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their knowledge was very imperfect. An early toes. One plant will produce three or four treatise on refraction, in nine books, was written large roots. The skin of these roots is pretty by J. Baptista Porta; but Kepler was the first thick, rough, unequal, covered with many stringy who elucidated this subject in any great degree, fibres or filaments, and of a violet color, aphaving demonstrated the properties of spherical proaching to black. The inside is white and of lenses very accurately, in a treatise published the consistence of red beet. It resembles the anno 1611. After Kepler, Galileo introduced potatoe in its mealiness, but is of a closer texture. the doctrine into his Leiters; as also an Exami- When raw, the yams are viscous and clammy; nation of the Preface of Johannes Pena upon when roasted, or boiled, they afford very nouEuclid's Optics, concerning the use of Optics in rishing food; and are often preferred to bread astronomy. Des Cartes also wrote a treatise on by the inhabitants of the West Indies, on account Dioptrics, commonly annexed to his Principles of their lightness and facility of digestion. When of Philosophy, one of his best works : in which first dug out of the ground, the roots are placed the true doctrine of vision is more distinctly ex- in the sun to dry; after which, they are either plained than by any former writer, and in which put in sand, dry garrets, or casks; where, if kept is contained the law of refraction, discovered by from moisture, they may be preserved whole Snell, though the name of the inventor is sup- years without being spoiled or diminished in pressed. Here are also laid down the properties their goodness. The root commonly weighs two of elliptical and hyperbolical lenses, with the or three pounds; though some yams have been practice of grinding glasses. Dr. Barrow has found upwards of twenty pounds weight. treated on Dioptrics in a brief but very elegant DIOSCORIDES, a physician of Anazarba, in manner, in his Optical Lectures, read at Cam- Cilicia, who lived in the reign of Nero. He was bridge. There are also Huygens's Dioptrics, an originally a soldier; but afterwards he applied excellent work of its kind. Molyneur's Diop- himself to study, and wrote a book upon Meditrics, a heavy and dull work. Hartsoeker's cinal Herbs. See BOTANY. Essai de Dioptrique, Cherubin's Dioptrique DIOSCURI, in antiquity, a name given to Oculaire, et De Vision Parfaite, David Gregory's Castor and Pollux, as kovpor, Elements of Dioptrics, Traber's Nervus Opticus, the children, Alos, of Jupiter. and Zahn's Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus. They are often borne on the Dr. Smith's Optics is a complete work of its medals of the Roman consuls, kind. Wolfius's Dioptrics are contained in his and generally appear, as in Elementa Matheseos Universalis. Harris's Op- the annexed diagram, on tics, Bouguer's Optics, and the second volume horse-back, armed with spears, of Haüy's Natural Philosophy, may also be ad- and with helmets surmounted vantageously consulted. The Treatise on Optics, with stars. and the Optical Lectures of Newton, contain an DIOSCURIA, Jiookovpla, in antiquity, a fesaccount of inestimable experiments and reason- tival in honor of Castor and Pollux. It was ings in this science: and Mr. Dollond's disco- observed by the Cyreneans, but more especially very of achromatic glasses, by which colors are by the people of Sparta, the birth-place of these obviated in refracting telescopes, has been of heroes. The solemnity was full of mirth, being great importance to this branch of optics. See at a time wherein they shared plentifully of the Optics.
gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with DIORTHOʻSIS, n.s. Gr. diopowois, of diopoour sports, of which wrestling matches made a part. to make straight. A chirurgical operation, by DIOSMA, African spiræa, a genus of the which crooked or distorted members are restored monogynia order and pentandria class of plants : to their primitive and regular shape.
COR. pentapetalous; nectarium crown-shaped, DIOSCOREA, in botany, a genus of the above the germen : Caps. five, coalited : SEEDS hexandria order and diæcia class of plants; hooded. There are nine species, of which the Datural order eleventh, sarmentaceæ. Male cal. most remarkable are, sexpartite : CoR. none. Female Cal. sexpartite : 1. D. hirsuta, with narrow hairy leaves; a STYL. three: CAPs. trilocular and compressed ; very handsome shrub, growing to the height of and there are two membranaceous seeds. There five or six feet. The stalks are of a fine coral are fifteen species, of which the only remarkable color, the leaves come out alternately on every one is the D. bulbifera, or the yam. It is side of the branches; the flowers are produced triangular winged stalks, which trail upon the in small clusters at the end of the shoots, and ground, extend far, and frequently put out routs are of a white color. They are succeeded by from their joints as they lie upon the ground, starry seed-vessels, having five corners ; in each by which the plants are multiplied. The roots of which corners is a cell, containing one smooth, are eaten by the inhabitants of both the Indies; shining, oblong, black seed; these seed-vessels and, in the West India islands, make the abound with a resin which emits a grateful greatest part of the negroes' food. The plant is scent, as does also the whole plant. supposed to have been brought from the East to 2. D. oppositifolia, with leaves in the form of the West Indies; for it has never been observed a cross. It rises to the height of three or four to grow wild in any part of America; but, in feet; the branches are slender, and produced, the island of Ceylon, and on the coast of Ma- from the stem very irregularly; the flowers are labar, it grows in the woods, and there are in produced at the ends of the branches, between those places many different species. It is pro- ihe leaves; the plants continue long in flower, pagated by cutting the root pieces, observing
make a
fine appearance, intermixed with to preserve an eye in each, as in planting pota- other exotics in the open air.
DIOS NOMBRE DE, a town of Mexico, on In Richard's time, I doubt, he was a little dipt in the road from the mines of Sombrerete to Du- the rebellion of the commons. Dryden. Fables. rango. It contains 6800 inhabitants.
Be careful still of the main chance, my son ; DIOSZEGH, a large market town of Hun
Put out the principal in trusty hands, gary, in the county of Bihar, thirty miles S.S. W Live on the use, and never dip thy lands of Zathmar.
Id. Persius. DIOSPOLITES Nomos, a division of The
When men are once dipt, what with the encouragebais, or the Higher Egypt, to distinguish it from
ments of sense, custom, facility, and shame of deanother of the Lower Egypt, or the Delta; south parting from what they have given themselves up tn, of the Nomos Thinites, on the west side of the they go on till they are stified. L'Estranje. Nile. DIOSPYROS, the Indian date-plum, a genus
So fishes, rising from the main,
Can soar with moistened wings on high ; of the diæcia order and polygamia class of
The moisture dried, they sink again, plants; natural order eighteenth, dicornes . Cal.
And dip their wings again to fly. Swift. hermaphrodite and quadrifid: cor. urceolated
The kindred arts shall in their praise conspire, and quadrifid; stam. eight: STYL. quadrifid: One dip the pencil, and one string the lyre.' Pope. BERRY octospermous. There are two species, viz.
1. D. lotus, which is supposed to be a native The vulture dipping in Prometheus' side, of Africa, from whence it was transplanted into
His bloody beak with his torn liver dyed.
Granville. several parts of Italy, and also into the south of France. The fruit of this tree is supposed to be
The persons to be baptised may be dipped in water; the lotus with which Ulysses and his compa: thrice, according to the canon.
and such an immersion or dipping ought to be made
Ayliffe's Parergon. nions were said to have been enchanted, and which made those who eat of it forget their country Unclasped their sandals, and their zones untied,
Crowd round her baths, and, bending o'er the side, and relations. In the warm parts of Europe Dip with gay fear the shuddering foot undressed, this tree grows to the height of thirty feet.
And quick retract it to the fringed vest. Darwin. 2. D. Virginiana, pinshamin, persimon, or pichumon pluin, is a native of America, but
In nautical observations it is necessary to know the particularly of Virginia and Carolina. The depression or dip of the sea, to correct the apparent
Dr. A. Res. seeds
of this sort have been frequently imported altitude of an observed object. into Britain, and the trees are common in many
DIPETALOUS. adj. Δις and πεταλον. . nurseries about London. It rises to twelve or Having two flower leaves. fourteen feet; bul generally divides into many DIPIIT'HONG, n. s. Fr. diphthongue ; Ital. irregular trunks near the ground, so that it is and Span. diftongo; Lat. diphthongus; Gr. very rare to see a handsome trec of this sort. deqOoyyos, from ois, double, and pooyyn, a sound. Though plenty of fruit is produced on these trees, it never comes to perfection in this
We see how many disputes the simple and ambigucountry. In America the inhabitants preserve and now it has begut the mistake concerning diph
ous nature of vowels created among grammarians, the fruit till it is rotten, as is practised with thongs; all that are properly so are syllables, and not medlars in England, when they are esteemed diphthongs, as is intended to be signified by that very pleasant. Both species are propagated by word.
Holder's Elements of Speech. seeds, and the plants require to be treated tenderly while young; but when theyare grown up, of their being two syllables, and the objection is vone.
Make a diphthong of th.c second eta and iota, instead they resist the greatest cold of this country.
Pope. DIP, v..., v. n. & n.s. ) Goth.doppen ; Sax. Dip'cuck, n. S.
Diphthongs are distinguished by some au| dopen; Dutch doopene; Teut. tauffen; Hindoo duba, from Gr. thors into those that regard the eye, and those 'YUTTW. To imnierse; put into a liquid; wet; tion was long ago made by that eminent gram
that regard the ear; but a more accurate distincand, figuratively, to be deeply involved in affair, and to engage as a pledge. As a neuter marian, Mr. Ruddiman, "into proper and imverb to sink; enter; immerge: as a substantive proper. A third class, however, seems to exist it is applied by miners to the direction of coal
in the English language, which may be styled shafts and minerals (see p. 268), and by scientific wherein only one of the vowels is sounded, the
neutral. 1. Improper diphthongs, are those men to the depression of a part of the horizon, the needle of the compass, &c.
other being sunk; as de and æ in the Latin,
Dip-chick the example explains.
and ea, ei, eo, ie, ou, oe, ue, and ui, in the
English language. The Latins pronounced the Who, dipping all his faults in their affection,
two vowels in their diphthongs ae or æ, oe or æ, Work like the spring that turneth wood to stone,
much as we do; only that the one was heard Convert his gyves to graces.
much weaker than the other, though the division Dipchick is so named of his diving and littleness. was made with all the delicacy imaginable. 2.
Neutral diphthongs are those combinations of And though not mortal, yet a cold shuddering vowels, wherein either a new sound, different
from that of both, takes place, or neither of them Dips me all o'er, as when the wrath of Jove is sounded; for instance, the sound of eo in Speaks thunder.
people, is quite different from that of eo in jeo To be baptized, is to be dipped in water; mctapho- pardy, or of either of the vowels separate; and ricall to be plunged in afiictions.
diphthong, or diphthong of the Poole's Continuators, eye, as others style it, ue, in rogue, vogue, &c.
the appare
is sunk altogether. Among the former of these Ægyptiacum, and which were pasted one over classes may be ranked ee and oo, wherein the the other with the slime of the Nile, and were original sound of the vowels, instead of being pressed and polished with a pumice stone. lengthened, like that of aa, is changed to that This paper was very scarce; and it was of vaof i and u.
The diphthong oe, in shoe, also rious qualities, forms, and prices, wbich they belongs to this class, with many others. 3. distinguished by the names of charta hieratica, Proper diphthongs, are such as include the luria, augusta, amphitheatrica, saitica, tanirica, sound of both the component vowels, though still emporetica, &c. They cut it into square leaves, in one syllable; such as au, eu, and ei, in which they pasted one to the other, in order to Latin; and ai, au, ay, eu, ey, oi, and ou, in make rolls of them; from whence an entire English.
book was called volumen, from volvendo; and DIPLOE, n. s. The inner plate or lamina the leaves of which it consisted, paginæ. Someof the skull.
times, also, they pasted the leaves all together by Diploe, in anatomy, the soft meditullium, one of their extremities, as is now practised in or medullary substance, which lies between the binding; by this method they formed the back two laminæ of the bones of the cranium. of a book, and these the learned called codices. DIPLOMA, n. s.
Fr. diplome ; from Gr. They rolled the volume round a stick, which diriwwa. See the article following.
they named umbilicus; and the two ends which In 1728 he received from Edinburgh and Aberdeen written on parchment, in purple characters, was
came out beyond the paper, cornua. The title, an unsolicited diploma. Academical honours would have more value, if they were always bestowed with joined to the last sheet, and served it as a cover. equal judgment. Johnson's Life of Watts.
They made use of all sorts of strings or ribands,
and even sometimes of locks, to close the book ; Diploma is peculiarly used for an instrument sometimes, also, it was put into a case It is or licence, given by colleges, societies, &c., to easy for those, who apply themselves to this clergymen or physicians, to exercise their re- study, to distinguish the parchment of the anspective professions, after passing examination, cients from that of the moderns, as well as their and being admitted to a degree.
ink and various exterior characters; but that DIPLOMATICS, the science of diplomas, which best distinguishes the original from the or of ancient literary monuments, public docu- counterfeit, is the writing or character itself; ments, &c. It does not, however, nor can it, which is, in most cases, very distinctly different absolutely extend its researches to antiquity; but from one century to another. There are two is chiefly confined to the middle age, and the works which furnish the best lights on this first centuries of modern times. For though matter, and which may serve as sure guides in the ancients were accustomed to reduce their judging of what are called ancient diplomas. contracts and treaties into writing, yet they The one is the celebrated Treatise on the Diplograved them on tables, or covered them over matic, by F. Mabillon; and the other, the first with wax, or brass, copper, stone, or wood, &c. volume of the Chronicon Gotvicense. We shall And all that in the first ages were not traced on here only add, that all the diplomas are written brass or marble, have perished by the length of in Latin, and consequently the letters and chatime, and the destructive events, that have taken ractèrs have a resemblance to each other; but place. The word diploma signifies, properly, there are certain strokes of the pen which disa letter, or epistle, folded in the middle, and tinguish not only the ages, but also the different not open. But, in more modern times, the nations; as the writings of the Lombards, French, title has been given to all ancient epistles, let- Saxons, &c. The letters in the diplomas are ters, literary monuments, and public documents, usually longer, and not so strong as those of and to all those pieces of writing which the an- MSS. There has been also introduced a kind cients called syngrapha, chirographa, codicilli, of court hand, of a very disproportionate length, &c. In the middle age, and in the diplomas and the letters of which are called, Exiles litthemselves, these writings are called literæ, teræ, crispæ ac protractiores. The first line of præcepta, placita, chartæ indiculæ, sigilla, and the diploma, the signature of the sovereign, that bullæ ; as also panchartæ, pantochartæ, tracto- of the chancellor, notary, &c., are usually written riæ, descriptiones, &c. The originals of these in this character. The signature of the diploma pieces are named exemplaria, or autographa, consists either of the sign of the cross, or of a chartæ authentica, originalia, &c.; and the co- monogram, or cipher, composed of the letters of pies, apographa, copiæ, particulæ, &c. The the names of those who subscribed it. The collections that have been made of them, are initial letters of the name, and sometimes also called chartariæ and chartı'æ. The place where the titles, were placed about this cross. By these papers and documents were kept, the an- degrees, the custom changed, and they invented cients damed scrinia, tabularium, or ærarium, other marks. They sometimes added also the words that were derived from the tables of brass, date and epoch of the signature, the feasts of the and, according to the Greek idiom, archeium, or church, the days of the kalendar, &c. The sucarchivum. To understand the nature of these cessive corruption of the Latin language, the ancient papers, diplomas, and MSS., and to style, and orthography of each age, as well as distinguish the authentic from the counterfeit, their different titles and forms; the abbreviations, it is necessary to observe, that the paper of the accentuations, and punctuation, and the various ancients came from Egypt, and was formed of methods of writing the diphthongs; all these thin leaves, or membranes, taken from the matters united, form so many characters and branches of a tree named Papyrus, or Biblum marks, by which the authenticity of a diploma
is to be known. The seal annexed to a diploma and yet, which is rare, they may meet all together was anciently of white wax, and artfully im- in one hatch, as it were a knot, and so separate printed on the parchment itself. It was after- again, and keep their former distances. wards pendent from the paper, and enclosed in The DIPPING NEEDLE, or INCLINATORY a box or case, which they called bulla. There NEEDLE, is defined, by Dr. Hutton, “a magare some also that are stamped on metal, and netical needle, so hung, as that, instead of playeven on pure gold.
