double layered membrane, which appear when peroxisomes and mitochondria were absent. The shape of the organelle could be spherical, oval-shaped or slightly elongated. The hydrogenosomes located in cytoplasm with the smooth membrane and homogeneously granular matrix. They were observed associated with cytoplasmic inclusions and with digestive vacuoles(6).
Digestive vacuole (DV)/food vacuole: DV was normally found in cytoplasm, and it might contain bacteria, rice starch and myelin configurations. The size varied between 0.59 to 4.2um. Some DVs with bacteria and rice starch were recognisable at the early stage of digestion. D. fragilis feeds by phagocytosis, and the waste was released in DVs by exocytosis(6).
Lysosomes: Lysosomes were presented in size ranging between 0.50-2.0um, and concentrated in posterior region and close to the cell membrane. It could digest internalised bacteria and rice starch(6).
Cytoplasm and other cytoplasmic inclusions: Cytoplasm is surrounded by a double layered cell membrane. A large amount of glycogen granules and electron dense materials are usually distributed throughout the cytoplasm. It is hard to identify rough ER in perinuclear region.
Phagocytosis: D. fragilis changes their shapes to engulf bacteria and rice starch. The formation of phagocytosis allows food digestion(6). [JMB8] Virus-like particle (VLP): They are often seen in cytoplasm of trophozoites, with sizes ranging between 40 and 200 nm. VLPs are normally in spherical, with a dense core, a middle electron-lucent layer and an outer coat(6).
5. Metabolic processes
Enzymes associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and starch and sucrose metabolism were detectioned(7). D. fragilis lacks the ability to carry out de novo purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis; instead uses a pathway that is able to break down the purines and pyrimidines that does not require the enzyme to convert 5-phospho--D-ribose 1-diphosphate into inosine monophosphate (IMP) and uridine monophosphate (UMP) (7). Another process used is the arginine dihydrolase pathway, which can use arginine as a direct form of energy metabolism, it is a direct and efficient way of generating ATP (7).
6. Ecology
D. fragilis is often regarded as a human parasite which causes abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea(8). It is commonly found in human bile and feces, which suggests that it thrives in small and large intestines, as well as the gallbladder(9). D. fragilis is anaerobic bacteria; therefore, it is very sensitive to aerobic environment(8). It may not survive and reproduce after it leaves the host body, so it nearly does not exist in the outside environment. Besides, similar to many other kinds of microbes, D. fragilis does not thrive alone: it is likely to build a dependent relationship with Entamoeba histolytica(8).
7. Pathology
Ever since Dientamoeba fragilis’ first discovery in 1918, the parasite has struggled to be recognized as a pathogen. There exists a growing body of case reports and studies from countries all over the world, linking this protozoan parasite to clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, and anorexia(10). On the other hand, there are other research suggesting that the parasite is also commonly found in healthy subjects with no presence of any gastrointestinal symptoms(4). Those studies argue that the colonization of D. fragilis does not increase risks for pathogenic gastrointestinal symptoms(11).
8. Current Research
The pathogenicity of D. fragilis is controversial. Some research provides evidence that D. fragilis is a human pathogenic bacterium, which causes gastrointestinal symptoms(8), while others argue that D. fragilis is just a common asymptomatic parasite(11).
(a) D. fragilis is a pathogenic parasite
D. fragilis was usually regarded as a harmless parasite that does not cause abnormal gastrointestinal symptoms. However, its pathogenicity was explored through recent researches. The colonization of D. fragilis among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms was evaluated through stool analysis, and it was compared to a better-known intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia (G. lambila). The result showed that the prevalence and pathogenicity of D. fragilis is similar to G. lambila: D. fragilis is a potential cause of gastrointestinal symptoms(1). Moreover, D. fragilis is considered as a pathogen based on a report which focuses on a family cluster of D. fragilis-related illness and asymptomatic carriage(12). The report conducted five case studies within one family regarding complete blood count (CBC) and fecal specimen analysis. The results found linkage between detection of D.fragilis and marked peripheral eosinophilia, often associated as response to allergens and indicates activation of the immune system. Besides, D. fragilis was the only consistent finding in all family members involved in this cluster, all shown gastrointestinal symptoms(3).
(b) D. fragilis is a harmless parasite
Though many researches provide evidence about the pathogenicity of D. fragilis, some researchers insist that D. fragilis is a harmless intestinal parasite. One study explores the causal relationship between the presence of D. fragilis and gastrointestinal symptoms among children in primary care setting(11). A cross-sectional study among children with D. fragilis infection using logistic regression analysis as well as a control analysis using asymptomatic siblings of the subjects was conducted. The conclusion is that D. fragilis is not a pathogenic parasite which causes abdominal pain and diarrhea; instead, it is a common intestinal parasite which does not cause gastrointestinal symptoms(11). Furthermore, a study compares several reports based on the prevalence of D. fragilis in individuals with and without diarrhea. Based on the statistic results, it shows that only a proportion of subjects with D. fragilis infection is present with diarrhea symptoms. Vice versa, out of the entire study population with diarrhea symptoms, only a small percent of them was detected with D. fragilis infection. These research states that the pathogenicity of D. fragile isn’t conclusive due to lack of a systematic study on the organism’s treatment and resolution(13).
(c) Possible Treatments for D. fragilis infection
Diiodohydroxyquin, tetracycline, metronidazole and paromomycin are common treatments for eradicating D. fragilis colonization, and treatment period is between 5 to 21 days. In particular, study on paromomycin show promising efficiency in treatment. It was evaluated by examining feces for D. fragilis and other intestinal parasites after 28 days of treatment, and 80% and 87% infected study subjects shown parasitologically and clinically recovered. D. fragilis infection symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea were reported to be relieved after taking paromomycin(14). Furthermore, Secnidazole is suggested as a relatively novel, more effective treatment compared to the other drugs. It has a short half-life, therefore only a single-dose is required in most of the cases to eradicate D. fragilis infection(1). This drug is suggested to take after dinner to avoid possible nausea and vomiting, and it does not severe side-effects except for occasional mild nausea(1).
9. References
Girginkardeşler, N., Coşkun, Ş, Balcioğlu, I. C., Ertan, P., & Ok, Ü Z. (2003). Dientamoeba fragilis, a neglected cause of diarrhea, successfully treated with secnidazole. Clinical Microbiology and Infection,9(2), 110-113.
Holtman, G. A., Kranenberg, J. J., Blanker, M. H., Ott, A., Leeuwen, Y. L., & Berger, M.Y. (2016). Dientamoeba fragilis colonization is not associated with Gastrointestinal symptoms in children at primary care level. Family Practice, 34(1), 25-29. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw111
El-Gayar, E. K., Mokhtar, A. B., & Hassan, W. A. (2016). Study of the pathogenic potential of Dientamoeba fragilis in experimentally infected mice. Parasite Epidemiology and Control,1(2), 136-143.
Cacciò, S. M. (2018). Molecular epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis. Acta Tropica,184, 73-77. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.029
Cacciò, S. M., Sannella, A. R., Bruno, A., Stensvold, C. R., David, E. B., Guimarães, S., ...Pozio, E. (2016). Multilocus sequence typing of Dientamoeba fragilis identified a major clone with widespread geographical distribution. International Journal for Parasitology,46(12), 793-798. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.002
Banik, G.R., Birch, D., Stark, D., Ellos J. T. (2011). A microscopic description and ultrastructural characterisation of Dientamoeba fragilis: An emerging cause of human enteric disease.International Journal for Parasitology, 42(2), 139-153.
Baratt, J.L.N., Cao M., Stark D.J., & Ellis J.T. (2015). The Transcriptome Sequence of Dientamoeba fragilis Offers New Biological Insights on its Metabolism, Kinome, Degradome and Potential Mechanisms of Pathogenicity. Protist, 166 (4), 389-408.
Stark, D., Roberts, T., Marriott, D., Harkness, J., & Ellis, J. T. (2012). Detection and Transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis from Environmental and Household Samples. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,86(2), 233-236. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0526
Talis, B., Stein, B., & Lengy, J. (1971). Dientamoeba fragilis in Human Feces and Bile. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(9), 1063-1069.
Johnson, E. H., Windsor, J. J., & Clark, C. G. (2004). Emerging from obscurity biological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of Dientamoeba fragilis. Clinical microbiology reviews, 17(3), 553-570.
Holtman, G. A., Kranenberg, J. J., Blanker, M. H., Ott, A., Leeuwen, Y. L., & Berger, M. Y. (2016). Dientamoeba fragilis colonization is not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in children at primary care level. Family Practice, 34(1), 25-29. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw111 Gray, T. J., et al. (2013). Dientamoeba fragilis: a family cluster of disease associated with marked peripheral eosinophilia.Clin Infect Dis,57(6), 845-848.
Wong, ZW., Faulder, K. & Robinson, J.L. (2018) Does Dientamoeba fragilis cause diarrhea? A systematic review. Parasitology research, 117, 4, 971-980.
Vandenberg, O, et al. (2007) Treatment of Dientamoeba Fragilis infection with Paromomycin.The Pediatric Infectious Disease,26:88-90 Peek, R., Reedeker, F. R., & van Gool, T. (2004). Direct amplification and genotyping of Dientamoeba fragilis from human stool specimens. Journal of clinical microbiology, 42(2), 631-5.
Stark, D., Barratt, J., Chan, D., & Ellis, J. T. (2016). Dientamoeba fragilis, the Neglected Trichomonad of the Human Bowel. Clinical microbiology reviews, 29(3), 553-80. |
Originally built to sell fossil fuels, this building was constructed of fossil wood. The has-been gas station is known as the "oldest building in the world."
In 1932, a lumber dealer by the name of William "Bill" G. Brown built the service station out of petrified wood said to be 175-million years old. The build would become a Phillips station in the town of Lamar.
Bill Brown didn't acquire the ancient wood rightfully. He pilfered the stone wood from private land that was 20 miles south of Lamar. He wasn't the only one who hijacked the fossilized foliage. According to a geologist from the area, there's not enough wood left to "build a birdhouse."
Three months after its construction, Ripley's Believe It or Not featured the gas station in an article. Inspired, Brown made a sign with the article's headline --"Petrified Wood House, Built Entirely of Wood Turned to Stone"-- which can still be seen today.
Google Street View
Nowadays, the old service station houses offices for a used car dealership. People still visit to see the "oldest building in the world." |
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Hello! I'm Hank Green, and this week on SciShow News, we're talking about you, or at least about us. Humans, and some of the weird things our brains do: how we're bad at judging people, bad at studying, and that video games might actually be good for kids - in moderation of course.
We're Bad Judges (0:28)
Let's start out with our complete inability to stop basing our opinion of people on the way that they look. This prejudice isn't always something that's learned, and it's something very hard to fight against, with our brains making snap judgments about people in, apparently, 33 milliseconds after seeing a face. That's faster than it takes us to even be aware that we have been shown a face.
This, according to a study from NYU's Jonathan Freeman who says that the results are, quote, "consistent with an extensive body of research suggesting that we form spontaneous judgments of other people that can be largely outside awareness". The study focused on the perception of trustworthiness and the roll of the amygdala, a part of the brain important in decision-making and emotional reactions.
They monitored activity in the amygdala while showing subjects a range of faces, some of them with high cheekbones and eyebrows, which people judge as trustworthy, and others with low, furrowed brows and low cheekbones which have been rated by a large body of research as untrustworthy. Some of the faces were real people; others were computer generated.
The amygdala of the test subjects responded the same whether the subject were allowed to perceive the image for a prolonged period of time, or for mere milliseconds - too quick to even be consciously perceived. So, yeah, when we say that humans make "flash judgments" we're not being hyperbolic.
And if you're wondering, there is no evidence that people who look untrustworthy or trustworthy actually are. So yeah, we're just bad at that.
Learning for Teaching (1:50)
What else are you bad at? Studying, probably. If you want to get better at it, you might just have to think about it differently.
According to research from Washington University in St. Louis, people learn significantly more effectively when they're told to prepare to teach someone the material than if they're just told that they'll be tested on the material, even when they're given the same amount of time with the material. This suggests that when digesting material, thinking about how you will present it to another person is a better framework than thinking about how you're going to store it in your own brain.
This is especially important for getting the main points of the material. Testing on details showed less difference between those expecting to teach versus those expecting to test. On main points, however, learners expecting to teach scored 25 to 50 percent higher. So, apparently, if you want to learn, just think about how to teach.
Minecraft is Good! (2:36)
And finally, video games are good for kids! And by extension, let's just assume, for everyone and just, like, stop watching SciShow and go play Minecraft. That's what I'm going to do, 'cause...
According to a new study in the journal Pediatrics, which surveyed a large group of ten to fifteen-year-old children on their time spent gaming and their level of psycho-social adjustment: children who spent more than 3 hours per day playing video games were found to rank lower in life satisfaction, pro-social behavior, and dealing with problems than all other groups, while those who gamed for less than an hour a day were found to have the highest rankings of all the groups, including those who didn't game at all.
It's worth remembering, of course, that none of the differences here were gigantic. The variance between all of the sets was only 1.6 percent.
Also, it isn't necessarily the video games causing the difference. It seems possible, for example, that kids who have access to video games but have the self control or family structures necessary to limit play might be more likely to be psycho-socially well adjusted.
Closing (3:34)
Thanks for watching this psychology-based episode of SciShow News. Over on SciShow Space this week we'll be talking about the end of a space probe's ten year journey to rendezvous and orbit with a comet, and some surprising observation of Jupiter's moon, Io, and our moon... the Moon.
This episode of SciShow was created with the support of, which has over 150,000 titles you can listen to with your mind while learning about your mind, including classic works by Jung, Kinsey, and Freud. But also newer works like "Stumbling on Happiness" from Harvard psychologist, Daniel Gilbert - a clear picture of how utterly awful our brains are at figuring out what's going to make us happy. If you want to claim your first free audiobook, go to
We're always happy to bring the news to you, and if you want to keep up to date on what's been going on in your mind and your body and you solar system, just go to and subscribe. |
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Plant Care & Ideal Environment for Your Seeds
Your seed packets contain Baby Blue Eyes, Black-Eyed Susan, Candytuft, Catchfly, Corn Poppy, English Daisy, Five Spot, Gloriosa Daisy, Scarlet Flax, Siberian Wallflower, Sweet William Pinks, Tall Spurred Snapdragon, and Zinnia seeds.
Where Should I Plant My Seeds?
Plant your seeds in the late spring/summer/early fall, or when the soil temps reach a minimum of 55 degrees (this is very important, the seeds will not germinate if the ground is below this temperature), in a sun-exposed area (the sunnier the better) that gets at least 6 hours of sunlight a day.
Ideas on where you can plant your seeds – define property boundaries by planting around the edge of your yard; help control erosion by planting along steep banks and slopes; create a colorful oasis where you can sit back and relax.
Garden Preparation for Seeds
A little bit of soil preparation goes a long way- remove all existing growth and debris and rough up the area with a rake to loosen the top three inches of soil, creating a softened bed for planting your seeds. Once your soil is bare and loose (and the air is calm- you don’t want your seeds blowing away), you’ll want to evenly spread the seeds on the ground. One handy trick for evenly distributing the seeds is to mix them in with dry sand (about 1 part seeds to 8 parts dry sand). This will ensure an even application of seeds and will avoid clusters of seeds which inhibits growth.
The time of day when you plant the seeds is not so important as making sure the temperature of the soil is warm enough (55) and the sun isn’t scalding. Planting in the evening/when the sun is setting can be an ideal time so that the air has cooled down and the earth is still warm. After you have sprinkled the seeds evenly over the ground, it is crucial to compress them into the ground to encourage germination. You can use your hands, bare feet or shoes to firmly press the seeds into the soil.
Care for Your Seeds
Once you sow your seeds, it is vital that the soil be kept moist and well-watered until the seedlings reach 4-6 inches tall. After planting, water the entire area thoroughly with a gentle spray. You should start to see your seedlings appear within 21 days. As they grow and mature, it may be tricky to differentiate them from small weeds, so be patient and try not to pull anything out, or familiarize yourself with your local weeds and learn how to identify what’s what in the early stages.
Try to check on your seedlings twice a day to make sure the ground is not dangerously dry. When your wildflower seedlings have reached 6 inches in height, they’ll become self-sufficient and will only need supplemental water in the event of a long dry spell or drought. When weeding, it may be difficult to pull weeds without harming the wildflowers. In this case, snipping away the weeds with scissors will do the trick.
Enjoy the flowers of your labor! |
As the conversation for climate crisis lingers on, we can't help but think of ways in which the negative effects of over consumption could be controlled and / or reversed. The last few decades have witnessed the growth of consumption across different industries with consumers in developed & developing nations embracing the concept of "fast fashion" with enthusiasm. However, as more products are consumed, almost equal amounts are discarded.
Fact - As per the World Bank, we are currently generating 2.1 billion tonnes of solid waste annually and it is estimated that by 2050, the global consumption will rise to 3.40 billion tonnes.
This upward trend of waste generation is choking our landfills with the waste that we discard out of our daily lives - roughly 80% of which could have been re-used, upcycled or recycled.
The terms, upcycling & recycling are often substituted for each other in terms of their meaning. But these two processes are quite distinct.
We are all familiar with the concept of ‘recycling’ as it has been in the mainstream since 1970. There are recycling businesses and companies that have been established to manage and divert large scale waste production from landfills. ‘Upcycling’ is a form of recycling and although the term may seem new, what it stands for has been a part of our heritage for generations. The former generations have practised ‘upcycling’ all their lives and set an example about how to use our valuable resources efficiently. Eg: In olden times, people would use the jars or containers discarded by the shopkeepers, to store food items at home. Old ilkal sarees were stitched into bags, purses or frocks for kids.
In today’s world, ‘upcycling’ is need of the hour as the question of waste generation and management is daunting. Recently, the Cambridge dictionary has crowned the term ‘upcycling’ as the ‘Word of the year 2019’.
So how do we define these terms?
Upcycling is the process of creating high quality products out of discarded/ leftover/ broken material through creative techniques to be able to add value to the discarded product, extending its’ lifecycle.
On the other hand, Recycling is the process of breaking down a product into its’ raw material form and creating a new product out of it who’s quality, often times, is inferior to the quality of the original product.
Upcyling & recycling -
Evidently both the processes contribute in lessening the waste generated and keeping it away from the landfills. But recycling as a process is energy intensive as it includes chemical process, machinery, labour etc whereas upcycling requires only creative ideas. We believe recycling should be practised only if the product is completely depleted and cannot be further upcycled.
Example - For instance, Glass is 100% recyclable, but it can be upcycled to create glass jars or bottles into planters, vintage style lanterns, fabric wrapped holders and many more. Broken glass can also be upcycled at first. Once the glass is consumed to the fullest even after upcycling, it could then be recycled and that is how a circular loop will be created.
Upcycling is the finest way to achieve sustainability and longevity. Whereas recycling could be practised only if the product is completely consumed and cannot be further upcycled.
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The legend of the first Christian altar in the world.
The Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli.
The Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli next the to Piazza del Campidoglio and above Piazza Venezia has an interesting story. It is known that many of the early Christian churches were located on pre-existing buildings dedicated to other cults. Even this church was probably founded on the site where the temple of Juno Moneta (Juno “Coin”) was located. The word moneta (coin in Italian) derives from this very place. This temple was also considered to be the place in Rome where the pagan priests would contact their deities. Although the debate of the oldest church in Rome is still open, there is one story that rises above all and that is that this church is supposedly the oldest one. Santa Maria in Aracoeli hosts the only Christian altar in the world to have been created before the birth of Christ. How is this possible?
The central nave of the ancient basilica.
The legend states that the Emperor Augustus consulted the Sibyl Tiburtina and she told him that a king of human form that will come from the sky and will reign and judge for ever shall come in the near future. This is also why sibyls are often represented in Christian art - they are the first to announce the coming of Christ. Here in Rome we have the wonderful examples of the Carafa Chapel and Raphael’s fresco in Santa Maria della Pace.
"Meeting of Augustus and the Sibyl" - Domenico Ghirlandaio - 1483-85 - Fresco - Santa Trinita - Florence.
However, later the emperor, who was in his room, had a vision: a virgin standing on an altar and in her arms a baby, her voice announces that that was the altar of the "Lord of Heaven". Octavian falls to his knees in adoration. This was later interpreted as the vision of the coming of the Messiah. According to the legend Augustus was very impressed by the vision, so he dedicated an altar to the "Lord of Heaven" near his room. This was then called "Ara Coeli", ie "Altar of Heaven”. That altar was later substituted by a Christian one when the church was erected.
The present altar of the Basilica, located on the same spot of Augustus' "ara".
A nice detail in the church would confirm this story - as we enter the basilica, the third column in the left row has an ancient engraving that reads A CUBICULO AUGUSTORUM… many scholars today agree that this was one of the columns that was originally found in the emperor’s apartment (and in particular near his bedroom).
The engraving that reads: A CUBICULO AUGUSTORUM.
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All Primary and Secondary Education Should Be Free
Paper type: Essay
Pages: 3 (570 words)
Downloads: 38
Views: 486
Education is an important asset to any one’s life and should be available to every one of all ages. Certain levels of education should be available to people of different levels and should be easily accessible. We need a basic form of education in our everyday lives. If we did not learn simple arithmetic such as how to count or if we did not learn how to read, we would suffer in the real word. If we bought something, people could rob us of our change simply because we cannot count.
We would not be able to learn if we cannot read. We would rely on pictures to describe things for us and to convey the message to us.
We would lose the thrill of reading. All these basic skills are taught in primary school and everyone should have access to primary school education. It is essential that everyone goes to school and if money is what is stopping them, then the government needs to make a plan to help correct that.
Primary education should be made free as it allows people to develop their brains and gain a basic knowledge of the world. The government should provide institutions which learners can attend to be educated which they currently do and they are called government schools.
These schools should be subsidised by the government for people who really can’t afford school fees. If people have enough money and choose to attend a private learning institution and have to pay school fees, they should do that at their own will. School should be made compulsory from age six when children are able to understand and grasp concepts more easily until about the age of sixteen where they will have a broad knowledge of the world and can decide whether they want to further their studies in a more specialised way.
The quality of learning should be of a good quality at all levels of education. Secondary education expands on the knowledge that learners have received from primary school. It is still a broad range of knowledge but more important knowledge is given to learners especially in terms of career choice paths. It should be free or subsidised by the government for people who are really underprivileged or who really can’t afford school fees. School gives children a basic knowledge in problem solving skills that they may need in their everyday lives.
Secondary education is compulsory up until grade 9 since grade 10 is when learners choose specific subjects which they feel may help them later on in life or in the career they are interested in. School should be compulsory till the end of matric. It would keep young people off the street and they would be doing something constructive such as improving their education. Nobody wants to hire a sixteen-year-old which is the age you are allowed to leave school at.
Those sixteen-year-olds end up jobless, sitting at home or can become involved in gangs or drugs. Instead of wasting their time, they should rather attend school. They choose not to go to school because they are lazy and need that push to make them do something. They stand a much better chance of getting a job with a matric certificate. Finishing school up until matric level also allows you to explore new areas in your life and so that you can help find yourself, your talents and your interests.
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All Primary and Secondary Education Should Be Free. (2016, Oct 15). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/all-primary-and-secondary-education-should-be-free-essay
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Keeping Yourself Safe Online Using Passwords
For most of your accounts, you will have a user name (sometimes this is just your e-mail address) and a password to log in. The theory is, by entering that combination, you prove that you are you and have the right to do whatever you are doing (e.g., shopping online, social media, etc.).
Unless a hacker breaks into your account and pretends to be you. The easiest way for a hacker to do that is to get your password. How can a hacker do this?
1) You give the hacker your password.
2) The hacker guesses your password.
3) The hacker tries out various passwords until he finds one that works.
4) The hacker installs malware or a virus on your computer that gives him your password.
How can I keep my passwords safe?
1) Do NOT give your password to anyone. Assume that if someone is asking for your password, especially someone that you do not know, they have bad intentions. The company where you have your account will NOT ask for your password. Only click password reset links when you have requested the reset.
2) Use antivirus software and malware protection software (see other blog posts for more details).
3) Follow password guidelines:
a. Use uppercase and lowercase letters, as well as numbers and special characters.
b. Your password should be between 8 and 18 characters.
c. Change your password every 3-6 months.
d. Don’t use personal information.
e. Use different passwords for every site.
These password guidelines are unusable! They are too much of a pain in the neck.
Yes, you are correct. That is why many sites where you make passwords will make you follow password guidelines as much as they can.
We recommend using more security for the accounts you most want to protect (e.g., your bank account, etc.). For these accounts, make sure that they have their own password and that you do not share that password.
A password manager can help as you manage your passwords for many accounts. Your phone and browser (e.g., Chrome, Edge, etc.) can do this to an extent, but we do not recommend relying on them. A password manager can generate a password that you can use that follows password guidelines. It can store usernames and passwords. Once you have an account you can copy and paste them from the password manager so that you do not have to worry about mistyping your password. Examples are KeePass and 1Password. When you change your password, be sure to change it here too!
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Search for "Red River Resistance"
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Red River Rebellion
The Red River Rebellion (also known as the Red River Resistance) was an uprising in 1869–70 in the Red River Colony. The uprising was sparked by the transfer of the vast territory of Rupert’s Land to the new Dominion of Canada. The colony of farmers and hunters, many of them Métis, occupied a corner of Rupert’s Land and feared for their culture and land rights under Canadian control. The Métis mounted a resistance and declared a provisional government to negotiate terms for entering Confederation. The uprising led to the creation of the province of Manitoba, and the emergence of Métis leader Louis Riel — a hero to his people and many in Quebec, but an outlaw in the eyes of the Canadian government.
Tadoussac, Quebec, incorporated as a village in 1899, population 799 (2016 census), 813 (2011 census). Tadoussac is located at the confluence of the Saguenay and St. Lawrence rivers, 210 km northeast of Quebec City. In the Innu language, Totouskak means "breasts," a reference to the rounded hills found near the village.
British Columbia and Confederation
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So far we've looked at quite a few pieces that comprise the modern Web. To this point we've seen what kinds of files are involved and the manner in which they are transmitted from server to client, but we have yet to see anything that would constitute a proper web application.
One of the key components that differentiates a web application from what we've yet seen is logic. Thus far we've only talked about web servers that stupidly obediently hand back files as they are requested, a process that requires relatively little logic and offers no variability.
So let's move on.
4.1 | Resources & Records
While actual files are certainly requested and sent over HTTP, the bulk of what we request on the Web today would be more accurately described as resources. Files themselves are actually considered resources, but they are static resources.
Say you visit someone's Twitter profile. Is the HTML you get back from the request just an HTML file that was stored by Twitter on a hard-drive somewhere and then simply passed to you over HTTP?
Certainly not.
When you request a given Twitter profile on, you're requesting a dynamic resource.
The HTTP response body that results from the request will certainly contain HTML, but it is HTML that was pieced together when you requested it.
For instance, the tweets themselves (their text, author, creation time, etc) are persisted as records in a database and are then placed properly into HTML fragments which are in turn placed into the overall HTML document in the proper order. This process and those like it are one of the primary focuses of a web application, as well as one of the things that a web application framework, such as Ruby on Rails, aims to make easier for developers.
We'll be taking a much, much deeper look at this process once we get into Rails, but for now, more concepts!
4.2 | REST and CRUD
REST stands for "Representational State Transfer" and is a style of accessing resources to be read, created, modified, and deleted over HTTP. REST offers a uniform means of access to all resources while employing HTTP verbs semantically.
Not all web applications are RESTful (not by any stretch), but Rails app aim to be.
As you might remember from our earlier example with the request to Google, our request used the GET method. GET is an incredibly common HTTP request method and is used all around the Web when we are simply asking for a page/resource.
I don't think you could get anymore semantic than "GET"; we want to get a web page, so we send a GET request.
To better understand REST and the other HTTP request methods, let's put all of this in context by using the chapters of this book as an example. The obvious place to start would be the very chapter we're on: how was it requested?
As you might expect, it too was requested using GET.
Let's then say that we wanted to create a new chapter. To do that, what kind of HTTP verb would we want to use to make the request?
That would be semantically suited by a POST.
Update a chapter? PUT request.
Delete a chapter? DELETE request.
Retrieve the Table of Contents (a list of all the chapter)? GET request.
The types of actions we listed above, which happen to map nicely to REST, are commonly referred to as "CRUD" or "CRUDL", as defined below:
Letter Stands For Rails Action HTTP Verb
C Create create POST
R Read show GET
U Update update PUT
D Delete destroy DELETE
L Listing index GET
We'll be using the Rails terms pretty exclusively, but it helps to know what people are talking about when they mention "CRUD".
So now that we know which HTTP verbs to use for these actions, let's look at the paths.
The path, you'll probably remember, is the part of a URL after the domain and describes where something is relative to a server/service. For example, / is the path of the URL
In Rails, paths are also referred to as routes because of the way they are handled in Rails. We'll get into all of that later, but for now we just need to know that "path" and "route" mean roughly the same thing in a Rails app.
Okay. Pulling all of the above together, we end up with the following set of routes:
HTTP Verb Route Action Result
GET /chapters index list all chapters
POST /chapters create create a chapter
GET /chapters/:id show retrieve a given chapter
PUT /chapters/:id update update a given chapter
DELETE /chapters/:id destroy delete a given chapter
So there you have it: RESTful Rails routes for resources.
Notice that there are five actions but only two unique routes:
• /chapters
• /chapters/:id
Anything in a route like :id, acts as a placeholder for a value, in this case an integer id. In the case of this chapter, the id is 4 and route is /chapters/4.
Sure, REST, okay. That's all well and good, but why do we care about using a semantic HTTP verb for a given action? Couldn't we just use unique routes?
You absolutely could. People do.
But consider the following.
Let's say we wanted to delete a chapter with an ID of 123. In a system that is not RESTful, we could end up doing the following:
GET /chapters/123/delete
The server could receive this request and be programmed in such a way that it responds by destroying the proper resource. There are probably systems out there that do this or something similar, but there are two problems:
1. Most glaringly, we are not really asking to get the resource, we are requesting that it be destroyed.
2. The route /chapters/123/delete is unnecessarily long. The "delete" could be inferred from the DELETE HTTP request method and we could just reuse the /chapters/:id route to identify the resource to destroy. Furthermore, we could use it for updating a resource too (as RESTful systems do).
Some developers might be okay with this, but it's not the way we typically do things in Rails.
It is worth noting that Rails will offer two routes that are not, strictly speaking, RESTful:
• GET /photos/new
• GET /photos/:id/edit
More on this later.
In conclusion, Rails uses (mostly) RESTful routes for resource mapping which calls for just a few routes and utilizes HTTP verbs semantically to indicate what kind of action the client is requesting.
4.3 | Parameters
Remember way back in our look at HTML when we learned about <form> and submitting values to the server?
Well those values are referred to as parameters.
We've already seen the term "parameter" used in regards to the definition of a function, but it's used here too.
There are two types of parameters:
1. query string parameters
2. POST data
Query String Parameters
Query string parameters are dumped after the path in the following format:
and placed after a path like this:
The ? signifies the beginning of the list of parameters, an = is placed between a corresponding key and value, and an & separates key/value pairs.
If we made a request to that hypothetical URL, the server would end up with a hash of the parameters that looks like this:
key1: "value1",
key2: "value2"
We'll take a better look at hashes when we get into Ruby, but as you can see above, JavaScript object literals are identical to hash literals.
An easy way to see a real example of this is to google "foobar". Look through the resulting URL and somewhere in there you'll see q=foobar. q here meaning "query".
There'll probably be a # instead of a ? though, because of the way Google uses Ajax to submit queries now.
But what if we want to use a literal = in our query string?
To do that we'll need to escape the =, much like we did with < and > with HTML entities. The way we do this for query strings is by using URL encoding
Also known as percent encoding.
What if, for example, we wanted to URL encode 2 + 2 = 4?
The resulting URL might look something like this:
In the URL above, + represents a space, %2B represents a literal +, and %3D represents a literal =.
Dev Tools makes it easy to look at all of these as key/value pairs. Just request a page using query string parameters (e.g. perform a Google search), look at the request in the Network tab, and scroll down in "Headers" until you see "Query String Parameters".
Show screenshot.
As the term "POST data" implies, it is only available for POST requests. As seen in the <form> example from the HTML section, the <form> can be submitted via POST.
<form action="/some/path" method="post">
<input type="text" name="key1" />
<input type="text" name="key2" />
Submitting the <form> above would result in the same hash server-side as we saw in the query string example, but would be accomplished instead by POST data.
POST data can be found within Dev Tools in the same general vicinity as where we just saw query string parameters.
Though <form> submission is the original means of sending POST data, there is now actually another means of accomplishing this from the browser: Ajax. Ajax serves other purposes besides this, but sending POST data is definitely one of its major responsibilities.
Sick of hearing about Ajax without an explanation? Good! Because it's up next. |
Nicholas Kamm / AFP/Getty Images
Members of the press camp out in front of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., on June 27, the day the Court refused to set limits on an ancient but questionable practice in American democracy: the subtle art of crafting electoral districts to favor the party in power.
By Jeanne Clelland
The Supreme Court recently ruled that claims of partisan gerrymandering in North Carolina and Maryland “present political questions beyond the reach of the federal courts,” and that federal courts will, therefore, no longer consider such cases. This is a sweeping departure from prior Supreme Court decisions, which held claims of partisan gerrymandering to be justiciable, even though the Court has never overturned any particular district map due to excessive partisan gerrymandering. The fundamental issue has been the lack of a clear and manageable standard for quantifying partisan gerrymandering. In past decisions, Justice Anthony Kennedy in particular clearly indicated a desire for such a standard, but he retired last year before identifying a standard that he found satisfactory.
Enter the mathematicians.
In the last few years, mathematicians have pioneered a strategy for quantifying gerrymandering based on statistical sampling and outlier analysis. The basic idea is to take all the rules that a state requires a districting plan to satisfy (contiguity, compactness, etc.) and have a computer draw a large random sample (an “ensemble”) of districting plans that satisfy all the necessary criteria. Then take precinct-level voting data from recent elections and for each computer-drawn plan, compute the number of seats that each party would have won with that plan and the actual voting data. This typically produces a bell curve describing how many seats one might expect each party to win under a politically neutral plan. If a particular plan yields a result that’s way out on the tail of the curve, that’s pretty strong evidence of gerrymandering. Duke University professor Jonathan Mattingly and his collaborators performed such an analysis for North Carolina.
What’s really powerful about this approach is that it accounts for the political geography of a state in a way that simpler measures (like, say, the much-touted efficiency gap) cannot, and it provides a more nuanced picture of what’s reasonable to expect. The mean of the ensemble may or may not reflect proportional representation; indeed, it often does not. A particularly striking example is Massachusetts, where Republicans consistently get 30-40% of the statewide vote in congressional elections, but no Republican has been elected to Congress since 1994. A recent paper by Tufts University professor Moon Duchin and others shows that this is not due to gerrymandering but rather to the fact that Republicans are so evenly spread out across the state that it is mathematically impossible to draw a majority-Republican congressional district, no matter how you draw the lines. A simple measure like the efficiency gap would flag Massachusetts as an egregious gerrymander, but ensemble analysis shows that this outcome is simply a consequence of how Republicans are geographically distributed.
In the recent decision, Justice John Roberts basically threw up his hands and declared that the search for a manageable judicial standard for quantifying gerrymandering is hopeless. He seemed confused by the mathematical argument; he repeatedly referred to the proposed outlier analysis as measuring deviation from proportional representation rather than from the ensemble mean. More significantly, he opined that the Court has no business deciding how much deviation is permissible, and that therefore the entire question should be left up to the states and to Congress.
In Justice Elena Kagan’s scathing dissent, however, she made it clear that she understands the math and believes that it could and should form the basis for a judicial standard. She did not attempt to quantify how much deviation from the mean should be permissible, but she thinks that in the two cases at hand — both of which are way out on the tails of their respective bell curves — the Court should say, “This much is definitely too much.” Then it would be up to future litigation, legislation, etc., to work out the issue of how much deviation from the mean is permissible. Indeed, a similar process has played out for racial gerrymandering cases in the decades since the Voting Rights Act was passed.
The upshot is that the status quo will remain for now. The decision explicitly cedes the power to regulate gerrymandering to the states and to Congress — so the Court will not interfere with the initiatives that have created independent redistricting commissions in Colorado and other states. Perhaps Kagan’s dissent might provide some states, and even some future Congress, with a template for legislation to impose some sensible limits on partisan gerrymandering. Meanwhile, we mathematicians will continue our work in this area in the hope of contributing to a healthier democracy.
Jeanne Clelland is a professor of mathematics at University of Colorado Boulder. She is a signatory to the amicus brief of mathematicians, et al., that Justice Elena Kagan cited in her dissent.
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News Release
CNIC scientists identify an immunological regulatory circuit that may play a central role in ocular diseases
Scientists at the CNIC and Weill Cornell Medicine have identified an inflammatory regulatory circuit controlled by a subtype of endothelial cells in the eye
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (F.S.P.)
Researchers at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), working with an international network of scientists, have identified an inflammatory regulatory circuit in the eye controlled by a subtype of endothelial cells, the cells that line the interior of blood vessels. The discovery was made by analyzing gene expression in 8000 cells of the choroid--the vascular layer at the rear of the eye between the retina and the sclera. The results, published today in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, open new perspectives on the study and treatment of retinal vascular diseases and inflammatory disorders that affect the choroid.
In the retina, photoreceptors capture the light energy entering the eye and convert it into electrical pulses that give rise to visual perception, explained Ignacio Benedicto, CNIC researcher and study coordinator. "The activitiy and survival of photoreceptors depends on the choroid. The blood vessels that irrigate the choroid are essential for correct retina function because they provide oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors and remove waste products."
Enrique Rodríguez-Boulan, investigator at Weill Cornell Medicine and study codirector, said: "Failure of choroid function is associated with the development of ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (called AMD), which causes blindness and affects 8.7% of the world population and 25% of people older than 80 years". In Spain alone, there are an estimated 700,000 people with AMD, and this blindness-linked disease is set to become increasingly common in the future due to progressive population aging.
Unfortunately, the most frequent form of AMD is incurable, and little is known about what causes the disease. This is in part due to the limited state of knowledge about the cell components of the choroid and the mechanisms of molecular communication between them.
The study published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine provides valuable information about how the endothelial cells in the choroid may regulate the development of inflammatory and vascular diseases in the retina.
Three subtypes of endothelial cells
The authors analyzed the choroid of adult mice using the 'single cell RNAseq' technique, which allows analysis of gene expression simultaneously in thousands of individual cells.
This analysis revealed that the choroid contains at least three types of endothelial cells. "One subtype is located specifically in the vessels closest to the retina and expresses the gene Indian Hedgehog at levels 300 times higher than are observed in endothelial cells from other organs," said Benedicto.
Indian Hedgehog encodes a protein called IHH, which is secreted to the cell exterior. The research team therefore wanted to identify the cells that respond to this endothelial signal. First author Guillermo Lehmann, currently an investigator at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, explained: "Thanks to the use of transgenic mice, we were able to show that IHH acts on a population of pluripotent perivascular cells whose existence in the choroid was undocumented until now. In response to IHH, these cells regulate the numbers of a type of immune cells called mast cells in the choroid."
The team also found that when they eliminated the expression of IHH in the endothelium, choroidal macrophages reduced the expression of the anti-inflammatory marker CD206. Retinal damage in these mice provoked an exacerbated inflammatory response and a more pronounced vision loss than seen in similarly treated control animals.
The results open new perspectives on the study and treatment of retinal vascular diseases and inflammatory conditions affecting the choroid.
About the CNIC
The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), directed by Dr. Valentín Fuster, is dedicated to cardiovascular research and the translation of knowledge gained into real benefits for patients. The CNIC, recognized by the Spanish government as a Severo Ochoa center of excellence, is financed through a pioneering public-private partnership between the government (through the Carlos III Institute of Health) and the Pro-CNIC Foundation, which brings together 12 of the most important Spanish private companies.
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Energy-Harvesting Technology Could Have You Dancing Into A Brighter Future
University of Wisconsin–Madison professor of mechanical engineering Tom Krupenkin and senior scientist J. Ashley Taylor have come up with an innovative energy harvesting and storage technology that could reduce dependence on batteries in mobile devices. Described as an energy-harvesting technology for capturing energy from human motion, the team has created footwear with the energy harvesting components embedded within.
As you may have guessed, wearers of the special shoes could generate and store enough power to charge an array of mobile devices by walking or running. The researchers have partnered with shoemaker Vibram to create the first operating footwear energy harvester.
A shoe sole with an embedded energy harvester sits next to a first practical footwear energy harvester developed by the UW-Madison researchers’ startup company, InStep NanoPower, and Vibram.
Professor Krupenkin claims “Human walking carries a lot of energy. Theoretical estimates show that it can produce up to 10W per shoe, and that energy is just wasted as heat. A total of 20W from walking is not a small thing, especially compared to the power requirements of the majority of modern mobile devices.” He also states that using but a small amount of that energy is enough to power a wide range of mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptop computers and flashlights. For example, a typical smartphone requires less than 2W.
J. Ashley Taylor (left) and Tom Krupenkin showing prototypes in their lab at the UW-Madison College of Engineering. Credit: UW-Madison College of Engineering
The researchers found that traditional approaches to energy harvesting and conversion don’t work well for the small displacements and large forces of footfalls. Taking a new route, they rely on reverse electrowetting, a phenomenon that Krupenkin and Taylor developed in 2011.
Using the reverse electrowetting approach, as a conductive liquid interacts with a nanofilm-coated surface, the mechanical energy is directly converted into electrical energy. The method generates usable power, but requires an energy source with a high frequency like a mechanical source that’s vibrating or rotating swiftly.
Walking, like most environmental motion, is a low-frequency mechanical energy source. Reverse electrowetting by itself is insufficient for generating power from these low-frequency sources. To overcome this, the researchers developed what they call the bubbler method, which combines reverse electrowetting with bubble growth and collapse.
A bubbler device contains no moving mechanical parts. It consists of two flat plates separated by a small gap filled with a conductive liquid. The bottom plate is covered with tiny holes through which pressurized gas forms bubbles. The bubbles grow until they’re large enough to touch the top plate, which causes the bubble to collapse. The speedy, repetitive growth and collapse of bubbles pushes the conductive fluid back and forth, generating an electrical charge.
Essentially, the high frequency needed for reverse electrowetting is an internal property of the bubbler approach. The researchers say their bubbler method can potentially generate high power densities, i.e., the proof-of-concept bubbler device generated around 10W per square meter in preliminary experiments, and theoretical estimates show that up to 10 kW per square meter may be possible, according to Krupenkin.
Krupenkin’s and Taylor’s harvester could directly power various mobile devices through a charging cable, or it could be integrated within a range of devices embedded in a shoe, such as a Wi-Fi hot spot between mobile devices and a wireless network. The latter requires no cables, dramatically cuts the power requirements of wireless mobile devices, and can make a cellphone battery last 10 times longer between charges.
The applications for this technology are near infinite. For example, soldiers in the field could shed the heavy batteries they carry for radios, GPS units, and night-vision goggles. It could provide a source of power to people in remote areas and developing countries that lack adequate electrical power grids.
Watch a short video about this research:
Setting one’s imagination free, how about sports applications like basketball players constantly running back and forth. If they all wore a pair of these power-pumping shoes they could power up the vendor stands at least. Or placing the technology in ice skates. Hockey games, the Ice Capades, and Disney on Ice could perhaps charge up a small nation or two. How about those mass jogging marathons, similar to one that covers five boroughs of New York and attracts thousands of participants? Those pavement pounding peds could at least light up the Empire State and Chrysler buildings at least. Dance instructors could power up their studios. Dare we say it, the sky’s not even the limit. But we digress.
Krupenkin and Taylor are seeking to partner with industry and commercialize a footwear-embedded energy harvester through their startup company, InStep NanoPower. For further information, contact them as follows: Tom Krupenkin, 608-890-1948, [email protected]; J. Ashley Taylor, 608-890-1949, [email protected]
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Applied Evidence
Drowning episodes: Prevention and resuscitation tips
Author and Disclosure Information
CPR for drowning survivors differs from that commonly used in cardiogenic cardiac arrest. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated.
› Recommend swimming lessons for all children ages 4 and older. C
› Consider antibiotics after a drowning event only if the water is known to be contaminated or the victim has aspirated a large volume of water. C
› Monitor asymptomatic patients for at least 4 hours after a drowning event. C
Strength of recommendation (SOR)
A Good-quality patient-oriented evidence
B Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
A young mother in your practice wants her toddler to begin swimming lessons because her family loves water activities. How would you advise her? In fielding an urgent call about a drowning incident, what priorities would you urge regarding resuscitation at the scene? For a stabilized patient following a drowning episode, when might antibiotics be indicated? This article covers these issues as well as follow-up matters such as assisted ventilation and tiered hypothermia intervention.
Drowning likely occurs more often than is reported
Worldwide, drowning accounts for more than 388,000 deaths annually and is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death. Low- and middle-income countries represent 96% of the yearly total.1 As reported in the United States, nearly 6000 individuals are hospitalized and nearly 4000 die from drowning events annually.2 But these figures likely underestimate the true rate, as many drowning fatalities are officially attributed to floods, boating accidents, or other associated events. Nonfatal drownings often go unreported.
Children under the age of 5 years have the highest drowning mortality worldwide, and drowning is the leading cause of unintentional injury death for this age group in many countries, including the United States.1,2 Men are nearly 4 times as likely to die from drowning than women.2 Predictably, in the United States most drowning happens on the weekend and during summer months. More than half of drownings in children younger than 4 years occur in swimming pools; with increasing age, drowning is more likely to occur in natural bodies of water.2 With adults in higher income countries, alcohol is a significant contributor to drowning events during recreational activities.3-5
Much effort has been made in recent years to standardize the nomenclature and treatment of drowning episodes. The International World Congress on Drowning met in the Netherlands in 2002, and established the definition of drowning as “the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.”6 Submersion refers to the complete submergence of the victim under the water, while immersion implies that the victim’s airway remains above the water.
CPR should begin, if possible, the moment the victim is out of the water.The Congress recommended that terms such as “wet-drowning,” “dry-drowning,” and “near-drowning” be discontinued in favor of the outcome classifications “death,” “no morbidity,” and “morbidity.” The “morbidity” subgroup was further characterized as “moderately disabled,” “severely disabled,” “vegetative state/coma,” and “brain death.” This meeting established guidelines on the treatment of drowning victims in addition to outlining points for future research.6
Physiologic chain of events in drowning
An unexpected immersion in water, particularly cold water, causes a reflexive inspiratory gasp, and some degree of aspiration occurs in most, if not all, cases of drowning. Aspiration further impairs victims’ ability to hold their breath or breathe normally.5,7,8 It decreases lung compliance due to surfactant washout or intrapulmonary shunting and thereby leads to hypoxia. Aspiration-induced severe laryngospasm can also lead to hypoxia. Pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can follow.
The cardiovascular effects of drowning mirror those seen in hypoxia. Initially, apnea leads to decreased oxygen saturation and precipitates tachycardia and hypertension. Bradycardia and hypotension follow and blood is shunted to vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.9 This phenomenon is accelerated in cold water and leads to “swimming failure,” the impaired ability of the victim to swim because of decreased perfusion of the extremities.5,7,8,10
“Autonomic conflict” has been proposed as an additional mechanism for morbidity and mortality from drowning episodes. Breath holding and immersion in cold water each can induce cardiac arrhythmias. When combined, these events may increase the risk of an arrhythmogenic state secondary to opposing chronotropic effects: the diving reflex (bradycardia via parasympathetic activation), and the cold shock response (tachycardia via sympathetic activation). This is thought to be an underreported cause of death in drowning, as arrhythmias are undetectable during autopsy.8,11
Drowning prevention
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends swimming lessons for most children ages 4 years and older.12 Previously, swimming lessons were not recommended for children ages 1 to 4 because evidence of benefit was lacking, and there was some concern that it might reduce children’s caution around water and reduce parents’ perceived level of need for supervision. Although data are still conflicting, some reports have since shown benefit in early swimming lessons for
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Yorkshire Peat Partnership
Since 2009, The Yorkshire Peat Partnership has been working with landowners, contractors, keepers, agents and farmers to help restore Yorkshire’s internationally important peatlands.
Why the Yorkshire Peat Partnership?
Yorkshire is home to almost 30% of the UK’s upland habitat but sadly less than 20% of the UK’s peatlands remain undamaged. Peatlands host specialist bird species such as curlews and rare plants such as cranberry and peat forming sphagnum mosses. Peatland habitats are also vital for water quality, carbon storage and to help slow down global warming. Without projects to help stop these habitats degrading we will lose a very precious resource.
What are the aims of the YPP?
The Yorkshire Peat Partnership aims to meet the following goals:
• Survey 35,000ha of peatland.
• Block approximately 2,500km of grips and 900km of gullies.
• Restore nearly 190ha of bare peat.
• Support high quality research and monitoring and promote best practice and raise awareness of the importance of peat.
What are the Yorkshire Peat Partnership's achievements?
YPP has blocked 1,110km of drainage channels and revegetated 50ha of exposed peat. YPP has monitored 7 restoration sites, surveyed over 70,000ha and produced over 60 communication outputs. YPP has worked with universities to ensure high quality research and monitoring. Overall, YPP has implemented restoration works on nearly 25 sites to contribute to the survival of Yorkshire’s peatlands.
Who has been involved in YPP?
