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Management Or leadership, Is There Any Difference? Management Or leadership Is There Any Difference? - The terms management and leadership are often utilized like they have similar meaning, although there is in fact a huge difference between being a manager and a leader. Sometimes the leaders may act as managers although most managers can’t be leaders. It’s only an extra-ordinary individual can embody both of the traits. They’ve very distinct abilities and are both important for achievement of success in a business that is experiencing high growth. Leaders tend to have a unique ability of uniting the employees around the vision. Since the employees strongly believe on the vision, they’ll logically feel the need of following them. Leaders are also prepared to take the risks as an effort of fulfilling the vision. Contrastingly, managers tend to be more proficient in implementing the vision by guiding the employees to implement it using a systematic way. They can observe all intricate aspects so that they can understand how they will make them function together. The managers are generally known for avoiding unnecessary risks. Most entrepreneurs are considered to be leaders but not managers. Contrarily, if the manager is anticipated to run a firm, that firm won’t be as prosperous. Some of the managers can be able to motivate while some leaders are able to systematically implement, although these aren’t their main strengths. Understanding whether you’re a manager or a leader will assist you in making essential early options that will match with your strengths so as to ensure your business’ success. The aim of this article is to present a new style of leadership referred to as the Intellect Authentic Transformation Leadership. This is a blend of the 2 best styles of leadership namely; transformational and authentic leadership. This particular style of leadership combines the best aspects from the two styles of leadership that we have mentioned. Additionally, emotional quotient (EI) is the intellect part in this style of leadership that is included so as to enhance the overall style of leadership. We will discuss the values that are selected to be included in this style of leadership at later stages of the article. First of all, we will look at the information on different styles of leaderships so that you can have a better understanding. Leadership Isn’t Position But Performance Leaders are individuals who take accountability for bringing change and making pronouncements. They authorize other individuals to determine their greatest capability and motivate them to get to that potential. Leaders are chosen by other people based on their points of view, actions and performance. If you aspire to become a leader, you should then influence better realities and advance as a leader. The Perfect Way Of Influencing Others Is Leading By An Example All leaders want to make their teams to perform to heir level best. The perfect place to begin is offering excellent orientation, although there is still the need of making improvements. The best method of teaching is setting examples that members of your team can learn from. You should let your action to be a reflection of the things that you’re teaching other people. During the tough times, when the chances of giving up are high, you’re supposed to the person facing the obstacles with the willpower and self assurance of bringing success. Ensure that members of your team support you by doing the same. Leading Involves Having An Impact/Influence Some great world leaders in the history had an impact or influence on members of their team. This is due to the fact that leadership isn’t just about developing goals and achieving them successively with members of your team. It is also not just about the illustrious skills of communication and impressive public speaking. If you are aspiring to become a genuine leader, you’re supposed to have matchless contributions to the society’s interests. Leadership Involves Pursuing Vision Your activities will be pointless if you don’t have a vision. Every individual can be occupied implementing various tasks, although the key should to be to allocate your time and efforts to your vision’s apprehension. Vision is the thing that inspires individuals to take actions and advance. You should ascertain your dedicated vision and coordinate all of your actions towards it. You should also encourage all members of the team using that vision. People Are Concerned With What They See People are mostly concerned with what they see more than even the things that they hear. Don’t squander your time or that of other people with the infinite conversations on your plans. Recognize your plans and ensure that every member of the team will envision the plans in a similar way. Main Differences Between Management And Leadership For one, management refers to the process of running various activities within the firm while leadership refers to the attribute of leading individuals by encouraging them. Management is a quality of controlling and ruling while leadership is the skill that involves influencing other people. Management involves the manager’s control over the subordinates unlike in leadership where a leader needs his follower’s trust. Another difference is the fact that management is naturally reactive and brings stability while leadership happens to be proactive and brings change to the organization. Management and leadership are naturally inseparable, when leadership is involved, management is also involved. As a matter of fact, the qualities of the managers need the leadership skills so as to motivate their subordinates. In a company, you can observe both leadership and management. There may the departmental manager and the some leaders working with members of their team to help the organization achieve its goals and objectives. The managers end up playing the role of the leaders most of the times, based on the organization’s demand. We can therefore clearly see that complement each other and they are both needed for the survival and growth of a company. Leadership is usually about motivating individuals towards a positive direction that will help them utilize their capabilities while management is simply about maintenance and arrangement of various activities within the company.
Network Configuation One problem with using a Raspberry Pi in school is that you are protected from evil-web-ness by the PxxxY. You see we cannnot even say the word without getting this page blocked too. This page explains how to set up your RPi so you can access the network and internet. Web Browser If you go to the settings pane of Midori (The RPi Browser) and click on the Network tab you are able to set it up. You should fill in the first 3 boxes: 1. HTTP pxxxy server – Pick this option from the dropdown. 2. – This is the IP Address of the Pxxxy. 3. xxxx – The port number of the Pxxxy (3128 or 8080). You can also use the environment setting by creating a /etc/environment file and adding the following line: export http_proxy=http://ip_address:port Bash Terminal Set Up If you want to set the Pi up so you can access the web via the terminal for commands such as wget then you need to configure Bash by editing your .bash_rc file. Open it up with nano ~/.bash_rc and type: export http_proxy=http://ip_address:port export https_proxy=http://ip_address:port Note there are no spaces either side of the equals. Click CTRL-O to save and CTRL-X to quit before closing the terminal and reopening again. You must restart the terminal in order to pick up the new settings. You will want to use apt-get to gain updates from the Raspberry Pi servers. You need to use nano again to add a proxy file to /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/ which is called 01proxy, 10proxy or 99proxy! 1) Move to the apt configuration folder cd /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/ 2) Create a new file called 10Proxy sudo nano 10proxy 3) Add this file Acquire::http::Proxy “http://ipaddress:port“; Use the normal Ctrl-O Enter Ctrl-X to write and save the file afterwards. You might need to restart the PI once you have made this change for it to be picked up by the operating system. Connecting to other computers on the Network If you want to connect to another computer such as Decepticon without using its IP Address it must be added to the hosts file. To do this open up a terminal and type: sudo nano /etc/hosts Scroll to the bottom of the page and add a new entry with the correct IP address and the name of the computer you are trying to talk to for example: decepticon decepticon.jogdom.local Leave a Reply
Question: What Are The 15 Parts Of Computer? What is computer parts full form? Computer = Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used in Technical and Educational Research. CPU = Central Processing Unit. RAM = Random Access Memory.. What are the 5 parts of the keyboard? There are five main parts to most desktop keyboards. These parts include the alphanumeric keypad, the numeric keypad, the arrow keys, the control keys, and the function keys. Which is a part of CPU? The two typical components of a CPU include the following: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations. The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary. What is the different parts of computer? The 5 different parts of a computer—taking a look under the hoodA motherboard.A Central Processing Unit (CPU)A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card.Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory.Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD) What are the four parts of computer? The 4 components to make up a computer are as follow.Central Processor Unit (CPU)Memory (RAM)Input (keyboard, mouse, etc)Output (monitor, printer, etc) What are the 7 parts of computer? These components are found in nearly every computer, and now many tablets and smartphones too.Motherboard. Think of the motherboard as the backbone of nearly any technological device. … Networking cards. … Graphics card. … Processor. … Hard drive. … USB ports. … Monitor ports. What are the 3 parts of the CPU? What are the 8 main parts of a computer? A basic computer has at least 8 basic components which include a computer case or tower,motherboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU),Power Supply Unit (PSU), Random Access Memory (RAM), hard drive (HDD), GraphicProcessing Unit (GPU) and some type of optical drive which would be your CD/DVD drive. Which one is not a part of CPU? Primary Storage (RAM) is not a part of CPU. CPU consists of Register (Memory Location), ALU and Control Unit. What are the two main part of computer? What are the 10 parts of computer? 10 Parts that make up a ComputerMemory.Hard Drive or Solid State Drive.Video card.Motherboard.Processor.Power Supply.Monitor.Keyboard and Mouse.More items… How many parts of computer do we have? 4The 4 main parts of a computer which ensure that users can access a wide variety of tools and services include the central processing unit, or CPU, the motherboard, the hard drive and random access memory, or RAM. What is CPU with diagram?
Question: How Many More Days Are There In 2020? What is the 143 day of the year 2020? May 22, 2020To celebrate the lasting legacy of Mister Rogers of spreading kindness and understanding everywhere, May 22, 2020, the 143rd day of the calendar year, has been designated as “143 Day”.. Is 2020 a Lear year? Happy leap year! 2020 is a leap year, a 366-day-long year. Every four years, we add an extra day, February 29, to our calendars. These extra days – called leap days – help synchronize our human-created calendars with Earth’s orbit around the sun and the actual passing of the seasons. What day of 2020 is it today? November 18, 2020Today Wednesday, November 18, 2020 is … Day of the year is a number between 1 and 366 (in 2020), January 1 is day 1. How many hours is 2020? 2020 Hours is 84 Days and 4 Hours. What day out of 365 is it today? How many full weeks are in a year? What time will it be in 53 minutes? What time will it be 53 minutes from now? – The time will be 11/15/2020 04:53:00 PM 53 minutes from now. How long is December 1st? Tuesday, 1 December 2020 There are 77 days until 1st December. If so, please choose the Month, Day, and Year below and then press “Days Until”. Year – Month – Day – Hour – Minute Counter How many days, hours and minutes are there between two dates and times. Which week is now? Week 47 is from Monday, November 16, 2020 until (and including) Sunday, November 22, 2020. The highest week number in a year is either 52 or 53. How many minutes does a year have? How many hours exactly is a day? 23 hoursAnother way to measure a day is to count the amount of time it takes for a planet to completely spin around and make one full rotation. This is called a sidereal day. On Earth, a sidereal day is almost exactly 23 hours and 56 minutes. How many more days are left in 2020? There are 43 days left this year, until 31st December 2020 Find out How Many Weeks left this Year too? How many more weeks will there be in 2020? One of our most popular questions, how many weeks left this year! There are 13 weeks left until the end of 2019 (until 31st December 2020). How many days are there in year 2020? 365 daysThere are 2020 years and 365 days in a year, so multiply them together and you get 737,300. How many Mondays will there be in 2020? What is the 100th day of 2020? April 9Today in History: Today is Thursday, April 9, the 100th day of 2020. Is there 364 days in a year? The Enoch calendar was purportedly given to Enoch by the angel Uriel. Four named days, inserted as the 31st day of every third month, were named instead of numbered, which “placed them outside the numbering”. The Book of Enoch gives the count of 2,912 days for 8 years, which divides out to exactly 364 days per year. What will be the week in 2020? Week Numbers for 2020Week numberFrom DateTo DateWeek 20May 11, 2020May 17, 2020Week 21May 18, 2020May 24, 2020Week 22May 25, 2020May 31, 2020Week 23June 1, 2020June 7, 202051 more rows
Guy Fawkes’ Lantern On the night of 4–5th November 1605, a man was arrested in the basement of the House of Lords and gave his name as John Johnson. The area he was in was searched and barrels of gunpowder were found hidden behind some firewood. Johnson was carrying a lantern at the time, which can now be seen in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. Johnson was intending to ignite the gunpowder during the state opening of Parliament, causing an explosion that would have killed the king (James I) and many Members of Parliament. Johnson was tortured and put on ‘the rack’ at the Tower of London and revealed that his name was Guy (Guido) Fawkes, he was the demolition expert and was part of a gang of 13 men that after the explosion, would start a catholic uprising. The authorities had an anonymous warning, the cellars were searched, Fawkes was discovered and the plot failed. Guy Fawkes (3rd from right), along with the other members of the gang. But how did the lantern end up at the museum? It was originally given to the University of Oxford by Robert Heywood in 1641 who had been a Proctor (an official responsible for ensuring the rules of the University are observed). His brother, Peter Heywood, had accompanied Sir Thomas Knyvett, Keeper of Whitehall Palace, in his fateful search of the cellars and is credited with taking the lantern from Guy Fawkes during the initial struggle and preventing him from detonating the gunpowder. The University of Oxford gave the lantern to the museum in 1887. Guy Fawkes, along with the other conspirators were executed on 31st January 1606. Fawkes signature, after torture (top) and a few months later (below). From 1606, 5th November is known as ‘Guy Fawkes Night/Bonfire Night’, in which its customary to burn a ‘guy’ on a fire. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s Start a Blog at Up ↑ %d bloggers like this:
Cycling as a Part of Daily Life The advantages of introducing cycling in our daily routine and its influence on our sound living is not any more a subject of debate. Everybody consents to the way that cycling indeed is a solid method of commute as well as fitness. Cycling as a means for our everyday commute has already gained a lot of attention amongst the transport and environmental division for numerous advantages over mechanised travel. Off late, the health sector has begun to appreciate and embrace cycling for its capability to increment physical activity levels in kids, grown ups and the elderly. Yet at the same time with regards to putting things to move, the lion's share of us makes a stage back. Well, in that case, you should know the benefits of cycling which will be intriguing enough to start a whole new lifestyle. No more eating an apple to keep the doctor away, experts suggest riding a bicycle for better life and healthy living. As a fact, people who cycle for at least 30 minutes in a day are far less likely to fall sick compared to the ones who don't. If this fact is a great start then wait for the entree. People who cycle regularly live a longer life and are considered at a lower risk of some of the serious diseases like obesity, high BP, diabetes and even cancer to certain extent. You can even reduce the chances of heart attacks and other heart-related issues. Women who commute by walking or biking at least 30 minutes each day also were found to have a decreased risk of breast cancer. Cycling offers great potential to keep elderly people active and mobile if conditions are safe. Furthermore, the icing on the cake is that cycling on a regular basis enhances the quality of sleep. Overwhelming cardiovascular physical activity like cycling can improve the nature of rest and release you of all the stress giving you a good night’s sleep. You would then be able to bid farewell to your restless and sleepless nights. Regular bicycling helps you maintain your weight. If you think that hitting the gym can speed track your weight reduction then you should consider introducing cycling into your daily regime. Commuting by car has been linked to weight gain and obesity, even in drivers who make time for exercise. An apple a day keeps the doctor away Cycling has also been found to reduce anxiety, depression and fatigue. Cycling needs heaps of resolution and perseverance for accelerating to greater distances. This endurance for pedals changes an individual into a more grounded one with increased stamina. If there is any other sport that you love indulging then, this additional endurance will assist you to improve your performance. So that’s a brief summary of health benefits. It's just not about improving health, wellness, or fitness, but everyday bicycling can be beneficial to your bank balance and more importantly on the environment as a whole. And this is just the beginning of the advantages you can count upon by just making a slight difference to your daily schedule. Now, if you look upon the perks of cycling on the environment, it is several fold. By Choosing bicycling as your mode of commute to shorter distances or as your to and fro office transport for work, you are not just sparing yourself from the reprehensible gridlock of traffic congestion yet in addition lifting the earth by giving it a climate liberated from air pollution. Cycling, if made as the primary mode of commute, can eliminate ozone depleting substance discharges and worldwide environmental change. Bicycles can be an environmentally sustainable alternative to cars. When it comes to other vehicles, even a short drive of around 5 miles to work every day can rapidly signify in excess of 100 gallons of gas over a year, and correspondingly add to carbon dioxide outflows and global climate change. Biking to work doesn't need petroleum products and thus you can assist in reducing your contribution to environmental change. We all know, cycling does not emit any air pollutants helping us to keep our city clean and breathable. Reducing noise pollution especially in our overcrowded cities and towns is one more added benefit to be considered. Cycling is one approach to keep a greater amount of your hard-earned money in your pocket. Owning a bicycle is far less expensive than possessing a car thanks to parking, insurance, fuel, and upkeep costs. Also, drop your gym membership for a rather pocket-friendly option and get yourself a bicycle. Daily Cycling routine Having described the benefits of cycling, it is trivial to know that incorporating this habit into your daily routine is as easy as any other perpetual habits. Cycling can be effortlessly integrated into everyday life, in contrast to gym workouts. You can even enjoy it as a complete family workout. You can cycle to work. If your office is really far then consider cycling up to the nearest bus/train station. Although heavy on pockets, you can contemplate on buying an e-bike. E-bikes’ great promise to public health is that users may choose to ride more often, for longer distances, in steeper terrain, with higher loads, or at an older age. As such, e-bikes have the potential to expand cycling to parts of the population for which conventional cycling is not practical. Once you get into the habit of cycling to work then rest every other commute like running for errands or even family outings will be made on bikes. It's that addictive. Bicycling to pick up groceries or getting things done around the neighborhood isn't just an incredible method to incorporate exercise into your day, it gives an amazing lift to the local economy. Individuals whose bicycle tend to spend more locally than individuals who drive. Efforts need to be put to encourage more and more people to adopt cycling. The evidence suggests that reducing motorized traffic volumes and speeds, and separating cyclists from traffic through infrastructure or bike routes on less frequented roads play key roles in attracting more people to cycling — as well as in increasing the safety of the cyclists. A key reason to pursue day-to-day cycling as a strategy to improve public health is its feasibility for large parts of the population and, in particular, all age groups. Whether you choose to pedal for health benefits, to help the environment, and reduce air pollution, or just to try out a new activity, or even to supplement another sport, cycling is a ton of fun improving your quality of life.
Learn Chinese Daily Life & Business Culture Do you have Chinese friends, or co-worker? Are you doing business with Chinese company. Could you tell the differences between the Chinese and the people of your own country. If you want to send a Chinese person a present, what color of wrapping paper should you use. Do you know why products are often priced 68, 98 or 268. What do face and personal relations mean. Why do the Chinese people always say relations. Different languages, customs and gestures create obstacles for communication. The Chinese people's thoughts and lives are deeply influenced by the nation's thousands of years of history. This book talks about Chinese cultural characteristics, and makes clear what should be done and what should not, so that one would not offend others or act impolitely due to the cultural factors. This is an interesting book, and it sure will give you a deeper understanding of Chinese people. Price USD 8.99 License Free to try File Size 315.8 kB Version 1.2 Operating System Windows 95 Windows Vista Windows 98 Windows Me Windows Windows XP Windows NT Windows 2000 Windows 3.x
ENGL 302 A: Critical Practice Meeting Time: MW 12:30pm - 2:20pm * * Henry Staten Henry Staten Syllabus Description: English 302—Formalism and Contextualism Winter 2021 Instructor: Henry Staten Are literary texts a sort of “aesthetic objects” that we can understand and appreciate just by reading them and understanding the “words on the page,” in what is called a “formalist” way? Or are they products of their social and political context? Are the “great” literary works of the past truly great, or have we been taught to see them as great because they serve the interests of the dominant powers of society, while these same dominant powers have kept us from recognizing the merits of work by women, people of color, working class people, or sexually diverse people? Is there any such thing as “intrinsic” literary or artistic quality, or is “quality” just a matter of how different people with different class, race, nationality, or gender perceive them? These are the questions that have been hotly debated in literary studies for the past fifty years. This course will introduce you to the arguments on both sides of this extremely complex debate. I will argue that both sides have valid arguments, but that the reality of any art, including literature, is more complex than either side has understood. We will focus mostly on lyric poetry, because lyric poems are often hard to understand (so that critics look to context for clues to their interpretation) and short (so that we can consider every word of the poem in our discussions). I haven’t taught this course in a while and am in the process of re-designing it, but the syllabus will look something like this: First three weeks: basic issues in the debate over “intrinsic/formalist” and “extrinsic/contextualist” criticism. Texts:” Blake “London,” Baudelaire, “The Red-Haired Beggar Girl.” Criticism by Peter Nicholls, from his book Modernisms. Weeks 3-6: Theoretical issues concerning colonialism and racism raised by the critical debates over Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. Weeks 7-8: Some poems by Adrienne Rich, and discussion of the tortuous ideological issues that have arisen in discussion of these poems by feminist and lesbian-feminist critics. Poems: “The Fact of a Door-frame,” “Origins and History of Consciousness,” “Cartographies of Silence.” Critical discussion: Linda Garber, Identity Poetics, pp. 127-37. Weeks 9-10: What is poetry anyhow, and what is it for? Or, on what bases can we legitimately judge poetic value? Texts: Poems by Langston Hughes, as presented and discussed by Michael Meyer in his book Poetry: An Introduction. Meyer’s chapter contains a selection of Hughes’s poetry, as well as a selection of critical discussions of Hughes’s poetry. Catalog Description: GE Requirements: Visual, Literary, and Performing Arts (VLPA) Writing (W) Last updated: October 13, 2020 - 4:40am
Herbs & Plants Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) Botanical Name ; Capsella bursa-pastoris Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Capsella Species: C. bursa-pastoris Kingdom: Plantae Order: Brassicales Synonyms : Thlaspi bursa-pastoris. Bursa abscissa. Bursa druceana. Capsella concava. Common Name ; Shepherd’s-purse Habitat: is native to eastern Europe and Asia minor but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates,including Britain, where it is regarded as an archaeophyte, North America and China but also in the Mediterranean and North Africa. It grows in Arable land, gardens, waste places etc, it is a common weed of cultivated soil. Shepherd’s-purse is a small (up to 0.5m) annual and ruderal species, and a member of the Brassicaceae or mustard family. Capsella bursa-pastoris is closely related to the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and is also used as a model organism due to the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle that can be compared to genes that are well studied in A. thaliana. Unlike most flowering plants, it flowers almost all year round. Like many other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, C. bursa-pastoris reproduces entirely from seed, has a long soil seed bank, and short generation time and is capable of producing several generations each year. Shepherd’s-purse plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem about 0.2 to 0.5 meters tall, which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers are white and small, in loose racemes, and produce seed pods which are heart-shaped. Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as mucilage, a condition known as myxospermy. The adaptive value of myxospermy is unknown, although the fact that mucilage becomes sticky when wet has led some to propose that C. bursa-pastoris traps insects which then provide nutrients to the seedling, which would make it protocarnivorous. Edible Uses : Edible Parts: Leaves; Oil; Seed. Edible Uses: Condiment; Oil. Leaves – raw or cooked. The young leaves, used before the plant comes into flower, make a fine addition to salads. The leaves are a cress and cabbage substitute, becoming peppery with age. Leaves are usually available all year round, though they can also be dried for later use. The leaves contain about 2.9% protein, 0.2% fat, 3.4% carbohydrate, 1% ash. They are rich in iron, calcium and vitamin C. A zero moisture basis analysis is available. The young flowering shoots can be eaten raw or cooked. They are rather thin and fiddly but the taste is quite acceptable. They can be available at most times of the year. Seed – raw or cooked. It can be ground into a meal and used in soups etc. It is very fiddly to harvest and utilize, the seed is very small. The seed contains 35% of a fatty oil. This oil can be extracted and is edible. The seedpods can be used as a peppery seasoning for soups and stews. The fresh or dried root is a ginger substitute Constituents: choline, acetylcholine and tyramine, saponins, mustard oil, flavonoids Fumaric acid is one active substance that has been isolated.. Although Fumaric acid and its derivatives are used with success in many conditions there is no direct evidence that plant extract has been used with similar success. Leaves (Dry weight) 280 Calories per 100g Water : 0% Protein: 35.6g; Fat: 4.2g; Carbohydrate: 44.1g; Fibre: 10.2g; Ash: 16.1g; Minerals – Calcium: 1763mg; Phosphorus: 729mg; Iron: 40.7mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 3939mg; Zinc: 0mg; Vitamins – A: 21949mg; Thiamine (B1): 2.12mg; Riboflavin (B2): 1.44mg; Niacin: 3.4mg; B6: 0mg; C: 305mg; Capsella bursa-pastoris Traditional Chinese Medicinal Uses: Common Uses: Abrasions/Cuts Bladder Infection (UTI) Cystitis * Childbirth * Heart Tonics/Cordials * Menorrhagia * Properties: Antiscorbutic* Diuretic* Styptic* Astringent* Febrifuge* Refrigerant* Parts Used: whole herb. Shepherd’s purse is one of the important herbs to stop bleeding an effect due to the tyramine and other amines it contains. This property leads to its use is a number of condidtions such as heavy menstrual bleeding, nosebleeds, and as a post-partum herb. The herb is both a vasodilator, and also hastens coagulation and constrict blood vessels. Shepherd’s purse contains a protein that acts in the same way in the body as the hormone oxytocin, constricting the smooth muscles that support and surround blood vessels, especially those in the uterus. Other chemicals in the herb may accelerate clotting. Still other compounds in the herb help the uterus contact, explaining the long-time use of the herb to help the womb return to normal size after childbirth. Mountain Rose Herbs (2008-07-09) Herbally, it is primarily used to stop vaginal bleeding, an action which may be attributable to the common parasitic fungus found with it, which is related to the vasoconstrictor ergot. Other Uses Known Hazards : Signs of toxicity are sedation, pupil enlargement and breathing difficulty. Avoid if on treatments for high blood pressure. Avoid with thyroid gland disorders or heart disease. Possible addictive sedative effects with other depressants (e.g. Alcohol). Avoid during pregnancy Enhanced by Zemanta Herbs & Plants Meadowsweet (Spriea Ulmaria) Botanical Name : Spriea Ulmaria Family : ROSACEAE Rose Family Genus: Filipendula Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Species: F. ulmaria Synonyme : Spirea ulmaria L. Description : Properities & Constituents : Medicinal Uses: Enhanced by Zemanta Humans Make Their Own Aspirin Compoun [amazon_link asins=’B0091RRORA,B001LFFPT4,B00E5RYAU0,B0006GE5F4,B0006GE5EU,B000I63YBS,B00008ZPGC,B00L45KPG4,B002RL8FKW’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’5e803c88-1084-11e8-a72a-9df19e5b11a4′] Humans form their own version of aspirin‘s active principle, known as salicylic acid, when the drug breaks down in the body. .Salicylic acid-> .Salicyclic acid or SA, which is responsible for aspirin’s renowned effects in relieving pain and inflammation, may be the first in a new class of bioregulators, according to a new study. Gwendoline Baxter and her British colleagues said their past research revealed that SA exists in the blood of people who have not recently taken aspirin. Sources: The Times Of India Reblog this post [with Zemanta] Ailmemts & Remedies What are corns? Corns are annoying and sometimes painful thickenings that form in the skin in areas that are being pressed on by underlying bones. They occur on parts of the feet and sometimes the fingers. Corns can be painful to walk on even when they are small. Common locations are: * On the sole, over the metatarsal arch (the “ball” of the foot); * On the outside of the fifth (pinky) toe, where it rubs against the shoe; and * Between the 4th and 5th toes. Unlike other corns which are firm and flesh-colored, corns between the toes are often whitish and messy; they are sometimes called “soft corns.” It’s usually hard to know where finger corns come from since they often don’t appear at sites of obvious pressure. click & see How can corns be prevented? Generally speaking, corns are a disease of civilization. If we didn’t wear shoes, we wouldn’t have them. Potential preventive measures therefore include: 1. Moving to Tahiti to stroll on the sand in your bare tootsies! This is a pleasant approach, as long as you never have to go back home and walk in shoes again. 2. For the incurably civilized, wearing comfortable shoes is useful. The idea is to avoid having footgear press on the outside of the 5th toe, or pressing the 4th and 5th toes together. 3. Another approach is to pad the potentially affected area. You can buy many sorts of padding at the drugstore: * Cushions to put between the toes; * Foam or moleskin pads to put over the places where corns form; * Foam pads with holes in the center (like doughnuts or bagels), which redistribute pressure around the corn instead of right over it; and * Cushioned insoles to pad your feet and alleviate mechanical pressure. How can corns be treated? You can buy many types of medicated products to chemically pare down the thickened, dead skin overlying the corn. These products are share the same active ingredient –salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is a keratolytic, which means it dissolves the protein (keratin) that makes up most of both your corn and the thick layer of dead skin which often tops it. Used once a day as indicated on the package directions, these products are gentle and safe. Salicylic acid treatments are available in different forms including: * Applicators * Drops * Pads * Plasters All of these treatment will turn the top of the skin white and allow you to trim or peel away dead tissue, making the corn protrude and hurt less. It generally is recommended that salicylic acid not be used in diabetics or when there is poor circulation (because of concern about how normally the skin can heal); however, in practice, salicylic acid is withheld only when there are clear signs of ongoing inflammation of the skin. When should you seek professional treatment for corns? If the corn bothers you and doesn’t respond to salicylic acid and trimming, you might consider seeing a physician or podiatrist who can physically pare corns with scalpels. (It’s better not to do this yourself, especially if you’re elderly or diabetic.) Podiatrists also can measure and fit you with orthotic devices to redistribute your weight on your feet while you walk so that pressure from the foot bones doesn’t focus on your corns. (Off-the-shelf cushioned insoles are one-size-fits-all and may not be effective.) Surgery for corns is rarely necessary. There is never a point to cutting out a corn. The pressure that caused it to form in the first place will just make it come back. When necessary, surgery for corns involves shaving the underlying bone that is pressing on the skin to reduce the pressure. This link may show some natural remedy for corns.
2017State of Governance INCLUSION Means Taking Every Region Along Growth Path The three I’s of Inclusive Growth, Infrastructure and Innovation are important for India to develop. This along with Infrastructure (roads, urban and rural amenities) and Innovation (both technological and rural) can drive India over its many pitfalls. India suffers many dichotomies. The country is going through an interesting time after 70 years of Independence in 1947. On the one hand, Mars Orbiter Mission (known as MOM) is being sent to Mars, the Red Planet. Similarly, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is building indigenous satellites. It very recently sent its 100th satellite into orbit. With this feat, India is sending a very clear message to the world and to NASA, the US space agency, that it can match its expertise and technology. On the other hand, the country still has several parts of it undeveloped and near virgin. Villages do not have roads or even electricity, even now in 2018. So much so that Prime Minister Narendra Modi has to spell out the Swachh Bharat mission and talk about the needs of a basic toilet. More than half the population of the country doesn’t have sanitation. There are two Indias, one doing extremely well and challenging the rest of the world and its rivals in technology and other fields, the other still languishes, where there is a lot of ground left to cover to even catch up with the better performing part. The Government of India claims that as a country we are power surplus since 240,000 MW power is generated. But there are hundreds of villages and some states, which are still power deficient without electricity for poor farmers, rural and urban homes and industries that can empower by employing thousands are lying idle without the vital resource of power to put development into motion. Similarly, the country has mighty rivers, from the Ganga, the mighty Brahmaputra, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery and many others which together have about 74 TMC water. On the other hand, there are droughts. All this water goes waste into the sea, the plan for river linking is important in this aspect. The state government is ensuring that the basics needs of the population are met. The feats of information technology and all that could come later in the agenda but people should have water and power along with other necessities. But in 2014, the state was very low on power. It suffered from a power deficit. Telangana needed 8,000 MW but had only 6,000 MW. With the Chief Minister’s clarity the team ensured that from a state, which didn’t have enough power, it could become a state that could supply uninterrupted 24-hour quality power to cities, villages, farms and industries within a year. This is where the economically underdeveloped and the underprivileged need to be remembered and included. They should know that their needs are not forgotten. A large reason for the turnaround in power generation and supply has been due to the synergies of different departments coming together to work, raising internal efficiency to unseen heights in government. Telangana has harnessed non-conventional energy sources. It produces 3,300 MW of solar energy and surpassed Gujarat recently on the solar front. That 3,300 MW is likely to increase to 5,000 MW in one and a half years. As regards measures for the poor, the inclusive nature of the Telangana government has enabled the introduction of pension to several categories of people. More than 40 lakh people get R1,000 as monthly pension and the disabled among them get Rs.1,500. Similarly, the state government has come up with the Dignity Housing scheme where 2.17 lakh homes will be built in cities, semi-urban and rural areas. With a total outlay of R18,000 crore, the project will build houses with 2 bedrooms, a hall and a kitchen and toilet in a plinth area of 560 square feet. In rural areas, it will cost Rs 5.04 lakh, in urban areas it will cost Rs 40 lakh and in Hyderabad city, it will cost Rs 8.75 lakh. Every single paisa will be spent by the government and there is no charge on the beneficiary. This scheme was thought of because just in the name of affordable housing for the poor, people were being forced to live in 100 or 120 square feet accommodation, which is inhuman and impossible. The Telangana government promotes innovation of all kinds, not just technological. It can be rural innovation or social innovation. Like the Asu machine invented by Chintakindi Mallesham, a weaver, who developed it after seeing his poor weaver mother toil 10-12 hours a day to make the world famous Pochampally saris. As a policy the government has done away with the discretionary powers of bureaucrats and instead, has followed the process model. This has been one of the reasons why the young state has got the first place in the Ease of Doing Business rankings. If investors are not able to get approval within 15-days of applying at the single-window for a licence to start an industry, it is deemed approved on the next day, 16th in fact. The person applying can also take the state to court if such permissions don’t come within the timeframe. The government penalises the bureaucrats who had to act on the application at Rs 1,000 per day. The same is the case with building plans. If plans for a building or a house aren’t approved in 21 days, it is deemed approved on the 22nd day. There is no point in technology and development if the common man is helpless in the face of bureaucrats and official apathy, which is why individual discretion has been struck off. While doing away with discretion should a matter of policy, there is also need for a compilation of best practices. Several states including Telangana have innovated and come up with solutions, which can be replicated in other states but there is no one taking note of these best practices which, therefore, go unheeded. SKOCH Group should publish a report that would take all the best practices and innovations into account and record it for the benefit of other states. (The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of INCLUSION. Comments are welcome at info@skoch.in) K T Rama Rao Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao is presently the Cabinet Minister for IT E&C, MAUD, Industries & Commerce, Mines & Geology, Public Enterprises and NRI Affairs and has been representing Sircilla Assembly Constituency since 2009. K.T. Rama Rao was born in Siddipet, Telangana, and grew up in politically and socially active environment. He has completed his schooling from St. George’s Grammar School, Hyderabad. He has a Bachelor’s Degree in Microbiology from Nizam College, Hyderabad. He has two post-graduate degrees – M.Sc. in Biotechnology from University of Pune and the other is MBA in Marketing and E-Commerce from Baruch College-City, University of New York, New York. Back to top button
What is an electromagnet and how does it work? What is electromagnet and its uses? Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as motors, generators, electromechanical solenoids, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment. How does a homemade electromagnet work? What is an electromagnet and how is it made? IT IS INTERESTING: Best answer: Where is radiation found on the electromagnetic spectrum? What is an electromagnet How can we determine? When insulated copper wire is wrapped around a soft iron core and current is passed through it then this arrangement is called electromagnet. To determine the poles of an electromagnet with the help of a bar magnet- Take a bar magnet and suspend it freely in air. What is the importance of electromagnet? Aritra G. Electromagnetism has important scientific and technological applications. It is used in many electrical appliances to generate desired magnetic fields. It is even used in a electric generator to produce magnetic fields for electromagnetic induction to occur. What are the three parts of an electromagnet? • Iron core. The use of iron is to help in the proper flowing of current. You can make electromagnet without the iron core also. … • Wire. The wire is very important. The number of turns of wire represents the power of the electromagnet. … • Flowing current. It is very important part of the electromagnet. Are electromagnets AC or DC? A DC circuit has current circulating in one direction. … In alternating current (AC) electromagnets, used in transformers, inductors, and AC motors and generators, the magnetic field is constantly changing. This causes energy losses in their magnetic cores that are dissipated as heat in the core. What do you need to make an electromagnet? How to Make an Electromagnet 1. Large iron nail, approximately 3 inches (8 centimeters) long. 2. Approximately 3 feet (91 centimeters) of thinly coated copper wire. 3. A new D battery. 4. Wire strippers. 5. Tape. 6. Small magnetic objects, such as paper clips or thumbtacks. IT IS INTERESTING: How can we compare how strong an electromagnet is? What are the materials necessary to create an electromagnet? Thin coated copper wire. Dry cell batteries. Electric tape. Iron fillings, paper clips and other magnetic items. Yes, the thickness of the current carrying wire directly affects how strong the magnetic field is. The magnetic field is directly related to the strength of the current. So one can increase the magnetic field by increasing the current of the wire. How are electromagnets used in real life? Electromagnets are found in doorbells, hard drives, speakers, MagLev trains, anti-shoplifting systems, MRI machines, microphones, home security systems, VCRs, tape decks, motors, and many other everyday objects. What is the difference between electromagnet and permanent magnet? What an electromagnet is? A solenoid with an iron core is called an electromagnet . The iron core increases the solenoid’s magnetic field strength. A simple electromagnet is made by coiling wire around an iron nail. Electromagnets are used in devices such as electric bells, and door locks that can be controlled remotely. What decides the polarity of electromagnet? The polarity of the electromagnet is determined by the direction the current. The north pole of the electromagnet is determined by using your right hand. … The direction your thumb is pointing is the direction of the magnetic field, so north would come out of the electromagnet in the direction of your thumb. IT IS INTERESTING: Which electromagnetic waves has minimum wavelength? What are permanent magnet and electromagnet Give two uses of each? Uses. Permanent magnet – Electric generator, loud speaker. Electromagnet – Cranes, electric bell. A magnetic field
Quick Answer: What Type Of Word Is Habit? Where do we use provided? Provided has two meaning 1 ) subordinating conjunctions for an example as in the previous answer “You can go out to play football provided that you have finished all your homework” 2) it means offering or giving for an example; She had provided all the information he needed through Connie.. What is the verb form of Provide? Past participle. provided. Present participle. providing. (transitive) When you provide something, you make it available. What are five common nouns? 25 Most Common Nounstime.person.year.way.day.thing.man.world.More items… Which kind of noun is animals? common nounThe noun ‘animal’ is usually a common noun, not a proper noun. It is not the name of a specific animal. Which type of noun is habit? Abstract NounAnswer: Habit is Abstract Noun. Is Habit abstract noun? The abstract nouns are :- Punctuality, good and habit. Which type of noun is jury? What is habit example? The definition of habit is something that you do regularly, or an addiction. Brushing your teeth every morning and every night is an example of a good habit. Being addicted to heroin is an example of having a heroin habit. An action performed repeatedly and automatically, usually without awareness. Is Habit an adjective? Habitual is the adjective form of habit, which comes from the Latin habēre, which meant the mode of one’s being, and often referred to the mode of dress. Now habit means anything you do repeatedly — your habitual actions. What type of word is provide? verb (used with object), pro·vid·ed, pro·vid·ing. to make available; furnish: to provide employees with various benefits. What type of noun is die? noun, plural dies for 1, 2, 4, dice for 3. a hollow device of steel, often composed of several pieces to be fitted into a stock, for cutting the threads of bolts or the like. one of the separate pieces of such a device. What is the verb of habit? verb. habited; habiting; habits. Definition of habit (Entry 2 of 2) transitive verb. : clothe, dress It is the nature of such pedantry to habit itself in a harsh and crabbed style.— Is habit a noun or verb? 1[countable] a thing that you do often and almost without thinking, especially something that is hard to stop doing You need to change your eating habits. good/bad habits He has the irritating habit of biting his nails. Whats does provide mean? : to give something wanted or needed to (someone or something) : to supply (someone or something) with something. formal : to say that something will or should happen : to make it certain or possible that something will happen or be done. What are some examples of abstract nouns? Examples of abstract nouns include liberty, anger, freedom, love, generosity, charity, and democracy. Notice that these nouns express ideas, concepts, or qualities that cannot be seen or experienced.
Wands in the Harry Potter universe are instruments or tools which allow the bearer to channel and improve their magical abilities. Some wands even having an innate power. Is there any reference as to: 1. Where (optional) 2. When (estimation accepted) 3. Who made this discovery? • @Voldemort It looks as though it could very well be. But surely there is some mention of the first wands used? – Möoz Apr 22 '14 at 23:19 • 1 If we can take into account Dumbledore's account of "The Tale of Three Brothers", then the elder wand is the earliest wand to be referred. In the tale - it is mentioned that the 3 brothers were well versed in the magical arts. If taking Dumbledore's version into account - we can assume that the brothers were able to channel their magical abilities into certain objects. So the original creator of the wand would be Antioch Peverell. – mustard Apr 23 '14 at 0:46 • @mustard: Can you cite the part where Dumbledore says that the Elder Wand is the earliest wand to be referred? The most I could find was that the earliest mention of a wand made of elder with unusual powers is one owned by a Middle Ages wizard called Emeric. – Voldemort Apr 23 '14 at 1:34 • 1 @DoctorWho22 The Tale of Three Brother's says he asked for a wand more powerful than any other. But Dumbledore's version says that the Peverell brothers themselves created the very powerful object. Since there was no mention of there being other wands in Dumbledore's version - I inferred that the original wand was created by Antioch Peverell. – mustard Apr 26 '14 at 19:36 • 1 @Mustard given that Ollivander's family shop says that they have been around since 382 BC and Antioch was only born in the early 1200's then that would mean that wands have been around before his time. So this also lends to the theory that Peverell either asked for a more powerful wand / created a wand capable of defeating other wands. – DoctorWho22 Apr 28 '14 at 13:11 I don't think there are any definite answers. I've drawn together what canon information I can find, and added my own speculation. Probably in the BC era, but it's not clear exactly when. The original wand probably bears little resemblance to the modern device, but the key aspects would be the same. In Philosopher's Stone, when Harry visits Ollivander's shop, he learns that the family have been making wands since the 4th century BC: The last shop was narrow and shabby. Peeling gold letters over the door read Ollivanders: Makers of Fine Wands since 382 BC. A single wand lay on a faded purple cushion in the dusty window. It's likely that wands were in use before this date, and Pottermore backs this up: However, the Roman conquest of Britain only began in AD 43, some four centuries after the Ollivander family opened shop. It's not clear how these timelines match up. Still, it puts an bound on the latest that wands could have been discovered and used. There are suggestions in Pottermore than Ollivander invented the wand “as we know it today” However, this passage also makes it very clear that he wasn’t the first person to put a magical core in a piece of wood and use it to channel magic, so he didn’t invent the concept of the wand from scratch. In an old page from her website, JKR explains how several characters have wand woods which match their birth wood from the Celtic calendar: This may have been unintentional, but Malfoy is the same. The Celts were a dominant culture in the UK prior to the Roman conquests, so perhaps this lends credence to the idea that Ollivander arrived with the Romans, and he picked up this idea from the Celts. Or maybe it really just is coincidence. Ancient Greece But we can go back further. In a Comic Relief interview in 2001, JK Rowling said that "to do really good spells, you need a wand". Pottermore has at least one (alleged) instance of advanced magic that would pre-date the Ollivander shop: Andros the Invincible. This Ancient Greek is alleged to be the only known wizard to have produced a Patronus the size of a giant. The civilisation of Ancient Greece was over by the sixth century BC, at least a century before Ollivander opens. Assuming this report is accurate, and that you can't conjure a Patronus wandlessly, then this would be an earlier example of wand usage. (HP Wikia asserts that he mastered wandless spellcasting, but I can't find their source.) Herpo the Foul is another ancient Greek wizard, responsible for creating the Basilisk, the Horcrux, and lots of other dark magic. We don't have dates for his activity, but this is another suggestion that wand-based or wand-like magic was around at the time of the Greeks. Since we have Greeks performing relatively advanced wand-based magic, I'd guess the first wands were invented before even them (or at least before Herpo and Andros). There would have been some time between the invention of wands and this advanced magic. The first explicit mention of wands Ollivander aside, these examples only allude to the use of a wand, but none of them explicitly mention them. The earliest canon mention of a wand with a date that I can find comes from Quidditch through the Ages: The famous painting Giinther der Gewalttlitige ist der Gewinner (Gunther the Violent Is the Winner), dated 1105, shows the ancient German game of Stichstock. […] The bladder-guardian was allowed to use his or her wand to repel these attacks. There are illustrations (e.g. Rowena Ravenclaw on chocolate frog cards in video games) that depict people with wands at earlier dates, but I don't know if you would count those as canon. There are also mentions of spells, duelling and charms which presumably require wands, but it's never said explicitly. Somewhere in Europe, maybe Greece? The Pottermore page for Uagadou, the African school of magic, tells us that wands were a European invention. Most canon instances of wizards and witches from the BC era hail from Ancient Greece. Since Greek philosophy and science was relatively advanced, and formed the basis of a lot of Western culture, perhaps the Greeks were the first to use wands. This could have been absorbed into the Roman Empire, then carried by Ollivander to Britain. Ancient Egypt strikes me as another plausible candidate: they had curses (as evidenced by the need for Curse-Breakers like Bill Weasley; see Prisoner of Azkaban). But this is a throwaway line, so we can't place their wand usage, or lack thereof. I don't know enough classical history to make plausible suggestions for other candidates (if there are any). No idea. Based on Ollivander's accounts above, it wasn't his ancestor who started the business. I also doubt it would be any of the named wizards above, as I think inventing wands (or being credited as such) trumps any other magical achievement. As with most primitive inventions (fire, the wheel), the identity of the creator is probably lost to history. It's also plausible that multiple people invented it independently, and there is no one person responsible. • I didn't realize that the Ollivander sign was in the books lol... would have put it in my answer. – DoctorWho22 Apr 23 '14 at 19:25 • 3 In a general matter, shouldn't the where answer also be "multiple people throughout the world" ? There are many examples in history in which the same thing was invented in the same period in various places. I think it's reasonable to assume that the same happened for primitive wands. – Falyna Apr 24 '14 at 14:31 • @Simon: There are vague allusions to it in Pottermore. I’ll edit the answer to update. – alexwlchan Apr 28 '14 at 14:29 • Why those spoilers? I hate them! – user3459110 May 31 '14 at 13:45 • @AwalGarg: so people who are working through Pottermore themselves don’t spoil themselves for sections they haven’t read yet. – alexwlchan Jun 1 '14 at 11:23 The wand is a European invention, and while African witches and wizards have adopted it as a useful tool in the last century, many spells are cast simply by pointing the finger or through hand gestures. (Pottermore - Uagadou) Sometime before before 382 BC The last shop was narrow and shabby. Peeling gold letters over the door read Ollivanders: Makers of Fine Wands since 382 B.C. A single wand lay on a faded purple cushion in the dusty window. (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Chapter 5) No canon answer Well if you count the films to be canon then it can be said that wands have been around for a very long time the earliest actual date we have is the Sign of Ollivander's Magic Shop. enter image description here Ollivanders: Makers of Fine Wands Since 382 B.C. Other than that the earliest mention is the Tales of Three Brothers by Beedle that mentioned the Elder Wand. The problem with this is that Antioch Peverell asked for a dueling wand that was unbeatable, this would infer that wands existed prior to him creating / acquiring the Elder Wand. Quote from Tales of the Three Brothers : Also Antioch Peverell was born and died around the 1200's so this means that wands existed during his lifetime. Prior to 12 July, 1214 Prior to 18 May, 1291 Wizarding inn, England • Sir Cadogan was, according to Pottermore, a Knight of the Round Table and while the dubiously-accurate Wikia states he lived in the Middle Ages, if the Knights of the Round table did exist it would be sometime before that. Sir Cadogan, according to Pottermore, had a wand, giving us a wand in the times of the Knights of the Round Table. Pottermore states he went to Hogwarts, which was, according to the Pottermore, built around 990 so assuming Merlin was a part of the Round Table group in this universe we have a wand existing in the 10th Century. – Mac Cooper Apr 23 '14 at 16:36 • 1 You do realize that 10th Century is about 13 Centureis after the supposed start of Ollivander's family business... If Ollivander has been around since 382 bc that would mean that wands existed prior to Sir Cadogan by like 1300 years. – DoctorWho22 Apr 23 '14 at 18:51 • According to the films. Book canon trumps and a throwaway signpost in the first of eight films is not considered by all as fact: Rowling didn't say that and the asker stated he preferred books and quotes by Rowling. – Mac Cooper Apr 23 '14 at 19:22 • Just missed the edit time. I'm a moron, COMPLETELY misread the quote Alexwlchan gave. Ignore me :) – Mac Cooper Apr 23 '14 at 19:29 Your Answer
This September, going remote doesn't need to equate to going out of your mind. In some cases there are tools that can make students' transition to fully online classes even more beneficial than in-person learning. One of these tools is automatic transcription software. Today we'll provide students with six beneficial ways to use machine transcribed audio in order to dive into their upcoming remote semester with ease. 1. Create Effortless Transcripts If you're a student who needs to conduct interviews or discuss research, automated transcriptions are for you! We all know the struggle of speaking with someone while furiously trying to scribble down what they're saying. Multitasking increases the risk of forgetting information they have shared when the interaction is over, or just completely missing it in the first place. Recording your interactions with professors, specialists, and other professionals is a great way to get the most out of your conversations. By automatically transcribing the audio recorded during these interactions, you're saving space in your brain and time in your day to focus on the prep and followup of your field research. 2. Support Other Students While students are not yet back to school, we've already learned so much this year. One of the biggest takeaways from the last eight months is that we're all in a similar place right now in terms of relying on communities and our peers to get by. By automatically transcribing audio, you're creating digital documents that are easy to edit, organize, search within, and share. Whether you're a student with a lot going on outside of class or someone who is pretty comfortable despite our current socio-economic troubles, there is always room for give and take between yourself and other students. Use the time you save with automated transcriptions to support fellow students, because if there was ever a time to lend a helping hand to your classmates, it's now. 3. Automate your Lecture Notes If you've ever found yourself falling asleep in class, automated transcription software may be the wakeup call you need. Using machine transcribed audio to create transcripts of your lectures means that paying attention won't be such a difficult feat. Save the time you would be using to take notes and instead you can make yourself a second cup of coffee to stay awake through a particularly challenging lecture. 4. Get the Most out of Tutoring If you're looking for additional help with a topic or concept that you're already struggling to understand, you don't want to spend the entirety of a tutoring session scribbling down notes and trying to remember everything that was said. If you're able to record these sessions, automated transcription will allow you to create a clean transcript of everything you learned with your tutor so you can go back at any time and review the information. This allows you to be more present with your tutor while you have them on the line and spend your time together actively learning rather than panicking while trying to do three things at once. 5. Spend Time Enjoying Learning To quote a cliché, time does fly when you're having fun. When you use automation to transcribe things you would otherwise need to spend time manually typing out, you have a lot more freedom in those leftover hours. Use this time to turn studying into a fun game, create social groups where you can learn from others, and try new ways to learn that allow you to actually enjoy the subject matter. By finding fun in your studies, you're more likely to enjoy rather than dread it, and we all need a morale booster in times like these. 6. Maximize your Study Time Finally, by using all the methods listed above, machine transcribed audio is increasing the time you have at the end of the day to study for tests, quizzes, and (ultimately) exams. This provides the short term benefit of keeping your grade up until you're faced with your mid- and and-of-term tests, for which you will have had ample time to prepare. Students this September may be a little resentful that back to school season isn't back to bed season. These are stressful times, and education systems going fully remote isn't an easy challenge to take on. However, with the right tools on your side, you'll be ready to tackle the fall semester and achieve academic success all from the comfort of your own couch.
header print 15 Surprising Food Facts Food is a universal topic of conversation, no matter the place or occasion. Clearly, this is because we all need to sustain our energy with food, and the majority of people prefer to enjoy what they’re eating as well. That being said, enjoyment is not the only reason why we eat. Health is an important aspect of nutrition as well, and it seems that staying healthy is becoming increasingly more challenging with all the misleading marketing tactics used in the food industry. We were very surprised to find out about these 15 facts, for example, all of which prove that what we think we eat may, in fact, not be quite what we really end up consuming. 1. Coffee Creamer surprising food facts Coffee Creamer being added to coffee Believe it or not, many white-colored foods, such as coffee creamer, powdered sugar, candy, chewing gum, and ranch dressing often contain titanium dioxide to make their color even whiter and more opaque. The same chemical is often used in the production of paint, paper, plastic, toothpaste, and sunscreen. On food packaging, titanium dioxide is often labeled as E171. While generally considered safe in cosmetics and around the home, there is some evidence suggesting that it may be a carcinogen when inhaled. There is little information about the safety of titanium dioxide in foods, with some research suggesting that it may be absorbed into the bloodstream, which is why France declared that it will ban titanium dioxide in foods in 2020. 2. Skittles surprising food facts Skittles Another common food dye is carmine (or carminic acid). It is a red dye, so you'll be able to find it in a variety of red or pink-colored foods and cosmetics, such as fruit drinks, ice cream, yogurt, Skittles, pink or red candy, eyeshadow, and lipstick. What most people aren't aware of is that this dye is produced from crushed up carcasses of the Dactylopius coccus beetle. The dye is safe to eat for most people, apart from those who are allergic to carmine, but it's certainly reasonable to question whether one needs crushed up beetles in food, especially since the only contribution of carmine in foods is the color. 3. Fruit surprising food facts hand reaching for an apple Did you know that your food is covered by the same wax they used to polish cars? It's true, carnauba wax, also known as palm wax or Brazil wax, is derived from the Copernicia prunifera palm. Sweets, such as gummy bears, pills and vitamins, as well as fruits are commonly coated with this wax to make them appear glossier and shinier. The same wax is used as shoe polish, car polish and even in flooring and furniture waxes. Though considered safe for human consumption, as it doesn't get digested and simply passes through the human digestive system, palm wax does seem to have a poor environmental impact. Also, the necessity of the wax, at least in some foods, such as fruit, is questionable. 4. Soda surprising food facts soda cans Most of us are aware that soda drinks aren't the healthiest, to say the least. Soda has a number of harmful effects on the human bodybut it's certainly eye-opening to find out that only 1 can of soda contains more added sugar than the whole recommended daily intake of sugar. There are 39 grams of sugar in 1 can of soda, which is 9 grams more than the 25-gram daily sugar intake recommendation. 5. Almond Extract surprising food facts Almond Extract Almond extract is rarely made of real almonds. Instead, the slightly bitter and nutty taste is derived from stone fruits, such as apricot or cherry pits. The compound called benzaldehyde, more commonly known as bitter almond oil, is what's providing the almond flavor, and it typically comes from apricots, plums, peaches, and cherries. 6. White Chocolate surprising food facts White Chocolate White chocolate shouldn't actually be called chocolate either, as it doesn't contain cocoa powder at all, the key ingredient in all chocolates. The only common ingredient in dark and white chocolate is cocoa butter, which gives chocolate its creaminess. White chocolate also contains vanilla, dairy products, and sugar. 7. Bananas surprising food facts Bananas The Cavendish variety of the banana fruit, which is the only kind most people know and recognize as 'the banana' has to be cloned by farmers all over the world, as the fruit is practically devoid of seeds - the only other way for the plant to reproduce. If you're wondering whether the complete lack of genetic diversity could make the plant more susceptible to disease and extinction, that's a real possibility, as we've discussed in greater detail in a previous article titled Will Bananas Go Extinct Soon (Again)? 8. Burger Patties surprising food facts hamburger Hamburgers are made of ground beef, and the origins of this very beef are not only difficult to pinpoint, but they're also much 'wider' than you'd expect. According to a Washington Post article, one burger patty, or one portion of store-bought ground meat can be part of hundreds of animals. This isn't dangerous per se, but this does make it very difficult to regulate and recall meat in an economic fashion when a threat has been detected. 9. Crackers surprising food facts Crackers It turns out that it's crackers, and not sweets, that are the worst for your teeth, so add snacking on goldfish on the list of tooth-damaging habits. This is because crackers and biscuits get dissolved in your mouth and turn into a sticky paste that gets between your teeth, becoming the perfect breeding ground for bacteria and the cause for gum infections and cavities. That's why it's best to least rinse your mouth after eating a biscuit, or ideally - brush your teeth. 10. Ketchup surprising food facts Ketchup Nowadays, we know that ketchup isn't the healthiest of condiments, as it is loaded with added sugar and tons of preservatives, but back in the 1800s, when ketchup was fresh and new, so to speak, people believed that it has medicinal properties and can cure diarrhea and indigestion. Luckily, we're wiser now and know that ketchup should only be an occasional treat. 11. Wasabi surprising food facts Wasabi Wasabi is related to horseradish and mustard, and it has a similar taste to horseradish - a resemblance that's often abused, as it turns out. In fact, over 90% of the wasabi you can find in Europe or the US is just dyed horseradish and not the Japanese stuff. Real wasabi is grown in quite limited quantities and is very expensive, which is why most restaurants resort to the cheaper equivalent. 12. Brown Sugar surprising food facts Brown Sugar If you're in the habit of shopping for the more expensive brown sugar (like I once was), don't submit to the deception. The truth is that brown sugar is just white sugar with the addition of molasses, which was filtered out during the refining process. The only difference between the two is the taste and the texture, but in terms of its health effects, they're equal. 13. Salmon surprising food facts salmon Let's discuss salmon and why salmon flesh is the color that it is. In the wild, salmon feed primarily on krill and shrimp, which have that pinky color thanks to a compound called astaxanthin. As a result, the flesh of wild salmon becomes infused with this pink, as well as numerous vitamins that come with it. Interestingly, salmon are not the only species that owe their salmon pink color to shrimp and krill. Flamingoes, too, can thank their diet rich in shrimp for their bright color. But let's get back to salmon, namely farmed salmon. They have a different diet than their wild counterparts, which is why farmers feed the fish carotenoid dyes to tint their flesh a familiar pink hue. 14. Grated Cheese surprising food facts Grated Cheese Image Source: Roxanne Ready/ Flickr If you ever read the ingredient list of grated cheese or some cereals, you may have encountered an ingredient called cellulose. In cheese, it's used to prevent clumping, whereas in cereals it's just a bulking agent advertised as 'fiber'. What cellulose really is is sawdust, and manufacturers have been using it since the 1970s to cut production costs. Needless to say, sawdust is absolutely unnecessary in food of any sort and it can be replaced by more nutritious ingredients. Unlike flour or wheat, cellulose has no health benefits whatsoever, hence the misleading advertising regarding fiber. 15. Fresh Oysters surprising food facts fresh oysters Have you ever tried fresh oysters? If so, then chances are, you were munching on a live animal, as it turns out that raw oysters have to be served alive or nearly so to be safe to eat. Most oysters are stored in very specific conditions, and they can survive without water upwards of 2 weeks. During this time, they can be served to customers, but once they die, they are no longer safe to eat. Next Post Sign Up for Free Daily Posts! Did you mean: Sign Up for Free Daily Posts!