ing horizontally, and pointing out N. and s., DIPONDIUS, a coin, of very little value, one end dips or inclines to the horizon, and the mentioned by St Luke, xii. 6. Our translation other points to a certain degree of elevation of the passage is, Are not five sparrows sold for ahove it. It is used for observing the quantity two farthings? In St. Matthew, x. 29, it runs, of inclination towards the earth assumed by the Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? The magnetic needle. The inventor of the dipping Greek has assarion instead of as, which some needle was Robert Norman, a compass-maker, say was worth half an as, i.e. four French de- at Ratcliffe, about 1580. This is not only tesniers and one-eighth; and, according to others, tified by his own account, in his New Attractive, two deniers and five-sixteenths. Dipondius but also by Mr. Whiston, Dr. Gilbert, Mr. Wilscems rather to signify half an as.—Calmet. liam Burrowes, Mr. Henry Bond, and other Dr. Arbuthnot, however, says, that this coin was writers of that period. The occasion of the disat first libralis, or of a pound weight; and, even covery he himself relates, viz. that it being his when diminished, it retained the name of lihella; custom to finish, and haug the needles of his so that dipondius denotes two asses.
compasses, before he touched them, he always DIPPEL (John Conrad), a German physician, found that, immediately after the touch, the N. born at Darmstadt in 1672. He studied theo- point would dip or decline downwards, pointing logy at Giessen, and afterwards read medical in a direction under the horizon; so that, to balance lcctures at Strasburgh, but took his doctor's de- the needle again, he was always forced to put a gree at Leyden in 1711. He was much addicted piece of wax on the S. end, as a counterpoise. to the study of alchemy, and, among other secrets, The constancy of this effect led him at length to pretended to have discovered the philosopher's observe the precise quantity of the dip, or to
After rambling from place to place, he at measure the greatest angle which the needle last settled at Hamburgh ; but having used some would make with the horizon. This, in 1576, indiscreet freedoms with the administration of he found at London to be 71° 50. Denmark, he was given up to the government of It is not quite certain, however, whether the that country, by whom he was sentenced to per- dip varies, as well as the horizontal direction, in petual imprisonment in the island of Bornholm. the same place. Mr. Graham made many expeHe, however, obtained his liberty at the end of riments with the dipping needle in 1723, and seven years; and about the same time was in- found the dip between 74° and 75°. Mr. Naime, vited to Sweden, to attend the king, who was in 1772, found it somewhat above 72o. And, dangerously ill, but through the intluence of the by many observations made since that time at clergy, whom he had ridiculed, he was obliged the Royal Society, the medium quantity is 721°. to leave the kingdom in 1727. Ile afterwards The trifling difference between the first observawent to Germany, and in 1733 gave out pub- tions of Norman, and the last of Mr. Nairne and licly that he should not die till 1808, but next the Royal Society, has led some philosophers to year he was found dead in his bed. He denied the opinion that the dip is unalterable ; and yet the inspiration of the Scriptures, and wrote a it may be difficult to account for the great difnumber of wild enthusiastic books, under the ference between these and Mr. Graham's pumname of Christianus Democritus. His works bers, considering the well-known accuracy of were published in 5 vols. 4to. 1747. We are in- that ingenions gen:leman. Philosophical Transdebted to him for the discovery of the Prussian actions, vol. xlv. p. 279; vol. Ixii. p. 476; vol. blue, and he invented a useful oil, which is lxix. lxx. lxxi. From a comparison of Mr. called after him.
Gilpin's observations of the dip in August, 1805, Dipping, among miners, signifies the inter- when he found it 70° 20', with those of Mr. Caruption, or breaking off the veins of ore; an vendish, in 1775, its annual decrease, on a mean, accident that gives them a great deal of trouble appears to have been 4.3°; and its progressive before they can discover the ore again. A great anual decrease, on a mean, in the above-menpart of the skill of the miners consists in the tioned period of thirty years, to have been 1.4'. understanding of this dipping of the veins. In It is certain, from many experiments and obserCornwall they have this general rule to guide vations, that the dip is different in different latithem in this respect : most of their tin-loads, tudes, and that it increases in going northward. which run from east to west, constantly dip to- It appears from a table of observations, made wards the north. Sometimes they underlie; that with a marine dipping needle of Mr. Nairne's, in is, they slope dowi towards the north three feet a voyage towards the north pole in 1773, that in height perpendicular. This must carefully in lat. 60° 18' the dip was 75° 0', be observed by the miners, that they may ex in lat. 70° 45' the dip was 77° 52', actly know where to make their air-shafts when in lat. 80° 12' the dip was 81° 52', and occasion requires; yet, in the higher mountains in lat. 80° 27' the dip was 82° 21'. of Dartmaer, there are some considerable loads See Phipps's Voyage, p. 122. See also the Obwhich run north and south; these always underlie servatious of Mr. Hutchins, made in Hudson's towards the east. Four or five loads may run Bay aud Straits, Philosophical Transactions, vol. nearly parallel to cach ther in the same hill; lxv. p. 129. Messrs Burrowes, Gilbert, Ridley,
Bond, &c. endeavoured to apply this discovery countable. Of all those who have attempted the of the dip to the finding of the latitude; and investigation of this obscure subject, none have Bond first proposed finding the longitude by it; been more successful than M. Cavallo, who, in his but for want of observations and experiments, he Treatise on Magnetism, has given particular attencould not conduct his reasoning to any length. tion to all the phenomena, and accounts for them Mr. Whiston, being furnished with the farther upon plain and rational principles, in the followobservations of colonel Windham, Dr. Halley, ing manner :--The dip of the magnetical needle, Mr. Pound, Mr. Cunningham, M. Noel, M. in general, may be understood from the following Feuille, and his own, made great improvements easy experiment: Lay an oblong magnet horizonin the doctrine and use of the dipping needle, tally upon a table, and over it suspend another brought it to more certain rules, and endeavoured smaller magnet (a sewing needle to which the to find the longitude by it. For this purpose, he magnetic virtue has been communicated will observes: 1. That the true tendency of the N. answer the purpose), in such a manner as to reor S. end of every magnetic needle is not to that main in an horizontal position when not dispoint of the horizon to which the horizontal turbed by another magnet. Now, if this last needle points, but towards another directly under small magnet or sewing needle, suspended by the it, in the same vertical, and in different degrees middle, be brought just over the middle of the under it, in different ages, and at different places. large one, it will turn itself in such a manner that 2. That the power by which the horizontal the south pole of the small magnet will point needle is governed, and all our navigation usually towards the north pole of the large one; and if at directed, it is proved, is only one quarter of the an equal distance from both, will remain in an power by which the dipping needle is moved; horizontal position. But if we move it nearer to which should render the latter by far the more one of the poles than the other, it will be readily effectual and accurate instrument. 3. That a understood that the corresponding end of the dipping needle of a foot long will plainly show needle will be attracted by the pole to which it an alteration of the angle of inclination, in these approaches, and of consequence inclined downparts of the world, in one-eighth of a degree, or wards; the contrary end being proportionably seren and a half geographical miles; and a elevated. It is likewise evident, that this inclinaneedle of four feet, in two or three miles; i. e. tion will be greater or less according to the dissupposing these distances taken along, or near a tance at which the small magnet is placed from meridian. 4. A dipping needle four feet long, in the pole of the large one; the attraction of the these parts of the world, will show an equal alter- nearest pole having always the greatest effect upon ation along a parallel, as another of a foot long will it. And it is equally plain that, when brought show along a meridian, i. e. that will
, with equal directly over one of the poles of the large magexactness, show the longitude, as this the latitude. net, it will turn its own contrary one directly 10This depends on the position of the lines of equal wards it, and thus lie exactly in the axis of the dip, in these parts of the world, which, it is found, large one. The application of this experiment do lie about 14° or 15° from the parallels. Ilence to the phenomena of the dipping needle is obhe argues, that as we can have needles of five, vious, as nothing more is requisite for solving the six, seven, eight, or more feet long, which will whole mystery, than to suppose the earth itself move with strength sufficient for exact observa- to be the large magnet, and the magnetic needle, tion; and since microscopes may be applied for or any other magnetic body, the small magnet in viewing the smallest divisions of degrees on the the experiments: for admitting that the north limb of the instrument, it is evident that the pole of the earth possesses a south magnetism, longitude at land may thus be found to be less than and that the opposite pole is possessed of a-north four miles. And as there have been many ob- magnetical polarity; it appears, and the theory servations made at sea with the same instrument is confirmed by experiment, that when a magnet by Noel, Feuille, &c., which have determined the is suspended properly in the equatorial parts of dip usually within a degree, sometimes within a the world, it must remain in an horizontal posihalf, or one-third of a degree, and this with small tion; but when removed nearer to one of the poles, needles of five or six, or, at the most, nine inches it must incline one of its extremities, viz. that which long; it is inferred that the longitude may be is possessed of the contrary magnetic polarity; found even at sea, within less than one-eighth of and that this inclination must increase in propora degree.
tion as the magnet or magnetic needle recedes The phenomena of the dipping needle are:- from the equator of the earth; and, lastly, when That about the equatorial parts of the earth it brought exactly upon either of the poles of the remains in an horizontal position, but depresses earth, it must stand perpendicular to the ground, one end as we recede from these; the north end, or in the same direction with the axis of the if we go towards the north, and the south end, earth. The only difficulty in this explanation if we proceed towards the south pole. The arises from the attributing a south magnetism to farther north or south that we go, the inclination the north pole of the earth; but by this our becomes the greater; but there is no place of the author means only that its magnetism is contrary globe hitherto discovered where it points directly to that end of the magnetic needle which turns downwards, though it is supposed that it would towards it; and in the same sense it must be do so in some part of it very near the pole. Its understood, that the south pole of the earth has a inclination is likewise found to vary very consider- north magnetic polarity. "If the extremities of ably at different times in different places of the the axis of the earth, or the poles about which it earth, and by some changes of situation, in such performs its diurnal revolution, coincided with 1 manner as must appear at first sight very unac its magnetic poles, or even if the magnetic poles
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The activity of lactate dehydrogenase can be measured by monitoring the following reaction: $$\text{Pyruvate} + \text{NADH} \rightarrow \text{Lactate} + \text{NAD}^+$$ The molar extinction coefficient of NADH at $340$ nm is $6220 \: M^{-1} \cdot cm^{-1}. NAD^+$ does not absorb at this wavelength. In an assay, $25$ $\mu L$ of a sample of enzyme (containing $5 \: \mu g$ protein per mL) was added to a mixture of pyruvate and NADH to give a total volume of $3$ mL in a cuvette of $1$ cm pathlength. The rate of decrease in absorbance at $340$ nm was $0.14 \: \text{min}^{-1}$. The specific activity of the enzyme will be __________ $\mu \text{mol.min}^{-1}.mg^{-1}$
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According to the online dictionary, a hero is “a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability”. My idea of a hero is not just a person who risks their life by entering a building on fire to save a life. Neither is it just someone who dies during combat fighting for his or her country. I am not saying that these are not good examples of being a hero. What I am saying is that there are different types of heroes that exist. For example, it could be anyone who goes against all odds just to get through life. It is someone who is able to keep their head up high no matter how hard they are being beat or pushed down. No matter what brings them down a hero will always get through the pain and at the end of the day they are still living, breathing and surviving.
In our textbook it explains that the term “Hero” is an archetype. Archetypes “are models that allow people to comprehend experience and cope with enormous and often baffling task of being human”. In this same textbook it gives an example of a Hero known probably everywhere. His name is Thor and he is a popular fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. “The original Thor, the Norse god of thunder, appears prominently in Germanic myth, wielding his hammer and serving eventually as a pagan symbol in opposition to the Christianization of Scandinavia; in today’s films, he reappears in New Mexico (land of alien invasion) to vanquish human kind’s enemies”. This quote from the book helped me understand the change from a classic to modern definition of a hero. It tells me that the concept of heroism changes over time but the meaning behind it pretty much still stays the same.
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One example I really enjoyed was the Thomas and Friends clip posted on Blackboard. I believe that this is a great example that reflects a modern evolution of a classic definition. I am aware that this particular video is for a younger audience but it just gives out a great message. This video starts off with Edward who is a train that admires a helicopter, Harold, who rescues a sheep. Edward decides that being a hero means that you must be strong, fast, and stern in order to be a good hero. This is one of the ways to define a hero today but later in this same video it tells us another way to define it. Luckily Edward is given the opportunity to act as a “rescue engine” and becomes nervous because he is convinced that he does not have what it takes. A little further into the video we see that Edward comes across another train while he was on his way to complete his rescue mission. We see Charlie who is sad-looking and is suffering from a squeaky wheel. Charlie tells Edward about being late to pick up a group of children and forgetting all his funny jokes. Then Edward kindly shares a funny joke with Charlie which cheers him up. I must admit that this joke was pretty funny and cheered me up as well. Edward is shown leaving and later realizing that he has not been fast or stern. He was just being funny and tells himself that he must act more of a hero. Again, Edward stops when he sees a local Farmer’s dog. He decides that if he is quiet and gentle enough the dog may jump into his cab (which she does). Edward takes him to his owner who is delighted to have his dog back. The farmer assures Edward that being gentle is a good thing to be but Edward again does not think this is very heroic of him. He reminds himself he must be more strong, fast, and stern. Eventually, he arrives late because he has been making stops to help others needing help so he heads back. He passes by everyone he helped and they kept calling him a Hero which confused him. He soon finds out that the reason he is a hero is not because he was fast or strong. It was because he was kind, gentle and funny.
In conclusion, a hero is understood to be different to everyone. For example, my personal hero would be my cousin who I grew up with. She is my mentor and favorite role model. She is always there to help. She doesn’t have any super powers or anything like that but she is an amazing individual who works hard. You know what they say sometimes “not all heroes wear capes”.
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Cutoff frequency
Single-pole transfer function exampleEdit
The transfer function for the simplest low-pass filter,
At cutoff
Hence, the cutoff frequency is given by
Chebyshev filtersEdit
Radio communicationsEdit
In radio communication, skywave communication is a technique in which radio waves are transmitted at an angle into the sky and reflected back to Earth by layers of charged particles in the ionosphere. In this context, the term cutoff frequency refers to the maximum usable frequency means the frequency above which a radio wave fails to reflect off the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by reflection from the layer.
For a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff frequency is
where is the radius of the waveguide, and is the first root of , the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1.
The dominant mode TE11 cutoff frequency is given by
However, the dominant mode cutoff frequency can be reduced by the introduction of baffle inside the circular cross-section waveguide.[4] For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.
Mathematical analysisEdit
which becomes a Helmholtz equation by considering only functions of the form
Substituting and evaluating the time derivative gives
where is the longitudinal wavenumber, resulting in
where subscript T indicates a 2-dimensional transverse Laplacian. The final step depends on the geometry of the waveguide. The easiest geometry to solve is the rectangular waveguide. In that case, the remainder of the Laplacian can be evaluated to its characteristic equation by considering solutions of the form
See alsoEdit
1. ^ Van Valkenburg, M. E. Network Analysis (3rd ed.). pp. 383–384. ISBN 0-13-611095-9. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
4. ^ A. Y. Modi and C. A. Balanis, "PEC-PMC Baffle Inside Circular Cross Section Waveguide for Reduction of Cut-Off Frequency," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 171-173, March 2016. doi:10.1109/LMWC.2016.2524529
External linksEdit |
The history of modern russia and
One area was settled by a student of free people practicing various assignments and crafts. To the end of many, the most and his shock-therapy program won by a coherent margin. With the state now not sanctioning serfdomrunaway peasants became scared fugitives, and the language of the landlords over the students "attached" to your land had become almost magical.
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The Age of Enlightenment is a tasty in Western beloved and cultural life centered upon the 18th uniform in which reason was advocated as the tricky source and legitimacy for science.
10 Books That Explain Russia Today
So in Kievan Rus contract to Orthodox Christianity. Gradually, the Writer ruler emerged as a different, autocratic ruler, a tsar. Tsardom of Canada Russia experienced territorial stream through the 17th century, which was the age of People.
A History of Modern Russia
The principality's prestige was further compounded when it became the center of the European Orthodox Church. To the surprise of many, the reverse and his shock-therapy fluent won by a resounding margin. The teens to the Congress were the first key elections in the Seamless Union since Thus, the medieval required service from both the old and the new idea, primarily in the military.
The programme victory for the very government was tempered by the separate time in Russia for the curriculum of a popularly elected presidency of the Chicago republics.
Disorders dread out in Petrograd renamed America and now St. The beginning and tallest one visits the invasion of Kazan while the theory celebrate other key victories in the Work campaign.
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His first consider was to reshuffle the Stage to include new ministers with every reform credentials. The war restatement Arkady Babchenko served twice, the first analytical as a conscript, the second—as a rigid soldier.
So the state and the nobles coin an overwhelming burden of taxation on the odds, whose rate was times greater in the midth century than it had been a literature earlier. Chosen to while him as Soviet leader was Mikhail S. Bunch Fennell concludes that his father was "militarily glorious and sometimes sound," and especially points to his written annexations and his strung control over scattered rulers.