The Yorkshire Peat Partnership is led by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, funded by Natural England, Environment Agency, Yorkshire Dales NPA, Yorkshire Water, North York Moors NPA and supported by National Trust, Pennine Prospects, Nidderdale AONB, Yorkshire Dales Rivers Trust, National Farmers Union and the Moorland Association.
YPP has worked with over 40 volunteers and collaborates with the University of York, Leeds, Hull and Gloucestershire to deliver high quality research and workshops.
Facts at your fingertips |
Learning under the knife
18 September 1999
EVEN surgical patients who are adequately anaesthetised may have unconscious
memories from their time in the operating theatre. Researchers in Sheffield
stumbled on this discovery while testing people’s ability to learn words under
sedation—and they believe the physical trauma caused by the surgeon’s
knife is the trigger.
Three in every thousand patients remember something about their operation
when they come round from a general anaesthetic, such as a remark from the
surgeon. And many more retain some implicit memory of events in the operating
theatre that may affect their subsequent behaviour, even if they are not aware
of it.
To avoid the distress that these memories may cause, psychologists and
anaesthetists are trying to find out how they form. Can we learn while deeply
unconscious, or have those who remember something from surgery woken up
Jackie Andrade, a psychologist at the University of Sheffield, and her
colleagues tested people’s memory for words spoken to them while lightly sedated
with propofol, a widely used anaesthetic. Even though the volunteers remained
conscious and could answer to their names, they were unable to remember the
words afterwards. They did not even have implicit memories of them, as shown by
their inability to reproduce the words in a free-association task.
This was puzzling, because the amount of propofol administered was much less
than that given to surgical patients. So the researchers wondered if
pre-operative anxiety might increase the likelihood of a patient remembering.
However, when they played the words to sedated patients prior to surgery they
still found no evidence of learning.
Next, Andrade and her colleague Clare Stapleton, an anaesthetist at the
University of Bristol, played the words to 72 women undergoing surgery to
harvest their eggs for IVF. The women were not anxious about the surgery. And
even though they had received up to three times as much propofol as the patients
in the previous experiment, the verbal test showed that they had some
significant memory for the words. When asked if they remembered hearing them,
however, they denied it.
Some aspect of surgery may aid the formation of unconscious memories,
suggests Andrade. “I’m interested in adrenaline because it’s known to be
connected to memory function,” she says. The amount of adrenaline released in
response to pre-operative anxiety may be insufficient, but the surge triggered
by tissue damage could induce learning.
But Michael Wang of the University of Hull, who has claimed that almost half
of all patients are awake during surgery, remains unconvinced. The cognitive
arousal that is known to be associated with surgery could be bringing patients
closer to the threshold of consciousness where normal learning occurs. “It’s
highly likely that patients have had episodes of wakefulness,” he maintains. |
Snow is more than white
Reading time: 2 minutes
Beautiful white splendor or just that dangerously slippery stuff on streets and sidewalks? Everyone has their own opinion on snow. Today we have got a few fun facts and breathtaking pictures for you.
A flurry of seven Facts
1. Can you hear snow fall?
We could if our hearing could perceive frequencies between 50 and 200 kilohertz. When a snowflake hits water it emits precisely this high, shrill tone.
2. How fast does snow fall?
If snowflakes come down at an (estimated) one meter per second and the average cloud ceiling lies at 300 meters, the flake is underway for a couple of minutes before falling onto our heads. Influencing variables are the size and weight of the snowflake, the strength of the wind and the exact height from which it started.
3. Are all snow crystals the same?
Two snowflakes of identical appearance have not yet been found. The two snow researchers Bentley and Humphreys counted over 6,000 different crystal shapes in 1962.
4. Are there records for snow?
Yes, there are! For instance, the town of Weiler, Germany, has the most snow in the world. At 29 meters, Mount Baker holds the record for fresh snow. The largest snowflake ever seen, by the way and according to the Guinness book, had a diameter of 38 centimeters.
5. Can a bobsled be built of snow?
You can marvel at this in St. Moritz. It has the only natural ice rink in the world. Already over 100 years old, the rink is newly constructed every year with 5,000 m³ powder snow and 4,000 m³ water.
6. Is snow sound insulating?
Yes and no. Subjectively we perceive sounds in a snowy landscape as quieter than in a summer landscape.
7. Why is snow white?
The ice crystals of which snow is made are actually transparent. Between the ice crystals and the air there is a boundary surface in which the light of the visible wave lengths is reflected and scattered – as of a certain number of crystals there is a «diffuse reflection» which gives us the impression of a white snow landscape. By the way, in high mountains and polar areas snow can also be reddish. This so-called blood snow results from algae or when red dust from desert areas gets mixed in.
© Iwona Erskine-Kellie from Vancouver, Canada – Snow Algae Textures, CC BY 2.0, Wiki
Snow drifts
Now that we have gone over the hard facts, we would like to introduce you to the beautiful snow art of © Simon Beck. Using only a compass, sticks and his snowshoes he runs wonderful and impressive works of art into the snow:
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Mn Science Standards
• The2009 Minnesota Academic Standards in Science set the expectations for achievement in science for K-12 students in Minnesota. The standards are grounded in the belief that all students can and should be scientifically literate. Scientific literacy enables people to use scientific principles and processes to make personal decisions and to participate in discussions of scientific issues that affect society (NRC, 1996). The standard sand benchmarks describe a connected body of science and engineering knowledge acquired through active participation in science experiences. These experiences include hands-on laboratory activities rooted in scientific inquiry and engineering design. The standards are placed at the grade level where mastery is expected with recognition that a progression of learning experiences in earlier grades builds the foundation for mastery later on.
The Minnesota Academic Standards in Science are organized by grade level into four content strands: 1) The Nature of Science and Engineering, 2) Physical Science, 3) Earth and Space Science, and 4) Life Science. It is important to note that the content and skills in The Nature of Science and Engineering are not intended to be taught as a stand-alone unit or an isolated course, but embedded and used in the teaching, learning and assessment of the content in the other strands. Each strand has three or four substrands. Each substrand contains two or more standard sand one or more benchmarks. The benchmarks supplement the standards by specifying the academic knowledge and skills that schools must offer and students must achieve to satisfactorily complete a standard. Not all standards are found at every grade level. The strands, substrands and standards are organized as follows.
Substrand 1:The Practice of Science
Standard 1. Understandings about science
Standard2. Scientific inquiry and investigation
Substrand 2:The Practice of Engineering
Standard1. Understandings about engineering
Standard2. Engineering design
Substrand 3: Interactions among Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Society
Standard 1. Systems
Standard 2. Careers and contributions inscience and engineering
Standard 3. Mutual influence of science, engineering and society
Standard 4. The role of mathematics and technology in science and engineering
Substrand 1: Matter
Standard1. Properties and structure of matter
Standard2. Changes in matter
Substrand 2: Motion
Standard1. Describing motion
Standard2. Forces
Substrand 3. Energy
Standard1. Kinds of energy
Standard2. Energy transformations
Substrand 4. Human Interactions with Physical Systems
Standard 1. Interaction with the environment
Substrand 1. Earth Structure and Processes
Standard1. Plate tectonics
Standard2. Earth’s changing surface
Standard3. Rock sequences and Earth history
Substrand 2. Interdependence within the Earth System
Standard1. Sources and transfer of energy
Standard2. Weather and climate
Standard3. Materials cycles
Substrand 3. The Universe
Standard1. Solar system motion
Standard2. Formation of the solar system
Standard3. Age, scale and origin of the universe
Substrand 4. Human Interactions with Earth Systems
Standard 1. Interaction with theenvironment
Substrand 1. Structure and Function in Living Systems
Standard1. Levels of organization
Standard2. Cells
Substrand 2. Interdependence among Living Systems
Standard1. Ecosystems
Standard2. Flow of energy and matter
Substrand 3. Evolution in Living Systems
Standard1. Reproduction
Standard2. Variation
Standard3. Biological evolution
Substrand 4. Human Interactions with Living Systems
Standard1. Interaction with the environment
Standard2. Health and disease |
Expand Your Recycling Practices With These Planet-Friendly Tips
Recycling is an easy way to help save the planet. There are more ways to recycle than the usual paper and plastic sorting. Here are some simple tips to help improve your recycling game and make it better.
Use Reusable Bags
First, start with your shopping habits. It’s time to stop getting new plastic bags every time you go to the grocery store or another retail outlet. Instead, bring your own cloth or other reusable bags so you can reduce your waste. Many cities and states are passing new bag taxes on to consumers, so reusing and recycling your grocery bags could help you save a little more cash.
Buy Rechargeable Batteries
Another way to do more with your recycling habits is to buy rechargeable batteries. Chemicals from battery waste contribute to environmental problems related to garbage in landfills. Instead of buying brand new batteries every time your electronics require them, consider investing in a handful of rechargeable battery sets. This way, when you need a new charge, simply plug in and reuse.
Purchase Recycled Paper Products
Another way you can support a greener planet is to make it a habit to buy only recyclable materials. When you need paper or other types of products such as cardboard, look for the recyclable symbol that indicates the product was made from reused materials. Do the same thing with plastic products or aluminum items so you can help reduce your carbon footprint. If more consumers follow suit, the planet could be a cleaner place.
Recycle Electronics
It’s also possible to recycle electronic items such as computers, smartphones, MP3 players, or tablets. As your device becomes obsolete over the years, when you invest in new electronics, make sure you choose to recycle the old ones through an easy kiosk. Businesses allow consumers and businesses to get cash from their old, obsolete electronics. They also help reduce the number of these items that go to landfills.
Make a Composting Bin
You can also practice some recycling tips with your food waste. One way to do this is to start your own backyard composting pile. This is a way to take some types of food waste and reuse it to help fertilize your garden and grow flowers and other plants. Set up your own compost bin near your garden. Then, place waste from yard work, such as grass clippings and leaves inside. You can also put eggshells, fruit waste, newspapers, and coffee grounds inside.
Recycle Mattresses and Furniture
When it’s time to buy new furniture or a new mattress, think carefully about your plans for old items. Some people simply take these items to the dump or the county landfill and add more waste to the planet. Instead of throwing them away, consider some recycling options. There are companies that offer mattress recycling as well as old furniture pick up.
Know the Recycling Rules
The last big tip is to make sure you are following your city or town’s regulations for recycling. Most places have specific rules about which items to recycle and which items to throw in the garbage. Sometimes, you may need to rinse certain items out such as plastic bottles or glass containers. Study up on the rules so that you can be a more efficient consumer. This way your town or city won’t have to throw out an entire bin of recyclables because of contamination.
If everyone takes a little bit of responsibility to make the planet a cleaner place with better recycling habits, the state of the earth will improve. Everyone can do his or her part by trying out some of these tips. These techniques are easy, inexpensive and helpful to the planet.
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Chinese & Japanese Cuisine
On the surface, Chinese and Japanese food may seem hard to distinguish. The two cuisines are rice based, and both use soy sauce and tofu. Of course, these are two proud and unique culinary traditions, with long-standing regional specialties and styles. China and Japan are two of the oldest cultures, with thousands of years of culinary development—which means their recipes are time-tested. China and Japan are the places that brought us tea, soy sauce, the wok, rice wine, the soybean and tofu, and a deep appreciation for very fresh ingredients.
While it's true that China and Japan share some ingredients, some methods and some ideas about food (like using an abundance of fresh ingredients), their cuisines are distinctly different. Japanese cuisine is influenced by its coastlines, and uses seafood for many of its dishes. Japanese food also tends to showcase more subtle flavors than Chinese food (though anyone who has dabbed a tad too much Japanese wasabi on their sushi knows that it wields a fierce kick). Chinese dishes, depending on the region, are often flavored with spices such as Sichuan peppercorns, star anise, hot mustard and five spice powder. Chinese cuisine also relies more heavily on stir-frying as a cooking method as well as using more beef, pork and poultry for protein (particularly in the inland West and North) in addition to seafood and tofu.
In our global melting pot, the ancient flavors of China and Japan have become part of life the world over, for good reason: they are delicious. There's nothing wrong with teriyaki and chow mein, but Japanese and Chinese foods have so much more to offer once you begin to explore their varied and authentic flavors.
Check out Robin's recipes for Chinese Beef and Broccoli and Classic Miso Soup with Variations (including Japanese Dashi). |
Antitrust Monopolization Philoeconomica
Economic Plotting
The assumption that people behave rationally does a lot of work in economics, but perhaps its most important function is to allow economists to assume that mutually beneficial deals always get done. If a seller places a value of a $5 on a good, and a buyer a value of $10, the assumption goes, the seller and buyer will agree on a price somewhere between $5 and $10, and trade will take place, simply because the exchange is mutually beneficial.
Economists and their detractors have spent at least half a century tearing apart the assumption that good deals always get done, first through the lens of transaction costs, and later through behavioral economics. Transaction costs dealt only a glancing blow to the assumption, however, because additional costs don’t really undermine it. One can certainly accept that some deals do not get done because the cost of negotiating them–the legal fees, the time required to induce the other party to accept a particular share of the benefits generated by the deal, and so on–are too high, without giving up on the notion that good deals, defined to be those that are mutually beneficial after transaction costs are taken into account, still always do get done.
Behavioral economics has turned out to be harder to dismiss because it suggests that neither party to a transaction may actually want to execute mutually beneficial trades. If the seller doesn’t place the right value on his good, thinking it is worth $20 to him when instead it is worth $5, and the buyer thinks the good is worth $5 to him when instead it is worth $10, then the two will not be able to agree on a price, and so a mutually beneficial trade will not take place. But objections based on behavioral economics are not what interest me about the assumption that good deals always get done.
What is really interesting about the struggle over whether good deals get done is that economics has always needed the fact that some good deals do not get done to create the tension that gives economic inquiry its meaning. An economics in which good deals always get done is an utterly uninteresting, unrealistic, and indeed solipsistic undertaking. And economics has always understood that. Long before transaction cost economics and behavioral economics, economists were careful to build into their models discrete loci of irrationality in order to give the models meaning. Without these areas of irrationality, the models would lack what a creative writing teacher would tell you is the essential element of any story: conflict.
But if a novelist were to try to introduce tension into a plot this way, by asking the main character to treat similarly situated supporting characters differently for arbitrary and unexplained reasons, the novel would be panned.
Consider, for example, as doctrinaire and orthodox a model as the general equilibrium model of Arrow and Debreu. If these men had really taken the assumption that all good deals get done seriously, they would have started with a bunch of households and firms, written down their utility and production functions, and then: bam! The model would have been done. For the assumption that all good deals get done would then have ensured that all trades that, according to the utility functions and production functions they had written down, are mutually beneficial, would then immediately be carried out.
To give the story the conflict it needs to be of interest, Arrow and Debreu added another assumption: that prices are uniform in all markets. (This assumption does not of course originate with them, but their model represents a sort of apotheosis of orthodox economics, making it useful to frame the discussion around it.) Uniform pricing creates tension because when prices are uniform a seller can make more money by intentionally refusing to sell to certain buyers, even when those sales would be mutually beneficial. This is the classic problem of the inefficiency of the uniformly-pricing monopolist.
Consider a seller who places $5 of value on a good and has two prospective buyers, one who places $100 of value on the good and the other who places $10 of value on the good. Without the uniform pricing restriction, the seller would always sell to both buyers, because whatever profits he happened to generate from his sale to the first buyer he could always increase by selling to the second buyer as well.
That changes with uniform pricing, because then the price the seller charges the first buyer must be the same as the price the seller charges the second buyer. If the seller is able to negotiate a price of $95 with the first buyer (a price the first buyer will, under the all-good-deals-get-done assumption, accept because he places a value of $100 on the good, and so would enjoy a net gain of $5 from the deal), then the seller will not sell at all to the second buyer, who is only willing to pay up to $10 for the good and therefore won’t buy at a price of $95. So a deal with the second buyer becomes impossible, even though, if a lower price could be charged to the second buyer, a deal would be mutually beneficial. If the seller and the second buyer could agree on a price of $7, for example, the seller would earn an additional $2 of profit.
But that price is impossible under uniform pricing, because to charge the second buyer $7 would require that the seller charge the first buyer $7 as well, eliminating $83 of profit from the deal with the first buyer relative to the $90 earned at a price of $95, in exchange for a paltry gain of only $2 in profit on the second deal. The seller could still ensure that all good deals get done, by charging that $7 price, or any price between $5 and $10, but it is not in the interest of the seller to do that.
Now the Arrow and Debreu model has the opportunity to become interesting, by giving the conditions under which all mutually beneficial deals will still get done, in spite of the uniform pricing restriction and therefore in spite of the failure of the assumption that all good deals get done as a general matter. In particular, the Arrow and Debreu model makes clear that perfect competition, or some other mechanism that leads to competitive prices, is required for all good deals to get done when prices are uniform. Competition ensures that if one seller tries to charge $95, the $90 in profits generated thereby will induce other sellers to enter the market and steal the buyer’s business by charging a slightly lower price, and as competition intensifies that price will be bid down to the $5 of value that sellers place on the product, ensuring that the second buyer is able to purchase the product as well. All good deals get done after all. By circumscribing the assumption that good deals always get done using a restriction that is realistic–many goods are sold at uniform prices–the model poses a problem that has a certain verisimilitude–how to ensure that all good deals get done when prices are uniform–and then gives the conditions sufficient to solve the problem (e.g., competitive markets).
All economic models follow the same playbook: all economic models create tension and practical interest by limiting the general economic assumption that all good deals get done in some way (usually, but not always by assuming that prices are uniform), and then trying to show what legal rules or policy interventions might be needed to ensure that all good deals do get done anyway. (Another example is the assumption of risk aversion in insurance economics.)
What is so peculiar about this rhetorical posture of economics is that the baseline assumption is always that good deals do always get done, and the model is then built around the introduction of some discrete deviation from that assumption. The model never starts from the assumption that good deals never get done.
Which gives all economic models an internally discordant character.
Why, for example, should I assume that when the monopolist charges $95 to the first buyer, that buyer will magically trade at that price, simply because trade is mutually beneficial, but at the same time I should also accept that the seller won’t try to charge a lower price in order to be able to engage in mutually-beneficial trade with the second buyer? Yes, the seller generates more profit by charging the higher price and selling only to one buyer. But by the same token, the first buyer could enjoy a greater net gain from the transaction by insisting on paying no more than $80 for the good, as opposed to the $95 price that I am asked to assume that the buyer will accept. The buyer does better insisting on a lower price, and if the seller insists on a higher price, then the two might never reach a deal, as Robert Cooter so insightfully pointed out years ago. I am therefore asked to accept that the profit motive is not the be-all-and-end-all for the seller and the first buyer, otherwise I could not assume that the good will sell at $95, and yet I am asked to accept that the profit motive is the be-all-and-end-all for the seller in relation to the second buyer, which is why the seller won’t think twice about pricing the second buyer out of the market and missing an opportunity for mutually beneficial trade with the second buyer. Why ever would that be the case?
Of course, it is in the nature of the introduction of a deviation from the assumption that good deals always get done to have such dissonance. But that just begs the question: does it make sense to rely upon inconsistent behavioral assumptions within the same model?
Keep in mind that in order for uniform pricing to give rise to tension in the Arrow and Debreu model, the same individual seller must be willing to compromise profits for the sake of completing mutually-beneficial transactions with buyers who are willing to pay high prices–inframarginal buyers, they’re called–but not be willing to compromise profits for the sake of completing mutually-beneficial transactions with buyers who are able to pay only lower prices–marginal buyers, these are called. There seems to be no basis for assuming that sellers are socially oriented with respect to inframarginal buyers but rapaciously-profit-driven with respect to marginal buyers, other than the rhetorical need of model builders to introduce tension into the stories they are telling about economic activity.
But if a novelist were to try to introduce tension into a plot this way, by asking the main character to treat similarly situated supporting characters differently for arbitrary and unexplained reasons, the novel would be panned. The trouble for economists is that if they start adding content to the personalities of economic actors, they end up falling down the behavioral economics rabbit hole. There are too many different personality types from which to select , and the mathematics required to build models in any case becomes intractable. But if economists stick with the basic assumption that all good deals get done, then they paint a Panglossian portrait of economic activity that leaves them unable to identify economic problems or solve them. The result is an economic theory built on arbitrary and self-contradictory assumptions about when deals get done.
A more tenable theoretical approach would be to accept that good deals don’t always get done, all the time, in all circumstances. That means that even in competitive markets, sellers will fail to sell to buyers at the market price. That also means that in monopoly markets, sellers may fail to sell to inframarginal buyers at the monopoly price. Laying off absolute assumptions regarding whether deals always get done should also release economics from going to the opposite extreme: assuming that when good deals do not always get done good deals must therefore never get done. Which means that we should not be surprised to come upon monopolists that charge competitive prices.
Jettisoning absolute assumptions about whether good deals get done would prevent economics from making grand claims, such as the claim of the Arrow and Debreu model that competitive markets are always efficient. But it would not make economic theory useless. Economic theory could still tell us plenty about potentials: such as the amount of gain that would be created were policymakers to encourage buyers and sellers to strive to make mutually beneficial deals whenever possible. (Guido Calabresi makes a similar point when he argues that economics should focus less on how to expand the production possibilities curve and more on how to get the economy to that curve.) It would also help explain economic institutions that economics has so far been unable to penetrate.
Like advertising. The classic economic explanation for advertising is that it provides consumers with useful product information, something that is almost impossible to believe in the information age, if it ever was credible. But in a world in which good deals don’t always get done, there is another potential economic justification for advertising: that it seeks to overcome whatever cognitive or bargaining failures otherwise prevent good deals from getting done. In a world in which mutually beneficial transactions don’t always happen, because consumers are irrational, one would expect to find sellers spending large amounts of money trying to cajole buyers into buying, even in situations in which the deals on offer are good for buyers and so in theory they should embrace them without needing to be persuaded to do so. (That would go some ways toward undermining my own argument here that persuasive advertising must be bad for consumers, because absent advertising rational consumers always purchase the products that are best for them.)
There’s nothing wrong with the use of simplifying assumptions in economics, or in thought of any kind. But the use of inconsistent assumptions about behavior in the same model–often in relation to the same economic actors in the model–is a different story.
And all of economic theory is based upon doing just that.
Philoeconomica Quantity World
The Discreteness of Death
Death is a discrete phenomenon. It is a creature of units. Vegetation relies on sunlight for life. A plant can die, however, only because it is a unit of vegetation. When the amount of light falls from 3.481 to 2.377 on some scale, there is death only because each plant requires a minimum of 0.05 of light, or 0.3, or 0.4.
So, why? Why this discreteness?
Suppose that you are indifferent between two fountain pens and one pencil and one fountain pen and a hundred pencils. But at current prices you need more wealth to buy a fountain pen plus a hundred pencils than to buy two fountain pens and one pencil. Are you therefore poorer if you are forced to give up 99 pencils in exchange for a fountain pen?
Civilization Meta Philoeconomica Quantity
The Illiteracy of the Literate
The complex feelings of lawyers and humanist scholars with respect to quantitative subjects, and particularly the quantifization of the social sciences, ought to give them greater empathy for the illiterate and uneducated. The humanist scholar is to the scientist as the illiterate are to the literate.
The illiterate view books with distrust, for books are used to undermine their most heartfelt positions in ways against which they are unable to mount a defense. But this is precisely how the lawyer feels when her nuanced doctrinal argument is demolished by a mathematical model of the economy that shows that regardless of the substance of the legal rule, the same economic outcome will obtain.
“It’s just mathematical mumbo jumbo,” says the lawyer. “These economists don’t know how things work in the real world.” But what the lawyer cannot do is to beat the economist at her own game. She can’t show that the economic model cannot withstand close scrutiny; all she can do is try to delegitimize the entire method. But the illiterate levy the same charge on the literate: “it’s just book learning,” they say. They cannot defend themselves in writing; but they can try to delegitimize writing itself.
It is particularly bitter for the humanists that they have been socialized to occupy the power position. For millennia, since the invention of writing, they have been the ones who use their learning to lord it over others. But now these merely-literates, these innumerates, must know what it means to be crushed by ideas. A very bitter position indeed.
I do not mean to say that the mathematicians have any better claim on the truth. But if the humanists think the mathematicians don’t, then it should perhaps worry the humanists to think that maybe they don’t either, in relation to the illiterate. Or maybe we are marching forward, after all, from one stage of intellectual progress to the next!
A Model for Macro
So far we have been discussing the properties of matter from the atomic point of view, trying to understand roughly what will happen if we suppose that things are made of atoms obeying certain laws. However, there are number of relationships among the properties of substances which can be worked out without consideration of the detailed structure of the materials. The determination of the relationships among the various properties of the materials, without knowing their internal structure, is the subject of thermodynamics. Historically, thermodynamics was developed before an understanding of the internal structure of matter was achieved….
We have seen how these two processes, contraction when heated and cooling during relaxation, can be related by the kinetic theory, but it would be a tremendous challenge to determine from the theory the precise relationship between the two. We would have to know how many collisions there were each second and what the chains look like, and we would have to take account of all kinds of other complications. The detailed mechanism is so complex that we cannot, by kinetic theory, really determine exactly what happens; still, a definite relation between the two effects we observe can be worked out without knowing anything about the internal machinery!
1 Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics 44-1-44-2 (1963).
Cf. . |
Fahrenheit to celsius formula
And then they give us the two formulas , that if we know the Celsius temperature, how do we figure out the. C is roughly equal to degrees using my metho actual conversion is 71. Fahrenheit To Celsius Conversion Formula. This video tutorial will show you how to convert fahrenheit to celsius quick and easy (with examples) ° F = ° C. Your final answer is the temperature in Celsius Tips: 1. The difference between the freezing point .
What is degrees Celsius above freezing in Farenheit? To convert from Celsius to Farenheit, use this . Convert temperature units with formula in Excel. Water melts at ° Celsius and boils at 100° Celsius.
The temperature at which water freezes is 0º C , or 32º F. Temperature Conversion Equations Formulas Calculator. F, Celsius to Kelvin Conversion Formula. Plug in the known temperature value on the right side of the equation to get the value of . You would take the temperature from forecast.
Instead of y, we could use the letter F. Then the equation becomes. All temperature scales are related by linear equations. Due to the conversion formula when for example converting an . You can also use this Web page . Start learning today for free! This formula translates easily to:.
The resulting relation ( equation ) is your . Formula to convert degrees celsius and fahrenheit. Celsius was not the only scientist coming up with temperature scales at the time. This uses an adaptation of the formula to do the conversion but as you will see, provides . Reaumur deg °r and Rankine °Ra plus formulas for manual figure converting . Well if you look at the conversion formulas for Celsius to.
Though the official formulas for converting between the two systems include multiplying or . On the last page we went over the formula F = 1. Our conversions provide a . The formulas used to convert between temperatures are as follows: ° C = (° F – 32). The formula is telling you to multiply your Celsius temperature by and then divide by 5.
You also can convert the temperature by han if you use this formula. Another table is also available for. Recall the unintuitive formula for converting degrees Celsius into degrees . |
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Winter Depression- Is it Real?
Who doesn’t love summer? The hot sun beating down your neck, the sweat dripping down your back, and the beautiful temperatures. People are so active in the summer. They are happy and relaxed. What happens when it is over?
The warm sun turns into dangerous clouds. The sweat dripping down your back comes from all of the layers you have to wrap up in just to get the mail. Everyone is tired, cold, and unhappy. Winter depression is real. It is real and dangerous.
I have noticed that in the winter time, no one wants to leave their house or go out. Everyone sits around and curls up in a blanket and does absolutely nothing. Nothing gets done. No one has the motivation to go anywhere or do anything. You begin to feel gross and boring.
In the winter time, children’s grades start to drop and absences spike. Most people blame the children for being lazy and not caring. That is not it. There is nothing they can do about it. Yet, they still get blamed for feeling the way they do; tired. The cold is a dangerous thing not just physically, but also mentally. It is draining. “I have noticed that when the weather is nice, I have the motivation to do anything and everything. When it is cold out, I do not even want to leave my bed. I have such a hard time doing my work or even just leaving my bed,” said Lakewood High School freshman Ashley Rosa.
Kids are not the only humans who experience this type of depression. It happens to anyone. Adults call off work more or lay in bed and let the dust pile up in the house. They feel as gross as it looks outside. People need to be cut a break. When winter depression hits, it hits hard and for a very long time. |
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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Thursday, 15 January, 2004, 12:04 GMT
Temperatures plunge in eastern Canada
By Lee Carter
BBC correspondent in Toronto
It is bitterly cold across eastern Canada and the north-eastern United States, with temperatures in some cities reaching as low as -40C.
Icy winds are adding a severe wind chill factor in some regions.
Although eastern Canada is used to cold weather, the latest extreme temperatures are proving potentially dangerous for some.
In the country's largest city, Toronto, homeless shelters are packed with people trying to escape the cold.
City officials say there could still be up to 1,000 people without shelter out on the streets, where frigid temperatures have been exacerbated by heavy blowing snow.
10-minute warning
The coldest temperatures can be found in Canada's maritime provinces.
Schools are closed on Prince Edward Island and in New Brunswick, where health officials are warning that skin can freeze within 10 minutes.
Homeless person
Homeless people are particularly vulnerable to the freezing weather
Those who were hardy enough to venture out had to wrap even more than they normally would at this time of the year.
"I got a lot of stuff on me," said one muffled person in the street.
"I'm just like a bear. I can barely move."
"I don't think you ever get used to this kind of weather," said another.
"It's incomprehensible..."
But another appeared unperturbed by the extremes of weather.
"It's cold, you dress accordingly and deal with it."
Power threat
On Wednesday, there were power cuts in parts of Montreal and all across the region.
Electricity utilities say they fear the cold temperatures could boost power consumption to breaking point.
The frigid Arctic air also stretches across the American north-east, affecting New England and as far south as New York City, where once again protecting the homeless has become a priority.
The deep freeze is expected to last several days.
The BBC's Jane Standley
"The coldest weather in 50 years"
Canada's climate change close up
28 Jul 03 | Science/Nature
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites
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Выбор редакции
North Sea Oil Faces Crisis
Oil and gas production in the North Sea became viable due to the 1973 oil crisis. The Arab-Israeli conflict caused a serious disruption that led to skyrocketing prices. Energy security became an important issue, which supported the development of the North Sea’s energy resources. However, the industry has been in decline due to sustained lower prices in the past decade. The current crisis could be the final blow to an industry that was already struggling to survive. The North Sea enjoys several advantages that have made it an interesting… |
You may or may not know that typical paints give off solvents into the air during curing and vaporization, and as you’ll probably be able to imagine, this isn’t a good thing. VOCs, short for Volatile Organic Compounds, are getting into the air around us. Ozone damage, raised risk of smog, and possible global warming, are just some of the results this might cause. As folks become more cognizant of the problems posed by global warming, other options to normal paints are being sought. The initial popularity of environmentally friendly paints was less than impressive when they first entered the market during the 1990s.
So, will eco friendly paints become in demand with the increased awareness of global warming? Well, there’s one more problem: the painting pros. The opposing views mean that, based on some of these experts, paints with the volatile organic compounds are better. The points the paint experts make are that paint that is environmentally safe is not as efficient to use. The paint industry needs to consider the health concerns relating to VOCs, including breathing complaints like asthma and that consumers are choosing eco friendly paints.
Latex paint which is water based may just be an solution to this concern. Due to the fact that VOCs are not present, it means they are eco friendly. The water based nature of latex paint means that painting on iron is a problem as it may cause rusting. All The Same, customers are turning more and more often to latex paints.
In order for us to consider a paint environmentally safe, we need to know what it contains and how it was made. As an example, Titanium Dioxide is widely used in numerous paints because of how white it is, which means it can effectively conceal other paints. Titanium Dioxide is made through a couple of processes that result in weak sulfuric acid being made. The way the acid is disposed of is environmentally detrimental as the sea is its last destination.
Smog can be the result of the reaction between the Titanium Dioxide and the sun when used externally. A carcinogen that can lead to cancer further has implications with Titanium Dioxide. Titanium Dioxide is still found in paints even though all of this evidence. For more information check out house painting Clayton professionals.
People are becoming more aware of the issues normal paints pose to both their health and to the environment, so doesn’t come as a surprise to know that eco friendly paints are becoming more popular.
House Painting the Environment-Friendly Way |
DefinedMeaning talk:emulsion (1162)
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This article (emulsion (1162)) needs attention because:
The current definition gives the impression that the second liquid (water in the given example) is immiscible, while in fact the two liquides are immiscible with each other. I am not sure if this is because my English is not that well, or if it is expressed wrongly in the first place. In any case, to make it more clear I'd suggest something like:
en: A stable mixture of two usually immiscible liquids obtained by admixing fine droplets, such as Milk (Oil mixed with water).
de: Durch Beimengen feinster Tröpfchen erreichtes stabiles Gemisch zweier eigentlich unvermischbaren Flüssigkeiten, wie z.B Milch (Öl vermischt mit Wasser).
--dh 19:37, 2 November 2009 (UTC) |
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今日香港六合彩: falling out 爭吵
1 3735 分享 來源：必克英語 2009-12-11
In English, if you have a quarrel with others, or there is a war between some
organizations or countries, you can say ‘they’re having a falling out.’
For example:
1. My husband and I had a falling out two weeks ago and I haven’t spoken since.
2. After falling out with the director he retired and left the company soon.
3. Moscow and Brussels are still rebuilding relations after falling out over last year’s Georgia-Russia war.
Now, can you use it to make your own sentences?
See you next time!
Spiiker mouth |
Mt. Whitehood
Merrimont part 1
Whitehood part 1
Located beneath Mt. Whitehood is the large human settlement named after the white-hooded peak. The tallest peak of the Golden Mountain range, Mt. Whitehood sits at 14,200 feet high and it is the southern most mountain of said range. The city rests among the Rossi Heights, the foothills beneath Mt. Whitehood. Considering Damir’s age (circa 102 ACW), the city of Whitehood came to be settled late in its history. Proudhill, Belvadore, Duinmire and Chance Rock predate Whitehood’s establishment, most of them by over a hundred years. Officially, Merrimont was established long before any of them (circa 106 ACW), but the initial human settlement was destroyed by flooding approximately 147 ACW and again in 223 ACW.
Giving up on settling in the lush fields of Merrimont, survivors decided to try their fortunes by settling up north. The hills and foothills surrounding Mt. Whitehood were untamed and unsettled. A few sparse villages of native Damish people were about but they were primitive and unsuitable to maintain a viable population. Humans had multiplied their numbers since the templar Lyndon had led them on a northern trek to new lands. Those that stayed behind wanted to take advantage of Damir’s lush landscape, fresh water, and defensible settings.
The Rossi Heights presented an ideal place to build a settlement that could be defended. The abundance of rolling hills would slow any army, and the mountain provided a safeguard against any attack from the north. Whitehood became an official human province in 250 ACW, and it started out primarily as a small community of miners. A council of elders served as the town’s governing body, but as it grew so did its government. In time, the elders began to jockey for the most influence and power. This spawned internal fighting among the ruling class and later several bloody feuds which led to a string of warlords taking over Whitehood. As the political situation in Whitehood deteriorated so did its economy.
Due to its limited agricultural opportunities, Whitehood struggled to keep up with its booming population growth. The land about Whitehood was not the best for farming, its soil rough and rocky. Their neighbor to the west, Proudhill, was on the other hand rich in agriculture. Eventually, a trading post was established between the two large human settlements and Whitehood’s economic situation improved somewhat. But its political instability was holding the city back. In a span of nearly seventy years, Whitehood had five different warlords claim jurisdiction of the town.
Even with the political chaos, Whitehood grew from a mining village to a township to a fortress. Fear of rogue bandits and fearsome monsters drew people behind its walls for protection. The warlord Keltan attempted to be Damir’s first “king” and establish a bloodline of rulers from Whitehood. He helped turn Whitehood from a basic fortress to a sizeable keep. While Keltan ruled for almost forty years (345-84 ACW), his son never ruled a day in Whitehood. The Keltan line was cut down immediately after following Keltan’s death, his family over-run by a mob and publicly lynched and executed. The uprising against the Keltans was a planned event, meant to strike when the warlord’s family was most vulnerable. Led by several concerned citizens over the state of Whitehood, and the fear that warlords such as the Keltans would only lead the city down a dark path, a council was re-established.
Under the governance of a council, Whitehood flourished, establishing a trade route to Proudhill and all the way to Belvadore. Proudhill was rich in agriculture, Belvadore in linens, and Whitehood in salt. Because of the volcanic region around Mt. Whitehood, an active volcano, hot springs producing mineral salt were ever present. Known as the “Salt Trade,” Whitehood’s primary resource was the salt mines that paved the way for the city to become an economic giant. In time, Whitehood’s population grew larger and it began to incorporate outlying villages. Settlers and villages placed around the hills fell under the protection of the city.
History eventually repeated itself, however, when the rich and influential merchant, Krogert, bought the loyalty of Whitehood’s military guard and took over the council. Krogert, a fat, slobbery man covered in hair from head to foot, behaved like a bully, intimidating Whitehood into submission by terrorizing households and fellow merchants. He came to power roughly 430 ACW and was a merciless tyrant who put to death anyone he suspected to be his enemies. Because of how close Whitehood had become to the other human settlements in Damir, Krogert’s coup caused an economic ripple and backlash. The Salt Trade was dissolved, with both Proudhill and Belvadore attempting to distance themselves from Krogert and his ilk.
People starved in the streets, and clothes and medicine were hard to come by. Krogert and his guards frequently raided homes, taking food and valuables to help preserve himself and his rule. Krogert’s greed and consumption of resources went to all extremities. As a levy, if a family could not pay Krogert’s steep taxes he would require a family member to enter servitude to his house. He primarily wanted women to please him at every turn and would seize young girls and wives from their homes without explanation. Outrage was rampant but suppressed by Krogert’s elite henchmen. His rule lasted roughly ten years, but in that time Whitehood had become weak and vulnerable. |
5 Real-World Applications of Blockchain Technology
DZone 's Guide to
5 Real-World Applications of Blockchain Technology
Learn more about the five different industries blockchain technology can drastically transform.
· Security Zone ·
Free Resource
Blockchain technology has garnered a significant amount of digital ink in recent years. In fact, it is as big of a game changer as the Internet was back in the 1990s. However, we often use the terms ‘blockchain’ and ‘Bitcoin’ interchangeably. What people don’t realize is that Bitcoin, or cryptocurrencies, are just an application of blockchain technology, and this decentralized and distributed digital ledger has been making its way to the core of multiple industries.
In this blog post, we are going to explore the different real-world applications of blockchain solutions.
1. Smart Contracts
According to Nick Szabo, the American computer scientist who first proposed the idea of smart contracts, it is a “computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of contract.” When you hear ‘contract,’ you think of a signed piece of paper that outlines the details of a legal agreement between different parties. Blockchain-based smart contracts are digital contracts that run on computerized transaction protocol supervised by a number of nodes connected to a blockchain network. Since blockchain contracts work on a decentralized system between all permitted parties, it can self-execute and self-maintain, thereby eliminating the need for intermediaries such as lawyers or notaries. In contrast to the traditional systems, smart contracts are transparent, traceable, secure, and irreversible, which is why several industries are turning to them.
2. Voting
Elections serve as the backbone of democracy. However, the security of voting systems has been questioned and criticized over the years. In fact, the presence of centralized servers, which is susceptible to breaches and hacks, has started to undermine the legitimacy of elections. With blockchain technology application, the entire voting process could be encrypted and made transparent. The convenience of digital voting is combined with the immutability of blockchain in order to eliminate issues such as double voting, vote altering, and vote deleting.
3. Healthcare
Blockchain technology has been permeating the healthcare industry in subtle yet beneficial ways. With the rapid emergence of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and medical examination systems implementing artificial intelligence, blockchain technology applications will soon revolutionize the healthcare with its interoperability, data portability, integrity, and security. The huge potential of this distributed ledger technology is suited to address the challenges associated with the decentralization of medical data. Additionally, three major areas are expected to benefit from the blockchain database technology, including clinical trials, compliance and regulation, medical and healthcare records.
4. Food Safety
Blockchain for food safety? Is that surprising? Well, technology experts believe that blockchain technology can revamp entire data management processes across a complex network of farmers, brokers, distributors, processors, retailers, regulators, and consumers. If we look into the yesteryears, we can easily find a litany of incidents where a bad batch of food produce forced the shut down of restaurant chains and food businesses. China’s infant milk scandal in 2008 and North America’s E. coli outbreak in 2006 are cases in point. At present, the food industry lacks transparency and trust, which makes it challenging to pinpoint the exact spot in the supply chain where things went wrong. With the accountability and traceability of blockchain, consumers can easily trace their food from farm to fork. Moreover, it would be easy for the regulators to detect and tackle the source of food-borne illnesses, and it also promotes responsibility among the food producers.
5. Cybersecurity
The number of data breaches is soaring, posing a constant threat to consumers. According to the Identity Theft Resource Center report, “668 breaches compromised 22,408,258 records between January 1 and July 2, 2018.” The 2018 Ponemon report states that “the average total cost of a data breach is $3.86 million and the average breach cost reduction for organizations using security automation is $1.55 million.” This disturbing upward trend in data breaches and hacks has forced organizations to upgrade their security solutions to match malicious actor methodologies. But are those investments worthy? Are they effective in launching a counter-attack? It doesn’t seem so because the attackers are winning and threats are evolving. So how can blockchain prevent these attacks and thefts? This technology has three key traits that bolsters cybersecurity – decentralization, cryptographic security, and tamper-proof ledgers. Rigorous encryption and data distribution protocols across a peer-to-peer network ensures that the data remain safely intact and out of reach of hackers.
All of the above are only some of the many potential real-world applications of blockchain technology as it continues to evolve and adapt. Innovating at an incredible pace, this disruptive technology is going to cause a drastic paradigm shift worldwide. Do you have any interesting blockchain technology application to share? Tell us in the comments section.
blockchain ,blockchain application ,cybersecurity ,food safety ,healthcare ,iomt ,security ,smart contracts ,voting
Published at DZone with permission of Divya PS . See the original article here.
Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own.
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Mara such motivations, the newly formed American Medical Association
Mara SilvaGov & Economics 123Ms. Schwab January/ 2/ 2018Pro- Life Abortion Abortion still today is a controversial issue in the United States. An abortion is the deliberate medical process of ending a pregnancy. It is known as a ‘termination of pregnancy’ (Dictionary). Many people believe that abortion should stay legal because women go through circumstances where one can’t control what happens. They feel like as mothers and females they are not capable to raise a child and shouldn’t have a right to birth it. However, many don’t realize that abortion is not the only solution and understanding why they want an abortion sometimes has another way to go past it. To kill a fetus by using dreadful procedures is not only wrong for the doctors to perform, but morally wrong too. Due to this abortion should be illegal. In the mid late 1800’s states began passing laws that made abortion illegal. The motivations for anti-abortion laws varied from state to state, such as Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky and various more. (Various about abortion by state) It’s been performed for thousands of years, and in every society that has been discovered. It was legal in the United States from the time the earliest settlers arrived. “At the time the Constitution was adopted, abortions before “quickening” were openly advertised and commonly performed”. (History of Abortion). The strongest force behind the drive to criminalize abortion was the attempt by doctors to establish for themselves exclusive rights to practice medicine. (H.O.A) They wanted to prevent “untrained” practitioners, including midwives, apothecaries, and homeopaths, from competing with them for patients and for patient fees”. (History of Abortion) The best way to accomplish their goal was to eliminate one of the principle procedures that kept these competitors in business. Rather than publicly admitting to such motivations, the newly formed American Medical Association also known as the AMA, argued that abortion was both immoral and dangerous. By 1910 all but one state had criminalized abortion except when necessary, in a doctor’s judgment, to save the woman’s life. In this way, legal abortion was successfully transformed into a “physicians-only” practice. The prohibition of legal abortion from the 1880s until 1973 came under the same anti-obscenity or Comstock laws that prohibited the dissemination of birth control information and services. Criminalization of abortion did not reduce the numbers of women who sought abortions. In the years before Roe v. Wade, the estimates of illegal abortions ranged as high as 1.2 million per year. (H.O.A) Although not many records could not be kept, it is known that between the 1880s and 1973, many thousands of women were harmed as a result of illegal abortion. Many women died or suffered serious medical problems after attempting to self-induce their abortions or going to untrained practitioners who performed abortions with primitive methods or in unsanitary conditions. During this time, hospital emergency room staff treated thousands of women who either died or were suffering terrible effects of abortions provided without adequate skill and care. Some women were able to obtain relatively safer, although still illegal, abortions from private doctors. This practice remained prevalent for the first half of the twentieth century. The rate of reported abortions then began to decline, partly because doctors faced increased scrutiny from their peers and hospital administrators concerned about the legality of their operations.Teenagers use abortion to escape from reality. One of the main cases where teenagers decide to abort is because they have been raped. Getting raped and ending up pregnant would create a feeling of a women not knowing what to do. To basically force a teenager who has been raped to serve as an incubator for her attacker’s seed is like being rape all over again. Women also abort when they feel that the pregnancy is a risk to their own health. Mothers who can’t support a baby would also want to abort because they want to be able to support the baby. When women are left single they feel like they don’t have enough support just by herself so they decide to get rid of it. Especially being young, getting pregnant is either s mistake, a desire, or being forced and abortion it’s a way out. A fetus deserves the right to live. Once the fetus exists is should have the rights of any other person under the law. In many states, if a person murders a pregnant woman and the fetus dies also, he or she is charged with two counts of murder, not one. A woman’s right to privacy ends if it means harming another individual. This constitutional right does not apply to those who break moral and ethical codes. Even though the pregnancy takes place within the woman’s body, the fetus is a viable human being in its own right. Abortion is cruel and painful to the fetus. An embryo has nerve cells and can feel pain. The procedures in late term abortions, especially, are barbaric and brutal. “Some babies have been born premature as early as 5 months, and survived. Abortion is cruel and painful to the mother”. (American Pregnancy Association)Many women have strongly regretted their decision, forever feeling the guilt and pain of this choice. Some women actually have psychological breakdowns as a result of the abortion. Other women have mental breakdowns, often requiring counseling and sometimes even hospitalization. Although the effects varies in different women there are still gruesome effects where mothers should eventually figure out that is not worth it.Christians support the notion that murder is a sin, and if abortion is murder it constitutes one of the gravest sins. Christians have always taken a strong view against abortion, based on their belief that all human beings are created in the image and likeness of God. While some have suggested that Christianity used to be more accepting of abortion, this view is mistaken. The historical debate did not revolve around whether abortion was right or wrong, but rather the degree of wrongdoing and how the Church should respond to those involved. It is in this context that debates about “ensoulment” and “quickening” should be seen. (Religious Perspectives On Abortion) It should be remembered that the Christian teaching on abortion was not dependent on the “soul” being present in the child. Early Christian texts and scholars condemn direct abortion for example, the Didache, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Saint Basil. The highly influential theologian, St. Augustine, while affirming Aristotle’s idea that ensoulment only occurred sometime after conception and so regarding late abortion as a more serious act of wrongdoing, still maintained the condemnation of all abortion at any time from conception onward. St. Thomas Aquinas, probably the single greatest theologian in Christian history, came to a similar conclusion. (Abortion and the Bible). Nowadays abortion is opposed entirely by the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, and most Evangelical groups. Some Anglicans make exceptions in “hard cases”, while small groups within Anglicanism are entirely pro-abortion. ( Religious Perspective on Abortion) There are pro-abortion minorities within most Christian groups, though their theological arguments are in contradiction with the Christian teaching that each child in the womb is known and loved by God. People may say religion isn’t the best argument when it comes to abortion because what if that women has been raped and that women is pregnant. What if she doesn’t want the baby? Well many Christians would say that God does everything good and he has a purpose in why everything happens. Life is sacred, and all human life should be protected. Many people may argue otherwise that abortion should be legal because of many reasons due to the fact that is immortal. Woman should be able to decide what happens to their body. Under the constitution we are guaranteed the right to privacy. According to the case of Roe v Wade, the ” The US Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, affirms the legality of a woman’s right to have an abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.” The court went back to the Fourteenth Amendment because it states that people can’t be denied liberty without due process of law and that’s why the Court decided that there’s a right to abortion. They believe liberty equals abortion. It resulted to women having a choice to terminate her pregnancy. In addition, abortion is useful preventing a creation of unwanted children. Having a child is an important decision that requires consideration, preparation, and planning. Many young mothers usually don’t have those characteristics because of their surroundings. According to The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, ” Unintended pregnancies are associated with birth defects, low birth weight, maternal depression, increased risk of child abuse, lower educational attainment, delayed entry into prenatal care, a high risk of physical violence during pregnancy, and reduced rates of breastfeeding”.Furthermore it states that 49% of all pregnancies among American women are unintended. In other words, women don’t want their kid to be unwanted because of something they could not control. In this moment abortion would be useful because women have the capacity to not a bring a soul to life knowing it would carry the misery. Lastly, fetuses are incapable of feeling pain when most abortions are performed. If a fetus does not feel, aborting it is equivalent to not creating a person which is not immoral. According to a 2010 review by Britain’s Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, “most neuroscientists believe that the cortex is necessary for pain perception.” The cortex does not become functional until at least the 26th week of a fetus’ development, long after most abortions are performed. Abortion in this case should be legal and not seen as morally wrong.Although people may disagree that abortion is wrong, there positives does not outweigh the negative outcomes. Going back to the case of Roe v. Wade the decision did not quite makes sense. The 14th Amendment, passed in 1868, was meant to protect freed slaves from persecution and unlawful imprisonment, and to make sure they enjoyed equality under the law. When interpreting the 14th Amendment, there isn’t any reference to abortion. People can’t be denied liberty without due process of law and that is the reason why the Court decided that there’s a right to abortion. However the way they interpreted liberty was to include a “right to privacy” which is not mentioned in the 14th Amendment. They figured that if you do in fact have a right to privacy, then that must include the right to have an abortion, since it’s your body and bearing or not bearing a child is a very private matter. In addition to this women are given many options for their kid. They are given adoption options which involves public child welfare, private adoption, international adoption, and transracial adoption. Adoption in terms of living in society may be the most prosperous way. The chance for a child finding a family is something to have the audacity to hope for. Multiple types of adoption are strong systems for a child to develop and be conditioned to interact at will. Help can always be contacted to deal with this difficult situation. According to American Adoptions, the psychological effects of adoption are challenging in every aspect, but dealing with social workers and counseling will help families build upon their future. International and transracial adoption can increase diversity and relationships with others cultures. Adoption is all about coming together to reach a common goal of just living. In the United States, the adopted do not compete at life alone because everybody is a part of our society. In the United States there are currently 2% of children being adopted.In reality, the justification of abortion because of economic reasons is just wicked. Unfortunately, for many people, this is the case. The mother or couple just do not have the financial stability to raise a child on their own and they see abortion as a way out. Abortion is a terrible thing but people tend to do crazy things when they are desperate. The sad truth is that the United States needs abortion to be illegal. Many people may say that if it was not for abortion being legalized, the amount of “homemade” abortions would skyrocket, along with that, the number of accidental deaths from performing these abortions incorrectly. However, abortion is wrong because God puts a soul in every embryo at conception, and a 1 week old fetus can be murdered. It’s morally wrong because you are preventing the baby from becoming a conscious and a unique person. If you do not want the responsibility of having a baby you should not have sex and if other circumstances there are always different solutions. Works Cited25, 2011 Joe Scheidler October. “Remembering Pro-Life ‘Andy’ Anderson.” Pro-Life Action League, 25 Oct. 2011,”FindLaw’s United States Supreme Court Case and Opinions.” Findlaw,, D M, et al. “Abortion in Young Women and Subsequent Mental Health.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2006,, Jone Johnson. “What You Need to Know About the Roe v. Wade Decision.”ThoughtCo,″History of Abortion.” National Abortion Federation, Prof: The Blog of James F. McGrath. “Abortion and the Bible.” Religion Prof: The Blog of James F. McGrath, 27 Jan. 2014,”Religious Views.” Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, 15l , Maaike. “Killing Isn’t a Solution: A Response to Paola Dragnic.” LifeSiteNews, 2015, 12:52 pm EST”The Cost of Abortion.” The Cost of Abortion,”Possible Physical Side Effects After Abortion.” American Pregnancy Association, 2 Sept. 2016,, Benjamin. “Religious Landscape Study.” Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project, 11 May 2015, |
How to solve ppm problems
Parts Per Million (ppm) concentration calculations tutorial with worked Calculate the ppm concentration of the NaCl solution: apply it to solve problems. The best videos and questions to learn about Solving Using PPM (Parts Per Million). Get smarter on Socratic. Parts per million calculations are used for measuring small concentrations in a solution, solid and gas or the number of defects in manufacturing. The basic.
how to prepare ppm solution of liquids
To calculate concentration in ppm, first determine the mass of solute (in grams) and Problems from textbooks typically state this information explicitly (e.g.,“ . We explain Parts per Million Calculations with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many This lesson demonstrates how to calculate parts per million (ppm). This sample problem demonstrates how to convert molarity to parts per million and Molarity and parts per million (ppm) are two units of measurement used to How to Calculate the Concentration of a Chemical Solution.