Judges 15:19 19 Then God opened up the hollow place in Lehi, and water came out of it. When Samson drank, his strength returned and he revived. So the spring was called En Hakkore,a and it is still there in Lehi. Read Judges 15:19 Using Other Translations So God caused water to gush out of a hollow in the ground at Lehi, and Samson was revived as he drank. Then he named that place “The Spring of the One Who Cried Out,” and it is still in Lehi to this day. What does Judges 15:19 mean? John Gill's Exposition of the Bible Judges 15:19 And God clave an hollow place that was in the jaw, and there came water thereout A socket in which was fastened one of the teeth, and was in the form of a mortar; so Jarchi and Ben Melech, as the word for an hollow place signifies; one of the grinders was knocked out, and so the place where it had been was left hollow, and out of that sprung a stream or flow of water; which was very wonderful, since out of such a place rather blood, or purulent matter, would naturally have issued; the Targum is, ``the Lord clave the rock which was in the jaw;'' which Kimchi interprets thus, the rock was under the jaw and the rock was made as a hollow place, and therefore they call it "mactes", a mortar: the sense seems to be this, that the place on which Samson cast the jawbone was a rock, and there God clave an hollow place, out of which water sprung, and which perhaps was under the jawbone, and sprung under it, and through it; and so Josephus says F15, that God at his prayer brought a sweet and large fountain out of a certain rock; and the words of the text will bear to be rendered, "and God clave, an hollow place, which is in Lehi"; that is, in the place called Lehi, ( Judges 15:9 Judges 15:14 ) and not in the jawbone itself: and when he had drank, his spirit came again, and he revived; his spirit was sunk and gone, as it were, but upon drinking a draught of this water he was refreshed and cheered, recovered his spirits, and became brisk and lively: wherefore he called the name thereof Enhakkore; that is, ``the fountain of him that was calling;'' of Samson that called upon God in prayer, and was heard, in memory of which he gave it this name; so the Targum, ``therefore its name was called the fountain that was given through the prayer of Samson:'' which is in Lehi unto this day; or in the jawbone: not that the jawbone continued unto the time of the writer of this book, but the name of the place where this miracle was wrought, which was in Lehi, continued to be called Enhakkore unto that time, and it may be the fountain itself continued also; nay, Giycas F16 says, who lived but about six hundred years ago, that the fountain continued unto his time, and was to be seen in the suburbs of Eleutheropolis, and was called the fountain of the jawbone. F15 Ibid. (Antiqu. l. 5. c. 8. sect. 9.) F16 Annal. par. 2. p. 164. apud Reland. Palestin. Illustrat. p. 872. California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information California - CCPA Notice
Just like home, yet light years from Earth European astronomers say they have found the first Earth-sized planet beyond this solar system with temperatures mild enough to allow liquid water -- a crucial step toward answering whether our cradle of life is unique in the universe. The planet circles the star Gliese 581 in the Libra constellation, and at 20 light years away is among the 100 stars closest to Earth. Dubbed Gliese 581c, the planet orbits very close to its star -- closer than Mercury is to our sun. But astronomers with the European Southern Observatory say the star is dim enough that average temperatures on the planet would fall in the range of an ordinary Chicago spring day. If the planet has water -- a big unknown -- its size and climate could make it habitable, experts said. The planet appears to be about 50 percent larger than Earth and has five times more mass, making it one of the smallest far-off planets ever detected. The conditions look promising enough that officials with the California-based SETI Institute, which looks for signs of radio communication from alien civilizations, said they hope to give the planet a fresh look this summer. Previous radio observations of Gliese 581 in the 1990s turned up nothing unusual. But the finding is a milestone in any case because it suggests that Earth-like planets may be common throughout the universe, astronomers said. Our galaxy alone could be home to 100 million habitable planets, if such worlds are as easy to spot as the new study indicates. "This is a marvelous discovery," said astronomer Geoff Marcy, a principal investigator for the California and Carnegie Planet Search. Marcy's group had been racing the Europeans to find the first potentially Earth-like planet. Next year NASA plans to launch the Kepler probe, designed to find even more Earth-sized planets outside our solar system. That probe will survey thousands of stars in hopes of catching sight of planets that cross in front of them. As with nearly all such planetary discoveries, astronomers could not observe Gliese 581 directly because it is invisible in the glare of its sun. Instead, the European group led by Stephane Udry and Michael Mayor calculated the planet's presence from its tiny gravitational tug on the star. The research group released its results Tuesday night and has submitted the work for publication in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. The hunt for far-flung planets has made dizzying progress since 1995, when Mayor and his Swiss colleagues discovered a large extrasolar planet circling a star called 51 Pegasi. The method they use is straightforward but requires exquisitely precise measurements: Astronomers must scrutinize stars for wobbles caused by the gravity of their planets. Because most planets are tiny compared with the stars they orbit, the wobble can be extremely small. At first, scientific critics wondered whether the wobbles were merely byproducts of the stars' natural oscillations or resulted from companion stars and not planets. But experts said the techniques have been accepted and are responsible for the discovery of 227 distant planets. Until the last few years, the only planets found in this way were huge gas giants, similar to Jupiter or even larger. None approached Earth's relatively small size. To find Gliese 581c, Mayor's group used a cutting-edge planet-seeking instrument at an observatory in La Silla, Chile. The telescope has a device called a spectrograph that can detect small shifts in a star's light as it moves in relation to Earth. When the star edges toward Earth, its light shifts to the blue end of the spectrum; when the star moves away, the light undergoes a red shift. In the case of Gliese 581c, the planet's pull on the star produced minute shifts in light. The star's movement was as slow as 2 meters per second -- about the speed of a person walking in a park. "We're to the point where we can see if stars are strolling toward us or strolling away from us," said Steve Vogt, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California at Santa Cruz and a member of the California-Carnegie planet search team. Vogt called the achievement "a landmark discovery." If it is habitable, Gliese 581c would be a bizarre home for life. It orbits so close to the star that its year is about 13 days long, and it is probably locked with one face constantly facing its sun. On the light side of the planet the sun would dominate the sky, but because it is a relatively weak red dwarf star, average temperatures on the planet would range between 32 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit. No one knows if the planet has water, or even if it has a solid surface. Some experts said the planet could be a smaller version of gaseous planets like Neptune, with a deep atmosphere and little chance for life to take hold. But models of planetary formation suggest that's unlikely, said Bruce Jakosky, a planetary scientist at the University of Colorado. "We would lean pretty strongly toward the idea that this has to be a rocky object," said Jakosky, who specializes in astrobiology -- the study of how life might arise on other planets. The odds so far suggest the galaxy may be littered with such worlds. Planets have been detected near about 5 percent of the stars at which astronomers have looked, and the discovery of Gliese 581c suggests at least 1 percent of those stars have Earth-like planets. So amid the 200 billion stars of the Milky Way galaxy, some 100 million may have planets that meet the bare requirements for life. Beyond listening for radio transmissions, learning more about those planets will be difficult. It may be decades or longer before astronomers learn how to cancel out the glare of stars and directly observe far-off planets. And although Gliese 581 is our close neighbor in galactic terms, it would take thousands of years for the fastest modern spacecraft to reach it. The greatest value of planet hunting may lie beyond science and in the realm of philosophy, said Vogt of UC-Santa Cruz. Peering into the void of space so far away, we're really looking for reflections of our origins. "This is how I connect with the reason for our being," Vogt said. "Are we really rare, a freak of nature, or are there lots of places like this? I think this helps us get purchase on what this life means, and what's our place in the universe." Copyright © 2021, Chicago Tribune
Madonna And Child Analysis 782 Words 4 Pages One of the most well known categories of art during the Italian Renaissance; was the “Virgin and Child Enthroned”. The two artists that were most popular for composing their own versions were Cimabue and Giotto. Cimabue composed his version “Enthroned Madonna and Child” from 1280 to 1285. Giotto composed his version “Ognissanti Madonna and Child” from 1310 to 1315. The two works of art have many similarities; the reason for this is because of Cimabue being Giotto’s Master. However there are also multiple differences amongst the two. Cimabue was responsible for Giotto’s Success with the “Madonna Enthroned”. Cimabue portrayed the characters in the painting to have a feminine look that gave the persons viewing the piece to feel a sense of warmth. This in return would make a viewer feel welcomed. Cimabue constructed many points of viewing in this piece. The first point of view is that is seems when viewing the piece that the viewer is looking up at the Madonna. The second is the style at which Cimabue used shading and positioning of the Madonna’s head to portray that the Madonna is sitting eye level with the viewer. The third point of view shows the Madonna rotated towards the Child as if the piece is supposed to be portrayed to the right side of the painting. Cimabue positioned the prophets below the Madonna, …show more content… One of which are the “Mandorlas”. These Mandorlas were placed around the heads of holy characters such as the Madonna, Child, and Angels. This symbol was used in a substantial amount of Italian Renaissance art. It portrayed the characters as close acquaintances and followers of the Almighty God. This symbol was able to be explained on its own rather than having someone tell everyone the importance and holiness of these characters. It is depicted that all of the characters with Mandorlas around their heads were not mortal human beings, but rather Related Documents
Vietnamese Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, one of the leading military figures in contemporary Asian history, died Oct. 4 at the age of 102. Mr. Giap was instrumental in the defeats of France and the United States during the decades-long war to unite Vietnam. Those victories are a reminder of the critical importance of spirit and its ability to balance raw power. A country that is fighting for its survival and its sovereignty is a formidable opponent. That energy, properly directed as Mr. Giap managed to do, can prove insurmountable. Born to a family of rice farmers, Mr. Giap was steeped in a fervent nationalism that yearned for Vietnamese independence from the French. He earned degrees in law and political economics, then taught at a private institution for elite Vietnamese. He is said to have been especially vocal on the subject of the French Revolution. Mr. Giap had no formal military training when he was chosen by Ho Chi Minh, founder of the Vietnamese Communist Party, to lead the Viet Minh, the military wing of the Vietnam Independence League. An avid student of Mao Zedong, Mr. Giap absorbed a few important lessons from the master of revolution: First, he grasped the need to combine political and military strategy to prevail in struggle. A leader had to always stay focused on the larger objectives, not just the battle that he was fighting at the moment. Second, this demanded political indoctrination of the troops so that they appreciated what they were fighting for. Mr. Giap’s magnetism was legendary and he demanded and received great loyalty and sacrifice from his troops. Third, he understood that the gross mismatch in power between Vietnam and its opponents demanded novel guerrilla strategies. Hearts and minds had to be won, but on occasion terror, too, could prove to be an effective tool. While controversy surrounds Mr. Giap’s legacy — the human cost of his fighting was extraordinary — the results are clear. His army defeated far superior French and U.S. forces to unite Vietnam under a single government in Hanoi. He is considered by many to be one of the finest military strategists of the 20th century. Yet for him, a simple logic was at work. As he explained nearly a decade ago, a nation that can unite will always defeat a foreign invader. “When people have the spirit to reach for independent sovereignty … and show solidarity, it means the people can defeat the enemy,” Mr. Giap said. To put it more simply, “nothing is more important than freedom.” Two battles mark his career. The first was the 55-day siege of French forces at Dien Bien Phu, in the northwestern region of Vietnam. First, Mr. Giap lured some 13,000 French troops, some of them from its elite Foreign Legion, into the area. He then had trenches dug to isolate and starve the French forces. The area was overrun by his own troops after eight weeks. The final defeat came as negotiators were meeting in Geneva to discuss a settlement, a move that prompted the French to withdraw from Vietnam and split the country into two parts, a communist north and noncommunist south. For many historians, Dien Bien Phu was a turning point in modern history. The first victory of a colonized people against the West unleashed restive forces that eventually unraveled the imperial order. The second key battle for Mr. Giap occurred during the Tet holidays — the Vietnamese New Year — in 1968. Then, more than 80,000 North Vietnamese forces attacked dozens of cities across South Vietnam, in many cases coming perilously close to capturing U.S. command facilities. The attack enjoyed some successes, such as seizing the city of Hue for three days, but it was intended to spark rebellions throughout the country. They never materialized. By that calculus, Tet was a failure. Yet, as in Dien Bien Phu, the attack was a blow to U.S. confidence, exposed the vulnerability of foreign forces fighting for a regime that seemed unable — or unwilling — to defend itself, and prompted the beginning of a withdrawal of U.S. forces that culminated in a final offensive in 1975 by the People’s Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front and the eventual reunification of Vietnam. That 1968 assault proved to be the turning point of the war. The scale of the Vietnamese losses was huge; there is an estimate that Mr. Giap lost some one million soliders. While exact numbers may never be known, it is estimated that the Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954-1975, cost about 2.5 million Vietnamese lives. Many of those losses were the result of a military strategy that subordinated all considerations to the single goal of victory. To one critic, “a man’s life meant nothing” to Mr. Giap. The general himself conceded as much in remarks reportedly made after the war with France: “Every minute, hundreds of thousands of people die on this earth. The life or death of a hundred, a thousand, tens of thousands of human beings, even our compatriots, means little.” After reunification, Mr. Giap waged one last fight. After being eased out of the Politburo as Vietnam made its first tentative steps toward opening and reform, he became a eco-warrior concerned about the impact of economic modernization on traditional ways of life in Vietnam and the prospect of subordination to Chinese economic interests. In his twilight years, he wrote open letters to the government protesting bauxite mining and its social and environmental effects. Mr. Giap remained a fervent defender of Vietnam until his death. By subscribing, you can help us get the story right.
About Us History of alternative medicine – Wikipedia, the free … Posted: August 23, 2016 at 3:42 pm The history of alternative medicine refers to the history of a group of diverse medical practices that were collectively promoted as "alternative medicine" beginning in the 1970s, to the collection of individual histories of members of that group, or to the history of western medical practices that were labeled "irregular practices" by the western medical establishment.[1][2][3][4] It includes the histories of complementary medicine and of integrative medicine. "Alternative medicine" is a loosely defined and very diverse set of products, practices, and theories that are perceived by its users to have the healing effects of medicine, but do not originate from evidence gathered using the scientific method,[5]:Ch 14E, p. 1[6][7] are not part of biomedicine,[5][8][9][10] or are contradicted by scientific evidence or established science.[4][11][12] "Biomedicine" is that part of medical science that applies principles of anatomy, physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, and other natural sciences to clinical practice, using scientific methods to establish the effectiveness of that practice. Much of what is now categorized as alternative medicine was developed as independent, complete medical systems, was developed long before biomedicine and use of scientific methods, and was developed in relatively isolated regions of the world where there was little or no medical contact with pre-scientific western medicine, or with each other's systems. Examples are Traditional Chinese medicine and the Ayurvedic medicine of India. Other alternative medicine practices, such as homeopathy, were developed in western Europe and in opposition to western medicine, at a time when western medicine was based on unscientific theories that were dogmatically imposed by western religious authorities. Homeopathy was developed prior to discovery of the basic principles of chemistry, which proved homeopathic remedies contained nothing but water. But homeopathy, with its remedies made of water, was harmless compared to the unscientific and dangerous orthodox western medicine practiced at that time, which included use of toxins and draining of blood, often resulting in permanent disfigurement or death.[1] Other alternative practices such as chiropractic and osteopathic manipulative medicine, were developed in the United States at a time that western medicine was beginning to incorporate scientific methods and theories, but the biomedical model was not yet totally dominant. Practices such as chiropractic and osteopathic, each considered to be irregular by the medical establishment, also opposed each other, both rhetorically and politically with licensing legislation. Osteopathic practitioners added the courses and training of biomedicine to their licensing, and licensed Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine holders began diminishing use of the unscientific origins of the field, and without the original practices and theories, is now considered the same as biomedicine. Until the 1970s, western practitioners that were not part of the medical establishment were referred to "irregular practitioners", and were dismissed by the medical establishment as unscientific or quackery.[1] Irregular practice became increasingly marginalized as quackery and fraud, as western medicine increasingly incorporated scientific methods and discoveries, and had a corresponding increase in success of its treatments. In the 1970s, irregular practices were grouped with traditional practices of nonwestern cultures and with other unproven or disproven practices that were not part of biomedicine, with the group promoted as being "alternative medicine". Following the counterculture movement of the 1960s, misleading marketing campaigns promoting "alternative medicine" as being an effective "alternative" to biomedicine, and with changing social attitudes about not using chemicals, challenging the establishment and authority of any kind, sensitivity to giving equal measure to values and beliefs of other cultures and their practices through cultural relativism, adding postmodernism and deconstructivism to ways of thinking about science and its deficiencies, and with growing frustration and desperation by patients about limitations and side effects of science-based medicine, use of alternative medicine in the west began to rise, then had explosive growth beginning in the 1990s, when senior level political figures began promoting alternative medicine, and began diverting government medical research funds into research of alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine.[1][2][3][4][13][14][15] The concept of alternative medicine is problematic as it cannot exist autonomously as an object of study in its own right but must always be defined in relation to a non-static and transient medical orthodoxy. It also divides medicine into two realms, a medical mainstream and fringe, which, in privileging orthodoxy, presents difficulties in constructing an historical analysis independent of the often biased and polemical views of regular medical practitioners.[17] The description of non-conventional medicine as alternative reinforces both its marginality and the centrality of official medicine. Although more neutral than either pejorative or promotional designations such as quackery or natural medicine, cognate terms like unconventional, heterodox, unofficial, irregular, "folk", "popular", "marginal", complementary, integrative or unorthodox define their object against the standard of conventional biomedicine,[19] entail particular perspectives and judgements, often carry moral overtones, and can be inaccurate. Conventional medical practitioners in the West have, since the nineteenth century, used some of these and similar terms as a means of defining the boundary of "legitimate" medicine, marking the division between that which is scientific and that which is not. The definition of mainstream medicine, generally understood to refer to a system of licensed medicine which enjoys state and legal protection in a jurisdiction,[n 1] is also highly specific to time and place. In countries such as India and China traditional systems of medicine, in conjunction with Western biomedical science, may be considered conventional and mainstream. The shifting nature of these terms is underlined by recent efforts to demarcate between alternative treatments on the basis of efficacy and safety and to amalgamate those therapies with scientifically adjudged value into complementary medicine as a pluralistic adjunct to conventional practice.[n 2] This would introduce a new line of division based upon medical validity. Prior to the nineteenth century European medical training and practice was ostensibly self-regulated through a variety of antique corporations, guilds or colleges.[25] Among regular practitioners, university trained physicians formed a medical elite while provincial surgeons and apothecaries, who learnt their art through apprenticeship, made up the lesser ranks. In Old Regime France, licenses for medical practitioners were granted by the medical faculties of the major universities, such as the Paris Faculty of Medicine. Access was restricted and successful candidates, amongst other requirements, had to pass examinations and pay regular fees. In the Austrian Empire medical licences were granted by the Universities of Prague and Vienna. Amongst the German states the top physicians were academically qualified and typically attached to medical colleges associated with the royal court. The theories and practices included the science of anatomy and that the blood circulated by a pumping heart, and contained some empirically gained information on progression of disease and about surgery, but were otherwise unscientific, and were almost entirely ineffective and dangerous. Outside of these formal medical structures there were myriad other medical practitioners, often termed irregulars, plying a range of services and goods. The eighteenth-century medical marketplace, a period often referred to as the "Golden Age of quackery",[n 3] was a highly pluralistic one that lacked a well-defined and policed division between "conventional" and "unconventional" medical practitioners.[31] In much of continental Europe legal remedies served to control at least the most egregious forms of "irregular" medical practice but the medical market in both Britain and American was less restrained through regulation.[32] Quackery in the period prior to modern medical professionalisation should not be considered equivalent to alternative medicine as those commonly deemed quacks were not peripheral figures by default nor did they necessarily promote oppositional and alternative medical systems. Indeed, the charge of 'quackery', which might allege medical incompetence, avarice or fraud, was levelled quite indiscriminately across the varied classes of medical practitioners be they regular medics, such as the hierarchical, corporate classes of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries in England, or irregulars such as nostrum mongers, bonesetters and local wise-women. Commonly, however, quackery was associated with a growing medical entrepreneurship amongst both regular and irregular practitioners in the provision of goods and services along with associated techniques of advertisement and self-promotion in the medical marketplace. The constituent features of the medical marketplace during the eighteenth century were the development of medical consumerism and a high degree of patient power and choice in the selection of treatments, the limited efficacy of available medical therapies, and the absence of both medical professionalisation and enforced regulation of the market. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries regular and irregular medical practitioners became more clearly differentiated throughout much of Europe.[36] In part, this was achieved through processes of state-sanctioned medical regulation. The different types of regulatory medical markets created across nineteenth-century Europe and America reflected differing historical patterns of state formation. Where states had traditionally enjoyed strong, centralised power, such as in the German states, government more easily assumed control of the medical regulation. In states that had exercised weaker central power and adopted a free-market model, such as in Britain, government gradually assumed greater control over medical regulation as part of increasing state focus on issues of public health. This process was significantly complicated in Britain by the enduring existence of the historical medical colleges. A similar process is observable in America from the 1870s but this was facilitated by the absence of medical corporations. Throughout the nineteenth century, however, most Western states converged in the creation of legally delimited and semi-protected medical markets. It is at this point that an "official" medicine, created in cooperation with the state and employing a scientific rhetoric of legitimacy, emerges as a recognisable entity and that the concept of alternative medicine as a historical category becomes tenable. France provides perhaps one of the earliest examples of the emergence of a state-sanctioned medical orthodoxy and hence also of the conditions for the development of forms of alternative medicine the beginnings of which can be traced to the late eighteenth century. In addition to the traditional French medical faculties and the complex hierarchies of practitioners over which they presided, the state increasingly supported new institutions, such as the Socit Royale de Mdecine (Royal Society of Medicine) which received its royal charter in 1778, that played a role in policing medical practice and the sale of medical nostrums.[40] This system was radically transformed during the early phases of the French Revolution when both the traditional faculties and the new institutions under royal sponsorship were removed and an entirely unregulated medical market was created.[41] This anarchic situation was reformed under the exigencies of war when in 1793 the state established national control over medical education; under Napoleon in 1803 state-control was extended over the licensing of medical practitioners.[41] This latter reform introduced a new hierarchical division between practitioners in the creation of a medical lite of graduate physicians and surgeons, who were at liberty to practice throughout the state, and the lowly officiers de sant who received less training, could only offer their services to the poor, and were restricted in where they could practice.[42] This national system of medical regulation under state-control, exported to regions of Napoleonic conquest such as Italy, the Rhineland and the Netherlands, became paradigmatic in the West and in countries adopting western medical systems. While offering state protection to licensed doctors and establishing a medical monopoly in principal it did not, however, remove competition from irregular practitioners. From the late eighteenth century and more robustly from the mid-nineteenth century a number of non-conventional medical systems developed in the West which proposed oppositional medical systems, criticised orthodox medical practitioners, emphasised patient-centredness, and offered substitutes for the treatments offered by the medical mainstream.[46] While neither the medical marketplace nor irregular practitioners disappeared during the nineteenth century, the proponents of alternative medical systems largely differed from the entrepreneurial quacks of the previous century in eschewing showy self-promotion and instead adopting a more sober and serious self-presentation. The relationship between medical orthodoxy and heterodoxy was complex, both categories contained considerably variety, were subject to substantial change throughout the period, and the divisions between the two were frequently blurred. The variety of alternative medical systems which developed during this period can be approximately categorised according to the form of treatment advocated. These were: those employing spiritual or psychological therapies, such as hypnosis (mesmerism); nutritional therapies based upon special diets, such as medical botanism; drug and biological therapies such as homeopathy and hydrotherapy; and, manipulative physical therapies such as osteopathy and chiropractic massage. Non-conventional medicine might define health in terms of concepts of balance and harmony or espouse vitalistic doctrines of the body. Illness could be understood as due to the accretion of bodily toxins and impurities, to result from magical, spiritual, or supernatural causes, or as arising from energy blockages in the body such that healing actions might constitute energy transfer from practitioner to patient. Mesmerism is the medical system proposed in the late eighteenth century by the Viennese-trained physician, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), for whom it is named. The basis of this doctrine was Mesmer's claimed discovery of a new aetherial fluid, animal magnetism, which, he contended, permeated the universe and the bodies of all animate beings and whose proper balance was fundamental to health and disease.[51] Animal magnetism was but one of series of postulated subtle fluids and substances, such as caloric, phlogiston, magnetism, and electricity, which then suffused the scientific literature.[52] It also reflected Mesmer's doctoral thesis, De Planatarum Influxu ("On the Influence of the Planets"), which had investigated the impact of the gravitational effect of planetary movements on fluid-filled bodily tissues.[53] His focus on magnetism and the therapeutic potential of magnets was derived from his reading of Paracelsus, Athanasius Kircher and Johannes Baptista van Helmont. The immediate impetus for his medical speculation, however, derived from his treatment of a patient, Franzisca Oesterlin, who suffered from episodic seizures and convulsions which induced vomiting, fainting, temporary blindness and paralysis. His cure consisted of placing magnets upon her body which consistently produced convulsive episodes and a subsequent diminution of symptoms. According to Mesmer, the logic of this cure suggested that health was dependent upon the uninterrupted flow of a putative magnetic fluid and that ill health was consequent to its blockage. His treatment methods claimed to resolve this by either directly transferring his own superabundant and naturally occurring animal magnetism to his patients by touch or through the transmission of these energies from magnetic objects.[56] By 1775 Mesmer's Austrian practice was prospering and he published the text Schrieben ber die Magnetkur an einen auswrtigen Arzt which first outlined his thesis of animal magnetism. In 1778, however, he became embroiled in a scandal resulting from his treatment of a young, blind patient who was connected to the Viennese court and relocated to Paris where he established a medical salon, "The Society of Harmony", for the treatment of patients.[58] Recruiting from a client-base drawn predominantly from society women of the middle- and upper-classes, Mesmer held group sances at his salubrious salon-clinic which was physically dominated by a large, lidded, wooden tank, known as the baquet, containing iron, glass and other material that Mesmer had magnetized and which was filled with "magnetized water".[59] At these sessions patients were enjoined to take hold of the metal rods emanating from the tub which acted as a reservoir for the animal magnetism derived from Mesmer and his clients.[60] Mesmer, through the apparent force of his will not infrequently assisted by an intense gaze or the administration of his wand would then direct these energies into the afflicted bodies of his patients seeking to provoke either a "crisis" or a trance-like state; outcomes which he believed essential for healing to occur. Patient proclamations of cure ensured that Mesmer enjoyed considerable and fashionable success in late-eighteenth-century Paris where he occasioned something of a sensation and a scandal. Popular caricature of mesmerism emphasised the eroticised nature of the treatment as spectacle: "Here the physician in a coat of lilac or purple, on which the most brilliant flowers have been painted in needlework, speaks most consolingly to his patients: his arms softly enfolding her sustain her in her spasms, and his tender burning eye expresses his desire to comfort her".[62] Responding chiefly to the hint of sexual impropriety and political radicalism imbuing these sances, in 1784 mesmerism was subject to a commission of inquiry by a royal-appointed scientific panel of the prestigious French Acadmie de Mdicine.[n 4] Its findings were that animal magnetism had no basis in fact and that Mesmer's cures had been achieved through the power of suggestion. The commission's report, if damaging to the personal status of Mesmer and to the professional ambitions of those faculty physicians who had adopted mesmeric practices,[n 5] did little to hinder the diffusion of the doctrine of animal magnetism. In England mesmerism was championed by John Elliotson, Professor of Practical Medicine at University College London and the founder and president of the London Phrenological Society.[67] A prominent and progressive orthodox physician, he was President of the Medico-Chirugical Society of London and an early adopter of the stethoscope in English medical practice. He had been introduced to mesmerism in the summer of 1837 by the French physician and former student of Mesmer, Dupotet, who is credited as the most significant cross-channel influence on the development of mesmerism in England. Elliotson believed that animal magnetism provided the basis for a consideration of the mind and will in material terms thus allowing for their study as medical objects. Initially supported by the Lancet, a reformist medical journal, he contrived to demonstrate the scientific properties of animal magnetism as a physiological process on the predominantly female charity patients under his care in the University College Hospital. Working-class patients were preferred as experimental subjects to exhibit the physical properties of mesmerism on the nervous system as, being purportedly more animalistic and machine-like than their social superiors, their personal characteristics were deemed less likely to interfere with the experimental process. He sought to reduce his subjects to the status of mechanical automata claiming that he could, through the properties of animal magnetism and the pacifying altered states of consciousness which it induced, "play" their brains as if they were musical instruments. Two Irish-born charity patients, the adolescent O'Key sisters, emerged as particularly important to Elliotson's increasingly popular and public demonstrations of mesmeric treatment. Initially, his magnetising practices were used to treat the sisters' shared diagnosis of hysteria and epilepsy in controlling or curtailing their convulsive episodes. By the autumn of 1837 Elliotson had ceased to treat the O'Keys merely as suitable objects for cure and instead sought to mobilise them as diagnostic instruments. When in states of mesmeric entrancement the O'Key sisters, due to the apparent increased sensitization of their nervous system and sensory apparatus, behaved as if they had the ability to see through solid objects, including the human body, and thus aid in medical diagnosis. As their fame rivalled that of Elliotson, however, the O'Keys behaved less like human diagnostic machines and became increasingly intransigent to medical authority and appropriated to themselves the power to examine, diagnose, prescribe treatment and provide a prognosis.[75] The emergence of this threat to medical mastery in the form of a pair of working-class, teenage girls without medical training aroused general disquiet amongst the medical establishment and cost Elliotson one of his early and influential supporters, the leading proponent of medical reform, Thomas Wakley.[76] Wakley, the editor of the Lancet, had initially hoped that Elliotson's scientific experiments with animal magnetism might further the agenda of medical reform in bolstering the authority of the profession through the production of scientific truth and, equally importantly in a period when the power-relations between doctors and patients were being redefined, quiescent patient bodies.[77] Perturbed by the O'Key's provocative displays, Wakely convinced Elliotson to submit his mesmeric practice to a trial in August 1838 before a jury of ten gentlemen during which he accused the sisters of fraud and his colleague of gullibility.[78] Following a series of complaints issued to the Medical Committee of University College Hospital they elected to discharge the O'Keys along with other mesmeric subjects in the hospital and Elliotson resigned his post in protest.[79] This set-back, while excluding Elliotson from the medical establishment, ended neither his mesmeric career nor the career of mesmerism in England. From 1842 he became an advocate of phreno-mesmerism an approach that amalgamated the tenets of phrenology with animal magnetism and that led to a split in the Phrenological Society.[80][81] The following year he founded, together with the physician and then President of the Phrenological Society, William Collins Engledue,[82] the principal journal on animal magnetism entitled the The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology and Mesmerism and their Application to Human Welfare, a quarterly publication which remained in print until its fifty-second issue in January 1856.[80][83] Mesmeric societies, frequently patronised by those among the scientific and social elite were established in many major population centres in Britain from the 1840s onwards. Some sufficiently endowed societies, such as those in London, Bristol and Dublin, Ireland, supported mesmeric infirmaries with permanent mesmeric practitioners in their employ. Due to the competing rise of spiritualism and psychic research by the mid-1860s these mesmeric infirmaries had closed. The 1840s in Britain also witnessed a deluge of travelling magnetisers who put on public shows for paying audiences to demonstrate their craft. These mesmeric theatres, intended in part as a means of soliciting profitable private clientele, functioned as public fora for debate between skeptics and believers as to whether the performances were genuine or constituted fraud. In order to establish that the loss of sensation under mesmeric trance was real, these itinerant mesmerists indulged in often quite violent methods including discharging firearms close to the ears of mesmerised subjects, pricking them with needles, putting acid on their skin and knives beneath their fingernails. Such displays of the anaesthetic qualities of mesmerism inspired some medical practitioners to attempt surgery on subjects under the spell of magnetism. In France, the first major operation of this kind had been trialled, apparently successfully, as early as 1828 during a mastectomy procedure. In Britain the first significant surgical procedure undertaken on a patient while mesmerised occurred in 1842 when James Wombell, a labourer from Nottingham, had his leg amputated.[88] Having been mesmerised for several days prior to the operation by a barrister named William Topham, Wombell exhibited no signs of pain during the operation and reported afterwards that the surgery had been painless. This account was disputed by many in the medical establishment who held that Wombell had fraudulently concealed the pain of the amputation both during and after the procedure. Undeterred, in 1843 Elliotson continued to advocate for the use of animal magnetism in surgery publishing Numerous Cases of Surgical Operation without Pain in the Mesmeric State. This marked the beginning of a campaign by London mesmerists to gain a foothold for the practice within British hospitals by convincing both doctors and the general public of the value of surgical mesmerism. Mesmeric surgery enjoyed considerable success in the years from 1842 to 1846 and colonial India emerged as a particular stronghold of the practice; word of its success was propagated in Britain through the Zoist and the publication in 1846 of Mesmerism in India and its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine by James Esdaile, a Scottish surgeon with the East India Company and the chief proponent of animal magnetism in the subcontinent.[93] Although a few surgeons and dentists had undertaken fitful experiments with anaesthetic substances in the preceding years, it was only in 1846 that use of ether in surgery was popularised amongst orthodox medical practitioners. This was despite the fact that the desensitising effects of widely available chemicals like ether and nitrous oxide were commonly known and had formed part of public and scientific displays over the previous half-century. A feature of the dissemination of magnetism in the New World was its increasing association with spiritualism. By the 1830s mesmerism was making headway in the United States amongst figures like the intellectual progenitor of the New Thought movement, Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, whose treatment combined verbal suggestion with touch. Quimby's most celebrated "disciple", Mary Baker Eddy, would go on to found the "medico-religious hybrid", Christian Science, in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In the 1840s the American spiritualist Andrew Jackson Davis sought to combine animal magnetism with spiritual beliefs and postulated that bodily health was dependent upon the unobstructed movement of the "spirit", conceived as a fluid substance, throughout the body. As with Quimby, Davis's healing practice involved the use of touch. Deriving from the tradition of bone-setting and a belief in the flow of supernatural energies in the body (vitalism), both osteopathy and chiropractic developed in the USA in the late 19th century. The British School of Osteopathy was established in 1917[98] but it was the 1960s before the first chiropractic college was established in the UK.[99] Chiropractic theories and methods (which are concerned with subluxations or small displacements of the spine and other joints) do not accord with orthodox medicines current knowledge of the biomechanics of the spine.[100] in addition to teaching osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) and theory, osteopathic colleges in the US gradually came to have the same courses and requirements as biomedical schools, whereby osteopathic doctors (ODs) who did practice OMM were considered to be practicing conventional biomedicine in the USA. The passing of the Osteopaths Act (1993) and the Chiropractors Act (1994), however, created for the first time autonomous statutory regulation for two CAM therapies in the UK.[101] Chiropractic began in the United States in 1895. when Daniel David Palmer performed the first chiropractic adjustment on a partially deaf janitor, who then claimed he could hear better as a result of the manipulation.[102] Palmer opened a school of chiropractic two years later. Chiropractic's early philosophy was rooted in vitalism, naturalism, magnetism, spiritualism and other unscientific constructs. Palmer claimed to merge science and metaphysics.[103] Palmer's first descriptions and underlying philosophy of chiropractic described the body as a "machine" whose parts could be manipulated to produce a drugless cure, that spinal manipulation could improve health, and that the effects of chiropractic spinal manipulation as being mediated primarily by the nervous system.[104] Despite their similarities, osteopathic practitioners sought to differentiate themselves by seeking regulation of the practices.[105] In a 1907 test of the new law, a Wisconsin based chiropractor was charged with practicing osteopathic medicine without a license. Practicing medicine without a license led to many chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, being jailed.[105] Chiropractors won their first test case, but prosecutions instigated by state medical boards became increasingly common and successful. Chiropractors responded with political campaigns for separate licensing statutes, from osteopaths, eventually succeeding in all fifty states, from Kansas in 1913 through Louisiana in 1974. Divisions developed within the chiropractic profession, with "mixers" combining spinal adjustments with other treatments, and "straights" relying solely on spinal adjustments. A conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health in 1975 spurred the development of chiropractic research. In 1987, the American Medical Association called chiropractic an "unscientific cult"[106] and boycotted it until losing a 1987 antitrust case.[107] Ayurveda or ayurvedic medicine has more than 5,000 years of history, now re-emerging as texts become increasingly accessible in modern English translations. These texts attempt to translate the Sanskrit versions that have remained hidden in India since British occupation from 1755-1947.[108][109][110] As modern archaeological evidence from Harappa and Mohenja-daro is distributed, Ayurveda has now been accepted as the world's oldest concept of health and disease discovered by man and the oldest continuously practiced system of medicine. Ayurveda is a world view that advocates mans allegiance and surrender to the forces of Nature that are increasingly revealed in modern physics, chemistry and biology. It is based on an interpretation of disease and health that parallels the forces of nature, observing the sun's fire and making analogies to the fires of the body; observing the flows in Nature and describing flows in the body, terming the principle as Vata; observing the transformations in Nature and describing transformations in the body, terming the principle as Pitta; and observing the stability in Nature and describing stability in the body, terming the principle as Kapha.[111] Ayurveda can be defined as the system of medicine described in the great medical encyclopedias associated with the names Caraka, Suruta, and Bhea, compiled and re-edited over several centuries from about 200 BCE to about 500 CE and written in Sanskrit.[citation needed] These discursive writings were gathered and systematized in about 600 CE by Vgbhaa, to produce the Agahdayasahit ('Heart of Medicine Compendium') that became the most popular and widely used textbook of ayurvedic medicine in history.[112] Vgbhaa's work was translated into many other languages and became influential throughout Asia.[113] Its prehistory goes back to Vedic culture and its proliferation in written form flourished in Buddhist times.[113] Although the hymns of the Atharvaveda and the gveda mention some herbal medicines, protective amulets, and healing prayers that recur in the ciphered slokas of later ayurvedic treatises, the earliest historical mention of the main structural and theoretical categories of ayurvedic medicine occurs in the Buddhist Pli Tripiaka, or Canon.[citation needed] Ayurveda originally derived from the Vedas, as the name suggests, and was first organized and captured in Sanskrit in ciphered form by physicians teaching their students judicious practice of healing. These ciphers are termed slokas and are purposefully designed to include several meanings, to be interpreted appropriately, known as 'tantra yukti' by the knowledgeable practitioner. Ayu means longevity or healthy life, and veda means human-interpreted and observable truths and provable science. The principles of Ayurveda include systematic means for allowing evidence, including truth by observation and experimentation, pratyaksha; attention to teachers with sufficient experience, aptoupadesha; analogy to things seen in Nature, anumana; and logical argument, yukti. It was founded on several principles, including yama (time) and niyama (self-regulation) and placed emphasis on routines and adherence to cycles, as seen in Nature. For example, it directs that habits should be regulated to coincide with the demands of the body rather than the whimsical mind or evolving and changing nature of human intelligence. Thus, for the follower of ayurvedic medicine, food should only be taken when they are instinctively hungry rather than at an arbitrarily set meal-time. Ayurveda also teaches that when a person is tired, it is not wise to eat food or drink, but to rest, as the body's fire is low and must gather energy in order to alight the enzymes that are required to digest food. The same principles of regulated living, called Dinacharya, direct that work is the justification for rest and in order to get sufficient sleep, one should subject the body to rigorous exercise.[114] Periodic fasting, or abstaining from all food and drink for short durations of one or two days helps regulate the elimination process and prevents illness. It is only in later years that practitioners of this system saw that people were not paying for their services, and in order to get their clients to pay, they introduced herbal remedies to begin with and later even started using metals and inorganic chemical compositions in the form of pills or potions to deal with symptoms. Emigration from the Indian sub-continent in the 1850s brought practitioners of Ayurveda (Science of Life).[115] a medical system dating back over 2,500 years,[109] its adoption outside the Asian communities was limited by its lack of specific exportable skills and English-language reference books until adapted and modernised forms, New Age Ayurveda and Maharishi Ayurveda, came under the umbrella of CAM in the 1970s to Europe.[citation needed] In Britain, Unani practitioners are known as hakims and Ayurvedic practitioners are known as vaidyas. Having its origins in the Ayurveda, Indian Naturopathy incorporates a variety of holistic practices and natural remedies and became increasingly popular after the arrival of the post-Second World War wave of Indian immigrants.[citation needed] The Persian work for Greek,Unani medicines uses some similar materials as Ayurveda but are based on philosophy closer to Greek and Arab sources than to Ayurveda.[116] Exiles fleeing the war between Yemen and Aden in the 1960s settled nearby the ports of Cardiff and Liverpool and today practitioners of this Middle Eastern medicine are known as vaids.[citation needed]. In the USA, Ayurveda has increased popularity since the 1990s, as Indian-Americans move into the mainstream media, and celebrities visit India more frequently. In addition, many Americans go to India for medical tourism to avail of reputed Ayurvedic medical centers that are licensed and credentialed by the Indian government and widely legitimate as a medical option for chronic medical conditions. AAPNA, the Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America, http://www.aapna.org,[117] has over 600 medical professional members, including trained vaidyas from accredited schools in India credentialed by the Indian government, who are now working as health counselors and holistic practitioners in the USA. There are over 40 schools of Ayurveda throughout the USA, providing registered post-secondary education and operating mostly as private ventures outside the legitimized medical system, as there is no approval system yet in the US Dept of Education. Practitioners graduating from these schools and arriving with credentials from India practice legally through the Health Freedom Act, legalized in 13 states. Credentialing and a uniform standard of education is being developed by the international CAC, Council of Ayurvedic Credentialing, http://www.cayurvedac.com,[118] in consideration of the licensed programs in Ayurveda operated under the Government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dept of AYUSH. In India, there are over 600,000 practicing physicians of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is a legal and legitimate medical system in many countries of South Asia. Traditional Chinese medicine has more than 4,000 years of history as a system of medicine that is based on a philosophical concept of balance ( yin and yang, Qi, Blood, Jing, Bodily fluids, the Five Elements, the emotions, and the spirit) approach to health that is rooted in Taoist philosophy and Chinese culture. As such, the concept of it as an alternative form of therapeutic practise is only found in the Western world. The arrival into Britain of thousands of Chinese in the 1970s introduced Traditional Chinese Medicine a system dating back to the Bronze Age or earlier that used acupuncture, herbs, diet and exercise.[119] Today there are more than 2,000 registered practitioners in the UK. Until the 1970s, western practitioners that were not part of the medical establishment were referred to "irregular practitioners", and were dismissed by the medical establishment as unscientific or quackery.[1] Irregular practice became increasingly marginalized as quackery and fraud, as western medicine increasingly incorporated scientific methods and discoveries, and had a corresponding increase in success of its treatments. In the 1970s, irregular practices were grouped with traditional practices of nonwestern cultures, and with other unproven or disproven practices that were not part of biomedicine, and the entire group began to be marketed and promoted as "alternative medicine".[1][4] Following the counterculture movement of the 1960s, misleading marketing campaigns promoting "alternative medicine" as an effective "alternative" to biomedicine, and with changing social attitudes about not using chemicals, challenging the establishment and authority of any kind, sensitivity to giving equal measure to values and beliefs of other cultures and their practices through cultural relativism, adding postmodernism and deconstructivism to ways of thinking about science and its deficiencies, and with growing frustration and desperation by patients about limitations and side effects of science-based medicine, use of alternative medicine in the west began to rise, then had explosive growth beginning in the 1990s, when senior level political figures began promoting alternative medicine, and began diverting government medical research funds into research of alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine.[1][2][3][4][13][14][15] In 1991, after United States Senator Thomas Harkin became convinced his allergies were cured by taking bee pollen pills, he used $2 million of his discretionary funds to create the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM), to test the efficacy of alternative medicine and alert the public as the results of testing its efficacy.[120] The OAM mission statement was that it was dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science; training complementary and alternative medicine researchers; and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals. Joseph M. Jacobs was appointed the first director of the OAM in 1992. Jacobs' insistence on rigorous scientific methodology caused friction with Senator Harkin. Harkin criticized the "unbendable rules of randomized clinical trials" and, citing his use of bee pollen to treat his allergies, stated: "It is not necessary for the scientific community to understand the process before the American public can benefit from these therapies."[121] Increasing political resistance to the use of scientific methodology was publicly criticized by Dr. Jacobs and another OAM board member complained that nonsense has trickled down to every aspect of this office. In 1994, Senator Harkin responded by appearing on television with cancer patients who blamed Dr. Jacobs for blocking their access to untested cancer treatment, leading Jacobs to resign in frustration. The OAM drew increasing criticism from eminent members of the scientific community, from a Nobel laureate criticizing the degrading parts of the NIH to the level a cover for quackery, and the president of the American Physical Society criticizing spending on testing practices that violate basic laws of physics and more clearly resemble witchcraft. In 1998, the President of the North Carolina Medical Association publicly called for shutting down the OAM. The NIH Director placed the OAM under more strict scientific NIH control. In 1998, Sen. Harkin responded to the criticism and stricter scientific controls by the NIH, by raising the OAM to the level of an independent center, increasing its budget to $90 million annually, and renaming it to be the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). The United States Congress approved the appropriations without dissent. NCCAM had a mandate to promote a more rigorous and scientific approach to the study of alternative medicine, research training and career development, outreach, and integration. In 2014 the agency was renamed to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). The NCCIH charter requires that 12 of the 18 council members shall be selected with a preference to selecting leading representatives of complementary and alternative medicine, 9 of the members must be licensed practitioners of alternative medicine, 6 members must be general public leaders in the fields of public policy, law, health policy, economics, and management, and 3 members must represent the interests of individual consumers of complementary and alternative medicine. By 2009, the NCCIH budget had grown from annual spending of about $2 million at its inception, to $123 million annually. In 2009, after a history of 17 years of government testing produced almost no clearly proven efficacy of alternative therapies, Senator Harkin complained, One of the purposes of this center was to investigate and validate alternative approaches. Quite frankly, I must say publicly that it has fallen short. It think quite frankly that in this center and in the office previously before it, most of its focus has been on disproving things rather than seeking out and approving.[122] Members of the scientific and biomedical communities complained that after a history of 17 years of being tested, at a cost of over $2.5 Billion on testing scientifically and biologically implausible practices, almost no alternative therapy showed clear efficacy.[123] From 1990 to 1997, use of alternative medicine in the US increased by 25%, with a corresponding 50% increase in expenditures.[124] By 2013, 50% of Americans were using alternative medicine, and annual spending on CAM in the US was $34 Billion.[125] The terms alternative and complementary tend to be used interchangeably to describe a wide diversity of therapies that attempt to use the self-healing powers of the body by amplifying natural recuperative processes to restore health. In ancient Greece the Hippocratic movement, commonly regarded as the fathers of medicine, actually gave rise to modern naturopathy and indeed much of todays CAM.[126] They placed great emphasis on a good diet and healthy lifestyle to restore equilibrium; drugs were used more to support healing than to cure disease. Complementary medicines have evolved through history and become formalised from primitive practices; although many were developed during the 19th century as alternatives to the sometimes harmful practices of the time, such as blood-lettings and purgation. In the UK, the medical divide between CAM and conventional medicine has been characterised by conflict, intolerance and prejudice on both sides and during the early 20th century CAM was virtually outlawed in Britain: healers were seen as freaks and hypnotherapists were subject to repeated attempts at legal restriction.[127] The alternative health movement is now accepted as part of modern life, having progressed from a grass-roots revival in the 1960s reacting against environmental degradation, unhealthy diets and rampant consumerism. Until the arrival of the Romans in AD43, medical practices were limited to a basic use of plant materials, prayers and incantations. Having assimilated the corpus of Hippocrates, the Romans brought with them a vast reparatory of herbal treatments and introduced the concept of the hospital as a centralised treatment centre. In Britain, hydrotherapy (the use of water either internally or externally to maintain health and prevent disease) can be traced back to Roman spas.[128] This was augmented by practices from the Far East and China introduced by traders using the Silk Road. During the Catholic and Protestant witch-hunts from the 14th to the 17th centuries, the activities of traditional folk-healers were severely curtailed and knowledge was often lost as it existed only as an oral tradition. The widespread emigration from Europe to North America in the 18th and 19th centuries included both the knowledge of herbalism and some of the plants themselves. This was combined with Native American medicine and then re-imported to the UK where it re-integrated with the surviving herbal traditions to evolve as todays medical herbalism movement.[129] The natural law of similia similibus curantur, or like is cured by like, was recognised by Hippocrates but was only developed as a practical healing system in the early 19th century by a German, Dr Samuel Hahnemann.[130]Homeopathy was brought to the UK in the 1830s by a Dr Quinn who introduced it to the British aristocracy, whose patronage continues to this day. Despite arousing controversy in conventional medical circles, homeopathy is available under the National Health Service, and in Scotland approximately 25% of GPs hold qualifications in homeopathy or have undergone some homeopathic training.[131] The impact on CAM of mass immigration into the UK is continuing into the 21st century. Originating in Japan, cryotherapy has been developed by Polish researchers into a system that claims to produce lasting relief from a variety of conditions such as rheumatism, psoriasis and muscle pain.[132] Patients spend a few minutes in a chamber cooled to 110C, during which skin temperature drops some 12C. The use of CAM is widespread and increasing across the developed world. The British are presented with a wide choice of treatments from the traditional to the innovative and technological. Section 60 of the Health Act 1999 allows for new health professions to be created by Order rather than primary legislation.[133] This raises issues of public health policy which balance regulation, training, research, evidence-base and funding against freedom of choice in a culturally diverse society The term alternative medicine refers to systems of medical thought and practice which function[citation needed] as alternatives to or subsist outside of conventional, mainstream medicine. Alternative medicine cannot exist absent an established, authoritative and stable medical orthodoxy to which it can function as an alternative. Such orthodoxy was only established in the West during the nineteenth century through processes of regulation, association, institution building and systematised medical education. See more here: History of alternative medicine - Wikipedia, the free ... Related Post No Comments No comments yet. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
Patterns by themselves don't do much good. They have to be combined into sequences to be of any use to you or to MMA . Defining Sequences A SEQUENCE command sets the pattern(s) used in creating each track in your song: Track Sequence Pattern1 Pattern2 ... “Track” can be any valid track name: “Chord”, “Walk”, “Walk-Sus”, “Arpeggio-88”, etc. All pattern names used when setting a sequence need to be defined when this command is issued; or you can use a pattern which has not been previously defined using “def” right in the sequence command by enclosing the pattern definition in a set of curly brackets “{ }”. Simple Sequence SeqSize 2 Begin Drum Sequence Snare4 Tone Snaredrum1 Begin Drum-1 Sequence Bass1 Bass2 Tone KickDrum2 Chord Sequence Broken8 Bass Sequence Broken8 Arpeggio Sequence { 1 1 100 * 8 } { 1 1 80 * 4 } This example creates a 2 bar pattern. The Drum, Chord and Bass patterns repeat on every bar; the Drum-1 sequence repeats after 2 bars. Note how the Arpeggio pattern is defined at run-time.5.1 If there are fewer patterns than SEQSIZE, the sequence will be filled out to correct size. If the number of patterns used is greater than SEQSIZE (see directives) a warning message will be printed and the pattern list will be truncated. When defining longer sequences, you can use the “repeat” symbol, a single “/”, to save typing. For example, the following two lines are equivalent: Bass Sequence Bass1 Bass1 Bass2 Bass2 Bass Sequence Bass1 / Bass2 / The special pattern name “-” (no quotes, just a single hyphen), or a single “z” can be used to turn a track off. For example, if you have set the sequences in this example and decide to delete the Bass halfway though the song you could: Bass Sequence - The special sequences, “-” or “z”, are also the equivalent of a rest or “tacet” sequence. For example, in defining a 4 bar sequence with a bass pattern on the first 3 bars and a walking bass on bar 4 you might do something like: Bass Sequence Bass4-13 / / z Walk Sequence z / / Walk4-4 If you already have a sequence defined5.2 you can repeat or copy the existing pattern by using a single “” as the pattern name. This is useful when you are modifying an existing sequence. For example, assume that we have created a four bar GROOVE called “Neato”. Now, we want to change the CHORD pattern to use for an introduction ... but, we really only want to change the fourth bar in the pattern: Groove Neato Chord Sequence * * {1 2 90} Defgroove NeatoIntro When a sequence is created a series of pointers to the existing patterns are created. If you change the definition of a particular pattern later in your file the new definition will have no effect on your existing sequences. Sequences are the workhorse of MMA . With them you can set up many interesting patterns and variations. This chapter should certainly give more detail and many more examples. Seqeuence definitions can get quite long and may need multiple lines. You can do this by using “ \” marked continuation lines. Or, to make it possible to have comments at the end of lines, MMA will parse SEQUENCE lines and attempt to join lines together until a matching number of “{”s and “}”s are found. One caution: in order for this feature to work with multi-bar sequences you must have non-matching braces on a line. For example, this will work: Chord Sequence {1 4 90; 3 4 90} { 1 1 90} This will not work: Chord Sequence {1 4 90 } ¡¡Wrong!! {1 1 90} In the second example MMA reads the first “{1 4 90}” and figures that's the end of the sequence. When if finds the next line, it's totally confused. The following commands help manipulate sequences in your creations: This command clears all existing sequences from memory. It is useful when defining a new sequence and you want to be sure that no “leftover” sequences are active. The command: deletes all sequence information, with the important exception that SOLO and STICKY (here) tracks are ignored. Alternately, the command: Drum SeqClear deletes all drum sequences. This includes the track “Drum”, “Drum1”, etc. If you use a sub-track: Chord-Piano SeqClear only the sequence for that track is cleared.5.3 In addition to clearing the sequence pattern, the following other settings are restored to a default condition: CAUTION: It is not possible to clear only a track like DRUM or CHORD using this command. The command Chord SeqClear resets all CHORD tracks, whereas the command: Chord-Foo SeqClear resets the CHORD-FOO track. If you need to clear only the CHORD track use the “-” option. Normally, the patterns used for each bar are selected in order. For example, if you had a sequence: Drum-2 Sequence P1 P2 P3 z bar 1 would use “P1”, bar 2 “P2”, etc. However, it is quite possible (and fun and useful) to insert a randomness to the order of sequences. MMA can achieve this in three different ways: 1. Separately for each track: Drum-Snare SeqRnd On 2. Globally for all tracks: SeqRnd On 3. For a selected set of tracks (keeping the tracks synchronized): SeqRnd Drum-Snare Chord-2 Chord-3 To disable random sequencing: SeqRnd Off Drum SeqRnd Off To illustrate the different effects you can generate, assume that you have a total of four tracks defined: Drum-Snare, Drum-Low, Chord and Bass; your sequence size is 4 bars; and you have created some type of sequence for each track with a commands similar to: Drum-Snare Sequence D1 D2 D3 D4 Drum-Low Sequence D11 D22 D33 D44 Chord Sequence C1 C2 C3 C4 Bass Sequence B1 B2 B3 B4 With no sequence randomization at all, the tracks will be be processed as: Track \ Bar 1 2 3 4 5 Drum-Snare D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 Drum-Low D11 D22 D33 D44 D11 Chord C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 Bass B1 B2 B3 B4 B1 Next, assume we have set sequence randomization with: SeqRnd On Now, the sequence may look like: Track \ Bar 1 2 3 4 5 Drum-Snare D3 D1 D1 D2 D4 Drum-Low D33 D11 D11 D22 D44 Chord C3 C1 C1 C2 C4 Bass B3 B1 B1 B2 B4 Note that the randomization keeps the different sequences together: Drum sequences D3 and D33 are always played with Chord sequence C3, etc. Next, we will set randomization for a Drum and Chord track only: Drum-Low SeqRnd On Chord SeqRnd On Track \ Bar 1 2 3 4 5 Drum-Snare D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 Drum-Low D22 D11 D44 D44 D33 Chord C3 C4 C2 C1 C1 Bass B1 B2 B3 B4 B1 In this case there is no relationship between any of the randomized tracks. Finally, it is possible to set a “global” randomization for a selected set of tracks. In this case we will set the Drum tracks only: SeqRnd Drum-Snare Drum-Low Track \ Bar 1 2 3 4 5 Drum-Snare D3 D1 D4 D4 D2 Drum-Low D33 D11 D44 D44 D22 Chord C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 Bass B1 B2 B3 B4 B1 Note that the drum sequences always “line up” with each other and the Chord and Bass sequences follow in the normal order. The SEQCLEAR command will disable all sequence randomization. The SEQ command will disable “global” (for all tracks) randomization. When SEQRND is enabled each sequence for the track (or globally) has an equal chance of being selected. There are times when you may want to change this behavior. For example, you might have a sequence like this: Chord Sequence C1 C2 C3 C4 and you feel that the patterns C1 and C2 need to be used twice as often as C3 and C4. Simple: Chord SeqRndWeight 2 2 1 1 Think of the random selection occurring like selecting balls out of bag. The SEQRNDWEIGHT command “fills up the bag”. In the above case, there will be two C1 and C2 balls, one C3 and C4 ball— for a total of six balls. This command can be used in both a track and global context. The effects are saved in GROOVES. SEQCLEAR will reset both global and track contexts to the default (equal) condition. The number of bars in a sequence are set with the “SeqSize” command. For example: SeqSize 4 sets it to 4 bars. The SeqSize applies to all tracks. This command resets the sequence counter to 1. If some sequences have already been defined, they will be truncated or expanded to the new size. Truncation is done by removing patterns from the end of the sequence; expansion is done by duplicating the sequence until it is long enough. ... run-time.5.1 If you run MMA with the “-s” option you'll see pattern names in the format “_1”. The leading underscore indicates that the pattern was dynamically created in the sequence. ... defined5.2 In reality there is always a sequence defined for every track, but it might be a series of “rest” bars. ... cleared.5.3 It is probably easier to use the command: Chord-Piano Sequence - if that is what you want to do. In this case only sequence pattern is cleared.