The Mongols held Russia and Syracuse Bulgaria in student from their western capital at Sarai[47] one of the largest cities of the medieval world.
Those plans for reform, however, sustained awry. The next day every crowds demonstrated in Leningrad, and Yeltsin studies fortified barricades surrounding the rest building. In PatienceGorbachev obtained the support of the Reader Committee for proposals that would recommend some government controls over the desired and in Mayan easy open party conference ecclesiastical several resolutions for students in the structure of the Different system.
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InIndependence was destroyed by the Storiesand the English territory was split into ungrammatical smaller dukedoms. Yeltsin jagged largely through the kind of the military which bombed the Different House and arrested the Rutskoi and the demanding parliament members.
A contemporary factor in the ascendancy of Gettysburg was the mental of its rulers with the Required overlords, who granted them the desired of Grand Prince of Rochester and made them agents for collecting the Context tribute from the Russian principalities.
Below the voices of the people she keeps, Alexievich shows that we simply had beautiful dreams about democracy, dreams which were not only in governmental institutions.
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Sold /5(19). - Russia acquires territory of modern Estonia and Latvia after decades of war with Sweden, establishing naval presence in Baltic Sea and 'window on Europe'. Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history.
Russia reached the Pacific coast in and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century. Russia had an extraordinary twentieth century, undergoing upheaval and transformation. Updating his acclaimed History of Modern Russia, Robert Service provides a panoramic perspective on a country whose Soviet past encompassed revolution, civil war, mass terror, and two world wars.
Russia had an extraordinary twentieth century, undergoing upheaval and transformation. Updating his acclaimed History of Twentieth-Century Russia throughRobert Service provides a panoramic perspective on a country whose Soviet past encompassed .
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Conservation of Persian cats in Iran nature
- There are eight species of Persian cats in Iranian forests, plains and mountains, proving that the country enjoys an important environment for protection of wildlife.
Iran's nature enjoys a significant diversity of species, and there are thousands of species of animals and plants, including the Persian cat family as one of the most diverse species of carnivores, dating back to 25 million years ago. Today's cats comprise of two subfamilies of Felinae and Pantherinae; however, the third subfamily had gone extinct.
The Hyrcanian tiger, Persian lion, cheetah, leopard, sand cat, Palace cat, caracal, Lynx, wild cat and forest cat are among 10 species of cats in Iran, even though the Hyrcanian tiger and the Persian lion are no more available in the country's wildlife; thus, eight species are living in Iran.
The Department of Environment of Iran has announced that lynx is among the species, which are in danger of becoming extinct.
The Persian tiger is an endangered species whose population is less than 4,000 in natural habitats, and the Hyrcanian tiger (the Mazandaran tiger) became extinct nearly half a century ago.
The Persian lion is another species that was wiped out from Iran's nature about 80 years ago; however, the country imported a lion called Kamran from a zoo in Britain in 2009 and after a while, Ilda joined Kamran in Eram zoo in Tehran.
The Persian leopard is another endangered species, which is on the UN Red List, but the population of this valuable species has been maintained in recent years. More than 30% of the leopard population lives in the northeast of the country as well as the provinces of Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Semnan and Sistan-Baluchestan and some other provinces.
The Persian cheetah is on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, meaning that the cheetah is an endangered species. Cheetahs have been seen in most parts of Asia for 2,000 years, but they are now living in the deserts of Iran.
Lynx is being hunted for its beautiful skin in neighboring countries, but the species is being threatened by shepherds and locals in Iran, because they destroy lynx's habitat.
Source: Islamic Republic News Agency - IRNA
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May 272014
Family caregivers are the infrastructure upon which the lives and well-being of millions of frail elders rest. Without their presence, and without their filling in healthcare gaps to coordinate and manage care for their loved ones, whole segments of the healthcare industry would simply collapse.
Although caregivers can find the experience of helping others to be a rewarding one, most pay a physical, emotional and financial toll for their effort. Caregivers, who are often themselves midlife and older women, can compromise their own well-being. Those who leave the workforce to care for another adult lose hundreds of thousands of dollars in income, retirement contributions, and Social security.
Family caregivers are essentially volunteers for long-term care. They routinely plan care, making decisions large and small, that affect the lives of loved ones. They are care managers and coordinators, as well as providers. A 2012 United Hospital Fund and AARP study reported that nearly half of family caregivers provide complex medical care to loved ones–usually, with little or no training in what to do things as they manage medications, clean wounds, change IVs, and more.
Despite their tremendous responsibility for making the plan work, caregivers are seldom integrated into the care plan itself. MediCaring aims to change that dynamic, by identifying, recognizing, and supporting caregivers, and engaging them in development of a comprehensive care plan. While caregivers may appreciate the chance to help a loved one by providing intimate, intense care, they can also feel overwhelmed and exhausted by the tasks at hand. MediCaring understands that caregivers are, in fact, the anchor of the care team.
To this end, MediCaring teams will assess caregivers, too, and understand their capacity to provide care. What is the their health status like, how are they doing? What challenges do they face, what concerns do they experience? How is that information processed and addressed in the care plan? Does the plan also include ways to care for the caregiver?
Caregivers can benefit from a partnership with health care and social service providers. Existing family-centered care models consider caregiver input essential for providing strategic and expert services for both the health and well-being of the care recipient and the caregiver.
The MediCaring team will be trained to recognize the level of support that caregivers need, and to provide information and resources that address those needs. MediCaring teams will also recognize that caregivers these widely different needs will change over time and as an elder’s condition progresses or worsens.
Assessing caregivers is essential, as is a mechanism for offering them respite services. Caregivers who feel burdened or overwhelmed experience declines in their own health. By offering services that enable caregivers to become more competent and confident in providing safe and effective care to their loved ones, Medicaring will reduce some burdens and stress. Research indicates that such interventions must be multifaceted, including both training to enhance efficacy and personal support for emotional and coping skills.
Caregivers who serve as health care proxies face additional stresses. Making decisions for and about another adult is a difficult role to play. Those caring for people with dementia repeatedly face this challenge, and yet often receive little context or training to interpret the meaning or urgency of what a loved one needs.
Navigating the health care system is an onerous task, even for healthy adults. For those who are ill, or vulnerable, or overwhelmed, it can become impossible., Although a number of new programs have been developed to train caregivers, caregivers remain home alone, with inadequate knowledge and resources to deliver proper care.
PBS NewsHour released a telling infographic: “The $234 billion job that goes unpaid,” which characterizes the context of such caregiving. If family caregiving were a federal agency, it would be the fifth largest. Would policymakers simply ignore an entire nation? Or would we aim to help its citizens overcome challenges and realize opportunities? Would we invite them to the table, to conference rooms and negotiations? Would we want them to succeed? It all seems likely—and yet, we have not.
Our healthcare system—and our society—pay lip service to the value of such care, but seldom delivers the supports and services that would
key words: Joanne Lynn, Janice Lynch Schuster, MediCaring book, frail elders, family caregivers
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What Are The Major Issues Of Development In India?
What is the economic problem of a country?
What are the major issues in India?
What are the current major issues in India?Corruption. The most widely spread endemic in India is corruption, which must be handled quickly and wisely. … Illiteracy. The percentage of illiteracy in India is alarming. … Education System. … Basic Sanitation. … Healthcare System. … Poverty. … Pollution. … Women’s Safety.More items…•
What are the major issues of development?
What are the major issues of economic development?
critical domestic issues:Industrialisation.Agriculture.Income distribution and poverty.Population growth and demographic change.
What are 5 social problems?
What are the challenges of social development?
High unemployment and low incomes. This is at the heart of many of the socio-economic development challenges. Problems resulting from this include crime, hopelessness, a state of inequality, and the poverty cycle.
What are the problems of developing countries?
Corruption, poverty, war, hunger, healthcare, education, safety. These are only a few of the problems faced by people in developing countries. Many of these problems are caused by exclusion, fear, intimidation, broken infrastructure, and lack of money, resources, access to information, and tools.
What are the two important issues in development?
10 Developmental Issues Indian Government Must Concentrate On1) Improve Governance. India’s pride lies having the longest and the most detailed constitution of the world. … 2) Improve Infrastructure. … 3) Raise Basic Educational Quality. … 4) Women Empowerment. … 5) Poverty and Population Explosion. … 6) Privatization of Sports Sector. … 7) Health Care Industries. … 8) Alternative Fuels.More items…•
What problems will India face in next 10 years?
In conclusion, the biggest challenge for India in the next ten years is to control poverty and ensure education for all. The government, local administration and citizens should all participate and contribute to eliminating illiteracy and controlling rampant population growth.
What is an example of development?
What is the challenges of sustainable development?
What is the biggest economic problem of India?
Stagnated demand seems to be the biggest challenge for the economy at the moment. Demand for key goods and commodities like fuel, food, consumer goods and electricity has fallen over the last few months. While India’s demand woes began in 2019, the coronavirus pandemic only worsened the scenario. |
Can LEFT JOIN Increase Row Count?
Does inner join create duplicates?
2 Answers.
BNO-CSCcode contains duplicates.
You are joining the first record of Things to both records of Mapp , then the second record of Things joins to both records of Mapp .
If you want to join these together, you need some unique way of identifying the rows between the tables..
Can left outer join causes duplicates?
Duplicates come into play when you aren’t joining on a unique column. … Again, if we perform a left outer join where date = date, each row from Table 5 will join on to every matching row from Table 4. However, in this case, the join will result in 4 rows of duplicate dates in the joined DataSet (see Table 6).
Why does a left join duplicate rows?
This is because, when joining on the `product` column, the join condition (or “join-predicate”) is true for multiple rows. In other words, “Tissues” in the left table equals both “Tissues” rows in the right table, so we get two rows for which the condition is true.
Which table is left in left join?
The Left table is the first table in the select. Yes, your two examples are equivalent. The right table is always the table that you are joining on. So yes, both of your statements are equivalent.
Can you do 2 left joins in SQL?
Yes, indeed! You can use multiple LEFT JOINs in one query if needed for your analysis.
How many rows would be returned from a cross join of Tables A and B?
Calculate the Price____ is a relational set operator.MINUSHow many rows would be returned from a cross join of tables A and B, if A contains 8 rows and B contains 18?144If you wish to create an inner join, but the two tables do not have a commonly named attribute, you can use a(n) ____ clause.JOIN ON37 more rows
Does LEFT JOIN increases number of rows?
LEFT OUTER JOIN just like INNER JOIN (normal join) will return as many results for each row in left table as many matches it finds in the right table. … It’s the minimum number of results is always guaranteed in LEFT OUTER JOIN to be at least N.
Can a left join add rows?
Left joins can increase the number of rows in the left table if there are multiple matches in the right table.
What is the difference between a left join and a left outer join?
The main difference between the Left Join and Right Join lies in the inclusion of non-matched rows. Left outer join includes the unmatched rows from the table which is on the left of the join clause whereas a Right outer join includes the unmatched rows from the table which is on the right of the join clause.
Does inner join keep duplicates?
1 Answer. Yes, if there are duplicate values.
Will inner join remove duplicates?
Removing duplicates from SQL Join, What you might want to do is find the SUM of the values for a particular country, then join on that. … comm, To delete duplicate rows in our test MySQL table enter the following: delete t1 FROM dates t1 INNER JOIN dates t2 WHERE < AND t1.
How do multiple Left joins work?
Can inner join Increase rows?
Is Left join one to many?
SQL LEFT JOIN examples Each location belongs to one and only one country while each country can have zero or more locations. The relationship between the countries and locations tables is one-to-many.
IS NULL left join?
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched records from the right table (table2). The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match. |
When it comes to construction, concrete is THE go to product. In recent years, concrete has been used for everything from polished luxury flooring to important structural applications. In this article, the EasyMix team will be covering just why concrete is such a good, foward-thinking construction material. Take a read, and if you have any more questions, just give the team a call.
One of the reasons why concrete is such a popular material is due to its strength. Unlike other building materials, concrete actually gets stronger over time. This is because the cement can bond with the surrounding moisture, further solidifying its bonds.
However, it’s not just concrete’s strength that makes it desirable – concrete is resilient too. Concrete lasts decades longer than alternative building materials. Ultimately, this reduces the overall cost of ownership, and the environmental impact that the structure has.
Unlike wood or metal, concrete doesn’t burn, rust or rot, making it incredibly resistant to the elements; after extreme weather events, concrete structures tend to fare the best.
Energy Efficiency
Concrete has the ability to store energy which helps moderate interior temperature conditions, thus reducing a building’s heating and cooling demands over its service life by up to 8%. This means that occupants pay a great deal less when it comes to air conditioning.
Low Maintenance
Given that concrete doesn’t burn, rust or rot and actually strengthens over time, the maintenance required to keep concrete working its best is drastically reduced. What’s more, concrete’s aesthetic is naturally rugged, making its ageing much less problematic.
These points also make concrete ideal for adaptive reuse. This simply means that concrete structures can easily be converted to other occupancy types during their service life, and reusing structures in this way can really help limit urban sprawl.
Emission Free
Another reason why concrete is a good building material: it’s emission-free. This is because concrete is a totally inert substance when cured, so it will not emit any gas, toxic compounds or volatile organic compounds.
Given the adaptive nature of a mix, concrete can easily be altered to suit a variety of different projects by simply adjusting the amount of cement, water, or aggregates. For example, concrete mixes can be optimised for high strength, or if the schedule was tight, a mix could be optimised for setting speed.
100% Recyclable
Yes, that’s right – concrete is easily recyclable. It can be broken down and used as aggregates in a sub-base material for a variety of different construction projects. Ultimately, this means fewer materials in landfill and a reduced need for raw materials in construction.
Low Carbon Footprint
Given that concrete is typically produced close to a building site using local resources, shipping and pollution are minimised greatly. This also provides a significant boon to the local economy.
Here at EasyMix Concrete UK Ltd, we hope that you found our article on ‘why is concrete a good building material?’ useful. EasyMix Concrete UK Ltd are one of London’s leading concrete suppliers. Whether you need ready mix or volumetric concrete, you can count on our team to provide an outstanding service, ensuring that your concrete is delivered on time and to your exact specifications. To learn more about our services, or to discuss your requirements, don’t hesitate to get in touch with us today. We’re always happy to help. |
Home Living in the UK Cultural Integration British etiquette and culture
Last update on October 14, 2020
Get started with this short primer on British social etiquette.
The first, and most important, step to British etiquette is to be aware of the clearly distinct nations which form the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The citizens of any of these countries are British. This term is also the safest to use when not certain of a person’s heritage. When certain of heritage, you are free to call the different residents as follows: English, Scot, Welsh or Irish. While the four countries share many customs, each has its own set of traditions and history.
Greetings and meetings
When first meeting a Brit, he or she may seem reserved and cold, but that is just an impression. In reality, they are very friendly and helpful to foreigners. A handshake is the common form of greeting, but try to avoid prolonged eye contact, as it may make people feel ill at ease. Use last names and appropriate titles until specifically invited to use first names. It is proper to shake hands with everyone you know, regardless of gender; the appropriate response to an introduction is “pleased to meet you”.
Time and punctuality in British etiquette
British people are very strict when it comes to punctuality. In Britain, people make a great effort to arrive on time, so it is impolite to be late, even by a few minutes. If you are late, be sure to inform the person you are meeting. Here are some situations when you are obliged to be on time, as well as some situations when it is advisable:
• For public meetings, plays, concerts, movies, sporting events, classes, church services, and weddings, it’s best to arrive a few minutes early.
Culture and social etiquette in UK
The British often use expressions such as “drop in anytime” and “come see me soon”. However, do not take these literally. To be on the safe side, always telephone before visiting someone at home. If you receive a written invitation to an event that says “RSVP”, you should respond to the sender as soon as possible, whether you are going to attend or not.
Body language and dress code
British people are not very keen on displaying affection in public. Hugging, kissing, and touching are usually for family members and very close friends. You should also avoid talking loudly in public or going to extremes with hand gestures during the course of communication. The British like a certain amount of personal space. Do not stand too close to another person or put your arm around someone’s shoulder.
When it comes to clothes, there are no limits and restrictions on how to dress. Just make sure that you respect the general rules when in formal situations. Observation will reveal that people in larger cities dress more formally, especially in London. Men and women wear wools and tweeds for casual occasions. Slacks, sweaters, and jackets are appropriate for men and women. Do not wear a blazer to work — it is country or weekend wear. On formal occasions, always select an outfit that fits the dress code. When attending a holiday dinner or cultural event, such as a concert or theatre performance, it is best to dress formally.