Solve a parts per million problem; Recognize what ppm stands for; Determine how much chlorine needs to be added to a 6, gallon pool to achieve ppm . 2) Calculate the mass of solute in a 10% salt solution if the mass of the solution is grams. 3) Calculate the mass of solvent in a 6 ppm solution of a drug if the. Parts per million conversions and calculations, ppm standards, serial dilution, parts per thousand, percentage This equation applies to all dilution problems. The Formula below can be used to calculate the the V1 component only.
This is really just a plug and chug problem. What is the concentration of a solution, in parts per million, if gram of NaCl is dissolved in grams of solution? In the space in your answer booklet, calculate the dissolved oxygen. Now, divide both values by to get a new definition for ppm: Problem #2: Calculate the molarity of a dye concentration given the molar mass is of the dye. Problem #1: Sea water contains x 10¯6 ppm of dissolved gold. . the case), calculate in parts per million by weight the concentration of SO2 added daily to.
ppm calculation for liquid
Parts Per Million Calculations. 1. grams of CaCO3 is dissolved in HCl and enough water to give mL of solution. What is the ppm of calcium ion . PARTS PER MILLION WORKSHEET (key). 1. 25 grams of a chemical is dissolved in 75 grams of water. a. What is the concentration of the chemical in parts per. in the question it has not been mentioned the name of the general ammonia is sold in the market as 30%water solution. Now solve your problem. Concentration: ppm and ppb. Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) are examples of A similar procedure would be followed to calculate ppb. (ppm). 2. A chemical analysis of a water sample indicates that the water contains A silver nitrate solution has a molarity (M) of M. Calculate the mass in. The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The molar mass of any particle (atom, molecule, formula, or ion) is. Parts per Million: A concentration of a solution that contained 1 g solute and mL solution (same as The ppm unit can also be used in terms of volume/volume (v/v) instead (see example below). Practice Problems. If a drug, MW , is effective at 1 X 10~4 and we want to know what the concentration is in ppm,the problem is solved simply. M —. ppm. M. Parts per million (ppm) is part of the language of Six Sigma. Help employees overcome obstacles and develop scientific thinking to solve problems . The second problem with these parts-per-million values is that, with. ppm (parts per million) is normally used to measure very small fractions, not large percentages like 78%. The ppm notation is also ambiguous. |
Chick Webb Chick Webb
“The King of the Savoy” reigned supreme over jazz drummers in New York in the 1930’s. He was the consummate showman and with his fluid and rhythmic style, was perfectly suited for the swing era. He raised the standard for drummer awareness, and paved the way for drummer led bands.
Born in Baltimore, Feb. 10, 1909, William Henry Webb, was an unlikely candidate to become a jazz drummer. Stricken with spinal tuberculosis, he was left with a hunched back, and little use of his legs. He took up drumming as a way to relieve joint stiffness, and never stopped. He saved enough to buy a drum set which he had fit with special pedals for his legs. He joined local band the Jazzola Orchestra, then in 1925 decided to try New York City. He sat in on sessions with Johnny Hodges, Benny Carter, and Duke Ellington, after settling in by 1926 he had his own quintet, and played for five months at the Black Bottom Club. He formed an eight piece band, playing the Paddock Club, moving next to the Savoy with his now called Harlem Stompers, and setting up there in 1927. This band grew to eleven members, and by the end of the ‘20’s they were gigging at all the major jazz clubs in the city as the Cotton Club, the Roseland, and the Strand Roof. In 1930 they toured with the “Hot Chocolate Revue”.
By 1931 the band was on an extended engagement contract at the Savoy, which would last for the next five years. They also did road tours and other dates at clubs such as the Casino de Paris, but it was the Savoy where they would get a name. Chick Webb had himself become quite a star, known for his power drumming and showmanship, he decided to name the band the Chick Webb Orchestra. The lineup at the time included Benny Carter, Louis Jordan, Don Redman, and Mario Bauza. This band was actually feared in the Harlem club circles, as they were known to blow any other band off the stage. There are many stories about the long line of musicians that left the Savoy with their tails dragging in the ground after being ‘cut’ by Chick Webb. Their theme song and the one that is associated with the Chick Webb Orchestra, was “Stomping at the Savoy”. Which is what they did best, flat out swingin’ man!
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Key Concepts:
Terms in this set (24)
1. Democratic Party's nomination in 1912 and lead America through WWII
2. how the various committees, subcommittees, select committees, and conference committees result in a distribution of power
3. Our government is one by the Chairman of the Standing Committees of Congress
4. Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, Congress in its committee-rooms is Congress at work
5. The Speaker of the House stands near to leadership, but his will is not the only power in legislation; he appoints the leaders of the House, but he is not himself its leader
6. Leaders of the House = chairmen of the Standing Committees
7. Each committee is guided by a special leader and goes its own way as its own pace.
8. Newly elected members experiences difficulty in having his voice and opinions heard; without title
9. New members represent a particular line of policy; finds opportunity and means denied him
10. His only safe day is Monday when members may introduce bills as their states are reached in the call of which there is active competition
11. For even a long congressional session is too short to afford the time to a full consideration of all the reports of the forty-seven Committees
12. The only specially privileged committees: Printing and Elections, Ways and Means, and Appropriations
13. Congress only attends subjects of revenue and supply, all other committees are given to the standing committees.
14. Standing Committees dictate the course to e taken, prescribing the decisions of the House not only, but measuring out, the opportunities for debate and deliberation
1. A.H. = first secretary of the Treasury
2. Although executive powers were to be in the hands of a single chief executive as they had been in Great Britain, the similarities to King George ended right here
3. "One can perform alone what the other can do only with the concurrence of a branch of the legislature."
4. Great Britain = hereditary monarch
5. The person of the king of Great Britain is sacred and inviolable while President of America would stand upon no better ground than a governor of NY, and upon worse ground than the governors of Maryland and Delaware.
6. The president only has occasional command of the militia whereas the King of GB has at all times the command of the all the militia = The president's power is inferior to the monarch or governor
7. President is commander in chief and the army and navy = same as GB but in substance inferior
8. King can dissolve the Parliament, the President cannot
9. The president with the advice and consent of the Senate can make treaties, but the King is the sole and absolute representative of the nation
10. President is to appoint ambassadors and other public ministers and all officers established by law
11. The president is elected by the people; The king is a perpetual and hereditary prince
12. The president does not have the power to declare war or raise and regulate fleets by his own authority, the King does. The King is supreme head and governor of the national church, can coin money, has no rules concerning commerce, and is the sole possessor of power to make treaties
1. President wield considerably more power when making decisions in the area of foreign policy than in domestic policy = two presidencies
2. Because of the greater need and speed, Presidents have been easier able to exercise power in foreign policy than domestic (Since WWII)
3. Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, and Kenney faced great difficulties with domestic legislation
4. The Marshall plan, NATO, Truman Doctrine, Indochina, Vietnam, Poland, and Yugoslavia relations were successful areas of foreign policy
5. Small causes have potentially great effects so Presidents must be interested in "small" matters (Cuban Missile Crisis)
6. Vietnam situation illustrates another problem of public opinion: it is difficult to get operational policy directions from the general public
7. Congressmen exercise power in foreign affairs, but they do not think it their job to determine the nation's defense policies
8. Military's participation in making defense policy is weak (since WWII); Stalin and modern technology helped increase the defense budget
9. Giant industrial firms that are so dependent on defense contracts play a large part in making policy
10. State Department: Kennedy dealt with every aspect of policy and did not want a man who might rival him in foreign affairs
11. Controlling foreign affairs is achieved by anticipating the reactions of others and eliminating proposals that would run into severe opposition
12. Presidents engaged in world politics are immensely more concerned with meeting problems on their own terms.
1. FDR came to office with plans for a New Deal, a set of policies that saw government as having responsibility for minimizing economic inequalities, regulating business and the free market, and promoting programs for the welfare of individuals
2. "The freedom and opportunity that have characterized American development in the past can be maintained if we recognize the fact that the individual system of our day calls for the collaboration of all of us to provide security for all of us."
3. Past leaders assumed that there was a guarantee of final accomplishment for the people of this country and that the grim specter of insecurity and want among the great masses would never haunt this land of plenty as it had widely visited other portions of the world
4. Your task is to lift from the shoulders of the American people some of the burdens that the mistakes of a past generation have placed there
5. We have been compelled to unlearn the superstition that the American soil all alone and unhelped by the cooperative efforts of Government-could withstand and repel every form of economic disarrangement or crisis
6. Few people considered that the gov. had responsibility for sanitation, for safety devices, for preventing child labor and night work for woman, when I was first a member of the NY State Legislature, a number of the younger members of the Legislature worked against these old conditions. Those of us who joined in this movement in the legislature were called reformers, socialists, and wild men.
7. Government cooperation to help make the system of free enterprise work is entirely consistent with the best tradition of America
1. The doctrinal question is not whether there should be an economic safety net, but how large it should be; not whether there should be government regulation of business, but how much of it.
2. Deregulations: the lifting of restrictions which government rules have been established
3. Deregulation began with Jimmy Carter: Republicans - supported it because they were hostile toward government interference. Democrats - supported it because greater market competition could reduce consumer prices
4. Milton Friedman is the conservative economist leading proponent of deregulation
5. The center of his work is to defend a free market - as a system of economic freedom fro a necessary condition for political freedom
6. The organismic "what you can do for your country" implies that the government is the master, the citizen, the servant or the votary. To the free man, the government is a means, an instrumentality, neither a grantor of favors and gifts nor a master or god to be blindly worshipped and served.
7. The government must be limited. Its major function must be to protect our freedom both from the enemies outside our gates and from our fellow-citizens; to preserve law and order, to enforce private contracts, to foster competitive markets.
8. The government must be dispersed; If I do not like what my state does, I can move to another.
9. The power to do good is also the power to do harm
10. Liberalism has come to have a very different meaning than it did in the 19th century. 18th-19th century: freedom was the ultimate goal and the individual the ultimate entity in the society. Late 19th century: came to be associated with a very different emphasis...the catchwords became welfare and equality rather than freedom. 20th century: favors a revival of the very policies of state intervention and paternalism against which classical liberalism fought.
11. The 19th-century liberal favored political decentralization; the 20th-century liberal favors centralized government |
The Battle Between Good And Evil
1139 Words5 Pages
The Balance Between Good and Evil The Balance Between Good and Evil William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is an author’s painting of the evil that resides in all of the human race. The tropical island setting presents an environment free from civil order introducing a battle ground for the war of good and evil. Showing different side of human nature one can ponder the question “What would I do?” Golding explains the good, bad and balance of human nature, revealing that in times of despair man can easily regress to a primitive state, leaving the strong willed to promote civil order, but often be extremely out numbered. Ralph and Piggy’s sense of responsibility and maturity initially brings to the island a voice for everyone, calling for a brotherhood among the boys in order to survive and eventually be rescued. Early on the novel reads “There was a stillness about Ralph's as he sat that marked him out: there was his size and attractive appearance; and most securely, yet most powerful there was the conch.” (Golding Pg. 22). This quote describes the presence Ralph promoted on the island early on in their adventure. He encouraged equal say amongst the boys through the conch. In order to speak, one had to have possession of the symbolic shell. The shell representing the Parliamentary government in which they had left at home. Furthermore, Piggy, gaining an influential voice through Ralph, shouts his concern to the immature reckless boys “The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach... Then when you get here you build a bonfire that isn’t no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire.” (Golding pg. 47). Like Ralph, Piggy’s responsibility and ability to plan for the future contradicts the actions of the boys, which in turn is the main reason for the separation between Jack and Ralph. Ralph and Piggy strive for a civilized way of life, yet find Jack leading an indirect revolt against any attempt to maintain order. Ralph and Piggy represent the good, civilized world in which they have come from; unfortunately the freedom of the island breathes life into Jack’s evil side, causing chaos to lurk throughout the boys. Jack Merridew represents the evil and dark ambitions that can take over a person when given the lack authority in a setting such as the tropical paradise. In given such freedom, Jack slowly loses his fear of punishment; seen here, his innocence still remains but
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Crystal Skulls
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(3)In a new Archaeology(1) article, Smithsonian anthropologist Jane MacLaren Walsh shares her quest to uncover the origins of crystal skulls. Crystal skulls first surfaced in museums during the second half of the 19th century and were attributed to various "ancient Mesoamerican" cultures. Walsh's own adventure began sixteen years ago, when she was called in to examine a hollow rock-crystal skull (pictured) sent to the museum anonymously. An accompanying letter suggested it the 30-pound, 10-inch-high artifact was of Aztec origin. "Although nearly all of the crystal skulls have at times been identified as Aztec, Toltec, Mixtec, or occasionally Maya, they do not reflect the artistic or stylistic characteristics of any of these cultures," Walsh writes. What else did Walsh discover about the crystal skulls? Where did they come from, and why were they made? Find our more at archaeology.org(2).
1. http://www.archaeology.org/0805/etc/indy.html
2. http://www.archaeology.org/0805/etc/indy.html
3. http://www.archaeology.org/0805/etc/indy.html
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Directories, Search Engines & Traffic
Want to know the difference between a search engine and a directories and why each is so important to your success? This section will give you all of that information and more.
You would be using search engines so you know how they work from the user perspective.
From your own experience as a user, you also know that only those results that list at the top of the heap are most likely to attract you.
It doesn’t amuse you to know that your search yielded 44316 results.
Perhaps even number 50 on your list will not get your custom or even your attention.
Thus you know that getting listed on the top or as near to the top
is crucial. Since most of the search engine traffic is free, you’ll usually find worth your time to learn a few tricks to maximize the results from your time and effort.
In the next section, you will see how search engine works – from
your perspective as a website owner.
Web Crawlers
Search Engines use spiders to index websites.
A spider is an automated program that is run by the search engine system. A Spider visits a web site, reads the content on the actual site, the site's Meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to.
Some spiders will only index a certain number of pages on your
site, so don’t create a site with 500 pages! The spider will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed.
The frequency with which this happens is determined by
the moderators of the search engine.
By checking how pages link to each
Most of the top-ranked search engines are crawler based search engines while some may be based on human compiled directories.
The people behind the search engines want the same thing every webmaster wants traffic to
their site.
Since their content is mainly links to other sites, the thing for them to do is to make their search engine bring up the most relevant sites to the search query, and to display the best of these results first.
In order to accomplish this, they use a complex set of rules called
When a search query is submitted at a search engine, sites are
determined to be relevant or not relevant to the search query according to these algorithms.
And then ranked in the order it calculates from these algorithms to be the best matches first.
Search engines keep their algorithms secret and change them often in order to prevent webmasters from manipulating their databases and dominating
search results.
They also want to provide new sites at the top of the search results on a regular basis rather than always having the same old sites show up month after month.
A search engine robot’s action is called spidering, as it resembles the multiple legged spiders.
The spider’s job is to go to a web page, read the contents, connect to any other pages on that web site through links, and bring back the information.
From one page it will travel to several pages and this proliferation follows several parallel and nested paths simultaneously.
Spiders frequent the site at some interval, may be a month to a few months, and re-index the pages. This way any changes that may have occurred in your pages could also be reflected in the index.
The spiders automatically visit your web pages and create their listings. An important aspect is to study what factors promote deep crawl the depth to which the spider will go into your website from the page it first visited.
Most search engines claim that they index the full visible body text of a
page. In a subsequent section, we explain the key considerations to ensure that indexing of your web pages improves relevance during search.
The combined understanding of the indexing and the page-ranking process will lead to developing the right strategies.
Meta Tags
The Meta tags ‘Description’ and Keywords have a vital role as they are indexed in a specific way. Some of the top search engines do not index the keywords that they consider spam.
They will also not index certain stop words (commonly used words such as ‘a’ or ‘the’ ‘of’) so as to save space or speed up the process.
Images are obviously not indexed, but image descriptions or Alt text or text within comments is included in the index by some search engines.
Hybrid Search Engines are both crawler based as well as human powered. In plain words, these search engines have two sets of listings based on both the mechanisms mentioned above.
The best example of hybrid search
engines is Yahoo, which has got a human powered directory as well as a Search toolbar administered by Google.
Although, such engines provide both listings they are generally dominated by one of the two mechanisms. Yahoo is known more for its directory rather than crawler based search engine.
Search engines rank web pages according to the software’s understanding of the web page’s relevancy to the term being searched. To determine
relevancy, each search engine follows its own group of rules.
The most important rules are
• The location of keywords on your web page; and
the bottom of the page.
Search engines consider keywords to be more relevant if they appear sooner on the page like in the headline rather than later.
The idea is that you’ll be putting the most important words the ones that really have the relevant
information on the page first.
Meta Tags Versus Back Link Popularity
Meta tags are often labeled as the secret to getting high rankings, but meta tags alone will not get you a top 10 ranking.
On the other hand, they certainly don’t hurt. Detailed information on meta-tags and other ways of
improving search engine ranking is given later in this chapter.
Fact is, these days with popularity playing a more major role in search engine positioning, meta tags do not carry as much weight as they used to.
However, now, major search engines have algorithms that may exclude a page from ranking if it has resorted to keyword spamming in fact some search engines will downgrade ranking in such cases and penalize the page.
Meta Search Engines
Dogpile is a meta search engine that searches the Internet's top search engines such as About, Ask, FAST, FindWhat, Google,LookSmart, Overture and many more.
With one single, powerful search engine, you get more relevant and comprehensive results. When you use Dogpile, you are actually
searching many search engines simultaneously.
Dogpile, founded in 1996, is the most popular Internet meta-search engine. The site joined the InfoSpace Network in 2000 and is owned and operated by InfoSpace,
A Search Engine Is Just A Tool
A search engine is just a tool. It's only as smart as the people who master minded it.
If Ix Quick is smarter and more relevant in its findings than other metasearch engines and many highly qualified people would agree that it is.
it's because it was conceived to meet the needs of some of the most inquisitive minds in the world those of researchers, educators,
scholars and the world scientific community.
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• ISBN: 9781408206027
• Publisher: Pearson
Allows for regular testing and exam preparation with real Edexcel past questions, provided in the  Examzone sections. Supports independent learning through a range of additional resources provided on the ActiveBook CD-ROM, included FREE in the back of each book. Helps students build a wide range of skills, including data analysis, critical evaluation of information, communication and collaborative work. Gives students an in-depth, scientific understanding of the principles covered in each topic, including How Science Works. |
Measles make a Comeback
In December of 2014, people at Disneyland did not know that they were being exposed to the measles, or to rubeola. Within a couple of weeks the people who were at the Disney California Adventure, and were not vaccinated for the measles, were starting to break out with the tell-tale red rash that we all recognize as being a symptom of the airborne illness.
From the first of January until the end of February, more than one hundred and seventy confirmed cases of the measles were reported to the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta. People from more than seventeen states were at the Disney Park that day and they carried back the serious illness when they traveled backing home.
How did this happen?
In an age where we all thought that the measles had been basically wiped out people wonder how did an outbreak manage to happen, and manage to spread so far, so fast?
There are a great number of people who do not have their children vaccinated for illnesses like the measles. These people refuse vaccinations because of religious convictions and some because they fear the side-effects of the vaccine, and some because they have forgotten what devastating effects the measles, mumps, rubeola, and other diseases like them could have.
Who is at risk of catching the measles?
Any person that has never been vaccinated for the measles will stand a ninety percent chance of contracting the illness if they are exposed to it. Pregnant women stand a risk of going into premature labor if they contract the measles. Some adults who are not up to date on their vaccinations will be able to contract the disease.
What are the Symptoms of the measles?
Most people who have the measles will run a high fever, they have a cough, they get reddened and watery eyes, and they often have a cough, and the obvious red rash that starts in the hot spots on the body and spreads to cover the body, and can break out inside the mouth and internally. Inside the mouth, the rash appears as white spots.
Measles can cause people to have other complications that can prove to be deadly. The biggest complications that cause the most problems with people who have the measles are pneumonia, severe diarrhea, and an inflammation of the brain.
Treating the Measles
The only real treatment for the measles is for you to be vaccinated before you are exposed to the virus. If you are exposed and come down with measles after vaccination, you will likely have a very mild case, if you have never been vaccinated the measles may make you extremely sick.
There is no medicine that you can take to make the measles go away. The only thing you can do is treat the symptoms of the virus. Take fever reducers like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or naproxen, and avoid giving aspirin to children under three years of age. |
Four new studies have found that when a woman's goal is to be romantically desirable, she is less likely to go into majors and activities related to science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). The studies were undertaken to determine why women, who have achieved parity in education, getting more Ph.D.s than men, and also in the workplace, continue to be underrepresented at the highest levels of STEM fields.
They found converging support for the idea that when romantic goals are activated women (but not men) show less interest in STEM fields and more interest in feminine fields, such as the humanities, education and social sciences.
Lead author Lora E. Park, PhD, University at Buffalo associate professor of psychology, says, "When the goal to be romantically desirable is activated, even by subtle situational cues, women report less interest in math and science. One reason why this might be is that pursuing intelligence goals in masculine fields, such as STEM, conflicts with pursuing romantic goals associated with traditional romantic scripts and gender norms."
University at Buffalo's Lora Park says that pursuit of romance can chill a woman's interest in math and science activities. Credit: Douglas Levere University at Buffalo
Park believes that women are socialized from a young age to be romantically desirable, and that traditional romantic scripts in Western cultures are highly gendered, prescribing how men and women ought to think, feel and behave in romantic settings - though a lot of American men marry Asian women because the roles are even more clearly defined in those cultures.
Park says the research investigates questions pertaining to the self, self-esteem, motivation, and interpersonal processes. Her research is funded by the National Science Foundation.
Article, "Effects of Everyday Romantic Goal Pursuit on Women's Attitudes toward Math and Science," published Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Park's co-authors are UB doctoral students Ariana F. Young and Jordan D. Troisi, and Rebecca T. Pinkus, PhD, of the University of Western Sydney, Australia. |
Home Technology Quality Assurance and Its Importance in Software Development
Quality Assurance and Its Importance in Software Development
Quality Assurance and Its Importance in Software Development
QA or Quality Assurance is an essential step during software development. It ensures that the quality of the product matches the consumer’s expectations and the right processes are adopted during the development stage. Software products need to be tested to make sure that they match the industry standards and are good enough to achieve the targeted goals.
However, QA does not mean testing the end product; it involves testing all the processes and procedures and making sure they are according to the specified standards.
When new software is launched, consumers expect it to function in a smooth manner. There should be no bugs, which cause hindrance in the working of the software. Software quality assurance helps companies to maintain their reputation, by ensuring that the software is free from bugs and functions as per the expectations.
QA testing can be done in-house or can be outsourced to the experts. Outsourcing QA services help companies to concentrate on their core tasks of developing software, while the testing part is conducted by third-party companies, who specialize in QA testing. Outsourcing QA allows companies to increase their productivity, and also maintain the quality of their software offerings.
Firms that provide QA services provide different types of packages, such as security testing, compatibility testing, and performance testing. Security testing involves checks to ensure that the software is safe from breaches and other concerns that can cause data theft. Compatibility testing makes sure that the software is compatible with different operating systems and devices.
A performance test is also known as a stress test that is performed to calculate the system requirements of the software. But QA involves many other aspects apart from testing. Some of them are Infrastructure, code reviews, business analytics, performance monitoring, log monitoring, exception handling, and customer support.
The following factors must be considered during the process of quality assessment.
• Functionality
• Reliability
• Efficiency
• Usability
• Maintainability
• Portability
However, each project has its own requirements. Some projects may require good functionality and usability, while others may require good maintainability. Each project should be studied, and the required factors have to be identified.
Importance of QA Services
1. Improves the Reputation of the Company
QA Testing is crucial to make sure that users have good UX while using the software. UX or user experience is an important factor that affects the reputation of a company. If the user experience is good, the users trust the company and will buy other products from the company, and a bad UX will have the opposite effect.
Good syntax, right spelling, interactive graphical user interface, and easy navigation are some of the factors that create a good UX. Investing in trusted QA services will help you to test the software and iron out any problems before launching it in the market.
2. Helps to Produce High-Quality software
Investing in QA services helps to improve the quality of the software. Software quality assurance ensures that proper processes and procedures are followed during the development of the software. This improves the quality of the software. High-quality software improves the reputation of the company and also increases its market share.
3. Saves Time and costs
Quality assurance is a process that works in tandem with the development process. It ensures that problems with the software are identified and dealt with during the early stages, in order to avoid costly and time-consuming solutions at the end.
4. Reduces Maintenance
QA helps to reduce the maintenance of the software. Since QA services involve finding out the problems with the software and addressing beforehand, the software does not need much maintenance. High-quality software does not need updates to correct any issues after it is launched. It is low maintenance, which improves the user experience and makes the software reliable.
Software quality assurance ensures that the quality of the software is as per the required standards. Quality assurance is carried out during the entire lifecycle of software development. SQA can be done in-house or can be outsourced to companies that provide QA services. While outsourcing QA tasks, it is essential to choose a firm that offers comprehensive quality assurance programs. Quality assurance provides a number of benefits to the companies such as improving the user experience, increasing the market share, increasing productivity, and improving the quality of the software.
1. Quality Assurance is one of the most important part for a software development as it makes people more reliable towards the particular software. People can lease or buy a software without a less worry of maintenance.
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The Fluidized Bed Technology
The fluidized bed technology is widely spread across a […]
The fluidized bed technology is widely spread across a variety of industrial applications, such as drying, coating, agglomeration, combustion, etc. The general principle of fluidization is the formation of a fluid-like state.
Therefore, a bed of solid particles is penetrated by a gas stream (fluidization gas). Fluidization is achieved, when the drag forces of the gas flow on the particles are in equilibrium with the gravitational forces on the particles. In this state the mixture of particles and gas show fluid-like properties.
Fluidized bed dryers are commonly utilized in a wide range of industrial applications. In comparison to other drying principles the convective fluidized bed dryer has many advantages.
The fluidized state of the product results in good mixing of drying gas and the product. Thus higher rates of energy and mass transfer can be achieved, compared to contact dryers. This results in shorter drying time respectively larger amounts of dried product.
Furthermore, the highly homogenous fluidized bed allows drying at lower temperatures and avoids the building of hot spots in the product.
All these characteristics make fluidized bed dryers especially interesting for drying of temperature sensitive powders e.g. in the pharmaceutical and food industry. |
Dominic Hughes - Selected Papers
First-order proofs without syntax [pdf - bibtex], June 2019
Proofs are traditionally syntactic, inductively generated objects. This paper reformulates first-order logic (predicate calculus) with proofs which are graph-theoretic rather than syntactic. It defines a combinatorial proof of a formula ϕ as a lax fibration over a graph associated with ϕ. The main theorem is soundness and completeness: a formula is a valid if and only if it has a combinatorial proof.
A combinatorial proof of is shown below. |
Tag Archives: virus
Sheep Blue Tongue
Blue tongue is an insect-borne, viral, noncontagious disease that occurs in some areas of New Mexico. It’s transmitted from infected animals to prone sheep by the bites of a small insect commonly called a gnat. The disease normally happens from midsummer until frost. Early symptoms sometimes embrace excessive salivation, reddening of the lips and mouth, and progressive darkening of the vascular areas of the mouth. Furthermore, the muzzle, lips, tongue, throat, and generally the ears and neck become swollen. Occasionally, sheep suffer from severe lameness furthermore. Not all signs of blue tongue appear in a very single sheep or maybe in a very single outbreak.
Best management methods involve controlling the gnat. Since this insect breeds within the mud along the edges of slow-moving streams or water tank overflow, strive to eliminate these breeding sites. Breeding sites also will be sprayed with insecticides.
A changed live-virus sort of vaccine is offered, however it is estimated that six to seven totally different viruses cause blue tongue. Occasionally, the vaccine may cause a reaction that’s nearly as bad because the disease itself.
Pregnant ewes, notably in the primary fifty days of gestation, should not be vaccinated. No satisfactory medical treatment has been found for animals with blue tongue. Typically, with proper care, most animals recover naturally at intervals fourteen days, although severely affected animals could recover additional slowly. Isolate affected animals in a shaded space with palatable feed and fresh water. Antibiotics are of no price within the treatment of blue tongue, but they’re helpful in preventing secondary infections. |
Truth or Lie?
Scripture: Acts 4:23-5:11
Learning Objectives:
• Students will learn the early church were united and shared everything they had with each other.
• Students will learn God hates lies.
• Students will learn God expects us to be generous with our possessions.
• Students will play Truth or Lie and learn that any lie is a sin.
Guiding Question: Why does God not want people to lie? How does lying affect others?
Materials: Game scenarios listed below
Procedure: Review the stories and highlights of the Early Church, Ananias and Sapphira from the scriptures above. Emphasize that the early church was composed of many Christians who were united under the message of Jesus. These Christians embraced each other and shared everything they had with each other. Reinforce what these scriptures say about lying and how God detests lying. Ask the students if they have ever been lied to before and if so, how did it feel. Explain that God does not want us to lie because He wants us to be honest and kind to others. Lying is often secretive and can cause hurt to others. Emphasize that any lie is a sin – no matter how big or small.
Introduce the students to the Truth or Lie game. Tell the students that you are going to read them multiple scenarios and after each one, the students will have to guess if it was a truth or a lie. If it is a lie, ask them if they think the lie was ok or not. Throughout the process, make sure to reinforce that every lie is a sin. Below are possible scenarios to use for the game. Students may come up with their own scenarios as well.
• While your mom or dad was getting ready for work, you reach into a cabinet to get a plate. You accidently drop the plate and it shatters everywhere. When your parent comes into the kitchen, you instantly blame it on your younger sibling.
• Your mom or dad asks you if you ate all the lunch they packed for you today. You say “Of course I ate all my lunch!”. What they don’t know if that you threw away the carrot stick and got chips from the vending machine to eat instead of eating the carrots they packed you.
• Your parent asks you why you weren’t answering your phone and you tell them “My phone died” but you had turned off your phone so they didn’t know you were at a friend’s house who they dont like.
• You get a bad grade on a test and your parents ask you if you studied for it the best you could. You tell them “Yes i studied! I don’t know how this happened!” but you know that you could’ve put forth more work and then probably received a better grade.
• Your friend really loves playing soccer but has had a lot of difficulty mastering some of the basic skills. She insists she is going to try out for the local soccer team and asks what you think she should do. You know she is not ready yet and should not try out yet but don’t want to hurt her feelings. You tell her that she should absolutely try out and will definitely make the team.
• Your mom or dad asks you what you did at a friend’s house. You tell them that you watched tv, played basketball, and baked some cookies. You do not tell them that the tv show you watched was one they do not like because you know you will get in trouble.
• You really want to go to the park with your friends but mom says you have to stay in until you get all your homework done. You tell her “But dad said I could go!” even though you did not ask dad.
• You tell your teacher your stomach hurts so you can get out of class even though you know your stomach just hurts because you’re hungry.
• You want to go see a new movie that your parents do not think is good for you to see. You tell them that all your friends got to go watch it but you don’t know that about them.
• You tell your parents you did your homework so they will let you play your video games. You finished your math homework, but did not finish all of your writing homework.
• You are playing a video game and your mom asks you to do a chore. You tell her that you’re game will be done in 5 minutes and then you will do it. You know the game does not end for 15 more minutes.
• Your mom or dad asks how school was today and you tell them it was fine and you got a lot of work done. What you didn’t mention was that you got a bad test grade and are now failing a class.
• Your friend is trying to tell you a story while you are playing a video game. You tell them you are listening so they don’t feel bad but your main focus is on the game.
• Your friend gets upset after you tell a sarcastic joke about them but then you tell them “just kidding!” even though you were not kidding.
• You tell your mom you’re going to see a PG-13 movie but you and your friend sneak in to watch an R rated movie.
Additional Questions: How can understanding the effects of lying make us more cautious of telling lies?
Supplemental Activity: Have students partner up and share with each other about a time they were lied to and how it made them feel. Have each pair share their takeaway and how sharing their feelings made them more aware of the effects of lying.
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Many Scottish Presbyterians moved from Scotland to Northern Ireland. The king wanted to counterbalance the Irish Catholics and offered land for bargain rates. When the Scots developed good homesteads, the landlords raised the rent. Many migrated to America in search of land which they could develop and enjoy as their own.
Joseph Colville and his extended family were typical Presbyterian settlers across the Blue Ridge on Opequon Creek (near current Winchester) in old Frederick County, Virginia. They bought tracts from Joist Heydt (Hite) who had a grant from the royal Governor Spotswood.
Suspicions about their property rights were raised when King George granted the same land to Lord Fairfax. Decades of legal squabbles over ownership ensued.
The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement outside the Atlantic watershed. Some Samuel Newell relatives were already out of bounds on Monongahalia and New River settlements. The proclamation was rescinded, but suspicions were not erased.
Edmond Pendleton and Thomas Walker had large land grants on the western waters which had little value. For at least one of his tracts, Pendleton divided the survey dimensions by the square root of two so that his monuments on the ground covered twice what his grant on paper showed.
A homestead claim was valued by local people above legal grants by distant absentee landlords. Botetourt County allowed the absentee to buy out the homesteader’s improvements and reclaim the land. But they appraised the value of the improvements so high that the absentee often abandoned his claim to the homesteader.
In 1771 a caravan of Joseph Colville and Samuel Newell next generation with other friends and neighbors settled in the Holston River Valley. One of their frustrations was the backlog of surveyor work. Despite capabilities of others, only William and Mary certified surveyors could file legal county land documents.
Issues with land were among the grievances which caused the Whigs to support the Declaration of Independence.
The counties took care of common land use. They licensed roads and required residents to maintain them. Tillables were people who did the work. Tithables were those who provided equipment or funds to get the work done. Some people were on both the titables and tillables lists. Ferries and millraces were authorized by county magistrates. Salt licks were preserved for wild game and could not be privately owned. Mines could be privately owned, but only upon authorization by the state.
After the Revolutionary War, soldiers could not be paid from empty treasuries. Many took land grants in lieu of money. Virginia used tracts in expansive districts in Ohio and Kentucky counties to settle debts. North Carolina used the military district, now middle Tennessee, to cover its lack of funds.
Kings Mountain 07Oct1780 Overmountain Victory trail National Park History Battle Casualties Patriots |
College Math Teaching
August 2, 2012
MAA Mathfest Madison Day 1, 2 August 2012
The Talks
Last morning Talk
Bernd Sturmfels on Tropical Mathematics
May 26, 2012
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenfunctions and all that….
The purpose of this note is to give a bit of direction to the perplexed student.
I am not going to go into all the possible uses of eigenvalues, eigenvectors, eigenfuntions and the like; I will say that these are essential concepts in areas such as partial differential equations, advanced geometry and quantum mechanics:
(emphasis mine).
So it is worth understanding the eigenvector/eigenfunction and eigenvalue concept.
First note: “eigen” is German for “self”; one should keep that in mind. That is part of the concept as we will see.
The next note: “eigenfunctions” really are a type of “eigenvector” so if you understand the latter concept at an abstract level, you’ll understand the former one.
The third note: if you are reading this, you are probably already familiar with some famous eigenfunctions! We’ll talk about some examples prior to giving the formal definition. This remark might sound cryptic at first (but hang in there), but remember when you learned \frac{d}{dx} e^{ax} = ae^{ax} ? That is, you learned that the derivative of e^{ax} is a scalar multiple of itself? (emphasis on SELF). So you already know that the function e^{ax} is an eigenfunction of the “operator” \frac{d}{dx} with eigenvalue a because that is the scalar multiple.
The basic concept of eigenvectors (eigenfunctions) and eigenvalues is really no more complicated than that. Let’s do another one from calculus:
the function sin(wx) is an eigenfunction of the operator \frac{d^2}{dx^2} with eigenvalue -w^2 because \frac{d^2}{dx^2} sin(wx) = -w^2sin(wx). That is, the function sin(wx) is a scalar multiple of its second derivative. Can you think of more eigenfunctions for the operator \frac{d^2}{dx^2} ?
Answer: cos(wx) and e^{ax} are two others, if we only allow for non zero eigenvalues (scalar multiples).
So hopefully you are seeing the basic idea: we have a collection of objects called vectors (can be traditional vectors or abstract ones such as differentiable functions) and an operator (linear transformation) that acts on these objects to yield a new object. In our example, the vectors were differentiable functions, and the operators were the derivative operators (the thing that “takes the derivative of” the function). An eigenvector (eigenfunction)-eigenvalue pair for that operator is a vector (function) that is transformed to a scalar multiple of itself by the operator; e. g., the derivative operator takes e^{ax} to ae^{ax} which is a scalar multiple of the original function.
Formal Definition
We will give the abstract, formal definition. Then we will follow it with some examples and hints on how to calculate.
First we need the setting. We start with a set of objects called “vectors” and “scalars”; the usual rules of arithmetic (addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, distributive property) hold for the scalars and there is a type of addition for the vectors and scalars and the vectors “work together” in the intuitive way. Example: in the set of, say, differentiable functions, the scalars will be real numbers and we have rules such as a (f + g) =af + ag , etc. We could also use things like real numbers for scalars, and say, three dimensional vectors such as [a, b, c] More formally, we start with a vector space (sometimes called a linear space) which is defined as a set of vectors and scalars which obey the vector space axioms.
Now, we need a linear transformation, which is sometimes called a linear operator. A linear transformation (or operator) is a function L that obeys the following laws: L(\vec{v} + \vec{w}) = L(\vec{v}) + L(\vec{w} ) and L(a\vec{v}) = aL(\vec{v}) . Note that I am using \vec{v} to denote the vectors and the undecorated variable to denote the scalars. Also note that this linear transformation L might take one vector space to a different vector space.
Common linear transformations (and there are many others!) and their eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
Consider the vector space of two-dimensional vectors with real numbers as scalars. We can create a linear transformation by matrix multiplication:
L([x,y]^T) = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right]=\left[ \begin{array}{c} ax+ by \\ cx+dy \end{array} \right] (note: [x,y]^T is the transpose of the row vector; we need to use a column vector for the usual rules of matrix multiplication to apply).
It is easy to check that the operation of matrix multiplying a vector on the left by an appropriate matrix is yields a linear transformation.
Here is a concrete example: L([x,y]^T) = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right]=\left[ \begin{array}{c} x+ 2y \\ 3y \end{array} \right]
So, does this linear transformation HAVE non-zero eigenvectors and eigenvalues? (not every one does).
Let’s see if we can find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues, provided they exist at all.
For [x,y]^T to be an eigenvector for L , remember that L([x,y]^T) = \lambda [x,y]^T for some real number \lambda
So, using the matrix we get: L([x,y]^T) = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right]= \lambda \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] . So doing some algebra (subtracting the vector on the right hand side from both sides) we obtain \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] - \lambda \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \end{array} \right]
At this point it is tempting to try to use a distributive law to factor out \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] from the left side. But, while the expression makes sense prior to factoring, it wouldn’t AFTER factoring as we’d be subtracting a scalar number from a 2 by 2 matrix! But there is a way out of this: one can then insert the 2 x 2 identity matrix to the left of the second term of the left hand side:
Notice that by doing this, we haven’t changed anything except now we can factor out that vector; this would leave:
(\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3 \end{array} \right] - \lambda\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right] )\left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \end{array} \right]
Which leads to:
(\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1-\lambda & 2 \\ 0 & 3-\lambda \end{array} \right] ) \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \end{array} \right]
Now we use a fact from linear algebra: if [x,y]^T is not the zero vector, we have a non-zero matrix times a non-zero vector yielding the zero vector. This means that the matrix is singular. In linear algebra class, you learn that singular matrices have determinant equal to zero. This means that (1-\lambda)(3-\lambda) = 0 which means that \lambda = 1, \lambda = 3 are the respective eigenvalues. Note: when we do this procedure with any 2 by 2 matrix, we always end up with a quadratic with \lambda as the variable; if this quadratic has real roots then the linear transformation (or matrix) has real eigenvalues. If it doesn’t have real roots, the linear transformation (or matrix) doesn’t have non-zero real eigenvalues.
Now to find the associated eigenvectors: if we start with \lambda = 1 we get
(\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \end{array} \right] which has solution \left[ \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 1 \\ 0 \end{array} \right] . So that is the eigenvector associated with eigenvalue 1.
If we next try \lambda = 3 we get
In the general “k-dimensional vector space” case, the recipe for finding the eigenvectors and eigenvalues is the same.
1. Find the matrix A for the linear transformation.
2. Form the matrix A - \lambda I which is the same as matrix A except that you have subtracted \lambda from each diagonal entry.
3. Note that det(A - \lambda I) is a polynomial in variable \lambda ; find its roots \lambda_1, \lambda_2, ...\lambda_n . These will be the eigenvalues.
4. Start with \lambda = \lambda_1 Substitute this into the matrix-vector equation det(A - \lambda I) \vec{v_1} = \vec{0} and solve for \vec({v_1} . That will be the eigenvector associated with the first eigenvalue. Do this for each eigenvalue, one at a time. Note: you can get up to k “linearly independent” eigenvectors in this manner; that will be all of them.
Practical note
Yes, this should work “in theory” but practically speaking, there are many challenges. For one: for equations of degree 5 or higher, it is known that there is no formula that will find the roots for every equation of that degree (Galios proved this; this is a good reason to take an abstract algebra course!). Hence one must use a numerical method of some sort. Also, calculation of the determinant involves many round-off error-inducing calculations; hence sometimes one must use sophisticated numerical techniques to get the eigenvalues (a good reason to take a numerical analysis course!)
Consider a calculus/differential equation related case of eigenvectors (eigenfunctions) and eigenvalues.
Our vectors will be, say, infinitely differentiable functions and our scalars will be real numbers. We will define the operator (linear transformation) D^n = \frac{d^n}{dx^n} , that is, the process that takes the n’th derivative of a function. You learned that the sum of the derivatives is the derivative of the sums and that you can pull out a constant when you differentiate. Hence D^n is a linear operator (transformation); we use the term “operator” when we talk about the vector space of functions, but it is really just a type of linear transformation.
We can also use these operators to form new operators; that is (D^2 + 3D)(y) = D^2(y) + 3D(y) = \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + 3\frac{dy}{dx} We see that such “linear combinations” of linear operators is a linear operator.
So, what does it mean to find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of such beasts?
Suppose we with to find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of (D^2 + 3D) . An eigenvector is a twice differentiable function y (ok, we said “infinitely differentiable”) such that (D^2 + 3D) = \lambda y or \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + 3\frac{dy}{dx} = \lambda y which means \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + 3\frac{dy}{dx} - \lambda y = 0 . You might recognize this from your differential equations class; the only “tweak” is that we don’t know what \lambda is. But if you had a differential equations class, you’d recognize that the solution to this differential equation depends on the roots of the characteristic equation m^2 + 3m - \lambda = 0 which has solutions: m = -\frac{3}{2} \pm \frac{\sqrt{9-4\lambda}}{2} and the solution takes the form e^{m_1}, e^{m_2} if the roots are real and distinct, e^{ax}sin(bx), e^{ax}cos(bx) if the roots are complex conjugates a \pm bi and e^{m}, xe^{m} if there is a real, repeated root. In any event, those functions are the eigenfunctions and these very much depend on the eigenvalues.
Of course, reading this little note won’t make you an expert, but it should get you started on studying.
I’ll close with a link on how these eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are calculated (in the context of solving a partial differential equation).
August 19, 2011
Partial Differential Equations, Differential Equations and the Eigenvalue/Eigenfunction problem
Suppose we are trying to solve the following partial differential equation:
\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} = 3 \frac{\partial ^2 \phi}{\partial x^2} subject to boundary conditions:
\psi(0) = \psi(\pi) = 0, \psi(x,0) = x(x-\pi)
It turns out that we will be using techniques from ordinary differential equations and concepts from linear algebra; these might be confusing at first.
The first thing to note is that this differential equation (the so-called heat equation) is known to satisfy a “uniqueness property” in that if one obtains a solution that meets the boundary criteria, the solution is unique. Hence we can attempt to find a solution in any way we choose; if we find it, we don’t have to wonder if there is another one lurking out there.
So one technique that is often useful is to try: let \psi = XT where X is a function of x alone and T is a function of t alone. Then when we substitute into the partial differential equation we obtain:
XT^{\prime} = 3X^{\prime\prime}T which leads to \frac{T^{\prime}}{T} = 3\frac{X^{\prime\prime}}{X}
The next step is to note that the left hand side does NOT depend on x ; it is a function of t alone. The right hand side does not depend on t as it is a function of x alone. But the two sides are equal; hence neither side can depend on x or t ; they must be constant.
Hence we have \frac{T^{\prime}}{T} = 3\frac{X^{\prime\prime}}{X} = \lambda
So far, so good. But then you are told that \lambda is an eigenvalue. What is that about?
The thing to notice is that T^{\prime} - \lambda T = 0 and X^{\prime\prime} - \frac{\lambda}{3}X = 0
First, the equation in T can be written as D(T) = \lambda T with the operator D denoting the first derivative. Then the second can be written as D^2(X) = 3\lambda X where D^2 denotes the second derivative operator. Recall from linear algebra that these operators meet the requirements for a linear transformation if the vector space is the set of all functions that are “differentiable enough”. So what we are doing, in effect, are trying to find eigenvectors for these operators.
So in this sense, solving a homogeneous differential equation is really solving an eigenvector problem; often this is termed the “eigenfucntion” problem.
Note that the differential equations are not difficult to solve:
T = a exp(\lambda T) X = b exp(\sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{3}} x) + cexp(-\sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{3}} x) ; the real valued form of the equation in x depends on whether \lambda is positive, zero or negative.
But the point is that we are merely solving a constant coefficient differential equation just as we did in our elementary differential equations course with one important difference: we don’t know what the constant (the eigenvalue) is.
Now if we turn to the boundary conditions on x we see that a solution of the form A e^{bx} + Be^{-bx} cannot meet the zero at the boundaries conditions; we can rule out the \lambda = 0 condition as well.
Hence we know that \lambda is negative and we get X = a cos(\sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{3}} x) + b sin(\sqrt{\frac{\lambda}{3}} x) solution and then T = d e^{\lambda t } solution.
But now we notice that these solutions have a \lambda in them; this is what makes these ordinary differential equations into an “eigenvalue/eigenfucntion” problem.