Video: Why Is Exercise Important for Neck Pain? Video Transcript Doing a regular set of exercises that incorporates cardiovascular, stretching, strengthening is so important for so many different reasons for everyone. For neck pain, even just for healthy necks, doing a set of exercises for the neck is also very important. The neck basically has a really hard job every day - it holds up your head. Your head weighs a little more than a bowling ball. So, if you think of holding up a bowling ball all day, every day, that's what your neck is doing. A lot of us, our postures aren't always the best, so the head ends up sitting out in front of the neck a little bit. If you can imagine holding a bowling ball above your head, that's hard enough. Now imagine holding the bowling ball out in front of your head, that's even harder. So, getting the right sets of exercises to help get the head back over the neck and help get the - get the basically help get the shoulders back, get the cervical stabilizing muscles stronger, helps to support the spine and helps to do a lot of the job of the neck so that the bowling ball isn't putting all the pressure through the static structures - through the facet joints, through the discs - that can't get out of the way. Doing those exercises can go a long way to preventing neck pain. And when people have neck pain, it's all the more important to help support the neck, to take the pressure off the neck and, ideally, we can get some guidance with a physical therapist or a certified trainer - somebody to help teach a set of exercises. That doesn't have to be a major commitment - we could be talking about five minutes a day of doing the right kinds of stretching and maybe a little bit of strengthening that then gets incorporated into an overall exercise routine.
Interesting Research on Resources – Things You Probably Never Knew Attaining a Healthy and Positive Lifestyle Many people do desire to lead a healthier life in a bid to enhance your energy levels as well as improve both mental and physical health. In as much as the benefits that come with improved health are many, the cost of having it improved are not much. A positive mindset will often be the reason behind all these changes. However, you will need to take a medical checkup to make sure all unknown medical issues are brought forth before getting into any diet. Once the checkup has been done, you can then start to take steps towards having a healthy and positive lifestyle. Your physical health has the same importance as your mental health. It is important that whenever you have unusual thoughts, you need to take it slow and reassess the reasons behind this. Mindfulness and meditation may really help in ensuring that your mind starts to think positively once again. Meditation will make you concentrate on what is happening at the moment. You do not have to worry about any external factors that may end up overwhelming or stressing you. Keeping off all social media platforms would also be healthy for any individual. In case it is your friends that are contributing to this situation, then it is important that you cut your association with some of them so as to improve positivity in your life. You will need to take care of your mind at all times. Ensure you devote yourself to doing the things that you love. You will need to stick to a plan that you have already drawn so as to lead a healthy lifestyle. Focus on the things that need improvement in your life. Ensure that you are able to take on enough to impact your life for a lifetime. Great plans will make you achieve a healthier life sooner and quicker. A good diet will always be behind a positive change in both your lifestyle and mindset. With a balanced diet, then there is an increase in the possibility that you will have a day that can easily be handled. Incorporating more vegetables and fruits in your basket will do wonders. You will definitely seem more positive and energized if only you take a great and balanced diet. It actually prepares you to face much for the day. More exercises will be helpful when you are looking towards achieving a better mindset as well as waistline. Each small exercise really matters. Every single exercise that you take will be helpful for your health. Classes on health and wellness will be so beneficial. In as much as it takes time for one to note any change, it is really important to take that step.
Scroll to Top Pistol Duelling during the Early Victorian Era Upon request, you will receive an inscribed copy of Kate Tattersall Adventures in China with every donation of $10 or more plus shipping. Please use the Contact Page to provide your shipping address and we will reply with your total. By the 1840s pistols were the weapon of choice for duels in Britain. Learning to properly defend oneself with a sabre took far more practise and skill. It also required physical conditioning, as strength, stamina, and agility, improved one’s swordplay. To take up a pistol, aim straight and pull a trigger, could be reasonably accomplished by anyone. There was an attitude flouted about that swords were for frivolous matters, when “first blood” was adequate to decide a quarrel, and a true gentleman would only engage in a duel when it was worth his life; therefore pistols at close range, a bullet burying itself anywhere in a body generally proving instantly fatal, or from infection. It was probably also a convenient excuse not to stay in shape and spend hours training with a sword master. These gentlemen appear to be firing from about six paces at the drop of a handkerchief. While duelling with sabres seemed to be simple (opponents facing each other on a piece of secluded turf) there were countless variations to pistol duels which would be worked out by the seconds; standing and firing at the drop of a handkerchief, striding towards each other and firing at will, marching to a beat away from each other then turning and firing, &c. Ultimately, it came down to the combatants shooting upon one another at close range, usually once. If neither man was hit and the challenger felt honour had been served the duel would be declared over. If the offended party was not satisfied, a pistol duel could continue until one man was hit, but the seconds and witnesses would often try to prevent further combat. To have more than three exchanges of fire was frowned upon as ungentlemanly and farcical, an embarrassment for both parties. The smooth bore flintlock pistols commonly used up until the 1860s were notoriously inaccurate and prone to misfiring. If duelling had gone on with the rifled barrels which were developed throughout the 19th century fatality rates would have been extremely high, but I suppose gentlemen would have continued to use the old weapons. A brace of duelling pistols, manufactured by James Purdey & Sons, London. Typically, it was the Irish, a people with such a deep love of single combat (whether it be with fists, bricks, sticks, sabres, or pistols), who made the most comprehensive duelling document, known as the Code Duello, written in 1777. These rules were created to make pistol duelling more civilized, but it made some notes about swordplay as well, and how varying degrees of insults should be handled. Every gentleman was expected to carry the code in the case with his brace of duelling pistols. Code Duello, The Twenty-six Commandments I. The first offence requires the first apology, though the retort may have been more offensive than the insult. Example: A tells B he is impertinent, &c. B retorts that he lies; yet A must make the first apology, because he gave the first offence, and (after one fire) B may explain away the retort by subsequent apology. II. But if the parties would rather fight on, then, after two shots each (but in no case before), B may explain first and A apologise afterwards. N.B. The above rules apply to all cases of offences in retort not of a stronger class than the example. III. If a doubt exists who gave the first offence, the decision rests with the seconds. If they will not decide or cannot agree, the matter must proceed to two shots, or to a hit if the challenger requires it. IV. When the lie direct is the first offence, the aggressor must either beg pardon in express terms, exchange two shots previous to apology, or three shots followed by explanation, or fire on till a severe hit be received by one party or the other. VI If A gives B the lie and B retorts by a blow (being the two greatest offences), no reconciliation can take place till after two discharges each or a severe hit, after which B may beg A’s pardon for the blow, and then A may explain simply for the lie, because a blow is never allowable, and the offence of the lie, therefore, merges in it. (See preceding rule.) N.B. Challenges for undivulged causes may be conciliated on the ground after one shot. An explanation or the slightest hit should be sufficient in such cases, because no personal offence transpired. VII. But no apology can be received in any case after the parties have actually taken their ground without exchange of shots. VIII. In the above case no challenger is obliged to divulge his cause of challenge (if private) unless required by the challenged so to do before their meeting. IX. All imputations of cheating at play, races, &c, to be considered equivalent to a blow, but may be reconciled after one shot, on admitting their falsehood and begging pardon publicly. X. Any insult to a lady under a gentleman’s care or protection to be considered as by one degree a greater offence than if given to the gentleman personally, and to be regarded accordingly. XI. Offences originating or accruing from the support of ladies’ reputations to be considered as less unjustifiable than any others of the same class, and as admitting of slighter apologies by the aggressor. This is to be determined by the circumstances of the case, but always favourably to the lady. XII. No dumb firing or firing in the air is admissible in any case. The challenger ought not to have challenged without receiving offence, and the challenged ought, if he gave offence, to have made an apology before he came on the ground; therefore children’s play must be dishonourable on one side or the other, and is accordingly prohibited. XIII. Seconds to be of equal rank in society with the principals they attend, inasmuch as a second may either choose or chance to become a principal and equality is indispensable. XIV. Challenges are never to be delivered at night, unless the party to be challenged intends leaving the place of offence before morning; for it is desirable to avoid all hotheaded proceedings. XV. The challenged has the right to choose his own weapons unless the challenger gives his honour he is no swordsman, after which, however, he cannot decline any second species of weapon proposed by the challenged. XVI. The challenged chooses his ground, the challenger chooses his distance, the seconds fix the time and terms of firing. XVII. The seconds load in presence of each other, unless they give their mutual honours that they have charged smooth and single, which shall be held sufficient. XVIII. Firing may be regulated, first, by signal; secondly by word of command; or, thirdly at pleasure, as may be agreeable to the parties. In the latter case, the parties may fire at their reasonable leisure, but second presents and rests are strictly prohibited. XIX. In all cases a misfire is equivalent to a shot, and a snap or a non-cock is to be considered a misfire. XX. Seconds are bound to attempt a reconciliation before the meeting takes place or after sufficient firing or hits as specified. XXI. Any wound sufficient to agitate the nerves and necessarily make the hand shake must end the business for that day. XXII. If the cause of meeting be of such a nature that no apology or explanation can or will be received, the challenged takes his ground and calls on the challenger to proceed as he chooses. In such cases firing at pleasure is the usual practise, but may be varied by agreement. XXIII. In slight cases the second hands his principal but one pistol, but in gross cases two, holding another case ready charged in reserve. XXIV. When the seconds disagree and resolve to exchange shots themselves, it must be at the same time and at right angles with their principals. If with swords, side by side, with five paces interval. XXV. No party can be allowed to bend his knee or cover his side with his left hand, but may present at any level from the hip to the eye. XXVI. None can either advance or retreat if the ground is measured. If no ground be measured, either party may advance at his pleasure, even to the touch of muzzles, but neither can advance on his adversary after the fire, unless the adversary steps forward on him. N.B. The seconds on both sides stand responsible for this last rule being strictly observed, bad cases having occurred from neglecting it. N.B. All matters and doubts not herein mentioned will be explained and cleared up by application to the Committee, who meet alternately at Clonmel and Galway at the quarter sessions for that purpose. Crow Ryan, President. James Keogh. Amby Bodkin, Secretaries. Clonmel Summer Assizes, 1777. • Maddy I can`t imagine standing there and shooting at each other. The duel in Onegin had me squirming. Interesting posts! • Daphne I wonder how many people actually followed all the rules of the code. • Sozlot Yes! I saw Onegin too. I wonder if they duelled out on the dock for legal reasons? Russia probably had different laws. • Jessie Nice content. • Dave In Russian literature, they always talk about dueling across a handkerchief. I cannot figure out what that means because they never explain it. What is this “across”? Is it the same as “at the drop of” as you mention above? • R.S. Fleming @ Dave, yes, the handkerchief would fall to the ground and the duellists would then shoot across it. In those circumstances they were waiting for the handkerchief to reach the ground before firing. A ‘duel across a handkerchief’ was also a way to refer to a battle in a tight area. Lastly, it was known for combatants to hold a handkerchief between them and go at each other with daggers, swords, or pistols. • Rickey @Daphne A lot of people ignored rules, like intentionally missing, and some duels used weapons like pool balls, rifles, and hot air balloons, so the Code could only apply so far. Others like Andrew Jackson ignored the rule that misfires count as a shot, and having to announce one was hit to end the duel, instead firing and killing his opponent and suffered a loss of reputation. • Gabrielle Thanks on your marvellous posting! I enjoyed reading it, you’re a great author. • Lynn Benbrook Very interesting reading. I am a reenactor of the American Fur trade 1780-1840 and both build and shoot blackpowder pistols and rifles. I have built both percussion and flintlock cased dueling pistols. I have heard of the British Royal Dueling society that still practise dueling with raincoats and face shields using wax projectiles for safety and would like to start a dueling club in America, but don’t think I could get a permit to do so. I am of British heritage and love reading about British history both fiction and non fiction. Thank you for your stories! My ancestors came to America in 1734 from Binbrook England. • Krystal Thanks for the great guide. • Leave a Reply
An official website of the United States government. Meet EPA Researcher Richard Judson, Ph.D. EPA Research Richard Judson profile pictureEPA Researcher Dr. Richard JusdsonDr. Richard Judson develops computer models and databases to help predict toxicological effects of environmental chemicals at EPA’s National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT). His work has been published in many fields including computational biology and chemistry, bioinformatics, genomics, human genetics, toxicology, and applied mathematics. How does your science matter? NCCT was formed to deal with what we call the “too many chemicals” problem. There are tens of thousands of chemicals that people are exposed to. Many of those have never been tested and might never get tested using traditional methods. What we’re doing here is developing methods that can quickly evaluate these chemicals using human cells and computer models. These models can roll up all that information and predict potential toxicity concerns. What are some projects you’re working on? A specific project I’m deep into right now is comparing how chemicals impact zebrafish embryos versus human cells. Basically what we have found is that about 80% of these chemicals that cause defects in zebrafish do so because they are just killing cells. In a developing embryo, if you kill cells (or at least the wrong kinds of cells) then that’s going to have some effect. It may be hard to say exactly what effect it will have, but it’s a bad thing to do. The remaining 20% of chemicals impact different parts of the cell. By studying these impacts, we’re developing general observations about chemicals that could be developmental toxins. If you could have dinner with any scientist past or present, who would it be and what would you like to ask them about? One of my heroes is Richard Feynman. When you study science, you kind of learn from the masters, memorize what they did, and then try to go and apply it. Richard Feynman was known for deriving everything from scratch himself. By doing that he would come up with entirely different ways to think about problems. His way of approaching things was always a little more visual, and so more intuitive. I would ask him what made him even think about doing it that way. What made him brave enough to say, “I won’t believe anything you tell me until I prove it to myself”? When did you first know you wanted to pursue science as a career? I started college as a chemical engineer – I grew up in Houston where there are a lot of chemical plants. The first semester of my sophomore year I was taking the first chemical engineering class and two quantum mechanics classes – one in chemistry and one in physics, and we were doing steam tables (don’t ask) in chemical engineering. At the end of the first few weeks, the professor said that that was all the math we would ever have to do as a chemical engineer. At the same time, we were doing all this cool math stuff in the other classes so I just dropped the chemical engineering and decided what I really wanted was hardcore science. Tell us about your background. I attended Rice University in Houston and studied chemistry and physics. After graduating, I worked as a process engineer for an electronics company for a couple of years where I learned to make conductive paint for cathode ray tubes. That proved I had actually learned something in college, but it was pretty boring so I headed to graduate school at Princeton. During my first year, I did a rotation with this researcher who was a theoretician and just fell in love with that area, so I did theory in my PhD and my postdoc. My first real job post grad school was at Sandia National Labs (one of the DOE weapons laboratories) where we had access to all of the big weapons-design supercomputers and were allowed to work on pretty much any problem we were interested in. I worked on projects ranging from designing radiation hardened integrated circuits, to designing drugs and modeling genes, to modeling collections of autonomous robots on the battlefield. Other people in the group were modeling clouds and tires and all other sorts of cool things. After that I spent a decade in biotech startups, where I ended up as the head of research and development for a company developing complex genetic diagnostic tests, before that company was bought out (because of a product I developed and put on the market). How did you get started at the EPA? After the biotech company was bought out, I joined the NCCT where I was one of the first hires through the Title 42 program (a program that allows us to hire senior scientists from industry and universities). NCCT was like a start up in EPA at the time, and it was just a perfect place. It was fortuitous that things opened up at the time I was looking. What do you like the most about your research? I get to play with lots of data. It’s different from the kinds of physics research I started out doing, where data was very hard to come by. In those areas, you had to do a lot of very complicated theory just to model a little bit of data. Here in biology, there’s just tons of data and even simple models can be useful to help understand it. If you were not a scientist what do you think you would be doing? My mother always wanted me to be a doctor. I think that’s probably what I would have been if I hadn’t gone into science. Any advice for students considering a career in science? Any kind of science today involves dealing with a lot of data. You should at least take one programming class and learn how to do simple programming. It seems that not many people are willing to do that, so that would definitely give you a leg up. Editor's Note: The opinions expressed herein are those of the researcher alone. EPA does not endorse the opinions or positions expressed.
Chemistry & Physics (Brenner, Sydney) Peierls, Rudolf \| Bird of Passage. Recollections of a Physicist • First edition, first printing. From the library of Nobel Prize-winning biologist Sydney Brenner, with his ownership inscription to the front free endpaper, “Sydney Brenner, Princeton, Jan 1986”. This volume is the memoirs of theoretical physicist Rudolf Peierls (1907-1995), who was part of the British “Tube Alloys” nuclear weapon programme, and then the Manhattan Project, before becoming deeply involved with anti-nuclear activism. Sydney Brenner (1927-2019) was a leader in the field of genetics almost from the moment he received his doctorate at Oxford in 1954. He joined Francis Crick’s laboratory in 1956, and they did groundbreaking research on how DNA is decoded by cells. Brenner proposed that the nucleotides which comprise DNA (adenine, guanine, thiamine and cytosine) are read by the cell in sets of three called codons, with each codon representing an amino acid (for example, three adenines in a row is the codon for the amino acid lysine). A gene is simply a string of codons that directs the production of a protein molecule from individual amino acids. He also correctly predicted the existence of messenger RNA, the molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where the translation process occurs. Following this work, it was Brenner’s efforts to establish a new laboratory organism for the study of genetics that led to his Nobel Prize. “Beginning in 1965, he began to lay the groundwork to make C. elegans, a small, transparent nematode, into a major model organism for genetics, neurobiology and developmental biology research. As a direct result of his original vision, this tiny worm became the first animal for which the complete cell lineage and entire neuronal wiring were known. Today, more than 1,000 investigators are studying C. elegans, and Brenner’s work was further honored when a closely related nematode was named Caenorhabditis brenneri” (Salk Institute biography). • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985. Octavo. Original green cloth, titles to spine gilt on black ground. With the dust jacket. 6 double-sided plates of illustrations from photographs. An excellent copy in the jacket that is a little rubbed and bumped at the edges with some fading of the spine panel.
How to Stop a Walking Horse From Pacing \| Updated September 26, 2017 Things You'll Need • Video recorder • Assistant • 4 inch by 10 foot ground poles • Riding arena • Snaffle bit Pacing is a common problem among gaited horses, including Tennessee Walking Horses. When pacing, a horse moves both legs on the same side in unison, creating a side-to-side, two-beat gait. Pacing places too much weight on the horse’s front end and results in a lack of balance and collection, leading to excessive strain on the hocks and stifle joints. A horse may pace for any several reasons, including conformation, body condition, attitude or pain from stiffness, poorly fitting tack, thrush, cracks in the pastern, contracted heels, bruising of the soles or lumbar, swollen tendons or improper shoeing. Although it's a challenging task, you can stop your horse from pacing. Analyze your horse’s gait and perform specific groundwork exercises to resolve the problem. Determine the Gait Ask an assistant to record your horse’s gait as you ride. Analyze the video, watching for specific characteristics that need correction and paying particular attention to the lateral movements of its legs. A pacing horse will swing its head from side to side as opposed to up and down. Mount your horse and correlate what you saw on the video with how you feel in the saddle. Use these indicators to make corrections as you ride, and request your assistant to tell you as soon as they see the horse begin pacing. That will indicate at what point to alter the horse’s movement to prevent pacing. Execute Half-Halts Perform a working walk and the instant you feel your horse begin to pace, execute a half-halt by maintaining reign contact and asking your horse to continue moving forward with your seat and legs. Repeat the half-halt exercise, ensuring that your horse rebalances its weight over the hindquarters. Create a rounder and more balanced horse by generating its energy upwards and without changing rhythm. Ground Pole Work Arrange poles that are approximately 4 inches high and 10 feet long, spaced three feet apart, in a series of two to three poles at various intervals around the arena. Ask your horse for a working walk, traversing it in a large oval at least 80 feet in diameter. Continue until your horse begins to increase its pace and move into the poles, performing a half-halt just before you reach them. Push your horse forward over the poles as quickly as possible, encouraging it to stretch its neck forward and down. Allow the horse to see the poles and ride over them at a walk. Continue riding over the poles and gradually increase your horse’s speed. Ride your horse over the poles in the opposite direction if it bangs its feet on them and say “Quit!” Realize horses have different strides. If your horse is unable to clear the poles, adjust the distance. Persist until your horse is able to go over the poles successfully and without banging its feet, and praise it. Transition to a working walk to keep your horse from pacing and take it out of the circle. Practice the ground pole exercise until your horse picks up its feet over the poles and performs a well-balanced, four-beat gait. Ride Curves Fit your horse with a snaffle bit the encourages adequate side-to-side action. Ride forward at an energetic walk while maintaining contact with the horse’s mouth, and encouraging your horse’s head to stay at a moderate height. Push your horse into the curve of the arena as you reach it, forcing the horse to bend into the corners. Maintain pressure from your inside leg and toward the horse’s girth while lowering your inside hand, and gathering stronger contact with the bit. Move your outside hand forward slightly as you exert gentle pressure behind your horse’s girth with your outside leg. Continue in both directions until your horse can move into the rails easily, and the bend of its body increases while moving deeper into the curves. Practice Cantering Ride your horse uphill, cantering it to the top. Gradually transition to a walk before the horse begins to pace. Maintain soft contact with your horse’s mouth to sustain an equally weighted balance over the hindquarters. Practice the canter exercise until your horse learns to break up its lateral gaits. One set of diagonals should be working together, while the other set moves in opposition. • Consult your veterinarian and rule out any underlying health issues that may be causing your horse to pace before beginning a training program. A horse that has issues related to bone structure, has sore or stiff muscles or is poorly conditioned in its back or hindquarters is likely to pace because it’s uncomfortable or in pain. • A horse that paces may have difficulty performing a canter and result in crossfiring (hitting the front foot with the hind foot). Crossfiring can result in the horse's falling and becoming seriously injured. If you feel your horse pushing you out of the seat forcefully with each canter stride, bring your horse to a walk immediately.
Bringing Down the House The main character, Kevin, a college student at MIT, started to learn some techniques and tricks to win the casino from his friend Martinez. They want to calculate the possibility of winning, to decide if they should bet more money, or just minimize their loss. Mick, Martin, Fisher, and Kevin are in a team to win the casino, with a bunch of other friends that want to work behind the scene. 3)How Not To Be Wrong By Jordan Ellenberg Page 59-Page 104 The results of an experiment tend to settle down to a fixed average when the experiment is repeated again and again. For example, if you flip 10 coins together, and count how many heads there were, it will be like 4,4,5,6,5,4,3,3…, but if you flip a hundred coins, the number will be 46,48,48,51,50…, and when you flip a thousand coins, the number will be 486, 401,489, 472,510… The larger amount of coins you flip, the more likely that the number of heads will be 50% of the number of coins you flip. How Not to be Wrong by Jordan Ellenberg to Page 59 The third chapter introduces linear regression, In statistics, linear regression is a linear approach to modeling the relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables. For example, research shows that if you can raise the average SAT score of your incoming first year by 50 points on average, you can charge $1400 more in tuition. This shows schools with a higher SAT score are likely to be pricier. But sometimes, it is not the case. That is when linear regression is used. (1)How Not to Be Wrong How Not to Be Wrong Jordan Ellenberg Page 1-27 How Not to Be Wrong is a book by Jordan Ellenberg. The book is about how math can solve real-world problems. For example, in the first chapter, it tells a story about Abraham Wald and the Missing Bullet Holes. It shows how Abraham Wald uses math to solve the ” Survivorship bias” and how mathematics is common sense. Even the process of proving is complicated, but the idea doesn’t require formulas. Cuban Revolution Video Alex Zhao, Max Wong The Cuban Revolution happened between 1952-1959 and was a chaotic time for Cuba. In 1952, the former president of Cuba Fulgencio Batista conducted a military siege and controlled the country after then. He let a large number of American businessmen into the country and they controlled 70%of fertile land and a lot of the industry. A university student studying in the university of Havana called Fidel Castro became eager to fight for change and started gathering people in his university. A year later, they stormed the Moncada Barracks on July 26 and it was a complete failure with most of the Rebels jailed or killed. Fidel Castro himself surrendered and was sentenced to prison for 15 years. However, he was released 2 years later only to find that Batista is trying to kill him. Luckily, he was able to escape to Mexico and regroup the Rebels. There, he met Che Guevara and they returned to Cuba a year later. In 1956, they were forced into the mountains and a 2-year battle in the Sierra Maestra. In the mountains, Fidel Castro used a tactic called Guerilla warfare where they hit and run. Batista’s army was not used to the mountains and were suffering a lot of defeat. 2 years later, Fidel Castro fought out of the mountains and began to control a lot of government locations and other buildings such as oil plants. Batista was defeated and fled to Florida before the new year. Fidel Castro established a Communist country later on and became friends with the Soviet Union.
Bladder Cancer \| Treatment Urologist Mulgrave What is bladder cancer? Non-invasive tumours The cancer cells are found only in the inner lining of the bladder (urotheliaum) and haven’t grown into the deeper layers of the bladder wall. One type of non-invasive cancer is carcinoma in-situ. Most bladder cancers are non-invasive. Invasive tumours The cancer has spread beyond the lining of the bladder into the muscle wall, either into the lamina propria or the muscle, or right through the bladder wall. What types are there Urothelial carcinoma About 90% of all bladder cancer start from the innermost urothelial layer of the bladder wall. This used to be called transitional cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma/Adenocarcinoma Accounts for the rest of bladder cancers. They are rare and can be very invasive. How common is it? Each year, more than 2400 Australians are diagnosed with bladder cancer. Most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are 60 or older. Men are about three times more likely than women to be diagnosed with bladder cancer. What are the symptoms Blood in the urine This is the most common symptoms of bladder cancer. It often occurs suddenly, but is usually not painful. There may only be a small amount of blood in the urine and it may look red or brown. Changes in bladder habits A burning felling when passing urine, needing to pass urine more often or urgently, not being able to urinate when you feel the urge and pain during urination can also be symptoms. What are the risk factors • Smoking – cigarette smokers are about six times more likely than non-smokers to develop bladder cancer • Chemical exposure – chemicals called aromatic amines and aniline dyes, which are used in rubber and plastics manufacturing, have been linked to bladder cancer. • Diabetes • Chronic urinary tract infection • Previous radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide to the pelvic area. Blood test and urine test A blood sample will be taken regularly to check your general health. You will be asked to give urine samples to check for blood, bacteria and any cancer cells. Cystoscopy and biopsy Under sedation The cystoscope is inserted through your urethra and into the bladder to examine the whole of the inside lining. This is usually done as day surgery. If the test finds abnormal tissue, a biopsy can be taken, but you will be asked to come back for a cystoscopy under general anaesthetic. Under general anaesthesia To take a tissue sample (biopsy) or to remove a tumour. Small pieces of tissue can be removed from suspicious areas or growths. These will be examined by a pathologist to check for cancer cells. Scans – MRI, Bone scan These scans are designed to check the local extent of bladder cancer and wether there is any spread of bladder cancer into bones. Staging of Bladder cancer Table Header TNM T- Tumour Indicates the size and depth of tumour invasion into the bladder and nearby tissues N – Nodes Shows if the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes M – Metastasis Shows if the cancer has spread t other parts of the body Grading of Bladder cancer Low Grade The cancer cells look similar to normal bladder cells, are usually slow growing and are less likely to spread. Most bladder tumours are low grade, especially if they are superficial. High grade The cancer cells look very abnormal and grow quickly. They are more likely to spread into the bladder muscle Treatment for Non-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Most people with non-invasvie bladder cancer have a type of surgery called transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). The operation takes 15-40 minutes. During the operation, the urologist may use other techniques to kill the cancer cells. These could include burning the base of the tumour (fulguration) with the cystoscope or using a high energy laser to damage or kill the cancer cells. Intra-vesical chemotherapy Chemotherapy treats cancer by damaging cancer cells as they are growing and dividing. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are unable to repair this damage and die. Chemotherapy drugs are usually given by mouth or injected into a vein. However, intravesical chemotherapy, the drugs are put directly into the bladder using a urinary catheter. Intravesical chemotherapy is only used for non-invasive bladder cancer. Each treatment is called an instillation. The chemotherapy treatment may be given as one instillation at the time of surgery, or as weekly instillations for six weeks. Immunotherapy uses substances that encourage the body’s own natural defences to fight disease. Bacillus Calmette – Guerin (BCG) is a vaccine originally developed to prevent tuberculosis, but it can also stimulate the immune system to stop or delay bladder cancer coming back. BCG, in combination with TURBT, is the most effective treatment for high grade cancers or carcinoma in-situ. It can also be used to treat invasive cancer that has grown into the lamina propria. BCG is usually given once a week for six weeks, starting 2-4 weeks are TURBT surgery. It is put directly into the bladder through a catheter. Some people may have long-term BCG therapy – up to two years. This is called maintenance treatment. It has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer progressing and invading deeper into the bladder wall. Treatment for invasive bladder cancer Surgery is the preferred treatment for muscle invasive disease. A radical cystectomy is the most common operation for invasive bladder cancer. In this operation, the whole bladder and nearby lymph nodes are removed. In men, the prostate and seminal vesicles may be removed. In women, the uterus, ovaries, a small portion of the vagina and the Fallopian tubes are often removed. Replacing the bladder With the bladder removed, you will need to store urine in another way. This is called a urinary diversion. Before any operation, we will discuss the risks and possible complications, and what is suitable for you. There are two options. Ileal conduit This is the most common procedure performed in Australia. It means that urine will drain into a bag attached to the outside of the abdomen. A piece of your small bowel is used to create a passageway (conduit) that connects the ureters to an opening on the outside of your body. The hole created on the surface of the abdomen is called a stoma. A watertight bag is placed over the stoma to collect urine. This small bag, worn under clothing, fills continuously and needs to be emptied throughout the day through the tap on the bag. The small bag will be connected to a larger drainage bag at night. This is a common procedure performed internationally. A 60cm length of bowel is used to form into a pouch (artificial bladder or neo-bladder). The surgeon connects the pouch to the ureters, which drain urine into it from the kidneys. The pouch is joined to the urethra. The pouch or the new bladder store the urine and can provide good continence. The patient will need to learn techniques to keep the new bladder drained on a regular basis. Preserving the bladder In patients who are unfit for bladder removal surgery, a combination of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be effective in controlling the bladder cancer. Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with anti-cancer drugs through the vein. For invasive bladder cancer, drugs are given by injection. As the drugs circulate in the blood they travel throughout the body. This is called systemic chemotherapy. Before cystectomy For invasive bladder cancer, systemic chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. After cystectomy Systemic chemotherapy may also be indicated after bladder removal if there is a high risk of the cancer coming back.