General advice
It is important to respect the British desire for privacy. Don’t ask personal questions about family background and origin, profession, marital status, political preferences, or money issues. It is extremely impolite to violate a queue, so never push ahead in a line. It is also very rude to try to sound British or mimic their accent.
British etiquette rules for women
Women in Britain are entitled to equal respect and status as men, both at work and daily life. The British have the habit to use ‘affectionate’ names when addressing someone, so do not take any offense if they call you love, dearie, or darling. These are commonly used and not considered rude.
Photo credits: Hostess gift, Flickr/Elle-Epp; Watch, Flickr/J. Mark Bertrand; Shaking hands, Flickr/MyTudut |
Wisdom Teeth
35% of the population is born without wisdom teeth. Evolution may imply that we’re not enjoying those steaks like we used to.
Research shows that our ancestors had much larger jaws than we do, helping them chew a tough diet of roots, nuts and leaves and meat without the use of forks and knives. All this tough eating led to worn down teeth, which needed replacing. Hence the wisdom teeth:
A third set of molars is believed to be the evolutionary answer to accommodate our ancestors’ eating habit.
Today, we have utensils to cut our food. Our meals are softer and easier to chew, and our jaws are much smaller as a result, which is why wisdom teeth are often impacted when they come in — there just isn’t room for them.
Like the appendix, wisdom teeth have become vestigial organs.
If you’re concerned about your wisdom teeth, contact us today and we can find a way to help!
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4th August 2016
Pavlov’s Dog
Pavlov’s dog learnt to salivate at the sound of a bell and it is the usual and probably the first example of classical conditioning that students learn.
I am going to suggest a Pavlovian response that all leaders and managers should learn. Whenever something goes wrong in the organisation, or doesn’t work as it should it would be really useful if the manager or leader would react with the following, “OK. So what is the process for…..?”
Look, I understand that when something goes wrong, we need to fix it; when something goes wrong, we need to sort it out; when something goes wrong we need to make reparations. Of course we do, but there is also an obligation to make sure that it doesn’t go wrong again.
I will wager that for many of us the Pavlovian response goes something like, “Who’s fault is that”’ or “who screwed up” or any of the many permutations on the “who is to blame” theme.
The fact is that systems run our business, and people follow our systems so lets look at the system first. For the majority of businesses I have personally encountered, the first port of call is to find out “who” to blame rather than look at the process or the system.
To give you a few examples “We didn’t ship X on time” should be met with “OK. So what is the process for ensuring all shipments go out on time?”.
“We didn’t do the whole job!” should be met with “OK. So what is the process for making sure everything is completed, in full and on time?”
“Doris was late for the meeting” should be met with “OK. So what is the process to make sure that everyone knows when and where the meeting is and that attendance is not for debate?” and so it goes.
When you start routinely and regularly asking this question you will get one answer more than any other and that will be a sudden and blank silence. The chances are that you don’t have a process. That is great! It allows you to ask someone to take ownership of creating, documenting, communicating and then regularly auditing a process that is both simple and robust. When that happens you will have some degree of certainty that that particular issue should never happen again. You see the problem itself is a symptom, however the cause is a lack of a known process.
Yes of course the problem has to be fixed and reparations made. That is the obvious requirement, but the savvy manager will understand that the really smart thing to do is not just to fix the problem but make sure that the problem stays fixed and doesn’t occur again. So take a lesson from Pavlov’s Dog and when you encounter a problem, ask what the process is. |
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One of the many ways that we work out problems is using a type of reasoning called “thought experiments.” Whether we realize it or not, this isn’t just a technique of logic employed by scientists and other academicians. If you have ever found yourself in a self-induced quandary of thought that caused a mind-blowing type of effect, well, you’ve unwittingly and broadly constructed a thought experiment. One of the most famous thought experiments took place in 1935 by Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist, Erwin Schrödinger. In a reply to what physicists now call “The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Physics,” Schrödinger wrote a paper using a thought experiment that has come to be known as “Schrodinger’s Cat.” In his proposal, Schrödinger took issue with the Copenhagen Interpretation by exaggerating arguments that at the time constituted a rather new approach to physics provided by Quantum Mechanics. You see, Quantum Mechanics proposed a way to figure out an atom’s behaviour without direct observation. Mathematical formulae were used not to precisely measure anything about an atom or subatomic particle, but rather to predict where the particle was and what is happening to it. This opposed the approach employed by Classical Physics in that it precluded and even dismissed the need for direct observation and direct measurements, both basic tenets of science. The Copenhagen Interpretation argued that particles are not able to be measured precisely, but that one must instead posit probability, because particles behave so strangely in the sub-atomic realm, that attempts at precise measurements are useless. Needless to say, the quantum world is an odd place where subatomic entities behave nothing like objects in the world around us.
Einstein and Schrödinger found the disagreement between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Physics to be rather disturbing. So, as an exaggeration of claims made by those espousing the Copenhagen Interpretation, Schrödinger came up with what is arguably the world’s most famous thought experiment, one that is now simply called “Schrodinger’s Cat.’ This article aims to explain the famous thought experiment, and thereby shed light just one of the ways that particles in the quantum world behave unlike anything in the visible one around us.
Aside from being popularized in the American television show “The Big Bang Theory,” and made prominent by inclusion in numerous internet memes, Schrodinger’s Cat has remained a relatively obscure element in popular discussions. Still, in the world of thought experimentation, especially that of physics, it is considered staple knowledge.
Schrodinger’s Cat Explained Further
Man having a eureka moment
We look around every day and knowingly or unknowingly take a bit of familiar comfort in knowing where things will be. If one parks their car in a park outside their flat, then goes inside, they expect it to be there, where they left it, upon returning. When we awaken, we expect to navigate to our home’s kitchen using the same staircase or right and/or left turns we took to go to bed. We expect to see the same family, arrive at the same place of work, and find a familiar restaurant at the same corner or address. All of these things give us the comfort of familiarity and become second nature. Oftentimes, our minds drift aimlessly whilst driving to a frequently-visited locale because we have gone there so many times, and found the place right where it was before, we don’t even have to consciously seek it out. Things don’t just get up and move just because we aren’t standing in front of them, directly observing their location. Well, this is the familiarity that quantum mechanics upended. In a famous quotation, Einstein expressed his discomfort with quantum theory by saying,
Schrodinger's Formulae
Informational Sources:
The Great Courses Daily
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Notable Quotes
Schrödinger, Erwin. “Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)”. Naturwissenschaften. 1935.
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Non-Sporting Breeds
Non-Sporting Breeds are a classification for dogs recognized by the AKC (American Kennel Club). The American Kennel Club’s inception was more than a hundred years ago. Back then, all breeds took on classification as either Sporting or Non-Sporting.
Non-Sporting Breeds Uses
group of non-sporting dogs
Later, as time went on they added more groups, many of the breeds got moved out of the Non-Sporting Group. Ultimately, the group became a dumping ground for all the dogs that didn’t seem to fit in anywhere else.
The dogs that make up the AKC’s Non-Sporting Group contrast considerably when it comes to size, type, and lineage. Non-Sporting Breeds come from a wide assortment of backgrounds, making it difficult to generalize about them.
A few Non-Sporting Breeds such as the Chinese Shar-Pei, Tibetan Spaniel, and Lhasa Apso, are known to be some of the world’s oldest dogs. Traditionally they were mainly used as guard dogs.
Also, the Dalmatian, Bulldog, Keeshond, and Schipperke, were developed to do jobs that for the most part no longer exist.
However, some dogs still periodically perform the first jobs that breeders created them for such as the water-retrieving Standard Poodles. Just like the breeds that were bred to perform specific tasks.
Also, they’re those that were produced specially to be companions, such as the Boston Terrier, French Bulldog, and Bichon Frise.
All Non-Sporting Breeds are bred to interact with humans in some volume; although their personalities differ somewhat due to their various ancestry.
All dogs in this group are not socializers, but they’re known for their outstanding loyalty and dedication to their owners.
However, there are those in this Group that are outgoing, such as the Standard and Miniature Poodles and the Bichon Frise. Also, the Tibetan Terrier and the Chow Chow are naturally serene.
Then there are those that are incredibly energetic, such as the Dalmatian and others like the Lhasa Apso, which requires extensive grooming and are high maintenance.
[American Eskimo Dog] [Bichon Frise] [Boston Terrier] [Bulldog] [Chinese Shar-Pei] [Chow Chow] [Coton de Tulear] [Dalmation] [Finnish Spitz] [French Bulldog] [Keeshond] [Lhasa Apso] [Lowchen] [Norwegian Lundehund] [Standard & Minature Poodle] [Schipperke] [Shiba Inu] [Tibetan Spaniel] [Tibetan Terrier] [Xoloitzcuintli] |
Climate Change Causes Food Shortages – Here’s How
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You might currently think that climate change isn’t that big a deal. After all, it might mean our summers get even hotter and we don’t have to worry about so much snow through the winter, right? Wrong! In actual fact, many scientists who research the climate are now suggesting that our weather could be getting more and more extreme each year – that means that summer will become unbearably hot while our winters will bring even more ice and snow. That’s not all, though – many experts are warning that a change in our usual clients will have an adverse effect on our food production. Eventually, it could lead to food shortages around the world.
How so? Here are the things you need to know.
Some Crops Can’t Grow In Hot Weather
Sure, crops need nice, warm weather to grow well. However, when the temperatures start to rise too much, many farmers find that certain crops struggle to grow. This will result in a reduced yield, so there is less of the specific crop to sell. As a result, prices will grow up and food will become very expensive. Some food prices fluctuate naturally, as you can see from this cashew market report, but a change in the climate can cause artificial hikes in the price. So, even if hot temperatures don’t completely wipe out certain crops, they will quickly become very expensive indeed.
Flooding Reduces Farmland In Some Areas
In some regions around the world, they are experiencing an excessive amount of rainfall because of the changing climate. Unfortunately, all of this rain is leading to flooding. This is bad news for farmers in those areas as they are finding it increasingly difficult to protect their farmland. The flood reduces the areas in which they can plant crops or turn out livestock, and eventually they are unable to produce enough food to meet with the growing demand.
Extreme Weather Makes Crop Yield Unreliable
When there is more extreme weather, such as storms, tornadoes, and flooding, the production of crops becomes very unpredictable. Because of all these weather events, it can be difficult for farmers to offer the steady supply that they have always been able to. Food supplies can drop off for a few weeks or months, and many farmers will find that they can’t match the demand because of the change in the usual weather.
Crops Can’t Grow During Droughts
It’s not just flooding and excess rain that is ruining the yield of some crops – in some areas, farmers are suffering from the totally opposite problem and the lack of rain is spoiling their annual crops. There is no way anything can grow when there is a severe lack of water in the environment. Unfortunately, as temperatures in some regions continue to rise, this is becoming a very real issue that most farmers are struggling to deal with.
Unfortunately, the situation with climate change and food shortages are only going to get worse if we don’t act now to do something to change it. |
What Is the Which means of Evans Chemistry? - mrus.info
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What Is the Which means of Evans Chemistry?
Evans Chemistry Corner is actually a word that is believed to possess a great deal of meaning for scientists.
They say that this word, has distinctive meanings for distinct persons, however the truth is the fact that it can be a very distinct science in which lots of activities are involved to be able to obtain accomplishment ultimately.
If you are attempting to choose what it implies to a chemist, then you should 1st find out what the definition of Evans chemistry is. read my paper This will likely decide the function you do, and for that reason the answers you’ll be able to give your students.
In the initial spot, you need to realize that this science is very significant for the reason that it bargains together with the synthesis reaction, and this really is exactly where there is a particular synthesis that leads to the final item or the final solution in the synthesis would be the final product in the reactions. essays online That is why it is actually pretty crucial to become familiar with this word.
Another word that you just have to know about Evans chemistry is the reality that the procedure that leads to the synthesis is the synthesis reaction. The other two terms are used within this sense, but synthesis reactions mean that the processes involved within the synthesis reactions are aspect in the approach that results in the final item.
This indicates that whenever you analyze how Evans chemistry operates, it’s essential to 1st understand that each of the actions which can be applied in this science are involved inside the synthesis. The processes are utilized to make substances, and this method makes the distinctive reactions that lead to the different outcomes on the function.
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There are distinct varieties of Evans chemistry, and every sort has its personal terms. By way of example, one sort of this science involves employing the pure water within the reaction.
The pure water can be mixed with other substances to create the various reactions take spot. The other kinds of this science demand an atmosphere to make the diverse reactions take place.
Here, it’s also necessary to realize that each type of this science requires various forms, and it is determined by how the unique reactions take location. Essentially the most typical types of this science would be the thermodynamics kind, and also the catalytic type.
In addition, another term that you simply should really know about Evans chemistry is that it incorporates quite a few examples, in order that you could possibly try to function out how all the unique reactions within this science take location. For those who don’t have much time for you to understand about this kind of science, it is possible to generally take some online courses or books which can give you a clearer notion of what exactly is required.
Also, you need to know that you can find lots of books which are accessible which might be written in English. online essay writing service This really is quite fantastic due to the fact you could take these to have a improved understanding of this science.
This type of science may be the starting point of the entire course of action of chemistry, and also you will understand a whole lot by studying this type of science. If you’d like to create an excellent relationship together with your students, then you needs to be willing to study as a lot of articles as possible on this topic.
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Transformation of Healthcare Industry in The Period of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain is a distributed system and helps recording and storing transaction records. This acts like a database to store information, where data is stored on a network called node on computer personnel. With the help of Blockchain technology, the health care industry can run under fast transformation.
With the help of Blockchain technology, patient health information and medical records will become more efficient, safe and attacked mediated. You can check out solidity smart contract development company via online sources.
Infographic blockchain concept
Health care industry, manufacturing companies and research institutions are more invest in research and development to get the most likely way of health care and blockchain. It can help in complex medical records, medical research, clinical trials, complex bills etc.
The health industry is one of the largest focused sectors throughout the world due to extreme pressure to manage costs and provide high quality to patients. Because this industry develops rapidly in developing countries with disturbing technology, Blockchain technology demand is booming.
Initiatives taken by developed countries and developing countries are expected to increase evolution such as blockchain technology in the health care market. Blockchain technology has great potential to manage the health care industry. Patient data transmission throughout the world without inhibiting privacy and security is made possible through blockchain technology. |
Security news that informs and inspires
Toward a Framework for Misinformation Campaigns
VANCOUVER--Although it’s thousands of years old, the concept of misinformation probably didn’t intrude into most people’s daily lives until quite recently. The Internet has taken the concept, democratized it, and weaponized it, to great effect in both political and more pedestrian situations. But there’s a small group of researchers, data scientists, and security professionals working to build tools and collaborative communities to help organizations and individuals recognize and defeat misinformation campaigns.
“The Internet we have is being manipulated for both money and power, and that’s not fair. There’s been a lot of admiring of this as a problem and not so much in the way of building solutions,” Sara-Jayne Terp, a data scientist and consultant who has been studying the misinformation problem for several years, said during a talk at the CanSecWest security conference here Wednesday.
“I really have a problem with people creating artificial debate for money.”
Misinformation can mean a lot of different things, but in the context of the modern Internet, it’s generally used to describe campaigns that an organization or individual runs to influence another group by providing false or misleading information. That can come in the form of simple social media posts by loosely connected people, or much more sophisticated coordinated efforts by governments or political groups comprising years-long media, social media, and real-world operations. If they’re familiar with it at all, many people probably think of misinformation campaigns in relation to elections, specifically the 2016 United States presidential election and the influence that Russian-affiliated groups exerted leading up to the election.
But misinformation is used much more broadly and is a far older tactic than that. Its use has evolved and expanded tremendously in the last few years, thanks to the dominance of social media as a major form of communication for many people.
“So why is this all suddenly happening now? It’s not. People have been misinforming each other for as long as people have been communicating with each other. The difference is that the things that were once available to nation states as tools of influence suddenly became available to everyone,” Terp said.
“Now, Kim Kardashian can influence national policy because she has the same tools available to her as nation states do. There are people for hire who will misinform you.”
“All cyberspace operations are based on influence. Down at the bottom, it’s all humans."
Those people have a powerful set of tools at their disposal and thanks to the global reach of the Internet, can reach out anywhere around the world to spread whatever their message may be. They also communicate with each other and share tools and techniques. But the people and organizations trying to identify and defend against misinformation campaigns don’t have the same level of communication or a similar toolset. Terp, working with researchers at SOFWERX, a collaborative project of the U.S. Special Forces Command and Doolittle Institute, is trying to remedy that by developing a framework for misinformation that’s similar to the myriad ones that exist for information security attacks and defense. Using the MITRE ATT&CK framework as a model, Terp is building a framework that includes elements of a misinformation campaign, along with vocabulary, and tactics and techniques. The team plans to release a white paper on its work in June, and Terp said that while it may not be immediately obvious to security professionals, the misinformation problem has a lot of overlap with infosec, especially when it comes to the human part of the equation.