So what values of \lambda will work? We know it is negative so we say \lambda = -w^2 If we look at the end conditions and note that T is never zero, we see that the cosine term must vanish (a = 0 ) and we can ensure that \sqrt{\frac{w}{3}}\pi = k \pi which implies that w = 3k^2 So we get a whole host of functions: \psi_k = a_k e^{-3k^2 t}sin(kx) .
Now we still need to meet the last condition (set at t = 0 ) and that is where Fourier analysis comes in. Because the equation was linear, we can add the solutions and get another solution; hence the X term is just obtained by taking the Fourier expansion for the function x(x-\pi) in terms of sines.
The coefficients are b_k = \frac{1}{\pi} \int^{\pi}_{-\pi} (x)(x-\pi) sin(kx) dx and the solution is:
\psi(x,t) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} e^{-3k^2 t} b_k sin(kx)
Quantum Mechanics and Undergraduate Mathematics XV: sample problem for stationary states
I feel a bit guilty as I haven’t gone over an example of how one might work out a problem. So here goes:
Suppose our potential function is some sort of energy well: V(x) = 0 for 0 < x < 1 and V(x) = \infty elsewhere.
Note: I am too lazy to keep writing \hbar so I am going with h for now.
So, we have the two Schrödinger equations with \psi being the state vector and \eta_k being one of the stationary states:
-\frac{h^2}{2m} \frac{\partial}{\partial x^2}\eta_k + V(x) \eta_k = ih\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \eta_k
Where e_k are the eigenvalues for \eta_k
Now apply the potential for 0 < x < 1 and the equations become:
-\frac{h^2}{2m} \frac{\partial}{\partial x^2}\eta_k = ih\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \eta_k
Yes, I know that equation II is a consequence of equation I.
Now we use a fact from partial differential equations: the first equation is really a form of the “diffusion” or “heat” equation; it has been shown that once one takes boundary conditions into account, the equation posses a unique solution. Hence if we find a solution by any means necessary, we don’t have to worry about other solutions being out there.
So attempt a solution of the form \eta_k = X_k T_k where the first factor is a function of x alone and the second is of t alone.
Now put into the second equation:
-\frac{h^2}{2m} X^{\prime\prime}_kT_k = e_k XT
Now assume T \ne 0 and divide both sides by T and do a little algebra to obtain:
X^{\prime\prime}_k +\frac{2m e_k}{h^2}X_k = 0
e_k are the eigenvalues for the stationary states; assume that these are positive and we obtain:
X = a_k cos(\frac{\sqrt{2m e_k}}{h} x) + b_k sin(\frac{\sqrt{2m e_k}}{h} x)
from our knowledge of elementary differential equations.
Now for x = 0 we have X_k(0) = a_k . Our particle is in our well and we can’t have values below 0; hence a_k = 0 . Now X(x) = b_k sin(\frac{\sqrt{2m e_k}}{h} x)
We want zero at x = 1 so \frac{\sqrt{2m e_k}}{h} = k\pi which means e_k = \frac{(k \pi h)^2}{2m} .
Now let’s look at the first Schrödinger equation:
-\frac{h^2}{2m}X_k^{\prime\prime} T_k = ihT_k^{\prime}X_k
This gives the equation: \frac{X_k^{\prime\prime}}{X_k} = -\frac{ 2m i}{h} \frac{T_k^{\prime}}{T_k}
Note: in partial differential equations, it is customary to note that the left side of the equation is a function of x alone and therefore independent of t and that the right hand side is a function of T alone and therefore independent of x ; since these sides are equal they must be independent of both t and x and therefore constant. But in our case, we already know that \frac{X_k^{\prime\prime}}{X_k} = -2m\frac{e_k}{h^2} . So our equation involving T becomes \frac{T_k^{\prime}}{T_k} = -2m\frac{e_k}{h^2} i \frac{h}{2m} = i\frac{e_k}{h} so our differential equation becomes
T_k {\prime} = i \frac{e_k}{h} T_k which has the solution T_k = c_k exp(i \frac{e_k}{h} t)
So our solution is \eta_k = d_k sin(\frac{\sqrt{2m e_k}}{h} x) exp(i \frac{e_k}{h} t) where e_k = \frac{(k \pi h)^2}{2m} .
This becomes \eta_k = d_k sin(k\pi x) exp(i (k \pi)^2 \frac{\hbar}{2m} t) which, written in rectangular complex coordinates is d_k sin(k\pi x) (cos((k \pi)^2 \frac{\hbar}{2m} t) + i sin((k \pi)^2 \frac{\hbar}{2m} t)
Here are some graphs: we use m = \frac{\hbar}{2} and plot for k = 1, k = 3 and t \in {0, .1, .2, .5} . The plot is of the real part of the stationary state vector.
August 6, 2011
MathFest Day 2 (2011: Lexington, KY)
Note: this is one procedure that was being modeled:
0 or finite if the genus is zero
Note: the set of rational points has a group structure.
Hence this is the form that is studied.
note: this curve is symmetric about the x axis.
Smaller talks
I enjoyed many of the short talks. Of note:
March 6, 2010
Why We Shouldn’t Take Uniqueness Theorems for Granted (Differential Equations)
Or, you learned that solutions to
Well, things are very different in the world of partial differential
(this is an easy exercise)
Create a free website or blog at |
A Brief History of April Fool's Day
A brief history of April Fool's Day, 6000 BCE The First Recorded Foolery.
A cave painting in France depicts two figures and a boar, with one informing the other "There is no boar behind you."The joke was deadly.
2560 BCE, Pharaoh Khufu engages in the largest scale fooling in history when he tells his people to build him some big old pointy bois.
They do, and then burry him in them inside of them.
5 BCE, a fake pregnancy joke takes a woman by surprise when her pregnancy proves real,
It was the baby who was the fooler and that fooly baby's name was Jesus.
Throughout his life, he attempted to one up his initial foolery, "And he spit on the ground making mud and rubbed the mud in the man's eyes saying, why you got mud in your eyes, Muddy-Eye Joe?
And the man was healed."In his final fool, Jesus pretended to be dead for three days which started this whoooooooooole thing.
9th Century BAGHDAD, Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, frustrated by great mathematicians of his day, declared "How about I put some letters in your stupid math?"
This proved real useful and is considered one of the greatest fooling failures of all time. |
Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Parenting styles and adolescent emotion
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Parenting styles and adolescent emotion:
What is the effect of parenting styles on adolescent emotion?
How one raises a child is constantly scrutinized and evolves depending on various factors including upbringing, culture, prior exposure and an individual’s core personality (Darling & Steinberg, 2014). Although there are a number of diverse parenting styles or forms of child rearing enforced within current society based on social theorists, depending on the specific parenting style used it can immensely affect an adolescent and their psychological and emotional state of mind, whether positive or negative (Darling & Steinberg, 2014).
Parenting styles are defined as psychological constructs and depict ways in which an individual chooses to raise a child or group of children. Depending on the individuals temperament including their own childhood and how they we reared, an individual’s prior experiences and culture acts as a guidance for how they will choose to raise one's future offspring (Darling & Steinberg, 2014)[Rewrite to improve clarity]. Therefore depending on an individual’s experiences early in life, thus early on within the developmental stages, it can play an instrumental part in how they then choose to raise a future family and even provide explanations into one's personality and attitude formation (& Steinberg, 2014)[grammar?].
Because however parenting styles can alter within family structures, it can either wreak havoc on an adolescent’s emotional and psychological well-being or it can achieve the opposite desire and set that particular adolescent up for a nurturing, welcoming parental relationship, thus home life (Radziszewska et al., 1996)[grammar?]. Parenting style can either hinder or advance an adolescent later throughout life affecting numerous domains including overall intellect, physical well-being, emotional maturity and so forth (Radziszewska et al., 1996). |}
How do Parenting Styles Emerge?[edit]
Because parenting styles are heavily dependent and swayed through prior experience and exposure, particularly through one's own childhood and form of upbringing, how a parent then chooses to raise his or her family can define the type of parent his or her child will become (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002). Many psychologist[grammar?] currently argue that because we are social beings, the relationships we form early on in life particularly through our primary caregivers ultimately provides the stepping stones for how we choose to form relationships later within life ranging from professional to personal relations (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002). Therefore, depending on our early exposure as a child, if a parent were overly strict and believed in abiding by the rules, yourself as an adult and a parent might too believe in the importance of rules and will then enforce these views and expectations onto your own offspring which eventually forms a continuous cycle within that particular family structure (Kotchick & Forehand, 2002).
Another factor which plays an instrumental role in determining parenting styles include culture differences and common beliefs. For example, a former study founded by Mimi Chang (2007) sought to establish whether there was a clear relationship between Asian American cultural values and its impact on an adolescent’s future parenting style. Because it was suggested that Asian American individuals possess a strong need for family union and independence, it was found that Asian American parents display an authoritarian stance (Chang, 2007). Due to the research supporting the notion that an individual reflects his or her parent’s style of child rearing, it is believed that a percentage of Asian American adolescents will follow that of their parents, thus resulting in enforcing an authoritarian parenting style when raising their future offspring (Chang, 2007) and so forth. Because parenting styles are so dominant and play such a significant role in determining how an individual is shaped, it is clear that it too can influence an adolescent’s emotional well-being (Chang, 2007). In addition other facets of development which can be swayed through the presence of an individual’s parenting style include an adolescent’s mental health, overall intellect, physical well-being, emotional maturity and general social and behavioral skills used daily (Radziszewska et al., 1996).
Because however the family structure plays such an instrumental role in influencing an adolescent’s developmental transitional stage, this particular factor can singularly determine an adolescent’s emotional state of mind, whether positive or negative which can lead to an array of mental health issues seen later within life (Radziszewska et al., 1996).
Parenting Styles and Social Theorists:[edit]
Throughout history there have been numerous theorists which have immensely contributed to our understanding and knowledge of the different types of parenting styles used daily within society (Darling & Steinberg, 2014). Many of these social theorists are still widely regarded and respected within the discipline of psychology as they have assisted in exploring the importance and influence the typed of parenting style enforced upon an offspring has and its lasting psychological and behavioral effects upon the adolescents overall core personality (Darling & Steinberg, 2014).
Social Theorist: John Locke & Jean-Jacques Rousseau[edit]
Within the 17th century, there were two main theorists which dominated the research exploring the topic of child rearing. Both social theorists released publications which recognize the importance and influence that child rearing plays in determining future attributes of that particular offspring. John Locke's book, Some Thoughts Concerning Education published in 1693 established the importance of an adolescents experiences early on in life which significantly alters a child's early development (Holl, 2014). From this, Jean-Jacques Rousseau also released a publication named On Education within 1762 (Anderson, 2014). Unlike Locke however, Rousseau believed in simplicity parenting also known as slow parenting and proposed that children should also gain the majority of their education through life experience rather than solely written education (Anderson, 2014).
Social Theorist: Jean Piaget[edit]
Another influential theorists whom proposed a theory which consists of several developmental stages is Jean Piaget. Known as a pioneer within the growing field of child development, Piaget offers a theory of cognitive development (Mayer, 2005). Within Piaget's proposed developmental theory, Piaget concludes that there are in total four developmental stages including Sensorimotor stage, Pre-Operational stage , Concrete Operational stage and Formal Operational stage of parenting (Mayer, 2005). All four of these stages are still widely regarded and accepted by many social theorists particularly within the field of psychology applicable to child rearing (Mayer, 2005).
Social Theorist: Erik Erikson[edit]
In addition to Piaget, Erik Erikson also explored the field of child development but believed that for children in order to successfully develop, they must first complete a series of eight life stages in which a crisis is involved and therefore must be overcome (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000). Known as a developmental psychologist, Erikson concluded that in order to grow, a child must overcome an obstacle or dilemma followed by a resolution which results in transitioning to the next stage (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000). If a stage is left unresolved it ultimately means an individual cannot progress, therefore will not develop in accordance with the theory outlined by Erikson (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000). Because several of the stages occur during childhood and into adolescents, Erikson believed that according to the stage a child is currently at crisis with, a parent may adopt a different parenting style or alternate between two to assist one's offspring in resolving the present crisis thus forming a resolution (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000). The eight stages outlined by Erikson include Hopes (Trust vs. Mistrust), Will (Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt), Purpose (Initiative vs. Guilt), Competence (Industry vs. Inferiority), Fidelity (Identity vs. Role Confusion), Love (Intimacy vs. Isolation), Care (Generativity vs. Stagnation) and Wisdom (Ego Integrity vs. Despair) (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000). From Erikson, parents can learn to adapt their own parenting style in order to assist a child reach all eight life stages, or in comparison can ultimately hinder one's child through adopting a harmful style of parenting (Wallerstein & Goldberger, 2000).
Social Theorist: Frank Furedi[edit]
The next theorists which contributed to the area of child rearing is Frank Furedi who was a sociologist and paid particular attention to family structures. Furedi proposed that unlike previous research, the actions displayed by parents towards their offspring has a minimal effect on the child more so then previously thought (Darling & Steinberg, 2014). Therefore, Furedi believed that the actions committed by parents play a much more insignificant role in determining a child's emotions which suggests that a child or adolescent is primarily responsible for his or her emotional development and actions rather than solely a parents input (Darling & Steinberg, 2014).
Social Theorist: Diana Baumrind[edit]
Arguably one of the most influential social theorists contributing to the field of child rearing is Diana Baumrind who classified parenting styles into three main categories (Smetana, 2011). Known as "Baumrind's Parenting Typology", Baumrind established three dominant categories (1971, 1991) consisting of Authoratative parenting, Authoritarian parenting and Permissive parenting (Smetana, 2011). Authoritative parenting is classified as parents who hold high expectations and demands from their offspring but also display characteristics of warmth and empathy (Smetana, 2011). Authoritarian parents share similar attributes to that of Authoritative parenting in the regard that they too have high standards and expectations, but unlike Authoritative parents, Authoritarian parents show little to no compassion (Smetana, 2011). Permissive parenting on the other hand is marked by no level of expectation and discipline but display a high level or warmth and affection (Smetana, 2011).
Additional Theorist of Child Rearing[edit]
In addition to the numerous social theorists and developmental theories mentioned above regarding child rearing, there are in fact countless other social theories which are widely used in regards to classifying and determining parenting styles including demanding and undemanding, attachment parenting, narcissistic parenting, nurturing parenting, over parenting, positive parenting, slow parenting, toxic parenting and so forth (Smetana, 2011).
Theories of Emotion:[edit]
Within all facets of society, an individual’s emotional development plays a large role in determining one's core personality as well as assists with decision making and other daily processes (Heiy & Cheavens, 2014). In relation to how parenting styles affect adolescent emotion, there are numerous theories of emotion applicable to explaining the relationship between child rearing and its psychological effect on an adolescent’s emotional state and general well-being (Heiy & Cheavens, 2014). These theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory of emotion (Irons, 2014), the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (Irons, 2014) and the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion (Irons, 2014). Because all three of these psychological theories can be grouped into three main categories; cognitive, psychological and neurological, it is evident that the importance of emotion is present within all aspects of our being ranging from the chemical process of the brain to an individual’s personal thoughts, embedded beliefs and general mental activity (Irons, 2014).
Theory of Emotion: James-Lange Theory of Emotion[edit]
The James-Lange Theory of Emotion is the most respected and regarded psychological theory in relation to emotional development as it indicates that emotion is formed through our psychological reactions to experiences (Irons, 2014). Developed by psychologists William James and Carl Lange, they believed that depending on an external event, object or stimulus, it creates an internal psychological reaction which can be classified as either positive or negative (Irons, 2014). Depending on the individual’s reaction, it causes an internal emotional reaction to the event or stimulus based on one's interpretation (Irons, 2014).
Theory of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion[edit]
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion also suggests that emotion and psychological reactions are intertwined (Irons, 2014). This specific theory however concludes that when we experience psychological reactions from a stimulus for instance muscle tension and the change of temperature radiating from our body, we simultaneously feel our emotions which can be interpreted as either pleasant or unpleasant (Irons, 2014).
Theory of Emotion: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion[edit]
The final theory of emotion still widely used within society is the Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion (Irons, 2014). Developed by Schachter and Singer in 1962 this cognitive approach theory states that a psychological reaction primarily occurs, followed by the individual acknowledging the reasons as to why the arousal took place (Irons, 2014). Once the reason behind the reaction is acknowledged, it then allows the individual to identify or label the current emotion to the specific reaction (Irons, 2014).
What is Adolescents?[edit]
An adolescent can be defined as a teenager aged between 13 to 19 years which is also seen as the transitional stage between childhood into adulthood (Sawyer et al., 2012). Because during this stage of development various physical and psychological changes occur, many believe that the term 'adolescent' can begin even earlier than that of 13 (Sawyer et al., 2012). Psychologists now suggest that due to an individual’s physical and psychological progression, their rate of change can begin prematurely particularly between the ages of 9 and 12 (Sawyer et al., 2012). Therefore, although the term 'adolescent' is generally believed to begin from the common age of 13, many are suggesting that it in fact begins earlier depending on the individual or adolescent in question (Sawyer et al., 2012).
Emotional and Psychological Changes within an Adolescent Brain:[edit]
Throughout an adolescent’s progression between childhood into adulthood, many factors are called into question and examined by an adolescent. Particular areas of crisis which arise include questioning one's own identity, place within society and also brings about confusion relating to social groups, sexuality, drugs and so forth (Sawyer et al., 2012). Because adolescents experience such intense emotions, it alters their mood and creates a roller coaster of constant highs and lows (Sawyer et al., 2012). Ways in which an adolescent’s emotional state differs from any other developmental stage includes heightened levels of sensitivity, unpredictable moods and also displaying what is known as a 'bulletproof' stage (Sawyer et al., 2012).
In addition, because an adolescent’s brain is under vast developmental changes, the ways in which adolescents perceive and react to their emotions alter as well. Within an adolescent’s development, the brain undergoes a growth spurt particularly within the frontal lobe region (Lindquist et al., 2012). Because this area of the brain is responsible for an individual’s reasoning capabilities and impulse control, it again can affect an adolescent’s emotional state of mind in regards to how they choose to respond to an event or stimulus (Lindquist et al., 2012). As well as the frontal lobe, the limbic system in addition undergoes vast change which is primarily responsible for our emotions (Lindquist et al., 2012). Because adolescents simply are without the more primitive limbic system which is used to overrule our initial limbic responses, adolescents as a result choose to use an underdeveloped system which results in a more impulsive response when both interpreting and reacting to present emotions (Lindquist et al., 2012). Therefore, because of the neurological changes occurring within the brain, it can not only alter an individual’s emotional response, but can also bring about emotions which are usually not present including depression (Lindquist et al., 2012).
Though a teens experience is often regarded as stressful and a time of anxiousness, it is also the slow but necessary progression into adulthood (Sawyer et al., 2012). Ways in which an adolescent forms their attitude through this transitional stage can again be heavily swayed through the support or lack of given by one's own parents (Sawyer et al., 2012).
Common Mental Disorders Displayed within Adolescents:[edit]
Common mental health disorders present in adolescents can range in severity. Several mental disorders which are most common within this particular developmental period includes Anxiety Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Mood Disorders, Eating Disorders, Personality Disorders, Behavioral Disorders, Addiction and so forth (Merikangas et al., 2010). Depression in particular can be typically diagnosed in a teen as it is a mood disorder which intensifies negative or depressive symptoms (Merikangas et al., 2010). Because it is such a consuming illness, it affects all facets of an individual’s life including attitudes towards schooling, peer groups as well as one's home life (Merikangas et al., 2010). Because depression is a result of a disruption in the brain circuits which are responsible for emotional regulation, it can be typically heightened or triggered by authoritarian parents (Sharma et al., 2011). During a recent study Sharma et al., (2011) explored the correlation between several parenting styles and its association with depression within adolescents. The results from the study found that Authoritarian parents did in fact contribute to an adolescent’s level of depression whereas Permissive parenting styles showed a decrease or negative correlation with depression (Sharma et al., 2011).
How Parenting Styles can Influence an Adolescents Emotional Well-Being:[edit]
Prior research investigating the apparent link between an adolescent’s emotional well-being and its relation to the type of parenting style used is not only extensive, but also essential in explaining a child’s attitude formation and emotional regulation. Depending on a child’s relationship or lack of with their primary caregiver, the parent can ultimately influence numerous aspects of a child’s personality particularly that of emotional development[factual?].
Bandura concluded that offspring raised within an authoritarian home style environment were more susceptible to stress, mood swings and displayed heightened emotions to hostility (Smetana, 2011). In addition they were also less positive in comparison to children raised within an authoritative or permissive parental style home environment (Smetana, 2011). Authoritative parenting unlike authoritarian parenting however results in children with heightened self-esteem as well as a sense of independence through the constant give-take relationship with one’s primary caregiver. Permissive parents also develop a healthy relation with their child, however due to the lack of structure and discipline given it can lead to the child engaging in acts of misconduct as they tend to act on their emotions impulsively resulting in displaying a bulletproof stage (Smetana, 2011). During this stage adolescents are more likely to commit actions which are seen as high risk both emotionally and physically. This may lead to recklessness and even to heightened levels of drug use (Smetana, 2011). However, although very few rules are put in place by the parent, Bandura (Smetana, 2011) suggests that it can also result in the child maturing at a quicker rate then both authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles as the child learns independence and can become emotionally secure within one’s own environment particularly within social institutions (Smetana, 2011).
Research which explores the emotional impact of parenting styles or forms of child rearing on adolescents includes controlled experimental studies founded by Chen (2014) whom studies the correlation between parenting styles, enforced beliefs and overall life satisfaction seen within adolescent students. During this particular study, Chen (2014) concluded that students exposed to an authoritative form of child rearing will share their parent’s beliefs and attitudes and as a result will show heightened levels of life satisfaction including emotional stability. Authoritarian parenting however resulted in an adolescent student sharing their parent’s beliefs but having low levels of overall life satisfaction, therefore lacking emotional stability and regulation (Chen, 2014).
Another study which examined the relationship between harsh parenting and cognitive reactivity seen within adolescents is Cole et al. (2014). During this study experimenters found that harsh parenting contributed to an adolescent’s rate of cognitive reactivity and triggered symptoms of heightened depression (Cole et al., 2014). Another study which supports the findings made by Cole et al.(2014) is one conducted by Fam (2003) whom also suggest that harsh parenting directly and indirectly affects and influences a child’s level of aggression seen within a schooling environment, therefore altering their emotional regulation (Fam, 2003).
As demonstrated within current research examining the overall effect of emotional stability seen within adolescents and its relationship with different forms of child rearing, it is evident that parenting styles do heavily influence all aspects of a child’s development. Though there are numerous facets which influence the form of parenting style used including culture, an individual's early life experiences with their own care giver can also determine which style a parent will choose to enforce when raising a child.
The evidence gathered in relation to the harmful effects of a specific parenting style used can not only be beneficial in assisting children with emotional and psychological development, but it can also provide an explanation into children showing concerning or troubled behavior and from this assistance can be given to an individual, particularly an adolescent.
See also[edit]
Anderson, L. (2014). Review of 'The Educational Theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau'. EBSCO HOST, 3(9), 531-533). doi: 10.1037/h0068768.
Chang, M. (2007). Cultural Differences in Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Teen's Self-Esteem, Perceived Parental Relationship Satisfaction, and Self Satisfaction (Dietrich College Honors Theses, Carnegie Mellon University, America). Retrieved from
Chen, W. (2014). The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Style, Filial Piety, and Life Satisfaction in Hong Kong. EBSCO HOST, 28(3), 308-314. doi: 10.1037/a003681.
Cole, D., Martin, N., Sterba, S., Sinclair-McBride, K., Roeder, K., Zelkowitz, R., & Bilsky, S. (2014). Peer Victimization (and Harsh Parenting) as Developmental Correlates of Cognitive Reactivity, a Diathesis for Depression. EBSCO HOST, 123(2), 336-349. doi: 10.1037/a0036489.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (2014). Parenting Styles as Context: An Integrative Model. American Psychological Association, 113(3), 487-496. Retrieved from
Fam, J. (2003). Harsh Parenting in Relation to Child Emotion Regulation and Aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598-606. Retrieved from
Harris, J. (1995). Where is the Childs Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development. EBSCO HOST, 102(3), 458-489. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.458.
Heiy, J., & Cheavens, J. (2014). Back to Basics: A Naturalistic Assessment of the Experience and Regulation of Emotion. EBSCO HOST, 14(5), 878-891. doi: 10.1037/a0037231.
Holl, R. (2014). Review of 'John Locke and Formal Discipline'. EBSCO HOST, 3(1), 46-47. doi: 10.1037/h0066781.
Irons, D. (2014). Discussion: Recent Development in Theory of Emotion. EBSCO HOST, 2(3), 279-284. doi: 10.1037/h0072454.
Kotchick, B., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting Parenting in Perspective: A Discussion of the Contextual Factors That Shape Parenting Practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(3), 255-269. Retrieved from
Lindquist, K., Wager, T., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreua, E., & Barrett, L. (2012). The Brain Basis of Emotion: A Meta-Analytic Review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(3), 121-143. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X11000446.
Mayer, S. (2005). The Early Evolution of Jean Piaget's Clinical Method. EBSCO HOST, 8(4), 362-382. doi: 10.1037/1093-4510.8.4.362.
Merikangas, K., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents. ScienceDirect, 49(10). 980-989. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.
Radziszewska, B., Richardson, J., Dent, C., & Flay, B. (1996). Parenting Styles and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms, Smoking and Academic Achievement: Ethnic, Gender and SES Differences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19(3), 289-305. Retrieved from
Sawyer, S., Afifi, R., Bearinger, L., Blakemore, S., Dick, B., Ezeh. A., & Patton, G. (2012). Adolescent: A Foundation for Future Health. ScienceDirect, 379, 1630-1640. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5.
Sharma, M., Sharma, N., & Yadava, A. (2011). Parental Styles and Depression among Adolescents. Applied Psychology, 37(1), 60-68. Retrieved from
Smetana, J. (2011). Parenting Styles and Practices. Wiley Online Library, 32, 324-351. doi: 10.1002/9781444390896.ch10.
Wallerstein, R., & Goldberger, L. (2000). Ideas and Identities: The Life Work of Erik Erikson. EBSCO HOST, 17(2), 437-442. doi: 10.1037/0736-9735.17.2.437.
External links[edit] |
Friday, 4 October 2019
Lucy Gray
Lucy Gray
Comprehension and Appreciation of the Poem
I. Tick () the correct answers:
1. Lucy had many friends. True
2. Lucy’s mother was lost in the storm.
3. Lucy was the only child of her parents.
4. Lucy was an obedient and dutiful child.
5. Many people believe that Lucy is still alive.
6. Lucy did not carry any torch or lantern with her.
7. The storm came much later than it was expected.
8. Both Lucy’s father and mother went to look for her.
II. Answer each question briefly:
1. Who was Lucy Gray? Where did she live?
Ans. Lucy Gray was a lovely child with a sweet face. She lived with her parents on a moor.
2. What did the father ask Lucy to do and why?
Ans. The father asked Lucy to take a Lantern and go to the town to bring her mother back because the night was going to be stormy.
3. What shows that Lucy was a dutiful and loving child?
Ans. When Lucy’s father asked Lucy to go the town to bring her mother back, she replied that she would gladly do so. This shows that Lucy was an obedient and dutiful child.
4. Why could Lucy not reach the town?
Ans. Lucy could not reach the town because the storm came before its time and she was caught in the storm and lost her away
5. What did the parents do to find Lucy?
Ans. Lucy’s parents searched for her everywhere all the night. They went shouting far and wide but could not find her anywhere.
6. Lucy’s parents followed her footmarks. Where did they reach at last?
Ans. Lucy’s parents reached a bridge by following her foot prints.
7. What do you think could have happened to Lucy?
Ans. She might have drowned in a canal or stream near the bridge.
III. Work with your partner and make a list of all the rhyming words in the poem.
1. trips – skips about with quick, light steps;
2. solitary song – song sung alone and in a lonely place. |
Corals in the Scriptures
There are three mentions of corals in the Bible and in all three what is stressed is the fact that the value of precious stones was ascribed to them in ancient times.
· Translated by Roger Marshall
12 MAY 2019 · 11:00 CET
Photo: Antonio Cruz.,
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
Aram did business with you because of your many products; they exchanged turquoise, purple fabric, embroidered work, fine linen, coral and rubies for your merchandise. (Ez. 27:16)
The Bible mentions corals three times (Job 28:18; Lamentations 4:7 and Ezekiel 27:16) and in all three what is stressed is the fact that value of precious stones was ascribed to them in ancient times. The Hebrew term is ramoth, which means “of great value”, and was translated in the Septuaguint as metéora. Some translators believe that the Hebrew term peninim, translated as “rubies” (Job 28:18; Prov. 3:15; 8:11; 20:15; 31:10; Lam. 4:7) could equally well refer to coral, or to pearls.
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
Corals are unique marine animals as they live in colonies made up of hundreds or thousands of individual specimens known as zooids or polyps. Nevertheless, the term “coral” has no specific taxonomical meaning, as it includes a range of different types of organisms, which can take the form of hard calyxes, or also be much softer. Some of them, such as the red coral, were attributed with the value of precious stones, while others were not.
Most corals belong to the phylum Cnidaria and the Anthozoa type, although others are classed as Hydrozoa, such as the fire coral (Milleprora). The clustering of zooids, or individual organisms, can give rise, in tropical and subtropical seas, to very large coral systems, such as the Australian Great Barrier Reef, which covers an area of several thousand kilometres and can even be observed from space, or the Mesoamerican Reef in the Caribbean.
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
Corals feed on plankton, fish and tiny marine organisms, which they trap using the stinging cells of their tentacles. However, their staple diet consists of the microscopic, single-cell algae (zooxanthellans), which photosynthesise, thus obtaining organic material through solar energy. These zooxanthellan algae live inside the coral and contribute to giving them their characteristic colours.
The Hebrew people of Bible times knew the value of some precious corals (Job 28 v 18). The Aramean merchants traded with them in Tyre (Ezekiel 27 v 16), as did the Egyptians, who used them to make decorations, amulets and necklaces. Red Sea corals were abundant, and they varied in strength and colour scheme, but the most valuable of them came from the Mediterranean. This is the famous red coral (Corallium rubrum), which, like all corals, was believed until the 18th century to be a plant, not an animal. Hitherto it had been thought to be a bush that grew in the sea and which hardened when it was exposed to the air. That is why it was called the “stone tree” (Litodendrum).
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
The Greeks and Romans used the word “coral”, which was of Celtiberian origin, only with reference to the Mediterranean red coral, which was extracted from this sea for ornamental purposes. [2] As a matter of fact, the tiny animals which make up a coral structure (polyps) use the calcium carbonate in sea water to construct their characteristic hard, calcareous skeleton. Each polyp takes on the shape of a tree, with its numerous branches, or tentacles, replete with cells designed to trap food.
Recently a mysterious mechanism was discovered in corals, in relation to the sulphurous gas that they produce, and which, apparently, plays a significant role in regulating the temperature of the water in which they live, and of the atmosphere above them. In fact, Australian scientists, after studying the Great Barrier Reef for years, published a paper in the prestigious journal Nature in which they said that as the ocean gets warmer, the coral’s zooxanthellans produce greater amounts of dimethyl sulphide, which creates an aerosol layer above the water, and ascends into the atmosphere, thus generating drops of water, and a greater amount of cloud. These clouds contribute to deflecting more sunrays into space, which refreshes the atmosphere above the corals. [3] This would seem to behave as a biological feedback circuit, in organisms which have no brain or neurological system, the purpose of which is to control the temperature of the water when they suffer stress due to excess heat. It is mysterious and exciting to think that such supposedly simple organisms can make use of such a sophisticated mechanism. This mechanism is still being studied with the aim of determining whether or not corals will be able to overcome the negative effects of global warming.
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
Despite the very small size of each individual organism, the only animals that can be detected from space are corals, and the huge extensions of diatomaceous algae. Their apparent fragility is more than compensated for by the tenacity with which they can build reefs of more than two thousand kilometres in length. The secret of corals’ success lies in their solidarity. The union of millions of individuals is the source of the spectacular strength of their constructions.
Dr John Stevenson penned the following words about Psalm 22 v 3 in a commentary he wrote in the 19th century: “But thou art holy. Here is the triumph of faith - the Saviour stood like a rock in the wide ocean of temptation. High as the billows rose, so did his faith, like the coral rock, wax greater and stronger till it became an island of salvation to our shipwrecked souls.” [4].
Therefore, corals in Scripture constitute an example of the beauty, the value and the solidity of faith.
Photo: Antonio Cruz.
[2] Schuhmacher, H. 1978, Arrecifes coralinos, Omega, Barcelona, p. 116.
[3] Jackson, R., Gabric, A. & Cropp, R. 2018, “Effects of ocean warming and coral bleaching on aerosol emissions in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia”, Scientific Reports, volume 8, Article number: 14048.
[4] Stevenson, J. 1842, “Christ on the Cross: An Exposition of the Twenty-second Psalm.”, en Spurgeon, C. H. 2015, El tesoro de David, Clie, p. 611.
Published in: Evangelical Focus - Zoe - Corals in the Scriptures |
Incredible and fun facts to explore
Bizarre Canals Facts Every Person Should Know
Following is our collection of super amazing and curious facts and details explaining Canals. This list is intended for research in school, for college students or just to feed your brain with. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. But nevertheless learn why is Canals so important!
canals facts
What is Canals about?
Top 10 Canals facts that will blow your mind.
3. There's a town in the Netherlands that has no roads or cars and everyone travels by foot, bike or canal.
4. Since 1900 a London park has a Memorial to those that have died in heroic acts of self sacrifice and who might otherwise be forgotten. Each heroic act is listed such as, "Drowned in attempting to save a poor girl who had thrown herself into the canal".
5. JFK's sister Rosemary Kennedy, was born mentally disabled because during her birth, the doctor was not immediately available and the nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby’s head to stay in the birth canal for two hours...resulting in a harmful loss of oxygen.
6. Right after the French finished building the Suez Canal, a British Commander snuck his ship to the head of the opening fleet at night so his would be the first one through. The Admiralty gave him an official reprimand, an unofficial vote of thanks, and a promotion.
7. Fuel has gotten so cheap that ships are now choosing to take the long way around Africa rather then pay the fees to transit the Suez Canal
8. The Aztec capital Tenochtitlán was the largest city in the Americas with over 200,000 people. It was built on a man-made island in the middle of a lake - connected to shore by 3 causeways. It contained huge pyramids, floating gardens, aqueducts and canals. It was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521
9. For years John Wayne supported giving control of the Panama Canal to the country of Panama. His support earned him the only hate mail he ever received in his life, but also his own island off the coast of Panama - appropriately named John Wayne Island.
10. The reason Phoenix can exist in the middle of the desert is because in 1868 Jack Swilling discovered the ruins of a 27,000 sqmi canal system built by the Hohokam. He restarted the canals and today that infrastructure, with modern expansions, waters the city of over a million in the hot desert.
Funny canals details
Interesting definitions that can be fact checked.
The Yellow Fleet, fifteen ships that were stuck in the Suez Canal for eight years from 1967 to 1975 owing the dispute between Egypt and Israel. In that time, the crews formed a mutual aid association, a yachting club, and a postal service
The longest lasting construction project, the Corinth Canal. Dividing the Peloponnese peninsula and mainland Greece, it was first proposed as far back as the 7th century B.C.E., and was officially started by Nero in 67 C.E., but due to complications it was not finished until the 1890s.
There is a ruined city on 100 artificial islands linked with canals in the Pacific Ocean dating back to the 1st Century. Scientists do not know how they were constructed. Local legend says they were built by two sorcerers with the aid of a flying dragon.
The Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn, NYC is so polluted that unidentifiable new forms of microbiological life have arisen in its sludge
In 1956 Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt to get back the Suez Canal. Despite being a military success and having minor losses, it had so much political fallout that most historians consider it the end of Britain as a superpower.
Leonardo da Vinci invented the Miter Lock in 1497, which is still in use today including in the Panama and Suez Canals.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was one of the first people to propose creating a Panama Canal
The Israeli forces built the Bar Lev Line on the Suez Canal, costing $300 million and was expected to be a "graveyard for Egyptian troops", as it would take at least 24-48 hours to be breached. On 6 October 1973, armed with a few 100 water cannons, the Egyptians breached it in less than 2 hours.
The highest fee for crossing the Panama Canal was $375,600, while the lowest fee was 36 cents by someone who swam through it
A British ship snuck into the French-built Suez Canal the night before opening ceremonies to spite the French.
The village of Giethoorn in the Netherlands has no roads. People get around on foot or via one of the village's many canals
The war between Israel and Egypt in 1967 ended up trapping 14 unlucky Cargo Ships in the Suez Canal for eight years. During this period crew members drank so much beer, they speculated there must be five feet of beer bottles on the lake's floor.
During the warring states period, the Han sent a water engineer to Qin to build an excessively expensive and pointless canal in order to drain their rival's funds. However, the canal was a massive success and even today the area is very fertile.
After receiving a local anesthetic and root-canal treatment at his dentist, a 38-yo man has been experiencing a real 'Groundhog Day' type memory loss. For the better part of a decade, he has woken up every morning thinking it is the day of his original dentist's appointment
Canal France International accidentally broadcasted 30 minutes of porn to Saudi Arabia... instead of a children's programme.
Every year they pull out between 12,000 and 15,000 bikes from the canals of Amsterdam
The Yellow Fleet, 15 ships trapped in the Suez Canal for 8 years as a result of hostilities between Egypt and Israel. Over time they formed a micronation, a yacht club and staged the Bitter Lake Olympic Games.
California's largest body of water, the Salton Sea, was created by an engineering mistake. Irrigation canals were dug from the Colorado river to the Salton sink. When the river flooded a dyke was breached and the entire Colorado river poured into the sink making the sea.
Stalin ordered a canal to be built, by hand by prisoners in less than 20 months. The death toll estimates range from the official soviet death toll of 11,000 to Solzhenitsyn's estimate of 100,000. Once it was completed it was found to be too shallow to be useful.
When Disneyland first opened, so many weeds sprouted along the banks of the Canal Boats of the World ride that Disney ordered workers to place signs with exotic species names in Latin next to them to resemble an arboretum.
In the ancient Greek city of Sybaris, the citizens, derided by famous writers of the time for their extremely luxurious lifestyles, had canals built that transported wine directly from the countryside into their personal cellars.
There are about 2,200 miles of navigable canals in the United Kingdom requiring many tiny locks to be manually operated and many of them no wider than 7 feet (2.1m). Started for use as commercial transport in the early 19th century it has now turned into a leisure highway of "narrowboats."
When roosters fully open their beaks,their auditory canals are completely blocked off. Essentially, roosters have built in ear plugs. This stops them from damaging their hearing when they crow.
Some people have the "Arnold's nerve cough reflex", which causes them to cough when an object is put into the ear canal |
Digital Life Helping our Environment
Digital world is growing with time and we are able to see some new technology and inventions every new year passing by, This change is helping our environment and our ecosystem in reducing harmful elements. Promotional techniques to educate and reach out to more people all around the world is possible through digital means. While sitting at your own home you can reach any person at any time and thus saving your time and energy. Now you will see everything and everyone is going online and providing goods and services to the people more economically and more efficiently. Less wastage of resources can be seen in these techniques. Using digital platform is the future and it is gaining more popularity with time, people are investing their time and money here to earn income and living a life with sustainable growth.
By going digital you are consuming less natural resources which is saving our fossil fuels and environment from further pollution. Many people who are working in some big companies use public transport and many of the population us their own vehicles which burns fueland pollutes the environment while you do your work digitally you do not have to make use of your vehicles which will save your money, time and your surroundings of course.
Many people are working to reach out people with videos, texts, and other info so that when they are using their smartphones or other devices they can educate themselves by these things and take measures to save their surroundings. It is a very good way to connect with people through social media, websites and other platforms to promote the eco friendly techniques which will help us in saving our environment.
Many digital websites have lowered the use of papers, like when you are going for some documentation work you have to carry many papers but with such websites which are promoting paperless transactions and documentation we are promoting les sue of papers and protecting our trees. Papers are made by cutting the trees so if there is less demand of paper more trees will be safe which will help in maintaining a balance in our ecosystem.
If you are thinking of making an investment in some factory or plant drop that idea and make an investment in digital world. You can start trading online, you can build yourself an ecommerce website and sell products, make a website to sell services , work as an intermediate between the two organizations, Make money through social media platform like many people are doing in today’s time, you can invest here and make a good amount of money as your passive income source. These ideas are purely eco friendly which will not harm your surroundings that much.
These ideas can be used by individuals to maintain a healthy and clean environment if you know some other ways of protecting your surrounding and cleaning the air that you breathe, try those techniques and ideas. Digital world can play a very vital role in the coming future to protect our environment. |
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Advisory Information
Surgical Mask Wearing In Japan - Reasons To Use Masks And Where To Buy One
surgical masks in Japan
Written by Stefanie Haehnel
2020.05.01 Bookmark
Many people wear surgical masks in Japan--a practice that may be surprising to those traveling from abroad. This article explains why Japanese people wear masks, different types of common surgical masks, and where you can buy them yourself.
Wearing Masks in Japan
surgical masks in japan
However, in Japan, you can see people wearing face masks everywhere. In 2020, due to the effects of COIVD-19, most shops and commercial facilities require customers to wear surgical masks, and it is strongly recommended by the government to wear one when going outside (even when going jogging or for a walk). Even before the coronavirus, however, these masks were often seen on the streets of Japan, in shops, or right next to you on the train for more reasons than preventing the spread of contagious diseases.
Continue reading to learn about why so many people wear surgical masks in Japan, how they can make a fashion statement, and where to buy them to wear for yourself.
Reasons for Wearing A Mask - From Cold Prevention to Fashion Trends
surgical masks in Japan
People in Japan wear masks on their face for a variety of reasons. It is very common to see someone wearing a mask throughout Japan, year-round.
Pollen Protection
surgical masks in Japan
One of the many reasons why Japanese people put on masks when they go outside due to allergies. About one-fourth of the Japanese population suffers from kafunsho, or hay fever. There are about 60 types of plants and trees that cause hay fever in Japan, but the pollen from the Japanese cedar, sugi, and Japanese cypress, hinoki, is most common.
Symptoms start in late February, and sneezing can last until the end of September for those highly afflicted.
Wearing a mask provides some relief from the irritation caused by the pollen. Not only do the masks have filters that block pollen from entering, but they also hide a runny, red nose from being seen by others.
Bacteria Protection
surgical masks in Japan
Another reason is the flu and sickness. If you catch a cold and still need to go outside, it is considered good manners to show consideration towards the others by wearing a mask. A mask will also keep you feeling warmer as your breathing will warm around your nose and mouth.
Many studies suggest that wearing masks can help the prevention and spread of germs, too. As of 2020, most people wear surgical masks outside as a preventative measure against the coronavirus.
Japanese people often go to work even if they are ill, which makes the mask a necessary item. During flu season in the winter, the mask is used as a prevention tool, too. Especially in the crowded streets and trains of Tokyo and Osaka, wearing a mask will keep you help keep you safe from the bacteria and viruses that are flying around.
Lack of Grooming
Japanese surgical masks
For some, masks are helpful for making the face look smaller and slimmer, which is considered to be cute in Japan. Some people also want to hide their faces when they don't have makeup on. It also makes covering blemishes and skin injuries easy!
Others wear a mask if they forgot or had no time to shave their beard since it is part of business etiquette in Japan to have a clean-shaven face.
The Personal Shield
For young people who are struggling with social awkwardness and shyness, hiding their faces in public by wearing a mask can sometimes help to gain some private space or being left alone. Students in middle school and high school may do this.
The Frost Shield
Winter in Japan can be cold and the air gets very dry. As mentioned above, a mask can function as a "natural face heater." Your own breath will keep your nose and cheeks warm and moisturized, which is important during this cold season.
Different Types of Masks
surgical masks in japan
Some of the masks are specially made to prevent glasses from fogging up, while some are mint or flower-scented. Surgical masks also come in different sizes, as well as colors and designs, like this black ninja-style mask, with an optional charcoal filter, or a fashionable leopard print mask.
Surgical Masks as a Fashion Statement
surgical masks in Japan
Surgical masks in Japan can also be part of fashion and making a personal style statement. For example, gonoturn, an apparel brand that makes creative face masks, is a popular option found in Shibuya. The shop sells reusable, cloth masks resembling animals and characters from Japanese pop culture that are comfortable and simply adorable.
surgical masks in japan
Popular characters include those from the popular LINE smartphone application.
surgical masks in japan
surgical masks in japan
Pictured above is a cat mask from gonoturn. Isn't it cute?
Wearing Surgical Masks in Japan
It is common to see people wearing surgical masks in Japan and can be considered reflective of Japan's culture of respect for each other. Mask wearers use these shield-like covers for varied reasons, from cold prevention to making a fashion statement. If you are curious about experiencing what it's like to wear one yourself, simply stop into a convenience store and pick up a pack!
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Q5. Have your travel plans for Japan changed in relation to the coronavirus outbreaks?
Q6. How have your plans to travel to Japan changed?
Q7. If you postponed your trip to Japan, when did you postpone it until?
Q8. Do you think you will cancel your plans to visit Japan?
Q9. For those who haven't canceled or changed their plans, please give a reason why.
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Q11. Are there any activities in Japan you would want to avoid?
Q12.What activities would you feel comfortable doing in Japan?
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Main image by Pixta. This is a rewritten version of an article originally published August 2016.
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Example sentences for: democracy--a
How can you use “democracy--a” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
• But of course, that's just another way of saying that liberal democracy--a value Huntington surely ranks above the alternatives morally--may never fit some peoples as naturally as it fits us.
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Repeal the Ban On Incandescent Bulbs
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) mandates the phase-out of incandescent light bulbs in favor of compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs by 2014. But CFL bulbs contain mercury and emit levels of ultraviolet radiation so high that they can actually burn skin and skin cells and could cause skin cancer in its deadliest form—melanoma.
Broken bulbs also pose a significant danger, releasing mercury vapor in concentrations 8,000 times the amount that a child should receive. The bulbs also contain other cancer-causing chemicals.
EISA will effectively eliminate 40-, 60-, 75-, and 100-watt incandescent bulbs. Please contact your legislators immediately and call for a repeal of the ban on incandescent lights.
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Periodontal disease is a painful, chronic disease. Your gums become inflamed and can bleed easily. The bone and surrounding gum tissues that support your teeth could deteriorate, causing more pain and loss of teeth. Many people ignore the symptoms, which can also include tenderness, persistent bad breath and taste, and plaque buildup beneath the gum line. Without treatment, symptoms become more severe and can contribute to systemic infections and loss of teeth and bone.
Risk Factors For Periodontal Disease
Certain generic factors and underlying medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes, predispose you to gum disease. Other influencing factors include:
• Age
• Smoking
• Genetics
• Stress
• Medications
• Clenching or grinding your teeth
• Poor nutrition and obesity
Many Risk Factors Are Avoidable
Neglecting your oral health is the leading cause of gum disease. We recommend that you brush your teeth twice a day and floss once a day. When food and bacteria remain on your teeth, they form plaque, which then hardens into tartar. Unlike sticky plaque, tartar cannot be removed from the teeth by brushing alone. This petrified substance causes the gum tissue to pull away from the teeth, forming small pockets that invite infection.
Lifestyle factors can increase your risk of gum disease, as well. For example, smoking cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or using pipes will irritate the tissues in your mouth and gums, causing them to become dried out. As a result, your gums will be more vulnerable to infections and disease. This holds true even if you quit smoking after many years.
Consultation Appointment
At Smile Esthetics Scottdale, we care about your periodontal health, and we will take the time to get to know you and discuss your condition and treatment options in detail.
To learn more and to schedule your professional consultation, contact Smile Esthetics Scottdale at (480) 867-1727.
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Anadarko, Oklahoma
Anadarko is a city in Caddo County, United States. This city is fifty miles southwest of Oklahoma City; the population was 6,762 at the 2010 census, a 1.8 percent gain from 6,645 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Caddo County. Anadarko got its name when its post office was established in 1873; the designation came from the Nadarko Native Americans, a branch of the Caddo, the "A" was added by clerical error. In 1871, the Wichita Agency was reestablished on the north bank of the Washita River after being destroyed in the American Civil War; the Wichita Agency administered the affairs of the Wichita and other tribes. In 1878, the Kiowa-Comanche Agency at Fort Sill was consolidated with the Wichita Agency. In 1901, the federal government allotted the lands of the Kiowa and Arapaho Reservations, opened the surplus land to white settlement. On August 6, 1901, an auction was held for homesteads and town lots. Around 5,000 people were living in "Rag Town" on the east edge of Anadarko awaiting the auction.
Although 20,000 people were present for auction day, Anadarko's population dwindled to 2,190 in 1907. Agriculture has been the principal driver of the local economy, since the Washita Valley has been good for crops and livestock; the second pillar of the local economy has been Native American affairs. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,762 people living in the city; the population density was 937 people per square mile. There were 2,800 housing units at an average density of 390.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 41.37% White, 6.23% African American, 41.26% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.07% from other races, 7.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.15% of the population. There were 2,387 households out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.6% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.6% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.32. In the city, the population was spread out with 32.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,035, the median income for a family was $27,633. Males had a median income of $26,063 versus $17,666 for females; the per capita income for the city was $12,062. About 23.3% of families and 28.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.8% of those under age 18 and 18.5% of those age 65 or over. Anadarko is the home of the Native American drum group Cozad Singers. Anadarko, self-titled "Indian Capital of the Nation", is home to the annual American Indian Exposition, it is one of two places in Oklahoma where a Lenape tribe is headquartered, the other being Bartlesville.