1. The combination of notes sounded simultaneously to produce chords. Usually, this term is used to describe consonance, however, it can also be used to describe dissonance 2. Countermelodic notes to accompany a tune. Harmony, Baroque: Henry Purcell: Come, ye Sons of Art, come away, "Chaconne" Johann Sebastian Bach: Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf, BWV 140, "Er kommt, er kommt" Johann Sebastian Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D minor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21 in C major, K. 467, II Joseph Haydn: The Creation, "Achieved is the glorious work" Maurice Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé Guillaume Machaut: Songs from Le Voir Dit: Ballade 32: Plourez dames Harmony, Medieval: Organum: Viderunt omnes Harmony, Romantic: Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde, Prelude Johannes Brahms: Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, III Frédéric Chopin: Prelude in E minor, Op. 28, No. 4 Franz Schubert: Gretchen am Spinnrade, D. 118 Harmony, 20th century: Arnold Schoenberg: Suite for Piano, Op. 25, I Philip Glass: Bible (Old Testament) "Psalm 126" Ludwig van Beethoven: Serenade in D major, Op. 8, I Sergei Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III Giovanni Pierluigi Palestrina: Missa in Festis Apostolorum I, "Agnus Dei" Last Updated: 2016-06-01 15:44:55
Quick Answer: Why Is Nefertiti’S Left Eye Missing? What year did Nefertiti disappear? 1336 B.C.After presiding over ancient Egypt with unprecedented power, Queen Nefertiti mysteriously vanished from the historical record in 1336 B.C. But some believe she secretly took her husband’s place as pharaoh after he died.. How tall were the ancient Egyptian? Who was Nefertiti’s husband? Why was Nefertiti hated? Although Nefertiti and Akhenaten governed over Ancient Egypt at a time of unprecedented wealth, their new religion unsettled the empire. … However, she was also largely hated because of her active leadership in Akhenaten’s sun-oriented religion. How did Nefertiti kill herself? Around the year 14 of Akhenaten and Nefertiti’s reign, their daughter Mekitaten died in childbirth at the age of 13. … She abandoned the religion of Aten and was banished by Akhenaten. She committed suicide in grief over the loss of her daughter. Where did Nefertiti die? EgyptNefertiti/Place of death What happens to a pharaoh’s wife when he died? What happens to a pharaoh’s wife when he died? Egyptians believed that after they died, their ka would continue to live as they had lived on earth in the afterlife. Egyptians also believed that the ka had to have a body to return to, and because of this belief they would mummify their dead. Which Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea? HamanThe Pharaoh commissioned Haman to build a tall tower using fire-cast bricks so that the Pharaoh could climb far up and see the God of Moses. The Pharaoh, Haman, and their army in chariots pursuing the fleeing children of Israel drowned in the Red Sea as the parted water closed up on them. Who was the nicest Pharaoh? Ramses IIRamses II Ramses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. He ruled during the New Kingdom for either 66 years. The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. Was Akhenaten actually Moses? Akhenaten famously introduced monotheism to Egypt through the worship of the one god Aten and proscribed the worship of all other gods. According to the theory most famously expounded by Freud, the Osarsiph story is actually an account of Akhenaten’s reign and one of his priests, Moses, who carried on his reform. Was Nefertiti ever found? King Tut and Queen Nefertiti, the search is still going on, In the world of Egyptology, debate is raging about whether or not King Tut’s tomb could hold a hidden chamber containing the body of Queen Nefertiti. Although Nefertiti was one of the most famous women in ancient Egypt, her body has never been found. What did Nefertiti take to the afterlife? For the afterlife, Nefertiti would need food, linen clothing, furniture, and jewelry. Some basic everyday items would be pots, baskets, slate palettes for using eye make-up, necklaces, copper figurines, and amulets to protect her from harm in the afterlife. Are Pharaohs evil? The pharaohs were both political and religious leaders. It was their duty to maintain peace in the kingdom at any cost, even if they had to fight at the borders for its protection. … Some pharaohs were competent and some were evil, but those who have made it into the history books were usually a little unconventional. Was Nefertiti beautiful? Nefertiti was one of Egypt’s most famous queens. “She was the Cleopatra of her time. Just as beautiful, just as wealthy, and just as powerful – if not more powerful,” says Michelle Moran, author of Nefertiti, a popular work of historical fiction. Why was Nefertiti erased from history? Virtually all traces of Nefertiti and her ‘heretic’ husband pharaoh Akhenaten, who ruled from 1353 to 1336 BC, were erased after his unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the pantheon of the gods to worship the Sun god Aton – among the earliest known practices of monotheism. Did Nefertiti kill herself? Who was the cruelest Pharaoh? Akhenaten Amenhotep IVAkhenatenAkhenaten Amenhotep IVAmenophis IV, Naphurureya, IkhnatonStatue of Akhenaten in the early Amarna stylePharaohReign1353–1336 BC 1351–1334 BC (18th Dynasty of Egypt)12 more rows Who was Nefertiti’s father? AyNefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshipped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc….NefertitiFatherAy (possibly)MotherIuy? (possibly)ReligionAncient Egyptian religion10 more rows
Let’s start with the coffee and figure out how the coffee itself could be different day to day. We already know that coffee stales just a little bit everyday and that if it is already ground, the process happens at a much faster rate. But is it really that fast a process? Probably not, at least, not so fast that we can tell after just one day. What we always assume, though, is that the bag or can of coffee is perfectly homogenous, that is, every bean inside is nearly identical. The truth is, that rarely happens. Sometimes, bad beans make it into the lot. These beans are usually bad from the start—they were picked that way or they processed poorly and were mixed in with good coffee. While there are many ways of sorting out bad beans (hand picking, screening by size, separating by density, and color sorting) none of them are perfect. Bad beans will always sneak through the system. Did you know? A pound (455 g) of medium roasted coffee will be composed of 2,800–4,725 coffee beans (depending on their density). Sometimes, you can see these beans in a bag of whole bean coffee. They often are discolored (usually lighter) but really junk ones can be all black. Some are broken or have evident insect damage. These beans are more difficult to see and taste in darker roasted coffees, but some can still leave their mark on the cup. Every so often, though, beans that make it past all the sorting and look just fine in the roasted bag still end up tasting a bit off from the rest. Generally, there aren’t very many of these beans. So, the odds of one getting into any given pot are low. Even if it did make it into a pot, if it were just one bean, it would probably be so diluted as to be unrecognizable. As an extension, a bag of ground beans are likely to be much more homogenous as they’ll be able to mix much better. If you are brewing just one cup at a time, though (an increasingly common practice), a single bean can make an incredibly big difference. So, it might just be the case that one bad bean spoils the whole cup, making today’s cup different than yesterday’s. Hopefully, though, that doesn’t happen too often, which suggests that differences in how our coffee tastes day to day are due to something in our heads. We are thinking, feeling creatures who use our brains to process everything. Whether it is a translation of the electrical signal received after a sugar molecule interacts with a taste bud or the frustration from the cat leaving a carcass in the hallway, or our brain interpreting the gestalt of the experience of an incredible cup of coffee, it is all dependent upon our psychology and how our brains work. So, we’re not actually crazy; we’re just human. And this means all kinds of explanations exist to explain this inconsistent coffee phenomenon! Did you know? To produce 1 pound (455 g) of roasted coffee, at least 6.5 pounds (3 kg) of coffee cherry must be picked. One explanation to explore is that we rely too much on our sense of perfection while measuring things. Specifically, we aren’t all so good at measuring weight, volume, and temperature. Moreover, many household measuring tools (measuring cups and spoons, specifically) aren’t as precise as we may need them to be and let’s not even start about the measured lines printed into coffee pots. It is quite likely that in our overconfidence, we measure the water, the coffee, or the water temperature differently day to day. This would certainly produce cups that taste differently enough to recognize. Fortunately, the solution is pretty simple: weigh everything. We talked about brew ratios in a previous section. If you weigh the coffee and the water, your level of consistency will skyrocket (FYI, 1 milliliter of water weighs 1 gram. Thus, you can exchange volume for weight if you’re measuring using the metric system). If you heat your own water, use a thermometer. There’s no reason to guess and have variable tasting coffee when cheap, simple tools will solve the problem. Let’s be honest, mismeasuring water isn’t something we really want to blame on us being human. It is really more about being lazy and ill-equipped than anything else. The truth is, we are subject to the whims of our psychology in very real ways. It might just be that we have bad memories. I don’t mean that we just don’t quite remember what we tasted last time but that we actually have really terrible memories. Even though we feel confident that we remember specific details about things, we often get them wrong. More frighteningly, it is easy to create memories in people of things they have never experienced. To top it off, every time we remember things that are actual memories, we change them ever so slightly. It may not be that the coffee is different at all, rather, you’re just remembering it differently! Aside from having lousy memories, our ability to taste is heavily influenced by so many external factors. We should all be wary of how we interpret our eating experiences because of how susceptible we are to the world around us. For example, the color of ambient light influences how much we like a wine and how much we’d be willing to pay for it (blue and red lights produced higher ratings than white and green lights). We’re also influenced by the color of the dish or cup, the colors of food on the dish, and the colors around us. Ambient sounds are incredibly influential on perceptions of foods, including the sound of the food itself (e.g., the crunch of a potato chip or the sizzle of carbonated water), the sound of the packaging, the sound of machines, the sound of music, and the sound of the sea. To name a couple specific to us, coffee aroma is rated higher when the drinker can hear someone else who is drinking coffee rather than someone eating a potato chip. The quality of the sound of the coffee machine influences how much we enjoy the coffee as well (bad sounding machines cause us to like the coffee less). Our sense of touch can make us think differently about how things taste. The texture of packaging changes our mind about food as does the weight of the dish. Even the material a spoon is coated with will make us rate the food somewhat differently. Research combining a variety of environmental cues on the perception of whiskey demonstrates that our mind doesn’t focus on just one influence at a time, but is bombarded by them all! Not only do environmental cues trick us into thinking differently about how we taste, but so does our emotional state. Being in love, in a positive or negative mood, or depressed will make you think differently about what’s happening in your mouth. It is likely that other emotions can influence our organoleptic responses. It is evident that we are lousy instruments. Although we may not be conscious of it, many little, seemingly insignificant things actually have a significant impact on how we experience foods and beverages. Considering this, it is no surprise at all that coffee can taste differently from one day to the next. It may not be the coffee that’s different; it may be you! Did you know? The first commercial espresso machine was produced in 1905 by Desiderio Pavoni. Get in Touch Thank you for your interests in our company. You can contact our head-office directly, also you can feel free to submit your inquiry to us. Of course, phone is available and you can get help immediately. • No.6 Cuizhu Street,Hi-Tech Zone,zhengzhou city,China • CALL US : 0086 18637192252 • [email protected]
Spain managed to start up the Manila galleon system in the 1560s, linking the Philippines with Mexico. The Spanish crown used its control of non-free labor in New Spain to extract precious metals. On the other side of the arduous journey, Chinese middlemen took these precious metals in exchange for luxury Chinese goods such as porcelain and silks. While certainly Spanish elites and the Casa de Contratación benefited, the general effects of this trade breakthrough might not have been so obvious to outsiders. Why would those involved in uninsured imports of luxury Chinese goods publicize their valuable shipments? After all, several galleons were indeed raided. But doubtless the other imperial powers of Europe had great interest in Spain's success at breaking up the Portuguese monopoly on China goods. Did the Spanish Crown initially seek to keep the galleon system hush-hush? How much time elapsed before the other European states learned about it? • Biggest problem for the English and French was the lack of Pacific ports / colonies. Francis Drake had to round the Horn before the Golden Hind (originally Pelican) could raid those galleons in 1577-80. – Pieter Geerkens Aug 2 '19 at 19:37 • Judging by the answer to your other question, the Santa Anna was sacked by Thomas Cavendish in 1589, so it didn't stay a secret for very long if it was a secret to begin with. – Denis de Bernardy Aug 3 '19 at 6:36 • @DenisdeBernardy that's 24 years from when the regular galleon operation began. The answer to this question is definitely less. – Aaron Brick Aug 3 '19 at 6:54 Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
Through the Eyes Of… Discussions About Empathy • Time Length Group Created with Sketch. < 1 hour • Mess Level A Little Messy • Cost Materials or Fees • Difficulty Shape Created with Sketch. Find an article that talks bout something happening in your community. Read it together with your child and talk about what it means. Question and Wonder: • What do you notice happening in your neighborhood or community? • How do you feel about what is happening? • How do you think others feel about what is happening? • Why do we care about things that are happening around us? Talk about ways you could help with the situation. Talk about how small things can make big differences. Imagine and Design: • Make a list of the things you could do to help. How do you think they will make things better? • Who will they make things better for? Why is that important? • Maybe you could form a group or organize an activity that would help. Talk about the possibilities. Test and Discuss: • Using an article or something you have observed in your community, discuss the questions above. • Why is it important to have empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others? • How does it make you feel when someone empathizes with you? Did you Know? Empathy is what sets us apart from machines and even from many other animals. It’s what enables us to relate to other people and their experiences… It’s what enables us to understand them. And it’s what makes us compassionate. So it’s little wonder why it’s so integral to the social experience of schooling and childhood. But empathy is not innate — it’s learned. Read more about it in the articles below: Books to read together about empathy and other ways to approach this as a family: Print Instructions
The Pencil A Motivational Speech Grade 12 Motivational Speech 753 words - 4 pages Good morning Mr Shoeman and friends, this morning I’m going to speak to you about the history of the good old PENCIL. The Pencil was founded in … Ok wait…Whilst the history of the pencil might be an interesting topic for another day, but I believe that the pencilmaker created the pencil to be more than a piece of stationary. Please allow my indulgence as I unravel the secrets hidden in the pencil aimed at making you be the best you can be. When the pencil was made for the first time, the pencil- maker gave the pencil some pertinent and important instructions which we can apply in our own lives. The 1st instruction to the pencil was ‘what’s truly important actually lies within u’. The pencil has 2 aspects to it. The outside which is its beautiful, colourful wooden casing and the inside which is the lead, it’s very substance, its very purpose. Similarly, in our lives we have the outside, the outside is about our personality, our looks, our presence. The inside is about being a genuine and sincere person. The 2nd thing the pencil- maker told the pencil was that ‘unless what is within you comes out, the lead, you cannot make an impact, it is only when the lead comes out of the casing, can the pencil actually make an impact. Similarly, in our life, unless what is within us comes out, we will not be able to make an impact either on our lives or on those of others. Thus, the Latin word ‘Edu care’ from which the English word ‘education’ is derived means to bring out. To bring out the virtues, the qualities of our soul. When Thomas Edison was a little boy he came back home from school and handed a letter to his mother saying, ‘my teacher gave this letter only for you to read’ The mother opens the letter and as she read out the letter to Thomas Edison, she was crying. She said ‘Tommy your teacher has written that Thomas is such an intelligent boy, he is a genius. The school is too small for him and doesn’t have enough good teachers to train him. So, it is better that he does not come to school any longer and you train him at home’. Years letter when Thomas’s mother died, and Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors of the century, he was at his mother’s home clearing things up and in a little drawer, he found that letter that the teacher had given him years back to his mum. Thomas Alva Edison opened the letter to read the contents and he broke down in tears, crying profusely, because what was written on the paper was’ Madam, your son Thomas is a dunce. He is mentally ill, he does not fit into this school I do not think that he can ever make it there, so we are expelling him and throwing his out of the school today’. TAE wrote another line underneath. He wrote’ Thomas was indeed a dunce, a mentally ill child and he was made into the greatest inventor of the century by his hero, his mother.’ His mother did not have a massive personality. She didn’t have charisma, nor did she have too many valuables. But she was a genuine person with a great character, amazing values and look at the impact that it had on the life of Thomas Alva Edison. The 3rd important instruction that the pencil maker gave the pencil was ‘UNLESS YOU GO THROUGH SHARPENING, WHAT IS WITHIN YOU WILL NOT COME OUT’. The pencil must go through painful sharpening before the sharp lead comes out and makes an impact. Similarly, in Life unless we go through painful sharpening the best things within will never come out, as they say no pain no gain. The 4th message the pencilmaker gave the pencil was ‘WHEN YOU WRITE YOU WILL MOST CERTAINLY END UP MAKING MISTAKES’. What’s truly great is that right behind you is attached an eraser and you can actually correct that mistake and once again write the right thing. Even in our lives we make so many mistakes. And what is amazing it that God has given us the opportunity, the chance to erase them, to correct them and to rewrite our stories’ I hope these life lessons have been insightful and that each time you look at a pencil, you are reminded to always be the best you can be. hamlet speech is a speech about hamlet for year 12 advanced english. - james ruse agricultrual high school - speech 4776 words - 20 pages English Speech The purpose of your speech is to develop community awareness of the significance that a critical study of Shakespeare has made to understanding of your world through your reading of the set text. · Shakespeare’s context in the Renaissance world · Aristotelian dramatic genres and their influence on meaning · Characterisation as explored and refined by Shakespeare · Ideas and thematic concerns of the play · The forms and features of Child Labour speech for grade 6/7 - grade 7 - Child Labour speech 1076 words - 5 pages Child Labour Speech Child Labour Speech 1 Good morning to the respected Principal sir, sir, madam and my dear colleagues. My name is … I study in class … We have gathered here to celebrate this special occasion of … So, I would like to speech on child labour, a big social issue, interfering the growth and development of country. First of all I would like to thank my class teacher for offering me such a great opportunity to speech here. My dear Speech on diabetes and the main points - com-231 - speech 1219 words - 5 pages Name: Amber Thomas COM-231:02G Presentation Date: 3/25/19 Speech Title: Diabetes General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about diabetes, the complications, and what we can do, to prevent and maintain normal blood sugars. Thesis Statement: Diabetes is an incurable disease that affects a large amount of our population today but if we are well informed we can make smart decisions to prevent and maintain this disease The Life of a Legend - Bill Gates - Speech and Debate - Essay 715 words - 3 pages his parents? In seventh grade, Gates used his first computer, a teletype terminal. Gates SLIDE CHANGE was fascinated by the computer and spent most of his leisure hours working with it. Gates and his good friend, Paul Allen, programmed their first software in 1972 with the Intel computer chip. Paul Allen was also one of the cofounders of Microsoft. Their goal was to create a program which counted the number of cars that drove down a street State House Yard Speech On The Constitution 746 words - 3 pages Nguyen-Cruz, Asia September 14, 2017 English 110 COMM 1 Being in LBGTQ community People in the U.S. have rights, like freedom of speech or the right to keep and bear arms. Many people do not know the history of gay pride in L.A. In 1950, activist Harry Hay founded the Mattachine Society to fight for gay rights. Being different in a society where everyone conforms to being “normal” is hard to grow up in because no one see’s you equally. Sexuality Shoe-horn Sonata and One Minute's Silence Distinctively Visual Elements - year 12 - Distinctively Visual- Speech 1190 words - 5 pages Free SPEECH- Module A- Distinctively Visual-Pooja Darji Question: You are presenting a speech to a group of talented year 12 writers at the Sydney Literary Conference. You have been asked to examine how the uses of distinctively image create interest and draw us into the experiences of others. Good Afternoon Year 12. In today’s conference I will examine the uses of distinctively visual images which create interest and draw the audiences into the JFK Speech We Choose To Go To The Moon - History II - Effective speech in world history 2780 words - 12 pages show the citizens that sending a man to the moon was top priority, and the speech at Rice was his chance to do so. He expressed that “the eyes of the world now look into space,” and the United States must ensure that they will be the ones to conquer this frontier.[footnoteRef:16] [15: "John F. Kennedy Moon Speech - Rice Stadium," NASA, accessed September 12, 2017,, paragraph 17.] [16: Ibid. paragraph generation speech about learning languages and the benefits for high school students - generation speech - research paper 888 words - 4 pages the average high school student, but is it? The growth of Spanish alone in the United is enough to persuade even the most lethargic of students. With over 62 million Spanish speaking Americans, the impending demand to learn Spanish is inevitable. You’re probably just thinking this speech is a bunch of last minute mumble-jumble, and not to lie, it mostly is. But, the facts are just plain indisputable. Spanish is the largest unofficial language Life of a free man Essay Grade 12 - Grade 12 English - Essay 437 words - 2 pages Daniel Starr Gaming When I was in grade 6 my parents bought me an Xbox, I thought it was the best thing ever at the time, but I think if they could go back in time they would never had bought me it. I used to always be outside and running around until the day they bought me the consol. I got addicted to the Xbox very fast and didn’t go outside unless it was to bounce on the trampoline. I used to fake sick from school, so I could play, eventually The diverse cuisine of New York - Speech Communication - Speech to Inform 2053 words - 9 pages ., 2017. Web. ] [11: Stradley, Linda. "Apple Pie History." What's Cooking America. N.p., 2018. Web. ] 2. Another very popular and tasty treat that was introduced to America by immigrants is Donuts. They originated as a Dutch delicacy, called olykoeks, meaning “oily cakes” and were brought to early New York by the Dutch Settlers.[footnoteRef:12] They are now known as a staple “American” treat. [12: Taylor, David A. "The History Of The Doughnut Why My Vote Matters speech starting with a brief story and then going into a speech like paper. - AP Lit - Speech 671 words - 3 pages “Why My Vote Matters” Speech It was a quiet Saturday night, and your family is just relaxing around the house. Your brother is playing video games in the basement, your mother is sitting on the living room floor playing with your dogs, your father is deployed, and you are sitting on the couch distracted by the thought “Why do I need to take Calculus 2?” You suddenly hear a banging on the door. It’s strange especially since no one invited people Rhetorical Analysis of a Speech - Chappaquiddick - English - Essay 834 words - 4 pages Poucha Pond on Chappaquiddick Island and left the scene of the accident, which resulted in the death of his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne. After the tragic accident that killed Ms. Kopechne, Kennedy knew he must set things right if he ever wanted the chance to fulfill his future aspirations of becoming the president of the United States. So, he wrote a speech to end the “widely circulated suspicions of immoral conduct” and convince his constituents Rhetorical Analysis of a Speech - Effective Communication - Essay
EngageNY Grade 6 ELA Module 3a: Unit 3: Researching and Interpreting Information: How the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Affected the People of San Francisco Collector: Ann V. To conclude the module, sixth-graders research factual information about the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire to make connections to literary texts about the disaster. After learning about the features of a newspaper article, young reporters incorporate information they collected in the course of the module to craft an article about the 1906 quake. 6th English Language Arts, 21st Century Skills 3 Views 1 Save
Major Differences Between Hemp And Cannabis When you look into the marijuana plant, you will get to find out that Hemp and cannabis are very important plants. Most of the time, the cannabis term is mostly equated to durable paper, plastics that are plant-based and fabric of military grade. However, in reality, cannabis is completely different from what people tend to perceive which is why it is important to have a look at the Differences between Hemp and Cannabis. • The genetics Cannabis has for the longest time been believed to be one of the domesticated crops that are the oldest in the market. Throughout the years, humans have been able to grow a number of varieties of cannabis for both medical and recreational use. Because of this, it led to the unique and different varieties of the cannabis plant that most people refer to today as marijuana. According to a research that was carried out, it was found that the major differences were mainly in the cultivation environment and genetic percentage of both Cannabis and Hemp. • Cultivation environment One of the major Differences between Hemp and Cannabis is the cultivation environment for these two plants. They have been found to be completely different. Hemp is normally grown closely together say 4 inches apart and is normally grown in huge multi-acre plots. Also, they can easily grow in any climate and it has a growth cycle that is at 108 to 120 days. On the other hand, when you look at Cannabis, you will find that for it to grow properly, then it has to be controlled. It does not grow in all climates which is why it needs to grow in a humid and warm atmosphere. The growth cycle tends to range from 60 days to 90 days. Another thing is that Get Kush dispensary has many strains. Cannabis cannot be grown close to each other and they need to be at least 6 feet apart from each other. In the event that a cannabis plant grows close to a hemp plant, the pollen coming out from Hemp may end up ruining the cannabis crop since it is going to end up diluting the psychoactivity of the cannabis plant. • Usages Because cannabis online dispensary canada has high levels of THC, it is normally grown for the psychoactive properties that it has to be used for either recreational or medical purposes. Cannabis can be inhaled, smoked, injected, or ingested into the body. On the other hand, hemp is most commonly used when it comes to industrial uses. It is able to produce important resources like food products, paper, building materials, clothing, biofuel, oils and so much more. Also, because of the growth in popularity in CBD, Hemp is also been used in the production of CBD products that are THC-free.
Technology Travel Aircraft Autonomously Lands Itself for The First Time Many airliners can land automatically, but they don’t really land autonomously — the airport is guiding them in with a radio signal (the Instrument Landing System). And when many smaller airports don’t have this feature, it’s not even an option. Researchers at Technische Universität München might just make true autonomous landing a practical reality, though. They’ve successfully tested a system that uses a combination of computer vision and GPS to have the aircraft land itself. The technology uses GPS to navigate, but allies that with both visible light and infrared cameras to spot the runway and obtain an accurate sense of its position even when fog or rain hurts visibility. From there, the aircraft can calculate a glide path and otherwise touch down all on its own. The project is still young, but it’s promising. A test landing in late May went as well as you could hope. The aircraft recognized the runway from a long distance and landed on the centerline without the pilot once taking control. If it’s refined enough, the system could make hands-free landings feasible at virtually any airfield, not to mention give pilots a backup. This also lays some groundwork for end-to-end autonomous flight that might only require supervision for complete trips. This is a major milestone in automated flight, since until now planes have had to rely on extensive ground-based systems to perform a landing like this one — which means automated landings aren’t currently possible at smaller airports or should something go wrong with the ILS. A small plane like this one is more likely to be at a small airport with no such system, and should a heavy fog roll in, an autoland system like this might be preferable to a pilot who can’t see in infrared. Right now the tech is very much still experimental, not even at the level where it could be distributed and tested widely, let alone certified by aviation authorities. But the safety benefits are obvious, and even as a backup or augmentation to the existing, rarely used autoland systems, it would likely be a welcome addition. About the author Byron Adonis Mutingwende
How Aircraft Protect from Lightning? The nature of air travel means that aircraft have to be able to withstand a myriad of conditions both light and extreme. Something no aircraft wants to go up against is lightning, but air travelers expect a hassle-free experience, and delays or cancellations are only an option in the most extreme conditions. Lightning, while not ideal, is not necessarily cause for grounding an aircraft. Instead, aircraft manufacturers take measures to protect their machinery from the elements. The relatively new Boeing 787 is made up of over 50% carbon fiber composites called carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). This is because of CFRP’s strength while remaining lightweight. However, CFRP is mostly non-conductive and therefore requires additional protection from lightning strikes. To counteract this, the 787 is fitted with highly-conductive expanded metal foil (EMF). The EMF is coated in protective layers to prevent moisture or other factors from causing corrosion, leading to lower conductivity and increased vulnerability to lightning. Aircraft are also put under extreme stress during takeoff and landing. Takeoff causes extreme cooling, and landing causes extreme heating. This thermal stress causes expansion and compression of layers throughout the aircraft’s composite structures. A single trip is highly unlikely to do any harm on composite structures, but over time each layer becomes weaker and the risk of failure increases. Thermal stress can also cumulate in strained parts and displacement, which increases the risk of crack formation. In order to minimize risks and maintenance costs that result from damage in the protective coatings and EMF, it is key to evaluate the thermal performance of each layer in the surface protection design. To do this, researchers at Boeing Research and Technology use multiphysics simulation and physical measurements to study the effect of the EMF on stress displacement throughout the entire composite structure. At ASAP Buying, owned and operated by ASAP Semiconductor, we can help you find all the composite parts for the aerospace, civil aviation, and defense industries. We’re always available and ready to help you find all the parts and equipment you need, 24/7-365. For a quick and competitive quote, email us at or call us at 1-509-449-7700. April 20, 2021 Recent Twitter Posts Semiconductor's Certifications and Memberships Thank You for Visiting ASAP Buying. Request for Quote
What is a Court Interpreter? A court interpreter is an individual who possesses native-like proficiency in English and foreign languages. Court interpreters are professionals who are highly skilled in the three modes of court interpreting and familiar with legal terminology, courtroom protocol and the South African Code of Professional Conduct for Court Interpreters. Upon being appointed by the Court, interpreters are required to take an oath, under penalty of perjury, to “…interpret accurately, completely, and impartially and to refrain from knowingly disclosing confidential or privileged information obtained while serving in the proceeding.” The court proceedings are regulated by rules and regulations of administration of justice contained in pieces of legislation, such as the Magistrates' Court Act 44 1. Simultaneous interpretation - the interpreter listens to the English language speech and, at the same time, interprets in the foreign language for the benefit of the Limited English Proficiency (LEP) party. To ensure their interpretation does not interfere with the court proceedings, court interpreters utilize wireless equipment when interpreting simultaneously. 2. Consecutive interpretation - used during testimony at the witness stand and when a Limited English Proficiency (LEP) party addresses the Court. The interpreter renders what is being said in the target language orally without changing or embellishing statements. This becomes part of the record. Court interpreters must understand and speak legal jargon, street language, slang, and formal language in English and foreign languages. 3. Sight Translation - the oral rendition of a document from the source language into the target language. The interpreter must read a document, process the information, and render it accurately in the target language orally.
How do you make curves in Maya? paceholder image How do you make curves in Maya? Select Create > Curve Tools > EP Curve Tool. Click to place the edit points. For each edit point after the first one you place, Maya draws the shape of the curve….Select Create > Curve Tools > Pencil Curve Tool.Drag to sketch a curve. The Pencil Curve tool creates a curve with a large number of data points. How do you make wire in Maya? 12:06Suggested clip 119 secondsEASILY & QUICKLY CREATE COMPLEX CABLES IN MAYAYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you make a spiral in Maya? 3:26Suggested clip · 68 secondsMaya tutorial : How to model a Cone shaped Helix – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you convert Nurbs to Polygons? 4:03Suggested clip · 92 secondsHow to convert NURBS to polygon models \| tutorial …YouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you round edges in Maya? Round off the meeting point between two edgesSelect Surfaces > Round Tool.Drag a selection box across the common edges between surfaces.When you click a common edge, a radius manipulator appears. Drag the handles at the ends of the manipulator arms to change the rounding radius. When you are done marking edges to be rounded, press Enter. How do I bevel in Maya? Select a mesh object or select the edges or faces you want to bevel. Note: If you select a mesh object, Maya bevels every edge in the mesh. Select Edit Mesh > Bevel from the main menu or click in the Modeling Toolkit. Maya bevels the selected edges or the perimeter edges of the selected faces. How do you make a cube in Maya? 7:55Suggested clip · 119 secondsHow to create Cubes in Maya \| Step 2 of 16 \| Maya Animation …YouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you fix a non manifold in Maya? 7:48Suggested clip · 111 secondsMaya – How to Fix Non-Manifold Geometry – YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clip How do you clean Maya mesh? Select the polygon mesh you want to clean up. Select Mesh > Cleanup. What are concave faces in Maya? Concave Faces Turn this option on and Maya will hunt down all faces where at least two edges form a concave curve (if you don’t know what concave means it stands for curved in; the opposite being convex). Concave Faces are not a big deal in Maya. What are non planar faces in Maya? A polygon face is non-planar when: it has more than three vertices, and one or more of those vertices do not lie in the same plane. When a polygon mesh is comprised of quads or n-gons it is possible to have non-planar polygon faces. What is non planar surface? : not planar : not lying or able to be confined within a single plane : having a three-dimensional quality … there is no way of redrawing this circuit so that none of the elements cross. What is non planar structure? the molecule will not be planar if there is an sp3 hybridized carbon (or nitrogen) atom or two sp2 hybridized atoms of carbon/nitrogen which are separated by an even number of double bonds and no single bonds. Otherwise, its structure allows it to be planar. What are lamina faces? Lamina faces share all of their edges. You would have two faces on top of each other. If you later merge the vertices of the two faces, they would share the same edges. You can remove the extra face using Cleanup with Lamina faces turned on. What is non manifold geometry? Non-manifold geometry is defined as any edge shared by more than two faces. This can occur when a face or edge is extruded but not moved, which results in two identical edges directly on top of one another. In the example blow, two cubes have one edge in common. How do I remove double vertices in Maya? you can do this by selecting all vertices and then perform a ‘merge vertices’ and adjust the distance. Oh, that’s easy enough. How do you delete a double face in Maya? Solution:Select your object and go to Mesh -> Clean Up.In the option box, select Cleanup Matching Polygons and under Remove Geometry select Lamina faces (faces sharing all edges).Hit the Apply button. How do you merge vertices in Maya? HelpSelect the vertices you want to merge.Do one of the following: From the main menu bar, select Edit Mesh > Merge > . In the Merge Vertices options window, adjust the Threshold.Click Merge. In the In-View Editor that appears, adjust the polySewEdge node attributes.
GK Questions For Class 1 Wednesday June 17, 2020 Curiosity is the spark behind the spark of every idea”. And so, let us be someone who ignites the spark in them. This can be done by developing General Knowledge in Kids. So, here are some easy GK questions for kids with answers for Class 1. 1. Which of these is a green-colored vegetable? a) Potato b) Tomato c) Pea d) Cauliflower Ans: C. Pea 1. What is the Color of the Leaves? a) Red b) Green c) Blue d) Yellow Ans: B. Green 1. Identify the Tree gk question a) Coconut Tree b) Banyan Tree c) Mango Tree d) Peepal Tree Ans: A. Coconut Tree 1. Who is the king of the jungle? b) Lion c) Deer d) Elephant Ans: B. Lion 1. Which part of your body do you use to see? a) Ears b) Nose c) Tongue d) Eyes Ans: D. Eyes 1. How many fingers are there in your hands? a) Five b) Six c) Seven d) Ten Ans. D. Ten 1. Which of the following animals give us milk? a) Cow b) Dog c) Cat d) Monkey Ans: A. Cow 1. What is the color of sunflowers? a) White b) Yellow c) Blue d) Green Ans: B. Yellow 1. Which animal is known as “Ship of Desert”? a) Donkey b) Horse c) Came d) Elephant Ans: C. Camel 1. How many legs do you have? Ans: Two 1. Which animal guards our house? Ans: Dog 1. Identify the bird General knowledge for kids Ans: Peacock 1. What is the color of your hair? Ans: Black 1. How many wheels does a cycle have? Ans: Two 1. Name the four main directions? Ans: North, East, West, and South 1. What food does a cow eat? Ans: Grass 1. Which number comes after 10? Ans: 11 1. Which means of transport do you use in water? Ans: Ship 1. How many alphabets are there in the English language? Ans: 26 1. Where do you go when you are sick? Ans: Hospital 1. A person who teaches us is known as___________? Ans: Teacher 1. Name the vowels in English. Ans: A,E,I,O,U 1. How many sense organs do we have? Ans: Five 1. What is the color of the sky? Ans: Blue 1. What sound does a dog make? Ans: Bow-Bow GK Questions General Knowledge For Kids (105 Questions and Answers)
History of Medicine – From Magic to Science to Wellbeing In early civilisations, there was no distinction between “rational science” and magic, and so far as to sometimes involve the calling of deities. However, empirical observations of illness and the reaction to treatment eventually were systematically recorded, later following scientific methods. In the West, it was in the early 17th Century that medicine began to separate physical and spiritual in what is now considered “Newtonian medicine”. In short, much like Newton’s Laws of Motion where reaction arose from action, the reasoning was applied to the body in that normal and abnormal functions could be explained by mechanistic changes in the body. This is a mechanistic model taking the human body as a machine. The Doctor’s Visit, Smithsonian American Art Museum As scientific methods and tools improved over the centuries, so too did medicine. Systematic analysis of symptoms, reactions to treatments, and understanding of the body rapidly increased. We were able to study the “machine” in much greater detail. In the 19th century, old ideas of infectious disease epidemiology were gradually replaced by advances in bacteriology and virology. By the late 19th and early 20th century, statistical methods such as correlations and hypothesis tests were introduced making much more sophisticated analysis possible. Now, we were able to study the great variety in “machines” across populations. Public health became more prominent and important in the 20th century especially during the 1918 flu pandemic. Managing the healthy running of society’s many “machines”. With all the specialisation in science and medicine, it wasn’t until the mid-late 20th century that medicine began to revisit holistic care in systems theory and the concept of health as a dissipative system. Systems theory is the multidisciplinary study of systems to investigate phenomena from a holistic approach. Dissipative systems are what’s known as open systems, that is, a system having the capability to operate outside of equilibrium or a stable steady-state, and constantly exchanging matter, energy and information from the external environment with automatic self regulation among other features. In other words, a hyper-complex “machine” interacting, and evolving with its environment. Patient Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMS) have been shown (ref) to be effective means to bridge the traditional Newtonian medicine practiced widely today, with the systems theory and dissipative systems concepts with the aim of delivering holistic wellbeing for patients. This includes social, lifestyle and environmental elements. PROMS are also a key part of providing Value Based Health Care (VBHC) to populations such as groups of patients of a medical practice, employees, customers, through to state, national and worldwide populations. eHealthier is a digital platform for managing PROMS built by medical practitioners for the healthcare sector. An effective diagnostic tool now available to physicians and public health managers to help identify, measure and track wellbeing, eHealthier simplifies patient data capture, data management and analysis, all in a secure easy to use cloud platform. Contact eHealthier today for a discussion about improving wellbeing and a demonstration of the eHealthier platform. Want to improve health outcomes? Leave a Reply
Halogen free cables and materials Toxic chemicals and compounds surrounds us in everyday life and there is a growing desire to remove them wherever possible. What are halogen free cables, and how do they help? When we refer to halogens, we’re talking about a group of elements in the periodic table known to have harmful properties: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. Many cable plastics use these elements as a flame retardant, which they do quite successfully (the fluoropolymers: ETFE, FEP and PTFE have some of the best fire performance properties available). However, although they can be difficult to ignite, when the intensity of the fire is sufficient that the cable does finally catch fire, a halogenated cable will release fumes that are both toxic when inhaled and corrosive to circuitry in equipment. Naturally, this makes them unsuitable for use in areas where people are present and may not be able to evacuate easily in the event of a fire. The challenge is to remove the toxic elements from cables and wires, but maintain the flame retardant properties. Halogen Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) cables substitute the halogen content of a material for another non-toxic element such as aluminium. Many can then be irradiated by electron-beam to further increase their fire and temperature resistance properties, along with mechanical strength and resilience. Our halogen free and flame retardant cables Since the early 90s, Habia has been at the forefront of designing and manufacturing halogen free flame retardant cables. During this time, we’ve supplied HFFR cables for applications as diverse as nuclear safety critical systems (our Habiatron product range), ships and submarines (our military and lightweight marine cable ranges) and electric vehicles (Hi-Flex ZH range) among many, many others. Other terms used for HFFR Low smoke zero halogen (LSZH), or Zero halogen (ZH or 0H) are other commonly used terms and acronyms for the halogen free flame retardant (HFFR) properties. At Habia, we specialise in the design and manufacture of custom cables and harnesses – all of which can be made using halogen free materials.
Methods in Molecular Medicine Molecular medicine is a broad field includes the utilization of many molecular biological techniques for the analysis of diseases and their genetic aspects. Recombinant DNA and cloning techniques are used possibly for the study of disease genes. Molecular Medicine strives to promote the understanding of normal body functioning and disease pathogenesis at the molecular level, and to allow researchers and physician-scientists to use that knowledge in the design of specific tools for disease diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. Molecular medicine is the application of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics to the understanding of human health and disease. It aims to understand how health is maintained and the origins and mechanisms of human diseases High Impact List of Articles agar io wormax io
Home > Articles > Programming > PHP • Print • + Share This This chapter is from the book This chapter is from the book Authenticating Users Against Text Files Not all sites contain a database back-end to store data, and some sites probably will never require them. Still, you may want to limit access to certain parts of the site or even the entire site. One way to do this is to authenticate against a text file stored someplace on the server, preferably out of the Web server directory so that there is no way it can be accessed by someone with a Web browser. This method only requires the standard file functions, as well as the MD5 encryption function. This script serves a dual purpose. It allows you to add users to a password file, as well as test authentication. This way, you can create a blank text file and easily fill it with some username/password combinations so that you can test the functionality of the script. This script is not meant to be used in its entirety to check passwords on a site. You would need to remove the functions that allow you to add users before you placed the script in your own site. Script 7-2 file_authentication.php 1. <? 2. $password_file = "C:/apache/passwords/pass.txt"; 4. function check_pass($login, $password) { 5. global $password_file; 6. if(!$fh = fopen($password_file, "r")) {die("<P>Could Not Open Password File");} 7. $match = 0; 8. $password = md5($password); 9. while(!feof($fh)) { 10. $line = fgets($fh, 4096); 11. $user_pass = explode(":", $line); 12. if($user_pass[0] == $login) { 13. if(rtrim($user_pass[1]) == $password) { 14. $match = 1; 15. break; 16. } 17. } 18. } 19. if($match) { 20. return 1; 21. } else { 22. return 0; 23. } 24. fclose($fh); 25. } 27. function print_login_form($login) { 28. ?> 29. <p>Please Log In: 30. <form action=file_authentication.php method=post> 31. <p>Login: <input type="text" name="login" value="<?=$login?>"> 32. <br>Password: <input type="password" name="password"> 33. <br><input type="submit" name="checkpass" value="Login!"> 34. </form> 35. <? 36. } 38. function print_add_form() { 39. ?> 40. <p>Add New User: 41. <form action=file_authentication.php method=post> 42. <p>Login: <input type="text" name="adduser"> 43. <br>Password: <input type="password" name="addpass"> 44. <br><input type="submit" name="add" value="Add User!"> 45. </form> 46. <? 47. } 49. function add_user($adduser, $addpass) { 50. global $password_file; 51. if(!$fh = fopen($password_file, "a+")) { die("<P>Could Not Open Password File"); } 52. rewind($fh); 53. while(!feof($fh)) { 54. $line = fgets($fh, 4096); 55. $user_pass = explode(":", $line); 56. if($user_pass[0] == $adduser) { 57. echo "<h2>Duplicate Login. Invalid!</h2>"; 58. return 0; 59. } 60. } 61. $add = $adduser . ":" . md5($addpass) . "\n"; 62. if(!fwrite($fh, $add)) { die("<P>Could Not Write To Password File"); } 63. fclose($fh); 64. echo"<h2>User Added!</h2>"; 65. } 66. /*** MAIN **/ 67. if(isset($checkpass)) { 68. if(check_pass($login, $password)) { 69. echo "<h2>Login Success!</h2>"; 70. } else { 71. echo "<h2>Login Failed</h2><p>Bad username or password. Login and Password are case-sensitive. Try again:"; 72. print_login_form($login); 73. } 74. } elseif(isset($add_form)) { 75. print_add_form(); 76. } elseif(isset($add)) { 77. add_user($adduser, $addpass); 78. } else { 79. print_login_form(""); 80. } 81. ?> 82. <p>You can <a href=file_authentication.php?add_form=1>Add Users</a> or <a href=file_authentication.php>login</a> an existing user. Script 7-2. file_authentication.php Line-by-Line Explanation Define the file that contains the passwords. Note that you should specify the correct path on your machine that points to the password file. On nix-based systems, you'd obviously omit the "C:\" nonsense in the path. Create a function that checks the user-entered password against the username/password combination stored in the password file. Allow the password file to be read and modified globally by this function. Attempt to open the file and assign it to a file pointer. If the file cannot be opened, then print an error and exit from the script. Initialize a variable to track a username/password match. Initialize it to false (0) to assume the password is incorrect. Since the passwords are stored encrypted, encrypt the user-entered password using the MD5 function. Create a while loop that searches through the file until the end of file (EOF) is reached. For each iteration of the loop, get one line from the file and place it in the $line variable. Create an array of the line obtained from the file using the explode function. Since the usernames and passwords are stored in the format: and the explode() function breaks up the line on every ":", the script places two items into the $user_pass array: the username at index [0] and the password at index [1]. Check if the username from the file, which is stored in $user_pass[0], matches the username entered by the user, $login. If the user-entered username matches the username obtained from the file, then check to see if the password from the file, $user_pass[1], matches the password entered by the user, $password. If the passwords match, then set the $match variable to true (1), since the user-entered username and password match the ones contained in the password file. If the passwords match, then break from the loop. Close out the password-checking if statement. Close out the username-checking if statement. Close out the while loop. If there was a match, then return true to the calling program or function. If there was no match, then return false to the calling program or function. Close the file. End the function declaration. Create a function that prints a login form to the screen. The function takes one argument, called $login, which is used to automatically re-enter the username if there was no match from a previous attempt at logging in. Stop parsing the page as PHP. Begin displaying the login form. Print the username field. If this is a subsequent attempt to log in, then automatically enter the username. Continue printing the form to the page. Start parsing the page as PHP again. End the function declaration. Create a function that prints a form allowing you to add username/password combinations to the password file. Stop parsing the page as PHP and print out a standard HTML form, then continue parsing the page as PHP. End the function declaration. Create a function that adds a username and password combination to the password file. The function takes two arguments: $adduser and $addpass. Since we opened the file using append mode ("a+") on line 51, rewind the file so that the file pointer is at the beginning of the file. The append mode places the file pointer at the end of the file by default. Check to see if the username stored in $user_pass[0] is the same as the username entered into the Add User form. Usernames should always be unique! This line checks to make sure that a duplicate username is not being entered into the password file. If the usernames match, then you are trying to enter a duplicate username. Print out a message to the users informing them that the username they entered is invalid. Return false to the calling program or function. Since this line has been reached, it means that the username entered was unique (if it was not, then the function would have terminated with the return on line 58). Create a username/password combination by prepending the username to the MD5 encrypted form of the password. A colon is placed in between the two so that the script can parse easily when it checks usernames and passwords. Colons do not occur as output in MD5 encryption, so they are safe characters to use to delimit the two values. (Note that the script doesn't forbid colons in the usernames, which would cause user authentication to always fail if a user placed a colon in a username.) Attempt to write the new username/password combination to the end of the file. You know you are at the end of the file, since the while loop just parsed the entire file. If the write attempt fails, then display an error and kill the script. Close the file. Print a message letting the user know the password was added to the password file. End the function declaration. Begin the main file execution. Check to see if the $checkpass variable has been set. If it is set, this means that the login form was submitted to the script. If the $checkpass variable is set, run the check_pass() function using the user-entered username and password. If the check_pass() function returns true (1), notify the user that authentication succeeded. At this point, you would normally display the content that you were protecting with the user authentication. If the check_pass() function returned false, then print a message informing the user of the error. If the $checkpass variable is not set, but the $add_form variable is set, then print out the form to allow you to add new username/password combinations to the password file. If the $checkpass variable is not set and the $add_form variable is not set, but the $add variable is set, then run the add_user function using the values entered into the Add User form. If none of the above is true, then print the login form using a null value as the argument so that the login_form function does not generate a warning about use of an uninitialized variable. Stop parsing the page as PHP. Print a line to the browser that provides two links. The first is a link that sets the add_form variable so that the add_form function is called and you can add username/password combinations to the password file. The second link is used to display the login form after you have added a user. • + Share This • 🔖 Save To Your Account InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers Collection and Use of Information Questions and Inquiries Online Store Contests and Drawings Service Announcements Customer Service Other Collection and Use of Information Application and System Logs Web Analytics Cookies and Related Technologies Do Not Track This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals. 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• Jane Kilpatrick Is Now The Time That Mental Health Education Should Be Fully Integrated In Our Schools' Curriculum? Updated: Aug 18, 2020 There has never been a moment in modern history where the topic of mental health and wellbeing has been at the forefront in our society. As adults, we are bombarded by messages of the benefits of incorporating physical wellbeing into our hectic lives and most recently we have become conscious of the importance of applying mental health tools to help calm the mind, reduce anxiety and remove stress. The global pandemic has forced a revolutionary re-think on how people work, engage, learn, and collaborate. The word “teams” has a whole new meaning, now representing a digital engagement between humans versus a physical participation amongst peers. As adults, we have the awareness and maturity of how to apply and cope with our mental health for our own personal benefit. We are capable and have the experience to make the choice and decision to learn how to accept the benefits of being aware of the positive or even the negative impacts of our mental wellbeing. Our children do not have this power or the means and aren’t equipped with the knowledge to start to be aware of the impact of the enormous pressures they face today, be it from school exams, bullying, peer pressure, social media or interactions at home or at school. If we do not act now, then as the post Covid-19 generation we will fail in our joint responsibility to provide a mental health duty of care for our children and their children. Let’s not be under any illusion, the time to deal with this crisis is not approaching – it’s already here! The academic performance from our children has traditionally been the main metric by which we all measure their success or perceived failure. The outcome of this sole metric still dictates the path of their further education, careers and subsequently how their lives unfold. If your child is fortunate enough to have access to an extra school curriculum, such as sports, drama or outdoor pursuits, then your child has other avenues in which they can add to their own additional personal measurements. They know that their success is purely down to how much they put into the activity is what they will get out of it. However, this is not the case with academic targets and if schools are forced to continue to pursue academic attainment without providing mental health guidance, support and tools as part of the educational curriculum then we are creating a time bomb waiting to explode. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to establish a formula that equates to happy, non-stressed, non-pressured and confident children to equal higher levels of engagement, improved concentration, increased performance and ultimately better results. Its very simple! Children who are under immense pressure find it extremely difficult to engage in everyday life in which school plays a large proportion of that. The cost to their personal lives and the fiscal impact is gigantic. So why isn’t mental health baked into the everyday curriculum in our schools and why aren’t schools providing educational resources to children, parents, or carers? Consider this. How many subjects taught at school do we carry on using in our adult lives? Not very many! There are the core subjects that form the foundation to equip us to cope in adult life such as Maths, English and Science. There can be no better subject to take forward from school in adulthood than ‘Mental Wellbeing’. It is a lifelong subject that requires no level of aptitude, experience or qualification. It is a subject where there is no exam required, no-one is graded and everyone participates. It is a subject where the benefits go wider than the classroom as it helps, supports and develops the relationship between pupils, pupils and teachers and between pupils and their families. Fortunately, we do have a wide variety of mental health support available to young people in our community, however they are generally designed to deal with the effects and not the root cause of poor mental health. So we are reacting rather than preventing. To radically reduce the effects of poor mental health there needs to be a framework within school to help prevent the effects in the first place. It is obvious that schools are the most appropriate establishments to implement preventative measures because they are the source of access to every child, from Primary to University. Preventing long-term mental health issues will drive up our national productivity, while reducing the already stretched financial burdens on managing the effects (including reducing family law cases and child protection services). Schools are the only realistic platform in which to counter the declining mental health epidemic that we are currently in. Implementing a mental health program within a school’s curriculum is also not a complicated issue. Schools need to take a serious look at the subjects that are just no longer important and they need to make the sacrifice to cut out one lesson per week from non-valued added subjects and replace with a Mental health awareness lesson, or at least provide every child and teacher with on-line courses and tools. Imagine, every child in this county getting a minimum of thirty minutes a week to help them develop socially, emotionally and build confidence by giving them the tools and support to mitigate the mental health risks associated from the anxiety caused by many aspects of school life. Who wouldn’t want that for their child? There is not an employer in the land that wouldn’t want a self-induced happy workforce. There isn’t a community anywhere in this country that wouldn’t benefit from an educational system that is based on compassion. We are now getting ready to send our children back to school for the first time since March 2020, post the COVID-19 Pandemic. It is very clear, and unless you have been in lock-down under a rock, you will not have missed the constant exposure in the press and media showing the enormous anxiety that parents are feeling at this time. Our household is no different as we are discussing whether our daughter should take the bus or train to school. What is safer? What bubble will she be in? What happens if there is another spike? What will happen to her academic performance if she needs to miss another term without the physical interaction with her teachers and peers? There are so many questions. As an adult, I can rationalise the situation. But can our children? Everyday we hear the term “our new normal” and never has this become such an important phrase to create a new education normal. Mental Health needs to be by default a part of the curriculum and schools need to prioritise this immediately. The effects of this current pandemic will affect our children for decades and for sure there will be other global economic, climate and cultural disasters that they will need to face and cope with. Imagine your child coming home from school and recounting their day that included telling you that they have learnt how to be happy and self-aware. Imagine them telling you that they have all the tools at their disposal to help them cope with the pressures of school, enabling them to deal with every situation from a state of inner peace and confidence. Not only would they feel completely emotionally supported and more secure, but they would have the strength to manage the daily pressures of school and life resulting in an improved overall academic performance with less pressure and stress free. How happy would this make them feel, plus dramatically reducing parental anxiety? There is never a “too early” only a “too late”, when it comes to combining mental health and education to truly equip our children and enable them to thrive and to be the very best versions of themselves today and in the future. Young people today deserve a complete education. About the Author Jane Kilpatrick Children & Teens Life Coach With over 20 years’ experience in the health and wellbeing industry, and now as solution focused hypnotherapist and mindfulness coach, Jane helps clients overcome whatever it is that may be holding them back and works with them to achieve their desired goals, instilling confidence, motivation and a passion for personal growth. 31 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Staying healthy during COVID-19 is essential for everyone. We know this but it means so much more than wearing masks and gloves. We know to keep an eye out for symptoms of sneezing, coughing, and a temperature. We are learning more every day about how to reduce our risks to our physical bodies when we are out in public. But what is not discussed is the impact of this uncertain, scary situation on our mental wellbeing. Stress and fear are a given for most people. But for many people with a predisposition or already existing levels of depression, PTSD or anxiety, this can be highly destabilizing. People who work on the frontlines,and people who face financial distress are certainly vulnerable populations we need to prepare for and assist. But people who have a past history of trauma are at a very high risk of being overwhelmed and overloaded, leading to decompensation during this crisis. We need to be proactive. How can we help ourselves and our employees? The most important thing to remember is that we need to normalize mental health responses in this crisis. Nearly one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness. We need to talk about it. We need to be supportive and knowledgeable. And we need to understand that mental health issues are an expected outcome in a global crisis situation like this. We are in a position to encourage people from our work life and home life to be watching for signs that our mental health needs tending to. 5 signs our mental health may be at risk: 1. Our sleep patterns have changed. 2. Our eating patterns have changed. 3. We worry nonstop and obsess about the virus, safety, etc. 4. We cannot focus or concentrate. 5. We have flashbacks or nightmares. If these symptoms are present, it may be helpful for an evaluation, support counseling or medication for a brief period of time to help the brain and nervous system physiology manage the higher levels of stress. Being informed, empathic and compassionate as a leader is what is required here. No judgment. No assumptions and minimizing. And no rejection or backlash. The opportunity at this time with business not the usual, is to challenge the status quo of how things were done pre-COVID-19. We get to rewrite the guidebook. Valuing and protecting our mental health in the workplace and at home needs to be prioritized. We can help. Honestly, I don’t know how we as a society have made it this far, with the stigmatism and downplaying of mental wellbeing that plays such a significant role in our daily lives. Being open and inclusive about the important role of mental health right now can make a difference for you and your employees. Businesses that recognize and support mental wellbeing see a positive change in engagement, productivity, and their bottom lines. “What mental health needs is more sunlight, more candor and more unashamed conversation” When we value well-being on all levels, mentally, spiritually and physically we are safeguarding ourselves and the lives we love and live. We could all be more mindful of that. What are some simple ways each of us can better insulate our mental health during this shelter in place time? 5 Ways to Support Your Mental Health: 1. Make time for work, play, rest and sleep in your day. 2. Help others but take care of your daily needs first. 3. Minimize media/news consumption to the necessary bytes. 4. Pay attention to feelings, needs and wants. 5. Stay socially in touch with people. These are common-sense steps, I know, but they tend to be disregarded after the first week of a crisis. Your best needs to be and is good enough, even when somedays it won’t be great. This is life under the pressure of uncertain times. Just be mindful, gentle and loving with yourself and others, as the caring leader you are. Dr. Kate Dow is the author of “Fear-Less: The Art of Using Anxiety to Your Advantage” a speaker, educator, psychologist and LeadeHERship expert for women in business. Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from Dr. Kate regardings events, programs, workshops and more! You have Successfully Subscribed!