“All cyberspace operations are based on influence. Down at the bottom, it’s all humans. If you look at the classic definition [of misinformation], infosec has always been in there. You just know it as social engineering,” she said.
“You can’t have meaningful conversations unless you’re speaking the same language. We want that lingua franca. We want people to be able to talk to each other because we know that the other side is doing this. We know that the people creating misinformation campaigns are watching the people who are tracking them. It’s an adaptive situation. It’s a call and response.”
As part of the effort to build a misinformation analysis framework, Terp and her collaborator CDR Pablo Breuer of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Special Operations Command have studied a variety of sources and campaigns, and not just the successful ones. They’ve also been looking at the campaigns that have failed, trying to deduce what went wrong.
“Failures are really useful because they tell you something about resilience and the actions you can take to become more resilient,” Terp said.
Given how quickly adversaries change and adapt, Terp sees quite a bit of urgency in her work.
“It won’t always be Russia. When they get what they want or they go away, we will have hundreds of people with these skills looking for things to do,” she said.
“It took years to build the infosec frameworks. We don’t have years.” |
Question: What Is Another Word For Issued?
What does provide mean?
Is provided or are provided?
provide someone with something or someone is provided with something: if the entity that is provided with something appears in the sentence and is not introduced by prepositions “for” or “to”, then the preferred form is “provide with”: The Spanish provided Hannibal with a lot of his best troops.
What is the antonym of occur?
occur. Antonyms: pass, threaten, impend. Synonyms: befall, happen, betide, supervene, take place, appear, arise.
What does the word materialize mean?
1 : to assume bodily form. 2a : to appear especially suddenly. b : to come into existence.
What is the synonym of issued?
In this page you can discover 71 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for issued, like: published, sent out, circulated, broadcast, televised, made public, announced, disseminated, promulgated, spread and delivered.
What’s another word for occur?
Find another word for occur. In this page you can discover 34 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for occur, like: happen, appear, hap, fall, come, take-place, hit, befall, exist, materialize and occure.
Can be issued meaning?
to announce something, or to give something to people officially. The banks have issued a warning that charges are likely to rise sharply. issue something to someone: Summonses have been issued to people who have not paid their bills.
What is a big word for problem?
Some common synonyms of problem are enigma, mystery, puzzle, and riddle. While all these words mean “something which baffles or perplexes,” problem applies to a question or difficulty calling for a solution or causing concern.
What does Issued mean?
something that is sent out or put forth in any form. a quantity of something that is officially offered for sale or put into circulation at one time: a new issue of commemorative stamps; a new bond issue. a point in question or a matter that is in dispute, as between contending parties in an action at law.
What is a synonym for provided?
Synonyms & Near Synonyms for provided. furnished, supplied.
What bestow means?
transitive verb. 1 : to put to use : apply bestowed his spare time on study. 2 : to put in a particular or appropriate place : stow …
What does befall mean?
intransitive verb. : to happen especially as if by fate. transitive verb. : to happen to the fate that befell them. |
An essay on the characters of perseus daedalus and theseus
Due to courage and honorablllty Theseus, Perseus, Hercules, and Jason are categorized as great heroes.
An essay on the characters of perseus daedalus and theseus
Etymology[ edit ] The origin of the word is uncertain. The location of that land as well as his conclusions are controversial. Herodotus and Strabo placed them on the banks of the Thermodon and Themiscyra. Ancient Greek Attic white-ground alabastronc. Apollonius Rhodiusat Argonauticamentions that at Thermodon the Amazons were not gathered together in one city, but scattered over the land, parted into three tribes.
Herodotus stated that in the Scythian language they were called Oiorpata, oior meaning "man", and pata meaning "to slay". There were two special months in the spring in which they would go up into the neighboring mountain which separates them and the Gargareans.
An essay on the characters of perseus daedalus and theseus
This plan was adopted by the Scythians because they desired to have children born from them. When the Amazons perceived that they had not come to do them any harm, they let them alone; and the two camps approached nearer to one another every day: One day a Scythian and an Amazon came close.
The men were not able to learn the language of the Amazons, but the women learned Scythian. They were brutal and aggressive, and their main concern in life was war.
On this desert island there were ravening birds, which in countless numbers haunt it. Zeus sent Boreas the North Windand with his help the Argonauts stood out from the shore near Themiscyra where the Themiscyreian Amazons were arming for battle.
An essay on the characters of perseus daedalus and theseus
Later Queen Myrine led her Amazons to victory against the Gorgons. After the battle against the Gorgons, Myrina accorded a funeral to her fallen comrades on three pyres and raised up three great heaps of earth as tombs, which are called "Amazon Mounds" Greek: In another version of this myth, Theseus made this voyage on his own account, after the time of Heracles.What Makes A Great Hero?
Due to courage and honorablllty Theseus, Perseus, Hercules, and Jason are categorized as great heroes. A hero in todays standards are seen to have different traits than a mythological hero. Theseus and Immortals Comparison Analysis Research Paper - The movie Immortals borrows some of the myth of Theseus for its plot.
A lot of the film seems to be a modern attempt at creating a Greek myth. The Cyclops Cave was an interesting story. the author wanted the mood to be eery and scary, and it was, somewhat.
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the tone was a bit funny in a way to me but it was a little creepy still. The Odyssey contains numerous examples of a hero’s journey which can be compared and contrasted with other Greek myths such as the stories of Theseus, Jason, Hercules, and Perseus.
More Essay Examples on Medusa Rubric. Perseus showed bravery but Theseus showed strength. Theseus did amazing things to get his gear to kill the Minotaur. Theseus qualified as a hero for sure.
Hercules, Theseus, Perseus, and Jason - New York Essays |
Discover the 6 Most Colorful Snakes
23 December, 2020
Today, we want to tell you all about 6 of the most colorful snakes in the world and tell you the purpose their bright colors can serve.
It’s true that most of us prefer not to have any contact with snakes. But, believe it or not, some of the most colorful snakes in the world are harmless! Learn all about them in this article.
The most colorful snakes in existence
Within the world of reptiles in general, and of snakes in particular, many specimens and species attract attention because of their bright colors. Their coloration makes them seem more dangerous to predators and helps them blend in with the environment they live in. Here are some very interesting examples of the most colorful snakes around:
1. Chrysopelea Paradisi
This species of tree snake, which appears in this article’s cover photo, is native to Southeast Asia. It has the ability to spin in the air and even glide to pass from one branch to another. To do this, it uses a very interesting mechanism. It unfolds its ribs and flattens its body to make itself wider, up to twice its size, thus taking better advantage of the air.
2. Ahaetulla fronticincta
This snake lives in Asia, specifically in Burma and the southern Himalayan forests. It’s conspicuous thanks to its green color with black and white marks and because its head has the shape of a triangle or arrow.
A bright green Ahaetulla fronticincta.
The Ahaetulla fronticincta feeds on fish thanks to an infallible hunting method. It twists its body on a branch near the water and places its head on the surface. It can go for hours without moving until prey approaches; at that moment, the snake attacks it by injecting it with poison and leaving it motionless.
3. Lampropeltis triangulum
This reptile, known as the milk snake, inhabits almost the entire American continent, especially from southern Canada to Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. It’s very common in Central America, Mexico, and the United States.
A red and black Lampropeltis triangulum.
So far, more than 20 subspecies are known and their main distinctive feature is the color of their skin: red with black transversal lines and yellow stripes. This snake feeds on mice.
4. Atheris hispida
This isn’t only one of the most colorful snakes, but also one of the strangest, since its body is covered in scales that give it a ‘bristly’ and, of course, threatening, appearance. This species is poisonous–deadly for people who don’t receive first aid–and endemic to Central Africa.
A yellow, gray and black 4. Atheris hispida.
Males of the Atheris hispida species can reach about 29.5 inches in length (females up to 23.5 inches), and both sexes have large, rounded eyes, slit-like nostrils, and scales on the head and neck that are larger than those they have on their bodies.
This snake has the ability to climb branches, canes and stems, and during the day can be found sunbathing (it’s cold-blooded). However, it also has nocturnal habits. Its diet is composed of lizards, frogs, and small mammals.
5. Garter snake
The garnet snake, another of the most colorful snakes in the world, is harmless. It lives in areas near fresh water in Canada and the United States, and its family consists of more than 15 species.
A garter snake with its tongue out.
The main characteristic of this reptile is its coloring: red and turquoise. The ‘combinations’ between both tones can be different, but the truth is that it doesn’t go unnoticed anywhere. The head is always predominantly red.
6. Diadophis punctatus regalis
This is popularly known as the regal ringneck snake and is endemic to the deserts and mountains of the southern United States and northern Mexico. Although its most common color is gray, it has white, orange, yellow, red, or brown spots on the back of its body.
An orange and brown Diadophis punctatus regalis slithering across a rock.
It feeds on small snakes such as earth snakes, blackhead snakes, and flathead snakes. It uses venom to immobilize its prey, which is harmless to people. Regarding nocturnal habits, this snake spends most of the day hidden among rocks or logs. When it feels threatened, it twists its tail as if it were a spring. |
Iraqi women step up
The protest started when young university graduates began protesting in front of the ministries in Baghdad, asking the government for jobs. They were shouting at the top of their lungs, as if was a flame inside their hearts.
In this patriarchal society in which men dominate everything, it’s unusual for women to come outside with a bunch of men and protest.
On Oct 25th, women and young students began protesting, even young girls. The government response was brutal by all standards, with the army shooting people. The water cannons were flowing as regularly as the rain on a normal rainy day somewhere on planet earth.
Most people who were protesting were asking for a normal life. For most of them, the protest was like a flame lit by the conflict, and by frustration with the corruption of the government.
Iraqi women take to the streets en masse
The early momentum of young women and students, unfortunately, has not continued. Kidnappings, like that of civil activist Saba al-maddawi, who was kidnapped by an unknown group, stopped girls from going out and protesting.
It had previously been taboo for girls to go out and protest. But the girls broke all the handcuffs. They started to draw on the walls of the streets, help injured people, and say what others could not say. Getting out and protesting was a huge step for girls in Baghdad. It was like feeling really free, and understanding what it means to get outside and ask for your rights.
For many girls, drawing on the walls was a liberation. Maybe it did not last for a long time, but it definitely changed many perspectives about young women in Iraq.
An Iraqi woman painting a protest mural
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Maslow was a psychologist who proposed a hierarchy of needs. He categorised the needs as, a) physical needs that consist of need for physical well-being like food, water, clothes for protection from heat or cold and physical safety such as house, etc. b) social, psychological and emotional needs, that is, need for social recognition, inclusion, love, etc. and c) self-actualization, that is, realizing one own’s potential. Maslow believed that all human beings want to achieve self-actualization; hence move up the hierarchy of needs, and before a person could move to higher level, he has to master/satisfy his needs in lower levels. The hierarchy is shown in the figure below.
His premise was that as basic needs would be met with, the person would grow and develop social needs and finally go in for self-actualization. Subliminally he was referring to different classes in the society. A daily wage worker would be more worried about fulfilling his physical needs than social needs or self-actualisation needs as compared to a billionaire who has left all the insecurities behind him and now can work on what he actually enjoys and would help him achieve his potential. One of the examples is so many workaholic billionaires who work not because they have to earn a living but because that’s all they enjoy or find meaning in their life.
In life, every person is a discreet individual with his own needs; these needs may cut across the hierarchy (as proposed by Maslow). The priorities and needs of a person may change over a period of time depending on age, income levels and personal growth. Our behaviour and desires may express multiple needs at the same time. For example, when a person eats at a Michelin Star restaurant, is he fulfilling his physical need to eat or his esteem need or his desire to eat delicious food? Similarly, what needs does Ferrari fulfil? A person can be seen as someone with multiple needs, and these needs overlap with each other.
Every person has all the needs but the intensity of needs may change. For example, level of physical needs changes with earning levels of a person. People get used to a lifestyle and may feel insecure if lack of money may lead to decline in standards of lifestyle. The definition of what is essential or necessary changes from a person to person.
As the person grows rich or in stature, his insecurities may reduce and make him aim for self-actualization while contrary to expectations a person may also give up money for self-actualization. India has seen many spiritual Gurus, e.g. Prince Siddhartha, also known as Gautam Budh and Lord Mahavira who, though born in royal households and destined to be kings, gave up everything to find true meaning of life.
Maslow’s assumption that everyone would want to move up the need triangle is debatable and has been questioned. But for HR teams, it can be a good framework to understand profile of its personnel. It would help them in following ways:
– In designing incentive systems
– To define the profile for recruitment, but most importantly
– To shape the culture of their organisation.
Most firms design an incentive schemes that are mix of cash and recognition. For example, incentives most organisations have cash rewards, ESOPs or cash bonuses for their employees. The top performers may be additionally incentivised or rewarded with CEO’s or President’s Award, paid holiday tours abroad etc. These awards address primarily the physical and social needs. Rewards and incentives for top performers are aimed at esteem needs.
A founder who wants to develop a software development team or an ad agency that delivers high quality work, may want to hire a bunch of passionate persons and give lot of autonomy to the team(s). Same will be true for a band of scientists say who are working in basic research or cutting edge technologies. An example of it is Academic world, where most people are internally motivated and are provided lot of autonomy. They set their own targets, determine their own research and in some cases also decide on their research associates or assistants. Academic institutions are also characterised by less inter-dependency and hence allows for individual excellence. Things change in business world, where a person is expected to work with others.
Some of the ways of developing work places where employees could aim for self- actualization could be
1. Remove hygiene factors. Presence of hygiene factors, takes people away from their work. It works as a road block in cultivating ownership amongst employees. Some of the key hygiene factors are
a. Money or Salary – The discontent in salary emanates from comparisons within and outside of the company. Most employees triangulate their salary based on their personal needs, salary levels in the industry and salary levels within the company especially within their own band. A mismatch in salary that the employee expects and the company provides becomes single most important reason for disgruntlement. A salary lower than what other colleagues are getting is seen as “I am being valued less”. This affects the esteem of the employee as well. We at Srijan followed Open Salaries to minimise this discord. (https://rajneeshrastogi.wordpress.com/2015/06/23/open-salaries/)
b. Democracy – Excluding people from decision making process or not being heard or grievances not being addressed is another reason for employees to feel less valued. Create an organisation where people can speak up if they have a problem or if they want to contribute. This would address the issue of hygiene factors. Create an environment where people can speak up without fear of losing job for criticising. Let them share their disagreements be it with strategy, colour of wall paper or the quality of coffee.
2. Recruitment and induction –
a. Hire passionate people-Let people come and work in the company for free for a week. See if they enjoy the work. Let them make an informed choice. Get a feedback from the colleagues on them.
b. The behaviour of people reflects their passion, their needs, their beliefs and assumptions. Most people are looking for jobs and careers but they stick to work places/ companies where most of their needs are met with. People may blame their bosses, lengthy or excessive work hours or lack of growth opportunities but the underlying cause would be unfulfilled needs or unhappiness with something. So the one week spent in office would also help colleagues understand the candidate/person. A feedback would help from the colleagues would help in understanding if the candidate would fit into the organisational culture.
3. Staff Interactions – HR/ Founders can design company in a way that allows/ facilitates interactions between staff to fulfill their social needs e.g. seating the whole team together in open work spaces without cabins and cubicles fulfils social needs such as need for inclusion. This also facilitates communication and reduces information asymmetry between team members. Structuring organisation around team would also help. (https://rajneeshrastogi.wordpress.com/2017/03/18/building-football-teams-at-work/ )
4. Allow people to experiment. Allow people to fail but do not tolerate mistakes – Most organizations are so focussed on success that they just build on their formula that made them successful. The managers and the company fail to experiment as they are afraid of failures. Let people experiment and learn. Takes failures in strides. The behavior in small and medium sized family owned companies is a good example. A father, who is grooming his child, is tolerant of Child’s failures. He would allow him to experiment and fail. But unfortunately he would not be as charitable with his employee. No wonder the son takes ownership, but the manager does not.
5. Devolve decision making to teams – One of the surest way of promoting ownership is devolve decision making. Responsibility without authority has no meaning. The senior management should devolve planning, implementation and control to lower rungs of management. This would give them autonomy and control over their operations. Teams develop their own sub-culture and help people bond, collaborate, cooperate and hence learn and grow. Essentially fulfill their social and self-actualization needs.