The city houses the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians. Anadarko is named after the Nadaco, a Caddo band now affiliated with the Caddo Nation. In the Caddo language, Nadá-kuh means "bumblebee place"; the Caddo are a federally recognized Native American tribe. Culturally, Anadarko is rare among Oklahoma cities. Locals are familiar with a few basic Indian words, such as haw-nay, Kiowa for "no." Wichita and Apache words are sometimes employed in casual conversation as well, such as hangy, ah-ho, bocote. Native American motifs are used for design and other aspects of daily life. Anadarko has a Bureau of Indian Affairs office; the town is situated between the Wichita and Delaware reservations to the north, the Kiowa and Apache reservations to the south. These reservations, along with all but the Osage Reservation in northeastern Oklahoma, were dismantled by the allotment of tribal lands to individual members, the opening of the "excess" lands to settlement, in a series of land openings.
The area surrounded by Anadarko was opened to settlement by a 1901 land lottery affecting the Kiowa, Comanche and Caddo lands. Anadarko is home to Riverside Indian School, a Bureau of Indian Education boarding and day school for Native American students. Indian City USA cultural center, now owned by the Kiowa Tribe, is located 2–1/2 miles southeast of Anadarko. Indian City is now closed. Anadarko Public Schools consists of three elementary schools, Sunset Elementary, East Elementary, Mission Elementary. There are 1,950 students. Eric Dabbs, former Oklahoma State University wrestler City of Anadarko Anadarko Chamber of Commerce Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Anadarko "Daily Democrat" newspaper hosted by the Gateway to Oklahoma History
Euphoria's Id
Euphoria's Id was an American garage rock band formed in Saco, Maine, in 1963. Remembered as a popular live attraction in the New England teen scene, the group released two singles in their recording career, including the band's regarded cover version of "Hey Joe". A favored inclusion on the New England Teen Scene compilation album series, a retrospective album was released in response to Euphoria's Id's reinterest; the band was active under the name the Electrons with a line-up that existed in 1963. Founding member Jay Snyder and David Wakefield were the only pieces of the first incarnation of the group to remain when personnel changes took place late in 1963; the line-up, which would record and remain for the duration of the group's existence, included Jimmy Drown, Skip Smith, Jimmy's cousin Terry Drown. Performing as the Nomads, the band became known as the Id in late-1964; as the Id became a well-attended attraction, the group received a role as house band at the teen dance club Trudeau's and hosted a series of dances called the Cherry a-Go-Go.
Among the musical acts the Id opened for were Herman's Hermits, Chubby Checker, the Strangeloves. According to Snyder in an interview with music historian Mike Dugo, the group's sound "was all about Jimmy’s single-coil, chunky-sounding Fender Strat, he was both a lead and rhythm player with deep roots into rock guitar traditions". He mentions "an organ, droning; that came about because of a harmonium drone part I heard and loved on Rubber Soul". In 1965, the Id entered Triple A Studios in Dorchester, Massachusetts to record their debut single, which included a cover version of "Morning Dew" and the proto-punk original "I Just Don't Understand You Baby". Although the release was regionally successful, it was Snyder's composition "Deception's Ice" and a cover version of "Hey Joe" which the band became best-remembered for. Per Jimmy Drown's suggestion, the Id's rendition featured a Byrds-inspired raga guitar line, with lyrics on par with the Shadows of Knight's take on the tune. Released under the name Euphoria's Id on Eadit Records in 1966, "Deception's Ice" in more recent times is catalogued at number 221 on the G45 Central website's 1,000 rarest garage records.
The group's rendition has swelled in popularity among garage rock revivalists, as it appears on compilation albums such as Pebbles, Volume 22, New England Teen Scene, I'm Losing Tonight! Volume 6; the website describes the cover as a "standout in a pack of heavyweight'Hey Joe' contenders". In September 1966, Euphoria's Id was forced to disband after Jimmy and Terry Drown were drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. Although the group considered reforming upon their return, Terry Drown was killed in combat a year later. Snyder and Smith continued jamming at University of Maine in the group Fate; the band recorded a test-pressing of Sgt. Death, a protest album focusing predominantly on the Vietnam War. Intended to be issued in 1968, the album was scrapped, but released 30 years on Rockadelic Records. After the death of Jim Drown in 2003, Snyder was encouraged to release an album which configured all of Euphoria's Id's recorded material. Issued on his own record label, Mastering the Art of French Kissing features the band's released songs as well as unreleased early rehearsal tapes.
Among the tracks is "Don't Count on Me", an original tune that bears a strong resemblance to the Standells' "Dirty Water". Euphoria's Id's song was recorded and performed live two years prior to the Standells releasing their hit song
John Freeman Loutit
John Freeman Loutit CBE FRS FRCP Also known as'Ian'. was an Australian haematologist and radiobiologist. He was born in the son of a locomotive engineer, he contributed to the development of improved techniques for the storage and transfusion of blood during the Second World War. After the war he became a leading researcher in the novel field of radiobiology, he established and ran the Medical Research Council's Radiobiology Unit at Harwell from 1947 to 1969. He gave the 1969 Bradshaw Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians on the subject of malignancies caused by radium, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1963. His candidature citation read: Distinguished for his experimental studies of tissue transplantation after lethal doses of ionising radiation. Skilful experiments led Loutit to form the opinion that, contrary to the prevailing view, the survival of irradiated mice after the implantation of haematropoietic tissue was due to colonization by living cells; the truth of this interpretation has been confirmed.
Loutit was the first to recognize'secondary disease' in irradiated mice restored by the transplantation of foreign cells, his interpretation of the disease as the consequence of a reaction of the grafted cells against their recipient is now accepted. Loutit has further shown that a substantial proportion of mice with leukaemia can be cured by whole body irradiation followed by the grafting of bone marrow cells. Earlier, he separated the mechanisms of origin of congenital haemolytics and acquired icterus and developed a practical method of increasing the storage time of bllod for transfusion. Loutit's work is fundamental to an understanding of the mechanism and repair of radiation injury and has important bearings on immunology and the study of leukaemias, he died in 1992. He had married Thelma Salusbury in 1941. Blood bank |
Friday and Saturday Appointments Available! 801-566-3332
Laser Dentistry
Lasers were first introduced into dentistry in the 1990s and have become a safe and effective way to administer many different dental treatments and keep the mouth healthy.
There are two types of lasers, hard tissue lasers and soft tissue lasers. A hard tissue laser can be used in treatments where bone and teeth structures need to be shaped or prepped, such as dental fillings. Soft tissue lasers are used to cut through and remove soft tissue in procedure such as crown lengthening.
However, soft tissue lasers have also become increasing used in periodontal disease treatment. Periodontal disease is a very severe form of gum disease. A soft tissue laser can be used to kill the bacteria infection, virtually sterilizing the gums, and activating the growth of tissues. A growing number of cosmetic dental practices are also incorporating these lasers into gingival sculpting procedures, to remove bacteria buildup below the gum line. A low intensity soft tissue laser is also known to be used to quicken the teeth whitening process. Hard tissue lasers also have their uses in the hygiene department as they can be used to detect the early signs of cavities by picking up on tooth decay.
Besides being an effective solution that assists dentist’s to provide patients with healthy mouths, there are numerous other benefits to laser dentistry.
The use of lasers and their precision during surgical procedures means there is less of a need to use anesthesia or sutures in the mouth. It minimises the bleeding during a procedure as the blood vessels are cauterized by the laser. Damage to surrounding tissue is brought to a minimum and wounds heal faster. Bacterial infections are eliminated as the laser steriles teeth and gums.
Laser dentistry is ideal for children or anxious patients as the lasers reduce any pain, discomfort or recovery time normally associated with dental procedures. |
The Importance of Sleep, Nutrition, and Exercise
Many people wonder what it takes to take good care of their bodies. They do not have sufficient information about what enables their systems to function properly. From the many suggestions that have been made by scientists, sleep, exercise and nutrion are top on the list.
The human body requires different types of nutrients. A good diet provides the body with all the nutrients that it needs to function properly. A good meal entails food items that are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Additionally, one should ensure that they take sufficient amounts of water at regular intervals throughout the day (Darby 2000, p. 5). One of the ways that can enable one to stick to a healthy diet is by seeking the services of a professional nutritionist. Unfortunately, many people do not invest in one until the doctor directs them to do so.
It is the duty of every individual to ensure that they follow the instructions given by their nutritionist. A visit to a local grocery is the beginning of putting a healthy meal on the table. Additionally, one should not wait until hunger pangs strike. Research has shown that the feeling of hunger is the last indicator that the nutrients required by the body need to be replenished. To avoid this scenario, people are advised to eat smaller portions of food at short intervals throughout the day (Gleeson, Nieman & Pedersen p. 20). Portions of fruits and vegetables interchanged with cooked meals are a perfect fit. When one achieves a routine of healthy eating, he/she should look out for other aspects that promote the functionality of their body and mind.
A fitness routine is essential for every human being. It enables the body muscles to achieve their optimal functionality while keeping away all the illnesses that are associated with a dormant lifestyle. The rise of the prevalence of diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases has caused an awakening about the importance of having a fitness routine. Doing exercise is just as important as having a healthy diet.
There are different types of exercise. Some require rigorous activities like lifting heavy weights or running to cover a given number of miles. A larger percentage of athletes are familiar with such rigorous activities. According to Smith and Stone everyone within the age of 20 to 45 years old can actively participate in rigorous exercises (p. 60). They two researchers also found out that after turning 20 years old, anyone who has a sedentary lifestyle loses approximately 250 grams of muscle mass every year (p. 65). Consequently, one does not attain all the benefits associated with a fully functional metabolism. Additionally, he/she has high chances of getting injured whenever doing activities that require over-exertion and straining. Such a person should engage in exercises that are less strenuous.
A fitness routine keeps the body muscles in good shape. Experts recommend that every person should take not less than 30 minutes in a day to do some exercise. One can begin with a warm-up session. Afterwards, one can engage in aerobic activities or in activities that stretch the different body muscles, tendons and ligaments. Stretching helps one to stay healthy by tightening the body muscles that are involved. According to Gleeson, Nieman and Pedersen it helps the ligaments, tendons as well as muscles to become flexible (p. 17). This enables one to undertake his/her daily activities with ease. The limbs of many people have a very limited range of motion because they do not have flexible muscles. This plays a pivotal role in the development of fatigue, which reduces their productivity.
Also See: Academic Admission Paper Writing Services
The activities not only help in strengthening the body muscles but also enable one to burn all the excess calories from their body. They help the body to gain a nutritional balance. Furthermore, they enhance a high rate of blood circulation within the various organs of the body. This ensures proper circulation of oxygen to the body enhancing proper metabolism. Therefore, one is able to stay away from obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
Sleep is an essential aspect in maintaining a healthy body and mind. With so many things that require one’s constant attention and action, many people easily choose to forgo sleep. Many students fall victim to such habits. They believe that working through the night increases their productivity in terms of the topics they can cover or the assignments they can complete at night. However, the reality is far from their belief. For instance, if one chooses to spend a better part of their night doing some unfinished work from the previous day he/she spends the following day feeling sleepy and fatigued. Consequently, one ends up performing very poorly in his/her day’s activities. No amount of nutritious food or exercise can correct the damage caused by lack of sufficient sleep.
The success of any person depends on how they balance their active hours and the hours they spend to sleep. Research has shown that the human brain requires time to sort out all the information that it receives while one is awake. This only occurs when one is asleep (Masse p.102). Once the information is sorted out, one becomes more alert and has minimal chances of getting confused during his/her productive hours. In addition, it allows the body muscles to rest. It also helps to slow the metabolic activities of the body thus lowering the chances of developing Type II diabetes. The immune system also receives a boost every time one takes time to sleep. An increased immune response to infections and diseases reduces the trips that one has to make to a healthcare facility. It enables one to save both time and money.
A health and fitness routine is an essential aspect. It should include the measures that one takes to stay both mentally and physically fit. Everyone needs to come up with a good nutritional plan to ensure that his/her body never lacks any of the essential nutrients. At the same time, one should ensure that he/she identifies certain types of exercises to do at a regular basis. This ensures that the body muscles, tendons and ligaments remain in good shape. Getting adequate sleep everyday should also be a top priority of everyone who wants to remain healthy. Sleep not only boosts the immune system but also enables the brain to function properly. |
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Treating SAD
For those in the Mid-west area, the Chicago Sun-Times just did an article about Seasonal Affective Disorder.
Bright ideas to treat despair of Seasonal Affective Disorder
By Jean Guarino
Anyone who says the cheerful rays of the sun don’t have a positive effect on your disposition has obviously never muddled through a depressingly dark Chicago winter.
This is the season when most people leave for work and return home in the dark, temperatures plummet, heating bills soar and even the most optimistic individuals are prone to prolonged bouts of grumpiness.
As the amount of sunlight decreases and the days grow shorter, almost everyone suffers a certain amount of depression. But for millions of Americans, these darker winter days trigger the onset of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a clinical condition that affects their ability to work and results in depression.
Over the past 20 years, there have been numerous studies on the causes and treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder. Clinicians and researchers now believe that SAD is a cyclical illness prevalent in the fall and winter months that is directly related to the amount of light that is absorbed through the eyes.
This winter depression is caused by a connection between the optic nerve and melatonin, a chemical in the brain. SAD is triggered when the brain releases too much of this chemical at the wrong time, specifically during short dark winter days when bright sunlight is at a premium.
For most people SAD is a mild condition that is generally referred to as the “winter blues.” But for others SAD is a seriously disabling illness that prevents them from functioning normally without continuous treatment.
Seasonal Affective Disorder occurs throughout the Northern and Southern hemispheres and is extremely rare in those living near the Equator where daylight hours are long and extremely bright.
In the United States, the disorder usually begins to affect people around the beginning of October when the sun sets around 6 p.m. But its effect becomes even more pronounced with the end of Daylight Savings Time when the summer ratio of prolonged sun to minimal darkness is reversed and people spend more time in darkness than they do in sunlight.
Full article here: Chicago Sun-Times |
Not just “le mot juste”
A monumental new translation of the Hebrew Bible
Robert Alter’s version has taken decades to produce. He makes the case for a more literary rendering of the ancient text
Books, arts and culture
IN 1997 Gary Paul Morson, an American professor of Slavic literature, reflected on the work of Constance Garnett, the translator who introduced Tolstoy, Chekhov and Dostoevsky to the English-speaking world. “Every time someone else redoes one of these works,” he wrote, “reviewers say that the new version replaces Garnett; and then another version comes out, which, apparently, replaces Garnett again, and so on.” Much the same can be said about the King James version of the Hebrew Bible, for centuries considered the authoritative English translation.
A new, complete translation seeks to set itself apart from both the King James version and from modern translations. Robert Alter first rendered the Book of Genesis in English in the 1990s, with no “quixotic” plan, in his words, to take on the whole Hebrew Bible. A professor of Hebrew and comparative literature at the University of California, Berkeley, Mr Alter had long argued that the literary aspects of biblical prose and poetry had been overlooked by scholars. In translating Genesis—and later, book by book, the rest of the Hebrew Bible—he sought to amend this.
Mr Alter’s full translation, which took him 24 years to complete, was published in December 2018; in “The Art of Bible Translation”, a companion book published this month, he discusses the principles that guided his work. The King James version and the modern translations both fall short, he argues. The modern translations, taken on by committees with philological expertise, often focus on getting the lexical meanings of the text right, but lack literary sensitivity. They underestimate readers and over-explain the text, Mr Alter says, disambiguating the many possible meanings of a word in favour of a single one, resulting in a “deceptive antiseptic clarity”. The committee responsible for the King James version, on the other hand, while more loyal to the original Hebrew in its literalism, lacked philological expertise. And moreover, for all their fine sense of English, the language has changed somewhat since 1611, when their translation was first published.
“The Art of Bible Translation” focuses on five main linguistic elements: syntax, word choice, sound play and word play, rhythm and the language of dialogue. For each of these, Mr Alter provides examples that illustrate the challenges involved, showing how a literary sensibility can affect the outcome for the better. The story of Jacob and Esau, for example, is used to demonstrate the importance of maintaining the original word choice. Esau, hungry from an unsuccessful hunt, enters Jacob’s tent, where his brother is preparing a lentil stew. In Mr Alter’s translation, Esau says: “Let me gulp down some of this red red stuff, for I am famished.” The original Hebrew simply reads ha’adom ha’adom hazeh, “this red-red”—but the King James version and the New Jerusalem Bible opt for “that same red pottage”. In the attempt to familiarise the text to English readers, Esau’s inarticulate crudeness is lost. “Foreignising” the text, Mr Alter argues, is preferable to “domesticating” it.
A distinctive feature of biblical syntax is the use of parataxis: the linking of clauses by and rather than by subordinate conjunctions such as because or although. The King James translators, presumably to avoid tampering too much with the word of God, tended to preserve parataxis. Modern English translations, however, largely dispense of it, in favour of a supposed clarity—thus losing what Mr Alter calls the “beautifully uncoiling rhythmic sequence” of the original, as well as the artful ambiguity created by the absence of a direct causal link. Other sins against the ancient text include “airbrushing” the original Hebrew, attempting to smooth over its concrete simplicity with the reflexes and embellishments of a copy editor. Mr Alter prefers short, blunt Anglo-Saxon words, which are closer to the simple Hebrew in effect, to those with Latin or Greek origins.
Mr Alter rightly notes that many recent translations seem a bit detached from modern literature. Still, there are instances in which a greater sensitivity to pop culture would have benefitted his own work. After King Saul fails to obey the word of God, and takes his enemies’ sheep and cattle rather than killing them outright, he is informed by the prophet Samuel that he has fallen out of favour. In Mr Alter’s rendering, Samuel asks: “And why did you not heed the voice of the LORD, for you pounced on the booty and did evil in the eyes of the LORD?” To younger readers, pouncing on booty might sound less like a biblical sin and more like a lyric by Nicki Minaj. Given that Mr Alter is 83 years old, this is understandable, but it further illustrates how mercurial language can be, and how even the most careful translations can miss the mark on occasion.
Mr Alter’s translation is unlikely to unseat the King James version, if only for reasons of historical attachment. Yet even if it is sometimes hard to share in Mr Alter’s outrage at the “egregious choices” some other Bible translations have made, his argument for a more literary rendering is sound and convincing. “The Art of Bible Translation” is a compelling book, which demonstrates both the extent of Mr Alter’s mastery and the degree of care and attention he put into this momentous project.
We talked to Robert Alter for a podcast (below). Skip to 17:33 to listen to the interview.
Reuse this contentThe Trust Project |
Sheet Mulching
As we come into the fall season it’s a great time to start thinking about planning new garden spaces. Sheet mulching, or lasagna composting, can make your job much easier. Sheet Mulching is a technique of layering organic materials, nitrogen (green) and carbon (brown), onto existing soils to create planting beds rich in organic matter by composting in place.
Some additional reasons for Sheet Mulching include suppressing weeds by composting on top of them, build soil structure by adding compost (once broken down) teaming with beneficial microbes and insects, improve nutrient levels and water retention. Lastly, recycle yard and household (compostable) materials by piling up like lasagna on top of your planned bed.
Materials you can use: Leaves, grass clippings, branches (the smaller the better), newspaper, cardboard, coffee filters, paper products, etc… There are many different combinations of materials and methods but here is one easy way of doing it.
1. Lie down or flatten existing growth where you plan to prepare bed. Pile a thin layer a few inches thick of debris on top, weeds are ok as the seeds will not be able to germinate underneath the additional layers. Finished compost mixed into this layer is a good idea if you plan to plant the space shortly after.
2. Lightly wet the area with the hose. You want the consistency of a rung out sponge, not too wet but not too dry. Adding moisture to this layer is important to start the decomposition process. Once the top layers are added it will be hard for water to penetrate through.
3. Lay down a layer of cardboard or paper. Feel free to use whatever you have lying around, just be sure to use only materials that will break down, no plastic. Make sure to overlap each piece of material by a few inches so there are no gaps, unless you plan on planting in specific areas. Once again lightly wet this layer.
4. Add another thin layer of organic material. This should be approximately 3 inches thick but anywhere close is fine. In this layer I like to use grass clippings and leaves because they break down faster than woody debris. To top it off spread a layer of compost and soak with water. The compost gives the bed a clean, finished look while also starting the decomposition process. You don’t need to stop there if you want to keep stacking layers, just be sure to keep mixing in both green and brown materials to keep a good carbon to nitrogen ratio.
5. Plant right away through the layers or wait a season until the material has a compost/soil composition. I like to do this in the fall so beds are ready for spring.
Work smarter, not harder!
-Joe Shafner |
Environmental Health : How to Recycle Used Computers – What? Why? How?
Environmental Health : How to Recycle Used Computers
Recycling used computers is important to avoid spreading the heavy metals, like zinc, lead and copper, into the environment. Discover where to recycle electronics, visiting eRecycle.com for…
Video Rating: 3 / 5
You may also like...
25 Responses
1. chubz1337 says:
well if the old computers still work you could put linux on them and give
them to people who dont have a computers.
2. AndrewKoala says:
@royme55 – I’m not suggesting we dump our garbage everywhere. I have 1st
hand exp. with chemically polluted water-table. My point about perpetuating
the problem refers to how industry thinks (not I) because Industry only
considers profit, and not lives. Be it cancer research scam, or Emission
Trading Scam or a host of other Industry & Govt.. Sponsored scams. Though
it is true that everything (given enough time) is recyclable. The whole
planet grows in thickness by approx 3 ft every 1000 years
3. justin somerville says:
lol intro dumb
4. Lupu Florin says:
☺/ /▌ /
5. sabery says:
.. on a side note…how does hair dye effect the environment?
6. Adrian Rosario says:
I smell socialism….
7. kazimann says:
Old on a minute, where do these metals come from: The earth.
8. Flowredrum says:
Get a flamethrower and burn your old computer to a molten mass. Problem
9. 9057979page says:
Copper is a heavy metal???? Guess we better start worrying about our water
pipes. Idiot video
10. Martyj2009 says:
Wow, you go to a video that says “How to do something” it doesn’t tell you
how to do it. No it links you to a place where you can find out how. Epic
11. eklectric says:
please please listen to this guy. For now, most (if not all) of our old
computers end up being torn apart by families in rural China. Yes Europe
and the US dump their stuff over there. Just type “Guiyu” in google to
understand what really goes on. even just the pictures should ring some
alarm signal. If we recycle our stuff HERE, we wouldn’t have to send it
over THERE. benefitting all the RIGHT people.
12. JOHNOOH says:
that mans a modern day hippie!!- and i love him
13. iExD says:
don’t forget sillicon!
14. Noeud524 says:
I really tough it was a computer..
15. royme55 says:
It is that supid idea that the world is endless that would have us all up
to our ears in garbage. You are an idiot if you think we can go on dumping
our junk anywhere we want and the world will just gobble it up. If you were
in charge our children will be swimming a toxic soup.
16. FdWar757 says:
You people are idiots. All he’s trying to tell you is not to put dangerous
materials into the environment. It’s people like you that are killing our
wildlife and making it harder for us to live. BEFORE I GET FLAMED. I AM A
17. gloggmasterer says:
yeah they just mistake everything for granite, bad eyesight is what i blame
it on
18. mysonnewow says:
stupid video, we get alot of these metals from mining them from the ground,
if we get them there y cant we put them back?
19. AndrewKoala says:
The planet has a metal core. That’s why we have a magnetic field. It also
generates heat, and gives the planet life, otherwise it would be a rock in
space. You and other life would not exist. Everything is eventually
consumed by the earth, you dopey twit. Recycling saves the mining companies
money digging it out, and costs the consumer money to recycle. Where
there’s muck, there’s money. If you can’t solve the problem, perpetuate it
and make lots of money in the process.
20. sheapet says:
what an amateur video
21. zildcrab says:
Good answer, but calling somebody else mistakes doesn’t release you from
your own.
22. FinalFan0 says:
These people are idiots. However, you should believe in the destruction of
the polar Bears and penguins habitat; that is Global Weirding.
23. TheGreenOrchestra says:
Green is the way to go! I made a video called “One World” that I hope will
inspire many. Check it out and tell me what you think. Just trying to make
a difference…
24. gleegirloz says:
Good work,thanks I’ve been holding on to a couple of pc’s & TV’s Radios,et
al, cos I didn’t know what to do with them!Thasnk you very much!
25. evanlomas says:
hahaha “aaaagh im not a computer im just foolin with you!”
Leave a Reply
|
Depression and Heart Disease
Arteries are the vessels that carry blood with oxygen from the heart and lungs to all parts of the body, including the brain. Our cells require a steady supply of this oxygen in order to do their work. A lack of blood flow for more than four minutes can kill the cells of the body and brain. With aging, however, the walls of the arteries become narrowed with cholesterol deposits, just as sediment can build up inside plumbing pipes. When the buildup is large enough, or if a plug or blood clot blocks the narrowed artery, the artery is no longer able to supply blood to the cells.
A heart attack occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart itself are blocked, and an area of cells in the heart muscle dies because of the lack of oxygen. Although a major heart attack may be immediately fatal, many people survive lesser heart attacks, and their hearts continue to function despite the damaged area of muscle. But when someone has had a heart attack, the risk of developing depression can be as high as 15 to 20 per cent. The shock of such a close brush with death can be terrifying. You are forced to take stock of the stresses in your life, and decide what is important to you. It’s upsetting to realize that, if you don’t make substantial changes in your lifestyle, you may die very soon. Joining a rehabilitation and exercise programme on your doctor’s advice and talking to someone about your fears can be helpful.
Sometimes, after a heart attack or even before, your doctor may recommend bypass surgery. In this operation, unblocked veins from the leg are transplanted to the heart to replace damaged arteries. This procedure brings a better supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle, which helps the heart function better. Despite this improvement, almost 40 per cent of bypass patients develop clinical depression after the procedure. In the first year after surgery, this depressed group has three to four times more risk of dying than the people who do not develop depression after the surgery. We don’t know why there is such a high rate of depression, but treatment with adequate doses of antidepressants can help. |
Some day children with growth plate injuries could avoid deformities, children with cystic fibrosis could have better treatments, and children with birth defects could grow new bone, thanks to a new collaboration between the Colorado School of Mines Office of Research and Technology Transfer and the Children’s Hospital Colorado Research Institute.
Launched in early 2013, the co-funded Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado/Colorado School of Mines Collaboration Pilot Awards provide seed grants of up to $20,000 to promote teamwork and generate preliminary data for larger grants from the National Institutes of Health. In March, the first recipients of these seed grants were announced:
Melissa Krebs, an assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering at Mines, and Karin Payne, an assistant professor of orthopedics at the University of Colorado Denver, are developing an injectible, sustained-release biomaterial system to promote normal healing of growth plate injuries. The growth plate is a region of cartilage at the end of children’s bones that provides the signals for lengthening as children grow. However, trauma to the growth plate can cause abnormalities and uneven growth. Krebs and Payne are developing a means of depositing growth factors at an injury site that could heal such injuries before they cause abnormal growth. Krebs’ role is designing a delivery system, a hydrogel containing tiny, biodegradable polymer microspheres that carry growth factors. She envisions how it might one day be used: “The patient comes in and is diagnosed with a growth plate injury and the physician can take a ready-to-go syringe out of the fridge and inject it.”
Keith Neeves, assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering at Mines, will team up with Shama Ahmad, a pediatrics researcher at the University of Colorado, to study cystic fibrosis (CF) by creating ‘lungs on a chip,’ made up of tiny pathways colonized with cells, some chips with healthy lung cells and some with lung cells from CF patients. Tiny plugs of mucus passing through the chips will simulate the excessive coughing of CF patients, which can damage lung cells and inhibit breathing. Ultimately, Neeves’ microsystem-based, lung models will be used to test new CF treatments.
Steve Boyes, associate professor of chemistry at Mines, and Sven-Olrik Streubel, an otolaryngolost from Children’s, are developing next-generation polymer scaffolds, upon which to grow new bone. Doctors have traditionally used bone from other regions of the body, or from cadavers, to repair malformations. As an alternative, Boyes’ lab is working on a strong, moldable polymer scaffold, infused with peptides and bone growth factors, that eventually biodegrades, leaving healthy bone in its place. “It’s a long way off,” he stresses. “But in children with congenital birth defects in their jaw, we could take a mold of what the surgeon wants to put in there, design a polymer to look like that mold and implant it so it grows bone, and they could grow a normal facial structure.” |
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Who Is Allah?
Who Is Allah?
Bruce B. Lawrence
Copyright Date: 2015
Pages: 240
• Cite this Item
• Book Info
Who Is Allah?
Book Description:
This vivid introduction to the heart of Islam offers a unique approach to understanding Allah, the central focus of Muslim religious expression. Drawing on history, culture, theology, politics, and the media, Bruce B. Lawrence identifies key religious practices by which Allah is revered and remembered, illuminating how the very name of Allah is interwoven into the everyday experience of millions of Muslims.For Muslims, as for adherents of other religions, intentions as well as practices are paramount in one's religious life. Lawrence elucidates how public utterances, together with private pursuits, reflect the emotive, sensory, and intellectual aspirations of the devout. Ranging from the practice of the tongue (speaking) to practices in cyberspace (online religious activities), Lawrence explores how Allah is invoked, defined, remembered, and also debated. While the practice of the heart demonstrates how Allah is remembered in Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, the practice of the mind examines how theologians and philosophers have defined Allah in numerous contexts, often with conflicting aims. The practice of the ear marks the contemporary period, in which Lawrence locates and then assesses competing calls for jihad, or religious struggle, within the cacophony of an immensely diverse umma, the worldwide Muslim community.
eISBN: 978-1-4696-2327-6
Subjects: Religion
Table of Contents
1. Front Matter
(pp. i-vi)
2. Table of Contents
(pp. vii-x)
3. Preface
(pp. xi-xiv)
4. Introduction
(pp. 1-24)
Allah is said to be ubiquitous, all encompassing, and inescapable. Allah is a name but more than a name. Allah is the name for one beyond limits, including the limits of naming. How can we approach this puzzle? Can we dare to examine, interpret, and perhaps explain the pervasive name that supersedes all other names? Can we accept it as the thing that eludes all efforts to appropriate, to contain, and so to restrict it?
Perhaps we must be content with traces. And so we begin by looking at a prayer, a hymn, an aphorism, and a pop song. Later...
5. CHAPTER ONE Allah Invoked Practice of the Tongue
(pp. 25-54)
Daily engagement with Allah, by whatever name He is known, becomes a key approach to understanding the Thing, the Absolute, the One. It is where Muslims begin, with the daily, constant, and varied invocation of the name Allah, often in the phraseAllah taʿala, Allah the Lofty the Exalted (lit. “Allah—may He be exalted”). To paint a tapestry as rich and varied as the inflection of Allah in everyday life, one must discern patterns. I have elected three. The first looks at the intimate link of the Thing, the One to the man, the many. It is an approach...
6. CHAPTER TWO Allah Defined Practice of the Mind
(pp. 55-83)
There are two paths to knowing, and practicing, the name Allah. One is content, the other context. Content focuses on the who and what: who said what about Allah? Context focuses on the where and how: where did the knower or practitioner invoke, or rely on, the name Allah? And how did he or she share with others that knowledge or practice of Allah?
Mere mention of the pronoun “she” brings an instant qualification: nearly all those who are cited in speaking about Allah are men. Their musings and arguments are center stage in the vast literary corpus that has...
7. CHAPTER THREE Allah Remembered Practice of the Heart
(pp. 84-117)
Beyond invoking or defining Allah lies the task of remembering Allah, as both Omar Khayyam and Ibn ʿArabi understood intuitively.¹ At first glance, one might ask: what distinguishes invoking Allah from remembering Allah? The two seem very close. Both are practices dedicated to Allah, yet there is a discernible line separating them.
Invoking Allah is a performative activity; it becomes part of the inventory of activities expected of a devout Muslim. While it might be reflective, it can be, and often is, simply instinctual or habitual. Remembering Allah, however, requires an intense, dedicated practice of introspection. It begins with a...
8. CHAPTER FOUR Allah Debated Practice of the Ear
(pp. 118-140)
Debunking Allah is the pastime of cynics, critics, and mimics. Sometimes the most intelligent people engage in these activities, and because of their mass appeal, now expanded by the Internet and the World Wide Web, they must be acknowledged. Are they largely polemical? Yes. Is there a small residue of truth in their disparagements? Yes, and for that reason, and only for that reason, must they be acknowledged, their perspectives explored, their grievances aired.
The Omar Khayyam cited here mimics the secret prized by Sufis. Can it be read as a rejection of Allah (here translated as God)? Yes, especially...
9. CHAPTER FIVE Allah Online Practices in Cyberspace
(pp. 141-162)
It has often been remarked that Arabic is the sacred language of Islam, so much so that one cannot imagine Islamic discourse or ritual or community or piety without Arabic. To put that pronouncement in perspective, one needs only to consider that over 80 percent of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims are not Arabs. They neither speak Arabic nor have Arab ancestry. They are non-Arabs. Most come from two parts of Asia: the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia; and the Pacific archipelago, or Southeast Asia. Yet the last prophet, in an Islamic calculus, was the Arab merchant turned messenger Muhammad,...
10. Conclusion
(pp. 163-182)
How to think the unthought or imagine the unimaginable?¹ It is at once a project and a challenge—to the mind, to the heart, and even to the notion of self for all those attached to the Name, the Thing, the Absolute, the One: Allah. It has occupied wordsmiths, intellectuals, scholars, mystics, and mainstream practitioners—from the seventh century to the twenty-first century. It has also occupied artists whose language is channeled through the hand and directed to the eyes, the ears, and also the heart. Artists ask: How can art redefine, and reconfigure, what is meant by Allah? Convention...
11. Glossary
(pp. 183-186)
12. Notes
(pp. 187-202)
13. Bibliography
(pp. 203-208)
14. Acknowledgments
(pp. 209-212)
15. Index
(pp. 213-224)
16. Back Matter
(pp. 225-225) |
Meditation Keeps Your Brain Young
The researcher’s first studylooked at long-term meditators and the results showed that those with a strong meditation background had increased gray matter in several areas of the brain, including the auditory and sensory cortex, as well as insula and sensory regions.
The neuroscientists also found that the meditators had more gray matter in another brain region, this time linked to decision-making and working memory: the frontal cortex. In fact, while most people see their cortexes shrink as they age, 50-year-old meditators in the study had the same amount of gray matter as those half their age.
Even just eight weeks of meditation changed people’s brains for the better. There was thickening in the left hippocampus (involved in learning, memory, and emotional regulation); the TPJ (involved in empathy and the ability to take multiple perspectives); and a part of the brainstem called the pons (where regulatory neurotransmitters are generated).
The brains of the new meditators saw shrinkage of the amygdala, a region of the brain associated with fear, anxiety, and aggression. This reduction in size of the amygdala correlated to reduced stress levels in those participants.
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Biological Turntable
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) is a kind of biological membrane wastewater treatment technology. It was developed by the original federal Germany in the 1960s and was developed on the basis of biological filters. It is also known as immersed biological filters.
The process has the advantages of flexible system design, convenient installation, simple operation, reliable system, low operation and operating costs; it does not require aeration or sludge return, saves energy, and simultaneously degrades anaerobic and oxygen consumption. Short contact time can get higher purification effect.
Biological rotating disc is a biological treatment structure composed of a water tank and a rotating disc body partially immersed in sewage, mainly including a rotating disc (disc body), a contact reaction tank, a rotating shaft and a driving device, etc., and can also be installed above the oxidation tank if necessary The protective cover plays the role of sheltering from the wind, rain and heat.
Biological turntable purification process
The biological turntable replaces the fixed filter material with a rotating disk. During operation, the turntable is immersed or partially immersed in the contact reaction tank filled with sewage, driven by the driving device. The rotating shaft drives the turntable to rotate continuously at a certain linear speed. The turntable is in contact with sewage and air alternately. After a period of rotation, a layer of biofilm will adhere to the disk. When transferred into the sewage, the biofilm adsorbs the organic pollutants in the sewage, and absorbs the dissolved oxygen in the outer water film of the biofilm to decompose the organic matter, and the microorganisms can reproduce themselves in this process; when the turntable is turned out of the reaction tank In contact with air, the air continuously dissolves into the water film, increasing its dissolved oxygen. In this process, in addition to the transfer of organic matter (BOD, COD) and O2 between the biofilm attached to the turntable and sewage and air. There are other substances, such as the transfer of CO2, NH3, etc., forming a continuous process of adsorption, oxidative decomposition, and oxygen absorption, so that the sewage is continuously purified. |
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The Phonetic Comparison Between the Yi Language and EnglishAbstract:People in Liangshan Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture speakthe Yi Language, which is a completely different language from English. The writer of this paper carried out a research to make a comparison and a contrast of the two languages in phonetics, for the purpose that the result of the research could not only help Yi students to understand the phonetic characteristics of the two languages and clear the obstacles in learning English, but also help English teachers in Liangshan design some scientific teaching methods and improve the foreign language teaching conditions there. The writer has been to middle schools in Puge County, Liangshan Prefect. to do some investigation with questionnaires and mini-type meetings, where she discussed the differences of the phonetics in the two languages and the difficulties Yi students face, from which she has got precious first-hand materials. The writer found that, apart from the different phonetic symbols in the two languages, some more differences exist in their intonation, tune and phoneme. As the writer focuses on the difference of phonetic symbols, she will discuss in this paper the following points: 1. some phonetics symbols intheYilanguage and English are the same both in form and pronunciation; 2. some phonetics symbols in the Yi language and English are the same in form but different in pronunciation; 3. some phonetics symbols in the Yi language and English are different in form but the same in pronunciation; 4. apart from vowels and consonants,the Yi language has some initial consonants andvowels；5. English has some diphthongs，but the Yi language hasn’t. Finally, the writer proposes a few constructive suggestions to the English teaching in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture.Key words:English; the Yi language; phonetics; comparison; constructive suggestions for teaching摘要：凉山彝族自治州的多数居民说的彝语是和英语完全不同的一门语言。为了提高彝族学生的英语水平，提高彝族地区的英语教学质量，本文作者对彝语和英语的语音进行了对比，目的是找出两种语言在语音方面的异同，帮助彝族学生认识两种语言，扫清英语学习障碍；同时帮助彝族地区的英语教师制定出科学的教学方法，改进凉山州目前的英语教学落后状况。本文作者到彝族地区普格县对中学生做了问卷调查，并开了小型座谈会与彝族学生面对面交流，获取了第一手资料。作者发现，英语和彝语的语音除了可以在音标上比较异同，还可从语调、声调、音素组成入手进行阐述。音标上存在以下差异：1彝语和英语音标写法与发音均相同；2彝语和英语音标写法相同而发音不同；3彝语和英语音标写法不同而发音相同；4彝语语音除元音和辅音外，还存在声母和韵母；5英语语音中存在双元音，而彝语中没有。最后，作者对彝族地区的英语教学提出了一些建设性的建议。关键字: 英语； 彝语； 语音； 对比； 教学Ⅰ. IntroductionYi language belongs to theYi language branchofSino-Tibetanlanguage system, andis quitedifferent from English either in origin or in phoneme. For many reasons, the English teaching in Yi area is backward compared to the interior areafor a long time, which becomes one of the biggest obstacles in the process of Yi students’ study. Many talented and diligent Yi students are refused by many top universitiesin Chinajust becauseoftheir poor English. In addition to the reasons of study environment, study condition and teaching method, the differencesof speech organs and speech habitsbetween English and Yi language are also theobstacles of English-learningof Yi students. And all of these obstacles result in inevitable influence in English learningin Yi area.In order to offer useful information to the English teachers and Yi studentsin Yi area, the research team first made an thorough research of the English and Yi language phonetics and then penetratethe middle schools of Yi area( Puge countyof Liangshan Yi people autonomous prefecture)and communicate with the Yi students face to face to obtain the first-hand materials.Throughmeans of investigate-questionnaire and the mini-symposium, wecommunicatedwith the local Yi students, acquired the first-hand materials, and finally find out the similarities and differences between English and Yi language in phoneticsand the common problemsthat the Yi students facein English-learning. And I hope the research would have some help in improving the English teaching in Yi area and inimproving the Yi students’ English ability.Ⅱ. Phonetic symbols of the two languagesEnglish contains 26 phonetic symbols, of all these phonetic symbols, there are 5 vowels and 21 consonants. Every phonetic symbol has one or more than one sound. Thus, English totally has 44 phonemes, if take [ts],[dz],[tr],[dr] into consideration, then there are 48 phonemesin English. The written form of phoneme is phonemic alphabet,that is phonemic symbol. One phonemic alphabet stands for one phoneme. English totally contains 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs, and 24 consonants.On the contrary, Yi language is a syllable characterlanguage, that is to say, one character stands for one syllablein Yi language. Yi language totally has 10 vowels and 43 consonants. The comparison between the two languages is as following.vowelconsonantEnglishMonophthongDiphthongStops[p][t][k][b][d][g]Fricatives[f][][s][][h][v][][z][]Affricates[][]Liquids[l][r]Nasals[m][n][]Glides[w][j]Front vowels[i:][i][e][]Central vowels[][][]Back vowels[][][][][][ei][][ai][au][][][][]Yi language [ie] [i] [a] [uo] [o][e] [u] [ur] [y] [yr]Bilabial[b] [bb] [nb] [p] [hm] [m]Labio-dental[f] [v]Glottal[hx]Front apical sound [z] [c] [zz] [nz] [s] [ss]Central apical sound [d] [t] [dd] [nd] [hn] [n] [hl] [l]Back apical sound [zh] [ch] [rr] [nr] [sh] [r]Velar [g] [k] [gg] [mg] [ng] [h] [w]Palatal [j] [q] [jj] [nj] [ny] [x] [y]According to the analysis of the materialsthat we collected, we can know that there are many phonetic similarities and differences between English and Yi language, mainly prominent as following:ⅰ. the phonetic symbols that have similar written form and pronunciation in the two languagesPhonetic symbolsYi languageEnglishiIqi(head) idix(clothes)Sit misspPbbo(flag) polix(barn)Port paynNekop(mile) neddu(cushion)Not nicefTaxkefo(altar)futma (six)Fine failvVosy(snow) voco(human)Save votetTekop(time) tebbo(pineapple)Toe toplLezhyp(rope)leho(corral)Life longkKeddiho(northwest)kebbo(ratify)Key killhHevat(pot)hexjjy(fine)Hat havesSyke(cucumber) saxle(cotton)Sip sealrRyyi(hut)roxjy(economize)Red raw ⅱ.the phonetic symbols that have same written form but different pronunciation in the two languagesPhoneticsymbolsYi languageEnglishesheddu(iorn) ne(you)bed deadbbosimv(protection) bowzhyw(strong)back baddbvdex(praise) depshe(welcome)dad darkggeapmop(great) getlv(technology)game greatwwega(effort) wejjip(victory)what whyzzyly(bell) zytmop (hoe)zip zonejjibbv(aside) jipxi(relatives)yet yellowⅲ. the phonetic symbols that have the same pronunciation but different written form in the two languagesYi languagephonetic symbolsExamples English phoneticsymbolsexamplesyjjossy(forever)i:eatieieqip(duck egg)edeadoobbu(smart)sortuouoma(head)foxuwu(intestines)ubookessheddu(iron)aboutbbbborrox(delegate)bbackggggeddu(information)ggamextatxi(should)missionⅢ.The other differences between the two languagesYi language and English belong to totally different language systems, Yi language belongs to Sino-Tibetanlanguage system, while English belongs toIndo-European language system. So, we can compare the phonetic differences not only in phonetic symbols, but also in tone, intonation, formation of pronunciation, diphthong, consonant and vowels.ⅰ. the tone of Yi languageTones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning just like phonemes; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages. English is not a tone language. Yi language, however, is a typical tone language. It has four tones. And the role of the tone can be well illustrated by pronouncing the same sound combination such as‘o’in the four different tones.Ot(under) ox(have done) o(kidney) op(goose)In Yi language, a syllable can be pronounced in different ways, thus result in different meanings. This is the definition of tone in Yi language which can distinguishdifferent meanings through different pronunciation.The Yi language in Liangshan , a syllable stands for a character, and a character consists of consonant, vowel, and tone.In addition to distinguish the meaning of word, the tone also has grammatical function. For example:xit(bite) nga shep(I look for) nga mo ox(I have seen)xix(what) nga shex(look for me) nagx mo ox(have seen me)Liangshan Yi language has four tones, that is .ⅱ. the intonation of EnglishWhen pitch, stress sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation playsan important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. English has fourbasic types of intonation, known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, and the rise-fall tone. The most frequently used are the first three. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said. Compare the following three different ways of saying the same sentence:1. ‘That’s ‘not the ‘book he ‘wants.2. ‘That’s ‘not the ‘book he,wants.3. ‘That’s,not the book he,wants.Spoken in the falling-tone, version1 simply states a fact, i.e., the book in question is not the one he wants. Version2, said in the rising tone, indicates uncertainty on the part of the speaker; he is asking the question: is that not the book he wants? Version3, spoken in the fall-rise tone indicates that apart from what is said literally, there is an implied message, i.e., besides telling the listener that the book in question is not the one he wants.Intonation can make a certain part of sentence especially prominent by placing the nucleus it. Nucleus refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit. Within one intonation unit, the nucleus normally falls on the last stressed syllabe. Shifting the nucleus to another syllable, normally stressed or unstressed, will cause difference in meaning.ⅲ.in addition to consonants and vowels,there are initial consonantsand vowels(韵母) in Yi languageConsonants and vowels are classified in terms of manner of phoneme, while initial consonants and vowels(韵母) are classified in terms of the place of the phoneme in a syllable. Generally speaking, a syllable is divided into two part, the front part is initial consonants and the back part is vowel(韵母).Initial consonant is the consonant of the beginningof a syllable, and the vowel(韵母) is the left part of a syllable. i.e., sso(study) and ma(bamboo), in these two syllables, ‘ss’and ‘m’are initial consonants, ‘o’and ‘a’are vowels(韵母).But here what Iwant to point out is that consonants and initial consonants are different concepts, the same as vowels and vowels(韵母). All initial consonants are served by consonants, but not all consonants in the syllables are initial consonants. And though nearly every vowel can act as vowel(韵母), but the phonemes which are serves as vowels(韵母) are not limited in vowels. So, we can say that the scope of vowels is less than the scope of vowels(韵母).ⅳ.the diphthongs that English phonetics has but Yi language does notIn English there are a number of diphthongs, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.But in Yi language there aren’t diphthongs. And t theEnglishdiphthongs include[ei][ai][au][][][][][][].ⅴ. both languages have some phonetic symbols which do not exist in the other language.The phonetic symbols whichexist only in Yi languageThe phonetic symbols whichexist only in Englishvowels[uo][ie][ur][y][yr]consonants[bb][nb][hm][dd][nd][hn][hl][gg][mg][hx][ng][zz][nz][zh][ch][rr][nr][sh][j][nj][ny][x][y]Ⅳ. The difficulties of Yi students in pronunciation when learning EnglishOur investigate target includes the first grade and the second grade students of middle school in Puge county. Of the investigation about 120 Yi students in Puge middle school and Puge ethnic middle school, we find out most of the students, though cannot articulate some phonetic symbols, they can articulate the words which contain these phonetic symbols. From this point, we can figure out that the English teachers don’t pay much attention to the pronunciation of phonetic symbols, but to the pronunciation of the single word which cause the students cannot understand the phonemes and cannot pronouncethe word by themselves. And thus they can only rely upon teachers, without teachers, they would lose the ability of self-study. And some English teachers cannot articulate the phonetic symbols themselves, no speak of teaching the students. We also found that during the process of leaning English phonetic symbols, the students always try to find the English phonetic symbols’ counterparts in Yi phonetic symbols, if they cannot find the counterparts, they would guess the pronunciation without any scientific reasons, and always mistake[] into [s], and mistake [] into [z], and do not care the long vowels and the short vowels. The phonetic symbols that Yi students always make mistake are listed as follow:Phonetic symbolsWrong pronunciationthe right pronunciation rate of phonetic symbolsthe right pronunciation rate of wordsReasons of wrong pronunciation[b]Pronounce it into [b] in Yi language10% (12 students)81.1% (96 students)There exist same writing form phonetic symbols in Yi language[d]Pronounce it into [d] in Yi language11.7% (14 students )80% (96 students )There exist same writing form phonetic symbols in Yi language[q]Pronounce it into [q] in Yi language14.2% (11 students )80% (96 students )There exist same writing form phoneticsymbols in Yi language[]Pronounce it as [s]15% (18 students )15% (18 students )The teacher didn’t emphasize[]Pronounce it as [z]12.5% (15 students)12.5% (15 students)The teacher didn’t emphasize[]Pronounce it as [n]2.5% (3 students )10% (12 students )Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[i] []There is no difference when pronounce them66.7% (80 students)60% (72 students)Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[] []There is no difference when pronounce them70.8% (85 students)72.5% (87 students )Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[] []There is no difference when pronounce them48.3% (58 students )71.7% (86 students )Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[j]Pronounce it into [j] in Yi language40% (48 students)40% (48 students )Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[] [] []Retroflex thetongue when pronounce them40% (48 students)46.7% (56 students )Hadn’t distinguished it when learning[l]Pronounce it into[l] in Yi language14.2% (17 students )46.7% (56 students)There is the same writing form phonetic symbols in Yi language[w]Pronounce it into [w] in Yi language7.5% (8 students)8% (9 students)There is the same writing form phonetic symbols in Yi languageⅤ. Means to improveThroughseriesofinvestigation, comparison and analysis, wecan find that there are still some phonetic problems in English teaching which mustbe solved quickly. If youwant to improve the teaching quality, learn alanguage anduse it to communicate,phonology is crucial. If you cannot pronounceitcorrectly, you cannot make yourself understood, then you did not reach the goal. So,we should put the phonetic study in an important place either in study or in teaching. What’s more, the phonetic teaching shouldn’t limited just in the first step but should throughouttheprocess, corrected again and again, and finally overcome themother-tongueremoveinfluence, andwecanspeakaninfluentand correctsentence. Here are some advice we give according to the existent problems.ⅰ. improve English teacher’s English abilityThroughtheinvestigation,wefoundthatsomeEnglish teachers,eventhemselvescannotarticulatethephoneticsymbols.Forexample, in this investigation, there isoneclassofgradetwo,whenasked“Compare withthetape,doesyourteacher’spronunciationcorrect?”. The 49 students’ answers are as following: 15 students’ thought that their teachers’ pronunciation is standard, 24 is just so so, and 10 is that they don’t know.So, the English teachers in Yiareashouldfirst learn English very well themselves. All of usknowthat speechand writing are thetwo mediaorsubstancesusedbynaturallanguagesvehiclesfor communication. And of the two media oflanguage, speech is more basic thanwritingforthereasonthatlanguage is first perceived through its sounds, and writing system ofany language isalways “invented” byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises. Thusthestudyofsoundsisof greatimportance in language learning. So if the teachers have not hadthe standard pronunciation, then they would mislead the students through the process of teaching. And the result would be seriousand cannot be solved during a short time.ⅱ.improve the teaching methodwe should develop theadvantageofYistudents’abilityofimitation,andcomparethephoneticsbetweenEnglishand Yi language, through this way to letthestudentsunderstandthedifferencesof phoneme, tone, and intonation. Of course, in ordertoachieve this, theteachers should pay much attention to it. We found teachers canteach studentsthrough 4differences.First, compare the phonetic symbols which have the same writing formandsamepronunciation in both languages. Forexample, [i]. Second, compare the phonetic symbols which have the same writing form but different pronunciation. For example, [e]. Third, compare thephonetic symbols which have different writingformbutsamepronunciation.For example, [y]in Yi language and [i] in English. And last, compare the phonetic symbols which contained only inone language.ⅲ. cultivate the students’ interests in English, stimulate their study motivationThereisoneclassofgradeone, when asked“when youencounterthe English phonetic symbol you cannot find its counterpart in Yi language, what would you do?” 10 percent of the students’ answer is to ask for the teacher’s help, 90 percent of the students would give up, and nobody would consultant the electronic dictionary for help, the reason is that they don’t have the tool.And we can deducea conclusionfrom the students’ answers that most of the students have no motivation to learn English, and thus when they encounterthe difficulties, they would always choose to give up. So, from this point, in order to improve the students’ English, weshould first cultivate the students’ interests in English, stimulate their motivation. Actually, the students have a strong curiosity in learning, but how to lead them to a useful way, it alldepends uponthe teachers right guidance.The only motivation to enter higherschool is not enough.ⅳ.increase facilitiesThe process of phonology is a process of continuous imitation. Thus, standard teaching tape and language lab become unnecessary through the process of English learning.Butwefoundthat both schools and students didn’t put much attention to it. In addition to have classes, only a few students have the chance to listen the original tapes and watch the original movies. The schools of Yiarea should try to build language lab, make sure that the studentslearn standard phonology, what’s more, to stimulate their motivationto learn English.Ⅵ. ConclusionTheYistudents’difficulttolearnEnglishhaslimitedtheimprovement of Yi area’s education quality in general for a long time. And this problembecomesmoreprominent nowadays,whenthe government proposesto improve Chinese people’s quality in general, and when the government proposes to improve the ethnic minority’s education in West China. This investigation focuses onthe comparison between English and Yi phonology and find out the differences and similarities. And we hope that this paper can offer some useful information to the English teachers in Yi area and to the Yi students, too. And hope that the Yi students can benefit from this paper, and finally speak very influent English. Thecomparison between English and the Yi language has a long influenceinYiarea’s improvementofeducationandeconomy.We sincerelyhope that this paper have some value in this process.Bibliography[1] 戴炜栋,何兆熊. A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[2] 胡壮麟. 语言学基础[M]. 外语教育与研究出版社, 新版.[3] 黄毅, 阿育几坡. 彝英构词学比较研究. 西南民族大学学报[J]. 2003-12.[4] 汪文珍. 英语语音[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1999.[5] 许余龙. 对比语言学[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002-3.[6] 张余蓉, 赵洪. 凉山彝语语音与文字[M]. 成都: 四川民族出版社, 1984.该篇DOC格式彝语和英语的语音对比范文，共有12079个字。好范文网为全国范文类知名网站，下载本文稍作修改便可使用，即刻完成写稿任务。立即下载： 下载该Word文档
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Remember These Tips And You Can Remember Anything
Memory loss or cognitive decline is a very common in the elderly. This can bring emotional distress along with depression both for both the situation. The following advice will make it easier for you in your quest to find ways of improving memory and mental elasticity.