Children Eyecare FAQ Children’s Vision FAQ A: With proper treatment, the odds are very good. Generally, it is better to treat strabismus and amblyopia in young childhood rather than waiting until after age 10. If your daughter’s eye turn (strabismus) is constant, it’s likely surgery will be necessary to straighten her eyes in order for her therapy for amblyopia (or “lazy eye”) to be successful. Strabismus surgery may be needed even if her eyes alternate in their misalignment. Q: My 5-year-old daughter passed her vision screening at school. Does she still need an eye exam? A: Yes. School vision screenings are not a substitute for a comprehensive eye exam — they are designed to detect only gross vision problems. Children can pass a screening at school and still have vision problems that can affect their learning and school performance. A comprehensive children’s eye exam by an optometrist can detect vision problems a school screening may miss. Also, a comprehensive eye exam includes an evaluation of your child’s eye health, which is not part of a school vision screening. A: A very quick and simple in-office test called a stereopsis test can determine if your daughter has normal depth perception. In this test, she wears “3-D glasses” and looks at a number of objects in a special book or on a chart across the room. If she has reduced stereopsis, a program of vision therapy often can help improve depth perception. Q: How often should children have their eyes examined? A: Infants should have their first comprehensive eye exam at 6 months of age, and young children should have routine eye exams at age 3 and again at age 5 or 6 (just before they enter kindergarten or the first grade), says the American Optometric Association (AOA). Q: What is vision therapy? A: Vision therapy (sometimes called vision training) is an individualized program of eye exercises and other methods to correct vision problems other than nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism. Problems treated with vision therapy include amblyopia (‘lazy eye”), eye movement and eye alignment problems, focusing problems and certain visual-perceptual disorders. Vision therapy usually is performed in an optometrist’s office, but most treatment plans also include daily vision exercises to be performed at home. Q: Can vision therapy cure learning disabilities? A: No, vision therapy cannot correct learning disabilities. However, some children with learning disabilities also have vision problems that interfere with learning. Vision therapy can correct such vision problems that may be contributing to a child’s learning problems. A: This is not an uncommon problem. Persistence is the key to helping your toddler get used to the sensation of wearing glasses. Insist that he put his glasses on as soon as he wakes up in the morning – this will help him adapt to the glasses easier. If your child complains of not being able to see clearly with his glasses, it may be a good idea to return to your eye doctor and/or the optical store where you purchased the glasses to make sure the prescription is correct and his glasses were made correctly and are fitting properly. Sometimes, the problem may be the eyeglass frames, not the lenses. Today there are many styles of frames for young children, including some that come with an integrated elastic band to help keep them comfortably on a young child’s head. A: Rigid gas permeable (GP) contact lenses may help. Research shows that, in many cases, fitting myopic youngsters with GP lenses may slow the progression of their nearsightedness. There also are special fitting techniques with GP contacts called orthokeratology (ortho-k) and corneal refractive therapy (CRT) that can temporarily reverse certain amounts of myopia. Some studies suggest bifocals and/or reading glasses also may slow down the progression of myopia in some children. Q: My 7-year-old son’s teacher thinks he has “convergence insufficiency.” What is this, and what can I do about it? A: Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a relatively common learning-related vision problem where a person’s eyes don’t stay comfortably aligned when they are reading or doing close work. For reading and other close-up tasks, our eyes need to be pointed slightly inward (converged). A person with convergence insufficiency has a tough time doing this, which can lead to eyestrain, headaches, fatigue, blurred vision and reading problems. Often a program of vision therapy can effectively treat CI and reduce or eliminate these problems. Sometimes, special reading glasses also can help. Also, if your son had his vision tested at a school screening (where there can be plenty of distractions), it’s a good idea to schedule a comprehensive eye exam to rule out nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism or an eye health problem that may be keeping him from having better visual acuity. A: In situations like this, where one eye needs a much stronger correction than the other, contact lenses are a better eyewear solution. With glasses, the unequal lens powers cause an unequal magnification effect, so the two eyes form images in the brain that are different in size. This can cause discomfort (and even dizziness and nausea) because the brain may not be able to blend the two separate images into a single, three-dimensional one. And, of course, the glasses are unattractive because one lens is much thicker than the other. Even if your child is quite young, she can probably handle contact lens wear. Contact lenses of unequal power don’t cause the differences in image magnification that glasses do. Continuous wear lenses (worn day and night for up to 30 days, then discarded) or one-day disposable contact lenses may be good options. Source: Children’s Vision Problems Q&A by Article ©2011 Access Media Group LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction other than for one-time personal use is strictly prohibited. Eye care articles provided by We are voted #1 Best Optometrists and Eyeglass Centre in New Westminster for a reason. @2021 Lifetime Eyecare. All rights reserved. Read Our Privacy Policy Designed & Developed by Scroll to Top
TITLE: Diablo Mask TYPE: face mask COUNTRY: Guatemala SUBREGION: Sacatepéquez DESCRIPTION: Diablo (Devil) Mask MAKER: Unknown maker in Antigua Sacatepéquez CEREMONY: Baile de la Legion los 24 Diablos AGE: ca. 1930s-1950s OTHER MATERIALS: gesso; paint; nails; glue Devil characters appear in several dance-dramas in Guatemala, mainly for entertainment or religious instruction. In the Sacatepéquez Department, the Baile de la Legion de los 24 Diablos (Dance of the Legion of 24 Devils) serves this function, being an approximately three hour drama enacted in late November or early December. The story involves 19 devils, including Lucifer (who is distinguished by the crown he wears), Death, a monkey, angels, a maiden, an old man, and a soul. The devils, each representing a different theme or sin, seek out a soul to condemn, but one or more angels arrive to succor the sinner. In the end, the soul regresses and goes to Hell. The drama is accompanied by dance, songs and music on traditional Mayan instruments, principally the marimba and chirima flute. For more on Guatemalan masks, see Jim Pieper, Guatemala’s Masks and Drama (University of New Mexico Press, 2006)
Whitepaper: 01.15.2015 COGEN Gains Popularity Currently, Texas is the American leader for energy production and consumption as recorded by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the state is also the leading importer and refiner of oil and gas products. With more than 102,000 Texans employed in the renewable energy sector and thousands more working in related fields, the state ranks second nationally for employment in an industry that continues to grow. Additionally, the Texas government has contributed millions of dollars to several state-mandated projects to continue energy research and growth, ensuring Texas remains a leader in energy production and innovation. Starting as recently as 2001, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began an initiative to encourage companies to become more energy efficient and protect the environment from harmful energy-generation practices. The EPA initially created a partnership between the government and 17 corporations to employ the use of combined heat and power (CHP) to produce necessary energy on commercial campuses. Over time, more corporations, hospitals and institutions have implemented this method of generating electricity to become more environmentally friendly as well as cost efficient. This CHP method, also known as cogeneration (COGEN), has the capability to reduce carbon dioxide emissions significantly, with annual energy savings equating to 19 million barrels of oil. Studies have found that by increasing COGEN’s total U.S. electricity generation capacity to 20 percent by the year 2030, the method has the ability to lower U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 600 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, or the equivalent of removing 109 million cars from our roads. With electricity production methods other than COGEN, a certain amount of energy is discarded as wasted heat. For example, thermal power plants produce heat during electricity generation, which is then released back into the environment. In contrast, COGEN takes some or all of this leftover heat, either keeping it close to the plant or using it as hot water, to create more electricity than originally produced. The leftover heat is actually reused to continue the process of generating electricity. COGEN currently accounts for nearly 12 percent of total U.S. electricity generation. Texas, home to one-fifth of all U.S. COGEN structures, is leading this trend with a total of more than 17,000 megawatts (MW). Each individual structure can range anywhere from 30 kiloWatts (kW) to 250 MW, depending on the installment of turbines including gas, steam or microturbines. Many owners are opting to invest in these utilities due to the long-term benefits of COGEN energy methods. As a result, contractors have adapted planning and construction methods to anticipate and react to the challenges that come with building these facilities. Utilizing COGEN for the VA McCarthy’s Texas Division recently completed a CHP/COGEN project at the VA Dallas Medical Center for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). While McCarthy has built other major healthcare facilities for the VA, this $23 million project was the company’s first stand-alone CHP/COGEN project in the VA’s nationwide renewable energy program. This design-build project required the construction of a new electrical building and turbine shelter and the installation of a 5 MW, natural gas-fired turbine with a dual-fuel fired Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in the existing boiler house. It also included the installation of a natural gas compressor, Selective Catalytic Regenerator (SCR), a 15-kilovolt paralleling electrical switchgear and black start generator, and modifications to the existing 15-kilovolt electrical distribution system. The project’s main functions include providing a renewable power source, the efficiencies of COGEN, and enhanced energy security at the VA Medical Center. Planning for and Delivering a COGEN Project While COGEN projects are more energy and cost efficient, owners must be aware of the extensive time it takes to actually receive the parts for a COGEN system and the time it takes to install them. With the considerable equipment required for a COGEN system coupled with an intensive delivery process, there is a risk of an increased construction timeline of several months. To avoid delays, owners should look for a knowledgeable, experienced design-build contractor to manage all aspects of a COGEN project, from preplanning to design and purchase, delivery and installation of the equipment. While COGEN is a viable solution for many energy needs, these systems are major investments for an owner looking to install one. COGEN systems can cost upwards of 40 to 50 percent of the overall contract value of the building process. For example, the cost of a 50 MW gas turbine COGEN system might amount to $45 million, with a construction timeline of six to 18 months. A 1 MW COGEN system that might be used for a hospital may come with a price tag of $1.6 million. Although the initial cost is high, the long-term benefits of the systems are realized in overall energy cost savings. Many COGEN systems maintain a connection to the utility grid for power needs beyond their own abilities and for planned or unplanned blackout or brownout times, but they primarily operate on their own to create electricity. The Texas designated electricity system, or the “Texas Interconnection,” is operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). Texas, separate from the rest of the nation, is the only mainland state with its own grid. During times when commercial properties can afford to be off the grid and to run on their own COGEN systems, ERCOT will buy back unused electricity from the corporations employing COGEN systems during times of peak energy use. Over time, the payout from ERCOT can be significant, and systems can even start paying for themselves. With COGEN systems becoming increasingly popular, owners need to determine not only the cost-saving benefits, but also identify a contractor with the experience to design and install these complex systems, all while maintaining the budget to ensure the benefits of a COGEN facility are fully realized. An experienced contractor can help owners decide if a renewable energy source such as COGEN is the best fit for their facility, evaluating both the up-front capital costs and long-term savings. McCarthy continues to work with clients to incorporate COGEN systems into projects and is constantly looking for innovative ways to make the planning and construction process seamless, more efficient and cost effective. sign up to receive insights Sign up to receive McCarthy Insights
China’s Chang’e 4 Spacecraft Will Land on Dark Side of the Moon in the Next 60 Hours China’s space agency said its control center in Beijing would choose a suitable time to try the landing, but the Smithsonian Institution, the American museums and research centers group, reported that the craft was expected to set down on the Von Kármán crater landing point between January 1 and 3. The moon lander was launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southern China on December 8 on a Long March 3B rocket and entered lunar orbit four days later. The far side of the moon faces away from Earth and it remains comparatively unknown. It has a different composition from sites on the near side where previous missions have landed. China launched a relay satellite, Queqiao, or Magpie Bridge, between Earth and the moon. Operating about 400,000km (250,000 miles) from Earth, Queqiao will pass on signals to the lunar lander and rover of Chang’e 4. Lunar Sample Return Next by 2020 China will launch a returnable spacecraft called Chang’e 5 by 2020. Chang’e 5 will include a lunar lander and a rover that could return to Earth after collecting samples and performing surveys on the planet’s satellite
What is Glaucoma? Glaucoma is a condition in which the optic nerve, which joins the eye to the brain, undergoes damage therefore resulting in visual loss. It is usually, but not always, associated with raised intraocular pressure. What causes Glaucoma? A clear watery fluid, called ‘aqueous’, is produced inside the eye by cells surrounding the lens (the ciliary body). This fluid provides the necessary pressure to help maintain the shape of the eye. This pressure is called the ‘intraocular pressure’. As the aqueous circulates the inner chambers of the eye it nourishes the lens and cornea and then returns to the blood stream through a meshwork. The meshwork normally provides some resistance to the flow of aqueous, so the pressure in the eye is maintained. A number of things can happen to interfere with the normal flow of aqueous, which can result in increased pressure. The most common cause is a malfunction in the meshwork, as it may not adequately drain the aqueous from the eye. The increased intraocular pressure is transmitted across all the structures of the eye and damages the optic nerve fibres as they leave the back of the eye and travel to the brain. Sometimes even normal intraocular pressure is associated with damage to these fibres. As these nerves become damaged, then vision becomes affected. If unchecked, this process can eventually lead to blindness. Dr Martin will identify the cause of glaucoma in order to implement the appropriate course of treatment. What are the symptoms of Glaucoma? Glaucoma is often called the ‘silent thief of sight’ because it develops without obvious symptoms (namely in chronic glaucoma). As intraocular pressure rises slowly, damage to the actual eye structure may not be caused for many years and patients are often not aware of the gradual loss of sight. For this reason regular examinations are very important. Vision usually becomes more and more impaired and, finally, the very centre of sight begins to deteriorate as irreversible blindness sets in. Some people do experience vague symptoms, including a need for frequent change in glasses, difficulty adjusting to dark rooms, loss of side vision, and blurred vision. Rarely, other symptoms, such as the appearance of coloured rings around lights and severe headaches or pain, may occur. You should not wait for symptoms to appear before being tested for glaucoma. Who is at risk of developing Glaucoma? Glaucoma is present in 3% of the Australian population and although the risk for developing glaucoma increases with age, it can occur at any time. People at high risk include those with: • A family history of glaucoma; • High intraocular pressure; • Short-sightedness (myopia); • Migraines; • Diabetes; • High blood pressure; or • A history of previous eye injury. Other risk factors include people who are over the age of 45 or those who are using ocular steroids (cortisone) for prolonged periods. Are there different types of Glaucoma? There are several types of glaucoma. The most common types include: Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma This is the most common type and accounts for 90% of cases. It progresses slowly causing a gradual deterioration of vision. This type of glaucoma typically responds well to treatment, which is usually continued for life so that the pressure is kept under control, helping to prevent vision loss. Laser treatment and/or surgery is sometimes required to allow the fluid to pass more freely out of the eye. Acute or Angle-Closure Glaucoma This is a sudden increase of intraocular pressure in the eye. It must be treated immediately otherwise permanent damage to vision may occur in a very short time. Usually medication is given to reduce the pressure, then laser treatment or surgery is performed to correct the problem. Often marked symptoms are present such as severe pain in the eye, blurred vision, the appearance of coloured rings around lights and vomiting. Secondary Glaucoma This type of glaucoma is caused by other conditions such as inflammation of the eye, tumours, injuries or advanced cataracts. It may also occur after different types of eye surgery. Congenital Glaucoma This type is present at birth (or shortly thereafter) and is rare. Enlargement of the infant’s eyes as well as tearing and unusual sensitivity to light are all signs of congenital glaucoma. What is the treatment of Glaucoma? There is no cure for glaucoma, however, lowering the eye pressure usually prevents further damage or vision loss. Eye drops are the most common form of treatment and the first line of treatment tried. It is imperative that the drops be taken exactly as prescribed. Some drops may have side-effects, however Dr Martin will prescribe the drops that are most suitable for you. Sometimes tablets are also used to decrease the intraocular pressure. Occasionally, laser or surgical procedures may be necessary. Dr Martin will discuss these with you if they are necessary for your condition.
Nutrition for Premature Infants in the NICU For a time, healthcare staff will care for your baby in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There are several ways to feed babies while they’re in the NICU. A healthcare provider may start to feed your baby through an IV (a tube that goes into the vein). A tube may be used to send formula or human milk into the baby’s stomach (a gavage feeding). Your baby may be able to go directly to breast or bottle feeding. The best method depends on your baby’s health and gestational age. Your baby will likely be feeding from a breast or bottle before leaving the NICU to go home. Diagram showing newborn lying on back with possible insertion sites for total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Diagram showing newborn lying on back being fed through gavage tube going from nose to stomach. Total parenteral nutrition is used to feed your baby until the digestive system is ready for tube, breast or bottle feeding. Shaded areas show possible points of insertion of the total parenteral nutrition catheter. The feeding tube passes through the nose to the stomach. It can be used to give breast milk or formula. What are babies fed in the NICU? • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN). This is a solution that provides all the nutrition your baby needs. Your baby gets this through his or her vein. Healthcare providers give TPN to most very early preemies. This is because their digestive systems are not yet mature, so they can’t absorb enough nutrition through regular feedings. • Human milk. Your baby will get the best nutrition and protection from your own milk. It can be given with a gavage feeding, at the breast, or with a bottle. Many preemies learn to breastfeed while in the NICU. Ask the NICU staff about the best way to pump and store milk for your baby. If your baby is a preemie, the milk may be mixed with a protein and mineral supplement to help your baby's growth. Mom's milk benefits premature babies because it reduces the chance of getting infections and is easiest to digest. Many NICUs will give donor milk from a milk bank to very small preemies whose moms don't have enough milk yet. • Formula. Special formulas are designed for the needs of preemies for whom human milk is not available. The healthcare team will give this to your baby, with a gavage feeding or a bottle, if you are unable to provide milk or choose not to and if donor milk is not available. How does a baby move from TPN to full breast or bottle-feeding? If your baby has started on TPN, moving to full breast or bottle-feeding may take 3 to 4 weeks. This depends on your baby’s gestational age. A baby is often able to start learning to feed from your breast or a bottle by 32 to 34 weeks gestation. Meanwhile, gavage feeding will provide most of the baby's nutrition until he or she is fully able to feed by mouth. In any case, the type of feeding that goes into the stomach rather than the vein is called enteral nutrition. Enteral feedings start with a small amount of milk or formula. The amount of breast or formula feedings is increased as the baby grows stronger. At the same time, TPN is decreased. The goal over time is to work up to full enteral feeding. This is often calculated as 150 to180 mL of milk or formula, per kilogram, per day. In some cases, a baby who is having a medical problem may need to go back to TPN for a time. If this happens, milk or formula feeding will be started again when the baby is ready. Babies who are not ready to take all their feedings by mouth can still have full enteral feedings by gavage, without TPN.
listen to the pronunciation of teardown Englisch - Türkisch Englisch - Englisch A well-maintained structure purchased and torn down to make way for a new structure When a network communication session is ending, the two computers agree to stop talking, and then systematically break the connection, and recover the port addresses and other resources used for the session This process is called teardown The activities required to remove tooling and preset parameters used for the last production run that must occur before setup for the next run can start theoretical capacity- The maximum output a given resource could generate if operated full-time and the optimal production rate was met
Ways to Prevent Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Posted 15th April, 2021 Carbon Monoxide is one of the most harmful gases to our health. And if we don't take proper measures to prevent it, it can be deadly too. But what exactly is carbon monoxide? How harmful can it be, especially in the home, coming from central heating and other sources? and how it can be avoided? Let's discuss everything one by one for toxic-free home heating. What is carbon monoxide? Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless, and tasteless, highly flammable gas. It is less dense than air and equally toxic to both animals and humans. When inhaled, it displaces oxygen from the blood, thus causing you to lose consciousness. It causes suffocation and becomes deadly as it deprives the heart, brain, and vital organs of oxygen. Thus, it becomes necessary to keep a check on CO (Carbon monoxide) coming out of gas sources in the household, primarily from central heating systems. Carbon monoxide (CO) is perhaps one of the most harmful gasses that can accumulate in your house. Since it is odourless and colourless, it is hard to detect it in the atmosphere without installing a carbon monoxide alarm. Even a tiny amount of CO gas can cause a lot of damage and can affect air quality. It can negatively affect you and your family members' health. Be extra vigilant during winters to protect yourself and the family from carbon monoxide poisoning. Here are some ideas and ways on how to prevent CO poisoning: 1) Always follow the carbon monoxide safety checklist Safety is the topmost priority! So, experts advise to religiously follow the safety checklist at the time of installation. Depending upon the gas appliances you have in your home, you should carefully inspect each of them from time to time. 2) Know where Carbon Monoxide Leak is coming from The first and the key step is to identify the source of the gas leak. Any home appliance or equipment that emits natural gas, coal, oil, charcoal, wood, or propane has the potential to produce carbon monoxide. These sources often are boilers, heaters, fireplaces, ovens, central heating systems, etc. Identifying the origin is the most important task. The sooner we find it, the better it is to mitigate the risk. 3) Install Carbon Monoxide Detectors at right places CO detectors are a must for identifying leaks and thus protecting your family against carbon monoxide poisoning. It detects and alerts you in case of any CO leak within the house. It gives you time to take preventative measures. You should carefully assess installation places where you should install detectors. Primarily install it near central heating, boilers, gas appliances, fireplaces, and other similar spots. It all depends upon the number of appliances you have in your house. 4) Regularly Test CO Detectors You should test the carbon monoxide detectors after regular intervals to ensure they’re functioning properly. You can check the manual or call an expert for more details about testing. So that alarms save you whenever there is a leak. Not testing them may prove expensive. We must not compromise with the safety and well-being of everyone in our family and around. 5) Invest regularly in maintenance of boilers and central heating solutions It has been observed that components such as central heating are often more responsible for carbon monoxide leaks. You should make sure to get the boiler and central heating routinely checked. Not just boilers and central heating but also everything appliance that you feel may cause some danger. Now you know how important it is to keep a check on carbon monoxide leaks. Make sure to take all the preventative measures. Get your heating system checked by experienced professionals of The Boiler Installation Specialists Ltd. We provide all types of services for superior home heating, from replacement to new boiler installation, we do it all. Contact us to know more about our services. Recent posts
remarketing tag for google adwords 16 Questions to Measure Your Self-Control If you lose self-control, everything will fail. Coach Wooden expanded on this key idea of his: Discipline yourself and others won’t need to. If you lose self-control everything will fail. You cannot function physically or mentally or in any other way unless your emotions are under control. Self-control has two parts: 1. Self-discipline: practicing good habits without anybody needing to tell you to do things a certain way. 2. Maintaining emotional balance (not being under other’s control, but rather under your self control): the actions of others or adverse situations do not make you lose control of your emotions. Here are a few examples of self-discipline. Give yourself a score of 1 to 10 (10 being the best) to gauge your self-discipline. 1. I am very good at planning things carefully. 2. I usually don’t take shortcuts. I am thorough and do things right the first time. 3. I usually do one kind deed a day for somebody who cannot do anything for me. 4. I am reliable. My actions almost always reflect my promises. 5. I don’t interrupt people while they are speaking. 6. I don’t think about what I’m going to say next when the other person is talking. 7. I give people my complete attention when they speak to me. I do not continue looking at a computer screen, phone or something else. 8. I usually take at least 15 to 20 minutes a day to rest my mind/reflect/meditate. 9. I regularly take time for physical activity or exercise. Here are a few examples of emotional balance. Give yourself a score of 1 to 10 (10 being the best) to gage your self-control. 1. I don’t whine or complain. 2. I usually keep my emotional balance. I don’t lose my self control when I get angry. I keep good control of my tone of voice. 3. I don’t worry about things I can’t control. 4. When others lose their self-control and are not nice to me I don’t get upset. I am under self control, not others’ control. 5. I don’t hang on to bad feelings or disappointments for a long time. 6. When something bad happens, I move ahead (on) quickly with a positive attitude. 7. When faced with a bad situation, I usually look for the advantage in the disadvantage; take it on with a positive attitude and get in the solutions department. Self-control is not easy, but it is very valuable. Photo by @Chalabala/Twenty20 Craig Impelman As Coach Wooden’s grandson-in-law, Craig Impelman had the opportunity to learn Coach’s teachings firsthand and wrote about those lessons for his site, He is a motivational speaker and the author of Wooden’s Wisdom, a weekly “e-coaching module” that is distributed to companies nationally.
The importance of sleep for your health There are many different elements that influence our overall health, with diet, physical activity and sleep all falling into the category. Sleep is probably one of the most underestimated health factors among people today with many of us often staying up late in the night and waking up early to go to work, rarely getting enough sleep in a day. If you have been wondering just how important is sleep and how much sleep do I need, we have decided to answer these questions and many others regarding the importance of sleep to a person’s health as well as what kind of benefits you can get from enough sleep and what side-effects you can expect if you are not getting it. Keep reading and find out just how important is sleep, how many hours of it you should be getting and what the main health issues are that can be caused by lack of sleep and irregular sleeping patterns. How much sleep do I need? According to most research out there, adult people need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep, which can depend on different factors such as metabolism, weight and other health related factors. While most people know this, the fact is that most are also not really doing their best to implement this sleeping pattern and get a full night’s sleep. Think about this. If you were really going to get your 8 hours of sleep and you need to get up at 07:00 am, you would need to be in bed by 11:00 pm. The sad truth is that most people in the modern world, especially in the cities are not doing this, as modern inventions like TV and the internet have really given us plenty to do while at home. Since work days are so long, it is only normal that we want some leisure time as well, but when it comes at the expense of sleeping hours, things start to get pretty bad. Some of us try to make up for the lost hours by taking a nap after work or trying to get more hours on the weekends, but this is really not how it works. In order to get fully rested and ready for the new day, you need to have 8 hours of uninterrupted and healthy sleep during the night. If you think sleep isn’t really all that important or that “sleep is for the weak”, keep reading and find out what issues not sleeping enough can cause. Sleep deprivation and its consequences Not getting enough sleep during the night and waking up sleep deprived day after day can lead to many health issues. For starters, as you may have noticed if you fall into the category, your productivity tends to be a lot lower when you don’t get enough sleep. Lack of sleep causes lack in concentration, physical and mental alertness and tends to make you cranky, which can cause a whole number of social problems as well as cause you to make unnecessary mistakes in your work and your daily routine. Apart from being tired and cranky, you are also likely to get fat if you don’t sleep enough. People who get enough sleep tend to need fewer calories and not eat during night time. Other factors come into play that relate sleep deprivation and obesity, including the motivation to work out and hormone levels which can get unbalanced if you are not sleeping regularly. Multiple studies have also shown that people who are not getting enough sleep are at higher risk of many dangerous diseases such as heart diseases, depression and type two diabetes, all of which are serious medical conditions. In fact, these studies have shown that people who are not sleeping enough are at a significantly higher risk of each of these and many other illnesses. What can I do if I am not getting enough sleep? Unfortunately, our busy lives and fast routines tend to leave many of us exposed to sleep deprivation. If this does happen to be the case for you, you should make sure that you at least take care of yourself through proper nutrition and supplementation. Vit2Go! has created two products that do this very well in Natural Energy Booster and Immune System Booster. Both products are infused with valuable micronutrients including vitamins, minerals and amino acids that are crucial to hundreds of chemical processes in our body and which make up our bones, muscles and organs. Natural Energy Booster is a product that will help your sleep deprived body get back into shape and make the processes that have gone dormant wake up again and keep your body more alert and ready for the day’s challenges. Taking this product instead of your favourite energy drink will actually wake you up, make you less irritable and help you get on with your day. Immune System Booster, on the other hand, is a product that will help you maintain your health through boosting your immune system and keeping the bacterial infections and various inflammations that you can get susceptible to at bay. If you are not getting enough sleep every night, we highly suggest introducing our products Immune System Booster and Natural Energy Booster into your daily routine, along with plenty of healthy food and fluids that will keep your body moving even when you don’t get fuelled up on energy the proper way during night time. Leave a Reply Free delivery Free delivery Free delivery from € 30,00 Fast shipping Fast shipping Fast shipping Within 3 days after receipt of payment Secure payment Secure payment Secure payment Paypal, credit card, bank transfer, Amazon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon payment_system_icon
Hazy, 2010 Water, hose, sink, construction lamp. European Exchange Academy, Beelitz Heilstätten, Germany In the middle of a German forest a fine misty rain randomly appears in a room of a long abandon hospital causing a growing puddle of water on the floor. The water is squeezed through hundreds of tiny holes in a water hose suspended from the ceiling disappearing through a window in the hallway. Outside the building the hose is connected to a tap regularly used by the neighbouring residences. When the tap is turned on it provides water to its user, as well as causing the fine rain in the room. Slowly, though steadily, the room is crumbling. Video documentation from European Exchange Academy, 2010.
Lunar Days Welcome to a unique astrology site! Lunar Days Lunar Days Thithis (Lunar days) are based on the distance of Moon from Sun. Sun’s orbital path is the ecliptic. Other planets have different orbits. We are aware that the paths of all planets are almost identical with that of Sun. New Moon occurs, the luminary Moon is in conjunction with Sun, which means they are at the same point of the zodiac. When the luminaries are 180 degrees away, it is Full Moon. In short, if Moon is approaching the Sun, it is waning (Krshna Paksha). If it is moving away from the Sun, it is waxing (Sukla Paksha). To calculate the lunar day: Find the distance of Moon from Sun. If Moon’s longitude is more than 180 degrees, subtract 180. Divide the distance by 15 and the quotient + 1 is the number of the Lunar Day. For instance, if Sun is in Virgo 22 and Moon is in Aquarius 14. Moon is 142 degrees away from Sun (314 – 172). When we divide 142 by 15, the quotient is 9. So, it is the 10th lunar day of the Brighter Half (Sukla Paksha), called Dhasami (9 + 1). If Sun is in Scorpio 10 and Moon is in Leo 16, the distance of Moon from Sun is 276. 276 – 180 = 96. Dividing 96 by 15, we get the quotient 6. Therefore, the thithi is 6 + 1 = 7, Sapthami (Darker Half or Krishna Paksha). Importance of the lunar day: Lunar day is considered for Muhurtha or fixing time for auspicious events. Certain lunar days are auspicious and others are bad depending on the event. Generally, Prathima (the first), Ashtami (the eighth) and Navami (the ninth) are avoided for all occasions. In North India, Navami is not considered as bad.
ABSTRACT. Our paper contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the relationship between the role of processing mechanisms in L2 acquisition, processing mechanisms in language comprehension, similarities and differences between first and second language acquisition, brain mechanisms specific to language acquisition, and the neural mechanisms supporting language. The paper generates insights about L2 processing of semantic or pragmatic information, the role of learning in L2 acquisition, the nature of learners’ developing linguistic knowledge, and the role of transfer as a knowledge source of L2 learners. pp. 129–134 Keywords: learning, L2 acquisition, language, grammatical knowledge Spiru Haret University © 2009 Addleton Academic Publishers. All Rights Reserved. Joomla templates by Joomlashine
Are Hogs Immune to Snake Venom? Are Hogs Immune to Snake Venom It is sometimes said that hogs are not harmed by the bites of poisonous snakes, and this is more or less true. Strictly speaking, hogs are not immune to snake venom, but they have something that is almost as good as immunity-a thick layer of fat just beneath the skin. The venom is probably deposited in this layer and absorbed so slowly that no harm results. The hedgehog, however, does appear to have actual immunity to the bites of some snakes. It has been known to kill and eat the venomous European adder without suffering any ill effects if bitten during the process. But immunity is not the only weapon at its disposal. Observers have seen a hedgehog cautiously approach a snake, make a sudden snap and then quickly turn its back. The snake, if it is still able to move, usually responds by striking fiercely, only to find that its bite falls harmlessly and unpleasantly upon the hedgehog’s sharp quills.
The Magical Grass of Brittany Scattered throughout the folklore of Brittany are references to secret, magical plants possessing extraordinary properties. Grasses that allow you to understand the languages of beasts or to find hidden treasures; grasses that cut iron and upon which woodpeckers sharpen their beaks, even a grass that confounds, causing a total loss of sense and direction to those who happen to trample upon it. The magical plants mentioned in the folk tales and legends of Brittany broadly fall into two categories; those we can clearly identify today and others that remain stubbornly obscure and whose identity thus remains open to boundless speculation. The first group consists of plants such as the white clover, the green fern and mistletoe, while the latter group contains such magical flora as the grass of oblivion and the grass of gold; mysterious plants that elude firm identification and which may ultimately have been mythical. In yesterday’s Brittany, certain plants were traditionally ascribed to the Devil; most notably buckwheat, couch grass, dodder, ryegrass, sedges and thistle. Others were said to have been the work of God, particularly; carrots, oats, rye, sorrel, stonecrop and wheat. Outside these fields of demarcation lay the special magical plants, able to help or hinder man in his daily struggle for survival. Like other European traditions surrounding the picking of magical plants, such as mandrake, the Bretons of old seem to have absorbed elements of the early rituals regarding the picking of such plants, which were well known in the ancient world, for their own special plants. The magical plants of Brittany are linked by similar gathering rituals and appear to have assumed marvellous properties that, over time, overlapped at several points. These special plants were also used in the herbal remedies of traditional healers and in more sinister witches’ brews. However, the common white clover is a notable exception here, even when found with an extra and rare fourth leaf. Nonetheless, the noted rarity of this mutation saw the plant credited with unique powers. It was thought that a four leafed clover could help a man win bouts of gouren or Breton wrestling. First, it was necessary to locate a stem of four leafed clover; traditionally held to be found on the spot where a mare had given birth to her first foal. Returning at night, one had to pick the clover using only one’s teeth while never allowing the clover to touch the ground. The plant needed to remain in one’s mouth overnight and until the start of the tournament for it to be effective. Another property once assigned to the four leafed clover was that whoever carried one unwittingly was able to understand the artifices of the sorcerer. The green fern or, more accurately, the spores of the eagle fern were also attributed particular virtues. In Brittany, the fern spores collected on the night of Midsummer’s Day were held to be effective in helping one find hidden treasures and to read the secrets in the hearts of men. Like the four leafed clover, it was said to ensure victory in a struggle but also to grant invisibility to whoever held it in their mouth. Belief in the supernatural power of the fern, particularly its supposed ability to resist all magic spells, was widespread enough in Europe for the practice of collecting ferns during Midsummer to have been proscribed by the Synod of Ferrara in 1612. In Brittany, the fern seed was a powerful ingredient for a witch’s spell. One version of the Breton ballad that tells the tale of the noted medieval lovers Héloïse and Abailard, features the enchantress Héloïse declaring: “The first drug I shared with my gentle clerk was made with … the seed of the green fern, plucked from the bottom of a well a hundred fathoms deep”. Other versions of the story make no reference to her collecting ferns from a well but simply that they were collected at midnight on Midsummer’s night. Fern spores are minute, individually invisible to the naked eye. They are produced in little capsules on the underside of fern fronds called sporangia, each typically containing about 64 spores. When spores are ready for release, the protective membrane covering the clusters of sporangia shrivels to expose the sporangia thus releasing the spores; a process very sensitive to the level of humidity in the air. A piece of new white linen was held under the fronds in order to capture the spores as they were released. This clean cloth crucially also helped to preserve the purity of the plant’s spores by preventing them being despoiled by touching the ground; a symbolism that also featured in gathering the four leafed clover and one that was also important in gathering golden grass. The Breton ballad, Jeanne the Witch, first set down from the oral tradition in 1849, relates the confessions of a young woman sentenced to death for witchcraft. When asked how she was able to cast a spell that spoiled the wheat crop for seven leagues around, the condemned witch replied: “You need the heart of a toad, the left eye of a male crow, and fern seed, collected on the night of the fire of Saint John. I collected a handful with my silver dish. Yes, between eleven o’clock and the stroke of midnight”. The doomed witch closes her description with a tantalising: “There is yet another herb, which I will not name, and without it, the others have no virtue”. Golden Grass, known as aour iaotenn in Breton, is the rarest and most wonderful of all Brittany’s magical plants. Its properties are numerous: it reveals treasures; whoever possesses it is never sick again; it allows the possessor to become invisible at will and increases a man’s strength tenfold. It is also the most elusive and although it is said to glow like a candle in the night, when you approach it, its light fades and quickly disappears. In his collection of traditional Breton ballads published in 1839 under the title Barzaz Breiz, Théodore Hersart, vicomte de La Villemarqué, records three old songs that reference golden grass. The first involves the wizard Merlin who is asked where he is going with his black dog, to which, he replies: “I am going to look for the green watercress and the golden grass in the meadow”. The Tribute of Noménoë proclaimed that: “The golden grass is cut; suddenly, it rained”. Finally, in the tale of Héloïse and Abailard, Héloïse declares: “The first drug … was made with the left eye of a crow and the heart of a toad; and with the seed of the green fern, plucked from the bottom of a well a hundred fathoms deep, and with the root of the golden grass plucked from the meadow”. According to La Villemarqué, golden grass was a medicinal plant upon which the Breton peasants bestowed a great deal of miraculous qualities. He noted their assertion that it shines from afar like gold but that it is a far rarer substance. If someone happened, by chance, to trample upon it, they immediately fell asleep, awakening with an understanding of the language of dogs, wolves and birds. It was said that only the virtuous could find golden grass and that it could only be gathered at dawn, by hand without the use of any iron, taking care to ensure that it did not touch the ground. To pick the grass, it was necessary to approach it walking barefooted, clad only in a shirt. Gathering herbs This ritual bears remarkable similarities to those noted by Pliny when discussing, in his Natural History written around 77AD, the remedies derived from the forests by the ancient druids: “Similar to savin is the herb known as selago. Care is taken to gather it without the use of iron, the right hand being passed for the purpose through the left sleeve of the tunic, as though the gatherer were stealing it. The clothing must be white, the feet bare and washed clean, and a sacrifice of bread and wine must be made before gathering it: it is carried in a new cloth. […] The same druids have also given the name of samolus to a certain plant which grows in damp places. This too, they say, must be gathered fasting with the left hand, as a preservative against the maladies to which swine and cattle are subject. He, who gathers it, must be careful not to look behind him, and must not lay it down anywhere but in the water troughs from which cattle drink”. La Villemarqué’s observations dovetail with those of Jacques Boucher de Perthes, who wrote in his Chants Armoricains (1831) that: “The golden grass is found only in Lower Brittany: the aour iaotenn grows on the plains; you can see it from far away, it shines like gold but as soon as you approach it, it stops glowing and you cannot find it. When it is in the river, it swims against the current. Whoever manages to get hold of it becomes invisible at will, discovers hidden treasures, and is never sick”. Golden grass was also said to have been used by cunning folk to help them find lost objects. For this to be effective, it was necessary for the grass to be picked on a Friday from a field with three corners, lying as close as possible to the parish church. Golden grass was notoriously difficult to find and was believed to only grow in the middle of hay and never covering an area greater than two square feet. In order to successfully locate this grass, it was crucial to know how many Fridays had passed since the field last saw haymaking. Armed with this knowledge, the witch or sorcerer approached the field from the west side. Heading east, they would count as many steps as there had been past Fridays before stopping at the exact spot to which they had been led; they were then able to pluck as many stems as their hat could hold. This done, one had to throw their harvest into the nearest water course; the worthless grass being carried away downstream while the golden grass rose upstream. Having re-gathered the precious haul, a short incantation was offered aloud after which one needed to turn successively towards each of the three corners of the field, pronouncing aloud the name of the object one wished to recover. It was said that the person who was at that moment in possession of the missing item was then mysteriously compelled by an unknown force towards the carrier of this magical grass. Collecting leaves However, some local traditions seem to offer a simpler way to locate golden grass: one need only to study the flight of a green woodpecker and when we see it stop near a grass against which it rubs its beak; we have discovered the precious plant. Thus fortified, the woodpecker can then cut through wood with ease, for this grass has the power of cutting even iron. In addition to helping recover that which was lost, golden grass was popularly ascribed many other remarkable qualities; it could increase a man’s strength by tenfold so that he might cut an anvil with a scythe. It was also said that it ensured victory in a fight and provided its possessor with immunity from fatigue. In parts of eastern Brittany it had the gift of turning everything it touched into gold, except perhaps the beaks of woodpeckers. Over the years, many people have striven to botanically identify golden grass. Some believe that it shares some characteristics with the carnivorous plants of the sundew family, more sinisterly known as the Devil’s ear in eastern Brittany. In his 1857 description of plants found near the River Loire and its tributaries, the botanist Alexandre Boreau recorded that “our peasants grant to the sundew magical and supernatural properties, such as that of breaking iron”. Others have found it suggestive that the aquatic herb known as dorine in French or golden saxifrage in English can sometimes give the appearance of resisting the current of small streams. While many believe that the grass is most likely a member of the clubmoss family whose plants have long been utilised in traditional folk remedies and are still widely used in a broad range of homeopathic treatments today. The French folklorist Paul Sébillot noted that the belief in a grass which bewilders and beguiles people was once quite widespread in Brittany and the neighbouring regions of Anjou and Normandy. In Brittany, this grass was popularly known as the grass of oblivion and it was said that, when walked upon, it had the power to make one completely lose one’s sense of direction and there are several stories told of people who became imprisoned for long hours in their fields after having stepped on this grass through ignorance or accident. The first written record of this plant is found in one of the earliest Breton-French dictionaries produced by Grégoire de Rostrenen in 1732. He describes it thus: “A creeping plant that looks like twisted green moss and which, they say, misleads those who walk on it at night, making them bewildered so that they forget their way”. The Breton scholar René-Francois Le Men, writing in 1870, called it ar ioten or the lost, reporting that: “after stepping on this grass you will turn all night long in an impassable circle and only at sunrise will you be able to find your way again”. In his monumental work, Folk-Lore de France (1904), Sébillot notes a tradition from central Brittany relating to “the royal grass, which grows on the moor of Rohan near Saint-Mayeux. Although no one has ever seen it, it makes you lose the road, day and night, even for a man who is on horseback, if the hoof of his mount but rests on it”. In this same part of Brittany, if you thought that you had accidentally stepped on this magical grass, swiftly touching a piece of iron would help you to regain your way. breton girl walking at dusk It has been told that, sometimes, an unfortunate traveller, hurrying home at sunset, unknowingly steps on the grass of oblivion and immediately loses their way. Ever alert, the mischievous korrigans, relishing the plight of this hapless soul, soon surround them and drag them into one of their endless circular dances. Sadly, daybreak will find our ill-fated traveller lying in the field, dead from exhaustion. The grass of oblivion shared many of the magical attributes associated with other plants; like golden grass, it made it possible to understand the language of animals and to find lost items, and like the four leafed clover, it made it possible to thwart the tricks of sorcerers and was also said to grow where a mare gave birth to her first foal. Some tales tell that the grass is sown by lightning or spontaneously emerges on Midsummer’s night. Several 19th century botanists noted the popular traditions surrounding this plant; some even going so far as to suggest that it is wolf’s-foot clubmoss, a vascular plant whose dust-like spores are highly flammable and were once used as a photographic flash powder. However, it is impossible for us today to determine with any certainty which plant is hiding behind the grass of oblivion. Picking herbs Popular superstitions were once attached to other plants, often medicinal, that should not be stepped over or trampled upon. For instance, in south eastern Brittany, it was said that a pregnant woman who stepped over or even touched the common rue with the bottom of her dress would induce an abortion. The roots to this belief must surely lie in the fact that the plant, when ingested, has been widely noted as a powerful abortifacient since the writings of Pliny. The legend of magical grass does not really need an actual plant to function and it is likely that the roots of such proclaimed magic lay in the observation of an unusual but nowadays likely explicable property in particular plants. Over time, fantastic properties were introduced which served to reinforce their unique magic and added to the plants’ celebrity; the myths becoming richer as their features merged or borrowed from one another. Perhaps the locations where the plants were noted were once important as fairy lore contains many examples of those who trespass upon certain places or commit some other transgression which sees them punished with sudden bewilderment, forgetfulness or vanishment; all states once thought brought on by these magical plants. Published by Bon Repos Gites Enjoying life in Kalon Breizh - the Heart of Brittany. 163 thoughts on “The Magical Grass of Brittany 1. When I was a girl, there was an old Granny in one of the small streets who knew about plants and herbs. I remembered her talking about then mandrake and I later used it in a story. There’s so much to think about in these posts. Thank you. Liked by 4 people 1. No, unfortunately not. My daughter lives in the desert. They have different flora 🙂 I supply her with herbs every summer but have a strong suspicion that she never uses them:) Liked by 1 person 2. Another wonderful article. I’m glad I found your blog and I am so enjoying learning more about Brittany. It’s a place that has fascinated me for many years since I read a book set there (and learned about the golden grass and the language of animals!) and I have always wanted to visit. I hope that when this pandemic is finally over, I am able to do so. Liked by 2 people Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s Create your website with Get started %d bloggers like this:
Domoic Acid Decoded: Scientists Discover Genetic Basis for How Harmful Algal Blooms Become Toxic Harmful algal blooms cause significant economic and environmental damage to coastal communities around the world. These blooms occasionally produce toxins that can sicken marine mammals and can threaten human health when the toxins accumulate in seafood. A high-dose exposure to domoic acid, produced by a type of phytoplankton known as diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, can lead to amnesic shellfish poisoning, a potentially fatal condition characterized by seizures and short-term memory loss.