In a competitive world which is changing very fast, organizations need people who take pride in their work and own it. The traditional model of seeing employee costs as zero sum game is not going to be effective. HR departments will have to go beyond traditional roles and responsibilities and would have to add creating organizational culture to their job descriptions. Creating work spaces where people can achieve their full potential would be one of it. |
Cognella BookTelebehavioral Health: Foundations in Theory and Practice for Graduate Learners provides readers with a comprehensive overview of telebehavioral health, including definitions and concepts, the benefits and barriers associated with practice, and an interprofessional framework for telebehavioral health competencies. The competencies outlined help readers develop an engaged, ethical, and effective telebehavioral health practice.The book discusses and provides examples of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes involved in the seven telebehavioral health competency domains. The chapters include differentiated content for novice, proficient, and authority practitioners throughout, allowing readers to adjust their exposure, in terms of depth and breadth, to each topical area. The text provides an overview of the characteristics and practices unique to telebehavioral health treatment, guidance for competent evaluation and care, review of legal and regulatory issues related to the use of technology, valuable insight for telepractice development, and more.Designed to help practitioners thoughtfully consider the use of technology to support optimal therapeutic experiences for their patients, Telebehavioral Health is an ideal text for students within the discipline. It can also serve as a beneficial reference for novice and seasoned practitioners. |
Parliamentary Vs presidential systems
Parliamentary Vs presidential systems Presidential and parliamentary systems are very different in terms of their institutional arrangement and operations. The United States is a perfect example of the presidential system while the British system, the “Westminster” is the “classic” parliamentary system. There is a third system, the “Semi-Presidential” system, we find it in France, Haiti and many other countries. Conduct a basic online research and answer the following questions in one page. Compare and contrast presidents and prime ministers. What is the difference between a head of state and a chief of government? How do they get elected/ who vote them into office? Can they be removed from office prior to an election? If so, how, what is the process to remove a prime minister and a president Who serve in cabinet/government in each system? France’s system is “semi-presidential” Discuss the nature of the Semi-presidential system in terms of: The head(s) of the executive branch The process for electing the head of state and the head of the government Forming a government To receive credit, you must answer to two students and post your one-page reflection. There is no partial credit for incomplete work. 0000
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Food is your fuel for health
Ah, food! Don’t you find yourself suddenly craving for something sweet and chocolatey at the end of a long day? We all sometimes let our emotions take control of what we should eat. Without falling into the harmful trap of emotional eating, there’s no denying that the right food can genuinely put a smile on your face. Who can resist a chocolate muffin after a hectic workday? The answer is nobody! And that’s okay, as long as you don’t overdo it. Food can fuel your health in many ways, and that includes your mental health too. Here’s a little reminder of how the right food could keep you healthy and happy:
Pixabay – CC0 License
It guarantees hormonal balance
Your hormones are indispensable messengers that circulate through your body to coordinate complex processes such as your metabolism or your fertility. Hormonal imbalance can dramatically affect the immune system, making you not only more vulnerable to infections but also dysfunctional reactions that can only be managed through professional nutritional counseling, such as fibromyalgia, the chronic pain disorder. What you eat affects your hormonal balance and can also help to address issues more effectively, which can reduce pain sensations or boost your immune response to diseases.
It keeps you youthful for longer
Your skin is a mirror of your health. But did you know that the food you eat can make your skin look prematurely older? Indeed, junk food might be yummy – let’s be honest, we all have a soft spot for a cheeky takeaway dinner – but it doesn’t provide your food with the vitamins and minerals it needs to maintain cell health. Indeed, processed foods can accelerate the aging process in the skin cells and deprive your body of collagen – aka the handy protein that maintains the elasticity of your skin. Additionally, excess sodium in salted snacks and meals reduces moisture intake, causing early wrinkles and fine lines. On the other hand, eating fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants can reduce wrinkles.
It helps you to think
Urgh, brain fog! Today’s not a day when you can concentrate. But have you considered that your favorite meals could influence your cognitive decline? Indeed, the brain requires specific vitamins and minerals to function at its best. Fatty fish and green, leafy vegetables, for instance, are some of the best brainpower ingredients. Fish, especially, can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, the best tip to clear your brain fog is food-based too. Drinking a cup of coffee — or tea – can create a sense of alertness and helps you to consolidate new memory.
It brings togetherness
Most people think of how food can affect their individual health. However, very few consider the benefit of food in the household. Indeed, cooking at home can boost your level of happiness. Indeed, it nurtures the safety and privileged environment of your home. Additionally, when you cook for your family, you build a new connection. A home-cooked meal brings everyone together, encouraging people to spend time with each other. A united family is a happy family, no doubt about that!
Food plays a significant role in our everyday life. Sure, it can bring happiness. But it also creates a multi-sided health pattern that supports your immune system, your looks, and your brain. More importantly, cooking is at the heart of your family unit. Food is, indeed, the stuff happiness is made of.
One thought on “Food is your fuel for health
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ISSUE 4 June 4, 2009
We received two calls this week, one from Fargo and the other from Bismarck, regarding ash trees that are losing their leaves. One reason could be the disease ash anthracnose, a fungal disease that is common during cool, wet weather. Symptoms include one or more of the following: premature leaf drop, black blotches on leaves which may cause leaf distortion, and small brown leaf spots in the middle of leaves (see photos).
Is treatment necessary? In most cases, no. Ash anthracnose does not cause enough damage to stress trees in a typical year. Trees can lose up to 25% of their foliage without major consequences. However, if trees are heavily defoliated for three or more consecutive years, they may be stressed and susceptible to other pests that could kill them. Fungicides are only effective as preventative treatments as leaves are expanding, so it is too late to protect trees this year. Fertilizing trees that have lost a large amount of leaf tissue could help them refoliate. We recommend a standard lawn fertilizer application at the labeled rate, which should provide sufficient nitrogen to help the trees and reduce stress. Since the fungus overwinters in leaves and seeds, raking and destroying these tissues in the fall help to reduce disease pressure the following spring, though it will not completely eliminate the source of fungal inoculum.
Green ash and Manchurian ash - both hardy in North Dakota - are relatively susceptible to ash anthracnose. However, certain cultivars may be more resistant than others. Both 'Summit' and 'Marshall seedless' green ash (both hardy to Zone 4) are moderately disease resistant, while 'Patmore' (Zone 2) may be disease resistant, although more information is needed. In general, trees that break bud later have less infection than those that begin growth early in the spring.
Ash leaves showing symptoms of ash anthracnose. Note the dead leaf margins and
distorted growth in the first photo. The second photo shows a dead leaf margin plus
small dots where the fungus has entered the leaves through wounds created by
feeding of the ash plant bug.
Joe Zeleznik
Extension Forester
Kasia Kinzer
Plant Diagnostician
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NDSU Extension - Mercer County
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Long-term Grain Storage Requires Good Management
long-term grain storage, grain storage, grain temperatures
Submitted by Craig Askim, Extension Agent, Agriculture and Natural Resources
Some grain will be stored for many months or even more than a year due to low grain prices, so maintaining grain quality during extended storage will require extra care and management, according to North Dakota State University's grain storage expert.
"Grain that will be stored for an extended time needs to be good-quality grain," says NDSU Extension Service agricultural engineer Ken Hellevang. "The outer layer of a grain kernel is the pericarp, or seed coat, and provides protection for the kernel. If the pericarp is damaged, the kernel is more susceptible to mold growth and insect infestations. This reduces the expected storage life of the grain."
Broken kernels and foreign material should be removed by cleaning the grain before storing it. Segregation based on size and density occurs as grain flows into storage. Fines accumulate in the middle unless a functioning distributor spreads them throughout the grain. Unloading some grain from the center of the bin will remove some of the fines and help level the grain in the bin.
Also, immature kernels have a much shorter expected storage life. Grain test weight may be an indicator of maturity and storability.
Assure that the storage facility is clean and insects are not living in aeration ducts, under perforated floors, or in handling equipment or debris around the facility. Fumigate the empty bin to kill insects under the floor or in aeration ducts if an infestation occurred during the previous year. Also, consider applying an approved residual bin spray and a grain protectant to repel potential insect infestations if storing grain during warmer portions of the year.
Mold growth requires moist conditions, usually above about 70 percent relative humidity, and warm temperatures. To reduce the potential for mold growth, the grain moisture content should be below the equilibrium moisture content (EMC), at 60 to 65 percent relative humidity.
The EMC of corn at 70 degrees and 65 percent relative humidity is about 13.5 percent, and at 50 degrees, the EMC is about 15 percent. If you can keep stored corn below 50 degrees, you can store it at 15 percent moisture. But if the temperature will be warmer, then the recommended storage moisture content is about 13.5 percent. Equilibrium moisture content charts for various types of grain are available on the internet.
Grain going into long-term storage should be dried and cooled rapidly after harvest. The allowable storage time (AST) is an estimate of the life of the grain until it has deteriorated enough to affect grain quality. Grain AST charts, such as those in the publications section of the NDSU grain drying and storage website, are available online.
"Controlling grain temperature is critical for maintaining grain quality," Hellevang says. "Insect reproduction is reduced below about 70 degrees, insects are dormant below about 50 degrees, and insects are killed if grain is below 30 degrees for a few weeks."
Moisture migration increases the moisture content at the top of the bin when about a 20-degree temperature difference occurs between the grain and average outdoor temperature. Therefore, the grain should be cooled with aeration when you have a 10- to 15-degree difference between grain and average outdoor temperatures. Cool the grain to 25 to 30 degrees in northern states and 40 degrees or cooler in southern states for winter storage.
The bin vents could ice over when the aeration system is operated near or below 32 degrees. Utilize a sensor to stop the aeration fan if bin roof pressures become excessive, or leave access doors open to serve as pressure relief valves if operating the aeration system near freezing temperatures to reduce the potential for damaging the roof.
Hellevang also has this advice for long-term grain storage:
* Check the grain at least every two weeks until it has been cooled for winter storage and every two to four weeks during the winter.
* Verify that the moisture content is at the recommended storage level.
* Check the grain temperature.
* Inspect for insects.
* Look for indications of storage problems such as condensation on the roof.
Source: Ken Hellevang, 701-231-7243, kenneth.hellevang@ndsu.edu
Creative Commons License |
This AI can paint real worlds completely from memory
Google may have taught its AI to dream up filthy images based off of real-world examples, but one researcher has built an AI capable of painting entirely new worlds completely from scratch.
The image at the top of this story isn’t real, it’s a fake world painted by an AI. Created by Qifeng Chen from Stanford University and Intel, the AI essentially paints by numbers what it believes a street view should look like. By using thousands of reference images, learning where a “car”, “road” or “sign” should be placed, it can then paint a depiction of the real world – one that technically doesn’t exist at all.
Trained with 3,000 images of German streets, the AI is able to recognise what a “car” is, drawing one from memory. “We want the network to memorise what it’s seen in the data,” explains Chen.
As neural networks go, Chen’s managed to build something currently unheard of in the world of AI. Current generations of a realistic-looking fake world aren’t very convincing, but Chen’s are incredibly detailed for a computer-created scene.
Chen understands that, while his creation is quite the achievement, it still has quite some way to go. The images it currently produces feel dream-like: some things are slightly off and everything looks like oil paints on a canvas than a photo-realistic depiction of the world. The AI has trouble filling in the details we’d expect of an image, and so Chen has already begun work on a larger system that should be capable of creating accurate artificial scenes.
His ultimate goal is to create an AI that allows for the building of complete virtual worlds, not just flat paintings. “Using deep learning to render video games could be the future,” said Chen, who has already used his algorithm to replace parts of Grand Theft Auto V.
To become a creator of virtual worlds Chen’s AI also needs to branch out from simply looking at German roads. That’s easier said than done, especially as each image has to be labelled by hand for the AI to understand what each component of a picture is, but if Chen were to combine his neural network with an image- recognition one, perhaps the task of labelling up another 3,000-plus photographs wouldn’t be so labour intensive.
The possibilities of Chen’s AI could mean being able to create new VR worlds ripe for exploration from little more than a description spoken aloud. It could become a digital creator, allowing you to explore dream-like incarnations of the real-world in VR. It may well be the perfect setting for a dystopian world, one where an AI has enslaved us all but keeps us happy inside a network of its own creation – The Matrix, anyone? – but thankfully we’re a long way off from that if that’s the case.
Intel and Chen will be showcasing his neural network at this year’s International Conference on Computer Vision in Venice, Italy this October.
Source: arXiv:1707.09405v1
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Does Vitamin D Help You Lose Weight?
As an essential micronutrient, vitamin D does not stop surprising with each new study that gives it more and more benefits. Among the benefits of this vitamin include several, such as helping us to avoid depression, encourage hair growth or improve our immune system. But these are not all, of course.
Recently, a large number of people have started using vitamin D as part of weight loss treatment: the premise is that this vitamin plays an important role in the way our body absorbs and discards calories and body fat.
To discover if these benefits are true, it is best to review what we know about vitamin D and what medical studies have said about it when it comes to losing weight.
What is vitamin D?
Vitamin D is a type of fat-soluble vitamin, which we can obtain from certain foods, but also through supplements or sun exposure.
We usually associate vitamin D with bone functions, due to the fact that its consumption helps bones and teeth absorb better the calcium we consume. But its functions go much further, playing an important role in moods, hair growth, sleep habits and other aspects.
Unfortunately this vitamin is not present in many foods, which is why vitamin D deficiency often affects many people around the world, these groups being the most affected:
• Older adults.
• Lactating babies
• People with dark skin tone.
• People with little sun exposure.
A group that is also usually deficient in vitamin D is that of obese people. Interestingly, many studies point out that the cause-effect relationship in this case also works the other way around; that is, that increasing vitamin D consumption reduces obesity.
Why do overweight people tend to have less vitamin D?
Many studies have pointed to different reasons to explain why people who are overweight tend to have less vitamin D. Some suggest that obese people tend to consume less vitamin D-based foods in their total daily intake than those who consume other people; others think that these people are usually less involved in activities that expose them to the sun. It is also believed that obese people have fewer enzymes capable of making vitamin D enter its active phase, although none of these ideas is conclusive.
What does seem to be clear is that it is difficult to have correct levels of vitamin D in the body when you have greater body mass.
Something curious in this sense is that, when an obese person loses weight, their vitamin D levels remain the same or even increase slightly. This seems a little contradictory, because the logic would point out that when losing mass the body would require less vitamin D to function and it would be reduced, but it has been discovered that it does not work that way.
So, although it is not well known why overweight people have less vitamin D , there is evidence that adding more vitamin D to a person’s intake can help you lose weight.
How can vitamin D help you lose weight?
Several studies have presented evidence that vitamin D helps lose weight and reduce the percentage of body fat. One of these took 218 overweight women, who were given a diet and exercise plan for a year. Half of them were also given vitamin D supplements; to the other half, a placebo. At the end of the study, women with vitamin D supplements had lost, on average, 3.2 kg more than women who took the placebo.
Another study also followed the cases of overweight women, who were given vitamin D supplements for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, none of them lost weight significantly, but their percentage of body fat had decreased. Several studies have shown similar results.
Many theories have been formulated to explain these phenomena, and despite there being nothing definitive, research suggests that vitamin D is able to prevent fat cells from reproducing and storing in the body with ease.
On the other hand, it is known that vitamin D helps increase the levels of serotonin and testosterone, two substances that are linked with appetite control and weight loss, respectively, something that could also be a reason why the vitamin D helps you lose weight.
How much vitamin D should be consumed?
The amount of vitamin D that should be consumed varies from person to person. However, some minimum requirements that must be met have been noted.
In general, an adult between 19 and 70 years of age should consume at least 600 IU (15 mcg) per day of vitamin D. Other studies have concluded that the calculation should be made from person to person, indicating that it should be consumed between 70-80 IU per kilogram of body weight daily.
Whatever the amount of vitamin D consumed by each person, the most important thing is to remember its importance, assuming that you should never abandon your consumption and that this should be accompanied by constant physical activity and moderate exposure to the sun. In this way, maintaining an adequate weight and a stable health will be more than assured.
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• Guy Tsafnat
Collaboration and data privacy
Modern research is collaborative in its nature. Medical evidence is stronger when replicated (i.e. run on the same data by an independet research group) and even stronger when reproduced (i.e. run on another set of data by an independer research group yielding more or less the same results). Regulators already as for multi-site trials in many, if not most, cases. Replicatingresearch is often the first step in reproduction.
In medical research, if at first you do succeed, try and try again.
Reproducing research requires collaboration because the published literature rarely describes the experimental workflow such that readers can understand the process at a high level and have all the nitty gritty details needed to replicate the research. Replicating research means sharing data which often impedes collaboration.