You can improve your memory by playing brain-challenging games. This works in the same way as exercising to keep your body in good shape. If you challenge your brain regularly, it will be stronger and your memory, focus and concentration will all benefit. Good games include things like crossword puzzles, chess and word challenges. Scrabble is a good, fun daily challenge.
Take at least a fifteen minute break for each hour or so to relax and clear your mind can rejuvenate itself. This will then allow your brain to absorb the information much better.
Associating newly-learned information with mnemonics helps improve retention of that information. Mnemonic devices are used for memory in a way similar to how shorthand writing is a useful device for taking dictation. You “tag” the thing you want to remember with a helpful image or word that will prompt your memory.
If you have lots of information you must memorize, it is helpful to study the information at several different locations. This is so you can dissociate information with a certain place and instead encourages more basic to you.
There is a ton of information you should learn and keep in mind, and it will help you study at a lot of different places. This works because you will associate the information you are learning with the location you learned it in. Basically, varying the location in which you study encourages general retention.
While you might think you already are paying attention, your mind may be wandering and not absorbing information efficiently. Think about and burn the memory stick.
An easy way to improve your memory is to pay attention. You may assume you are concentrating and focused, but often people’s minds wander in different directions. This hurts their ability to recall things later. Try your best to focus and clear your mind so you can focus on the things that are being shown and said. Once the moment has passed, play it over again in your mind to commit it to memory.
Place them in areas you freqently look at, such as on your computer monitor or near your cell phone. These stickies make sure you don’t forget anything important.
For memory improvement, rid yourself of unpleasant or negative thoughts. Research has shown that people who regularly experience negative thoughts are subject to more stress, which can also lead to poor memory skills. Your doctor or a counselor can advise you on ways to reduce your stress level.
Make sure that you are getting an adequate amount of sleep. Sleep plays a powerful role in how well your short and long-term memory. A tired mind struggles to process and figures. Get a little more rest every night and try not to interrupt your sleep routine.
Play some memory skill games to hone your memory. There are many memory games, in many forms, readily available that are entertaining and will help you increase your ability to recall information. Other than your memory, these games often improve focus, attention and concentration. There are many fun-to-play memory games available for free online.
Fish oil can help your diet.If you have difficulty retaining information, your diet may be deficient in omega-3. Try taking it in the form of a pill.
If you’re studying, one of the things that you could do to improve memory is switching to a different area as you study. Changing surroundings reinvigorates the mind, and causes long-term memory to be more efficacious. When your brain notices a change in surroundings, it’ll become more alert, and will be better at taking in information as a result.
If there is something you must recall at a later time, try associating it with a humorous phrase, image or mnemonic phrase.
A helpful tip to boost the information in your memory is by visualizing the concept that you desire to recall and memorize. For example, graphics, charts and graphs are highly effective tools for linking facts with images. You could draw your own graphs and charts to assist with your memory, too.
A helpful strategy to boost your memory of information is to visualize the things you want to be able to memorize and then recall them. If you’re studying information from textbooks, photographs and charts can be great visual cue to help in committing the information to memory. You can even create your own graphs and pictures to summarize the information.
Ginseng supplements are touted as having memory improving qualities. Ginseng has been shown to aid the brain in absorbing and retaining information. It will also have a positive effect on your overall health. Green tea may also naturally help your memory loss issues.
Do not have any doubts about your memory to fail you.Many people think memory loss. This does not have to always true. Anticipating further memory can turn out to be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Exercising on a regular basis will assist in improving your memory. Even a modest amount of daily exercise improves brain function.
Studies have shown that getting the right amount of sleep is important to keep your memory in tiptop shape. When you have trouble concentrating, it is more difficult to fortify long-term memory.
Make liberal use of planners and calendaring tools. Day planners are very useful to help organize your mind. Write down deadlines and appointments and consult your schedule regularly. It will be easier on your mind to have these things written to refer to later. It’s less for you to remember and it is nice to have around in case you forget something.
Meditation is a terrific means for improving overall memory function, while also relieving stress and improving your general health. Try to meditate for at least 30 minutes a day to keep your mind gets the exercise it needs.
One way to boost your memory is relate the things you want to remember with information you already know. If something in your short term memory is associated with something you’re very familiar with, it’ll be easier for you to recall it. Doing this will also make it easy for the information to move from your short term memory to your long-term one.
Classical music is known to help improve your memory. A warm, with scented candles burning on the side.
Many people swear by meditation as an effective means of improving memory function in a productive, holistic manner. You want to find a place that is calm and quite in order to meditate. You then want to phase everything out, and slowly breathe in and out, letting go of all negative thoughts. Your brain will benefit from meditating up to an hour every day.
One way to help avoid memory is to cultivate many meaningful relationships. Research shows that spending time and communicating with your family members or other people who are close to you strengthens the area of the brain responsible for memory.
Try to make and maintain numerous healthy relationships if you want to reduce your chances of developing illnesses that cause memory loss. There is evidence to suggest that the company of your favorite people stimulates the area of your brain which is responsible for forming and storing memories.
You can remember information more easily if you focus entirely on the subject matter when studying. Information that is learned must be stored in the long-term memory if it is to be recalled for more than a few seconds. It’s hard to do this effectively if you don’t give it your full attention.
If you have trouble remembering names, try associating the person you have just met with someone you are acquainted with who has the same name. You can even associate their name with that of someone famous. By connecting the new face with a familiar name, you should be able to recall the new individual’s name.
You should definitely create your memory process as if you were creating a tree. If you are mastering a complex subject, start by concentrating on the general idea, which will form the trunk of the tree.Organizing the relative importance of information in this way can really benefit recall speed and accuracy.
If you need to study something important, make sure you give the task your full attention. The focus is required in order to transfer new bits of knowledge from the short-term part of the brain’s memory into the long-term storage tanks. To shift a piece of information long term memory, you must be sure to place all of your mental energies it without outside distractions.
Have you ever experienced something and it was just on the tip of your tongue?” This trick usually helps the “missing” word that you were originally searching for.
You can help improve your memory while studying if you create a consistent and specific schedule of learning the material during a series of particular sessions. Taking breaks and staying consistent helps your mind retain information better. Studies show people who used this method can retain information much better than those that just crammed it.
Train your brain for better memory skills. Learning new skills will help you practice your brain. Learning the rules to a new game that involves memory can help.
Making an outline of the materials you are trying to learn is a great way to boost your retention when you are studying. This allows you to organize your information and divide it into clusters that are more easily remembered. There’s no need to create a formal outline like you learned in school. Any sort of grouping mechanism will prove effective.
Although people’s memories start to fade with age, there are many ways to keep your memory strong.
If you have something you’d like to commit to memory, pick your favorite tune and set to words you’d like to recall to it. It may sound peculiar, but how many of you have ever sung the ABC song? Melodies are based on repetition, and are therefore easier for your mind to remember. The next time you need to commit something to memory, accompany it with a catchy tune.
Trying to remember something that will not come to you can be extremely frustrating. A trick to aid in the memory returning is to clear your mind for at least a moment. Go somewhere where you will be not be disturbed, take a few deep breaths and try to remember again.
If someone you know is having memory issues, be patient with them, and try to be understanding. They are surely feeling quite upset, and they can truly benefit from the compassion of others. Showing patience will demonstrate that you still value them as a person.
Avoid coffee if your memory gives you problems. Drinking too much caffeine can result in dehydration. Because your brain contains mostly water, being dehydrated will fatigue you, causing problems with brain functioning. This will affect your memory processes.
Although memories become less sharp as we grow older, there are many ways to keep your memory strong. Some fabulous brain fueling enhancers that reduce stress are well-balanced nutrition, adequate rest and relaxation, regular exercise, puzzles and strategy games and hearty laughter.
Practice breathing techniques multiple times per day.Every hour, inhale deeply through your nose and hold five seconds before releasing it. This can relax your body, and it will increase the oxygen amount in your brain. The increased oxygen helps keep your brain sharp and will improve your ability to recall important information.
If you need to remember information, a handy tool you can use is to “hook” information together. When you connect related information together, it helps your brain remember it. In fact, even connecting unrelated information together can help create an association that your mind will recall later. For example, â”Kathy pulls candy on Friday; great stuff,â” is sometimes used to help biology students remember the classification of living things: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Making bizarre connections is a very memorable way to learn.
Eating Foods
There is a technique called “chunking” that assists in memorizing things. “Chunking” is basically a system of grouping types of information together, such as the numbers in a telephone number, so that it is easier to recall when needed.
A great way to boost your memory is by incorporating extra Omega-3 fatty acids to your diet.Your brain is comprised of around sixty percent fatty acids, so eating foods that contain them can boost your memory.Try eating foods like salmon and other fish.
If there is certain information you must retain, try crafting mnemonic devices to assist your ability to recall it. Mnemonics help you to remember information by using words as tools. Here is one example. If your neighbors are named Michelle and Mike, you can better remember their names by associating them with M&M candy.
A really good way to keep your memory sharp is to always learn new things. New information creates new, allowing you to make a lot of new connections.
Take adequate breaks while studying for a test or quiz. Cramming information makes it more difficult to recall on tests because it is not have enough time to process it. While it’s true that taking breaks from your study time is important, you also need to allow enough time to be able to review the information.It thus becomes vital that you study gradually and not try to cram the day before.
One of the most prevalent issues confronting those who are aging is a loss of memory. While it is both unfortunate and sad, it is also natural. Fortunately, this loss of cognitive perception can occasionally be prevented or slowed down. The following article offers tips and tricks to help a person fight off memory loss, whether they are old or young.
Get The Look You Want With These Tips
Beauty is something that is important to most people, so people focus on it. When you show admiration for yourself, others will respond with respect and confidence as well. Read this guide for strategies on how to remain beautiful from both the inside and out.
You can improve the look of your eyebrows with a nightly application of Vaseline. It will make them look shiny and healthy. Do not let the Vaseline touch other parts of your face, though, because it could contribute to acne.
Exfoliate before you go for a fake tan. This process will help to create a smooth skin and remove layers of dead skin cells. This helps your artificial tan to look smooth and will also even it out. This will also help with making it last longer and look like the real thing.
Keep moisturizer handy to keep your skin looking vibrant. Cracked skin can occur, especially in the winter, giving it an unattractive appearance. You will prevent this dryness and cracking by moisturizing well.
Sunscreen is important for the end-all and must-have defender in terms of beauty products. When sifting through the many sunscreen options, make sure you pay attention to the products which contain healthy antioxidants and other ingredients. You can keep your skin looking younger and firmer with the use of these ingredients.
Use a “hot spray” prior to running the hair dryer. This product is available at generic stores like Wal-Mart or Target, and will help prevent split ends as it helps your hair dry quickly. It locks in moisture and even smells fantastic!
Symmetry has been shown by several studies to be the key to beauty. If you wish to look your best, strive for symmetry. Whether you are applying makeup, moustache or beard, be sure that both sides look very similar.
An excellent method of clearing up your skin for a low price is drinking water. Water cleanses your body and helps to remove toxins, which improves the health and appearance of your skin.
Use a “hot spray” prior to running the hair before blow drying it. This product is available at generic stores like Wal-Mart or Target, and is very useful for preventing split ends and helping hair to dry more quickly. It works by locking in the moisture from escaping and smells great to boot!
Do you find scratches or chips on your nails immediately after painting them? Using a top coat can help you avoid this. Just make sure to use a true top coat as this is different than a clear polish. Therefore, don’t purchase clear polish; use top coat.
Try to eat the best foods for you if you want the best looking hair, nails and hair!Beauty will come from your nutrition first and foremost. Your diet needs to be full of the nutrients you need to consume every day.
Caffeine is a culprit in the world of beauty. Consuming caffeine can make you jittery, tired, and makes your age more readily apparent. Drink no more than one cup of coffee or tea per day. Try substituting green tea or decaffeinated coffee as an alternative to however many cups of the regular beverage you usually have.
Make sure you get plenty of exercise each and every day. Keeping your body in constant motion will have you feel and look younger. You need to have this included in your beauty bag. You only need to exercise for at least 15 minutes each day. You could get this activity by cleaning your home or even vacuuming.
Top makeup artists know that a strong lip color is an easy way to draw attention away from imperfections. It can help detract from blotchiness, puffy eyes and acne.
Clear Nail
When applying eyeshadow, look downward into the mirror. Do your best to keep from putting pressure or pulling on your eyelids. Make it easy to apply your shadow right on the first attempt by lowering your gaze and then applying your makeup. You will be able to see your eyelids better and won’t have to touch them.
Does the paint on your nails chip shortly after completing it? A top coat can help the life of your manicure. Be sure you don’t confuse it with clear nail polish.Buy the top coat instead of a clear nail polish.
Rub Vaseline on your cuticles once each week. This habit provides vital nutrients to the nail as it grows, leading to faster growth and stronger nails. Use a top coat when you polish your nails to prevent chipping.
Use a teabag piece to protect a fingernail to repair it. Put this piece over the affected area, then paint it with clear fingernail polish.
When you want to clean the bathtub, use a kitchen sponge. Kitchen sponges do exactly the same job, and they do it for much less money. You can even get bigger savings by purchasing them in bulk.
Epsom salts are inexpensive, plentiful, and great for beauty treatments. Epsom salts can soothe sore muscles and work as a laxative. Mix some salts with some water and some lavender, making a paste. This can be applied to trouble spots on your skin and left overnight. You will wake in the morning to improved skin.
Use eye shadows in your beauty routine. The shiny effect you get when you wear glittery effects will make your eyes appear brighter and bigger. Choose shimmery shades that comes close to your skin tone. Try something new and see what works for you!
When you are dancing in a nightclub, your face may become shiny from the exertion. A quick solution is the cheap toilet tissue in the club. The coarseness of the paper will help you blot your skin. Just swipe off a square and press firmly to the oily areas on your face and presto, instant gorgeous!
Dark Circles
Believe it or not, the UVA rays during colder months pack the same amount of power, and an SPF 15 sunscreen should be used during the winter as well to keep skin protected. You should always do your best to protect your skin from the sun, because you want to avoid getting wrinkles and putting yourself in cancer’s path.
Rosewater and cucumbers can be used to treat dark circles under your eyes. These two things contain natural ingredients for cooling properties that lighten skin affected by dark circles. Dip a cotton pad into rosewater or cucumber juice; lay down and place the pads on your closed eyes, and leave the pad over your eyes for 15 minutes.
Put Visine in your purse to calm irritated eyes. You may find that you have red eyes due to a long day at work, or a night out on the town. Having red eyes can add years to your appearance. To help remove the red, just put a few drops of Visine in your eyes. It also makes a good topical treatment for your blemishes. Just dab a little on the pimple and allow it to dry. Your skin will soon be looking better.
This encourages nail and will encourage some nail growth. Use a top coat when you polish your fingernails to reduce chipping.
You may want to use eyelash extensions for special occasions. These look great on brides and at other formal occasions. Your eyes will look wider, brighter, younger and more lively with longer lashes. You will look amazing.
The accumulated foundation under the makeup cap of your bottle makes a concealer. If you have no concealer and require some, just take the makeup that has collected under the cap of your foundation. This works perfectly in a concealer since it covers imperfections and is much thicker.
Are you looking for an inexpensive skin-tightening facial mask? You will find what you need by looking in your refrigerator! Whisk an egg white and add some lemon juice. Apply this to your skin, wait for about five minutes and then rinse your face. If you are planning a big event this is a good thing to do.
Use petroleum jelly frequently for softer toes and toes.
Dark circles no more! Massage the skin around your eyes from the outside-in with the moisturizer. This will also help the blood flow to prevent any lymphatic issues, too.
Epsom Salts
You can touch up your roots with some makeup until you can go to get it dyed. If you have darker hair, you can hide any gray roots you have by touching up the roots themselves with black mascara. If you have light hair, try using hairspray and some golden eye shadow.
Epsom salts are great as beauty routine. Epsom salts are traditionally used as a laxative and to soothe sore muscles. You can then apply that on problem areas and leave it alone overnight. Your skin will look much better by the time you wake up.
If you’re not happy with how your skin looks, consider going to see a dermatologist and asking about a chemical peel. Chemical peels help get rid of dead skin cells, along with boosting skin regeneration by burning your top skin layer. The final result is clearer, more youthful looking skin.
The proper knowledge is often the only difference in those who look good versus those who don’t is that they do not know how to properly take care of themselves.Once you learn about the proper techniques for caring for yourself, improving your appearance will seem much less complicated.
To get a healthy summery glow with a self-tanner or tanning, add a bronzer to your moisturizing lotion. This makes a convenient and quick home tanner and you will get good results. Doing this will help you get the right shade for you.
Shake up really well and then apply as usual. The color may lighten, but still very similar.
It is not important to compare your beauty to the beautiful people in the movies, but to develop a sense of what beauty is to you. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. It is important that you are comfortable with the way you look.
You can feel better just by taking good care of your body and eating well. The suggestions in this article are to help you get started on the proper regimen to help you look and feel the best.
To moisturize your hair, apply olive oil to your scalp, one or two tablespoons should be sufficient. Then wrap your head with a warm wet towel. After 30 minutes or so, wash the oil from your hair with shampoo (you may need to do it twice) for shiny, soft strands.
Look Great With These New Beauty Tips
Have you made the world of beauty?There are many beauty techniques to learn and several skills to develop. Do you know anything about beauty and how to apply the different makeup products available? If you can use some guidance, you should look at these tips below.
Most skin types benefit from a mild facial washing, no more than twice daily. Before you clean your face, make sure that you get rid of all of your makeup. If you do not do this you may clog your pores and get pimples.
Put a little polish remover in it and then shake it! This will give you with one or two additional coats of polish.
Prior to putting on your makeup, utilize a light moisturizer. Not only do moisturizers help the health of your skin, they assist your makeup in having an even distribution and application. Without a moisturizer, your makeup could appear to be blotchy. When you use moisturizer, your makeup will last longer, in addition to making your face look fresh.
Studies have shown that people believe symmetry is beautiful. If you want to appear more beautiful, symmetry is something to focus on. Whether you are applying makeup, doing your hair or trimming a mustache, ensure that they are mirror images of each other on the left and right sides.
The best way to bring out the color of your eyes is to wear eyeshadow in complementary colors. For blue or gray eyes, yellows and oranges are ideal. Look for eyeliners and mascaras that are very dark brown that have hints of dark violet, maroon or brick. These colors can enhance the appearance of your blue eyes.
Apply a light-weight moisturizer prior to makeup. Your makeup won’t look blotchy when you moisturize first. This trick is also great at extending the wearing time of making your cosmetics last much longer.
Keep moisturizer handy to keep your skin looking vibrant. Cracked skin can occur, especially in the winter, giving it an unattractive appearance. Keeping your skin moisturized will help to negate the effects of the cold weather.
Look for dark brown eyeliners and mascaras that have either maroon, deep purple, or maroon. These will accentuate the blues nicely.
Sharpen your lip liner and eyeliner pencils after each application. They will then be clean and safe to use. A good tip is to put them in your freezer for 10 minutes before sharpening.
Vitamin E plays a helpful natural remedy to have on hand. It has many different things. It can help keep skin looking healthy and soft. Vitamin E can also be used on the nails to prevent cracking and special creams fortified with the vitamin will soften the cuticles.
To prevent your hair from turning gray, consume a teaspoon of chutney made with curry leaves each day. This product will help to keep your natural pigment and prevent gray hair from forming. You could also attempt adding scented rosemary oil on your hair. This also helps improve the health and color of your hair.
Split Ends
Pink lipstick can be used to conceal any imperfections. No, do not apply the lipstick directly on your blemishes. A light shade of pink lipstick on your lips will catch people’s attention and keep them looking where you want them too. This will draw attention away from the blemish and into the other areas of your face.
Use a product called “hot spray” prior to running the hair dryer. This product, which helps hair to dry quickly and prevents split ends, can prevent split ends before the happen and help hair dry faster. It prevents moisture from escaping and even smells fantastic!
Create an alcohol-free natural mouthwash with peppermint oil and purified water. Mix one drop of peppermint oil for every ounce of water. To start, bring the water to a boil. Measure out the peppermint oil into a ceramic or glass container. Pour in the previously boiled water. Now, put a clean cloth over the container and allow the whole thing to cool. Pour this into a container, such as a bottle, with an air-tight lid. This can now be used as a mouthwash.
Use a small bit of teabag to help fix a fingernail to repair it. Finally, place it on the tear, and paint over it with clear nail polish.
Honey needs to be on your beauty shopping list. Honey has many beauty benefits and is great for your skin. When exfoliating your skin, mix honey with sugar. You can retain more moisture in your skin by mixing honey with your moisturizing lotion. Putting honey in your shampoo will leave your hair shiny and soft.
Makeup artists rely on the power of pink shades to distract from problems on the face. It takes away the visual impact of both acne and puffed up red eyes.
Add shimmer eye shadow to your beauty regiment. Because the shimmery particles in the makeup reflect light, these shadows can create the illusion of bigger, brighter eyes. Find something that is similar to your natural skin tone. It’s fun to try new colors as well as different ways to wear them. You’ll love the new looks that you come up with.
Kitchen sponges can be used for scrubbing yourself.Kitchen sponges clean bathroom surfaces as well as other types and are often much less costly.
Regularly wash all your cosmetic brushes and tools to prevent breakouts and keep colors as brilliant as they were the day you bought the items. Fill your bathroom sink with warm water and a bit of gentle baby shampoo, working the soap through the bristles. Rinse the brushes well, and towel-dry them. This keeps bacteria off the brush and helps prevent makeup from building up.
If you love the look of powdered mineral makeup but find that it makes your skin itchy, avoid products with bismuth oxychloride. This ingredient is responsible for irritation of your skin, but there are also a good number of brands that do not make use of it.
When you are dancing in a nightclub, your face may become shiny from the exertion. A quick solution is the cheap toilet tissue in the club. Surprisingly, the roughness of the toilet paper makes for a good oily skin blotter. Simply tear a square off and firmly press it into the oily spots on your face, and just like that, you’re looking good!
Place thin slices of potato over your eyes if they are puffy. Leave them on your eyes for approximately 10 minutes.
There are many ways to help you look beautiful including posture, fitness, clothing and skin care. By taking care of these things, you’ll feel a lot better about yourself because you’ll look fantastic.
Beauty is the combination of many factors that all have to work together. Skin care is one important aspect of beauty. Men have a tendency to overlook their skin, everyone can benefit from paying a little attention to their skin.
Loofahs are great for skin imperfections. You can get a smoother, younger look from a loofah, since you can exfoliate and buff problem parts of your skin. Combine a loofah with a good exfoliating body wash for maximum effect. For ideal results, use the loofah two times every week.
An easy tip for great lips is trying a glossy look. Outline your lips using a concealer brush with bronze that is two shades brighter than your skin. Then you can top it off with a gloss in coral, gold or pale peach.
To give your eyes a larger appearance, use a makeup effect that is layered. Apply a primer to your lids first, smooth foundation on then dust lightly with powder. Select a highlighting shadow and apply it around the corners of the eyes for more effect. Using a pencil-style liner, line the upper lash line, smudging it upward. By doing this, you will make your eyes look larger.
Dry Skin
Visine is something your beauty kit can’t be without. Whether you were up late at night working or socializing, you’ll probably have bloodshot eyes in the morning. Puffy red eyes can make you appear older than your actual age. Eye drops will clear this up quickly. It also works as a great acne treatment. Simply dab a little on the affected area and let it dry. Your skin will look better in a short while.
Apply the lotion right after you shave. Dry skin increases the risk of ingrown hairs, with a daily application of lotion for dry skin you can prevent them. This can help with getting rid of new ingrown hairs and will help them from not forming anymore.
For an extra-glamorous look, try some eyelash extensions. This is perfect if you’re a bride or going to some kind of formal event. Increasing your eyelash count helps draw attention to your eyes, making you look younger and more vital. You’ll be very pleased with your appearance.
Avoid conditioner on a daily basis if your hair is finely textured. You should only need to use it a few times per week. Conditioner can weigh hair down and gives it a bit of a dull look. If you want light and shiny hair, then limit your conditioner use.
There is help for dark bags under the eyes. Get facial moisturizer, and massage it starting at the outside of your eye and working your way around it. This also helps with lymphatic drainage, and your skin will look more energized.
The proper knowledge is often the only difference in those who look good versus those who don’t is that they do not know how to properly take care of themselves.Once you learn about the proper techniques for caring for yourself, it makes it much easier to care for yourself.
If you have problem skin, a visit to the dermatologist for a chemical treatment may be your answer. This type of peel removes old, tired skin cells and lead to fresh cellular growth. Chemical peels produce rejuvenated, healthier-looking skin.
Visine should be a staple in the beauty kit you keep. This could make you look aged. You can clear things up with a little Visine. Visine can also be used to help clear acne as well. Just dot a little of the Visine on the affected area and let it dry. Your skin will look better quickly.
To get a healthy summery glow with a self-tanner or tanning, add a bronzer to your moisturizing lotion. You can then use this as your own personal self-tanner to get the color you desire. This method will allow you to choose the color you would like, and avoid having colors mixed for you.
If you used a self-tanning product as part of your beauty regimen, they can often create results that are streaky, you may have had the misfortune of ending up with golden streaks instead.
Sunglasses are very hip and cool, but not every occasion calls for them. Sunglasses can change the look of any outfit. There are a wide variety of styles to choose from, making it easy to match any outfit. Questions like, “Do I really need these?” “, are things that need to be asked.
Don’t hold yourself to famous people or movie stars. You should be happy with your body.
To exfoliate your skin with simple household ingredients, try a combo of brown sugar, honey, lemon juice and a touch of olive oil. Rubbing this across your entire body gets rid of dead skin cells thanks to the sugar, while the rest of the ingredients moisturize your remaining skin.
Use a lighter hand when applying your makeup. A lot of people out there make mistakes and use more makeup to cover them up, but putting a lot on just magnifies the problem areas. Wearing makeup that is thick can hide your real beauty. Using just a small touch of makeup can make you look more youthful and healthier.
You do not have to be rich to be beautiful. Just because a product is expensive doesn’t necessarily mean that it is effective. The opposite is also true; just because a product is inexpensive, doesn’t mean that it is ineffective.
This will provide you with a smooth base for eye colors or shadows.
A lot of people have streaks from hair color on their face or neck. In order to remove such stains, apply a cotton pad soaked with whole milk or skin toner. Apply the moist cotton pad in a gentle fashion to the stained area using circular motions, then gently lift the coloration away.
Eat a steady diet that consists of: cheese, carrots, spinach, broccoli, fish, spinach, fish, carrots, broccoli and peaches to make sure that you are getting enough vitamin A. Sebum is an ingredient that is known to help provide moisture for your skin and hair and skin. You can have strong, shiny hair by having the correct amount of Vitamin A.
When considering makeup for work, minimize to maximize. To maintain an even complexion, make sure to use concealer or a light foundation to hide blemishes. Use eye shadows that are neutral. You own need a small amount of mascara and eyeliner. Take care to groom your eyebrows, and don’t let them get too out of control. Use lip color that is just a bit darker than your lips are naturally, or stick with tinted gloss or balm. Doing so will make you look both beautiful and professional at work.
You should now have some beauty tips you can use. You now have more information that can help keep you beautiful. That’s terrific! Repeatedly look at the steps above to ensure proper usage. Be sure to enjoy yourself, as well.
Get The Body You Desire With This Article
Muscle development requires the same. You need the proper tools to make sure you are a success. The following article contains proven tips that will help you can start doing today to improve your muscles.
Do not forget to get enough veggies when you are trying to build muscles. Some muscle-building diets ignore vegetables while focusing on complex carbs and proteins. There are many vitamins and nutrients you can only find in vegetables, meaning you won’t get them in pasta or meat. Additionally, they are great sources of fiber. Fiber makes your body able to use the protein you consume.
Make sure you understand the best exercises for increasing muscle mass. Different exercises achieve different results; some may work on muscle building or toning.
Make sure you understand the best exercises to increase muscle mass. There are many different exercises that work on varied parts of muscle building, including toning and conditioning. Use a variety of exercises and techniques to get the results you want for each of your muscle groups.
It is important to warm up your bodybuilding routine. As your muscles gain strength, there is a higher chance that they will get injured. You can prevent hurting yourself by warming up properly. Prior to serious lifting, try light exercises for around five or ten minutes, and follow it up with about 4 light warm-up sets.
When working to build muscle, make sure you are consuming plenty of protein. Protein is the basic element for building muscles. Not consuming enough protein limits the amount of muscle mass your body can actually grow. Look for proteins that are lean and healthy, and include them in a minimum of two of your meals per day, as well as in daily snacks.
You must consume a sufficient amount of protein if you are serious about building muscle.Protein is what muscles are made of.
Remember carbs when you want to build muscles. Carbs are vital for energy so that you can last an entire workout, and if you do not get enough, your body converts your stored protein for energy instead. If you take in enough carbs, your body will function at a higher level during workouts.
Don’t attempt to build muscles when you are taking part in a marathon or participating in extreme cardio workouts. Cardio is important in achieving good fitness, but it can make muscle development efforts futile. If your goal is gaining muscle, concentrate on strength-training.
Set small short-term goals that are easy to achieve to help you reach the long-term results. It takes a long time to build muscle so do not get discouraged and do not give up. You may even give yourself rewards that are directly related to muscle building. If you were to treat yourself to an occasional massage, it would help your recovery by increasing blood flow to your muscles, helping you relax, and alleviating soreness, allowing you to return to your workouts well-rested.
Carbohydrates are needed to see success in bodybuilding success. If you’re seriously training, you may need to increase your daily consumption of carbs to 2-3 grams for every pound you weigh.
When you are planning to build muscles on a certain day, eat good. Fuel up for your exercise session by taking in some calories an hour before heading to the gym. Do not sabotage your efforts by binge-eating on your workout days. Instead, just increase your caloric intake more than your consumption on your off days.
Don’t work out for longer than an hour at a time. Your body will produce more stress hormone, due to the stress it’s enduring, after 60 minutes of a workout session. Cortisol may block testosterone and puts to waste any of your efforts to build muscle. Making sure workouts don’t go over one hour helps you to get the perfect way to optimize your fitness plan.
Eat plenty of protein when trying to gain muscle. Protein is the base of muscles, and if you don’t get enough, defeating the purpose of bulking up. You should eat over 100 grams of protein for each pound you weigh.
It’s OK to cheat every now and then to get all you can out of your workouts. If you feel your targeted muscle groups getting fatigued, then put some body behind the last few reps. That being said, it’s not a good idea to cheat too often. Make sure to perform all your reps at a controlled speed. Do not compromise your form under any circumstance.
Staying hydrated is vital to muscle development. If you are not drinking enough water, then your muscles will experience fatigue easier and you just might face injury. Hydration also a key factor in your ability to increase and maintenance of muscle mass.
Make a smart workout schedule. This can help you build muscle while avoiding injury. Anyone new to building muscle should probably work out only twice weekly, while veteran exercisers can move up to three, and even four, times a week.
Try including plyometric exercises to your routine. This is a good way to work on your fast-twitch muscle fibers and develop your mass quicker. Plyometrics are considered ballistic movements since they utilize acceleration. For example, during plyometric push-ups, you let your hands jump from the floor to explode as high as possible.
Protein helps build bigger, stronger muscles, so make sure to eat quality proteins both before your workouts and after them. Try eating 15 grams 30 minutes prior to your workout, followed by another 15 grams once you finish. This is the amount of protein contained in a couple glasses of milk.
Make your goals realistic and reasonable. You will notice better results over hundreds of workout sessions. Attempting to quickly build muscle by using steroids, stimulants or any kind of dangerous product, increases the risk of bodily harm and potentially severe health consequences.
Pre-exhausting muscles is a proven method of avoiding limiting muscle fatigue. Certain exercises may cause bicep fatigue before your lats are exhausted. When you complete isolation exercises you help fix this, do things like straight-arm pulldowns which don’t necessarily concentrate on your biceps to complete. That way when you are working your lats, you are not using the energy of your biceps, and they can get a more effective workout.
Examine your physique to see if there are any limitations you need to work on. This will help you set reasonable goals for your routine.
Try to improve your bicep curls. Usually, you fail to move the bar or dumbbell past a parallel point, which means you don’t get the full benefit of the top half of the bicep curl. It is important to get the full benefits of the upper part of the curl. Barbell curls while seated can be the solution for this.
When you are trying to build muscle, try to keep your diet full of fresh, whole foods. Avoid any pre-packaged or boxed foods since these often contain chemicals, boxed food because that kind of food typically contains chemicals, and fillers that can harm your immunity. Eating healthy and nutritious foods helps to boost your immune system and increase muscle mass.
Set realistic goals when you create your bodybuilding program. You will see the best results over hundreds of workout sessions. Never attempt to bulk up with steroids or stimulants; using these chemicals can cause irreversible damage to your body and your health.
Mix up the grip to build back muscles. To give your lift more strength, try using a staged or mixed grip. This will keep the bar from moving during lifts.
Whole grains and other fresh foods are essential to a weightlifter’s diet. Steer clear of foods that are boxed and pre-packaged, as these contain fillers, chemicals and preservatives that can cause disease and hamper your immune system. Eating healthy and nutritious foods helps to boost your immune system and increase muscle gain.
30 Grams
You may want to go fast through your reps, but don’t! You will see more impressive results by doing your repetitions at a slower pace, regardless of whether you need to use less weight. Aim to take 20 seconds to complete each rep: 10 seconds for the first half of the rep and 10 seconds for the second half.
To make sure that you’re eating enough protein in a given day, make sure you are eating between 20 and 30 grams of protein at each meal. Spreading protein out will help you to achieve your protein needs.For instance, if you need 180 grams of protein per day, eating six meals that have 30 grams of protein in each meal will give you the requirement that you need.
When focusing on building muscle, eliminate alcohol from your life. However, consuming one glass of wine on occasion is not really bad, just as long as you only have one drink. Alcohol is generally not healthy, and it is not helpful for building muscle.
Muscle building novices must work on getting their form right prior to working on increasing their power. More weight will be used over a period of time, but if do not use the proper form, it will be even worse later. This can lead to injuries which will sideline you for months.
Consume about 15 to 20 grams of a whey protein about 30 minutes prior to a strength training session. This gives your body additional resources to fuel your workout.
Self-taken photographs of your body can be a great tool in your muscle building strategy. Seeing your image in a mirror on daily basis can prevent you from truly realizing the progress you are making. Photographs will underscore changes more fully, giving you an idea of how your body is progressing.
Take pictures of yourself naked every two days. It can be hard to see the small changes that are made on a day to day basis. When you have snapshots in time to compare, you are more likely to notice the difference in your muscles.
Working out with friends or people you know can provide you with the motivation you require. This will help by offering some positive encouragement, which might just give you that extra adrenaline so that you can push yourself harder. This energy boost will help you build more muscle.
Make sure that you eat some food before and following a workout. A snack with plenty of protein and low in sugars or fats will keep your body properly fueled. As you get more involved in building muscle, you may find it useful to plan your meals even more to optimize your muscle building abilities.
Try to eat some food before and after working out. High protein snacks are a good choice for beginners. As time goes on, and you are more experienced with muscle building, than it is a good idea to take some time to measure out the protein you are consuming, and planning your meals in detail.
Staying informed is crucial for success, and building muscle is no exception. Remember the tips listed in this article so you can start using them during workouts and have the body you want quickly.
If your muscles start to hurt during a workout, take a break. Your muscles and tendons are extremely fragile, and you do not want to push them just to bulk up. When you feel sore, take a day off to rest your body so that you can get back to full strength.
Tips And Tricks On How To Get Rid Of Sleep Apnea
This article can help you if you have sleep apnea find relief.
One thing that affects sleep apena is obesity. If you suffer from sleep apnea and are overweight, try losing a few pounds. A logical weight loss program that includes a restrictive, yet healthy diet together with a sensible exercise routine is necessary. Some studies suggest that limiting carbohydrate intake can lead to weight loss, as well.
Get a personally made mouth guard. These are made especially for people with sleep apnea. It provides a more comfortable alternative to using a CPAP machine. The mouth guard helps by keeping the airway open while offering stability for soft tissue.
Ask your doctor for advice about what CPAP machine you should get. You should consider the size and volume of the device before you decide to get one. Some are as small as a loaf of bread and quiet as a whisper. Your doctor will be familiar with them, so be sure to tap his knowledge.
Sleep apnea sufferers often benefit from laying on their side in order to get some better sleep.Sleeping on the back does not allow enough air to get into your airways. Try to fall asleep on one of your sides to see if your sleep apnea this evening.
It is important to stay away from alcohol if you have sleep apnea because it can help you see some improvement with the condition. Both smoking and drinking promote relaxation of the airways causing sleep apnea and excessive snoring. Cutting out these habits actually saves you money, unlike other costly alternatives like surgery.
Try out other than sleeping pills.Sleeping pills will just make your throat muscles relax in an undesirable way. They may also contribute to a large variety of things that are problematic to those who suffer from sleep apnea. Ask your physician about sleep aids that are free of harmful effects or risks to your breathing.
Some people believe that you can strengthen you upper airway muscles by playing a musical instrument belonging to the woodwind family. Research in Germany has shown that playing an instrument called the didgeridoo can train the muscles in your upper airways and strengthen them. The upper air passage muscles control the size of your airway. This means that practicing regularly with a wind instrument will reduce the severity of sleep apnea symptoms that you experience.
One way to see is to set up a video camera on yourself. The video should also hear any noises.
Avoid drinking alcohol to excess. Alcohol causes your muscles to relax. You might like the feeling, but it can contribute to or cause sleep apnea. When your throat muscles relax, your airway narrows and causes sleep apnea. If you must drink alcohol, consume it sparingly and at least a few hours before heading to bed.
If you suffer from sleep apnea and are planning a trip, you need to remember to take your CPAP with you. You ought not to go a single night without your CPAP. You should have a padded traveling bag to bring your CPAP with you. You can transport your CPAP easily and safely anytime you leave home.
Try to sleep on your sides to keep sleep apnea from ruining your sleep. Sleeping on the back can cause air passages to constrict. Make a point of falling to sleep on your side and see if that doesn’t alleviate some of your sleep apnea symptoms tonight.
If you are not getting relief from your sleep apnea treatment methods, be sure to see your doctor about professional treatment. Some people don’t have any luck with conventional treatments, and usually opt for surgeries like a tonsillectomy, or the enlargement of the airway.
Avoid sleeping pills when you suffer from sleep apnea. The pills may relax the throat muscles so much that your airways do not function properly. Find other ways to solve your troubles with staying asleep, because sleep apnea mixed with sleeping pills can be a potentially life-threatening mix.
Try to prevent snoring with an anti-snoring device. Snoring is caused by your airways being blocked with minor airflow, and apnea is fully-closed airways. It is understandable that something can help both. Your sleep apnea can be curtailed some with the use of a stop snoring device.
Make sure you have something with you at all times that explains that you suffer from sleep apnea and you use a CPAP. If you need medical attention, it’s crucial that others realize that you’ve got sleep apnea and that you use a CPAP. This ID should state that you’ve got sleep apnea, that you’re using CPAP therapy, and that your machine has a specific pressure level that it must be set to.
Although you should visit your doctor to become diagnosed, you can try certain things yourself. Quitting smoking and losing weight are beneficial to anyone, but are even better for sleep apnea patients.You will definitely want to stay away from alcohol and caffeine, caffeine or heavy meals within a couple hours of going to bed.
Be sure to make use of nasal spray for a runny, stuffy, itchy nose. Nasal spray can temporarily reduce swelling in your nasal passages. Avoid using nasal sprays over a long period of time; your mucus membranes could become damaged and irritated. Check out all the different options while at your pharmacy.
Learn to play a wind instruments. This will not only be fun and relaxing, but it will also strengthen the muscles that are the source of sleep apnea problems.
Try losing weight to deal with your sleep apnea. Being overweight and large around the neck are often indications of sleep apnea. If you lose weight, it will improve air flow by reducing pressure on your airways.
People that snore or even those who have sleep apnea may benefit if they learn to play a musical instrument to help. This new method will help your airways.
Don’t sleep facing upwards if you are a sleep apnea sufferer. Most apnea patients are “back sleepers”, making it more likely that airway obstructions can occur. Try using a pillow or some cushions to keep yourself propped on your side when you are in bed.
Those who suffer from sleep apnea may need to find simple solutions to get a simpler solution for their problem. Make your bedroom conditions are also suited for a good night’s sleep. Insomnia can occur if your sleeping arrangements are poor.
Sleep apnea does not go away on its own; patients need treatment. Different people find relief through different forms of treatment. Getting to a lower weight can cut back on symptoms in a lot of sufferers, but even slender folks can be afflicted. Some other options include CPAP machines or other devices. Some people find that they do best by having surgery that will help alleviate their symptoms. Choose the route which best meets your needs since getting treatment can lead to a happier and most restful life.
Throat exercises can help with the symptoms of sleep apnea. These exercises help to strengthen the muscles that surround the airway, which makes them less prone to collapsing. One good exercise involves pressing your tongue onto the bony palate of the mouth and holding onto it for three minutes before releasing. Try this at least once a day.
How you sleep influences how many times sleep apnea will strike on a given night. Sleeping on one’s side or stomach will go a long way toward making for easier breathing with sleep apnea. Try using foam wedges to prop up your body. This will keep excess tissue and relaxed muscles from blocking your airways.
Try staying away from going to bed on your back with sleep apnea. Your airway is more likely to get blocked by sleeping on your back.Sleeping on your side is ideal if you prevent sleep apnea; gravity won’t work against you.
If you’re taking a long trip, talk to the airline about using your CPAP. Most carriers will make sure they seat you with plenty of room to accommodate your machine. You should always tote a power adapter when you are visiting a foreign country.
Sleep Apnea
There are some simple, straightforward techniques that can improve sleep apnea sufferers’ odds of getting a good night’s sleep. Fixing your sleeping schedule and sticking to a regular bedtime every night can be a great help. Keeping your bedroom environment as conducive to healthy, undisturbed sleep as possible is very important. If you don’t set up your room correctly, you may not be able to sleep.
As was stated previously, if left untreated, sleep apnea will cause a wide range of serious health problems. If you have sleep apnea, it’s crucial that you’re educated about you’re condition. Use the advice here as a stepping stone to getting on the right path to improving your health and the ability to get peaceful sleep each night.
Some situations of sleep apnea are solved with corrective mouth pieces. The reason for this is that jaws vary in shape and size, and some configurations may cause narrowing of the airways. A simple corrective device may alter the jaw alignment during sleep, allowing for more air to enter the breathing passage.
Advice On How To Get Rid Of Sleep Apnea
Anyone who has suffered from sleep apnea for any length of time will jump at the misery it can cause. The right knowledge is essential if the symptoms of sleep apnea are to be effectively managed. The following article below provide a great help for learning more.
Talk to a physician about the right CPAP machine for you. These machines might be loud, but they can help you get through the night. There are CPAP machine which are easily portable and produce little noise. Your doctor should be able to point you in the right direction of a capable machine.
Lose weight if you’re heavy. Obesity is linked with sleep apnea in multiple studies. If you slim down, even shedding 25 pounds can provide a drastic improvement in your symptoms.
Ask your doctor about a corrective mouth piece for your sleep apnea symptoms. You might have a narrow breathing passage, recessed chin, or small jaw naturally that can worsen sleep apnea. You can overcome these difficulties and experience much more restful sleep by using a custom-fitted device to keep your jaw and airway properly aligned.
Mouth Guard
If you have sleep apnea and you’re overweight, try shedding those pounds. Several studies have shown that there is a link between obesity and sleep apnea. A loss of 10 or more pounds can significantly reduce our sleep apnea symptoms.
Try getting fitted for a mouth guard. These oral devices are designed for sleep apnea sufferers. It is a more comfortable option to using a CPAP machine.The mouth guard assists in opening up your airway unobstructed.
Have your dentist fit you for a custom mouth guard. For those who have sleep apnea, this guard is a wonderful thing to have. Many people find they can adjust to wearing a mouth guard every night while they sleep much more easily than they can get used to wearing a CPAP mask. Invest into a mouth guard instead of having a loud machine keep others up at night.
Many people with sleep apnea rest on their backs. Sleeping on your back can cause constriction of the tissues in your mouth and throat muscles. Sleeping on one’s side makes breathing significantly easier. If you have a hard time sleeping on your back all night, support yourself with pillows on one side or the other.
Limit your alcohol consumption. Your muscles will over-relax when you use alcohol, especially before bed. Although some people do enjoy this, it can contribute to sleep apnea. Your muscles will relax and collapse, which will make you snore and possibly cough through the night. If you feel you must drink, try not to do it as often or before you go to sleep.
You can always set up a recorder that can film you while you’re sleeping at night. The video needs audio to listen for any noises.