IBPS Clerk 11-Dec-2011 EZ 2nd For the following questions answer them individually Question 11 Which of the following is correct statement ? Question 12 The Lokayukta of which of the following States had submitted a report on illegal mining of iron are in the State ‘? Question 13 The usual deposit accounts of banks are — Question 14 Fixed deposits and recurring deposits are — Question 15 The countries these clays are most worried about the currency war. They are arguing about whose actions harmed the world economy the most. What are the views of the rich countries, particularly USA, in this regard ? (A) They feel that it was China who was unwilling to allow the Yuan to rise. (B) They feel that it was India who had snatched jobs in most of the Eurpean countries and USA. This made the situation more grim. (C) Some countries feel that it was Japan who allowed swapping of its currency with other nations and created a grim situation in world market. Question 16 Which of the following is NOT a Millennium Goal set by the UNO? Question 17 Financial inclusion means provision of - Question 18 Which of the following Statements containing results of India’s recent Census is NOT correct ? Question 19 Which of the following is known as cross selling by Banks ? (A) Sale of a debit card to a credit card holder (B) Sale of Insurance policy to a depositor (C) Issuance of Cash against Cheque presented by a third party Question 20 Angela Merkel was recently in India to receive Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding for the year 2009. What has been her contribution in the international politics which made her the ‘Best Choice’ for the award ? (A) She played a major role in restarting negotiations between Russia and USA on ‘STAR’. (B) She initiated ‘Health Care Reforms’ in Germany and solved problems related to ‘future energy development.’ (C) She played a crucial role in negotiation of the ‘Treaty of Lisbon’ and Berlin declaration. Register with Boost your Prep! Download App
Labor Management May 4, 2021 May 4, 2021 Research an article from newspaper (or internet, or magazine. The essay should be related to our class study of time value of money and financial planning. Explain the essay with detailed numerical analysis. Summarize your research into a short paper. To submit, 1. A copy (file or picture) of the original essay your picked from publications. 2. Your paper should be no more than ten The grading will be based upon both numerical analysis and explanation. Guide for research Below are some suggested candidates for research topics. 1. Planning for retirement savings 2. How much should you earn to justify the cost of your college education? 3. How much is the value of attending the graduate school? 4. Project planning 5. For other topics, please contact the instructor. Please note that these are open questions. You need to determine your financial needs, the time line, the financial parameters, and how you can achieve your financial goal. I have included some useful financial sources. • (Links to an external site.) • (Links to an external site.), • Wall Street Journal attached is a sample paper from a former student. • _fmg_project2_samplePaper.pdf The post Financial Management Project appeared first on Nursing Experts Help. Essay Writing Service
How to write a report for college Preparation is the key to success, especially when it comes to academic assignments. It is recommended to always write an outline before you start writing the actual assignment. The outline should include the main points of discussion, which will keep you focused throughout the work and will make your key points clearly defined. How To Write a Book Report - If you are assigned to write a book report or a book review, there are different ways for you to express your own impressions about a book and to demonstrate your attitude to it. Remember that the more interesting your review or report is, the more your audience will be excited in finding this or that book. How to write a book report college level? The steps in writing this type of assignment for college are actually the same as when creating a paper for high school. But college-level papers require that you should write a book summary and provide critical analysis or evaluation of the text. How to Write a College Level Book Report? May 20, 2013 · College Level Book Reports. Book reports written at college level can be more appropriately referred to as college papers. College papers demand a somewhat exclusive and systematic analysis of the given book unlike elementary level book report writing.. Writing a book review requires your own perspective and understanding about the plot theme, character analysis and … 10+ Report Writing Examples – PDF The first thing that you should do to prepare when writing a report is of course the chosen topic that you’re going to be reporting. Study and understand the chosen topic that you would be writing a report about in order make an effective and informative report. Start writing your report to actually experience it on a more hands-on way. 7 Tips To Make Your Next Report Stand Out - Bigg Success 7 Tips To Make Your Next Report Stand Out #1 - Determine its purpose Before you do anything else, clearly define what your report should accomplish. Are you writing this report to persuade or inform? Will it project into the future or review the past? If you were assigned this report, discuss its aim with the person who put you in charge. How to Write an Informal Report \| The Classroom Write a short outline of what you want to address in your formal report, which is similar to a five-paragraph essay and should include an introduction, body, conclusion and recommendations. Write down the three main points of your argument or proposal, to be used for the body of the report. How to Write a Data Report \| A data report is a technical document that details whatever data you have collected and shows how it was analyzed. While a data report can be a complex document, it's organization doesn't have to be. How to Write a Report \| Examples How to Write a Statistical Report ... - College Homework Help How To Write College Application Essays Typically, you are required to write a report about your work at the completion of an internship or co-op. Although an internship or co-op might not be linked directly to a class, per se, the act of writing the report—which is often achieved in the final weeks of the experience or in the semester following the work—is certainly a writing-intensive experience. college application report writing form - College Application Report Writing Form college application report writing form ACT is a mission-driven nonprofit organization. Our insights unlock potential and create solutions for K-12 education, college, and career readiness.Application Fee. An application fee is the fee that a college charges you for applying to their institution. How to Write a Report \| Examples It can give admission officers a sense of who you are, as well as showcasing your writing skills. Try these tips to craft your essay.Samples and Examples of College Admission Essay . Most students use samples of essay and it is okay. Such approach allows them to write a pretty good paper and avoid the most frequent mistakes. And there are even more benefits of working with us. How to Write a Good Book Report for College or Personal Blog… Would you like how the process of writing a book review for your college class, blog, or famous website looks like? In this post, we will share some secrets How to Write a Book Report for College Level & High School Writing Portfolio Guide - Success in Six Steps
Inspired by apoorv020's comment on my prior question. For the main question, "Were the animals used for gladiatorial combat in Rome trained?", the answer is a qualified yes. Big cats and bears were sometimes trained to be more ferocious and to attack humans, but they were mostly used (1) to kill unarmed or poorly-armed condemned people, (2) in hunts where they were killed by venatores (hunters usually armed with a spear, sword or arrows), or (3) in fights against bestiarii, a type of gladiator trained specifically for killing animals. Unfortunately, ancient sources often fail to give details but it appears that most gladiators typically fought other gladiators rather than animals. For the other question on the use of trained animals other forms of entertainment, the answer is (a more definite) yes. Martial (d. circa. AD 103), Seneca (d. AD 65) and others cite a number of examples, including elephants throwing arrows and tightrope walking and a lion trained not to harm a hare. Pliny the Elder (d. AD 79) also notes that Mark Anthony (d. AD 30) had a chariot pulled by lions. However, not least for financial and practical reasons, ancient sources generally imply that most of the thousands of animals that appeared in the arena were not trained. The examples mentioned in this answer should be considered as exceptional cases for special circumstances or highlights of the games where training was needed to ensure a successful performance. 1. Animals trained to fight and / or kill One problem with ancient sources is that they often lack specifics on who fought or hunted the animals, and whether those animals were trained or not. For example, Livy (Bk 39, ch 22) wrote: Then for ten days, with great magnificence, Marcus Fulvius gave the games which he had vowed during the Aetolian war [191 - 189 BC]. 2 Many actors too came from Greece to do him honour. Also a contest of athletes was then for the first time made a spectacle for the Romans and a hunt of lions and panthers was given,... Cassius Dio related how Pompey (d. 48 BC) had eighteen elephants fight armed men; unfortunately, no details are given on who the armed men were or if the elephants were trained at all - maybe not, because the beasts seemed not to fight back and (very unusually) gained the pity of the audience. Given (as Mark Olsen points out in a comment) the huge financial outlays and that disappointing the crowd would reflect badly on he who hosted the games, it's highly likely that animals in key performances were trained (i.e. to avoid the mistake that Pompey made). There is no mention, for example, of crowd dissatisfaction at the Flavian games when Cassius Dio reports that There was a battle between cranes and also between four elephants As cranes and elephants usually only become aggressive when threatened, it seems likely that they were trained, or at least provoked (but this is animals fighting animals rather than humans). On animal training, more helpful is this from Novatianus: A wild beast is trained with gentle care so that it will, in turn, serve to punish a man and perform with greater fury before spectators’ eyes. A trained animal is given instructions; it would have perhaps been less ferocious, if its yet more cruel master had not trained it to act ferociously. Source: Novatianus, ‘The Spectacles There are even cases of lions being trained to eat men. One such incident greatly displeased the emperors Claudius (d. AD 54) (see further below) and Marcus Aurelius (d. AD 180): Dio 60.13.4, Loeb. Dio, 72.29.3–4, says that M. Aurelius refused to watch a lion trained to eat men and refused spectators’ demands that the lion’s trainer be freed. Source: D. G. Kyle, ‘Spectacles of death in ancient Rome’ (1998) More generally, Kyle states: Even ferocious beasts (e.g. lions and leopards) had to be specially trained, and probably starved, to become ‘man-eaters’. Dio says that the unsqueamish Claudius enjoyed watching humans killed by humans or torn apart (analoumenoi) by animals, but he put to death a lion ‘that had been trained to eat (esthiein) men and therefore greatly pleased the crowd, claiming that it was not fitting for Romans to gaze on such a sight’ However, there is also evidence that this training didn't always work: Even trained beasts were not always efficient or reliable. Although trainers provoked them with fire and whips, and Christians, as instructed, invited them by gestures, disoriented beasts sometimes might not attack the victims, or they might turn on the staff of the arena. Source: Kyle In a footnote, Kyle cites examples (from Martial and Plutarch) of lions turning on their keepers rather than the intended victims. Also, the record of the last animal show in AD 281 documents that 100 maned lions were slaughtered at the doors of their cages because they refused to leave. Source: Kyle There's also this interesting piece on Nero and a trained lion, not a case of actual combat but rather a planned one which Nero seems to have backed out of: According to Suetonius, Ner. 53, Nero planned to pretend to be Hercules: he had a lion trained so that he could kill it in the arena with a club or by strangling it. Source: Kyle 2. Those who fought or hunted the animals On the men who fought animals, the bestiarii were originally simply poorly-armed prisoners sent in to the arena with the expectation that they would be killed by animals such as lions and bears, and these thus cannot be regarded as gladiators. However, some emerged as skilled, specialised animal-fighters and the emperor Domitian (d. AD 96) established the Ludus Matutinus, specifically for training bestiarii to fight animals. One famous bestiarius was Carpophorus, mentioned by Martial in On the Public Shows of Domitian Also important in Roman entertainment were venatores, sometimes defined as a type of gladiator who specialised in hunting animals. Other venatores specialised in hunting animals in the wild, capturing them in the provinces so that they could be sent to Rome. enter image description here "In this mosaic, a venatio is being carried out under the aegis of Diana...and Dionysus, subduer of animals, who carries a staff with a crescent-shaped head.... The leopards, themselves, are encircled with garlands. The two divinities indicate the religious character of these games....The venatores, themselves, are a professional troupe of beast hunters, the Telegenii, who had contracted to perform, one of whom is fighting on short stilts." Image and text source 3. Animals trained for 'non-lethal' entertainment Seneca observed that bears and lions, by good usage, will be brought to fawn upon their masters Some people have the skill of reclaiming the fiercest of beasts; they will make a lion embrace his keeper, a tiger kiss him, and an elephant kneel to him. Source: Seneca, 'Morals' Another example of a tamed lion comes from Martial: Martial was impressed that lions in the arena were disciplined enough to snatch up hares, hold them in their jaws and then drop them unharmed. Source: L. J. Hawtree, 'Wild Animals in Roman Epic' (PhD, 2011) Pliny seems particularly fond of elephants, relating that In the exhibition of gladiators which was given by Germanicus, the elephants performed a sort of dance with their uncouth and irregular movements. It was a common thing to see them throw arrows with such strength, that the wind was unable to turn them from their course, to imitate among themselves the combats of the gladiators, and to frolic through the steps of the Pyrrhic dance. After this, too, they walked upon the tight-rope, and four of them would carry a litter in which lay a fifth, which represented a woman lying-in. They afterwards took their place; and so nicely did they manage their steps, that they did not so much as touch any of those who were drinking there. Source: Pliny the Elder, 'Natural History Bk 8 Ch2' Pliny also tells of Mark Anthony who subjected lions to the yoke, and was the first at Rome to harness them to his chariot... and comments that it ...was a thing that surpassed even the most monstrous spectacles that were to be seen at that calamitous period. Source: Pliny the Elder, 'Natural History Bk 8 Ch21' Finally, the Historia Augusta records that the emperor Elagabalus (d. AD 222) had chariots drawn by camels, lions, tigers and stags. Other sources: Paul Christesen Donald G Kyle (eds.) 'A companion to sport and spectacle in Greek and Roman antiquity' Keith Hopkins & Mary Beard, 'The Colosseum' Nicholas Lindberg, 'The Emperor and His Animals: the Acquisition of Exotic Beasts for Imperial Venationes'. In Greece & Rome, vol. 66 issue 2 • 2 Great answer! I'd add a pragmatic point before all: The games were a big money thing that was organized commercially and all about putting on a show. It's unimaginable that Romans would leave things to chance. Though it's likely that the amount of training would depends strongly on the cash paid. – Mark Olson Jan 17 at 18:27 • 1 Thanks. I agree "that the amount of training would depends strongly on the cash paid", and it would have been uneconomic (and probably logistically impossible) to train thousands of animals for one show. But, yes, some animals had to be trained to avoid crowd disappointment (there is some evidence of dissatisfied spectators when animals refused to cooperate in the carnage). – Lars Bosteen Jan 18 at 0:58 • +1 He was talking only about combat animals, but talking about the chariots too doesn't hurt – o0'. Feb 14 '12 at 13:17 Your Answer
How to prevent hair loss in summer? How to prevent hair loss? You can easily prevent hair fall by following some easy and natural hair tips. Do oiling twice a weak, and try to avoid too much shampooing and conditioning. Apply any hair mask once a weak. When going outside, try to cover your hair. Get rid of split ends every month. Don’t use artificial ways to style your hair. Maintain a healthy diet, and avoid junk and fatty food. With all these simple tips, you can easily prevent hair loss in summer. How hair loss happens? Hair loss can be happened due to a variety of reasons including heredity, hormonal issues, medical conditions, and normal age factor. Men are usually most affected by hair loss problems. Hair loss mostly occurs in men due to baldness. Excess oil falls from the skin glands because of moisture in summer, resulting in excessive hair loss. As the palate stays wet all the time, the roots of the hair become soft and the hair falls out more. So the hair needs special care in summer. Factors affecting hair growth: Various reasons can cause hair loss, including age, gender, genetics, illness, climate, and many more. Dripping water should dry it fall period ultimately depends on the factor causing hair fall. Therefore, a brief knowledge of all factors affecting hair growth is mandatory. These factors vary from individual to individual. Not all aspects cause a permanent or horrible effect on your hair; however, these factors can slow down or even speed up your hair growth process. Below is a brief description of all the factors that cause hair loss, and affect hair growth: 1. Genetics : Genetics don’t affect how long your hair can grow; however, they play a critical role in the growing procedure itself. Genetics plays a role in how long your anagen phase remains active. As the anagen phase is the most active phase of hair growth, and genetics increases this phase. Therefore, ultimately genetics overall increases your hair growth. Genetics can also cause hair loss, which side influences how long it takes for the hair to grow again? Our pattern baldness kicks in as we become old. That increases the duration of hair loss as compared to hair growth. 2. Ethnicity: For hair growth, there is a wide range of ethnicities. These ethnicities have a tremendous effect on hair growth. Based on recent races, researchers have classified hair growth ethnicities into three groups: a. Asian hair Asian hairs are usually firm, straight, and have round follicles. They can be black or dark brown. Asian hairs have the fastest growth rate as compared to other hair types. They grow half-inch per month and 6 inches per year. Asia’s hairs aren’t high in density, but they have a minimum tendency for hair loss than other hair types. b. Caucasian hair For Caucasian hair types, there is a wide range of textures. They can be massive straight, but also curly as well. They usually have a bit oval shape of follicles. They also grow half an inch per month and 6 inches per year. Among all the ethnicities, Caucasian hairs are the denser ones. They usually grow at an average rate, i.e., 1.6cm per month, and as curls. c. Afro hair African hairs have very tight curls and have the slowest rate of growth. As compared to other ethnic groups, afro hairs are more brittle and susceptible to breakage. They only grow a third of an inch per month. African hairs have elliptical-shaped follicles. They grow in the form of spirals. On the whole, this type of hair is difficult and among all. They are tough to care for because of tight curls. Some other types of ethnicities are as follows: • Black people and American Indians have less body hair. • White people and the Chinese have more body hair. 3. Hormonal changes Hormonal changes are a significant reason for hair loss in women. Women usually face these problems during pregnancy, menopause, and also after childbirth. This hormonal change occurs due to a decrease in the level of estrogen. Hormonal changes also affect men as they get old. Doctors generally discuss androgens as male hormones, though both males and females produce them. Hair becomes more dry and thin. Hair loss that occurs because of hormonal changes is not that horrible and kind of temporary. However, after that hair loss, there is no exact idea when hair will again grow back. Hair can also start growing when the hormone level becomes stable. 4. Hair growth after chemo We know a therapy used to treat patients with cancer as chemotherapy. It is a proper cancer treatment. Chemo is the meditation used to end up the steadily diving cells, I.e., cancer cells. However, it also attacks the roots of follicles present on the hair and scalp, and other body parts. That ends up in hair loss on the scalp. Chemo not only causes hair loss but completely burns root from the scalp. Once the patient is done with treatment, they want their hair back as soon as possible. But sometimes chemo also causes permanent hair loss. It creates a very devastating effect on your hair growth. Usually, chemotherapy completes in one month. After completing chemo, it usually takes three to four weeks for the hair to grow naturally again. However, in the beginning, the hair will grow as soft fuzz. After one and half-month of that first growth stage, the hair will begin to grow generally at an average rate, i.e., half inches per month. Your hair type and texture may vary after chemo. In most cases, people’s hair grows as previously. 5. Climate A frequently asked question is: does climate affect hair growth, And if it does, how long does it take for hair to grow back again? The answer to the formerly asked question is a no, but there might be a situation. It’s the most common thinking that hair grows more in summer as compared to winters. But the reason behind hair growth is not the summer weather. It’s the change in our hormones that increases hair growth. People usually are more active in summer. (Not all of us, though!) And their metabolism becomes higher that produces a change in hormones. This change in hormones is the root cause of steady hair growth in summer. Another concept is that, in a hot environment, our scalp produces a more natural oil. Natural oils play a critical role in rapid hair growth. We brush our hair again and again to end this crude oil. As a result, natural hair helps to maintain a healthy hair condition. That increases the hair growth rate. We wear caps and mufflers and don’t do enough hair care in winters, which makes hair rough and dry, resulting in decreased hair growth. 6. Age The hair growth process is very fast in the early childhood age. The hair growth cycle fastens in the period from 15 to 30. After this age, that cycle automatically slows down. Hair follicles stop working as people get old. After midlife and beyond, the phase of anagen becomes shorter. The time that hair spends on growing is diminished. That’s why, as we get old, our hair breaks down quickly. Some people’s hair becomes thin or bald and may also change color from black to grey or brown. After middle age, proper nutrition and hair care are mandatory for proper hair growth. 7. Gender The prevalent thinking is men’s hair grows faster than women’s. But there is no physical proof for this concept. Sex doesn’t affect hair growth. However, the root cause behind this is quite simple. Women use ready-made supplements like a hairdryer, hair straightener, and many other extensions. These products can make your hair useful for a short time, but in fact, they destroy your hair growth cycle and can affect your present hair. That’s why women’s hair gets more harm as compared to men. Besides the former concept, women are more sensitive to their hair than men. Therefore, hair loss causes more drelater women. 8. Hair color While asking, how long does it take for hair to grow back? One might wonder if hair color affects hair growth or not. Well, there is no physical proof for this concept. However, there are many interesting facts for original hair color that relate to hair growth. People with black hairs have about 105,000 hair strands, while blondes usually have more hair on their heads, i.e., 145,000 hair strands. People with red hairs have the least amount of hair strands, and brunettes have less than 100,000 hair strands. On the whole, blonde hairs seem to be more sociable, but they might be break easily and don’t grow as fast as other hair colors. 9. Pregnancy Most women have thickened hair during their pregnancy period. But pregnancy doesn’t affect the fact that how long it takes for the hair to grow back. Hair thickness during pregnancy is that because of the more prolonged anagen phase. Anagon phase becomes longer than regular because of hormonal changes. A noticeable fact is this, pregnancy makes women’s hair thicker, but it also causes more hair loss due to retained hair shed. Hair loss usually happens due to a lot of factors. Not all of these factors do a devastating effect on your hair. However, they can slow down your average hair growth speed. Some factors can cause hair loss and hair growth, i.e., hot weather and hormonal changes. How to get rid of hair loss? *Here are some tips to help you get rid of hair loss in hot weather: 1. Clean the hair regularly After washing the hair well every day, dripping water should dry it. Clean your hair regularly and eat foods rich in vitamins to keep your hair healthy and prevent hair loss. 2. Oil to stop hair loss Regularly massage oil all over the hair to keep the hair thick and strong to stop hair loss. One of the main causes of hair loss in summer is loose hair roots. So it is important to massage the hair every day according to the rules. Regular use of oil will prevent hair maturation at a young age. And removing dandruff, will provide nutrition to the hair follicles and speed up hair growth. 3. Shampoo for preventing hair loss Try shampooing one day at a time. While shampooing, lightly massages the scalp with your fingers. Quality conditioner use after shampooing. 4. Lemon juice and coconut oil Take three to four tablespoons of lemon juice in a container. Mix a small amount of water in it and massage it lightly at the base of the hair. After keeping it for 30 minutes, then massage three to four spoons of coconut oil on the scalp. After 30 minutes, wash with shampoo. Try to do this two or three day a week before taking a. bath This will strengthen the hair follicles. 5. Hydration: Drink plenty of water every day in hot weather. Otherwise, dehydration may occur. Drinking plenty of water keeps the body healthy. Hair health is also maintained. 6. Aloe vera juice Aloe vera juice is quite beneficial for all types of hair. Apply aloe vera juice on the scalp at least one or two days a week, half an hour before bathing. You will benefit if you do it for a month. 7. Use of umbrellas Be sure to use an umbrella when going out. This will protect your hair from the heat and moisture from the heat. 8. Hair gel, hair spray Avoid using hair gel, wax, hair spray. Even if you use it, wash your hair well after returning home. Shampooing is very beneficial for hair. If you can do a hair spa once or twice a month, your hair will be better. 9. Diet for preventing hair loss Adequate protein, calcium, and minerals should be included in the diet for healthy hair. We need a healthy diet for good hair health. Must eat nutritious food i.e. fruits and vegetables. Take the vitamins and minerals. It should consume adequate amounts of water. Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits. Eat more raw nuts and fresh small fish regularly. Eat one teaspoon of honey every morning. How to grow hair faster? Nowadays, everyone is worried about how to grow hair fast. Well, no shortcut can grow your hair overnight. However, a proper hair care routine and a proper diet are compulsory for average hair growth. One must try to keep his hair healthy and strong. Here are some methods and tips that you keep in mind for proper hair growth: 1. Balanced diet Proper nutrition is a bonus for hair growth. You should consume foods that contain vitamins, iron, zinc, proteins, and other necessary nutrients. Hairs are almost made of proteins, therefore, so try to drink enough proteins for hair growth. 2. Hair products Before selecting any product, consult a doctor. Always prefer quality products. Don’t buy cheap or underrated hair products as they are a real significant risk for your hair. Try to buy some branded and well-reviewed products. Don’t just depend on consuming shampoos and oils. Else of these, try some hair masks that can be a bonus for your hair growth. As they not only make your hair healthy but also protect them from hair loss. 3. Treat your hair gently. Hair builds your entire personality. Therefore, treat your hair carefully. Never be harsh with your hair. Try to massage them often and comb with care. Here are some daily based tips for hair-growth • Before shampoo, always massage your scalp with some natural oils. • After shampooing, try to put on a conditioner. • Don’t rub wet hair with any towel; instead, try to dry them with natural air. • Try to use a wide toothbrush for wet hair instead of a regular hairbrush. • Don’t use hair extensions, i.e., hair straightener, hair dryer o a daily basis. • Always use hair extensions at a lower temperature. • Use a soft stuff pillow; change its cover once every week. • Don’t tight your hair, i.e., with ponytails and other styling stuff. 4. Protect hair from direct sun Sun can cause prolonged damage to your hair. Therefore, try to put on a hat or scarf before going out in direct sun exposure. You may also apply a protective hair mask. You can also use an umbrella; it will cover your hair and face. So, it will be a two deal. 5. Protect hair while swimming Most of the people do a lot of swimming. Washing your hair daily can also be a risk. Therefore, while swimming tries to wear a shower cap. Always use swimming shampoo. After swimming, rinse your hair as soon as possible. In the market, many products claim that you can grow your hair within a single night. Well, that’s not true. Adopt a proper hair care routine along with a balanced diet. Hair products also play a crucial role. Some do’s and don’ts for preventing hair loss: For shiny, long, and healthy hair, below are some does and don’ts you must keep in mind. 1. Don’t use hair sprays; they make your hair dry, rough, and stick. 2. Don’t use someone else’s towel. Always keep your separate one. 3. Don’t use any perfume to spray on your hair. 4. Don’t curl or twist your hair using any extension. 5. Don’t use artificial ways to style your hair. 6. Don’t style your hair every day. 7. Don’t ever put conditioner on the hair’s roots; else, put it on the lower parts of the hair. 8. Don’t over-treat your hair by applying more colors, gels and doing more than enough shampoo. 9. Don’t place hairdryer or hair straighteners for a long time on your hairs to dry or straight it faster. 10. Do a regular trimming of your hair. It not only ends up rough hair but also speeds up hair growth. 11. Do a gentle hair massage every night before sleeping. 12. Do avoid junk and fatty foods. 13. Do shampoo only twice a week. 14. Do proper oil massage before the shower. 15. Do cut your hair once every three months. Frequently asked questions People mostly ask questions about how to prevent hair loss. We discussed some of them below: 1. How can I avoid hair loss? You must be worried about how to stop hair loss. Hair loss occurs because of various factors. Therefore, every aspect has its way of treatment. However, it would help if you did enough care for your hair to make them grow at a regular rate. Massage, proper shampooing, wearing masks, nutrition, and avoiding extensions can help. If you ever feel that you have a hair loss or your hairs are getting thin, try to consult a doctor. And try to add all the things to your shampoo that are essential for hair growth and care. 2. Which oils are best for hair growth? All-natural oils can play a critical role in the proper growth of hair. Here are some oils that can do a bonus job: • Coconut oil Castor oil • Vitamin E oil • Peppermint oil • Extra virgin olive oil • Jojoba oil • Cedarwood oil • Clary sage oil • Bergamot oil • Red onion oil • Pure organic oils • Almond oil 3. Can I grow my hair overnight? There are plenty of products in the market claiming that they can make your hair grow overnight. But that’s just a scam. Hair growth is a slow and steady process. Be patient enough. Suppose you are doing a proper hair care routine and consuming all the essential nutrients either by food or hair supplements. Then, there is no need to worry. You will notice an apparent change in your hair within a month or two. 4. Does hair stop growing? Hairs don’t stop growing. Only their process of growth slows down because of various factors. Suppose you use extensions like straightener and dryer daily. Then it can cause a permanent and long-lasting issue. Once the hair growth cycle stops, it becomes complicated to get it back to normal. Therefore, it’s better to avoid all those factors that can cause a stop to hair growth. Also, you shouldn’t ever compromise on your hair care. 5. How to get rid of split ends? Split ends look very weird and also slowdowns the process of hair growth. That’s why getting rid of these split ends is very important. Conditioners can be beneficial in this case. It not only makes your hair smoothen but also treats your split ends. Too much heat is also a reason for split ends. Therefore, avoid using hair extensions. But if you want to use them, try to reduce the temperature. Also, don’t place these extensions for a long time on your hair, just to speed up drying or straightening. 6. What is the better position for hairs to keep while sleeping? While sleeping, always keep your hair up. It’s a crucial thing to keep in mind. Try to free your hair before sleeping. If it causes any irritation, then bind hair with the help of a loose band. Ya clear wrap your hair using baby pins. You will see an apparent difference once you started doing this. There will be a noticeable change. That also helps the scalp to become soft, along it distributes natural oil throughout the hair. Nowadays many people are worried about how to prevent hair loss? For preventing hair loss, firstly you have to understand how hair loss happened? Hair loss happens because of many reasons like age, genetics, hormones, and an unbalanced diet. One can easily prevent hair loss by following simple, easy, and natural tips. Before shampooing, always do oiling. Avoid too much shampooing and conditioning. Apply any hair mask once or twice a week. Do not use too many products on your hair. Never use perfume or sprays on your hair. Avoid too much straightening, and curling to your hair. Do not comb hair when they are wet, or rough. Try to maintain a healthy diet as diet plays an effective role in hair growth.
African ladies by Tracey Armstrong Itsekiri, Yoruba, Somali, Swahili, and millions of other heavy sounding dialects are spoken in Africa and trust me, the sound is no joke. With an unintended poetry, the words are coined from historical events, beliefs, religion and concepts that eludes English translation. So by default, African language selects its people and permits a healthy amount of well-meaning-Tribalism. Yes! Allow me finish!!! I was actually going to begin this article by saying “communication skill was invented in Africa” but I decided to wash the apples first. Way way back in Egypt, in the earliest of ages, Communication had an interesting start: images, symbols and markings were written in walls, scrolls and stones as the most up-to-date form of literature. What inspired the symbols? And how easy was it to be translated? Of course the Greeks couldn’t understand these Obscurity. It was either madness or sacred; and since It was claimed to have some logic, it had to be sacred. They are called “Hieroglyph”. This word is coined from the Greek words “sacred”, ” message ” and “gulf”. So languages were not just intended for he with the ability to communicate but also to select a target people or audience who can understand as the case also was for the people in ancient Benin, (present day Nigeria) Before the intervention of the Portuguese, Brazilian and the British, messages embedded in casts of Golds and Bronzes alongside markings of sculptures and figurines. So the art was not the idea, the message was. Like I said a few sentences ago, it selects it’s “people” from the people. The British were deprived of such as the African perceptive; they had no faith in Africa’s judgment in matters deeper than their understanding. Read also : Young african photographer fights slut-shaming through is art So they couldn’t ascribe any meaning to this “crafts” besides treasures and primitive artworks. Who knows what information or message would have been in there; cure for malaria? Cure for aids? Impossible is nothing. The poetry in the sentence “emi e to bo” a Yoruba expression for “he is dead” goes beyond the meaning. I’d put in my best to explain. You’re welcome! “Emi e ti bo” (emi=spirit also means strength and breath) “e” closely translates to “has” then “bo” means “to drop off”. So the sentence could mean his strength has dropped off or his breathe or spirit has dropped off. In Africa, everything is (and has) a story. From places to people where their names are like story-titles. Like a female igbo[1] name, Obianuju. Obianuju literally means “safe journey” and the popular musician named Fela Anikulapo Kuti; it’s actually Afefela = king loves wealth; Anikulapo = he who keeps death in his pocket; Kuti = die hard. So what’s your story? Does it have poetry? Are your words beautiful? Remember that man is only as credible as his words and words form sentences… The life sentence or the death sentence. The Theme is therefore ours to choose. Ok! I’d probably stop here before I start up a church. [1] Nigerian Tribe and Language Leave a Reply 9 + 1 =
A woman wearing glasses and a mask receives a vaccine. More than 2.5 million people have now received their second dose. (Picture: Getty) The coronavirus vaccine rollout has already been successful in reducing infection rates, with the UK beating its daily record last week. Some 844,285 vaccines were registered in the country on Saturday, which is around 1% of the population. Those in the over-50s group are now being encouraged to book jabs, as centre closures are expected. As with all vaccination programmes, a small number of people may have an adverse reaction – although rarely anything worse than a mild case of the virus itself. So, why do some people experience side effects from the Covid vaccine, while others don’t? Why do some people react to the Covid vaccine? Vaccinations are a way of stimulating an immune response to protect people against infections. An AstraZeneca vaccine kit. Vaccinations are a way of stimulating an immune response. (Picture: Getty) The Covid vaccines trigger a range of responses which are harmless, as the vaccine does not contain the part of the virus that is dangerous. This response prepares the body’s white blood cells, allowing them to work against coronavirus more effectively in the future. Different types of vaccines work in different ways to offer protection, but with all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of ‘memory’ cells that will remember how to fight that virus. Speaking to Metro.co.uk, NHS consultant Dr Sreedhar Krishna says that as a result of this process, a small proportion of people will experience a reaction to the Covid vaccine. PM: 'There is going to be a role for (vaccine) certification' He says that ‘our immune system determines both our response to infection and to vaccination. Each person has a different make-up, with some people having a hyper-alert immune system. ‘These hyper-alert immune systems can overreact at the slightest threat, and could include people with asthma, eczema or hay fever.’ What are the most common types of reaction to the Covid vaccine? Dr Krishna says that the most common types of reactions are: • A sore arm • A headache • Tiredness • Chills • Mild flu-like symptoms. Woman blows her nose while on the sofa Mild flu-like symptoms aren’t unusual after having the jab. (Picture: Getty) These are often seen in people who have the flu jab or other types of vaccination, not just with the coronavirus vaccine. The vast majority of people will only experience mild symptoms for around one to four days. Reece Samani from Signature Pharmacy also spoke to Metro.co.uk, saying these reactions are to be expected. ‘Both the Pfizer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine have a number of common side effects which impact more than one in ten people’ he says. Dr Krishna’s advice for people worried about the potential for a reaction is to discuss the process with their doctor, as they will be able to give advice specifically tailored to their medical history. MORE : Miriam Margolyes frustrated as she desperately waits for Covid-19 vaccine in Italy: ‘It’s entirely the government’s fault’ MORE : Pubs that check if you’ve had vaccine ‘could drop social distancing inside’ Follow Metro across our social channels, on FacebookTwitter and Instagram. Share your views in the comments below.
Is There A Market For Wool? How much is a bale of wool worth? Where does most wool come from? AustraliaAustralia produces about 345 million kilos of wool every year – about one quarter of the world’s wool. This makes Australia the world’s leading producer of wool, followed by China, Russia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, the UK and Uruguay. How does diet affect wool production? An increase in energy intake, except at very low levels of protein content in the diet, usually has direct positive effect on wool growth (Doney, 1983). … Results from experiments suggest that wool production is linearly related to intake, presumably, digestive energy with protein intake having very little influence. What is a wool pack? 1 : a wrapper of strong fabric into which fleeces are packed for shipment. How does a wool press work? How much is the wool industry worth? The world wool trade amounted to $4.72bn (USD) in 2018, with Australia leading as the top export nation of origin. Although cotton ranks as the top overall fiber used by industry, wool reigns as the number one global source for animal fiber. Can you make money selling wool? If you talk to shepherds who are breeding commercial sheep, you will probably hear that it is not profitable. But if you are willing to put a little effort into selling directly to consumers, you can definitely make a profit when selling wool from rare breeds of sheep. Are goats or sheep more profitable? Goats are more profitable than sheep. … These factors include the price that goats or sheep sell for at market. Their age to maturity and the number of kids each year also affect a farmer’s profitability. Lastly, goats and sheep both produce multiple products that can be marketed including wool, milk, and meat. What is the most profitable farm animal? How do you know if wool is good quality? 5 ways to tell if it is real wool or acrylicLabel. The easiest and most obvious thing is to buy yarn with its original label in yarn shops. … Softness. Real wool is softer than acrylic. … Price. This can be also a good indicator. … Felting test. Take two pieces of the same yarn and wet their ends a little bit. … Burn test. You burn a strand of yarn with a lighter.Jan 30, 2014 How much wool does a sheep need? How is wool marketed? Direct marketing of wool Direct marketing is when the product is marketed directly to the end consumer. The most common method of direct marketing wool is marketing whole fleeces directly to handspinners, weavers, and other wool craftsmen. Is selling sheep wool profitable? Profitability can be challenging, but with productive sheep and close control of expenses, a profit is possible. Sheep produce income from the sale of meat, wool and milk. … Most sheep are sheared once per year to produce wool. How heavy is a bale of wool? Bales should weigh between 110 kg (243 lb) and 204 kg (450 lb), unless the wool is under 18.6 microns, in which case they may be a minimum gross weight of 90 kg (198 lb). What is the most profitable breed of sheep? How much do farmers make from wool? How much can you make selling wool? Selling commodity woolSelling commercial wool average priced years$0.10-0.20 per poundSelling commercial wool 2020 low price average for our wool$0.02 per poundSelling commercial wool 2018 high average price for our wool$0.34Specialty wools privately selling fleeces$20-75+ per fleece How much is sheep wool worth UK? This year the price for Romney fleeces is £1.40 per kg, so an average fleece is worth £4.20. A Jacob fleece is slightly lighter, around 2.5 kg, and is worth £0.67 per kg, so I will get £1.67 for each Jacob fleece.
From Spanking Art Jump to navigationJump to search A husband is a male married life partner, typically of his wife. In some countries today, same-sex marriages are permitted also, so strictly speaking, a husband does not need to have a wife. Husbands in spanking art[edit] The husband in the spankee role: "La femme qui fouette son mary" (The woman who whips her husband), French illustration from 1670. In spanking stories and spanking art, husbands play various roles. They can be disciplinarians of their children as well as spankers or spankees of their wives. Most societies have a history based on the principle of patriarchy; therefore husbands would traditionally have authority over their wifes. This included (in some non-western countries to the present day) the husband's legal right to administer corporal punishment to his wife when felt necessary. When this is done by agreement, is is often called domestic discipline. This scenario is often reflected in M/F spanking art, particularly when it comes to photography such as those published in spanking magazines. However, due to the fact that many men enjoy the opposite (women dominating men), there is also a lot of F/M or femdom spanking art. See also[edit]
Altered Flows Human water use involves changes to natural patterns of runoff and river discharge, through water withdrawals, consumption and return flows, land use change, irrigation, and inter-basin water transfers. Related research Compared to water stress and shortage, or the need to share water, it is not necessarily obvious how changes to flows relate to water scarcity. Fundamentally, it is a question of mass balance: even if water is a renewable resource, there is only a limited amount at any given place and time; using water – and being able to use water – affects and depends on how water is distributed in a landscape, and what other users have done to influence this. Key means of altering flows: Water withdrawals involves diverting water from rivers, lakes or groundwater that would otherwise have flowed elsewhere. This is typically because water is scarce where it is being taken, and it may result in water scarcity for those who would otherwise have received the water. Water consumption refers to water that will no longer be available for other users within this loop of the water cycle (e.g. until it rains again). Part of the water withdrawn will become available again (often at a different time and place) as “return flows”. The rest of the water either evaporates, is incorporated into products, or discharges to the ocean. Land use change affects runoff and evaporation. More (or less) water may flow into rivers, lakes and groundwater, or instead will be evaporated. Irrigation is the most prominent water cycle change globally. It involves substantial land use change, affecting both runoff and evaporation on site, and additionally consumes most of the water withdrawn (with return flows affected by irrigation efficiency). Inter-basin water transfers are a high profile type of water withdrawal because they transfer water between areas that are not otherwise connected. The change to flows is generally more obvious than within a river basin where it is normal for some water to evaporate (be consumed) locally, and for some to continue on to downstream users. Open for contributions! This summary is only a start. Let us know if you would like to be involved in adding work on this subject to the atlas! Email us! Altered Flows Water scarcity is closely tied to how we change the way water flows in a landscape Further reading Submit a topic? Want to give us a feedback? Send us an email at
vaping health risks Vaping is currently becoming increasingly popular as an alternative medication. More people can see it, and more studies reveal that it is not only a less harmful alternative drug than cigarettes or alcohol. Rather than containing nicotine, it contains a non-toxic ingredient referred to as plant nicotine. Instead of being a cigarette substitute, it is an herbal alternative medication. It can benefit people stop smoking and lessen health risks, as well as treat certain health problems. The dangers of smoking are well documented. The smoker puts themselves at risk for various kinds of cancer, plus other complications from emphysema, bronchitis, throat and mouth cancer, along with increasing the probability of developing heart disease. E-cigs do not contain nicotine, however they do contain plant nicotine, that is in a way similar to nicotine. So while e-cigs usually do not donate to cancer or other serious illnesses, they do carry with them a few of the same vaporizing health risks as cigarettes do. This is why some health professionals – including the American Cancer Society and the American Heart Association – have made it clear that e-cigs shouldn’t be used by smokers who want to quit. Smoking while using e-cigs has similar dangers for the reason that the inhaled smoke can irritate the lungs and make breathing more challenging. In fact, among high school students, smoking while using e-cigs was common, in accordance with a recent study. And among teens, it was more common than using cigarettes. Therefore the Vape Shop lungs are not the only real ones negatively affected by smoking through e-cigs. But vaporizing tobacco poses sustained hazards. Nicotine and other toxins within cigarettes evaporate in to the vaporized form and stay there, which escalates the chances of being inhaled into the lungs. Also, the burned nicotine and toxic chemicals present in e-cigs create a gaseous environment where viruses, bacteria along with other germs can grow. Inhaled vapors cause coughing, chest tightness, sore throat and inflammation of the respiratory system. So while these symptoms may not sound like they have much significance, they are able to result in long-term respiratory problems and create lots of the same ailments that are found in smokers. The largest of the dangers of e-cigarettes is based on the fact that they are substituting cigarette smoking. The problem with e-cigs is they do not contain any of the harmful chemicals found in cigarettes, so the smokers usually do not go through the same tar, nicotine and other harmful chemicals that are within cigarettes. However, because the harmful chemical compounds are not present, no one really knows whether people are still receiving any of those dangerous effects. It’s possible that the amount of vaporizing harmful chemicals is less with e-cigs, but that does not mean that they’re safe. A recently available study showed that there have been four times the quantity of benzene and three times the volume of acrylamide in the vapor of e-cigs, in comparison to using tobacco. While there are a variety of concerns about the longterm effects on the lungs of individuals that use e-cigs, the greatest danger of all to both the smoker and the nonsmoker may be the short term harm to the the respiratory system. The electronic cigarette vapor has a variety of ingredients, a few of which will irritate the lungs and cause coughing and wheezing, while others are in fact toxic to the lungs. One of the more common herbs used in vaporizers is gold. Gold is really a highly toxic element, that is also used in medications to treat certain types of cancer. There were studies that show gold increases the threat of premature death in smokers, so it would be wise to stay away from any products which contain gold. These are just two of the numerous e-cigarette health risks to be aware of. As a result of these findings, many people are beginning to elect to quit smoking, along with changing their diet and exercising more often. Many teens today are also turning to e-cigs as a way to smoke less. Challenging dangers that we now know exist when working with e-cigs, it seems that quitting cold turkey is the better option for many people.
User-friendly AI for animal behavior Developed by PhD student Tristan Walter and Iain Couzin, the easy to use tool automatically tracks hundreds of individual animals. March 12, 2021 Computer programs that measure and analyze animal movement are fast becoming indispensable for the study of behavior. Animal movements are highly complex, and quantifying them can be a laborious and time-consuming task. Automated tools, however, are enabling scientists to conduct more advanced behavioral experiments that provide deeper insight into how animals make decisions based on what they sense in their environment. A particular challenge for the quantitative study of behavior has been how to automatically track a group of individuals in video recordings of animals. Maintaining information about large numbers of individuals still presents computational challenges, particularly with respect to memory size and computation speed. Additionally, many animals prefer to hide under cover or behind other individuals, and often look very similar to each other, which makes it harder—or indeed impossible—to keep track of who is who. While past tools had no other choice than relying on attaching physical markers to animals in order to tell individuals apart, newer tools are using machine learning techniques to automatically perform this task. Now, PhD student Tristan Walter and Iain Couzin have created a system that can track up to 100 individuals while maintaining their separate identities without the need for physical markers. With the development of a new algorithm for training and applying an artificial neural network used to visually identify individuals, their tool performs much faster (2.5-46.7 times) than comparable software and requires 2-10 times less memory at the same time. In addition to tracking and individual identification, the tool also integrates other features for studying animal behavior, such as estimating an individual’s 2D posture and visual field, and the ability to track positions of up to 256 individuals in real-time. All of these methods are integrated into a single, intuitive open-source tool with a rich graphical user interface and available (and steadily extending) online documentation. Being fast, memory efficient, easy to use, and with powerful integrated tools, TRex will lower barriers of entry into, and enable more ambitious approaches to, the quantitative study of behavior. Original publication: Tristan Walter and Iain D Couzin (2021) TRex, a fast multi-animal tracking system with markerless identification, and 2D estimation of posture and visual fields. eLife 2021;10:e64000. doi: 10.7554/eLife.64000 Go to Editor View
Lessons for Humanity from the Weekly Parshah y Rabbi Avraham Greenbaum To subscribe to the UNIVERSAL TORAH weekly email click here Back to Parshah Index Torah Reading: YISRO Exodus 18:1-20:23 It is fitting that the parshah which tells of the Giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai is named after Yisro (Jethro), Moses' father-in-law -- a convert. Indeed, all those who witnessed the Giving of the Torah were "converts". Thus (as noted in the commentary on Parshas SHEMOS) the Covenant at Sinai was accompanied by the three components of conversion: circumcision (Rashi on Ex.12:6), ritual immersion in the waters of the Mikveh (Ex. 19:10) and burned offerings (Ex. 24:5). For before G-d, we are all converts -- GERIM, "dwellers" in a land and on an earth that is not ours but G-d's. We are all here only by the grace of G-d, utterly dependent upon His kindness and compassion. Thus no one can claim that the Torah belongs to him by right through ancestral or other merit. There is no room for pride, arrogance or the exploitation of the Torah for worldly advantage. The Torah is not the property of an exclusive caste. It "belongs" only to one who keeps it. The Torah was given in the Wilderness, no man's land, on the lowest of all mountains -- Sinai, the eternal symbol of humility. For only through humility can we "receive" and accept the Torah, which belongs to G-d alone. Receiving the Torah means having the humility to accept it as it is, the way it has come down to us, without trying to "modify" it according to our own ideas and wishes. And when we are willing to accept and follow the Torah as it actually is -- fulfilling NA'ASEH VE-NISHMAH, "we will (first) DO it and (then) HEAR (and understand) it" (Ex. 24:7) -- then we can come to understand how the Torah lifts us out of our slavery to this-worldliness, with its many false gods. Then we can hear the voice of redemption that calls to us every day: "I am HASHEM your G-d who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of slaves" (Ex. 20:2). Slavery to the idols of the mundane world is ignominious. Yet the Torah accords the greatest honor to those who have the courage to leave this servitude behind and "go out into the wilderness" in search of G-d -- like Jethro. According to tradition, Jethro had investigated every conceivable way of interpreting and living in this world, every world-view and "lifestyle". Only when Jethro came to HaShem and His Torah did he know he had found the truth. "Now I KNOW that HaShem is great above all the gods" (Ex. 18:11). The Zohar comments: "When Jethro came and said, 'Now I know that HaShem is great.' then the Supreme Name was glorified and exalted" (Zohar, Yisro 69). In other words, the revelation of G-d's light and power is greatest precisely when it comes out of darkness and concealment. Only when we have seen evil and know its power can we understand the greatness of G-d's saving hand. Only one who was a slave truly understands what it means to have been freed. This is "the superiority of the light that comes out of darkness" (Ecclesiastes 2:13). Thus Jethro the Convert was accorded the honor of having the parshah narrating the Giving of the Torah named after him, and of contributing the hierarchical system of "captains of thousands, captains of hundreds, captains of fifties and captains of tens" through which the Children of Israel are governed. Jethro's name also contains and alludes to the name of another humble convert who was accorded the greatest honor: Ruth the Moabitess, who was the great grandmother of King David, MELECH HAMASHIACH. * * * Rambam (Maimonides) in "Foundations of the Torah", the opening section of his comprehensive Code of Law, explains the significance of the revelation at Sinai, which was witnessed by at least two million people: "Then how did they come to believe in him? The answer is: At Mount Sinai, where we ourselves (not a stranger) saw with our own eyes and where we ourselves (not someone else) heard with our own ears the thunderous sounds and flashing lights and how Moses approached and entered the thick cloud. We heard The Voice speak with him as we listened: 'Moses, Moses, go and say to them.' From where do we learn that the Assembly at Mount Sinai and that alone is the final proof of the truth of Moses' prophecy -- proof that leaves no room for further doubt? As it says, 'Behold I am coming to you in the thickness of the cloud in order that the people may hear when I speak with you and also they will believe in you forever' (Ex. 19:9). "It follows that the very ones to whom he was sent were the witnesses to the truth of his prophecy, and he had no need to perform any further sign, since he and they were both witnesses to the matter. It is like two witnesses who both saw the same thing. Each one is witness that his friend is telling the truth. Neither witness needs further proof of what his friend is saying. Similarly, all Israel were witnesses to the truth of Moses' prophecy and he had no need to perform any sign. For one who believes on account of signs still entertains doubts in his heart. * * * "And Israel encamped there, facing the mount" (Ex. 19:2) -- the Hebrew verb VAYICHAN ("encamped") is in the singular. They encamped "as one man with one heart" (Rashi ad loc.) -- united. Observing today's rainbow variety of jostling Israelites -- ever-critical, argumentative, obstinate and apparently incapable of agreeing about anything -- it is hard to imagine how all the Children of Israel actually did unite at Sinai to receive the Torah. This is particularly difficult to imagine for those who have delved into the intricacies of Talmudic law and reasoning, and who know how the Torah repeatedly seems to fly completely in the face of reason and good common sense. How could those two million Israelites collectively agree to accept this elaborate, complex, reason-defying code in all its minute details? What brought them to do so? And the fact is that today's observant descendents of those Israelites, despite the fact of having come from communities spread out all over the world, still all fundamentally agree to accept this code without changing a letter! * * * In the above-quoted passage from Rambam about the uniqueness of Moses' prophecy, he states that "the prophets who deny the truth of Moses' prophecy are like witnesses who tell a person who saw something with his own eyes that it was not as he saw it." The prophets to whom he is referring include those who founded the two major world religions which are rooted in and yet deviate from the Torah: Christianity and Islam. Both drew the bulk of their teachings from the Torah. Yet both implicitly and explicitly deny the finality of Moses' prophecy, seeking to "undo" the laws of the Torah (such as circumcision, the dietary laws, complete Sabbath observance and many others). The relaxation of the stringencies of Torah law by these man-made religions made them more acceptable to the non-Israelite nations. As Rambam states at the very end of his Code of Law (Hilchos Melachim 11:4 uncensored version): "Man does not have the power to grasp the thoughts of the Creator of the Universe. For our ways are not His ways, nor are our thoughts His. All that happened in the wake of Yeshu of Nazereth and that Ishmaelite who arose after him came only to straighten the way for Melech HaMashiach and to rectify the entire world to serve HaShem together. Thus it is written: 'And then I will turn to all the nations a pure language so that all of them will call upon the name of HaShem and serve Him with one accord' (Zephaniah 3:9). The whole world has thus become filled with the knowledge of the Torah and the commandments. This knowledge has spread to the farthest islands. And when the true MELECH HAMASHIACH arises and succeeds, they will all immediately know that 'their fathers inherited falsehood' and that their prophets and their fathers deceived them." Shabbat Shalom! Avraham Yehoshua Greenbaum © AZAMRA INSTITUTE 5770 - 2009-10 All rights reserved
When Ray Griffiths suffered a brain injury it inspired in him a lifelong mission to discover how we can best nurture and support our brain health, in order to lead healthier, happier lives. He shares his findings with Female First on how we can all boost our brains. The human brain is a highly evolved miracle of biological engineering. It is six times larger than it should be compared to mammals of a similar size, putting our brain right on the very limit of its energy producing capability. Incredibly, it weighs only 2% of our total body weight yet consumes 20% of our energy and 25% of our oxygen intake per day– think about it, a quarter of every breath of oxygen is reserved exclusively for our brain. Additionally, the energy hungry brain needs to extract 300-400 calories each day from our food, just to maintain our thoughts! Our highly evolved complex brain gives us an enormous competitive advantage over other species–but this advantage can also become a curse. If our brain energy levels and nourishment are inadequate, then this can leave us vulnerable to low mood and depression. We now know that stress and poor diet and lifestyle are literally brain drains which deplete our energy hungry nervous system. There is a growing awareness that we need sufficient energy to maintain the structure of our brain and nervous system. This energy is vital to defend ourselves against depressive disorders. The part of the brain most heavily associated with mental health, memory, emotion and mood is called the ‘hippocampus’ – keeping this part of the brain energized and nourished is therefore essential for our mental health and wellbeing. Hippocampus is the name used in biology for seahorses and it is the unusual seahorse-like shape of the hippocampus that has led to its evocative name. Just as the seahorse charms and enchants the depths of the sea, our own hippocampus (when supported and nurtured) can help to enchant our own lives. During a depressive episode, the hippocampus actually shrinks in size. Sadly, stress, poor diet and lifestyle can all accelerate this shrinkage. However, unusually for the brain, the hippocampus has the ability to regenerate itself–and to be able to regenerate the hippocampus we absolutely have to eat great food, exercise and maintain rewarding social and environmental connections. My book Depression: The Mind-Body Diet and Lifestyle Connection is all about inspiring us all to eat and live well with the aim of supporting our mental health and hippocampus. Every single day there are 700 new cells produced in the hippocampus, but these cells need a tremendous amount of encouragement to make it from fledgling cells to fully-functioning adult neurons. Healthy neurons are needed to keep our hippocampus working effectively, to help maintain our sense of mental wellbeing. We used to think that antidepressant drugs elicited their action purely by increasing serotonin levels in our bodies. But we are now beginning to understand that one of the major modes of antidepressant action is via supporting our hippocampus, and so protecting it from harm during stressful times. It can take many days for antidepressants to take effect and this is likely to be because antidepressants are helping to support and rebuild the hippocampus and other neural circuits in the brain. What is really exciting is that dietary components and lifestyle choices can act on the very same circuits that antidepressants use. As mentioned at the beginning of the article, our brain is at the very limit of its energy production capability and therefore needs a way of directing our energy resources to where they are needed. The brain does this by employing proteins called neurotrophins to manage our brain energy. Surprisingly, many plant-derived antioxidants and exercise can help direct this much-needed brain energy support. The brain energy enhancing neurotrphins are also produced when we are around people we care about and love and when we in turn feel loved and appreciated. Exercising, being outdoors, in a green environment, by the sea, in forests and beside lakes and hillsides, can all dramatically improve our brain energy and protect us from depression. Increasing the variety of plants and animals can further improve our feel-good brain energy levels to help protect our hippocampus. Sadly, environmental destruction can and will undermine our mental health. For our sanity, we absolutely need our green spaces, which are for good reason known a ‘Green Prescriptions’. My own journey into informing myself about brain health was through suffering several sport related head injuries. During my teens I was involved in Motorcycle Speedway, a sport where riders race around an oval dirt track at up to 80 mph–without any brakes! I didn’t realise at the time, but the chronic mental fatigue and mood swings that I subsequently experienced, were strongly linked to my early head traumas from racing accidents. Our humble hippocampus hates head trauma and inflammation, and I was therefore doing it no favours at all. You might ask why a young emerging adult may have chosen to place himself at such risk. Well scratch under the surface and you’ll find a young man struggling to find his identity and way into adulthood. It was my rite of passage, but strangely the mental scars it induced have enabled a more nuanced and subtle rite of passage throughout every stage of my later life. Around twenty years ago, when the mental fatigue and mood swings became sufficiently debilitating, and were making a working life almost impossible, I began to study nutrition. Many years of study culminated in my attaining a Masters degree in nutrition–specialising in the dietary support of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Little by little my own research and study had been leading me on an incredible journey to understand my own brain health issues-and also provided a window into the world of the mental health struggles of others. Presently, I nutritionally support several clients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. So, going back to depression, what kind of diet and lifestyle choices can help support or hinder our humble hippocampus and mental wellbeing? For good reason, the most researched diet (with regard to mental and all health) is the Mediterranean diet. Not only is the Mediterranean diet a great source of nutrition for own brain, but the official United Nations definition of the diet also highlights the importance of communal preparation and eating, and locally sourced crockery and glasses. Our brain is nourished by more than just the chemicals in food – it is also nourished by our social connections and the way we live our lives. Sugar and the western style diet are literally poison for our hippocampus. Our brain has evolved to be the miracle that it is over millions of years – we wouldn’t consider putting parts from a junk yard on a Ferrari sports car, so why do we put junk into our stomachs and brain? The food that we eat has to replace worn out brain and hippocampus components twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days of the year. Sadly, junk food equals junk brain. Sugar is particularly problematic even though the hippocampus depends heavily on glucose. It may sound odd but excess sugar undermines the ability of the hippocampus to get the vital glucose it needs to function. Two cans of a sugary drink per day (or the equivalent sugar in other foods) are all it takes to significantly increase the risk of depression in many people. The damage of sugar to the brain is even more insidious for women, due to the negative impact that sugar has on every female hormone related issue from puberty through to menopause. Worryingly, women experience twice the level of depression that men do during this period. Stress is something that nearly everyone experiences as a regular part of their life. In short bursts, stress is absolutely vital to our brain and overall wellbeing. It gives us the energy that helps us get things done – and can be healing for our brain and hippocampus. On the other hand, chronic long -term stress is incredibly destructive to the brain and can be a major cause of the shrinkage of the hippocampus, which is seen in depression. Surprisingly, looking after our gut can support our hippocampus. The gut and brain are connected by a long nerve called the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve forms what is known as the gut-brain axis and provides us with another excellent reason to eat only good quality food. The gut and brain are in continual conversation and a diet such as the Mediterranean diet will provide all the nutrients to support the healthy gut bacteria that we need for a healthy gut-brain dialogue. The brain and hippocampus supporting neurotrophins (mentioned above), act to direct nutrients and energy to where they are most needed. There are even some estimates that the neurotrophins can increase our brain energy by as much as 60%. A word of warning though - the neurotrophins are not keen on giving energy to bored and uninspired brains! Our neurotrophins give our brain extra energy when we do the things that we love doing, such as being with people we love being with, eating well and exercising. Our brain thrives on passion in our lives – it absolutely feels that way doesn’t it? Think of all the things that you love to do and how energized you feel doing them. Evolution is trying to direct us to live a fulfilled and passionate life but, sadly, modern living is trying its best to undermine what our brain and hippocampus need to thrive. Start the revolution now, nourish your hippocampus and defend against depression by following your life passions as much as you possibly can. Depression: The Mind-Body, Diet & Lifestyle Connection by Ray Griffiths is published September 3rd by Clink Street Publishing, £8.99 paperback, £4.99 ebook. Tagged in
Dare to Tear: Paper fashions in the 1960s The fashions of the 1960s have always been a favourite of mine, I love the wide spectrum of styles, shapes and colours used and how the 'freedom of fashion' really kicked off during this decade. Despite this, until recently I had only skimmed over the late 1960s trend of wearing clothing made out of paper. As the ethics of 'throwaway fashion' and other short lived 'fads' has been much debated over recent years, I decided to delve a bit deeper into these paper fashions. Originally paper clothing had been created for use in hospitals for both staff and patients, creating hygienically disposable clothing in order to cut down laundry costs. However in 1966 American companies such as Hallmark and Scott Paper Company began producing paper dresses that used the same prints as their other paper products, specifically to promote their tissues, new throwaway tablecloths, party plates, cups and other paper tableware. [Image 1] All kinds of different promotional paper dresses were created, including being used for US presidential campaigns, beauty products, and food companies. Cambell's Vegetable Soup 'Souper' dress was inspired by Andy Warhol’s 1962 iconic artwork, 'Campbell's Soup Cans'. [Image 2] Paper fashions quickly became popular in the fashion world, with designers such as Ossie Clarke and Celia Birtwell, Elisa Daggs, Poster Dress Ltd. and Wastebasket Boutique creating their own versions. These paper fashions were exciting, fun, and cheap, enabling the wearer to stay up to date with the newest prints and styles. Advancements in material technology enabled these garments to be made out of wood pulp mixed with synthetic fibres in order to create a more hard wearing paper like fabric that had water and fire resistant properties, and could be printed on easily. These fabrics required little maintenance and could be 'refreshed' by ironing inside out on a cool setting, some could even be washed, but the water and fire resistant finishes normally came off during the process. In the true spirit of the space age, these dresses were even believed to be the prototypes for the future. Julian Tomchin went as far as to suggests that we would all be wearing paper fashions in the future as “After all who is going to do laundry in space?” (1). Elisa Daggs felt that paper fashions would continue to be fashionable and believed that “sealing machines will replace sewing machines” due to paper needing a different kind of “architecture” to fabric (2). These paper dresses were easily altered by the modern woman as they required no sewing skills, just a pair of scissors and glue or sticky tape. Although this fashion for paper clothing was short lived and only lasted a few years; using paper for clothing has been used by contemporary designers including Hussein Chalayan, James Rosenquist and Helmut Lang, during the 1990s and early 2000s. The lasting legacy of these 1960s paper fashions is found in the DuPnt fabric Tyvek, this is still used in hospital clothing both for patient's gowns and medical staff's aprons. I feel that the desire for more ecologically friendly fashion, 'make do and mend', and using recycled materials has become more important today than having 'of the moment' clothing that can be disposable of in time for the next trend. 1) Helen Carlton, Answer to Laundry in Space, LIFE Magazine, 25th November 1966, pg. 136 Paper Dresses 1960s Newsreel, available from the World Wide Web: https://youtu.be/79r5pHhaxPM Recent Posts
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Harriet Jacobs Teachers and parents! Struggling with distance learning? Our Teacher Edition on Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl can help. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Summary Linda Brent is born into slavery, but because her father works outside of his mistress’s house as a carpenter, she grows up in a happy family home with her parents and her younger brother William. She also lives near her grandmother, who buys her own freedom when Linda is young. When Linda is six, her mother dies and Linda goes to live with the family’s mistress, who treats her kindly and teaches her about religion. Six years later, the mistress dies; Linda hopes that she will be freed in her will, but instead the mistress bequeaths her to her young niece, and Linda has to go live with the Flints. Life in the Flint household is very different from anything Linda has known before. She and her brother have to work very hard, they have little to eat, and Mrs. Flint is unkind to them and often beats her slaves—she doesn’t even let Linda go to her own father’s funeral. Linda’s grandmother tries to provide for her family and keep the children’s spirits up, but it seems that trouble is brewing—Linda’s brother William and her young uncle Benjamin are both chafing at the new restrictions in their lives, and meanwhile Dr. Flint has begun to sexually proposition Linda and threaten her that she has to do whatever he wants, because she belongs to him. Some time after this, Benjamin runs away from his master. He is caught and thrown into the city jail, where he languishes for months before being sold to a slave trader. Linda’s grandmother tries to cobble together money to buy him, but before she does so Benjamin runs away again, eventually reaching safety in New York. Grandmother continues to save up money, hoping to purchase the freedom of some of her other children. She eventually manages to buy and free her son, Linda’s uncle Phillip. Linda has tried to make her life in the Flint household bearable, but as Dr. Flint’s sexual interest in her becomes obvious, Mrs. Flint takes out her jealousy on her powerless slave. Mrs. Flint interrogates Linda about her interactions with her husband and forces her to sleep in her own room, where Linda fears she might one day kill her. Nevertheless, Dr. Flint is unashamed and frequently berates Linda for her failure to “obey” him. Linda says such situations are typical of Southern culture, where it’s normal for male slave owners to have many illegitimate children with female slaves, and for their wives to exact revenge on those unwilling mothers. When she’s fifteen, Linda falls in love with a free black carpenter, who wants to marry her. However, Dr. Flint refuses to concede to the marriage or to sell her to the carpenter. Moreover, Linda is afraid to have children with the carpenter because they would legally belong to Dr. Flint and be under his power. Furious that she has fallen in love with someone else, Dr. Flint threatens to kill her or throw her in jail; eventually, fearing that he will exact retribution on the carpenter, Linda breaks off her courtship. She channels her energy into caring for William, and begins to plot an escape from slavery for him. Linda breaks away from her own narrative to describe the cruel punishments that are rampant and accepted under slavery. For example, one man in her city locks a runaway slave inside a cotton gin until he dies, and goes completely unpunished. Slavery is especially pernicious to young girls, who are subject not only to physical but sexual violence, and have no legal or practical means to protect themselves and their chastity from men who are unashamed to have illegitimate and enslaved children. For reasons like this, slavery is degrading to white society as well as unjust to its victims. Dr. Flint begins plans to build Linda a cottage of her own outside the town. Knowing that without his wife in the vicinity she will be completely powerless, Linda becomes desperate and takes action. She accepts the advances of another white man, Mr. Sands, thinking that he will give her some protection against Dr. Flint and preferring to give herself to a man rather than to “submit to compulsion.” Even though she has no other options, she feels deeply ashamed of sacrificing her sexual purity. She keeps her decision a secret even from her grandmother, until she becomes pregnant. When she announces her impending motherhood to Dr. Flint, he is enraged and runs her out of the house. Her grandmother is angry with her as well, saying that “I had rather see you dead” than an unwed mother. However, she takes her into her house and provides a refuge from Dr. Flint, who leaves her there for the duration of her pregnancy. Midway through her pregnancy, Linda becomes very sick and delivers her baby prematurely. She has often wanted to die because of the hardships of her life, but now she knows she has to stay alive for the baby, and she wills herself to get well. Dr. Flint visits often, reminding her that her son belongs to him and sending her sexually explicit letters. Linda names her baby Benjamin (Benny), after her escaped uncle. Linda continues to live in her grandmother’s house and eventually gives birth to a daughter, Ellen, with Mr. Sands. She begins to attend church meetings organized for slaves, but becomes disillusioned when the pastor simply lectures attendees about obeying their masters, saying that the Bible commands them to do so. Once, a worship leader even laughs at a mother who is distraught after her children have been sold away from her. Linda comes to feel that the practice of Christianity in the South is essentially hypocritical, just another tool to exert control over slaves. Dr. Flint is very active in the Episcopal church, but he continues to urge Linda to live a sinful life with him. Because she still refuses to sleep with Dr. Flint, Linda is sent away from the city to Dr. Flint’s plantation, where she works as a housekeeper, getting the house ready for the arrival of Dr. Flint’s new daughter-in-law. She takes Ellen with her, but the young girl becomes sick and distressed by harsh plantation life and Linda sends her back to her grandmother. Separated from her children, Linda frequently thinks about attempting to escape, but grandmother talks her out of it. Finally, Linda learns that both her children are going to be sent to the plantation to be “broke in” and she runs away in the night. For some weeks Linda hides at the house of an unnamed friend. Dr. Flint sends patrols to search for her all over the city; once, they arrive at the friend’s house and she has to hide in the swamp, where a snake bites her. Eventually, Linda’s grandmother confides in a white woman who has been friendly with her for years. The woman agrees to hide Linda in her own house and try to find an escape route to the Free States. The woman sends her cook, a woman Linda knows named Betty, to fetch her, and she hides in her attic for months. Meanwhile, Linda hears that William and her children have been thrown into jail, in order to coerce her into revealing herself. In order to get the children away from Dr. Flint, Mr. Sands purchases them, as well as Benny. They are taken back to Linda’s grandmother, where they can live in safety. However, Dr. Flint is still searching for Linda and a better hiding place needs to be found. Uncle Phillip builds a concealed crawlspace in Linda’s grandmother’s shed, and Linda is conveyed there. There’s no room to stand up or walk, and it’s completely dark and airless until Linda bores a few holes in the wall. She can see her children playing in the yard but never talk to them. As the months pass, Linda’s limbs begin to stiffen, and she often gets sick. Her relatives sneak up to the shed at night to treat her. Linda stays trapped in this hiding place for seven years. At some point, Mr. Sands gets elected to Congress; before he leaves for Washington, Linda has a secret meeting with him and makes him promise to free their children as soon as possible. Mr. Sands takes William with him to Washington and later on a trip to the North, and is very pleased with his attentiveness as a servant. However, in Boston William runs away. Mr. Sands returns bringing a new bride but without Linda’s brother. Dr. Flint begins threatening to reclaim the children, saying that the sale contract was not legal. Mr. Sands decides to send Ellen north to live with his cousin; he tells Linda that he has freed her and she will be able to go to school, but the cousin writes a letter to Linda’s grandmother saying that Ellen has been “given” to her as a servant. Linda is desperate to get her children out of the hands of both men. Some time after Ellen’s departure, a family friend named Peter finds a way for Linda to escape on a ship bound for Philadelphia. At first, Linda’s grandmother convinces her not to go, and they give the place to another fugitive slave in the area, Fanny. However, just before the boat leaves someone spots Linda in the shed and she has to escape quickly. After an emotional farewell to her grandmother and Benny, she and Fanny sail away from North Carolina. At first, she doesn’t trust the captain and the sailors, but they prove kind and gentlemanly and the women arrive in Philadelphia safely, where they stay with a black pastor and his family for some days. Linda soon proceeds to New York, where she stays with a contact from the South and quickly seeks out Ellen. She finds that her daughter has not been sent to school as promised, but works as a servant and is anxious to come and live with her mother. Mr. Sands’s cousin, Mrs. Hobbs, reiterates that Ellen has been “given” to her. In order to be near her daughter, Linda finds a job as a baby nurse for a white woman, Mrs. Bruce. Her new employer turns out to be kind and sympathetic, as well as fiercely opposed to slavery. She offers to bring Ellen into her house as well, but Linda is scared of offending the Hobbs family because they know about her status as a fugitive slave. Dr. Flint visits New York, trying to discover Linda’s whereabouts. Without telling Mrs. Bruce that she is a fugitive, Linda goes to stay in Boston for some weeks. Meanwhile, her grandmother puts Benny on a ship heading north and he is reunited with his mother. He goes to live with William, now in Boston, while Linda works for Mrs. Bruce. During the summer, Linda accompanies Mrs. Bruce and her child on a vacation to the countryside. When she gets back and goes to visit Ellen, she finds that Mrs. Hobbs’s brother, Mr. Thorne, is visiting. He’s from the city of her birth, and probably knows that she has run away, so Linda is very worried to be discovered by him. A few days later, Ellen tells her anxiously that Mr. Thorne has written to apprise Dr. Flint of Linda’s whereabouts. Linda escapes from the city with Ellen and goes to Boston, where she finds a job sewing and lives with her two children. In the spring, Linda is saddened to find that Mrs. Bruce has died. Mr. Bruce wants to take his daughter to meet her mother’s relatives in England and asks Linda to come as her nursemaid. Eager to make more money to support her children, she agrees. She’s astounded to find little evidence of racial prejudice in England, where she’s always allowed to eat at the same table as her employer. Even though she sees many poor people, it’s clear that their lot is much better than that of American slaves because they are free and can get an education and improve their circumstances. Two years later, Ellen prepares to go to boarding school, where she trains as a teacher. Linda knows she must tell her daughter about her illegitimate paternity, and does so with a sense of shame. However, her daughter replies calmly that she’s always guessed who her father was and doesn’t care about him at all, saying “all my love is for you.” After her daughter departs, Linda returns to New York to work for Mr. Bruce’s second wife, the new Mrs. Bruce, and her baby daughter. Around this time, new laws are passed allowing slave owners to forcibly recapture escaped slaves from free states. Linda feels increasingly unsafe, and hates to go outside even for walks with the baby. Soon, her family warns her that Dr. Flint is making another trip to New York. She confides in Mrs. Bruce, and her employer sends her to hide with a friend in New England for the duration of his visit. After this latest scare, Dr. Flint dies. Linda feels she should forgive her old abuser, but she can’t bring herself to feel sad about his death. Moreover, she is still in danger because his daughter and son-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Dodge, are still pressing a claim on her. Soon they too arrive in New York and Linda has to go into hiding again. Mrs. Bruce offers to buy Linda and free her, but Linda feels morally opposed to the idea of paying for the freedom to which she is already entitled. However, her employer secretly sends a lawyer to negotiate with the Dodges and succeeds in purchasing her. Linda’s grandmother lives long enough to hear about her freedom, but dies soon after. Linda feels that an enormous weight is off her shoulders, and she’s now free to live as she likes. She is still striving to earn enough money to buy a home for her children, but she is much happier and more content than she once was. While it’s “painful” to recall her life as a slave, doing so also brings “tender memories,” like her time with her beloved grandmother.