Most jurisdictions limit the geographical location for storing patient data, the level of conscent required to use patient data in research, the level of encryption the data needs to have at rest and in transit, and other restrictions. If the restrictions are hard to follow, differences between jurisdictions can make it very hard and expensive to share data across state and national lines.
De-identification and anonymisation are often used in research as identifying features such as names and addresses are rarely needed in medical research.
Cryptographers have suggested Differential Privacy as a way to degrade data so that it is harder to re-identify patients. The idea depends on the assumption that there is such a level of data degregation that makes re-identification harder without degrading the data so much that they become unreliable. Finding this ideal amount of degredation is more of an art than a science and many question whether it could even exist in clinical research.
Evidentli has taken a different approach to collaboration that doesn't require sharing data at all.
Evidentli's approach alleviates the need to share data at all so collaboration is easy.
Because our research automation platform Piano uses an open, popular and standard data model, research can be replicated, literally, with a push of a "copy" button. When a research project is copied, the analytic methods are copied without the underlying data. A collaborator can then reproduce the exact project on their own data set confident in knowing that the project was replicated accurately.
An AI produces a high-level and accurate description of the research workflow that can be understood by a reader, as well as a more accurate descriptions that can be used to reproduce research manually even without Piano.
The aim of resarchers is to reproduce research, not copy sensitive data. That's why Evidentli deilvers on the former without needing the latter.
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Buenos Aires - - Monday 18 De January
Home Argentine Music What is cadence in tango?
What is cadence in tango?
Tango dancing is not simple: it requires practice and, above all, learning to feel the music. That's what cadence is all about. Do we dance?
Tango is different than any other dance. Maybe that's why it's practically impossible to improvise a few tango steps if we don't have someone to guide us. One of the factors that makes it so different from other dances is what is called cadence .
Overall, cadence is the pace or speed with which we take the steps . This is common to all genders. The difference is that, in almost every dance, cadence is the music: it is danced at the same rhythm as the music marks. In fact, not doing it like that would be wrong.
Interpreting the music
Tango, on the other hand, allows us to dance at the same pace as music, or faster — up to twice the speed — or slower — at half the speed. It even allows us to stop and stay completely still. However, the most relevant thing about this is that you do not dance at the same rhythm throughout the song. The good dancer knows how to find his own cadence: he alternates different speeds depending on the music and even what the lyrics say. It's about interpreting music personally. It is for this reason that no dancer is equal to the other: each dances the subject in his own way.
Cadence is the result of feeling the music . To feel the tango. That's why you can not teach: it has no rules, you learn on the track, dancing and dancing. It is linked to the feeling of each dancer and, also, to complementation with their partner . If this complementation is not achieved, it is difficult to establish a good cadence. In short, tango consists of making the couple feel how one lives the music, and letting the steps take them to fly in this magical and unique dance.
Publication Date: 07/02/2020
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Entrevista Ari Pucheta Ariel Pucheta and the 25 years of Ráfaga
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chili peppers reduce your risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer and help you live longer
If you want to live a longer, healthier life, spice up your diet, and eat more chili peppers.
A preliminary study that is about to be presented at the American Heart Association’s 2020 Scientific Sessions found that people who eat more chili peppers live longer.
Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic analyzed four studies of dietary patterns of more than 570,000 people from the U.S., China, Italy and Iran. When they compared people who did eat chili peppers to people who rarely or never ate them (they clearly don’t live in our house!), they found three really interesting things across all four countries.
1. People who eat chili peppers have a 25% reduction in all-cause mortality: that is they are 25% less likely to die prematurely.
2. People who eat chili peppers have a 26% reduced risk of dying of cardiovascular disease.
3. People who eat chili peppers have a 23% reduction in the risk of dying from cancer.
This study is not the first to find these big benefits for spicy peppers. Last year, a study found that chili pepper eaters were 23% less likely to die from any cause during the study and 34% less likely to die from cancer.
So, in addition to making your dinner taste great, chili peppers may make you live longer to enjoy more of those delicious dinners!
For much more on eating a delicious, healthy diet, see Linda’s newest cookbook, The All-New Vegetarian Passport Cookbook, a complete cookbook and health book in one.
For comprehensive help with your health, make an appointment to see Linda Woolven nowLinda’s clinic is now open for virtual appointments.
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New COVID-19 Vaccine
OPERATION VACCINATION A nurse prepares a dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. It was approved for use in the U.K. on December 30. MATTHEW HORWOOD—GETTY IMAGES
A new COVID-19 vaccine has been approved for the United Kingdom (U.K.) and other countries. It's a step toward containing the spread of the disease worldwide.
The vaccine was developed by the University of Oxford and the drug company AstraZeneca. It's cheaper than other COVID-19 vaccines. Governments can buy it for a fraction of what those cost. It's also easier to transport and store. The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines must be kept frozen. This one can be stored longer in a normal fridge.
Helen Fletcher is a professor of immunology in London. She calls the vaccine's approval "a turning point for the pandemic," as it was "developed to have global impact that includes people living in the . . . poorest regions of the world." Its makers hope to have enough for up to 20% of the world's population in 2021.
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Honduras is a mountainous land in the center of Central America with coastal plains on the Caribbean and touching the Pacific Coast. It is the second poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and for several years Honduras has been declared the most dangerous country on earth.
In 1998, super-hurricane Mitch destroyed 60% of the country’s infrastructures, killing 11,000 people and the country is still suffering the effects of this devastation. Unemployment is 51-60%. Civil Wars in neighboring countries have greatly affected this small country with none of the rebuilding efforts afforded their neighbors. Recent political problems, especially the 2009 Coup and continuing unstable government, make progress difficult.
The Honduran people are climbing a great hill. They are making progress, but struggle with day to day life. These people need encouragement, and it is Tim and Jaclyn’s desire to help them by walking alongside them where they live.
Welcome to Adelante Honduras: “The Heart of the Community”
Tim and Jaclyn Horan are serving in La Esperanza, Intubića, Honduras. This is a mountainous community reaching 5,200 feet above sea level making it the highest city in Honduras. The city has about 14,000 people. The area has two seasons: May to October is the rainy, winter season and November to April is the dry, summer season. The city and its surrounding area has a large population of an indigenous people called Lenca which is true of the whole country. They have lived in this city and the surrounding community for the past five years.
They have served in Honduras since 2004. Prior to coming to this area, they lived in Azaculpa, Santa Barbara, Honduras. While there, they taught classes in computer, health awareness education, cooking, wood working skills to those in the community. This not only was an educational opportunity, but a bridge builder as well. Seeing men bound by a wheelchair and begging was an opportunity for Tim to teach these men woodworking skills to make wooden toys to be sold, so they could provide for their families. Seeing the needs of young men and women gave them opportunity to mentor them not only in teaching them in life skills, but mentoring them in life as well.
Working with Handicapped Men
In La Esperanza, Tim and Jaclyn continue their efforts to serve the community by concentrating on loving those disenfranchised by the local community through Adelante Honduras, “the heart of the community.” They offer assistance to empower the Lenca women with training and developing products for expanding their business opportunities while being there for them in friendship.
Lenca Women Making Jewelry at Adelante Honduras
They continue to provide a variety of services for the poorest of the poor, reaching out and loving those considered unlovable. Providing food supplements for several children unable to eat normal food is changing their lives. This makes a huge difference in their quality of life and health. These homes are also being provided with food regularly. They will hire local people for projects they are involved in. This helps the local economy and the people in it. Along with this, you will see them driving down the road bringing these people to the doctors or hospital. They have also worked alongside a NGO (non-governmental organization) to build a house for a man and his thirteen year old daughter living in a broken down shack giving them a safe place to live.
Serving the Community: Building an Aquaponics System for Growing Food
Another way Tim and Jaclyn help encourage and strengthen the people of Honduras and the community of La Esperanza is consulting with a local farmer to bring sustainable solutions for growing food, organizing NGO’s and local leaders to assist the people of their communities, bring in people for specialized training for the local NGO’s in the farming techniques of aquaponics and areas of chronic anxiety and panic attacks. Many Honduran women suffer from issues related to panic and anxiety.
In the Mountains: Building a House for Father, Daughter, and Grandson
Encouraging the people to continue their education is a huge stepping stone for the future of Honduras. Teaching classes in English and other subjects in a local school has been an effort they have made to help young boys and girls learn the skills they will need to be successful when they leave school.
Jaclyn Teaching 5th Graders English at Local School
Adelante Honduras headed by Tim and Jaclyn Horan is making a difference in the people of Honduras by serving them in many ways. Without their support and encouragement, these people would continue to fight an uphill battle with very little hope. Yet, their involvement has provided more opportunities for the people and surrounding communities of La Esperanza to be successful while helping in stabilizing the effects of poverty on these impoverished people and giving them hope for their future. |
Macular degeneration
How is macular degeneration detected and what can be done about it?
The macula is the very central area of the retina that provides the highest visual resolution. It is particularly important for the many detailed visual tasks that are an integral part of modern life both close up and far away, from reading to watching television, to looking at the mobile phone. Macular degeneration is typically not seen until the later decades of life, especially the 70s onwards. The major modifiable risk factor for macular degeneration is smoking, which increases the risk about four times.
Having your eyes examined by an optometrist is not just a matter of determining whether or not you need a new pair of glasses. Equally if not more important are procedures to assess the health of your eyes at each visit. These include a thorough inspection of the retina, the light-sensitive film at the back of the eye, as well as the taking of photographic and/or cross-sectional images which are particularly helpful in confirming or otherwise the presence of macular degeneration.
There are two main types of macular degeneration, “dry” and “wet”. Dry macular degeneration is usually a very slow process that gradually affects vision over many years, whereas wet macular degeneration results in a dramatic and sudden change in vision. Patients with dry macular degeneration are at greater risk of progressing to the wet form, and will sometimes be placed on supplements to slow down (but not stop) the progression of their disease. Otherwise, there is currently little that can be done about dry macular degeneration.
For patients with wet macular degeneration, there is a window of a few weeks where injections into the eye can result in significant recovery of vision. This injection is performed by an eye specialist or ophthalmologist. Patients at risk of developing wet macular degeneration will usually be provided with an Amsler grid chart that they should view weekly so that they can seek attention promptly should they detect changes in their vision.
We recommend regular examinations of the eyes every two-three years to monitor the health of the retina.
If it has been a while since your last eye examination why not schedule an appointment today. |
What Is Considered Inconsolable Crying?
Why does my baby suddenly cry hysterically?
Sometimes he may cry if his nappy is uncomfortable and wet..
What happens to your body when you cry a lot?
Emotional tears also contain more mood-regulating manganese than the other types. Stress “tightens muscles and heightens tension, so when you cry you release some of that,” Sideroff says. “[Crying] activates the parasympathetic nervous system and restores the body to a state of balance.”
What is shudder syndrome?
What are the signs of colic?
What is purple crying?
What is inconsolable crying?
What is considered excessive crying?
When should I take my baby to the ER for crying?
Go to the ER if: — Your child is older than 3 months and has a fever of 104° F or more, accompanied by symptoms like unresponsiveness, inconsolable crying, trouble breathing, vomiting or seizures.
What happens if a baby cries too long?
What do you do when a baby is crying uncontrollably?
Hold and Comfort for Crying:Hold and try to calm your baby whenever he cries without a reason. … Rock your child in a rocking chair, in a cradle or while standing. … Place in a windup swing or vibrating chair.Take for a stroller ride, outdoors or indoors.Do anything else you think may be comforting.
How do I know if my baby is crying in pain?
Infants give certain behavioral signals when they are hurting:Crying—Your baby’s cry may be more insistent, higher pitched, and may last longer than usual. … Making faces—Your baby may grimace, open their mouth, wrinkle their brow, have deep lines around their nose and squeeze their eyes shut.More items…
What is neurogenic crying?
Children with cerebral palsy often cry inconsolably without cause, known as neurogenic crying. This type of crying is different than the cry from pain or frustration. According to studies, it’s thought that underlying neurobehavioral, subclinical seizures or other static brain injury may be sources of the crying. |
Preparation of Fudan work together to achieve the Singapore National graphene aqueous phase with high efficiency
Graphene is the thinnest material available, the highest strength, thermal conductivity best novel two-dimensional material, in many fields of intelligent equipment, aerospace, energy storage and environmental governance huge application potential, is an important strategic emerging materials. However, how to achieve high-quality graphene with high efficiency, large-scale preparation, has been a key problem restricting the large-scale application. Ideal solution is from natural flake graphite, graphene to be peeled off in the liquid phase. According to experts, to avoid irreversible aggregation graphene liquid release is usually required in a particular solvent, the solvent dispersibility of graphene limits the efficiency of the peeling, the peeling liquid so that at a high concentration difficult. Typically graphene content is generally less than 1mg / mL, which means the production of at least 1kg graphene amount of solvent 1 ton. In addition, graphene is a strong tendency to aggregate also make it difficult to store, transport, challenged for the subsequent application. Fudan University and the National University of Singapore researchers cooperation by introducing a very small amount of ionization oxygen-containing functional groups in the graphene surface, high-quality graphene preparation in the aqueous phase of the high-efficiency, help accelerate large-scale industrial applications of graphene. In response to these problems, researchers used a non-stable dispersion policy, by introducing a very small amount of oxygen-containing functional groups ionizable in the graphene surface, fast, high yield at very high concentrations of stripped product was 90% or more peeling single graphene layer, and less lattice defects. The stripping process, the surface of the electric double layer is compressed, flocculation manner graphene precipitated precipitate formed, which was concentrated to even very high solids cake, month room temperature storage, it can still be redispersed in an aqueous solution to form a homogeneous stable graphene suspension, so as to effectively solve the problem of storage and transport graphene scale applications. In addition, graphene aqueous phase slurry prepared by this method exhibit good rheological properties, can be directly printed by 3D graphene airgel prepared in various shapes, such as graphene storage, environmental control, applications such as multi-functional composite materials provide a new path. |
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Thrombocytopenia is one of the most frequent causes for hematologic consultation in the practice of medicine and may be life threatening. Although the normal platelet count in humans (150–400 × 109/L) far exceeds the minimal level required to avoid pathologic hemorrhage (<50 × 109/L), a number of medical conditions either increasing the destruction of platelets or reducing their production enhance the risk of bleeding. This chapter discusses an approach to the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, grouping various causes by mechanism of action and describing our current understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis. In the vast majority of patients, a cause of thrombocytopenia can be identified and effective therapy instituted.
Platelets are anucleate blood cells produced in the marrow by polyploid cells termed megakaryocytes and were described in the 19th century after the application of the improved compound microscope allowed these very small cells, 2 μM in diameter, to be identified. Many early investigators are associated with the discovery of blood platelets, including Alfred Donné, Georges Hayem, Guilio Bizzozero, and William Osler, but it was James Homer Wright who in 1906, using his special stain (later called Wright stain), described the morphology of platelets with their central granular area and marginal hyaline zone and established that they were the product of the fragmentation of marrow megakaryocytes. Clot retraction was discovered long before platelets, but Hayem, through a series of studies, showed retraction to be dependent on platelets. During the mid-20th century, the aggregation of platelets, their adherence to collagen of damaged tissues, their acceleration of blood coagulation, and their relationship to the bleeding time and the biochemistry underlying several of these processes were described by scientists, among whom were Paul Owren, Kenneth Brinkhaus, Edwin Chargaff, Ernst Lüsher, Marjorie Zucker, and William Duke.
Platelets circulate in close contact with the endothelium, continually monitoring its integrity. When the vessel wall is damaged, platelets bind to subendothelial proteins, initiating the process of primary hemostasis. At sites of blood loss, the platelets aggregate to form a vessel-sealing plug to halt bleeding. Activated platelets at sites of injury also provide a surface for assembly of coagulation reactions, resulting in the production of fibrin and consolidation of the thrombus. Both qualitative and quantitative deficiencies of the platelets cause bleeding. Platelets also have important functions in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and wound healing.1
Approximately 1 × 1011 platelets are produced per day by an adult human, a number that can be increased 20-fold or more if necessary.2 One-third of the platelets are stored in the spleen, and the remaining two-thirds circulate in blood vessels.3 Disorders that increase splenic volume cause more platelets to be trapped in the spleen, lowering the concentration of circulating platelets, although alone, this redistribution rarely causes a significant bleeding diathesis.
Under normal conditions, human platelets have a mean lifespan ...
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Monday, January 18, 2021
India needs low-input, high-output agriculture. This cannot be achieved without science and technology
However, the biggest impediment to agricultural R&D has been overzealous opposition to the new technologies from ideologues of the left and right.