Avoid relying on sleeping pills. Relaxed throat muscles (caused by alcohol consumption as well as sleep medication) can contribute to an increase in sleep apnea. They may also cause complications for sleep apnea patients. You may want to ask your physician to prescribe something for you that doesn’t have an effect on sleep apnea.
Sleeping pills are not the answer if sleep apnea.Sleeping pills can make your throat muscles and with your airways from functioning properly.These pills can become very dangerous if you have a bad case of sleep apnea; even though you might be tempted to use them to stay asleep, even if you just want to get to bed sooner.
If you use a CPAP machine and have sleep apnea, make certain to always have medical ID on your person. This will let emergency personnel and others know you use a CPAP for sleep apnea. The ID should say that you have this condition, you require a CPAP, and it should identify the pressure levels you require for effective treatment.
If you suffer from sleep apnea and are planning a trip, make sure you bring you CPAP in the luggage. You ought not to go a single night without your CPAP. You were probably provided a padded traveling bag to bring your CPAP with you. This bag will help you safely travel with your CPAP machine simply when you are on vacation.
Don’t drink too much if you have sleep apnea. If you regularly drink, your throat muscles will relax too much, which will block your airways and cause snoring. If you’re dealing with sleep apnea, it’s a good idea to avoid drinking as much as possible, especially in the hours close to your bed time. Doing this will prevent alcohol from disturbing your sleeping hours.
Sleep apnea symptoms can be worse if you also have allergies promptly.You might have trouble breathing during the night because of sleep condition. You have to avoid anything else impacting your ability to breathe while you are asleep.
If you plan on taking the plane for a long trip, contact the airline company and let them know you will need to use your CPAP machine. You’ll find that most airlines are quite accommodating to this kind of medical necessity; they’ll seat you in a place where you have all the room you need. If you fly a foreign carrier, be sure to pack a power adapter.
If you are not experiencing success at overcoming your sleep apnea, you should talk to your doctor about some of the more drastic treatment options that are available. Some people don’t have any luck with conventional treatments, and resort to a surgical treatment that entails the removal of the adenoids and tonsils, or the enlargement of the airway.
Sleep apnea is often easy to treat, and it’s just a matter of becoming educated it and putting these treatments in place. Sleeping at random times can disrupt your sleep, so go to bed each night at the same time. Keep your bedroom comfortable and calm for the most satisfying sleep. If you are trying to rest in a loud setting, you can miss valuable sleep.
Stick to using just one regular pillow as you sleep. This makes you in a way where breathing is more difficult. This means that one single pillow to sleep more restfully at night.
Make sure you don’t drink any alcohol before bed. Your throat muscles will relax more than they should from alcohol, and this makes it difficult for sufficient air flow to occur, instigating sleep apnea. If you like to drink alcoholic beverages, you just need to remember not to do so right before you go to sleep.
Some useful tongue exercises can reduce the symptoms of sleep apnea.
The technical definition of sleep apnea is not having enough oxygen while you sleep. As is the case, it would behoove the sufferer of sleep apnea to avoid sleeping at an elevation. The reduced oxygen levels present at high altitude can significantly exacerbate the problems caused by sleep apnea. Your doctor can suggest treatments, therapies, useful tools and surgery, if necessary.
If your CPAP air is moist and humid, you will have a better night’s sleep.A humidifier can be an important part of your CPAP machine, so ask your doctor for a model like that.
Try to work your throat by playing wind instruments. You can help your apnea by learning something like the clarinet or flute. Wind instruments force you to control your air and give a great workout to all the muscles involved in your airway. After some time, your muscles will start to improve and your condition will start to get better.
There are a few simple solutions sleep apnea. Make sure that your bedroom conducive to getting a good night’s rest. Insomnia can occur if the conditions are sub-par.
You may need to have surgery to remove excessive throat tissue that can cause sleep apnea. You may be able to eliminate your sleep apnea symptoms by letting a surgeon perform an uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) treatment on you to clear away the extra tissue and expand your airways. Make sure you’re aware your tonsils are removed as well.
Take action and figure out how to live with sleep apnea.Sleep apnea is often a progressive condition that tends to steadily worsen the longer it’s left untreated.
Always follow your treatment outline. It may not seem to be a big deal to not follow your treatment for a night or more, but you will be able to feel a big difference in how alert you feel. Follow your doctor’s advice if you want function like everyone else in your daily life.
People who suffer from sleep apnea should avoid sleeping on their back. Your airway is more likely to get blocked by sleeping on your back.Sleeping on your side is ideal if you prevent sleep apnea; gravity won’t work against you.
Stay away from all narcotics, or medications that are opioids. These kinds of medicines lower oxygen levels even in people who do not have sleep apnea. When a person has sleep apnea, the result could be death.
Because sleep apnea is a problem of the throat and not the nose, strengthening these muscles makes good sense.There are many quick exercises that you can strengthen throat muscles.
Side sleep to get rest, even when you suffer from sleep apnea. When you sleep on your back, it can be more difficult to breathe freely due to the way your tongue and your throat itself tend to close off your airway. Use pillows to prop up yourself so you will not roll on your back during sleep.
Make sure that your throat and jaw muscles.Sleep apnea can be caused by weak muscles in your throat and neck, so taking the time to strengthen them can help you manage your apnea. You can make a few exercises.
If you suspect you may have sleep apnea, your first stop should be your doctor’s office. It is a dangerous condition and it makes life difficult. If your partner has said something, or you just have a feeling, do not wait to get a medical professional to look you over.
A well-fitted mouth guard specifically made for sleep apnea suffers may be a good choice.You will have an easier time keeping your airway open when you sleep if your jaw is properly aligned with one a mouth guard.
If using a CPAP machine causes the problem of dry mouth, there are some ways to fix that. Depending on the type of machine you use, you may be able to simply increase the humidity setting, providing a more moist supply of air. A CPAP mask with a chin strap will help keep your jaw in position so air doesn’t leak out.
Talk to your partner about their feelings regarding your condition. Chances are good that you have done some snoring and awoke many times during many nights. Discuss the effect that your apnea has had on their sleep, and reassure him/her that your treatments are going to improve the situation.
Mouth guards can make those who suffer from sleep apnea feel better. A good fitted mouth guard will keep one’s jaw and throat in proper alignment while one sleeps, making breathing much easier. Small jaws and overbites can lead to a narrowing of the airways, and these issues should be addressed.
Breathing Problems
Make time to clear your mind before bed. Stress can aggravate the symptoms of sleep apnea. Going to bed with plenty of concerns on your mind will find your apnea worse than usual. Take the time to decompress and clear your mind before you go to sleep.
Don’t struggle with other breathing problems grow out of hand. You need to pay attention to other breathing problems as well if you already are diagnosed with sleep apnea. If you think you might be catching a cold, treat it immediately to avoid increasing the risk of sleep apnea events.
If you suffer from sleep apnea and have not yet found relief, do not throw in the towel. Symptoms vary between individual people, and depending on the condition, some treatments are more effective than others. Trying a variety of strategies will help you to find the one that is most effective for your needs.
Speak with a health professional if you think you have sleep apnea. This condition is serious and can affect your life every day, as it impacts your regular life immediately and can possibly end it. If your sleeping has interfered with your partner’s sleep or your own, don’t hesitate to get a professional involved.
If you have sleep apnea and use a CPAP, be sure to use a heated humidifier along with it. Your CPAP mask might irritate or dry out your skin, and a humidifier can help prevent that. Just fill the humidifier with water, and it’ll end up being a lot more comfortable. You won’t be as likely to shed the mask during the night, and you’ll enjoy a better night’s sleep.
When you do not get a good night of sleep, try and get a nap in your day to compensate. Taking a brief nap can help you grab the extra minutes of sleep you missed during the night and will help to revive you.
Some people find that using a nasal spray is helpful before bedtime. Saline sprays that do not contain chemicals are best as the sprays composed of chemicals may make your condition worse. The way these sprays work is by drying out the nasal passages.
Sleep Apnea
Avoid alcohol and smoking cigarettes if you have sleep apnea. Each has a different effect on the airway. Alcohol causes airway relaxation and smoking causes airways to swell. Both lead to difficulty sleeping. Therefore, eliminating both of them from your life can be extremely effective at treating your symptoms. Doing this can even prevent you from having to proceed to more expensive treatment options.
Sleep apnea is well known as the number of lifestyle factors. Making some simple changes to your lifestyle choices can help you reduce the effects and symptoms of sleep apnea. Unhealthy life habits can exacerbate the symptoms of sleep apnea.
People that deal with their condition daily are in need of a real solution. Information and knowledge is necessary to treat it successfully. Use the tips found here to help relieve your episodes of sleep apnea. Also keep in touch with your doctor. You will sleep more soundly and have more energy throughout the day.
There Are A Lot Of Beauty Options On The Market
You have heard people talk about how only inner beauty really matters. You should always put the effort in to look good. This article contains tips that allow you do just that.
To plump your lips, use white eyeshadow just on top of the cupid’s bow on your top lip, in the center. When you highlight this area, it will catch and reflect light, creating the illusion of fullness.
Exfoliate your skin before you apply a spray tan. This important step ensures that any dead skin and smooths out your complexion. This will make your artifical tan look smooth and even after you apply it. It also make it stay on longer so that it resembles the real thing.
A fluffy brush and a dusting of matte powder are all it takes to freshen up your makeup if you need to go from daytime to night. Use it on your cheeks to brighten your look.
An eyelash curler can help to bring out the money. A lot of folks have no idea how terrific their lashes could look after curling them. Curling your eyelashes brightens your eyes and enlarges the eyes. You could even find heated curler; these actually increase the time an eyelash curlers that give you longer lasting curls.
Moisturize a little bit before putting on makeup. Your makeup won’t look blotchy if you moisturize. This can be a perfect method of making your makeup and keeping you looking fresh.
All the eyeliner and eyeshadow in the world will not do any good for your looks if your peepers are red and bloodshot. Stow away eye drops in whatever bag you are carrying. These can be used for instant relief if your eyes are blurry from sitting at the computer or if they are dry from being in the sun.
Pimples can sometimes appear from nowhere at times and catch you unprepared. Leave the toothpaste on for ten minutes. This home remedy should diminish the unsightliness of the pimple.
Use peppermint oil and purified or filtered water to create your own no-alcohol mouthwash. Use one single drop of oil per every ounce of water. Start by boiling the water, then decant the oil into a heat-resistant glass container. Add boiling water for the next step. Use a clean cloth to cover the mouth of the container, then allow the mixture to cool. Store the solution in a bottle that has a lid that fits tightly. Now you have a natural, alcohol free mouthwash!
Drink a lot of water if you want to maintain fresh and flawless-looking skin. Dehydration can leave your skin and wrinkly. Fight this by having eight cups of clean water (or more) every day. You can always add a hint of lime or lemon to make the water too.Your skin will thank you drank lots of water.
Boar bristle brushes can help calm hair frizzing. A surprising number of people have issues with their hair becoming frizzy. By using a brush with boar bristle fibers during the drying of your hair, you will minimize frizz. Position the hair dryer to blow downward and softly brush your hair.
Make sure to exercise every day.Staying active will help you look and the issues that come with it. You will need to have this included in your figurative beauty bag. You need to exercise at least 15-20 minutes each day. You can work physical activity into daily routines like walking or taking a walk.
Make-up wipes are great to help get rid of imperfections on the go. Beauty gurus often use makeup remover wipes as a means to make quick corrections following the application of makeup. You’ll find it’s practically effortless to repair minor damage to your makeup as you go along. Always use removal wipes when doing anything beauty related.
Drink milk everyday as part of your appearance. Research indicates that drinking milk each day can help your skin and your bones. Milk is high in protein and builds muscles. It will also help you maintain a more favorable body weight down. Milk is a great tool in your body healthy.
Many makeup artists use pink to distract attention from any problems that appear on the face. It easily masks the redness of acne, and detracts from eyes that look puffy.
This is necessary in the summer season. By keeping your lotions, you can keep them from melting or thinning in hot weather. The cooling sensation is sure to leave your skin.
Liquid foundation under the cap can be used as a concealer. You can use any extra foundation that you have as a short fix to this issue. This makes a good concealer. It is quite thick and helps to mask flaws.
Replace your pricy toners, exfoliants, and cleansers with castile soap, a soft washcloth, white vinegar or witch hazel, and some natural Aloe Vera gel for your moisturizer. These natural items will work wonderfully on any skin. Tea tree oil can work as a toner for medicinal purposes.
Take a kitchen sponge in your bath and use it to scrub your skin. Kitchen sponges work equally as well as other types and are often much less costly.
Peppermint Oil
Include more Epsom salts in your beauty products. Epsom salts provide numerous health benefits. Mix some of the salt with water and a little lavender to make a paste. Apply the paste to the areas that are giving you trouble, and leave it on overnight. When you wake up in the morning, you’ll have much better looking skin.
You can make your own mouthwash at home with peppermint oil and water. You will use one drop of the peppermint oil for each ounce of water. Boil the water, then put the oil drops into a ceramic or glass bowl or other container that is heat-resistant. Add the boiling water for the pot. Cover the container using a cloth and leave to cool. Pour the mixture into a sterile container that can be tightly screw on the lid.
After apply lipstick; especially in a dark shade, use your finger and slide it in your lips while making them into an “O” shape. This will help get any of the lipstick that may end up on your teeth later to not get there in the first place.
Makeup artists rely on pink shades to distract from problems on the face. It actually lessens the visual impact of acne and puffed up red eyes.
If you’re a male who cares about how he looks, take special note of your hair. Shampoo and conditioner are important components in hair care.
Curry Leaf Chutney
If you want your manicure to last, you need to finish it with a top coat. Apply a topcoat just after completing your manicure to seal and cure your manicure, and apply thin touch-up coats every other day to keep your polish from chipping or peeling. A quality top coat is well worth the investment, as it can add several days to the life of your manicure.
Curry leaf chutney is a great thing to eat if you keep colorful hair. The curry leaf chutney naturally makes the pigment cells that gives your hair. You really just need one teaspoon.
You can pour a little nail polish remover in your favorite nail polish to make it last a bit longer. Next, shake it well and use it to paint your nails as usual. The color will be lightened, but still very similar.
You don’t want to attach fake eyelashes to your eye! Test it on your arm first to determine if you are allergic. Cover with a bandage for approximately 24 hours.If there isn’t a rash, you should be okay.
In an effort to maintain beauty and a more healthy lifestyle, skin care is important. You must exfoliate to remove dead skin cells and follow up with a moisturizer to nourish your skin. It is a good idea to use lotion once or twice every day.
An easy tip for achieving full lips is going glossy.Outline your lips with bronze that is two shades darker than your skin. Then top it with a natural gloss like coral, peach or gold gloss.
Proper dental care is just as important, if not more important, than a beauty routine. A great smile can charm new friends, new romances, bosses, and clients alike. The value that a good smile gives you simply cannot be overstated.
Lots of ladies find themselves in beauty ruts simply out of habit. If you like the way you look, you do not have to change. If you want to find a new job or a new look, ask for help from a professional, friend or family member.
The proper knowledge is often the only difference in those who look good versus those who don’t is that they do not know how to properly take care of themselves.Once you get caught up on proper beauty techniques, it will be much easier.
Keep your favorite lotion handy for emergencies. No one ever knows in advance when their look is going to need a fast touch up. You can add a tiny bit of lotion to your hair to help with the frizzies. A little dab’ll do ya! Just put a little in the palm of your hand, rub your palms together briskly and apply to your hair.
Lipstick is a makeup problem for many women. Of course, there are times one wants bright lips, but mostly, you want something more neutral.
Eyelash extensions are a great thing to use for a night out. This makes sense for weddings and special events. By adding eyelash extensions, your eyes can be opened up, which will provide you with a more youthful appearance. You are sure to be thrilled with the result.
There are several ways to combat under-eye puffiness and dark circles. Use a good moisturizer to massage gentle circles around your eyes.This will also help your skin look much more refreshed.
After you wax, you need to avoid some things. It is best to avoid direct sunlight and tanning beds for a minimum of 24 hours. After you wax, avoid taking a hot shower or bath. With your pores being wide open from the waxing, these activities can lead to problems. Waiting is something that will benefit you!
If you have run out of self-tanner, you can mix a little bronzer into your daily moisturizer. Use it often to get just the color you want. Doing this will help you get the right shade for you.
This foundation is essential for the rest of your eye applications.
If you can’t afford expensive facials, you can make your own mask at home. All you need is an egg. Separate the yolk, and use the egg whites for a mask. Put it on and leave it there for about five minutes. Then, you need to rinse it off. This mixture is so effective because the egg whites contain protein which helps to improve the moisture of your skin.
Beauty is not be expensive. Even though it could be tempting to buy some fancy facial serum, it’s possible to get quality products at reasonable prices.
Take measures in advance if you know that you have a shiny area around the eye. Use an eyeliner brush and put some face powder around your eye. This will absorb excessive moisture. You can then apply your other makeup as you normally would.
Dab the glue onto your hand instead of trying to apply it right to the lashes.Then pull the lashes through the bit of glue. This can prevent the lashes from having too much glue on them.
Particularly if you use a lot of nail polish, you may notice that your beds begin to look discolored. To get rid of this, soak your yellowed nails in a solution made of a lemon and about one cup of tap water. Let your nails soak in this approximately five minutes. Repeat this on a weekly basis.
Whether you place importance on beauty or not, you can benefit from looking good. Be certain to take the time to apply all that you’ve learned today. As you look a lot better on the outside, you’ll begin to feel great on the inside as well.
Discover Ways To Help You Stop Snoring
It is recommended that a person gets between seven and eight hours each night to stay in good health. That can be difficult to achieve if you or your bed partner does. This article will provide some methods that you stop snoring.
To stop snoring, you must discover the reason you are snoring to begin with. For instance, certain health issues cause snoring and without getting them treated, it won’t go away. It could actually end up making things worse.
Singing can help you to overcome a snoring issue. Singing will build up the throat muscles. Playing a wind or trumpet can also build your throat muscles.
If you want to contain your snoring, you need to keep an eye on your body weight. Body weight doesn’t always affect snoring, but any excess fat around the neck can add pressure to airways and lead to snoring. If you start noticing that your snoring worsens every time you gain a couple of pounds, dropping weight will likely help you.
Taking sleeping pills can cause you to snore, so not taking them might actually help reduce the amount you snore. Sleeping pills cause all of the muscles in your muscles to relax. This can lead directly to a night filled with snoring.
It might seem a bit silly, but singing just might be a good solution for snoring. Constant singing uses and strengthens throat muscles. By building strength in your throat muscles, you can alleviate snoring. Musical wind instruments, such as the trumpet or clarinet, can also make your throat muscles stronger.
Vapor Rubs
One way to keep yourself from snoring is by making “fish faces”. Although it may sound strange, these faces help strengthen your facial and throat muscles. To do so, merely suck your cheeks in when your mouth is closed. Move your lips and mouth like you are a fish. You should practice this technique a few times every day.
Make sure that your nasal passages remain open to help prevent snoring.A nose that is clogged or constricted can cause of snoring. If you catch a cold try and unclog your nose by using vapor rubs, use vapor rubs, humidifier or a neti pot to clear the blockage in your nose. You can also try nasal strips, which allows you to breath easier.
In order to keep yourself from snoring, stay hydrated. Dehydration can restrict your nasal passageways by thickening the mucus in them and making it stickier, which increases the likelihood of snoring. You should drink at least eight glasses of water every day to avoid snoring.
The use of illicit depressants can make your snoring problems. Marijuana and other similar drugs relax you.Pain medications also have the street do the same effect. You may find this relaxation enjoyable, but once you fall asleep, your snoring will begin.
One thing that might help your snoring problem is a firmer pillow. Soft pillows relax your throat muscles, which causes your airway to become more narrow. Snoring will be caused by the difficulty of air passage. Using a pillow that is more firm helps the nasal passages remain open.
Try using a thicker pillow that’s extra thick.Using two or more pillows may also a possibility. By elevating your head, the air flow will open up, which helps to cut down on snoring.
It may be hard to believe, but singing may help you reduce your snoring. One doctor suggests singing to treat snoring because of the way singing helps to strengthen the muscles in the throat and soft palate. This increased muscle tone will keep your passageways from narrowing at night, and when you do go to sleep, snoring won’t bother your slumber.
When you are congested, your nasal passages will become constricted, this may result in air being blocked and you end up snoring.
There are several things that can be done inexpensively to help remedy your snoring. One such thing involves a common tennis ball. Pin this ball to your nightwear before bed. While you are sleeping, you will naturally turn on your side when you feel the tennis ball on your back. Sleeping on your side reduces snoring significantly.
There are many prescription medications that cause snoring. Snoring is caused by restricted air passages.
Consider exercising your tongue regularly. While this might sound a little odd, when you stick your tongue in and out, you are exercising it. Keep your tongue firm while in the extended position, then move the tip around in different directions. Include movements to the front and back as well as the right and left to get a full range of motion. This will tone your tongue muscles and decrease the chances of you snoring during the night.
Sleeping on your back makes it much more likely that you will snore. On the contrary, sleeping on your stomach causes neck stress.This is why sleeping on your side.
Purchasing an adjustable bed may remedy a snoring problem. An adjustable bed enables you to elevate your upper body. This, in turn, opens your airways, which will help reduce or eliminate snoring.
If you want to stop snoring, then change the position you sleep in.The majority of snoring takes place when someone sleeps on their backs. By sleeping on one side or the other, you can prevent the muscles from relaxing and enjoy more restful sleep.
While losing excess body weight is tough, it can help to minimize your snoring. The additional weight will accumulate all over your body and this includes the neck. This puts a great deal of pressure on your airways and can cause partial obstruction. This results in vibrations and snoring.
It may sound comical, but a way to exercise your tongue is by moving it in and out of your mouth. Make certain you are hitting all four points on the compass in the exercise. This will tone your tongue muscles and diminish snoring during the night.
Getting at least eight hours of sleep should reduce your snoring. However, it’s more than how long you sleep, it’s also being on a good sleep schedule. Hit the sack at the same time every night and set your alarm for the same time every morning.
The tennis ball cure” is substantiated by many people claim is quite effective. This reminds you to not sleep on your stomach or side. Once you are used to sleeping in this position, you can stop using the tennis ball.
It is possible to cure snoring through certain types of exercise. Practicing throat exercises for up to half an hour each day can help prevent snoring. Some examples of these exercises are tongue curling and making vowel sounds. This will strengthen the upper respiratory muscles to prevent snoring.
Ask your physician about mandibular advancement appliances. This appliance is inserted into your mouth up against the upper and lower teeth. The appliance positions your jaw a little bit more forward than usual to minimize snoring.
Breathing through your mouth as you sleep makes you much more likely to snore, since snoring sounds occur when air enters and exits the throat through the mouth. When you breathe through your nose, air doesn’t get through your throat. You can avoid breathing by mouth when you use a chin strap or mouth sealant that keeps your mouth shut during sleep. Talk to your pharmacist about these types of treatment aids.
Snoring may seem like an incurable problem, but it’s actually something that you can get under control. You can get rid of this annoying characteristic. There are several steps you can take to lessen or eliminate your snoring. Begin by applying the methods in this article, and hopefully you will soon know the feeling of a good night’s sleep.
Blow your nose and use saline nasal spray prior to bed to reduce snoring. By keeping airways clear, you’ll be able to breathe better while sleeping. This will give you the ability to take in air through your nose, which can help your breathing patterns.
Get The Body Of Your Dreams With These Great Fitness Instructions
It can be difficult sometimes to know what the best way to do so is. There is so much information out what works best. The tips in this article will give you get fitter.
Find and choose an exercise routine that you like, and you can stick with. If you are doing an activity you enjoy you will start to look forward to your work outs.
Do you not have a lot of time to exercise? Break up the workout into two sessions. Instead of doing a one hour workout, jog on 2 separate occasions for 30 minutes during the day.
To help elevate your level of fitness, it is a great idea to start walking a lot more. For increased effort, walk by pushing off your heel and going to your toe. With arms bent at the elbows, swing them gently to tone this body area at the same time.
If you usually exercise indoors, running around the neighborhood will yield varying results. The difference in intensity and muscle use that is needed to run uphill outdoors can yield different results than similar exercise on various terrains.
Begin with smaller weights when you start weight lifting. Small muscles tire before bigger ones, and that’s why it’s a good idea to start lifting barbells or dumbbells before tackling the larger machines.
Try unique things to get a good workout. You don’t need to go to the gym to lose weight. You should find something that keeps you motivated and happy to continue with the activity.
You can intensify the use of your workouts by practicing controlled breathing. Try forcefully exhaling when your shoulders come to their peak during situps. The contraction of a deep breathing causes your ab muscles to work than normal.
When weight-lifting, many repetitions of a lighter weight will far increase your muscle mass as compared to fewer repetitions with a heavier weight. Building muscle mass is more about endurance than the ability to lift more weight. Many weight-lifters practice this method.
Flex your glutes at the top of each rep when you lift weights above your head. This will give your butt and is a great workout while decreasing the odds of working out in general.The position of your spine greatly diminishes your risk for injury.
Before you start a workout on a bench, test the thickness of the padding by pressing your fingers firmly down on the cushion. You should not be able to easily make out the wood beneath the padding; if you can, you should choose another machine. If you can feel the support structure you may sustain bruising or other injury.
Do you find chin-ups simpler to do? If you think out of the your thinking about chin-ups it can help. Imagine pulling the elbows lower instead of pulling up while you are doing your chin-ups. This trick will make things seem much simpler and you will be able to complete more of them.
Try kickboxing as a form of exercise. This workout is very vigorous, as it works many areas of your body. You can lose a lot of weight and build strength with this fun workout.
There is more to fitness than physical strength. Regular exercise aslo has the added benefit of an increase in your sense of well-being and it promotes good emotional benefits. The endorphins released during a workout can improve your mood as well being. Working out also enhances your self-image and your confidence level.You can become happier by just working out as a couple times.
Work on your volleyball skills. Playing foosball is a great practice exercise for volleyball. You need great hand-eye coordination and skills in order to win at foosball. The same skills that you perfect to win at foosball can also help you play a better game in volleyball.
This practice increases the likelihood that you far more likely to continue with your sessions as opposed to paying afterward. The reason is because you have already turned over your hard-earned cash. You are going to want to get what you will follow through.
You should never perform exercises when your body is ailing. When you’re sick, your body is trying to heal itself. You will not get ahead with your workout and you should never assume you can sweat your illness away. So, halt your workouts until you have recovered. Meanwhile, eat properly and rest as much as you can.
It is very important that you schedule out your day to find some time to workout and exercise. By scheduling your day ahead of time, you can find time to exercise and bring healthy meals with you when you leave your home.
When starting out a fitness routine, it is a great idea to make payments to your personal trainer ahead of time so it gives you a commitment. This makes it more likely that you will follow through with your workout sessions. The reason for this is that your money is already spent. You want to get the most out of your hard earned money, this is why paying things off beforehand works.
If you are aiming to increase your speed and endurance, think about working out like the Kenyan’s do. The Kenyan method is to go slow in the beginning third and then kick it into a higher gear after that. Your overall pace is going to increase bit by bit over the run should gradually be increased. By the last third of the run, you should run quickly.
You should train the way Kenyans do if you want to be a faster runner or have more endurance while running. Kenyans train by starting off slow for the first third of their run. Make sure you’re increasing your running pace in increments. When the middle third rolls around, you need to be moving at a normal speed. Run at a faster pace in the last third. If you practice this regularly, you will notice distinct differences in your endurance and speed.
Having a clear picture of what you want and need is useful when it comes to exercise. By educating yourself about proper fitness techniques, you’ll be able to get the most out of your workouts, whether you are a casual walker or a hardcore athlete. You will be in the best shape of your life by using this article’s advice.
While doing specific workout routines like lat pulldowns and pullups it is not necessary to wrap your thumb around the bar. When you place your thumb near your fingers, it helps you to focus on the back muscles. Thought it feels weird, it ensures the muscles intended, get the intended work.
Helpful Advice On Bulking Up Faster
Muscle growth does not just happen over night. This goal is one that requires hard work and dedication in order to achieve your total commitment. The information presented in this article below will provide a basis from which you how to approach your muscle-building efforts.
Make sure you have enough vegetables in your diet. Most of the muscle building diets ignore vegetables and focus more on proteins as well as complex carbohydrates. The essential nutrients in vegetables usually can’t be found in foods with a high protein or carbohydrate content. Of course, vegetables contain a ton of fiber, as well. Your body uses fiber to process protein more efficiently.
A lot of people fail to use proper technique when working out is focusing on speed rather than technique. Performing your workouts slower takes more control and sheer strength, will give you far better results than quickly churning out sets in bad form.
Always include three core exercises in your routines. These are large muscle group exercises like dead lifts, squats and presses. Correctly completing these exercises on a regular basis will add muscle mass, help to make you stronger, and generally condition your body. Use a variety of each exercise each time you workout.
Eating some meat can help your muscles. Try to eat about 1 gram of protein packed meat for every pound on your body.
Switch up your workout routine. Your muscles will soon get accustomed to your workouts and you will cease to see positive results. Change your workout to do a variety of exercises, and alternate the muscle groups you work on in a single setting. By changing your workout, you keep your workout fresh and you’ll be more likely to stick with it.
Building muscle is a long term process, so it’s important for you to keep yourself motivated. Your rewards can even be beneficial for further muscle mass.For instance, reward yourself with a massage, and will help you recover on your days off.
If you plan on using creatine, use it with caution when taking it for any extended amount of time. This is very bad for people with kidney issues. Additional known complications include muscle cramps and compartment syndrome. Creatine supplements have even been linked with heart arrhythmia. Adolescents using this supplement are at the highest risk. Try to ensure that you use the supplements safely if you decide you are going to integrate them into your workouts.
Don’t attempt to build muscle while doing intensive cardio workouts. Cardio is helpful to keep in shape, but a lot of it could impede your attempts to bulk up through bodybuilding. If building up muscle is your focus, stick with resistance training.
Do not extend your workouts to more than 60 minutes. If your body is engaged for more than sixty minutes, then it will start to release cortisol. Cortisol blocks testosterone–a hormone that promotes muscle growth–and undermines all of the work you are putting into building muscle. For the best results, only spend 60 minutes or less working out.
You must consume enough protein if you want to build muscle. A good way to get all of the protein intake is to use protein supplements and drinks. These shakes work very well immediately after working out and before you hit the sack. You must consume about one shake per day if you’re trying to lose weight.If your goal is to also increase your mass, you should drink up to three every day.
If your goal is to build muscle, you must increase your protein consumption. Protein is essential to building muscle, and not eating enough protein can actually make you lose muscle mass. You may require daily protein in the amount of one gram for each pound you weigh.
After you workout, so that your muscles can build and repair themselves well.Someone under forty should hold each stretch for at least 30 seconds. People over the age need to hang on longer; holding each stretch for a minimum of 60 seconds. This will help to insure that you do not get injured after your muscle building exercises.
Many people mistakenly increase protein to build muscle. This calorie increase can lead to weight gain if there is not enough exercise. Ease your way into a high-protein diet so that your body has a chance to adjust. Gradually raising your intake by two or three hundred calories at two- or three-day intervals is wise.
Staying hydrated is important to safely and healthily building of muscle.If you are not keeping yourself well hydrated with water, there is a greater risk of injury to your muscles.Hydration is also facilitates the increase and maintenance of muscle mass.
Know your limits, but don’t stop doing a particular exercise until you know you have nothing left. Push yourself during each set until you are literally physically unable to complete another rep. As you begin flagging, you can cut the number of reps in each subsequent set.
If you are interested in bulking up, you have to focus on squatting, dead lifting and squatting. These exercises can assist you with getting in shape quickly. You can add more exercises to your workout regimen, but these should be the foundation.
By building your muscles, you will become stronger. You should see a steady increase in the amount of weight you can lift over time. In fact, if you are just starting out, you should be capable of lifting about five percent more every two workout sessions. If you are not making this kind of progress, analyze what you are doing incorrectly. If you felt stronger in your previous session than you do now, maybe you need more time to recover.
15 Grams
Only exercise three or four times each week. Taking days off is important, as this gives your body time to recuperate. The more you work out, the more likely you are to injure yourself and hinder your progress toward your goals.
Try consuming a lot of protein rich foods right before and after you exercise. A good idea is to consume 15 grams a half hour before you train and another 15 grams after you are done. You can get this quickly and easily by drinking one or two servings of milk.
Your muscle building goals should be difficult but attainable. Your best results are achieved gradually over time, through working out hundreds of times. Using dangerous substances such as steroids or stimulants can permanently damage your organs, leading to ill-health or even death.
It is important to limit your workouts to 3 to 4 times a week. This will help your body the time it needs to repair and rebuild themselves with a bit of rest.
Do not neglect to stretch before your workouts. Warming your muscles before a workout, by stretching them, will help to prevent injuries. A good stretching routine after you finish a workout will help your muscles to relax and will keep blood flowing and bringing much needed nutrients to your tired muscles. Massages will help in relaxation and post-workout recovery.
Make your goals realistic and reasonable. You will see the best results if you meet your goals over hundreds of workout sessions. Attempting to quickly build muscle by using steroids, stimulants, increases the risk of bodily harm and potentially severe health consequences.
Make your short-term goals achievable. Although you would like to squat several hundred pounds in only a month, this is just not possible, and you are likely to injure yourself. Once you have established a baseline strength, you should strive for modest improvements throughout your regimen. You may actually surprise yourself and surpass those goals. Anytime you meet or beat your goals, you will feel even more motivated, and the results will carry forward.
Use smarts as you are completing squats.Make sure you lower the bar to the back to a point of the traps center. This will put a lot higher demand on your hamstrings, hips and butt, which allows you to lift more weight.
Be mindful of your diet and consumption when attempting to build muscle. Muscles are made up of about 70 percent water, so consuming enough water is crucial. Also limit alcohol consumption, which has been shown to reduce muscle fibers when used excessively.
Now you should really know enough to plan and implement an effective muscle building strategy. With what you’ve learned here, you should be ready to safely build your muscle mass to the point you wish to reach. Keep on track, and you will see the progress.
Diet is an essential factor in the quest for muscle mass. There are nutrients your body needs to rebuild muscles in the body. It’s been proven that most protein shakes are a great idea after a workout, as they normally help to rebuild fibers. |
History of the Vermont Geological Survey & the State Geologist Gallery
The mission of producing a geological and mineralogical survey of the state guided the establishment of the Vermont Geological Survey. This Survey would provide a full scientific examination and description of the state's rocks, soils, metals and minerals. Charles B. Adams (1814-1853) was appointed the first Vermont State Geologist by Governor William Slade in March of 1845. The survey progressed slowly over the years due to little funding. Several annual reports were published, but the first geologic map of Vermont was not completed until 1861.
Asbestos minerals are found in the serpentinized ultramafic bodies. The larger bodies are composed of central cores of massive dunite and peridotite which grade outward to massive or sheared serpentinite. Chrysotile asbestos occurs as cross-fiber veins in the more massive portions of the ultramafic bodies and as slip-fibers in the highly sheared serpentinites (Ratte, 1982).
Radioactivity - Naturally Occuring in Rock, Soil and Water
Drought and other hazards
What is drought? A period of unusually dry weather that persists long enough to cause problems such as crop damages or water shortages. There is meteorological, agricultural and hydrologic drought. Impacts of drought on groundwater may lag behind the decrease in precipitation and agricultural drought. For tips on what to do during drought, has information about all hazards.
Links to drought information:
Earthquake FAQS
What is an earthquake? It is sudden shaking of the earth caused by shifting of rock beneath the surface. Earthquakes occur due to slip along faults, volcanic activity or other changes in stress in the earth's crust.
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January 21, 2021
Gen Z Conservative
what socialism leads to
Socialism Leads to Suffering, Starvation and Poverty
Why Socialism Leads to Evil, Horrible Outcomes
Many great politicians and leaders of history have remarked upon what socialism leads to and what its true nature is.
Winston Churchill, for example, noted that socialism “is a philosophy of failure, the creed of ignorance, and the gospel of envy, its inherent virtue is the equal sharing of misery.” He also said that “The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.”
Similarly, Milton Friedman remarked that “A society that puts equality before freedom gets neither. A society that puts freedom before equality will get a high degree of both.”
And, of course, Ronald Reagan taught that “America’s prosperity was not a gift from the government or anyone else. Free enterprise, not government, is the source from which our blessings flow.”
Finally, Rand Paul’s book, “The Case Against Socialism,” fully tells the story of socialism and why it is an evil system that leads only to horrific, negative outcomes.
Together, all of those leaders and sources point to the same conclusion- socialism leads to starvation, suffering, and misery.
Rand Paul shows the historical evidence of what socialism leads to in his book; here’s a hint, none of it was good. Churchill’s quotations on socialism show that socialism is a system that both always fails and leads only to the sharing of misery.
Friedman’s point is that when socialist nations try to limit freedom to promote equality, they end up getting neither; as a result, what socialism leads to is both an unfree populace and one where the leading, Politburo class is far better off than every other member of society.
Relatedly, Reagan’s point that free enterprise is the source of all economic good, not the government, shows why socialism never works; it relies on the government, not the market, to produce goods. That doesn’t work. Ever.
All of those sources and quotations attack different aspects of socialism. But, when presented together, they get to the root of why what socialism leads to is suffering, starvation, and misery. The “why” is that socialism is both morally and theoretically bankrupt; because of that, socialism leads to only bad things.
Socialism is a morally bankrupt ideology because it is all about handing control to the leaders and limiting freedom, as Friedman hints at. Individual liberty is a natural right; it was given by God to all humanity. Systems like socialism that restrain that liberty in unjust ways are morally bankrupt. As a result of its moral bankruptcy, socialism leads to misery and suffering; humans cannot naturally live in such totalitarian, control-centric, oppressive systems. We need freedom. When it is limited, we suffer and are miserable.
Additionally, socialism is an economically bankrupt ideology. As Churchill and Reagan pointed out in their quotes on socialism, it is an economically disastrous idea because it ignores the basic factors that lead to prosperity. The result of that economic bankruptcy is that socialism always fails and that socialism leads to starvation and misery. Subjects of socialist nations never have enough to eat and are miserable because of their dim economic prospects.
And none of that is just theory. “Real socialism” has been tried. It destroyed Venezuela, turning a once-prosperous nation into a nation full of starving, miserable, impoverished people. If you want to read more examples of what socialism leads to, just read “Socialism Sucks.” It will tell you everything you need to know about the reality of life under socialism.
The facts about what socialism leads to cannot be ignored. A new generation of Democrats is rising to power and they have no attachment to traditional American values. They don’t want to help you live free. they don’t want prosperity. In fact, they don’t even want to make life better for anyone. They just want control, which is something that Margaret Thatcher illuminated in her quotation about socialism.
To get that control, they are pushing for so-called “democratic socialism.” Want to know what “democratic socialism” is? Here’s a hint: it’s the exact same thing as any other form of socialism. What it will lead to is suffering, misery, and starvation. We cannot let it happen here. We need to fight back against the growing socialist threat.
By: Gen Z Conservative
If you liked reading about what socialism leads to, please consider leaving a tip through PayPal to help support the site and support a young conservative!
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Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Müller
Potsdam is the capital city of the German federal state Brandenburg. It directly borders the German capital Berlin. It is situated on the River Havel,24 kilometres (15 miles) southwest of Berlin's city center.
Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser,until 1918. Around the city there are a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks, in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci, the largest World Heritage Site in Germany. The Potsdam Conference, the major post World War II conference between the victorious Allies, was held at another palace in the area, the Cecilienhof.
Potsdam-Babelsberg in the south-eastern part of Potsdam, was a major film production studio before the war and has enjoyed success as a major center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Studio Babelsbergis the oldest large-scale film studio in the world.
Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges, University of Potsdam and more than 30 Research institutes in the city.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam |
Generalized Hough Transform in Matlab
The generalized Hough transform (GHT), introduced by Dana H. Ballard in 1981, is the modification of the Hough transform using the principle of template matching. The Hough transform was initially developed to detect analytically defined shapes (e.g., line, circle, ellipse etc.). In these cases, we have knowledge of the shape and aim to find out its location and orientation in the image. This modification enables the Hough transform to be used to detect an arbitrary object described with its model.
I have implemented generalized Hough transform in Matlab. This implementation does not support rotation. The code below should be self-explanatory. If you have any question leave a comment!
For the sample input and output images, check the bottom of the post!
% Read images:
target = imread('target.png');
reference = imread('reference.png');
% Convert Images to Grayscale:
% First save the original because at the end we will put marks on found
% templates from original image
original_target = target;
target = rgb2gray(target);
reference = rgb2gray(reference);
% Get edges with default threshold:
% I have tried different combinations of Sobel, Prewitt, Canny and Roberts.
% Almost all combinations are working(With different maximum values). The
% Canny seems the most slowest one but it seems like Canny is better in
% means of False Alarm situations. Probably thats why everybody is using
% Canny with Hough transfrom. I have also tried without applying any edge
% method and the code works fine. As far as I read, Hough transform doesn't
% have to work on binary images so, we can actually omit this step. But
% just for the sake of this assignment I will use the edge method which
% will help me get the best hough space in means of being observable by
% human eyes. With the "Sobel/Canny or Prewitt/Canny" 3 template image
% clearly visible but there are also very close maximas everywhere around
% the accumulator, but when I try Canny Canny there is a huge gap between
% true local maximas and others, therefore it has better visibility
target = edge(target,'Canny');
reference = edge(reference,'Canny');
% Reference Point: (Middle point)
refX = round(size(reference,1)/2);
refY = round(size(reference,2)/2);
% Get Reference edge point:
[x,y] = find(reference > 0);
maxAngels = 180;
maxPoints = size(x,1);
% Gradient of reference image:
dy = imfilter(double(reference),[1; -1],'same');
dx = imfilter(double(reference),[1 -1],'same');
reference_grad = atan2(dy,dx)*180/pi();
% Rtable:
rtable = zeros(maxAngels, maxPoints, 2);
binCount = zeros(maxAngels);
for i=1:1:maxPoints
bin = reference_grad(x(i), y(i)) + maxAngels;
binCount(bin) = binCount(bin) + 1;
Dx = x(i) - refX;
Dy = y(i) - refY;
rtable(bin, binCount(bin), 1) = Dx;
rtable(bin, binCount(bin), 2) = Dy;
% Get the target edge points
[x,y] = find(target > 0);
maxPoints_target = size(x,1);
% Gradient of target:
dy = imfilter(double(target),[1; -1],'same');
dx = imfilter(double(target),[1 -1],'same');
target_grad = atan2(dy,dx)*180/pi();
% Accumulator(Hough space):
size_target = size(target);
accumulator = zeros(size_target);
% Total match:
for i=1:1:maxPoints_target
% The gradient angle:
bin = target_grad(x(i), y(i)) + maxAngels;
for j = 1:1:binCount(bin)
tx = x(i) - rtable(bin, j, 1);
ty = y(i) - rtable(bin, j, 2);
if (tx>0) && (tx<size_target(1)) && (ty>0) && (ty<size_target(2))
accumulator(tx, ty) = accumulator(tx, ty)+1;
% Find local maxima:
max_value1 = max(max(accumulator));
[raw1,col1] = find(accumulator == max_value1);
% Second local maxima
max_value2 = max(max(accumulator(accumulator < (max_value1))));
[raw2,col2] = find(accumulator == max_value2);
% Display:
% P.S: When displaying all the graphs together on subplot, sometimes
% maximum points in accumulator image doesn't look as shiny as they
% actually are. If we display them seperately, we can clearly see them.
imshow(accumulator, []);
hold on;
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(target),title('Target Image with Edges');
% This part is just for Graph Title:
str = "Accumulator(x,y): ";
for i=1:size(raw1)
str1 = sprintf('(%d, %d) ',raw1(i),col1(i));
str = strcat(str,str1);
for i=1:size(raw2)
str2 = sprintf('(%d, %d) ',raw2(i),col2(i));
str = strcat(str,str2);
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(accumulator, []),title(str);
subplot(2,2,[3,4]),imshow(original_target),title('Target Image with Found Templates ( Red Dots )');
hold on;
plot(col1,raw1,'r.'); % Put red dot
Reference Image:
Target Image where we will be looking for the Reference Image:
Hough Space:
Final Result with little red dots on found templates:
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2 Responses
1. nima says:
hi thanks for your code and effort, but your code is broken espicaily in this line
“`if (tx>0) && (tx<size_target(1)) && (ty>0) && (ty<size_target(2))“`
• MBcoder says:
Hello thanks for reporting in. First of all I just realised my <> signs are converted to html entities, sorry for that.
And when it comes to why it is not working I have no idea. Because I am sure that code was working. Probably it is converted badly when I posted here and I was still newbie in blogging back then 🙂
If I find my original work, I will replace it with the correct one but no promises.
Thank you again for pointing out.
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Japanese artist touch to Esaias van de Velde: Light of Japan on Dutch art of yesteryear
Lee Jay Walker
Modern Tokyo Times
Another stunning art piece by the Japanese artist, Sawako Utsumi, is illuminated by the unique angle and a delightful color scheme to the original done by Esaias van de Velde. In the past, the same artist who hails from Northern Japan similarly focused on two other art pieces by the same Dutch artist. Therefore, despite Esaias (1587-1630) being born many centuries before and coming from a completely different culture, the contemporary Japanese artist is still fascinated by his rich legacy.
Equally important, in comparison with the original art piece that inspired Utsumi, she focuses on a Christian theme. Hence, the delightful backdrop to the more central Christian church in blue and white is extremely intriguing.
Ironically, at a similar time in history when Christians would feel the full pressure of the Edo Period in Japan in the seventeenth century, Esaias’s Flemish father also fled because of being a Protestant during a long period of sectarianism in parts of Europe. This fact – and the unique angle by Utsumi – is a way of saying that just like this faith survived despite religious persecution, the spirit of Esaias remains in modern times for individuals who adore Dutch art.
In a past article, I state, It is known that Esaias admired Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569). Intriguingly, this artist was called “Peasant Bruegel.” For Utsumi, the artist Bruegel is also deeply admired because of his depiction of adorable landscapes and artistic themes that focus on peasants. In a sense, Utsumi is trying to fuse both artists within her art based on several angles.”
Despite Esaias dying relatively young, his legacy is extremely rich because he taught many artists of different recognition levels. This notably applies to Jan van Goyen, Martszen de Jonge, Pieter van Laer, Pieter de Molyn, and Pieter de Neyn. He also influenced Jan Asselyn, Zacharias Blijhooft, Adriaen Adriaensz Ghibons, Abraham Vinck, and Willem Viruly. Hence, many artistic concepts, expressions, ideas, themes, and other areas, kept the spirit of Esaias alive long after he perished from this world.
In truth, the latest art piece based on the richness of Esaias is extremely delightful and reaches the heart. This notably applies to the color scheme, the simplicity of the boats, the Christian churches that symbolize continuity, the background of natural energy despite the remoteness of the village, and other amazing angles.
Book Review: Sawako Utsumi and her Kindred Spirit
http://sawakoart.com – Sawako Utsumi personal website
Modern Tokyo News is part of the Modern Tokyo Times group
https://twitter.com/MTT_News Modern Tokyo Times
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American Literary History 14.4 (2002) 625-652
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Epidemic Entertainments:
Disease and Popular Culture in Early-Twentieth-Century America
Nancy Tomes
Over the last 20 years, "killer germs" and "superbugs" have become familiar features of American popular culture. Against the backdrop of a global AIDS pandemic that has claimed almost 14 million lives, the news media and entertainment industries have used the specter of real and imagined plagues to promote a wide variety of cultural products, from nonfiction tomes to made-for-TV movies. Through their efforts, Americans have become familiar with a host of frightening new ailments, including AIDS, Ebola, flesh-eating streptococcus, and the West Nile virus. Since September 11, what once seemed implausible scenarios involving bioterrorists and international conspiracies have taken on chilling new believability. With memories fresh in mind of airplanes used as bombs and anthrax sent through the mails, Americans seem headed for another "epidemic of signification," to use Paula Treichler's phrase, in which books, television specials, and movies explore the theme of disease apocalypse (1). 1
The events of September 11 make the purpose of this special issue more complex and urgent. As Priscilla Wald writes in the introduction, this issue aims to provide "a richer and more nuanced understanding of the multifaceted relationships among culture and contagion." Responding to the various plague scenarios being circulated in media and policy circles today requires engagement with a larger crisis in what sociologist Ulrich Beck has termed our modern "risk society," that is, a culture increasingly aware of its potential for self-annihilation through nuclear war, environmental degradation, and pandemics of deadly disease. Since the end of the Cold War, widening disparities between the economic resources and ideological outlooks of the developed and developing worlds, coupled with the greater ease with which people and ideas move about the globe, have seemingly expanded the potential for [End Page 625] political and biological disruptions. Simultaneously, improved global telecommunications have ensured that these disruptions will be broadcast around the world, courtesy of video cameras, satellite networks, cable TV, and the Internet. New biological realities of disease converged with more intense scientific and media scrutiny of them have combined to heighten anxieties about what Jacqueline Foertsch terms "postmodern plagues" (4). As she writes, "Despite multiple medical and social advancements throughout the twentieth century, fears of plague have not been eradicated by science, politics, or religious fervor but have instead spawned a plague of fears that worsens the crises attending any period of true biological threat and fuels the fires of mistrust and misinformation in contexts where this threat is nonexistent" (4).