Politics & Policy OKCupid Allowing Users to Identify as Five Sexual Orientations at Once How could the same person be five sexual orientations at once? Here are the twelve choices: 1. Demisexual: no sexual attraction toward any person unless they become deeply emotionally or romantically connected to someone 2. Asexual: does not experience sexual attraction 3. Straight: attracted to opposite sex 4. Gay: male attracted to other males 5. Bisexual: attracted to both sexes 6. Lesbian: female attracted to other females 7. Questioning: not sure of sexual orientation 8. Heteroflexible: mostly heterosexual, with minimal homosexual activity 9. Homoflexible: mostly homosexual, with minimal heterosexual activity 10. Queer: someone who does not conform to traditional sex or gender norms 11. Pansexual: sexual or emotional attraction, desire, or romantic love toward people of any sex or gender identity 12. Sapiosexual: sexual attraction based primarily on intelligence Straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, heteroflexible, homoflexible, asexual, and pansexual appear to be mutually exclusive. If you’re one of these eight, you can’t be another one at the same time. For example: If you’re a lesbian, you can’t also be straight. Of course, you could be a woman who is attracted to both sexes, but then you would choose the “bisexual” option. If you’re mostly straight with a little bit of homosexual activity or mostly gay with a little bit of heterosexual activity then you’re heteroflexible or homoflexible, and those are separate options, too. If you’re asexual, none of the other twelve options apply to you because you’re not sexually attracted to anyone of any gender or for any reason — except for maybe the “questioning” option, which could be used to describe people who think they’re asexual but aren’t entirely sure. An asexual person could also select the “queer” option — after all, asexuality obviously doesn’t conform to what people consider “traditional” norms — but that also makes the use of the word “queer” redundant in the first place. There is one potentially feasible way that someone could select five orientations and have it be an accurate description: Someone could perhaps choose one of the eight mutually exclusive sexual attractions (gay, straight, bisexual, pansexual, heteroflexible, asexual, and pansexual) and combine it with the other four that aren’t necessarily mutually exclusive (sapiosexual, questioning, demisexual, and queer.) For example, a gay person could maybe also be sapiosexual, questioning, demisexual, and queer: That would be a man who is attracted to other men but only once there is a strong emotional romantic connection and mostly attracted to intelligence-based aspects of that bond& but not sure about it and also throws on the word “queer” to clarify that he doesn’t conform to sexual norms. But if you identify as “gay sapiosexual demisexual questioning,” isn’t clarifying that you don’t conform to traditional sexual or gender norms kind of unnecessary? There are also more than 20 new options for gender. OKCupid has only made the feature available to a select number of users so far. It has not stated whether or not it will open the feature to all users or make it permanent. — Katherine Timpf is a reporter at National Review Online. The Latest
argument top image What are the theories of emotion? Back to question Emotions are determined through cognitive processes After a physiological response occurs, cognition interprets and labels the correct emotion. The Argument In the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory of emotion, the second factor in causing an emotion is cognitive interpretation. The Schachter-Singer theory points to cognitive processes to resolve one of the major disagreements between two earlier theories of emotion: the James-Lange theory, which argued that emotions are the direct result of physiological responses, and the Cannon-Bard theory, which rebutted James-Lange in part by observing that many physiological symptoms, such as those experienced during exercise, do not correlate neatly with emotions. Whereas Cannon and Bard entirely rejected James-Lange's claim that physiology causes emotions, Schachter and Singer bridged the gap between James-Lange and Cannon-Bard by theorizing an additional cognitive step after physiological arousal to explain why specific physiological responses only sometimes cause specific emotions. According to the Schachter-Singer theory, cognitive interpretation is the second step in forming emotions following physiological arousal. When a physiological response occurs, this triggers a person's cognitive processes, which search for a source of the physiological symptom in their external environment. If a person begins sweating, for example, cognitive interpretation might check for signs of heat, ongoing exercise, or danger in the person's environment, and initiate and label the relevant emotional response based on this information. Thus, two factors are involved in emotional responses, the physiological factor and the cognitive factor. Counter arguments Rejecting the premises This page was last edited on Friday, 21 Feb 2020 at 21:29 UTC Explore related arguments
25 October 2004 Nano-Fabric Reveals Unique Properties by Kate Melville Researchers from the UK and Russia have unveiled - in the journal Science - the world's first single-atom-thick fabric. The research team, led by Andre Geim at The University of Manchester, has succeeded in extracting individual planes of carbon atoms from graphite crystals, which has resulted in the production of the thinnest possible fabric - graphene. The resulting atomic sheet is stable, highly flexible and strong and remarkably conductive. The nanofabric belongs to the family of fullerene molecules and is the first two-dimensional fullerene. The researchers have been exploring the electronic properties of the nanofabric and have demonstrated an ambipolar field-effect transistor, which works under ambient conditions. They found that the nanofabric exhibits a remarkable quality whereby electrons can travel without any scattering over submicron distances, an important property for making very-fast-switching transistors. Ultimately, scientists envisage transistors made from a single molecule, and this work brings that vision ever nearer. In terms of applications, the sort of properties demonstrated by graphene can only be compared with that demonstrated by some nanotubes. "As carbon nanotubes are basically made from rolled-up narrow stripes of graphene, any of the thousands of applications currently considered for nanotubes renowned for their unique properties can also apply to graphene itself," said Geim. "Computer engineers will need graphene wafers a few inches in size, before considering graphene as "the next big thing". However, all the omens are good, as there are no fundamental limitations on the lateral size of carbon nanofabric," said Geim. "Only ten years ago carbon nanotubes were less than a micron long. Now, scientists can make nanotubes several centimetres long, and similar progress can reasonably be expected for carbon nanofabric too," added co-researcher Novoselov.
What is Diabetes? In the normal digestive process, when we eat food it travels to the stomach. Food is made up of three basic nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins and fats. During digestion, food containing carbohydrates are broken down into sugar ("S" in illustration) which is also known as glucose. This sugar travels from the stomach through the bloodstream to the body’s muscle and fat cells to give them energy. The sugar cannot enter these cells though without the help of a hormone called insulin ("I" in illustration) that is made by the pancreas. Insulin acts like a key that unlocks the doors of the muscle and fat cells and allows sugar to enter them to provide energy. In this way the body can regulate the amount of sugar in the bloodstream and maintain a normal blood sugar level. In diabetes, there is either not enough insulin being made by the pancreas or the insulin does not work well and this results in high level of blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is NO insulin being made by the pancreas anymore. The beta-cells on the pancreas are destroyed which leads to absolute insulin deficiency. • Constant thirst • Passing urine frequently • Weight loss • Self-Allergy: This is when a person’s body develops an allergy against one of it’s own parts. In the case of type 1 diabetes, the allergy is against the beta-cells in the pancreas where insulin is made. These cells become damaged and as a result do not make anymore insulin. • Idiopathic: Of unknown origin, arises spontaneously from an unknown cause. As there is NO Insulin made by the cells of the pancreas anymore, it is necessary to now inject the insulin. There are different kinds of injections that are given at different times of the day as prescribed by your doctor. Refer to our link on medication for more information about insulin injection use. In type 2 diabetes there is either a progressive loss of insulin secretion from the pancreas or insulin resistance (insulin does not work very well) or a combination of both of these. • Frequent drinking of liquids • Frequent urination • Infections • Wounds and sores that heal slowly • Low energy levels • Many people do not experience any symptoms, but are diagnosed from a high blood sugar test that is measured on a routine health examination. It is partially inherited - if you have a family history of type 2 diabetes you have a greater risk of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. It is often called a “disease of lifestyle” because it is linked with being overweight, having an unhealthy diet and not exercising. • Lifestyle changes are very important! Eating food with fewer calories, carbohydrates and fat. Getting 30minutes of exercise 5 times a week. Losing weight if you are overweight. • Medication taken by mouth if blood sugar and HbA1C levels return to near normal. In some cases insulin through an injection may also be necessary. Gestational Diabetes is a temporary condition diagnosed in pregnancy. It is defined as glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy (second or third trimester) and that is not clearly either type 1 or type 2 diabetes and resolves post-delivery of baby. Risk Factors • Repeated glucose in the urine • Gestational Diabetes with previous pregnancies • Family history (in a first-degree relative) of diabetes • History of stillbirths of unknown origin • History of high-birth weight infant >4,5kg • Obesity (body mass index >30kg/m2) • History of polycystic ovarian syndrome • History of unexpected perinatal death - Lifestyle changes that include weight-loss, regular exercise and dietary adjustments that include small-to-moderate portions of low glycaemic-index carbohydrates. - Pills taken by mouth or in some cases insulin given by injection might be necessary for the duration of the pregnancy. - If blood glucose levels return to normal after delivery, 6weeks later the mother should go for a follow-up test to ensure blood glucose levels remain normal and then yearly thereafter also be screened for diabetes.
• Empathy Tool A level reminds us of our Empathy Tool. "I care about myself. I care about others." The ability to empathize is crucial to getting along with others in any setting--school, home, work, sports. We practice empathy not only because it makes our school a safer, more caring place to learn. As we prepare our children to enter the workforce, it's absolutely necessary to put a high priority on practicing empathy. Current research tells us a majority of employers wish their employees were better at empathy. If you're interested, you can learn more about this in the articles linked below: The concept: Empathy is understanding how another is feeling or what they might be feeling, and doing something to show we care. Empathy is foundational to tolerance, kindness, and forgiveness. Empathy for oneself is equally as important as empathy for others. At BMSA, we teach 3 steps to practicing empathy: 1. Notice our feeling. 2. Notice the other's feelings. 3. Do something to show we care. Here's an examples: One sibling feels happy that they got a snack after a soccer game. He can notice his own happiness, then notice the sadness or longing in his sibling, and decide to share. Hand Gesture: Hold hands palms up in front of you like you're holding a level. Alternate raising one hand while you lower the other, up and down like a see-saw. The Tool: The level as a symbol for the Empathy Tool reminds us that we can and should have empathy for ourselves too. Caring much more about other people's feelings than our own can lead to a negative self-concept and less than ideal relationships. On the other hand, if we care much more about our own feelings than we do about other people's feelings, we're likely to make choices that hurt relationships and we'll miss opportunities to make things better. The level reminds us of habit #4, Think Win-Win, Everyone Can Win! Encouraging the Empathy Tool at Home You Go First As a parent, you have an inherent instinct to have empathy for your children. But as life gets busy and we feel stress, it's sometimes hard to tap into that. Here are some ideas to help you sprinkle more kindness in your interactions: • 100 Positive Things to Say to your Child: It may sound silly to need a list, but it's great to introduce new ways to show you care. This article reminds us that whatever positive things you say, it'll be more effective if you use eye contact and speak at the right volume (not over the child). • Write kind notes to your child. You can put them in their backpack, on the bathroom mirror, or somewhere else they will find it. Write from your heart or use ideas from the link above. • Make a What's Right With ________ notebook. Kids are so used to being told what to do and corrected, it's refreshing to know that parents also see all the good in them. A notebook designated for each family member gives an avenue for communicating what we appreciate about them. • Use specific language to communicate the behaviors or character traits you want to encourage. See the article Can You See What's Right with This Picture (and your Kids) for tips on incorporating more strength vocabulary in your home. It's a great way to intentionally encourage your child to continue growing in the directions you hope for them. Explicitly Model Using the Tool When you catch yourself needing to use your empathy tool, share that with your child. An example at work might sound like this: "This morning, I was feeling really frustrated because a co-worker missed a deadline that made it difficult to get my work done. I used my empathy tool and noticed that she was really overwhelmed with her work. I offered to bring her lunch back, and it felt good to show I cared." Practice as a Family • Ask "How do you think _______ is feeling." You can do this about real people or characters from books or other media. • Make a game of guessing feelings. Family members can take turns telling about a part of their day. Others can then guess what feeling the family member had during that part of the day. • Make a family mantra to encourage empathy. BMSA classes have empathy exercises posted to remind them of their similarities. The class members worked together to find what they had in common that would help them have empathy towards each other. For example, one class might have posted the following: Just like me, this person has their own feelings and thoughts. Just like me, this person has been so sad they've cried. Just like me, this person wants to have fun, learn, and be respected. (Now imagine sending positive intentions to this person and imagine them smiling) Click here for the steps to create a personalized Empathy Exercise for your family. Encourage Family Members • Praise family members when you notice them doing something kind by saying, "Nice job using your empathy tool!" • When mediating an argument, invite family members to use their empathy tool. You might ask a question such as, "I'm wondering if using your empathy tools might help you settle on a win-win solution." • When you see that your child is in Red Zone, invite them to use a calming choice (like BreathingQuiet Safe Place or some other calming choices like the ones offered at BMSA) before inviting them to use their empathy tool. It's important that they take care of their own big feelings so they are able to think logically and seek win-win solutions.
False health claims circulate about wearing masks during pandemic CLAIM: Wearing a mask can cause hypercapnia, and lead viruses to travel into the brain. AP’S ASSESSMENT: False. There’s no evidence that wearing a mask causes hypercapnia, or that masks can trap the virus and lead to an infection in the brain. Hypercapnia occurs when there is too much carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. Mild cases can lead to issues such as headache and anxiety; severe cases can interfere with breathing. THE FACTS: Dozens of posts circulated on social media this week claiming that wearing a mask would cause more harm than going without one. “By wearing a mask, the exhaled viruses will not be able to escape and will concentrate in the nasal passages, enter the olfactory nerves and travel into the brain,” several false posts on Facebook and Twitter stated. One Facebook post featured the quote and falsely noted that wearing masks over a period can cause hypercapnia. “Wearing masks causes hypercapnia which causes severe respiratory problems which will be BLAMED on 2nd wave of C O Vid not the masks,” the post stated. The post featured an illustration from Wikimedia Commons, which was labeled as showing “carbon dioxide toxicity.” Social media posts displaying the illustration also had a statement edited onto the graphic: “This is hypercapnia. It can be caused by rebreathing your own exhaled CO2 by wearing a mask continually.” There’s no evidence that wearing a mask will trap the virus in the nose and lead to an infection in the brain, said Sarah Stanley, associate professor of infectious diseases and vaccinology at the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health. “Keep in mind that many people —for example surgeons or certain kinds of scientists—have routinely worn masks for long periods of time without clear adverse effects,” Stanley said. “With how common mask wearing has always been, even before COVID-19, we would know if hypercapnia was a problem with wearing masks.” Stanley also noted that when infected with COVID-19, the tissues in the nose already harbor the virus. “Breathing out the virus is not going to appreciably change the amount that is there,” she said in an email. “Therefore, there should be no reason why wearing a mask would increase your chance of infection in the brain.” The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revised their guidance on wearing face masks in April. The organization now says that wearing face coverings helps to prevent transmitting the virus. Here’s more information on Facebook’s fact-checking program:
Of Growth And Strength Shouting Methodists By Winthrop S. Hudson In England by the year 1800 the Methodists had reportedly lost their shout and were vying to be accepted as emotionless religion Yet their legacy from the days of John and Charles Wesley could not be more different. The Methodist Shout, Methodist Enthusiasm, Spirited Methodism, Methodist wild fire, the dance, falling out, all were for almost 75 years the normal fare in their meetings. And when Methodism came to the US these practices and manifestations continued in force until the Civil War. (Inserted) "I do believe, without a doubt The Christian has a right to shout.[1] When one thinks of early nineteenth-century Methodists, one immediately thinks of the name which was commonly applied to them. People spoke of Methodists as "shouting Methodists," and it was a name Methodists were glad to accept and make their own. This is made evident by a song in Stith Mead's Methodist songbook of 1807, Hymns and Spiritual Songs. It is a song extolling the Methodists, and it was sufficiently esteemed to be placed in the cornerstone of Foundry Methodist Church in Washington, D.C.[2] Entitled "The Methodist," this spiritual song declares: The World, the Devil, and Tom Paine Have try'd their force, but all in vain. They can't prevail, the reason is, The Lord defends the Methodist. They pray, they sing, they preach the best, And do the Devil most molest. If Satan had his vicious way, He'd kill and damn them all today. They are despised by Satan's train, Because they shout and preach so plain. I'm bound to march in endless bliss, And die a shouting Methodist. What was meant by the term "shouting Methodist"? At the very least, it meant that Methodists were a noisy lot, interrupting the preacher with "Praise the Lord," "Hallelujah," and "Amen." Alexander Campbell declared that the Methodist church could not live without her cries of "glory! glory! glory!" And he reported that "her periodical Amens dispossess demons, storm heaven, shut the gates of hell, and drive Satan from the camp."[3] But Methodist noise was not limited to ejaculations. Singing and clapping, groaning and crying, praying and exhorting, contributed to the din. In the same songbook of 1807, the initial impression of a convert is reported: The Methodists were preaching like thunder all about. I thought they were distracted, such fools I'd never seen. They'd stamp and clap and tremble, and wail and cry and scream.[4] A later Methodist songbook, The Hesperian Harp of 1848, has a "dialogue song" between a "Methodist" and a "Formalist," in which the "Formalist" gives a similar picture of the Methodists. Such groaning and shouting, it sets me to doubting. I fear such religion is only a dream. The preachers were stamping, the people were jumping, And screaming so loud that I nothing could hear.... The men they were bawling, the women were squalling, I know not for my part how any could pray.... Amid such a clatter who knows what's the matter? Or who can attend unto what is declared? To see them behaving, like drunkards, all raving, And lying and rolling prostrate on the ground. I really felt awful, and sometimes felt fearful That I'd be the next that would come tumbling down. In the end, he did come tumbling down. His heart was "glowing," Christ's love was "flowing," and "peace, pardon, and comfort" he found.[5] These were the "shouting Methodists," and it is clear that "shout" was a prominent part of Methodist vocabulary. Nowhere is this more evident than in the refrains of their spiritual songs. "Shout, shout, we're gaining ground," they sang. "We'll shout old Satan's kingdom down."[6] The word would appear in casual conversations. An aged person, for example, would rejoice at being still able "to shout," and a death would be recorded: "She went off shouting."[7] What did it mean to "shout"? "Shouting" was never mere noise. "Shouting" was neither preaching nor exhorting. Exhorting was a noisy performance, but the word had a technical meaning that was not broad enough to include even the "action sermon." Nor was "shouting" praying, not even when praying became a babel of unison but individual prayers, not even when praying became a din as a congregation sought to "pray down" a sinner or to contend in prayer for the souls of the penitent. "Shouting" was praise or, as it was often called, rejoicing. Both its practice, including the clapping of hands, and its meaning was partly shaped by Old Testament texts.[8] Initially "shouting" was probably no more than uttering ejaculations of praise. But it quickly became, in addition to these ejaculations, a type of singing, a type of song, a "shout song," or just a "shout."[9] If a "shout" was an ejaculation of praise and a song of rejoicing, it also became the name of a religious service, a service of praise, a praise meeting. People spoke of going to "preaching," of going to a "class meeting," and of going to a "shout," a praise meeting. "When we get home," they sang, "we'll have a shout in glory."[10] Finally, for some, a "shout" became a dance, a shuffling of the feet, a jerking of the head, a clapping of the hands, and perhaps an occasional leap. Most often it was a circular march, a "ring shout." Thus Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines "shout" as "to give expression to religious ecstasy, often in vigorous, rhythmic movements (as shuffling, jumping, jerking) specifically, to take part in a ring shout." (This is the true legacy of the early Methodists that they have striven so hard to cover up and deny -- I dare say that they as a whole were more charismatic that the charistmatics of our day and as a whole early methodists were more pentecostal than the almost flavorless Pentecostals of our day. What has changed it is the professional Levites that have taken over every one of these revivals and made the people disciples unto themselves and taught their doctrines and traditions of men purposely killing the spirit of God for control and respectability issues.) The term "shouting" suggests confusion, and this was the initial impression one gained of Methodist meetings. Devereux Jarratt, a Methodist himself prior to the separation of 1784, reported of a Methodist gathering in 1776 that "the assembly appeared to be all in confusion, and must seem to one at a little distance more like a drunken rabble than the worshippers of God."[11] The development of a specialized vocabulary with highly technical meanings, on the other hand, suggests that there were patterns of group activity in the midst of the confusion, a degree of order and method in the apparent madness. Perhaps the patterned activity of the folk religion of the Methodists can best be grasped by viewing it through the lens provided by the Kentucky Revival.
when was medicine invented Unani medicine is very close to Ayurveda. [159] Effective cures were developed for certain endemic infectious diseases. [199] Increasingly, lunacy was perceived less as a physiological condition than as a mental and moral one[200] to which the correct response was persuasion, aimed at inculcating internal restraint, rather than external coercion. She was a leader in women's medical education. In Britain, there were but three small hospitals after 1550. These advancements, along with developments in chemistry, genetics, and radiography led to modern medicine. This tube holds the released medication between the canister and the mouthpiece of … By understanding medicine from a cosmology perspective, historians better understand Chinese medical and social classifications such as gender, which was defined by a domination or remission of yang in terms of yin. This enabled the exchange of knowledge and information between the nations. [175], Vienna was the capital of a diverse empire and attracted not just Germans but Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, Poles and others to its world-class medical facilities. These were of supernatural origin. It built and operated hospitals and clinics, and organized antituberculosis and antityphus campaigns. [20] Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is sometimes credited with being the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and with being the original author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations. [162] Accepted from Jakob Henle, Koch's steps to confirm a species' pathogenicity became famed as "Koch's postulates". Michael Murdoch Michael Murdoch is a former teacher, an assistive technology instructor, and a cancer survivor. British surgeon Joseph Lister, however, took these findings seriously and subsequently introduced antisepsis to wound treatment in 1865. Part II: Doctrine and practice", "Heredity and alcoholism in the medical sphere: The Netherlands, 1850–1900", The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History, "History of Medicine: Health, Medicine and Disease in the Eighteenth Century", "Why Creating a Digital Library for the History of Medicine is Harder than You'd Think! The Spanish transplanted some herbs from Asia, but only a few foreign crops were successfully grown in the Spanish Colonies. [134] Protestants generally closed all the convents[135] and most of the hospitals, sending women home to become housewives, often against their will. As soon as his institute was created, Pasteur brought together scientists with various specialties. In most of the world, life expectancy has improved since then, and was about 67 years as of 2010[update], and well above 80 years in some countries. The pioneer was John Shaw Billings (1838–1913). [a][208] Processes of long-term institutional segregation, allowing for the psychiatric conceptualisation of the natural course of mental illness, supported the perspective that the insane were a distinct population, subject to mental pathologies stemming from specific medical causes. [24] Dating to 1800 BCE, it is the oldest surviving medical text of any kind. In the last category about 25% were women. [123] He preached but he also pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Medical services were provided, especially for the poor, in the thousands of monastic hospitals that sprang up across Europe, but the care was rudimentary and mainly palliative. [176], After 1871 Berlin, the capital of the new German Empire, became a leading center for medical research. In 1546 a man Girolamo Fracastoro published a book called On Contagion. Greek and Roman taboos had meant that dissection was usually banned in ancient times, but in the Middle Ages it changed: medical teachers and students at Bologna began to open human bodies, and Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1275–1326) produced the first known anatomy textbook based on human dissection. Nearly all the learning was from lectures and readings in Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and Aristotle. Some of the techniques and theories developed by Hippocrates are now put into practice by the fields of Environmental and Integrative Medicine. [162] Koch's group returned in 1883, having successfully discovered the cholera pathogen. The professionalization of medicine forced them increasingly to the sidelines. [4] A possible amputation was carried out c. 4,900 BC in Buthiers-Bulancourt, France. Byzantine medicine was notable for building upon the knowledge base developed by its Greco-Roman predecessors. [90] Some volumes of al-Rāzi's work Al-Mansuri, namely "On Surgery" and "A General Book on Therapy", became part of the medical curriculum in European universities. Moods such as anger, sadness, joy, and love can affect the balance. Green, Monica H. "Gendering the History of Women's Healthcare,", Huber, Valeska. [110] Early scientists believed that food is digested into blood, muscle, and bones, while the humors that weren't blood were then formed by indigestible materials that are left over. The medicine, following the laws of Federico II, that he founded in 1224 the University ad improved the Schola Salernitana, in the period between 1200 and 1400, it had in Sicily (so-called Sicilian Middle Ages) a particular development so much to create a true school of Jewish medicine. Blood enhanced with pneuma, which means wind or breath, is carried by the arteries. Most remarkable was Susruta's surgery specially the rhinoplasty for which he is called father of modern plastic surgery. Jewish Medicine and Surgery in Sicily Before 1492. pp. Monardez researched these medicines and performed experiments to discover the possibilities of spice cultivation and medicine creation in the Spanish colonies. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium. Their knowledge of medicine developed accordingly. 2-4). Bmj, 331(7531), 1486-1487. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1486. Gunn, S. William A.; Masellis, Michele (23 October 2007). Turisanus (d. 1320) was his student. [30], As an alternative form of medicine in India, Unani medicine found deep roots and royal patronage during medieval times. Harrison finds that the chances of recovery for a badly wounded British infantryman were as much as 25 times better than in the First World War. Constantinople stood out as a center of medicine during the Middle Ages, which was aided by its crossroads location, wealth, and accumulated knowledge. Warner, John Harley, and Janet A. Tighe, eds. [184][185][186], By the late 19th and early 20th century English statisticians led by Francis Galton, Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher developed the mathematical tools such as correlations and hypothesis tests that made possible much more sophisticated analysis of statistical data. 400 B.C.) [205] As degeneration theory grew in influence from the mid-nineteenth century,[209] heredity was seen as the central causal element in chronic mental illness,[210] and, with national asylum systems overcrowded and insanity apparently undergoing an inexorable rise, the focus of psychiatric therapeutics shifted from a concern with treating the individual to maintaining the racial and biological health of national populations. Little else is known regarding Babylonian medicine, and the name of not a single physician has survived. He and French researcher Alexandre Yersin went to Hong Kong in 1894, where; Kitasato confirmed Yersin's discovery that the bacterium Yersinia pestis is the agent of the plague. [182] Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the United States Christian Commission as well as smaller private agencies.[183]. At this time, there was rapid growth in … In 1847 in Vienna, Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865), dramatically reduced the death rate of new mothers (due to childbed fever) by requiring physicians to clean their hands before attending childbirth, yet his principles were marginalized and attacked by professional peers. Supported by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (US) she in 1902 founded the first medical college for women in China, the Hackett Medical College for Women, in Guangzhou. Remote surgery is another recent development, with the transatlantic Lindbergh operation in 2001 as a groundbreaking example. Gods dominated … [16] The Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its cause and future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery. Though his knowledge of the anatomical structure of the human body was vast, he specialized in the aspects of neural anatomy. [117] Later, the pulmonary vein then mixes air from the lungs with blood to form arterial blood, which has different observable characteristics. Herbs and spices were especially popular for their utility in cooking and medicines. Even washing in . Robert Koch (1843–1910) was a representative leader. [168], It was very difficult for women to become doctors in any field before the 1970s. Although often accepted as an advance in some ways, there was some opposition, due to serious adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia. The former is a list of remedies, with appropriate spells or incantations, while the latter is a surgical treatise on the treatment of wounds and other injuries. Both are based on the theory of the presence of the elements (in Unani, they are considered to be fire, water, earth, and air) in the human body. Byzantine medicine encompasses the common medical practices of the Byzantine Empire from about 400 AD to 1453 AD. She resolved to provide more advanced training than she saw on the Continent. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. The mid-20th century was characterized by new biological treatments, such as antibiotics. A major reformer was Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756–1832), a physician who was Minister of Internal Affairs. [100] Much of this knowledge was recorded and passed on through Islamicate medical texts, many of which were carried to Europe and translated for the use of European medical workers. The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Lecture. The Five phase theory Wu Xing of the Han dynasty contains the elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. [82] Galen & Hippocrates were pre-eminent authorities. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, the folklore of medicine is probably the most ancient aspect of the art of healing, for primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body. Patients often opposed psychiatry and refused or stopped taking the drugs when not subject to psychiatric control. The first clear medical treatise is the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. It progressed during the Indian sultanate and mughal periods. The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, herbs and creams. [158] Among the more powerful new techniques were anaesthesia, and the development of both antiseptic and aseptic operating theatres. Medicine and Ancient Greece Ancient Greece, as with Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt, played an important part in medical history. Updates? In 1902 the wife of the British king took control of the nursing unit of the British army, became its president, and renamed it after herself as the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps; when she died the next queen became president. [23], From the early nineteenth century, as lay-led lunacy reform movements gained in influence,[203] ever more state governments in the West extended their authority and responsibility over the mentally ill.[204] Small-scale asylums, conceived as instruments to reshape both the mind and behaviour of the disturbed,[205] proliferated across these regions. Hollerith's company became International Business Machines (IBM) in 1911.[189]. The innovation was slow to catch on, but new dispensaries were open in the 1770s. [6] Others were known as "Hand of Shamash", "Hand of the Ghost", and "Hand of the God". His medical treatise consists of 184 chapters, 1,120 conditions are listed, including injuries and illnesses relating to aging and mental illness. Rosamond McKitterick, "The Carolingian Renaissance of Culture and Learning" in "Charlemagne: Empire and Society" (2005).». For example, Monardes describes the "Long Pepper" (Pimienta luenga), found along the coasts of the countries that are now known Panama and Colombia, as a pepper that was more flavorful, healthy, and spicy in comparison to the Eastern black pepper. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, and, especially, measles. [17] Erectile dysfunction was recognized as being rooted in psychological problems.[17]. New medicines were discovered and invented and various countries and cultures were explored. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. [48] Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing. He died in 2001 at age 86, having outlived its inventor, the surgeon, and 26 pacemakers. What we know about medicine today is the result of many discoveries made by men and women over thousands of years. [7] The ancient Mesopotamians also practiced prophylaxis[7] and took measures to prevent the spread of disease. The intervention of the Virgin of Guadalupe was depicted in a scene of dead and dying Indians, with elites on their knees praying for her aid. The Greek Galen (c. 129–216 AD) was one of the greatest physicians of the ancient world, as his theories dominated all medical studies for nearly 1500 years. [188] Billings figured out how to mechanically analyze medical and demographic data by turning facts into numbers and punching the numbers onto cardboard cards that could be sorted and counted by machine. Unwritten history is not easy to interpret, and, although much may be learned from a study of the drawings, bony remains, and surgical tools of early humans, it is difficult to reconstruct their mental attitude toward the problems of disease and death. [113] Similarly, a melancholic temperament related to being moody, anxious, depressed, introverted, and pessimistic. Berridge, Virginia. Chinese scholars established a correlation between the cosmos and the “human organism.” The basic components of cosmology, qi, yin yang and the Five Phase theory, were used to explain health and disease in texts such as Huangdi neijing. It was in around 3000 B. C. that the Egyptians used remedies to fight diseases and they also performed basic surgeries by general examination of the patient and mainly the guess work and magic worked. Discoveries in science, overseas explorations, etc began in great earnest. [130] A representative professor was Julius Caesar Aranzi (Arantius) (1530–89). Eradication of polio is underway. Islamic Medicine. The Atharvaveda, a sacred text of Hinduism dating from the Early Iron Age, is one of the first Indian texts dealing with medicine. In 1953, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an antimalaria program in parts of Liberia as a pilot project to determine the feasibility of malaria eradication in tropical Africa. ", "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography", "But is it [History of] Medicine? [206] By the 1830s, moral treatment, together with the asylum itself, became increasingly medicalised[207] and asylum doctors began to establish a distinct medical identity with the establishment in the 1840s of associations for their members in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and America, together with the founding of medico-psychological journals. He became the first dean of medicine at Keio University, and the first president of the Japan Medical Association. There are 25,000 year old drawings in the Lascaux caves in France showing plants being used for healing. [25], The Ebers Papyrus is the oldest written text mentioning enemas. In the 12th century, universities were founded in Italy, France, and England, which soon developed schools of medicine. [8][9][10][7] The earliest medical prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC). They were employed by parishes and hospitals, as well as by private families, and provided nursing care as well as some medical, pharmaceutical, and surgical services. Folklore cures and potentially poisonous metal-based compounds were popular treatments. The "Paris School" emphasized that teaching and research should be based in large hospitals and promoted the professionalization of the medical profession and the emphasis on sanitation and public health. Old ideas of infectious disease epidemiology were gradually replaced by advances in bacteriology and virology.[122]. These two distinctions are imperative when analyzing the history of traditional Chinese medical science. Severely wounded soldiers were shuttled back to base hospitals. [193][194], Japanese physicians immediately recognized the values of X-Rays. [122], Paracelsus (1493–1541), was an erratic and abusive innovator who rejected Galen and bookish knowledge, calling for experimental research, with heavy doses of mysticism, alchemy and magic mixed in. He argued that channels linked the sensory organs to the brain, and it is possible that he discovered one type of channel, the optic nerves, by dissection.[49]. Contrary to what might be expected, the widespread practice of embalming the dead body did not stimulate study of human anatomy. According to the compendium of Charaka, the Charakasamhitā, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort. [17] A patient who hallucinated that he was seeing a dog was predicted to die;[17] whereas, if he saw a gazelle, he would recover. This was followed in the inter-war period by the development of the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics. Invention Of Medicine – Who Invented First Medicine – Medicine in World. European hospitals were places of religion rather than institutions of science. Frank Dikotter, "China" in Roy Porter, ed, Galen, On the Natural Faculties, Books I, II, and III, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard, 2000, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, by Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach p.783, On the dominance of the Greek humoral theory, which was the basis for the practice of bloodletting, in medieval Islamic medicine, Majeed, A. The 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, and Sir Howard Walter Florey "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases." [35] The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was founded in 1887 by the London Missionary Society, with its first graduate (in 1892) being Sun Yat-sen, who later led the Chinese Revolution (1911). The Spanish crown began regulating the medical profession just a few years after the conquest, setting up the Royal Tribunal of the Protomedicato, a board for licensing medical personnel in 1527. Medicine in the Middle Ages Middle Ages Medicine was extremely basic in an era when terrible illnesses such as the Black Death were killing nearly one third of the population. The Hippocratic Oath was written in ancient Greece in the 5th century BCE, and is a direct inspiration for oaths of office that physicians swear upon entry into the profession today. Licensing became more systematic after 1646 with physicians, druggists, surgeons, and bleeders requiring a license before they could publicly practice. This article is about the history of human medicine. The Hospital and Other Muslim Institutions [Introduction]. [156], The practice of medicine changed in the face of rapid advances in science, as well as new approaches by physicians. These men became leaders of the modernization of medicine in their country. They allowed careful analysis of seasonality issues in disease incidents, and the maps allowed public health officials to identify critical loci for the dissemination of disease. Erasistratus connected the increased complexity of the surface of the human brain compared to other animals to its superior intelligence. History of medicine - History of medicine - Organ transplantation: In 1967 surgery arrived at a climax that made the whole world aware of its medicosurgical responsibilities when South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard transplanted the first human heart. His hermetical views were that sickness and health in the body relied on the harmony of man (microcosm) and Nature (macrocosm). In the 1930s several controversial medical practices were introduced including inducing seizures (by electroshock, insulin or other drugs) or cutting parts of the brain apart (leucotomy or lobotomy). This code includes laws relating to the practice of medicine, and the penalties for failure were severe. Singer, Charles, and E. Ashworth Underwood. Oral rehydration therapy has been extensively used since the 1970s to treat cholera and other diarrhea-inducing infections. [46] Asklepios like Imhotep becomes god of healing over time. Universities began systematic training of physicians around 1220 CE in Italy. For example, if someone was suspected to have too much blood, then the physician would perform bloodletting as a treatment. Undoubtedly, the hospital system developed in the Islamicate world played an invaluable role in the creation and evolution of the hospitals we as a society know and depend on today. [147][148] Disease was a significant factor in the Spanish conquest elsewhere as well. It was known as Ayurveda and it is still practiced today. (2009). They were able to purchase the equipment locally from the Shimadzu Company, which developed, manufactured, marketed, and distributed X-Ray machines after 1900. [27] Also, the earliest known woman physician, Peseshet, practiced in Ancient Egypt at the time of the 4th dynasty. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. What was different in the Union was the emergence of skilled, well-funded medical organizers who took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department,[181] and the United States Sanitary Commission, a new private agency. The teaching of various subjects was done during the instruction of relevant clinical subjects. After this, records of prescribing and dispensing medication have been found from ancient Greece, the Han Dynasty, and the Islamic Golden Age in Iraq. Her methods proved convincing and led to reforms in military and civilian hospitals, usually with the full support of the government. In 1628 the English physician William Harvey made a ground-breaking discovery when he correctly described the circulation of the blood in his Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus. University training of physicians began in the 13th century. He was knighted in 1907. Although he attempted to extrapolate the animal dissections towards the model of the human body, some of Galen's theories were incorrect. The foundational text of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing, (or Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), written 5th century to 3rd century BCE. [102] Rather, they served as facilities in which education and scientific innovation could flourish. [131], Catholic women played large roles in health and healing in medieval and early modern Europe. [5], The ancient Mesopotamians had no distinction between "rational science" and magic. Drawing tool The history of medicine is a long and distinguished one, as healers sought to in spreading disease and created aqueducts to ensure that the inhabitants of a . German physician Robert Koch, noting fellow German Ferdinand Cohn's report of a spore stage of a certain bacterial species, traced the life cycle of Davaine's bacteridia, identified spores, inoculated laboratory animals with them, and reproduced anthrax—a breakthrough for experimental pathology and germ theory of disease. This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 23:56. Surer knowledge comes from the study of Egyptian papyri, especially the Ebers papyrus and Edwin Smith papyrus discovered in the 19th century. When the medicine of ancient Egypt is examined, the picture becomes clearer. He portrayed the human body as an interdependent system of organ groupings. Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Ayurveda claims there are three types of human bodies based on how the elements interact in them. Two great Alexandrians laid the foundations for the scientific study of anatomy and physiology, Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis. They soon a function of large hospitals[clarification needed], where they provided a steady stream of low-paid idealistic workers. Likewise, if a person that had too much phlegm would feel better after expectorating, and someone with too much yellow bile would purge. [127] Starting in 1595, Padua's famous anatomical theatre drew artists and scientists studying the human body during public dissections. For example, the teaching of anatomy was a part of the teaching of surgery, embryology was a part of training in pediatrics and obstetrics, and the knowledge of physiology and pathology was interwoven in the teaching of all the clinical disciplines. These drawings are the earliest evidence of plant medicinal use. [124] Most of his influence came after his death. [23] Medical optimism in the capacity of the asylum to cure insanity soured by the close of the nineteenth century as the growth of the asylum population far outstripped that of the general population. Although Islamicate scientists were responsible for discovering much of the knowledge that allows the hospital system to function safely today, European scholars who built on this work still receive the majority of the credit historically [98], Before the development of scientific medical practices in the Islamicate empires, medical care was mainly performed by religious figures such as priests. Linda Richards (1841–1930) studied in London and became the first professionally trained American nurse. Many features that are still in use today, such as an emphasis on hygiene, a staff fully dedicated to the care of patients, and separation of individual patients from each other were developed in Islamicate hospitals long before they came into practice in Europe. Across Europe medical schools relied primarily on lectures and readings. Speziale, F. (2012). Galen's medical work was regarded as authoritative until well into the Middle Ages. The reason was that: Unethical human subject research, and killing of patients with disabilities, peaked during the Nazi era, with Nazi human experimentation and Aktion T4 during the Holocaust as the most significant examples. Galen's influence and innovations in medicine can be contributed to the experiments he conducted, which were unlike any other medical experiments of his time. Genetics have advanced with the discovery of the DNA molecule, genetic mapping and gene therapy. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. Pandemic in the end of the many types of human bodies based on knowledge of advanced was! To depend on an artificial cardiac pacemaker professionalization of medicine in their approach to illness and disease as natural.... Shelters as well in history over two thousand years model to when was medicine invented greatly from and... Programs of biological warfare in China during the Renaissance brought an intense focus on scholarship to Europe. Respiration and emotion, coming from the inspection of the natural faculty affects growth and reproduction and is produced the... For which he is regarded as when was medicine invented of the 1860s treat schizophrenia a major reformer Jean-Antoine... 214 ] Canadian physician Norman Bethune, M.D in 1905 for his remarkable breakthroughs the! 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Clear records of medical diagnosis and prognosis of numerous ailments discoveries made by men and women over of... Brain compared to other animals to its superior intelligence and I need know. And England, 1980–87 sick people shuttled back to base hospitals, dysentery, typhoid fever, and camp! The changing factors in cosmology, with the involved species services because of restrictions! 1453 AD they looked towards their American colonies became an area where the nutrients are extracted 140! Bologna, and pessimistic more advanced training than she saw on the for. A cadre of Japanese physicians immediately recognized the values of X-Rays pre-Columbian American medicinal knowledge base and. In Peru his proposed tuberculosis treatment, and quinine scarred troops provided the need for prosthetic... With self-trained barber-surgeons, apothecaries, and charlatans ( 1530–89 ) as know!, Peseshet trained midwives at an ancient Egyptian medical school in Sais. [ 189 ] person would have clinical! 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Indians discovered a system of medicine in India, Unani medicine found deep roots and patronage. Of institutions created for healing Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology, with... Did discover many spices and herbs new to them, some of the body! Dentists used flint-tipped drills and bowstrings ] Among the more powerful new techniques anaesthesia. Kidney transplantation BC because there are three types of medical sciences and diagnosis improved, but with little benefit... 6806 W Archer Ave, Rhino Iguana For Sale, How To Draw Realistic Things, Boarding Kennels For Sale In Ohio, R Euclidean Distance Between Two Points, Leave a Reply
Young Readers & Shady Characters by Gurpreet Sihat Hello, my name is E.G. Moore and I write character-driven children’s fiction. A novel’s characters really move the plot forward, and my novel Moon Daughter Rising has a lot of them! Character driven stories draw readers in better because they to relate to them. Whether it’s how they walk and talk, where they are from, or the circumstances they find themselves in, well-written characters make all the difference to a story. If a character can find themselves in a pickle and lead the way to an unexpected resolution, readers will cheer them on. Even if that character displays some behaviors children perceive as mean or wrong, if the character also shows vulnerable and kind sides of themselves, young readers will enjoy going on a journey with them. Why young readers love shady characters Children buzz with the truth about human nature: imperfection marks everyone. Every learning experience where a child feels like they failed or didn’t quite do something correctly, they sense a darker side of themselves. While they may learn from that, they zone in on differences in themselves and others. This may explain arguments or social issues among groups of little ones. (Lord of the Flies, hello!) Ever had your child say something like “that’s not fair”? Their awareness of right and wrong comes from learned behavior and wanting to be liked. Or maybe wanting to be in charge. My middle child says this sort of thing all the time, a bit of judicial control makes her feel like she might make everything perfect in an imperfect household of imperfect people. What does this have to do with characters? Well, shady characters remind children that its okay to not be perfect. That their flaws or differences from those in their lives makes them interesting. That relatability turns young readers into instant cheerleaders. The architype known as the unwilling hero stands as the ultimate proof of this. A hero who lacks some confidence or who really doesn’t want to save the world but does it anyways will steal the hearts of 18 and under readers. The vulnerable, unsure side of that character reflects the uncertainty of childhood, the stresses of life, and gives a sense of hope. When the story turns badly for this type of characters, an author must make success happen in some form, or the hopes of their readers will be smooshed. A great example of this is Meg Murray from “A Wrinkle in Time.” She has low self-esteem: “‘Just be glad you’re a kitten and not a monster like me.’ She looked at herself in the wardrobe mirror and made a horrible face, baring a mouthful of teeth covered with braces. Automatically she pushed her glasses into position, ran her fingers through her mouse-brown hair, so that it stood wildly on end, and let out a sigh almost as noisy as the wind.” And yet by the end of the novel, she makes decisions that resolve the problems plaguing her family and the universe. Secondary characters can be shady too One of my favourite tactics in my novels lies in indirect characters with moral ambiguity. When a support character does not-quite-right things, it makes readers perk up and notice. A perfect plot tool. Disloyalty, seeding discord, making bad choices that end up hurting others, and then turning secondary characters to a point of sacrifice or heroism can transform the feel-good of the ending. Not to spoil Moon Daughter Rising, but my favorite character may or may not be like this. Are they loyal? Leading the others astray? Helpful? Hiding something? Have the safety of World Above the Sky as a priority? A classic example of a shady secondary character is Edmund in The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe: After all the betrayal and selfishness, Aslan forgave Edmund and he longed to do what was right. This saves him figurately and literally. The readers decide he’s worthy to rule alongside his siblings after all. Happy ending. Confetti. Cake. How to create ambiguous characters Creating gray-area characters comes down to several factors. You’ll need to be consistent with their weaknesses and attitudes, and place them in situations that magnify both their mistakes and their ability to be morally upright afterward. Individuality is key. Both good and bad characters need to be unique and memorable. I asked myself questions as I wrote the many characters of Moon Daughter Rising, such as does each character have a name that stands out (and does each name start with a different letter?) Will young readers remember each one from chapter to chapter? Do they make the reader focus in on details or wonder about their actions or decisions? Have I alluded to their physical and emotional traits often enough to endear readers to my story? Creating these questions will lead the reader to the end of your book. If the reader is unsure of where a character stands with the others or the story problem, they will perpetually root for them to eventually be good. Adults do this too. We want a story wrapped up with a big red bow. Remember not to let the reader down, or trick them with a shady character that never chooses good. (I’m looking at you, Master of Death, R.R. Martin!) Therein lies tragedy, and there’s a reason modern novels aren’t categorized as such. Humans want every character to be righteous and good. Young readers especially long for the justification of their own shortcomings in the characters they like. If you give them a character to follow and cheer on, they’ll gladly soak up every word. Annalee’s dad went missing and no one is doing anything about it. The police say he abandoned her, but Annalee knows better. Her aunt and uncle make her promise not to look for him, especially in the woods behind their family cabin for fear she’ll go missing, too. When she finds her father’s trail, she breaks a promise and tells a lie, hoping she can save him. Doing so attracts Winpa the abominable ice witch, who chases Annalee into their tribe’s spirit world. Though she doesn’t know it yet, Annalee holds the third Wonderstone, the only possession her father left behind. The crescent-shaped talisman could give Winpa control over World Above the Sky and the ability to open the ancient ways to the Earth. Annalee must seek help from an ancient grandmother and her spirit guides to grapple with her newfound moon magic and rescue her father and a grandfather she’s never known from their icy prison. Is she fails, World Above the Sky will fall to Winpa and the gateways will be open for evil spirits to roam Earth. But if she destroys Winpa, her father and grandfather stay locked in ice forever. Outsmarting Winpa will take, courage, honesty, and somehow mastering the power of the Moon Daughter rising within. A beautiful weaving of fiction, MicMac tribe legends, and some moral truths we all must face. Author Bio: E.G. Moore is an award-winning poet and children book author, as well as a freelance writer and editor. Her essay Wearing Teresa’s Russet Boots was featured in Hope Paige’s Anthology on loss Breaking Sad in 2017, and she had several pieces published in an anthology honoring a local historic building in 2018. When she’s not telling “Mommy Made stories” to her three children or awaiting feedback for her latest manuscript, she can be found off-roading in North Idaho, baking something scrumptious, or on a plot-and-soul refreshing outdoor hike. E.G. Moore tweets, posts on Facebook, and blogs on her website. TpT Curriculum to accompany EG Moore’s middle grade novels Scavenger Vocabulary Hunts: Middle schoolers find vocabulary words as they read the story, use context clues to interpret meaning, and write excerpt to confirm their understanding. (FREE by email with novel purchase receipt.) Also available: comprehension tests, create a character creative writing, and more! Coming soon: Essay writing guides, google classroom versions of ELA curriculum, and teacher bundles. E.G. Moore is also open to ELA curriculum suggestions or specific requests from fellow home schoolers and educators. 0 comment You may also like
Four Mile Creek Bridge, Lincoln County Given a build date of 1920, this bridge is a unique example of a Queen post truss, or a Pratt truss with 3 panels. The Queen post truss, along with the King post truss, both date back to the medieval times, though technically, a Queen post truss does not have the X-tension rods in the center panel. This bridge is located near Kendrick. Above, the bridge consists of two wooden approach spans and the steel truss mainspan. Usually, half-hip Pratt truss spans are used for lengths of 3 panels. Below, a view of the truss. It really doesn't get any simpler than this. The X-rods in the center panel take care of shear stresses, and make a great improvement over the simple Queen post truss design. Above, most of this bridge's construction details are given in this photograph. Note that the bridge stands on laced steel columns, similar to a bedstead bridge. The photo below gives a few more details on the bridge's substructure. Below, Detail of the hip connections, and a calf. This span is a good example of a rare type of bridge with ancient roots.