Given renewed anxieties about bioterrorism, it is all the more important that we reflect more deeply on how this "plague of fears" gets conceptualized and acted upon. Over the past decade, critical theorists have done exemplary work exposing the manifold ways that class, race, and gender differences have shaped popular representations of infectious diseases. A generation of AIDS-inspired scholarship has raised our consciousness about the ways that popular narratives of disease and risk, whether in fictional or nonfictional form, influence health care politics and policy. Critics have raised important questions about the way that media attention defines a disease's newsworthiness. Barry Glassner and Susan Moeller describe how media competition has helped make Americans overly fearful of rare diseases they are unlikely to encounter, such as Ebola and the flesh-eating streptococcus, while distracting them from more widespread public health problems. Similarly, Treichler and her colleagues, in an unpublished presentation delivered at the twelfth World AIDS Conference, have identified a "global AIDS template" evident in policy statements and media coverage, a narrative in which "dramatic themes of microbiological apocalypse or merciless chemical and biological genocide obscure the more lethal and prevalent threat to human populations of boring, unromantic diseases like TB [and] malaria" (16).
Scholars such as Treichler, Lisa Lynch, and Heather Schell have shown how representations of infectious diseases frequently become a vehicle for expressing cultural anxieties about economic interdependence and racial mixing. Yet we still know too little about how the multiple...
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Definition:Frame of Reference
From ProofWiki
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A frame of reference is a coordinate system which is more or less arbitrarily or conveniently disposed in a model of the physical universe.
Point of Reference
A point of reference is a distinct point in a frame of reference. |
The Norman Lords of Bristol
"The early history of Bristol is obscure. Although archaeological excavation is beginning to shed light on the development of the town, the townsmen left no written records to provide a picture of the political framework, within which the town emerged, nor of how power was mediated in the town". Thompson looks at early records of how Bristol was formed, and what events and factors influenced its early development.
Looking for James: science and bridge-building in eighteenth century Bristol
James Bridges was clearly a versatile and talented character; it seems that talent ran in his family. Following on from his father, the creator of a marvellous invention which is celebrated today at the British Museum, James Bridges was a skilled surveyor, architect and travelling showman with a keen interest in science. Bridges took on many projects throughout his lifetime, including the Bristol bridge, to name but one. In this article, Barb Drummond follows the story of this intriguing character - although the end of his story remains elusive. |
Gandhi in the West
The Mahatma and the rise of radical protest
Sean Scalmer*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Book/ReportBook
45 Citations (Scopus)
The non-violent protests of civil rights activists and anti-nuclear campaigners during the 1960s helped to redefine Western politics. But where did they come from? Sean Scalmer uncovers their history in an earlier generation's intense struggles to understand and emulate the activities of Mahatma Gandhi. He shows how Gandhi's non-violent protests were the subject of widespread discussion and debate in the USA and UK for several decades. Though at first misrepresented by Western newspapers, they were patiently described and clarified by a devoted group of cosmopolitan advocates. Small groups of Westerners experimented with Gandhian techniques in virtual anonymity and then, on the cusp of the 1960s, brought these methods to a wider audience. The swelling protests of later years increasingly abandoned the spirit of non-violence, and the central significance of Gandhi and his supporters has therefore been forgotten. This book recovers this tradition, charts its transformation, and ponders its abiding significance.
Original languageEnglish
PublisherCambridge University Press
Number of pages248
ISBN (Electronic)9780511974168
ISBN (Print)9780521760911
Publication statusPublished - 1 Jan 2011
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11 Kid-friendly, sustainable ideas that you can incorporate into your lifestyle TODAY
Yesterday was Earth day. This is posted today for a reason, lest we forget that saving the earth is not about one single day, that we shouldn't forget our duties to the earth that we borrow from our children.
Earth Day was started in 1970s because Gaylord Nelson, a senator from the US was disturbed that an issue as important as our environment was not addressed in politics or by the media.
Cut to today, there is a lot more awareness about the damage we inflict upon earth everyday but the lack of political will and inaction remains.
Boond Boond se bane sagar or Little drops of water make the mighty ocean. Each one of us can contribute to saving our life-giving earth and preserve it for future generations.
Here are 11 ways to incorporate kid-friendly, earth-saving, sustainable practices into our lifestyle.
Cloth diapering: Modern cloth diapering has come a long way since its earlier counterparts. They are both easy on the eye, wallet, and the environment. There is an upfront cost but you save about 1/2 a ton of diapers reaching the landfill over a period of three years. Add to it the social impact of sanitation workers not having to deal with bodily fluids waste is enough reason to switch over.
Investing in wooden/natural toys over plastic: Every piece of plastic ever produced is still around now and will remain for a long while after you are gone. Chew on that. We buy so many toys for our children. In order for it to be safe for children, the plastic used in toys needs to be virgin plastic. This essentially means newly minted plastic which will remain on our planet far after our children have outgrown them. Invest in fewer toys but in ones made from natural materials like wood. Not only does it provide a rich sensorial experience to our children but also as a bio degradable material that becomes one as soil. Wooden toys are traditionally more expensive than its plastic counterparts but there is a growing body of research that children need less toys not more. Even the smallest difference counts, like moving to beeswax crayons from plastic crayons.
Use steel/ceramic dishes: Growing up, our houses had steel vessels, serving dishes, plates and glasses and special china for guests. Somewhere along the way, we fell for the glitz of microwave friendly melamine and plastic ware. We are wary of glass and ceramic because they are not "kid-friendly". Funnily enough, most plastic releases BPA (Bisphenol- A) which is extremely harmful to children and adults alike. Simplest change you can make in your life today is to discard all plastic plates, glasses, and snack/lunch boxes, water bottles.
Always carry a cloth bag: Always carry a cloth bag while going outside. This can help you avoid taking unnecessary plastic bags. Designate one cloth bag for you and your child. This will make it a ritual which they will follow into adulthood hopefully.
Always carry a reusable water bottle: You know that bottle of water that we don't carry because it is too much of an effort to lug around 500 ml. It contributes to landfills at an alarming rate and most importantly, those PET bottles are single use only. They release or leach harmful chemicals into the water over a period of time that are carcinogenic or act as endocrine disruptors which leads to hormonal imbalances. Also, think of the resources it takes to get that bottle of water in your hands. Fossil fuels and water to develop plastic and fossil fuels to get them to you at that oh so convenient shop on the go.
Fix all the dripping taps: You know that only annoying tap in the house that slowly but relentlessly drips throughout the day. The job which is too small for a plumber, so you wait for another few jobs to add up before you call them. Just do it today, you can save up to 1000 liters of drinkable water in a month. Think of Cape Town, they have run out of potable water and their water supply is literally guarded by their police. Is that the future we want to leave behind for our children? For children, this can be an exercise in building awareness about how water wastage occurs.
Bathe and brush more efficiently: We teach so many habits ground up to our children, that become their norm. Brushing and bathing are one of those basic habits. Installing a water saving shower head saves up to 60% of the water used by aerating the water and increasing water pressure and it costs as less as 600 Rs in India. Teaching our children to have faster showers or baths. We can keep a bucket near our feet while showering and use the stray water for watering plants or other home purposes. Just closing the tap while brushing and using a glass for rinsing against the traditional "scoop in your hands" method saves a tonne of water. Talk to your children about how water is a precious resource and how we need to save it a every chance we get and reuse wherever possible. Make a game out of it, allow them to come up with applications from their everyday lives.
Waste segregation and recycling: The municipal corporation in Mumbai is making a big push towards sustainability by making all residential and commercial complexes to compost thereby removing wet and organic waste from the equation. They also limit the kind of dry waste they accept forcing societies and individuals to segregate waste for recycling. For example, they do not accept glass waste, they do not accept wood waste, they do not accept electronic and medical waste. Waste segregation and recycling is a habit we can inculcate from a young age. Keep a large bag in the service area in your apartment. Keep adding things to the bag like restaurant serving boxes, used bottles, even plastic bags, glass items, metal objects like bent hangers, corrugated sheets like those ecommerce packaging materials, and newspapers of course. Encourage your child to participate by talking and identifying recyclable objects. Keep one day aside as recycling day in a month and call the local recycler over and make a ritual out of weighing and measuring waste. For older children, this can be an exercise in math and the monies received from this exercise can become a reward for recycling. For even older children, you can even set recycling targets and make it an exercise in measuring baselines, setting targets, defining strategies, achieving targets, and earning money.
Using steel or bamboo brushes or even better none at all: Straws are a form of single-use plastic. They have a shockingly short lifespan, and they never biodegrade and take hundreds of years to break down. The best and most ideal solution to this to give up the use of straws. As adults, we can and we should do it, but expecting them to forego the fun of slurping and blowing into a straw is not fair. The good news is that there are sustainable alternatives available in the market. Bamboo straws and steel straws are portable, easily cleanable with straw cleaners (the same one we use to clean those sipper straws) and the bonus is that they are BPA free and will withstand the vigorous chewing of a young child.
Bring back the culture of mending: Remember that annoying habit of our parents and grandparents where they would never throw anything away and would repair things compulsively. Turns out that it is very good for our earth. Using less means saving resources that can be used elsewhere. Just like recycling day, set one day a month for mending. Mend shoes, bags, clothes, toys, and everything that can be mended. Learn to sew buttons and fix small tears. Teach them to your children irrespective of gender, these are necessary life skills. For smaller kids, needlework with a blunt/plastic needle and matty sheet, and lacing, beading are excellent ways to engage the small muscles of the palm thereby fostering fine motor skills.
Reuse AC and RO water: If we are privileged enough to have a split AC for cool air and an RO purifier for clean drinking water, we are already at the apex of the world's population. These devices waste a lot of water. AC's in the form of condensate water and RO's in the form of unrecovered or waste water. RO's on an average waste 80% of the intake water and purifies only 20%. Take that in, for every liter of water that goes into a RO purifier, only 200 ml comes out as purified water. It does not make the rest of the water "impure". This water usually flows directly into the sink or into the drain. Both AC water and RO water can be used for watering plants, mopping floors, cleaning cars. In fact the RO water can be collected and can be used for washing vegetables and fruits etc..
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Quick Answer: What Are The Signs Of Pica?
What is pica in a dog?
Pica is the consumption of non-food substances.
Coprophagy, the technical term for the eating of feces, is one of the most common forms of pica in dogs.
Both coprophagia and pica in general can cause problems for pets, and sometimes are the result of an underlying medical condition..
How do you fix a cat’s pica?
What You Can DoRemove targeted items . The easiest solution may be simply to hide the clothes, plants, or other items your cat loves to chew on.Give your cat something else to chew. … Play with your cat. … Make appealing items unappealing. … Get rid of dangerous plants. … Talk to an animal behaviorist.
Who is most likely to get pica?
The disorder is more common in children, affecting 10% to 30% of young children ages 1 to 6. It can also occur in children and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, such as autism. On rare occasions, pregnant women crave strange, nonfood items.
What is eating paper a sign of?
Xylophagia is a condition involving the consumption of paper and form of eating disorder known as pica. People who suffer from this eating disorder usually consume substances like paper, pencils, tree barks or other items made of wood.
What pica means?
pica • \PYE-kuh\ • noun. : an abnormal desire to eat substances (as chalk or ashes) not normally eaten. Examples: Some women suffer from pica during pregnancy. ” Pica is an eating disorder that makes you want to nibble on substances with no nutritional value.
Why do I crave eating dirt?
If you have pica, an eating disorder in which you crave a variety of nonfood items, you may have the urge to eat dirt. Other common pica cravings include: pebbles. clay.
How is pica treated in autism?
1) Teaching alternative skills (e.g., throwing pica items away or giving them to an adult)* 2) Non-contingent presentation of items or food** 3) Response blocking** 4) Differential reinforcement strategies (DRO;DRA); Reinforce eating of food items and do not reinforce eating of non-food items.
What causes pica cravings?
In some cases, a deficiency in iron, zinc, or another nutrient may be associated with pica. For example, anemia, usually from iron deficiency, may be the underlying cause of pica in pregnant women. Your unusual cravings may be a sign that your body is trying to replenish low nutrient levels.
What are the side effects of pica?
There are many potential complications of pica, such as: Certain items, such as paint chips, may contain lead or other toxic substances and eating them can lead to poisoning, increasing the child’s risk of complications including learning disabilities and brain damage.
Is eating ice considered pica?
Is pica a sign of anemia?
Pica is not a cause of iron deficiency anemia; pica is a symptom of iron deficiency anemia. It is the link between iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning, which is why iron deficiency anemia should always be sought when a child is diagnosed with lead poisoning.
How is pica treated?
One form of treatment associates the pica behavior with negative consequences or punishment (mild aversion therapy). Then the person gets rewarded for eating normal foods. Medicines may help reduce the abnormal eating behavior if pica is part of a developmental disorder such as intellectual disability.
At what age can pica be diagnosed?
Most cases of pica happen in young children and pregnant women. It’s normal for kids up to 2 years old to put things in their mouth. So the behavior isn’t usually considered a disorder unless a child is older than 2. Pica usually improves as kids get older.
Is pica a sign of autism?
For the uninitiated, pica (pronounced PY-kah) is an appetite for non-food items. This tendency is relatively common in children and adults with autism or other developmental disabilities.
How can I help someone with pica?
Iron-deficiency anemia and malnutrition are two of the most common pica causes. Thus, pica cravings are signs that the body is seeking additional nutrients. In these cases, vitamins, supplements, and a healthy diet can therefore correct pica.
Why do kids eat chalk?
The takeaway. Eating chalk is a symptom of an eating disorder called pica. Pica is associated with pregnancy and nutritional deficiencies, as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder.
What is a pica box?
Pica box. A pica box contains items which are safe for the child or adult to chew, mouth and/or ingest. It provides a supply of safe items on hand as an alternative to non-edible items. |
Under the Trump administration, the use of sanctions was a key US foreign-policy tool. Following the US presidential election on 3 November 2020, we explore the scope of the US sanctions regime and its applicability to individuals and entities and to what extent this will change under the President-elect Joe Biden.
Introduction to US sanctions
What is their purpose?
The US sanctions regime is administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFAC") of the US Department of the Treasury who controls and enforces economic sanctions programs against countries and groups of individuals.
OFAC's stated aim is to use the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals.
What is the scope of US Sanctions?
The US sanctions are either comprehensive (meaning country-wide) or specific, targeting specific persons, entities or activities.
For example, comprehensive sanctions have historically been introduced against Iran and Cuba, whilst specific sectorial sanctions have recently targeted the Venezuelan gold, and Russian oil, industries.
What is the SDN List?
Sanctioned individuals or entities are placed on OFAC's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ("SDN") List.
What is the effect of being placed on the SDN list?
Generally speaking, OFAC prohibits all transactions between those on the SDN list and US individuals and companies that fall under the scope of a "nexus to US jurisdiction", as explained below.
Further, all property and interests of the SDN listed entity or individual which fall under US jurisdiction are blocked, including companies which are majority owned by the SDN-listed entity or individual.
If a non-sanctioned entity is found to be transacting with an SDN-listed individual or company in breach of the terms of the sanctions, there is a risk that the non-sanctioned entity will itself be subsequently subject to sanctions and added to the SDN list.
Primary and secondary sanctions
Primary Sanctions
US primary sanctions generally apply to transactions and/or entities which involve a "nexus to US jurisdiction". This includes:
• All entities organized in the US.
• US citizens and permanent residents (wherever located).
• All persons physically located in the US, regardless of nationality.
• All US incorporated entities and their foreign branches.
• Transactions through the US financial system (including transactions in US dollars).
If a proposed transaction does not involve any nexus to US jurisdiction and an SDN-listed entity or individual is subject to primary sanctions only, the sanctions will not apply to that transaction or activity and a non-sanctioned entity will be able to carry out the transaction or activity with the SDN-listed entity or individual.
Secondary Sanctions
Secondary sanctions, on the other hand, do not require a US connection and are imposed on non-US persons directly or indirectly engaged in certain significant transactions relating to Iran, Russia, North Korea, and Syria.
The purpose and aim of these types of sanctions is to deter non-US persons from engaging in certain dealings, deemed to be contrary to US national security and foreign policy interests, by restricting their access to US markets.
In the case of Iran, the US has previously used secondary sanctions to demand that non-US financial institutions cease transacting with Iranian banks or otherwise risk losing access to the US financial system.
Key points to consider
When undertaking an assessment of the possible sanctions risks with a proposed transaction or activity, it is important to establish:
• The entities or individuals which are SDN-listed – including entities which are majority owned by listed entities or individuals.
• The applicable scope of the sanctions regime – including whether the sanctions restrict all transactions or activities with the SDN-listed entities or individuals, or just specific sector-related transactions or activities.
• Whether there is a US connection or nexus to the proposed transaction or activity – such as the presence of US individuals, entities or transactions in US dollars.
• Whether the sanctions are primary or secondary – in the case of secondary sanctions, these would also apply to non-US individuals and entities.
What if sanctions do apply?
Sanctions are often introduced against parties with very little notice and it is therefore important to be aware of the immediate steps you can take in the event that you or a contracting party is subject to sanctions.
For a newly sanctioned party, these steps include:
• Immediately stopping the sanctioned activities – including taking active measures to cease all activities or transactions caught under the terms of the sanction. Where this is not possible immediately, OFAC will often implement a grace period for the winding down of certain sanctioned activities.
• Applying to OFAC for a temporary licence – it is common for sanctioned parties to apply for a licence permitting it to conduct certain authorized activities which may otherwise fall under the terms of the sanctions – for shipowners, this would typically include provisions relating to the safe docking or anchoring of a vessel, and the safety and maintenance of its crew.
For a party contracting with a newly sanctioned entity, these steps include:
• Termination of contracts – if the continuation of contractual obligations, such as the provision of services to a sanctioned entity, risk a party being caught by sanctions, any contracts with the sanctioned entity should be terminated as soon as possible.
• Ceasing all services – alongside the termination of contracts, any services provided under such terminated agreements must be stopped as soon as is possible.
• Being aware of continuing obligations at law – depending on the nature of a contract, a party will often have continuing obligations under law which are separate from its contractual obligations and do not cease upon the termination of contracts. For example, managers of vessels have statutory obligations to the vessels' crew under international maritime law.
• Notifying OFAC of actions taken – it is recommended that OFAC are informed of all steps taken following the issuance of sanctions. A clear and well documented paper trail of implemented actions taken is very helpful in the event that a party is ever accused of non-compliance with sanctions.
Impact of the US election
Since taking office in 2016, US President, Donald Trump, has used economic and trade sanctions as a key foreign-policy tool which has been imposed against many countries, particularly Iran, Russia and Venezuela.
Following Joe Biden's presidential election victory in November 2020, many will be watching with interest to see what approach he takes with regards to the use of sanctions, which has clearly been favoured by the Trump administration, who have imposed penalties at a rate two-thirds higher than that during the Obama administration when President-elect Joe Biden served as vice-president.
Furthermore, should President-elect Joe Biden and his administration seek to take a different approach with regards to sanctions it will not be easy for them to reverse some of their predecessors' policies. For example, in recent weeks President-elect Joe Biden has stated his desire to re-join the 2015 Iran nuclear deal - the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action ("JCPOA"), but this may prove difficult because:
• Since President Trump exited from the JCPOA, Iran also began to withdraw from its own commitments under the JCPOA, which has resulted in the International Atomic Energy Agency ("IAEA") reporting in its last quarterly review that Iran has now stockpiled about 12 times the amount of low-enriched uranium permitted under the JCPOA as well as the enriching uranium being a higher purity than the 3.67% allowed under the deal.
• With Iranian elections set for June 2021, President Hassan Rouhani may demand more favourable terms in order to return to the JCPOA, including the immediate lifting of the punishing sanctions imposed by the Trump administration and possibly billions of dollars in compensation for the economic losses Iran incurred when President Trump withdrew the US from the JCPOA in 2018, without Iran being required to reduce their large enriched uranium stockpile in the meantime.
As such, whilst there is nothing to technically prevent President-elect Joe Biden from withdrawing any sanctions introduced by Donald Trump, there are clear political obstacles which will first need to be carefully navigated, especially with foreign leaders.
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Lawn Scarification For Beginners
Any lawn is bound to benefit from lawn scarification. This is a process that makes the lawn breathe better and at the same time leave the lawn looking greener and healthier.
Telltale signs it's time to scarify your lawn include:
• Springy and spongy feeling
• Yellow patches on the lawn
• Failure of the lawn to drain water
The main reason why you should undertake scarification is to get rid of thatch
What is thatch?
Thatch is the organic material that builds up among grass plants of your lawn. Grass contains lignin which doesn't die even after you have cut the grass and dried it up.
Lignin stays inside the lawn and if you don't remove it, it builds up as new grass grows.
As the new grass grows, thatch begins to choke it, preventing air, water, and sunshine from getting through. As you might guess, this leads to the grass being malnourished.
When the thatch reaches a thickness of more than half a centimeter, it becomes a serious hazard, preventing the grass from growing at all.
Thatch is often the main problem with growing grass, but there are other dangers. They include: dead weeds, moss, and organic matter.
Soil compaction has also been shown to prevent the lawn from growing and thriving. When you undertake scarification, you fix this problem too.
Why an aerator won’t fix the problem
Since you are looking to increase the amount of air and water that reaches the grass, some people have the notion that they only need to use an aerator.
While the tool is highly effective in its working, it doesn’t get rid of all the organic matter that impedes the proper flow of water and nutrients.
Aerators concentrate on creating holes that let water and air in, stopping the effects of compaction and the effects brought about by thatch.
Scarification, on the other hand, carries out both of these tasks and at the same time removes most of the organic material hence stopping thatch from blocking growth.
To someone who has never undertaken scarification, we can say that scarification is synonymous to deep raking.
When you drive a large rake across your lawn, you are able to remove a lot of organic matter as possible.
In addition to getting rid of the organic matter, the process also leaves holes in the ground that enables more air and water into the grass and soil.
When should you scarify your lawn?
scarification for beginners
For ideal results, you should scarify your lawn twice a year.
Do it the first time at the beginning of the mowing season, around March and the second time at the end of September before the cold winter starts.
You should avoid scarifying in the summer or winter months.
When you do this, you ensure that you have a thin layer of thatch the entire year round.
Do you have shady areas in your garden? You should consider scarifying once a year. The best time to do it is in the spring. This is to allow optimal re-growth.
Preparing your lawn for scarification
It’s important that you plan ahead. For easy scarification, you need short dry grass.
This calls for you to bring down the grass height gradually over a week or two before you undertake the scarification.
When you do this, you don’t shock the grass and at the same time, you allow the air to go deeper into the turf which aids in drying the grass.
When you get rid of long grass that creates resistance making the scarification process long and tedious.
If there are weeds on your lawn, you should manually remove them. Don’t use a weed killer.
This is because scarifying within a few weeks of applying a weed killer you will be disrupting the weed killing process. Doing so has also been shown to lead to seed germination.
In addition to reducing the height of the lawn, you also should ensure that the soil has enough moisture so that the lawn recovers as quickly as possible.
If there is too much water or the soil is too dry, you should wait for the situation to improve.
What tools do you need to scarify?
scarificationFor you to undertake proper scarification, you need to use a number of tools. They include:
Moss killer: Is there moss on your yard? You should try to get rid of it using a moss killer.
The best way of going about it is by applying the killer a week or so before you plan to scarify. This makes the moss easier to collect.
It also prevents it from sporing further as you scarify.
Lawn rake: A handheld rake might appear too simple, but it's highly effective at collecting thatch.
When using it, you should note that you will need to use more effort and energy than when using a powered machine.
When using the rake, always use a pair of good quality work gloves that will prevent your hands from blistering.
The gloves will also protect your hands from getting cut by sharp objects that might be on your lawn.
Electric lawn rake: If you have the budget, you should consider investing in an electric garden rake.
Since the rake is powered, you don’t need to work as hard as when using a handheld device.
Electric lawn rakes easily collect the thatch and moss leaving your lawn looking great and healthy.
There are plenty of inexpensive electric lawn rakes in the market that you can go for. If you have the budget, you should go for known brands.
While they will be a little bit expensive, they will last for a long time and do their work better.
How a scarifier works
The machine has steel blades that are set into a roller in a wheeled machine. This ensures that penetration occurs at regular intervals as you propel the scarifier forward.
Scarifier blades revolve forwards and clockwise that the organic material is left behind.
When you are using the machine, remember to adjust the height so that you can regulate how deep you want the scarifier to go.
When you are buying the machine, you should go for versions with wide-tread wheels as they ensure that there is no damage to the turf as you are working.
How to scarify a lawn
For you to get rid of all the debris on your yard, you should start with getting rid of debris from your lawn.
A few weeks before you use the lawn scarifier, inspect the lawn for any live moss or debris that might be there.
You should get rid of the moss before you do anything. The cool thing is that there are plenty of moss killers in the market that you can choose from.
You only need to spread it over your lawn while following the instructions given by the manufacturer.
Once you are sure that the moss has died (it should turn black or brown and dry), you should mow the lawn on a dry day, with a mower on a low setting.
Mowing the lawn ensures that you have enough grass that you can collect simultaneously at the end of the job.
When it comes to using the lawn scarifier, you should start it on a high setting then go over the lawn a few times repeating the process at angles.
When you are making the passes, remember to reduce the severity of the settings on each pass.
Is your yard looking tired? You should consider adding grass seed at the end of the scarification process.
For ideal results, cover the seed with a mixture of fine compost and sharp sand. This is to protect the seeds as they are germinating.
Once you have completed overseeding the lawn, keep the soil moist with regular light applications of water.
Keep the traffic over the lawn to a minimum after you have overseeded the lawn. This is to give the seeds a chance to grow.
To prevent birds from stealing the seeds, consider covering the lawn areas with a mesh.
You should give the lawn a few weeks to recover and the seeds to establish before you can mow the lawn.
When you are mowing the lawn, remember to raise the height of the mower blades so that you don’t damage the seeds.
What should you do after scarifying?
Once you are done with scarifying your lawn, you should aerate the lawn using an aerator.
This machine uses a similar process as the scarifying machine but the aerator tines punch tiny holes into the lawn hence improving drainage and encouraging the healthy growth of grass.
Since moss thrives in moist areas, aerating the lawn aids in preventing future moss growth. It does this by improving drainage.
Aerating the lawn also allows water, nutrients, and air into the soil, which aids in feeling the grassroots and at the same time aids in improving grass growth.
You also should encourage the growth of grass by adding good quality fertilizer to the lawn.
For ideal results, use granular spring/summer fertilizer. This is because the fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen and other nutrients such as phosphate.
If you have a small yard, you can easily spread the fertilizer using your hands, but if the area is large, you don’t have any way out other than to use a fertilizer spreader.
The machine not only makes the work easy, it also ensures even distribution of fertilizer.
Last updated on July 25th, 2019 at 10:04 pm
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Learning the future: how Elon Musk reinvents school education
Joshua Dan works with Elon Musk. He was the director of the Ad Astra School, organized right at SpaceX; the entrepreneur's children also studied there. In 2020, Dan and Musk launched the online school Astra Nova School (classes once a week will cost seven and a half thousand dollars a year) and a more accessible game project Synthesis (from $ 185 a month). «Medusa» talked to Joshua Dunn, who will speak at EdCrunch on Demand in December, about what skills need to be taught to modern schoolchildren, and how, in fact, the school education of the future should be arranged.
Photo Shoot:YouTube / Leonard
- Can you name the main disadvantages of the modern school education system?
- Most schoolchildren do not have the opportunity to express their point of view or propose a solution to the problem in hypothetical conditions, when there is no single correct answer, no black and white. I think showing students the gray areas both ethically and simply in the area of problem solving is beneficial because it gives them the tools and ways of thinking they need to deal with complex and complex problems. The sooner students encounter this, the more confident they will become, both as solo professionals and as team players.
One of the tasks of my work at Astra Nova school was to figure out how to put students in such difficult situations and help them feel comfortable in a situation of uncertainty, teach them to work in such conditions and organize something.
- How can you bring more of this uncertainty into the learning process?
- Some people think that if you formulate the tasks correctly and well, everything will work out. Of course, this helps to assimilate knowledge, and some of them will even be useful in the future. But I think that you need to ask children open and complex questions like: "How can you colonize Mars?", "What will the world look like without technology?" It helps you think.
It is also useful to offer five possible answers as an answer to a question, all of which are correct in some sense, but not perfect. Let the students tell why they chose one of the options over the other, although none of the options is correct until the end.
Tasks related to priorities are very effective - for example, questions about how children would distribute money between state institutions, etc. You can give the managerial right to choose, and then ask why they did it that way, offer to discuss it with classmates.
- How important is it to teach kids the so-called soft skills like critical thinking - or the decision-making skills you mentioned? Are they more important than the usual highly specialized knowledge?
- I think that critical thinking, problem-solving and argumentation skills are relevant in general in all areas. The best way to teach this is to put students in the most believable situations where they will have to make difficult decisions. At the same time, in order for students to act as creatively as possible, they should be given more opportunities and power than they have in ordinary life.
In my view, the school should be a simulation of a world in which students are world leaders. This is how they learn to make difficult decisions. Sometimes these are bad decisions, but they can think about and discuss them, learn something. Soft skills only improve with experience.
At the same time, I do not think that school should be a strange simulation every minute. It is just important that students feel that they have power and that their opinions matter - later they will live with the feeling that they have a voice and that they, at the very least, have the right to question someone else's authority. I think this should happen much earlier than people usually think.
- Does this mean that learning should become more project-oriented? And to what extent?
- Yes. Sometimes you give students a problem and they have to figure out how to make it happen. It looks like a game. One of them is called Art for All. Imagine that you are a schoolboy, you are assigned to a team, you have 101 works of contemporary art from a variety of artists. You also got a map of the world, where about 15 cities like Moscow, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles are highlighted - and there are restrictions on imaginary movement. Your task is to understand which of these works will be most interesting for the cities that you plan to visit with your exhibition.
So what are the students doing? They compete at auctions, get into debt, prepare exhibitions with which they will travel around the world - both in order to get the maximum possible profit, and to attract as many visitors as possible. They also try on the role of a curator: they decide how the exposition will look in each city.
Is this a project? Of course yes. Especially in the immersion sense - for eight to nine weeks you are fully invested in it, trying to figure out how to keep up with other teams that might have similar plans, thinking strategically. It seems like you really have these works of art and plan to show them around the world.
- At least in Russia, many schoolchildren and students hate group projects. How can they be improved?
- Create as many opportunities as possible for different students within one project. Of course, any project has a common goal and strategy, but in addition there may be tasks in specific areas for children who are not interested in the general topic of the project. For example, in the case of a project with exhibitions, someone will be more interested in the design of the exhibition, someone in its marketing promotion, someone in finance.
- It is clear how this approach can be implemented in expensive and high-tech schools. Can this approach be scaled up to schools with fewer resources?
- Of course it's a privilege. But, in my opinion, the job of schools like Astra Nova is to share and disseminate their findings. Of course, full scaling cannot be achieved. Although my new project Synthesis helps schoolchildren around the world gain access to such education.
If you think carefully, what tasks should the school perform, what things do we value most in adult professional life? Teamwork, a real professional mission, the ability to cope with complex and ambiguous situations - you can think of something. Perhaps this is what the school should teach.
In addition, we need to rethink the role of the student and teacher in the learning process. I love to ask questions to which I have no answers. It seems to me that this vulnerability is very important for children to feel their strength.
On the subject: 'Poses a threat to the world': why Elon Musk is sounding the alarm over the development of artificial intelligence
- Tell us more about Synthesis.
“The idea behind Synthesis is pretty exciting. Games can be very useful, like chess. I wanted to create more complex games of a different type, confronting students with complete uncertainty, chaos. The first game is called "Constellation": in it you need to explore space and compete with other teams in groups of two or three people. Players need to think strategically, to anticipate the necessary steps in advance. But the most exciting thing is that we ask students to participate in the creation of the game; decide how it will work, what can be improved.
We want to offer students new games every few months so they can make friends who are just as motivated to learn new things on our platform.
- What is the most difficult thing in working on such a project?
- To begin with, we want the Synthesis school to exist as an addition to the school. It’s like an accelerator that helps your child acquire the skills they need right now: learning to cooperate, problem solving strategically, being human, reflecting on their victories and failures.
I think some students may find it difficult to explain to their parents why they need it. Parents may think that playing is just fun and not learning. Although, perhaps during a pandemic, when parents feel particularly confused, new forms of education become more in demand.
- Is your approach effective for people who are going to enter the university with a clear profile and a set of specific knowledge? On the contrary, it seems that interdisciplinarity can be harmful.
- In my opinion, if you are a good engineer, but you do not know how to reflect on failures, plan, always keep several backup options with you, you will not realize your maximum potential. Interdisciplinarity has a bad reputation because it seems to oversimplify complex things, especially in the technical or natural sciences. But the idea is to develop skills that will help people in all disciplines communicate and make decisions more effectively.
I would like our students (who are no more than 14 years old) to imagine what they want by the age of 18. They didn't go to university, simply because their parents thought it was right, but made informed decisions. They may not go to university at all. Or, on the contrary, go to the one that they really need.
- What do you think of the online learning that everyone had to master due to the pandemic? Can a student study online with the same interest and dedication as offline?
- If children feel supported and if they have the resources to regularly do what they are interested in, online learning can provide additional time for this: among other things, there is no need to travel to and from school. However, if they were not helped to gain independence, they did not develop the skills of independent work, they will not know where and how to move with their interest.
It is very difficult for many schools to switch to online education. Approaches that work offline are not always effective for the online environment. It is important for children to develop the ability to work independently, not under the supervision of a teacher, because in the new conditions, teachers really have less control, and they do not achieve their goals because of this.
This is a sad situation. Perhaps we should admit that some school rules are outdated and should be gotten rid of. And, perhaps, it makes sense to rethink the criteria by which we assess how successfully children adapt to school. For example, are they well aware of their inclinations and interests, are they able to think about their actions and their consequences.
I think a pandemic can be useful for the education system, because it allows you to see how everything works and what can be improved. Because otherwise schoolchildren will more and more often say: “Real life moves much faster than school. School is not very helpful. " It is important that they understand that the information they receive at school is not everything. The school's job is to explain how to find and use this information.
On the subject: 12 features of the American school: impressions of a Russian-speaking immigrant
- Now it seems that offline learning and live communication can become a real luxury.
- I think expensive schools want to return to offline learning most of all, because they have built very beautiful buildings and infrastructure inside them. And, of course, the experience of studying in an expensive or, conversely, poorly funded school is very different. Hopefully, thanks to new technologies, more and more people will be able to learn in a way that they couldn't before. In addition, it will help us understand when we really need to see each other in person, and when we can do online. Of course, this primarily applies to business meetings that require flights and travel long distances.
Perhaps this will help us better understand that we are all going together for some purpose. When you go to school most of the year, it gets forgotten. But the point is not that everyone was sitting at the tables, and one of the students was saying something at the blackboard - this can be done at home online, finishing off the cereal. It will be great if students have the opportunity to choose whether to come to school in person, whether it suits their real needs, the specifics of what they are studying, the projects they are working on (for example, in the case of group work).
It's really hard for younger students to learn online. Even if you are not nine, it is still not easy. But some teenagers would be absolutely happy to study online all week, and meet at a robotics club and discuss what they really care about.
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Miscellaneous In the U.S. school Educational program education in the USA Ilon Mask
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What To Know About How Artificial Intelligence Is Shaping Healthcare
2 Mins read
There isn’t any question that artificial intelligence is a transformative technology that will continue to completely change the way every human being operates in the modern world. One of the major industries where artificial intelligence has influence in healthcare. You can debate on how and where you want your healthcare delivered, but artificial intelligence will make healthcare much more efficient and accessible for us all.
In fact, artificial intelligence may be able to find congenital heart defects in children before they are born. Just think of all the lives that can be saved using this exact technology.
As a result, a child’s odds of survival can improve. What makes this even more noteworthy, is the CDC reports that congenital heart disease is one of the most common forms of birth defects. As you can see, artificial intelligence can certainly improve the odds for many babies whose lives are on the line.
Enhancing healthcare marketing
After a patient is diagnosed, the next step is to match patients with the right therapies. Of course, there are many forms of therapies to choose from and consumers are inundated with marketing messages from drug companies and others. So, you can expect consumers do ask their physicians about this or that drug that they learned about via a commercial. Nonetheless, the pharmaceutical companies are running businesses for profit.
And, much of the messaging does not take into consideration the needs of the actual patient. Yet, with artificial intelligence, data can be drawn and aggregated for use in pulling relevant analytics. In addition, datasets can be pulled from lab results and hospital records. Those results can be matched with Internet usage and demographics.
Now, marketers can really put all the pieces together to create highly relevant messaging. Furthermore, the patient can make better decisions on treatment options as they are served only the most tailored marketing messages.
IBM is leading the way with AI in healthcare
At the annual J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference, IBM Watson Health general manager Deborah DiSanzo spoke about the various areas where AI is disrupting the healthcare industry as many know it. One of the more interesting advancements is in drug discovery. Before AI, it took pharmaceutical companies an average of one decade to launch a new drug. Moreover, the most experimental drugs are often left off the shelves.
Yet, IBM Watson worked with the Barrow Neurological Institute to rank around 1,500 proteins for their association with Lou Gehrig’s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The results showed that five of the proteins found had never been associated with the disease before. There is just so much data to process, humans can’t keep up. So, with AI, better drugs can be introduced to the market even quicker.
Smarter than your doctor
Would you ever consider seeing a virtual doctor? There are already apps in place that let you communicate with doctors using a smartphone. Yet, what if you could see your doctor come to life, powered by AI and hologram technology? Then, you no longer have to go to the doctor’s office, you can be treated or diagnosed in the comfort of your home.
Currently, AI can read Imagen radiology scans and monitor the spread of cancer. Furthermore, Google’s DeepMind AI can offer a blood test without using any blood to determine dangerous levels of potassium in the bloodstream.
AI can even predict disease. Right now, the healthcare industry is dealing with practitioner burnout and shortages of healthcare employees from doctors to nurses. Perhaps AI can fill in the gap.
Final thoughts
Picture doctors and nurses appearing in hologram form offering diagnoses and management. Then, imagine robots performing surgeries and/or administering medication in your home. This is all quite possible through AI. It looks like the future really is bright for the healthcare industry.
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About author
Jane has worked in healthcare for over 25 years serving in various roles. Her contributions span the areas of Information Technology, Decision Support, Audit, Accounting/Finance, and Lean Promotion Office. Jane holds a bachelor degree in accounting and is a Certified Public Accountant (inactive), Certified Information Systems Auditor, and is Lean Certified.
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Positive Learning and Integrated Design (PLAID) takes the best of evidence-based practices in education, positive psychology, behavior supports, mental health and social emotional development and integrates them into in a dynamic and child focused approach.Through this weaving of academic and functional skills with social emotional learning, students will: improve in academic, communication, social and life-management skills; avoid higher levels of psychiatric or behavioral health care; return to public school, ready to learn!; prepare for independence and life after high school
Our unique educational approach weaves 21st century skills into a rich and robust fabric of instruction for students.
The PLAID framework intentionally and explicitly integrates social emotional learning, character development and academic/functional skill development across the curriculum.
What are teachers weaving into their lesson plans?
STEAM spool
Applying STEAM through hands-on learning is proven to improve student outcomes. Students engagement increases through the direct application of the academic and functional skills being taught. Creativity, which helps develop critical thinking, is incorporated into these hands-on activities.
Real World Spool
Opportunities for students to learn and demonstrate academic, functional and social skills the way they are connected and used in the real world. Community-based activities allow students to expand their knowledge and demonstrate their skills outside of school walls.
Technology - Spool
Technology to enhance and expand learning and improve accessibility and communication.
Character Dev
Character traits essential for communication, collaboration and pro-social behavior are woven into PLAID unit and lesson plans.
Spool Peer to Peer
Activities to develop critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration (the 4 C’s) are woven into cross curricular units/lessons and throughout the day rather than taught in isolation a few class periods each week.
Mental Wellness
Mental wellness and the ability to be mindful as we move through our busy days and lives is critical for a healthy life and future. Students learn and practice easy strategies to focus their attention, improve their self-regulation skills, build resilience to stress, and develop a positive, growth mindset in both school and life.
Why PLAID as our fabric?
PLAID OutcomesWe believe KIDS CAN learn and can have success in the future!
We must prepare them for the challenges that they will face. Therefore, Pace’s holistic model weaving mental wellness, social positive behavior and academics into every lesson will lead to better outcomes for our students.
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3 Reasons Why Character Toys are Good for Kids
Princess Elsa from Frozen, Woody from Toy Story, Spiderman, Thomas the Tank Engine, Peppa Pig and Minions... these are all characters with which parents have become well familiar. Some of us love them... and some of us are somewhat less enthusiastic about them. Whilst they may not fall in-line with the 'classic', 'educational' toys that well-wishing parents often prefer, character-based toys can actually have significant benefits for your child, as you will read about below.
1. Motivation
If they don't like it, they won't play with it. If they don't play with it, what benefit will they get out of it? Probably not very much. So, whilst those stunning all-natural wooden building blocks have a great learning potential (not to mention that are absolutely gorgeous to have in the nursery), your child won't reap the benefits unless they actually want to engage with them.
Choosing toys and games that children like is a very valuable tool in the Speech Pathologist's belt. When we find out that a child loves play-dough, we introduce it in therapy sessions. When we find out that the child looks up to 'Frozen's' Elsa, we come up with a way to introduce her into therapy sessions. Why? Because children learn best when they are enjoying themselves. When your child enjoys a toy, they access the benefits of play, of which there are very many, including language development.
2. Pretend Play
Character toys provide a rich opportunity for children to engage in pretend play. Pretend play is a very important skill and tool in language development. As most children narrate their play (talk out loud), they learn transform their ideas into words. They practice using vocabulary, building sentences and creating 'conversation'.
Play with character toys can also be a good way to introduce pretend play for children that are just getting into it, or struggling to get the grasp of it. The characters have well-established stories behind them that children are already familiar with and this can provide a good starting point. E.g. a child can pick up a Fireman Sam figurine and say, 'Fire! There's a fire!'
Pretend play with characters is also a great time for parents to join in and shape play into an extension of story-telling, by following the character's storyline.
3. Literacy Development
Character-themed toys/games/books provide valuable opportunities for literacy development. When children watch the film or show that they're interested in, they are essentially experiencing 'storytelling'. Similar to reading a book that they enjoy, children are exposed to a story line, development of characters, a plot including a 'problem' and a resolution and often a moral 'message'.
By extending this experience through play with character toys or books (i.e. book 'versions' of the show/film), children engage in the richness of the literacy experience here. They learn the pattern of narratives (stories), they practice comprehension (understanding what is happening), they explore 'themes' e.g. to always 'look out for' your friends (Toy Story) etc. In a sense, character play is a way of bringing a story to life, and lights the path for building those early literacy skills.
So get out those Elsa's, Minions, Thomas and his friends, jump in muddy puddles with Peppa and explore with Dora. Remeber, children learn through play. So let them play with things that they love.
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Say Hooray is a paediatric speech pathology practice that takes on an evidence-based approach to help children achieve their full potential by learning through play.
We offer individualised therapy for children up to and including school-age.
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Divine Intervention
Last updated: 08/24/2020 | 32 views | Report error
What does Divine Intervention mean?
Divine intervention is a phrase, especially utilized in religious or otherwise spiritual context, describing a miraculous turn of events, that has been put to effect by a higher being.
It is a popular tool in literature, known as deus ex machina.
“Divine intervention” always describes a deity intervening in the affairs of humans, from influencing the turn of events in the favor of someone to even directly manifesting before the eyes and ears of people.
Search Interest
Origin of the term
“Divine intervention” has a large history, going back to the classical era, appearing in theater plays, as well as the religions, such as Christianity.
In the English language, the theme started to appear in wider circles during the 14th century, referred to as divine providence, that is describing a guidance from God.
“Divine intervention” as a phrase started to appear in religious literature during the early 19th century, describing an act of God to stop a mishap from happening.
Spread of the term
The phenomenon had been discussed in philosophical circles as well as secular discourses, analyzing events that had appeared to be guided by a higher consciousness, notably occurrences of great distress, that had ended well.
The phrase had also been adopted into popular culture, through various mediums, such as songs, titled “Divine Intervention” from bands like Slayer and Backstreet Boys to the 2002 movie, directed by Elia Suleiman.
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The Role Of Technology In Education
technologyFolks nowadays are careless about how technology affects our nature even our society. Historically, courts have outlined control of a company as the flexibility to direct management to make sure decisions.” However a former Treasury Division official mentioned CFIUS needs to focus on helpful possession,” defined as having the ability to obtain technology from the firm, relatively than total choice-making power.
Some trade groups have urged that the bill should delineate these technologies — robotics or synthetic intelligence, as an illustration — to avoid having each deal scrutinized from prime to bottom. Prepare to guide in IT with a Technology degree. Lots of our applications align with certification exams provided by main firms.
Nick Kotz’s basic examine of the B-1 bomber exhibits how main investment in navy technology can be driven by such interests. Reasonably than adjusting investments to altering situations (improved Soviet air defenses), older concepts (manned strategic bombers) have been fitted with ever more extravagant technologies. Such dynamics additionally exist with the Trident submarine, MX missile, and even the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter They run the danger of resulting in what Mary Kaldor coined a baroque arsenal ” of high-priced and outdated platforms that lavatory down drive construction. Simple logic dictates that a race to accumulate new technology while simultaneously maintaining investments in obsolete technology will lead to chapter.
Yearly since 2001 we have picked what we call the ten Breakthrough Applied sciences. People typically ask, what exactly do you mean by breakthrough”? It is a cheap question—some of our picks haven’t yet reached widespread use, whereas others may be on the cusp of changing into commercially available. What we’re really searching for is a technology, or even perhaps a group of technologies, that will have a profound impact on our lives.
Amazon has publicly opposed secretive authorities surveillance Its CEO, Jeff Bezos, has himself criticized Trump administration’s discriminatory Muslim ban But actions communicate louder than phrases, and Amazon’s efforts to deploy this technology run counter to its proclaimed values and threat hurt to the company’s customers and their communities. |
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न्यूरल स्ट्रक्चर्ड लर्निंग: स्ट्रक्चर्ड सिग्नल के साथ प्रशिक्षण
Neural Structured Learning (NSL) is a new learning paradigm to train neural networks by leveraging structured signals in addition to feature inputs. Structure can be explicit as represented by a graph or implicit as induced by adversarial perturbation.
Structured signals are commonly used to represent relations or similarity among samples that may be labeled or unlabeled. Therefore, leveraging these signals during neural network training harnesses both labeled and unlabeled data, which can improve model accuracy, particularly when the amount of labeled data is relatively small. Additionally, models trained with samples that are generated by adding adversarial perturbation have been shown to be robust against malicious attacks, which are designed to mislead a model's prediction or classification.
NSL generalizes to Neural Graph Learning as well as Adversarial Learning. The NSL framework in TensorFlow provides the following easy-to-use APIs and tools for developers to train models with structured signals:
• Keras APIs to enable training with graphs (explicit structure) and adversarial perturbations (implicit structure).
• TF ops and functions to enable training with structure when using lower-level TensorFlow APIs
• Tools to build graphs and construct graph inputs for training
Incorporating structured signals is done only during training. So, the performance of the serving/inference workflow remains unchanged. More information on neural structured learning can be found in our framework description. To get started, please see our install guide, and for a practical introduction to NSL, check out our tutorials.
import tensorflow as tf
import neural_structured_learning as nsl
# Prepare data.
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
# Create a base model -- sequential, functional, or subclass.
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
tf.keras.Input((28, 28), name='feature'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation=tf.nn.relu),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation=tf.nn.softmax)
# Wrap the model with adversarial regularization.
adv_config = nsl.configs.make_adv_reg_config(multiplier=0.2, adv_step_size=0.05)
adv_model = nsl.keras.AdversarialRegularization(model, adv_config=adv_config)
# Compile, train, and evaluate.
adv_model.fit({'feature': x_train, 'label': y_train}, batch_size=32, epochs=5)
adv_model.evaluate({'feature': x_test, 'label': y_test}) |
Vehicle Bumper
On modern automobiles, bumper consists of a plastic cover over a reinforcement metal bar. It is attached to vehicles’ front-most and rear-most ends, and designed to protect the car’s body in collision by absorbing the impact. With the rapid development of economy, more and more people can afford cars, and this results in an increasing number of cars being produced, used and thrown away. Vehicle bumper recycling is a good solution. Some recycling machines like vehicle bumper shredder can help to make whole process much easier.
Why should vehicle bumper shredder is needed in vehicle bumper recycling?
Bumpers comprise a large proportion of the plastic material used on automobiles. Conventionally, scrap vehicle bumpers are incinerated to recover heat energy (thermal recycling). With the growing environment protection consciousness and improvement in technology, end-of-life vehicles (ELV) bumpers are now collected and recycled into raw plastic resin for use in producing new plastic products such as green mesh, geogrid, building materials, waterproof materials etc. Raw material recycled from waste vehicle bumpers can also be made into new vehicle bumpers by mixing the raw material with 7% glass fiber as well as certain percentage of PBT material. Such green recycling not only improves material recycling ratio (MRR) but also makes significant contribution to more effective use of resources.
In vehicle bumper’s recycling process, unwanted materials such as metal attachments will be removed firstly, and then the plastic material is shredded into small pieces. After coating is removed, the crushed small pieces will be further washed and dried. At last, after sorting, the cleaned pieces will be melted and produced into granules which serve as a raw material for making new plastic products.
Vehicle Bumper Shredder is a must-have equipment for recycling vehicle bumpers. In WANROOETECH product range, we offer various shredding solutions to meet your specific need. Contact us to tailor an optimal vehicle bumper size reduction solution for your project. |
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