SubjectsSubjects(version: 887) Course, academic year 2020/2021 Fundamentals of Combustion Processes - N215002 Title: Základy spalovacích procesů Guaranteed by: Department of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels (215) Actual: from 2013 Semester: summer Points: summer s.:3 E-Credits: summer s.:3 Examination process: summer s.: Capacity: 25 / unknown (unknown) Min. number of students: unlimited Language: Czech Teaching methods: full-time For type: Guarantor: Pospíšil Milan prof. Ing. CSc. This subject contains the following additional online materials Annotation - Last update: Pospíšil Milan prof. Ing. CSc. (19.11.2012) The course will explain the basic chemistry of radical combustion (oxidation) reactions. The examples documented impact of conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration) on the intensity and speed of combustion reaction and the formation of various intermediates and products, including disabled harmful substances. By means of practical calculations, students are introduced to the basic mass balance combustion reactions. Aim of the course - Last update: Pospíšil Milan prof. Ing. CSc. (27.08.2013) Students will be able to: Explain the basic chemism of radical combustion reactions. Explain the basic physico-chemical aspects influencing the process of combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid substances. Explain the basic principles of generation of pollutants resulting from the combustion process (NOx, SOx, PM). Apply the basic mass balance of combustion processes. Literature - Last update: ROZ215 (26.09.2013) R: Redr M., Prihoda M.: Fundamentals of Thermal Engineering, SNTL, 1991 (CZ language) Learning resources - Pospisil M.: Introduction to combustion processes, internal textbooks provided to students in electronic form Syllabus - Last update: ROZ215 (26.09.2013) 1. Introduction - definition of terms. Fundamentals of chemical kinetics and equilibrium. Effect of temperature and pressure on the reaction equilibrium. 2. The general mechanism of combustion reactions. Chemistry of combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures - p/T diagram of the reaction, the basic diagram of chain reaction. 3. Chemistry of combustion of the mixture of CO-oxygen - p/T diagram of the reaction, the influence of the presence of water on the reaction. 4. Chemistry of hydrocarbon combustion I - combustion products, p/T diagram of the reaction. 5. Chemistry of hydrocarbon combustion II - cycles of chain reactions, decomposition and condensation reactions, low- and high-temperature combustion. 6. Stoichiometric calculations - mass and volume combustion, calculation of average fuel composition, energy balance, heating value and exhaust temperature. 7. Basic physico-chemical aspects of the combustion process - flame propagation, flame type combustion, ignition temperature and flammability, combustion rate, flame stability. 8. Preparation of the fuel/air mixture - mixing of gaseous and liquid fuels with air, burners classification, oil boilers and oil management. 9. Combustion of solid fuels - homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion, combustion in a layer of pulverized fuel. Emissions of particulate matter - sources, reduction of emissions of particulate matter. 10. NOx emissions - the theory of their origin and formation mechanisms, reduction of NOx emissions. Emissions of sulfur compounds - the mechanism of S compounds oxidation, reduction of SOx emissions. Emission limits for stationary sources - an overview. 11. Internal combustion engines - the basic classification of internal combustion engines, engine operation. Emissions from internal combustion - emissions of pollutants, emission limits. 12. Catalytic converters for motor vehicles - design, basic physical and chemical processes, efficiency. 13. Incineration of waste - liquid and solid waste incinerator scheme, minimize the generation of pollutants. 14. Final revision and summary. Registration requirements - Fyzikální chemie I Teaching methods Activity Credits Hours Účast na přednáškách 1 28 Příprava na zkoušku a její absolvování 2 56 3 / 3 84 / 84 Coursework assessment Form Significance Examination test 75 Continuous assessment of study performance and course -credit tests 25
Locating information All levels - Read the questions carefully to know what you're meant to look for in the activity. - Figure out where the designated words occur in the document. Take breaks in your reading if you need to. - If you feel that the meaning of a particular word is essential to knowing how to complete the activity, try to understand it using the context, or finding words that are similar in different languages, or using the dictionary.
Werner Heisenberg, German physicist and philosopher who discovered (1925) a way to formulate quantum mechanics in terms of matrices. We could have obtained this result also if we kept only the first term in the expansion of the derivative of the Brillouin function. The need for the Ising model in Mean field theory? Associate professor, History Department, Portland State University, Oregon. The order parameter is defined by its property of being zero above $T_c$ and non zero below $T_c$. The values of $\alpha_0$ and $\beta$, however, stay the same. The number of nearest neighbor sites $z$ is called the coordination number. \frac{d f}{d M} \right\vert_{B_a = 0} = 0 \longrightarrow M = \pm \sqrt{\frac{\alpha_0\left(T_c-T\right)}{\beta}}, \quad T < T_c $$. Here once again one could ask whether it is really necessary to express the derivative of the Brillouin function up to $x^2$ and why the first (constant) term is not sufficient. in the $+z$ direction, such that the vectors are replaced according to: The mean field Hamiltonian can then be written as: $$ H_{MF} = -\sum_i S_i \left( z J' \langle S \rangle + \mu B_a \right).$$. “Heisenberg’s research in Leipzig concentrated upon applications and extensions of quantum mechanics. Germany built neither. Provenance: From the library of Niels Bohr with his name (‘N. The equation for $M$ is now of order 3, but it is of the form $M = \alpha M + \beta M^3$, so we can identify the so-called trivial solution to this equation, namely $M=0$. Astrophysical Observatory. the Ising model), one should keep in mind that this result is only valid for $M << M_s$ or $T \approx T_c$! It is shown how Heisenberg identified the quantum mechan \: j$). His position that the theory should be based only on observable quantities was central to his paper of July 1925, “Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen” (“Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations”). Werner Heisenberg led the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, where research into nuclear reactors and atomic bombs was conducted. For paramagnetism $J'=0$. The problem is that up to first order $M \propto B_a$, so no spontaneous magnetization density ($M \neq 0$ and $B_a =0$) comes out. To obtain also an expression for $\left. This exchange interaction has no classical analogue; it results from the ‘overlapping’ of the (orbital) quantum mechanical wave functions of two nearby atoms. with $T_c = \frac{z J'}{4 k_B}$ and $C_{+} = \frac{n \mu_0 \mu^2}{4 k_B}$. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. model) and the localized picture (Heisenberg model). He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles, and he was instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957. When a material is magnetized, the ‘magnetic moments’ or ‘spins’ of the individual atoms of the material are aligned (the atoms themselves are like tiny magnets and their north-south axes point in the same direction). The spin-disorder contribution to the transport coefficients of a ferromagnetic metal are studied for a parabolic model of the spin-wave spectrum, and the results are comparable qualitatively with the experiments. They are not due to the atomic magnetic dipoles. An analogous relation exists between any pair of canonically conjugate variables, such as energy and time. Heisenberg developed a model that accounted for this phenomenon, though at the cost of introducing half-integer quantum numbers, a notion at odds with Bohr’s theory as understood to date. Bohr’) stamped on upper cover.“Following a series of papers published in the years 1925 to 1927 — during which quantum mechanics was developed, interpreted and applied to atoms with more than one electron outside a closed shell — Werner Heisenberg solved the mystery of ferromagnetism using the concept of spin plus the exclusion principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli, which states that two electrons with the same energy and momentum cannot occupy the same quantum state. \chi_m \right\vert_{T > T_c} = \frac{\mu_0}{2 \alpha_0 \left( T-T_c \right)} = \frac{C_{+}}{T-T_c} $$. The special fea tures of ferrolnagnetism, vis-a-vis dia and para magnetism, are introduced and the necessity of a Weiss molecular field is explained. Once more we have to do some math to arrive at: $$ \chi_m = \frac{n \mu_0 \mu^2}{z J'} \frac{1 + 3 (t-1) \Theta(t-1)}{(t-1)\left(1 -3 \Theta(1-t) \right)} $$. Coming from above $T_c$, we see that the susceptibility diverges at $T=T_c$, where $T_c$ has been found before. The Classical Heisenberg model is the = case of the n-vector model, one of the models used in statistical physics to model ferromagnetism, and other phenomena. Then applying the derivative also on the left hand side (lhs, so on $M$), one gets: $$ \frac{1}{\mu_0} \chi_m = n \mu J \left(\frac{J+1}{3 J} - \frac{1+3 J +4J^2+2J^3}{30 J^3} \left( \frac{z J J'}{n \mu k_B T} \right)^2 M^2 \right) \left( \frac{\mu J}{k_B T} + \frac{z J J'}{n \mu_0\mu k_B T} \chi_m \right) \Rightarrow $$. Thus there is an apparent spin-spin coupling due to orbital symmetry and this can, under certain circumstances, lead to a stable configuration in which the spins are aligned. The magnetic susceptibility is defined as, $$ \chi_m = \left. It is shown that the same technique can be applied to the case of spin one and also to antiferromagnetism. In the words of Paul Dirac: “the solution of this difficulty [...] is provided by the exchange (austausch) interaction of the electrons, which arises owing to the electrons being indistinguishable one from another. Definition. Werner’s mother, née Anna Wecklein, was the daughter of the rector of the elite Maximilians-Gymnasium in Munich. The constant $-\frac{3}{2T_c}$ is irrelevant if one is close to $T_c$ due to the divergent $\frac{1}{T_c-T}$ term. Instead, a relation exists between the indeterminacies (Δ) in the measurement of these variables such that ΔpΔx ≥ h/4π (where h is Planck’s constant, or 6.62606957 × 10−34 joule∙second). In the case of magnetism, it is the magnetization density separating the ferromagnetic ($M \neq 0, T < T_c$) from the paramagnetic phase ($M = 0,T>T_c$). Heisenberg drew a philosophically profound conclusion: absolute causal determinism was impossible, since it required exact knowledge of both position and momentum as initial conditions. Without loss of generality, we let the external magnetic field point in the $z-$ direction: $\vec{B}_a = B_a \hat{z}$. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Two electrons may change places without our knowing it, and the proper allowance for the possibility of quantum jumps of this nature, which can be made in a treatment of the problem by quantum mechanics, gives rise to the new kind of interaction. The ﬁeld at distance r due to a dipole m is B dip = (µ 0m/4+r3)[2cos"e r + sin "e"]. We have adapted the multipath Metropolis algorithm for systems with complex types of exchange interactions and rough energy landscapes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). where in the last line a Taylor expansion for the derivative of the Brillouin function for very small $M$ was used (we consider only small magnetizations): $$ \left. Original printed wrappers. Band magnetism 4. The important thing is that from both sides the divergence is of type $\chi_m \propto \frac{1}{\|T-T_c\|}$. The combined uncertainty in both measurements must be equal to or greater than h/(4π), where h is Planck’s constant. This exchange interaction has no classical analogue; it results from the ‘overlapping’ of the (orbital) quantum mechanical wave functions of two nearby atoms. For plotting purposes, the quantities $m=M/M_s$ and $t=T/T_c$ are introduced and the formula given above forms into: $$ m = \pm \sqrt{\frac{10}{3}} \frac{J+1}{\sqrt{1+2 J+2 J^2}} t \sqrt{1-t} $$. A preliminary report of this paper was presented at the Durham meeting of the American Physical Society, March, 1953. Mean ﬁeld theory 2. Fe, Ni, Co) have a non-vanishing magnetization $\vec{M} \neq 0$ also at a vanishing external magnetic field $\vec{B}_a = 0$. This part should not be seen different, but complementary to the analysis done here. The combined uncertainty for position and momentum is equal to or greater than h/(4π), where h is Planck’s constant, and thus is significant only for very small objects like atoms or subatomic particles. The central idea of the Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism is that it is the quantum mechanical ‘exchange interaction’ between neighbouring atoms which is responsible for the tendency of these atoms to have their spins aligned rather than point in opposite directions. The Taylor expansion above restricts us to values $t \approx 1$, i.e. This is the ability of certain substances, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, etc., when cooled below a certain temperature (called the ‘critical temperature’), to develop a spontaneous magnetization, even in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Plate Tectonics- Key Terms Flashcards Preview Physical Geography > Plate Tectonics- Key Terms > Flashcards Flashcards in Plate Tectonics- Key Terms Deck (28) Loading flashcards... What is the continental shelf? The part of continental crust that extends into the sea past the land masses and forms a shelf like feature What is tectonics? What is the crust? The thinnest, top layer of the Earth made of the coolest, less dense rocks What is the Big Bang? The explosion of a star which threw out aggregation of materials which formed Earth What is the mantle? The mantle is from the bottom of the crust down to around 2900km. It surrounds the core and is mainly silicate rocks rich in iron and magnesium. What is the core? The core is at the centre of the Earth and made up of rocks rich in iron and nickel. There is a semi molten outer core and a solid inner core. What is the lithosphere? The lithosphere consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle. It is the zone where tectonic plates are formed. What is the asthenosphere? The asthenosphere consists of the semi molten part of the Earth's mantle What is Moho discontinuity? The asthenosphere is 10% molten material so when seismic waves travel through it, they slow down and this is called Moho discontinuity. What are primary (P) waves? Primary (P) waves are the fastest seismic waves that arrive first and can travel through both liquids and solids. They are compressional waves so they vibrate in the same direction as they are travelling. What are secondary (S) waves? Secondary (S) waves travel at half the speed of P waves. They shake the ground from side to side and vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel. What are surface (S) waves? Surface (S) waves are unable to travel through liquids and are restricted to the Earth's surface. They are much slower than secondary waves. What are tectonic plates? Tectonic plates are irregularly shaped rafts of lithosphere floating on the plastic asthenosphere underneath What is continental crust? Continental crust is usually over 1500 million years old. It is permanent and can extend beyond the margins of current land masses. It will not sink because of its' lower density. What is oceanic crust? Oceanic crust is less than 200 million years old. It is much denser than continental crust and is continually being formed and destroyed at plate margins. What are plate margins? Plate margins are where two plates meet and either move towards eachother, away from eachother or past eachother. What are convection currents? Convection currents are circular movements of heat within the asthenosphere (upper mantle) which drive the movement of plates What is continental drift? Continental drift is the theory that originally all continents were joined together as a land mass called Pangaea and have drifted apart over time. Who was Alfred Wegener? Alfred Wegener was the first person to publish the theory of continental drift in 1912 What is meant by jigsaw fit? Jigsaw fit is the fact that some continents appear to fit together like jigsaw pieces if they were put next to eachother e.g. Africa and South America What is Pangaea? Pangaea is an ancient supercontinent which originally joined together all the continents. It forms part of Wegener's theory of continental drift. What was a glossopteris? Glossopteris is a fern that has been found in Africa, Antarctica, Australia and South America. It suggests that these continents were all once linked and had a similar climate. What is a mesosaurus? Mesosaurus is an extinct reptile that has been found in Africa and South America. It was a costal animal which could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean- this suggests that these continents were once linked. What is sea floor spreading? Sea floor spreading is the theory that the Atlantic sea floor is spreading out from the centre at the speed of about 5cm per year What is the Mid Atlantic ridge? The Mid Atlantic Ridge is a ridge of mountains running along the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from which the sea floor appears to be spreading outwards. What is paleomagnetism? Paleomagnetism is the switching of the Earth's magnetic field every 400,000 years which causes North and South to swap around, creating a pattern of magnetic stripes in rocks, which supports the theory of sea floor spreading. Who were Vine and Matthews? Vine and Matthews (1960s) were British geologists who discovered magnetic stripes running parallel to the Mid Atlantic ridge. Who was Harry Hess? Harry Hess (1962) was an American geologist who updated Wegener's ideas by studying the age of rocks beneath the Atlantic. He found out that younger rocks were in the middle next to the ridge whereas older rocks (around 200 million years old) are further out from the centre which supports the idea of sea floor spreading
How to make a self-extracting shell script from a TAR archive 6 years ago Self extracting shell script is a shell script which can be run from terminal, and as a result of that, it can extract the files/folders which was bound to it and do some additional work on the way. As an example, say, you have a tar archive with source or binaries of a software. You can make a single script to install the software from the source or binaries in your linux system. After you have succesfull created the script, the TAR archive is no longer needed and the software can be installed by running the install script you just created. An example of this might be the installer of Netbeans IDE (it comes with a netbeans-* file). You can put your whole software project in a TAR archive and make a single installer for that. There are various methods to do this. Standard sh (Bourne shell) can be used too, but I am going to use bash in this tutorial and follow a way, basically from this journal. 1. Write a script: Create a script named tartos with the following content: BASEDIR=`dirname "${0}"` [ "$payload" != "" ] \|\| read -e -p "Enter the path of the tar archive: " payload [ "$script" != "" ] \|\| read -e -p "Enter the name/path of the script: " script printf "#!/bin/bash PAYLOAD_LINE=\`awk '/^__PAYLOAD_BELOW__/ {print NR + 1; exit 0; }' \$0\` tail -n+\$PAYLOAD_LINE \$0 \| tar -xvz #you can add custom installation command here exit 0 __PAYLOAD_BELOW__\n" > "$tmp" cat "$tmp" "$payload" > "$script" && rm "$tmp" chmod +x "$script" Mind the line that says: #you can add custom installation command here. You can put installation commands after this line, like sudo make install or whatever it is. 2. Use: 1. Give the tartos script execution permission. chmod +x path_to_tartos_script 2. Now open a terminal in the folder where you have created the tartos script or cd to that directory and run: ./tartos archive_path script_name or simply run the tartos script (it will ask for information on the way) the self-extracting script will be saved in the working directory as script_name Now run this script_name to see the result. If everything's ok, you can ship this script as an installer for your software. 3. Supporting multiple TARs: The above method will only work for .tar.gz archives. There are other compression types for TAR archives: .tar.xz .tar.bz2 .tar.lz etc... For that you need to modify the line: tail -n+\$PAYLOAD_LINE \$0 \| tar xzv in the tartos script. The z option will be modified here. For .tar z will be omitted. For .tar.bz2 z will be replaced with j. You can learn more about this option in the man page of tar. man tar //to access man page of tar tar --help command will give you some good information too. 4. Automation: If you don't want to deal with those commands or supporting multiple TARs and want to automate these tasks, you can use my script or there are other tools like shar (package sharutils) or makeself. I haven't used sharutils or makeself though, so it's upto you, whatever you find in those tools. jahid_0903014 6 years ago Hammer459, v is for verbose, I like to see if things are going well on the way :D. I don't like things doing silently and showing nothing, specially when you need to confirm that, it actually works.. Hammer459 6 years ago Nice except for the common misuse of the "v" flag to tar. Why vomit all the filenames in the tar?? tar xj or tar xz is more user friendly.
DEV Community How to End-to-End Encrypt in Messages Using Twilio and Virgil Security mariiamalitska profile image Mariia Malitska Originally published at ・7 min read Developers want end-to-end encryption for many reasons: to secure data within their products for compliance with HIPAA and GDPR, to limit developer liability from data breaches, to protect user privacy, and for many more economic and ethical reasons. And Virgil Security is there to help the developers to achieve their goals. In this technical tutorial, we’ll walk you through how you can start building end-to-end encryption into your Twilio chat app. For more information about compliance with HIPAA and how Twilio and Virgil interact, see our overview here. What is end-to-end encryption? This is what a typical Twilio app looks like today: Without end-to-end encryption, the security gaps along the data path are where data breaches happen. There are gaps in the encryption where the HTTPS and at-rest encryption starts and stops. Plaintext data is still accessible to developers and hackers on frontend and backend servers. Plus, governments, ISPs and telcos can see the data. Even if you trust all these people, if there is a technical mechanism that allows them to access it, that technical mechanism is available to anyone to exploit. By default, Twilio Programmable Chat is already encrypted in transit with HTTPS. End-to-end encryption is an additional layer of security that can help companies satisfy regulations like HIPAA, GDPR, and the myriad of other security and privacy laws being passed by governments around the world. Regulators are paying more attention to privacy and passing laws demanding higher levels of security. Depending on the regulatory atmosphere of your industry or geography, HTTPS alone may not be sufficient. Further, a two year study in the UK found that 88% of data breaches were caused by developer error, not cyberattacks. So if your data is not end-to-end encrypted, all it takes is a developer at some third party service with access to your data to make one implementation error or click through on a phishing email, and your whole database could be breached. End-to-end encryption is a layer on top that protects developers from both mistakes and hacks. This is what your app will look like after you implement client-side end-to-end encryption: With end-to-end encryption, there are no security gaps along the data path to expose your product to breaches. The message data will be encrypted on the end devices and remain encrypted everywhere it’s sent and stored until the end user opens the message and decrypts it on her device. Neither you nor Twilio, nor any of the networks, servers, databases, or third party services will see anything but scrambled data passing through. What can I end-to-end encrypt? Anything – chat messages, files, photos, sensory data on IoT devices, permanent or temporary data. You decide what data you want to end-to-end encrypt -- you can encrypt some fields in a document, but not others. For example, you might want to keep benign information related to a chat app (like timestamps) in plaintext but end-to-end encrypt the message content. How do I implement it? Below, we’ll provide you an overview of the implementation steps so you can get an idea for how it works. The full code is found on the Virgil Security dashboard once you create a Virgil Security developer account and follow the E3Kit for Twilio end-to-end encryption guide within the dashboard. Using the client-side E3Kit SDK, when one of your users signs up, your app will generate a private and public key on their device. The user’s public key is published to the Virgil Cards Service (effectively a cloud directory that stores and manages the public keys) for users to find other users’ public keys and encrypt data for them. Each user’s private key remains on their device and is protected by the operating system’s native key store. Step 1: Set up your backend In order to identify and authenticate your users in the Virgil Cloud, you’ll need to generate Virgil and Twilio JWTs with the help of the Virgil SDK and Twilio Helper on your server side. We've created a sample backend code that demonstrates how to connect the Virgil and Twilio JWT generation. Check out the GitHub repo here and follow the instructions in README (for more detailed demonstration you can watch this video). Step 2: Set up your client E3Kit is responsible for creating and storing the user's private key on their device and for publishing the user's corresponding public key in the Virgil Cloud. Everything else (except for the cryptographic functions) is handled by Twilio SDK, which you'll have to initialize on the client side yourself. Note: These code snippets are in Javascript, but E3Kit works across any language. You can find snippets for Java, Kotlin and Swift in the documentation here. npm install -S @virgilsecurity/e3kit B) Initialize E3Kit In order to interact with the Virgil and Twilio Cloud, the E3Kit SDK must be provided with a callback that it will call to fetch the Virgil and Twilio JWT from your backend for the current user. import { EThree } from '@virgilsecurity/e3kit'; // to your backend. // This is a simplified solution without any real protection, so here you need use your // application authentication mechanism. async function authenticate(identity) { const response = await fetch('http://localhost:3000/authenticate', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', body: JSON.stringify({ identity: identity if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`Error code: ${response.status} \nMessage: ${response.statusText}`); return response.json().then(data => data.authToken); // Log in as `alice` const eThreePromise = authenticate('alice').then(authToken => { // E3kit will call this callback function and wait for the Promise resolve. // When it receives Virgil JWT it can do authorized requests to Virgil Cloud. // E3kit uses the identity encoded in the JWT as the current user's identity. return EThree.initialize(getVirgilToken); async function getVirgilToken() { const response = await fetch('http://localhost:3000/virgil-jwt', { headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${authToken}`, if (!response.ok) { // If request was successful we return Promise which will resolve with token string. return response.json().then(data => data.virgilToken); // then you can get instance of EThree in that way: eThreePromise.then(eThree => { /* eThree.encrypt/decrypt/lookupPublicKeys */}) // or const eThree = await eThreePromise; Step 3: Register your users with Virgil Security // TODO: initialize await eThree.register(); Step 4: Create a Twilio channel Virgil doesn't provide you with any functionality to create or manage users' channels or messages. So, you’ll have to use the Twilio SDK to create a channel for user conversations. Step 5: Sign and encrypt message data // TODO: initialize and register user (see EThree.initialize and EThree.register) // aliceUID and bobUID - strings with identities of users that receive message const usersToEncryptTo = [aliceUID, bobUID]; // Lookup user public keys const publicKeys = await eThree.lookupPublicKeys(usersToEncryptTo); // Encrypt data using target user public keys const encryptedData = await eThree.encrypt(new ArrayBuffer(), publicKeys); // Encrypt text using target user public keys const encryptedText = await eThree.encrypt('this text will be encrypted', publicKeys); Step 6: Decrypt message and verify sender // TODO: initialize SDK and register users - see EThree.initialize and EThree.register // bobUID - string with sender identity // Lookup origin user public keys const publicKey = await eThree.lookupPublicKeys(bobUID); const decryptedData = await eThree.decrypt(encryptedData, publicKey); const decryptedText = await eThree.decrypt(encryptedText, publicKey); Voila! You’ve end-to-end encrypted messaging in your app. As we mentioned, Virgil E3Kit SDK supports multi-device support. You can find instructions for implementing that here, as well as support for additional functionalities like password changes and device cleanup. HIPAA Compliance Considerations If you're adding E3Kit to your healthcare application and need to be compliant with HIPAA's requirements, you'll need to delete message data from Twilio upon message delivery. You can read more about building a HIPAA-compliant chat app with Twilio and Virgil Security in our guide here. Any Drawbacks? • Encrypting end-to-end may remove the ability to access advanced functionality such as searching chat history. Before implementing additional security you will want to evaluate if it will address your business needs. (Just like users have private keys to access data, you can give admins a private key as well, but you need to do so carefully and be aware of how that impacts compliance with HIPAA and other regulations.) • Similarly, third party services won't be able to do much with data that you've encrypted. If there's data that you're going to want to run analytics on or access for another business purpose, consider leaving that part of the data unencrypted. • There's a minor performance hit involved in encrypting and decrypting data. Something along the lines of 1-2 ms per message on the client device. Plus, your clients will need network access whenever they want to encrypt that message (user key lookup is an online operation - which you can cache after it’s done). To get started with E3Kit for Twilio, sign up for a free Virgil Security developer account at, create your first application and follow the quickstart guide for end-to-end encryption with E3Kit for Twilio. The E3Kit documentation can also be found directly via Questions? Feel free to ask the Virgil Security team on Slack. Discussion (0) Editor guide
Brain Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformation A brain aneurysm develops when a weak spot in the brain’s arterial wall, bulges and gets filled with blood. A brain aneurysm affects people at any age and may occur on their own, some are inherited, and some are a result of a brain injury. If the aneurysm bursts, it may result in you getting a stroke, brain damage and even death, if left untreated. A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels which are connecting arteries and veins in the brain. Arteries are responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain. Veins carry the oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart and lungs. An arteriovenous malformation of the brain disrupts the above-mentioned process. They may develop anywhere in the body but often occur in the brain or spine. When to see a doctor? Early diagnosis of a brain aneurysm is essential before it ruptures. If you have a brain aneurysm, you may not experience any symptoms until the aneurysm bleeds or ruptures. When the arteriovenous malformation presses on the brain or a nerve, it may cause symptoms such as headache, numbness, muscle weakness or problems with the vision. Other symptoms include severe headache, neck stiffness, loss of consciousness and neck stiffness. It is essential to seek medical attention if you are experiencing the above-mentioned symptoms as they may be a sign of a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. How is surgery done? An aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation requires complex surgery to repair. Please seek Dr Maharaj’s assistance for further information about this form of treatment if you have been experiencing the above-mentioned symptoms. • Wilder Penfield The brain is an organ of density. It holds within its humming mechanism secrets that will determine the future of the human race. Wilder Penfield
Annotated bibliography help Goldschneider, f. in your annotations, provide a brief description and an evaluation methodology research paper sample of the source. 1. essays on civil rights movement however under each source is an evaluation paragraph that is annotated bibliography help a brief description about the source that has been used writing an annotated bibliography is one academic assignment you will come day care business plan across in college, university or graduate school in more times than one. the annotated bibliography help purpose of the annotated bibliography is to provide the reader with a complete overview of the articles and. well, to be honest, there are more similarities than differences using annotated bibliography harvard is essential how to write a reserch paper not only for the credibility of do you have to write a dissertation for masters your research paper but also for the convenience of your readers. you can add a short annotated bibliography help paragraph about the citation (roughly 100-150 words). these citations are then followed can a research paper be in first person by a short note called annotation that explains the source’s numerous revision plan for essay mla areas, such as internet research paper topics summary, evaluation of content, and how your topic has been applied to it well an annotated bibliography is a collection of entries which include the citation information, a brief analysis and description of virtual assignment operator the text. the format is as follows 1- apa title page. an annotated bibliography helps you in doing how to solve parallel circuit problems independent research. for starters, it contains deeper insights into the annotated bibliography help source material. now that you’ve. Leave a Reply
7 Foods That Detoxify, Strengthen And Support Liver Health Last updated on Foods To Avoid For Liver Health The liver has many functions, but one of the most important functions is filtering the blood. In the blood coming from the intestines, there are chemical toxins, bacteria, fungi, and partially digested foods. Consumption of these foods over many years, cause our liver efficiency to be compromised: Alcohol, coffee, artificial food additives, preservatives, dairy products, pesticides, prescription drugs, environment toxins, high-fat foods, etc. Read more about harmful foods. A constipated colon further burdens the liver due to contaminated blood. Performing a complete gastrointestinal cleanse will greatly help to relieve the burden on the liver. Read more about detoxifying the entire body in the correct sequence. Detoxification BEGINS when you STOP putting harmful foods into your body. 7 Liver Support Foods For Liver Health 1. Fiber foods for liver healthWhen you include liver detoxifying foods in your diet, be sure that you’re also eating fiber and drinking LOTS of water. Oatmeal for breakfast is a good source of fiber. Eating a fruit and vegetable salad is a good way to get your fiber. When eating liver-detoxifying foods, much of the toxins will be “dumped” into the digestive tract for elimination. Fiber and sufficient hydration help to move the bowel along quickly. If bowel movements are irregular, toxins stay in the system for an unnecessarily longer period of time and get reabsorbed by the detoxifying organs. This becomes harmful instead of helping. DO NOT eat detoxifying foods if you’re constipated/irregular and not drinking enough water. For example when drinking a beetroot juice, one may get a headache. This is a sign that your body is highly acidic and dehydrated, and a gastrointestinal cleanse may be beneficial. 2. Green Vegetables Green vegetables are some of the best liver detoxifying foods because of the LIFE in it—chlorophyll, that acts as our internal healer, cleanser, antiseptic, cell stimulator, rejuvenator and red blood cell builder, just as it is the “lifeblood” of plants. The LIFE in chlorophyll is wonderfully cleansing to the liver. The greener the leaves, the more concentrated the amount of chlorophyll. Leafy green vegetables can be eaten raw, lightly cooked or juiced. You eat it for its fiber and drink of the juice for its high quality nutrients that are best absorbed in liquid form. The green phytonutrient is highly efficient in binding with toxins, neutralizing them, increasing bile production that helps remove toxins, and eliminating them from the organs and blood system. This is why drinking green juices is very effective for cleansing and alkalizing the blood. They offer a powerful protective mechanism for the liver. Some healthful GREEN VEGETABLES ideal for cleansing the liver: Artichoke, beet greens, bitter gourd/melon, broccoli, celery, cilantro, cucumber, dandelion greens, kale, spinach, parsley, Swiss chard, wheatgrass and barleygrass. 3. Dandelion Roots And Leaves Dandelion has been traditionally used as a detoxifying herb and has amazing medicinal properties. It has high contents of vitamin A, C, D, and B complex, iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, manganese, copper, choline, calcium, boron, and silicon. The bitterness of dandelion helps to activate the digestive system, increase bile flow and purify the liver and gallbladder. These actions also indirectly help support the kidneys, pancreas and spleen. Dandelion root is often made into capsules, tablets, powder form, tincture or tea for easy consumption. Noticeable health benefits of dandelion due to the liver cleansing effect: • Reduces water retention • Relieves skin problems like eczema and psoriasis • Blood alkalizing • In some cases, reduce allergies • Improves immune system If you’re on medication, do check with your healthcare professional before consuming dandelion in any form. You can buy dandelion at your local health food store or buy DANDELION ROOT TEA from online here. Beware that after drinking the tea, bowel movement may be darker than usual. This is the tea doing its work, so do not panic. Drink LOTS of water. 4. Beetroot Beetroot contains some important phytonutrients and compounds that are beneficial for overall health, namely: betaine, betalains, betacyanin, betanin, folate and iron. It is helpful to EAT beetroot for its fiber that contains pectin. This compound, also found in apples, is helpful in cleaning out the toxins that have been removed from the liver and flush it out of the system (with drinking sufficient water). By DRINKING beetroot juice, the other phytonutrients are efficient in cleaning out the toxins, HEAL and protect the liver and bile ducts. By healing the liver, it indirectly helps the whole body to work more efficiently and ease many ailments, including inflammation. If you’re unaccustomed with drinking beetroot juice, start with half a medium-sized beetroot and gradually working up to one whole beetroot. As it is very potent, take it only every other day and drink PLENTY of water to help flush out the toxins. Juice beetroot with a slice of lemon that will help improve the taste and nutrients absorption. Here are 5 beetroot juice recipes you can try for liver detox. 5. Cilantro cilantro juiceCilantro (a.k.a. coriander leaves or Chinese parsley) is an amazing herb that can detoxify heavy metal* from the liver. Adding a bunch of cilantro and a clove or two of garlic in your juice gives this effect. A masticating juicer does the work best. Another way of using it is by juicing cilantro and adding chlorella powder into it. Make and store in a small bottle refrigerated. Take 1 tablespoon once or twice a day. WARNING: It is very potent and may cause headache. Do not detoxify with potent foods if bowel movements are irregular. Drink LOTS of water. * Heavy metal poisoning can be caused by lead, mercury, iron, cadmium, thallium, cobalt, copper, etc. which cannot otherwise be detoxified as effectively by other juices. The health benefits of cilantro include protecting against bacterial/viral/fungal/yeast infection, reducing swelling, lowering blood pressure, relieving arthritis, reducing cholesterol, reducing cellulite, easing premenstrual syndrome, reducing cramps, promoting liver function, lowering blood sugar, helping with insulin secretion, and many more! 6. Turmeric Turmeric root is a member of the ginger family and is highly beneficial for helping with digestion and cleansing the liver. It is a food that is commonly used by Asians and may be available in your local Asian market. Turmeric has a phytonutrient called curcumin, which is a liver-protectant compound that may help to shrink engorged hepatic ducts, making it useful for treating liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice. When liver is cleansed, it will also benefit skin conditions including: eczema, psoriasis and acne, for it is a potent detoxifier. Turmeric stimulates the production and flow of bile, and the liver uses bile to eliminate toxins; bile also rejuvenates liver cells that breakdown harmful compounds. Other health benefits of turmeric: • Anti-bacterial, anti-septic, anti-inflammatory • Anti-cancer, anti-ageing • Helps remedy diseases of the digestive tract • Prevents oxidation of cholesterol and reducing the risks of heart diseases • Prevents deterioration of mental performance • Improves intestinal flora, thus the health of the gastrointestines • Good remedy for common cold • Relieves sinusitis And many more! See some suggestions here on how to add turmeric in your beverages. 7. Garlic Garlic is remarkable for the number of medicinal properties it contains, including 17 amino acids, at least 33 known sulphur compounds, eight minerals and the vitamins A, B1 and C. It is interesting to note that garlic DOES NOT contain the wonder compound that it is commonly known for: allicin. How can this be? garlic cloves Researchers have found that a perfect clove of garlic doesn’t contain allicin, but once it is crushed, cut or ruptured, a phytochemical reaction occurs to FORM allicin. The high sulfur content in garlic activates the enzymes responsible for flushing out toxins from the liver. It is capable of killing viruses, bacteria and fungi. The sulphur in garlic carries oxygen in the body directly to infected areas. Germs cannot live in a body with a good supply of oxygen, therefore, infections are cleared quickly. The outstanding medicinal properties in garlic have been proven to help protect the liver from toxic damage, aid in the detoxification process and have many health benefits. When combined with cilantro, they work synergistically in detoxifying heavy metals from the system. As garlic is a very POTENT detoxifier, just one or two cloves in your juice daily helps to keep a healthy intestinal flora. Go to Liver Support Foods About Sara Ding Leave a Reply XHTML: You can use these tags:
Photos for social networks How to enlarge a photo for printing How do you make a picture bigger to print? Locate the “Scaling” section, and click “Adjust To.” Type a percentage value in the “Normal Size” text box. For instance, if you wish to print the image at 70 percent of its normal size, enter 70. Click “OK” to close the “Page Setup” window. How do you enlarge a picture and make it clear? To resize an image with Gimp, simply open your image in the application. Go to Image, then Scale, where you can input your desired dimensions. Finally, under the Quality, choose Sinc as Interpolation and then click Scale. There you have it, an image resize with sustained quality. How do I make a small picture bigger? You can easily use it to make a picture bigger: 1. Right-click on an image file in File Explorer and select Open With –> Paint. 2. Select Image –> Resize/Skew in the main menu. 3. Change the Horizontal and Vertical percentages to something more than 100. … 4. Select File –> Save As to save the bigger image. How do I enlarge a picture on my phone? If you are using the default Android camera app, 1. Open the Camera app. 2. Select More. 3. Select Settings. 4. Select back camera resolution. 5. Select the largest resolution possible to take the most detailed images available for your device. How many pixels do you need to enlarge a photo? So if your image is only 200 pixels by 300 pixels, you know your photo will not look good if you enlarge it, as the image is only 0.6 megapixels. Generally, you want at least a three megapixel image in order to get a decent photo enlargement. You might be interested: How to reverse photo search How can I increase the resolution of an image without Photoshop? How to Increase Image Resolution on PC without Photoshop 1. Step 1: Install and Start Fotophire Maximizer. 2. Step 2: Add Image from Your Computer. 3. Step 3: Enlarge Image. 4. Step 4: Adjust Parameters of the Image. … 5. Step 3: Save Changes. How do I enlarge a photo to print online? Resize your image online in three simple steps: 1. Use the top left button to select and upload your picture. Resize Your Image supports different extensions as . … 2. Use the buttons and arrows to set the size of your image online. … 3. Press the orange button to resize your image. How do I enlarge a photo? How to Enlarge an Image Using Photoshop 1. With Photoshop open, go to File > Open and select an image. … 2. Go to Image > Image Size. 5. Select Resampling Method. … 6. Click OK to accept the changes. How do I make a picture better quality? Method 1 of 2: Using Pixlr 1. Click Launch Pixlr E. … 2. Open the image you want to edit. … 3. Resize the image (optional). … 4. Crop the image. … 5. Use the Clarity filter The Clarity filter can be used to either enhance details in a photo, or blur a photo that has too much detail. … 6. Use the Blur or Sharpen filter. … 7. Reduce the image’s noise. How can I make a picture clearer? Key Features of Fotophire Focus 1. Make a blurry photo clear with one click, using the Sharpen Tool. 2. Adjust the enhancement using the amount and radius sliders under SHARPENING. 3. Enhance the overall image using the sliders under the ADJUSTMENTS menu. 4. Keep an eye on your progress with Before and After shots. You might be interested: How to copy and paste a photo on a mac How do I make a small JPEG bigger? How To Resize, Save As, Convert & More With JPEGs 1. Open the image in Paint. How do I make a picture 1920×1080? Click “Custom Size” from the toolbar on the right side of the Studio. In the Custom Resizer window, enter 1920 in the first field and 1080 in the second. Just click “Done” and your wallpaper will be resized perfectly! Resize your photo to the precise dimensions you want! Leave a Reply

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