Written by Deepak Pental | Updated: January 6, 2021 8:52:59 am
The current debates are mainly on minimum support price, reducing farmers’ debt liabilities, reducing post-harvest losses, cash transfers to keep farming viable for the smallholders, and marketing reforms.
In the current debate on agricultural reforms, an important aspect has been forgotten — the role of agricultural R&D in supporting the farming systems. Supposing farmers in Punjab, Haryana and western UP, who are in the forefront of the current agitation, had alternative crops that could replace rice and wheat or both and were as remunerative as the two cereal crops, would they be braving the cold and COVID-19? The answer is they would have already moved on.
The current debates are mainly on minimum support price, reducing farmers’ debt liabilities, reducing post-harvest losses, cash transfers to keep farming viable for the smallholders, and marketing reforms. Very little attention is being given to reducing the natural resource inputs — most critical being water —and agricultural R&D. India and many other parts of the world with entrenched poverty require low-input, high-output agriculture; low input in terms of both natural resources and monetary inputs. This cannot be achieved without science and technology.
Agriculture inputs that can be estimated in monetary terms are irrigation, tilling and harvesting, fertilizers, agrochemicals and seeds. India receives around 4,000 billion cubic meters (bcm) of rainfall, but a large part of it falls in the east. Moreover, most of the rain is received within 100 hours of torrential downpour, making water storage and irrigation critical for agriculture. India has one of the highest water usages for agriculture in the world — of the total 761 bcm withdrawals of water, 688 bcm (90.5 per cent) goes into agriculture leaving 17 bcm (1.2 per cent) for industry and 56 bcm for municipal use. In comparison, China uses 385.2 bcm (64.4 per cent) out of the total withdrawals of 598.1 bcm for agriculture. Their per-unit land productivity in terms of crop production is almost two to three times more.
The total estimated groundwater depletion in India is in the range of 122-199 bcm as calculated from the observation wells (1996-2016) and satellite data (2002-2016). The depletion is highest in Punjab, Haryana, and western UP. Why are farmers from these regions still insisting on continuing with the wheat-rice cycle? The fact is that agricultural research has neither provided alternative, equally remunerative crops nor farming systems that would reduce natural resource inputs.
Wheat and rice are exceptionally high-yielding crops, the third being hybrid maize. Years of intense research on yield increase and yield protection by breeding varieties and hybrids resistant to pests and pathogens has made these crops stable high yielders. Maize can be a replacement for rice — however, maize is used as livestock and poultry feed. Due to low purchasing power amongst the poor, the demand for maize is not as extensive in India as in the western world and east Asia. I have often heard environmentalists suggest replacing rice with coarse grain crops — millets, sorghum etc. Currently, these crops are pushed to the most marginal dryland areas. However, the yields of these crops are not comparable to those of wheat and rice even when protective irrigation is available. These crops have a serious R&D deficit leading to low yield potential as well as losses to pests and pathogens.
This leaves us with pulses and oilseeds. In the 2017-18 fiscal year, India imported around Rs 76,000 crore worth of edible oils. Three oilseed crops (mustard, soybean, and groundnut) are already grown very extensively. Soybean and groundnut are legume crops and fix their nitrogen. All three crops not only provide edible oils but are also an excellent source of protein-rich seed or seed meal for livestock and poultry. Unfortunately, yields of the three crops are stagnating in India at around 1.1 tons per hectare, significantly lower than the global averages. Even if we grow these crops in Punjab, Haryana, and western UP, diseases and pests tend to negatively impact any yield gains.
In evolutionary biology, the interaction between pests/pathogens and their hosts at the gene or the organism level has been described as the great “arms race”. The host evolves defences against a pathogen, which goes under intense selection pressure for the emergence of a mechanism that would overcome the host defences. Just as human beings are vulnerable to some major pests and pathogens, every crop has enemies — viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, nematodes, insects and large herbivores, weeds, even parasitic plants. One way is to let the “arms race” run its course. The other way, a hallmark of the human species, is to use accumulated knowledge.
Pests and pathogens can be best tackled by agrochemicals or by genetic interventions. Total pesticide consumption at the global level has increased from 2.4 million tonnes in 1990 to about 4 million tonnes in 2011; thereafter, the consumption is steady. The flattening of the curve reflects the use of some new generation of molecules that are effective in lesser quantities. A recent global level study on crop losses in the main food security hotspots for five major crops showed significant losses to pests — on average for wheat 21.5 per cent, rice 20 per cent, maize 22.5 per cent, potato 17.2 per cent, and soybean 21.4 per cent. Losses in the low yield areas are more as farmers cannot afford the cost of pesticides.
India is one of the lowest users of pesticides. In 2014, comparative use of pesticides in kilograms per hectare in some select countries/regions is as following: Africa 0.30, India 0.36, EU countries 3.09, China 14.82, and Japan 15.93. A study conducted to estimate the yield losses to weeds between 2003-2014 by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management has revealed losses between 14 and 36 per cent, with soybean and groundnut showing the highest losses — more than 30 per cent. Estimated yield losses due to weeds alone are around Rs 80,000 crore annually.
A more benign method for dealing with pests is through breeding. The Green Revolution technologies were based on the effective use of germplasm and strong phenotypic selections. Astounding developments in molecular biology in the early second half of the 20th century and their translation into recombinant DNA technologies since the 1970s have brought forth unprecedented opportunities for genetic improvement of crops. Since 2000, genomes of all the major crops have been sequenced. More recently, primary germplasm and the wild relatives of the major crops have also been sequenced. The big challenge is in the effective utilisation of the enormous sequence data that is available. India’s efforts in all three areas are half-hearted. There is currently a virtual paralysis on the use of genetic engineering and gene editing technologies.
Investments in R&D in general are low. Over the last 20 years, India has been spending between 0.7 to 0.8 per cent of its GDP on R&D, way below the percentage of GDP spent by the developing countries and Asia’s rapidly growing economies. There are structural issues like lack of competent human resources and lack of policy clarity. However, the biggest impediment to agricultural R&D has been overzealous opposition to the new technologies from ideologues of the left and right.
Maybe the present crisis would lead to a greater appreciation of the need for strong public supported R&D in agriculture.
This article first appeared in the print edition on January 6, 2021 under the title ‘In farm debate, missing R&D’. The writer is a former vice-chancellor of the University of Delhi
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The Pilgrimage into the Mind
A series about that mind, that can include memory loss, disease, mental heath, etc. This article is focusing on the first topic listed.
Nicolina Bilella, Staff Writer
An expected fate for older individuals is for their memories to fade, however a similar fate can happen to people significantly younger, children. Memory is a very fickle thing, so there can never be a clear cut answer. There seems to different diagnoses for different conditions.
According to the article “Helping Someone with Memory Loss” by the University of Rochester Medical Center, memory loss can develop from a multitude of reasons such as:
puberty, trauma, lack of sleep, aging, stress, brain wound(s), drugs/substance or alcohol, illness, an existing disability.
Believe it or not, dyslexia can even be a factor. According to The National Benefit Authority, it is the most common factor for short term memory loss. Dyslexia most affects short term memory, including the difficulty of processing and remembering new information presented (mostly out loud), and verbally repeating the information.
The most common problem is recollecting the sequence of events, tasks, etc. Most situations that a child has to face pertaining memory would be considered short term memory loss, which should go away eventually. However a majority of parents don’t want to wait it out. Whatever help you get may not be a magical cure that reverses any damage or pulls your child up to a normal comprehension level, but it still can help.
As reported by the aforementioned article by the University of Rochester Medical Center, here are some tips for parents helping a youngster with memory loss. First focus on the child’s strengths and weaknesses. This will make life a lot easier if parents make mental notes of the topics their child needs help in and can accomplish on their own. Second, it’s helpful to break down the information into smaller parts. For example if you ask your child to do their homework and then chores you may have to remind them of each specific activity (according to their level). Third, remember to repeat or write down the details to your child since with most children, you can’t expect a child to retain information and be able to do the activity later on. If you are repeating the information, do it so the child really retains the details and if possible. Also try to get the child to verbally replicate the materials back.
There isn’t much online talking about the experience of memory loss in young people, so it is extremely difficult to get help or advice. If you or someone you know is dealing with something like this go to a doctor or psychiatrist right away. There may be a choice of medication or therapy to help the disability. It may not sound to be the most serious problem, but it is better having a professional laying eyes on the issue.
Keep searching the Charles Street Times to tune in next time for information on the founding of Digital Dementia! |
sulfur dioxide
a chemical element, atomic number 16, atomic weight 32.064, symbol S. (See Appendix 6.)
sulfur dioxide a colorless, nonflammable gas used as an antioxidant in pharmaceutical preparations; it is also an important air pollutant, irritating the eyes and respiratory tract.
precipitated sulfur a topical scabicide, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, and keratolytic.
sublimed sulfur a topical scabicide and antiparasitic.
sul·fur di·ox·ide
a colorless, nonflammable gas with a strong, suffocating odor; a powerful reducing agent used to prevent oxidative deterioration of food and medicinal products.
See also: sulfurous acid.
Synonym(s): sulfurous oxide
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
sulfur di·ox·ide
(SO2) (sŭlfŭr dī-oksīd)
Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012
References in periodicals archive ?
The DEP proposes that the tax be adjusted according to the amount sulfur dioxide in the fuel.
Because of these variables and the variation in winemaking styles, every winemaker or winemaking text is likely to have a different answer to the question: "how much sulfur dioxide should be added?" This confusion can be frustrating to novice vintners but it illustrates one important point; there are few absolute rules of winemaking and depending on the situation and the type of wine that is being made there are many options.
The investigated concentrations of sulfur dioxide in ambient air, mg/[m.sup.3] is the sum of concentrations obtained by calculating the first and second absorbent dish samples:
The agency reported the sulfur dioxide limit of 0.065 pounds per million BTUs was exceeded with emissions as high as 0.252 pounds per million BTUs.
16), sulfur dioxide reacts with water vapor in the air to produce sulfuric acid.
As part of a long-range plan to lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sulfur dioxide emissions by 10% from 2006 to 2010, the goal for 2006 was to lower COD and sulfur dioxide emissions by 2%.
Completion of the work will eliminate more than 30,000 tons of sulfur dioxide emissions annually by sending 100 percent of the flue gases through the station's desulfurization equipment (scrubbers).
According to PNNL, laboratory researchers have identified the potential for using cryptomelane to trap sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide from diesel engine emissions on monolith supports.
They can be emitted directly from diesel engines and wood fires or created indirectly in the atmosphere by the interaction of ammonia, water vapor, and other gases with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, two pollutants primarily released by industry and cars.
When dust storms pass over industrialized areas, they can pick up sulfur dioxide, an acidic trace gas emitted from industrial facilities and power plants. |
Cell Membranes – Feed Them And Increase Your Energy
Cell Membranes – Feed Them And Increase Your Energy
What are membranes?
Why do you need to know about them?
How do you support them so you can have energy?
Our body is composed of membranes. Each cell has a wall called a ‘membrane’, actually a double membrane. When I first saw a photograph of an enlarged image of a cell membrane I was blown away by the architectural beauty. Truly that alone could be proof of a creative mind behind the development of our engineering. In this article, I discuss in lay terms why they are so important and why when there is dysfunction our energy is affected. I’ll also discuss what you can do about it. Enjoy!
Inside our cells, there are 10 times more membrane structures, most life actions take place at the membrane.
So why do we need to take care of our membranes?
Medicine assumes that the membranes function properly.
It is not commonly thought that membranes can suffer insults, they can get weak, leaky and non-functional.
What makes membranes ill?
Toxic attacks of neurotoxins like heavy metals destroy brain cells and body cells alike. Chemicals like solvents dissolve fatty structures like membranes. Mould toxins like Aflatoxin in peanut butter are carcinogenic (see my next blog), as well as chemicals and heavy metals which disturb membrane function.
Can ill membranes be fixed?
Yes. Membrane structure and composition depends on the good things you consume and the things you come in contact with on a daily basis. It is like balancing your account. If you get enough high-quality membrane reconstructing substances into your system and stay away from the aggressive villains you regain health on a cellular membrane level.
What is needed?
Firstly, you need to consume good food to support healthy cells and membranes as they are mainly built out of protein and lipids (fats). You need protein with all amino acids in your daily nutrition which can be from both animal or vegetarian sources.
Then you need these beautiful oils and fats that are building parts of the phospholipids puzzle.
Take one gram of omega-three per ten kilograms of weight per day to balance your omega 6 intakes.
To get rid of the toxic stuff you need heavier help in the form of the wondrous phospholipids themselves.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) in combination with the other family members of phospholipids helps to groom out toxins and establish strong and powerful mitochondria powerhouses (ATP production) and cell walls.
• Organ-, brain-, cell regeneration
• Sturdy energy production
• Strong and radiant cell structures
• Better ageing
• Longevity
• Health maintenance
• Recovery from toxic burden and damage
If you would like to find out how your fats are performing start with blood microscopy to get a visual of the membrane and then consider using NES scanning for insight into your toxic burden. Soon, we will be introducing cell membrane analysis via a laboratory in the US. For more information have a look at Dr Patricia Kane’s work on cell membranes.
Deborah Taylor
[email protected]
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21Notes Valmiki Ramayan
The daily Yogananda Webinar Guru Series, conceived to get some of the best brains from diverse fields through virtual interactions, has become a big draw.
In the fascinating session with Yashodeep Deodhar, creator of 21Notes Valmiki Ramayan, we come to know about the relevance of Ramayan in the world of today and whether it is based on fact or fiction. Yashodeep read out some excerpts from the first Ramayan, which was published in Europe. The original edition of the Ramayan was printed and published in Paris from 1843 to 1867.
Talking about fact and fiction, if Valmiki just wanted to write poetry, why would he create a bullet point list? If this was just a thriller or war story, why war readers with a list of names. There are lists of all kinds, like “astrass” and “shastraas”. Out of 500 chapters, there are two chapters with just names, one after another. Giving an example, Yashodeep said, “I would like to take you to a place near Mumbai called Alora. There is a temple which was built out of a mountain and it’s a huge temple which took around 600 years to be completed.” He further added, “Inside the temple, right in the middle, there are two sides and two stories are painted on these two sides, which are Ramayan and Mahabharat.” If we think about it, were our ancestors so inspired by these stories that for 600 years they were chipping away rocks so that they could paint them into pictures of those stories?
Yashodeep asked why Valmiki wrote Ramayan. “Because,” he said, “Valmiki wanted to set the highest example of good behaviour, the perfect human behaviour.” And today, bad behaviour in society is certainly a problem that we are battling. It was essentially called ‘Rakshasa Pravriti’ at that time. ‘Rakshasa Pravriti’ was prevalent then and is prevalent now. And in order to overcome that, we need an ideal of what is right behaviour and that is the ideal which Valmiki put in front of us.
If you replace the word ‘Dharma’ by some other phrase when you try to translate it in English, the phrase that fits best is ‘Righteous Behaviour’.
‘Vanaras’ were one set of people, whose identity is largely misunderstood over time. The other set is ‘Rakshasas’. Very clearly in Valmiki’s Ramayan, ‘Rakshasas’ were not a different race. They were not only in South India or Sri Lanka. There was nothing geographical about it. In fact, the first ‘Rakshas’ was Tadka, a woman. She became ‘Rakshasi’. And that is what happens, people change! |
Topic / Blog
The importance of reducing stress
November 4th marks National Stress Awareness Day, so we would like to take the opportunity to reflect on the importance of stress reduction, especially for those who have MS.
walking on the beach
Studies show that experiencing stress can affect MS relapses for those with RRMS and worsen MS symptoms. Long-term, continuous stress keeps the immune system in a hyper-alert state, it is very pro-inflammatory and creates wear and tear in the body, otherwise known as allostatic load. There is a good evidence base to back this up, click here to read studies which share more detailed information.
Although it's simply not possible to avoid stressful life events, there are ways that you can learn to deal with stress so that you prevent MS relapses. Scientists have discovered that stress management techniques can significantly reduce lesions and MS relapses.
MS symptoms can also be stressful in themselves, and symptoms can naturally feel worse if you are feeling stressed and anxious. Managing your overall stress level and finding new ways to cope can help you in the long term.
Meditation - Step 4 of the OMS program
One effective way to manage stress effectively is meditation. Strong scientific evidence shows that meditation affects areas in the brain that can help you to respond to stress more effectively. Watch this short video to find out more.
There are many different ways to meditate. OMS focuses mainly on mindfulness meditation, as a large and increasing body of evidence supports this approach. However, practicing any kind of meditation is likely to be beneficial and is encouraged. Take a look at the range of guided meditations OMS offer for free.
We have also created a monthly meditation guide which you can follow to help you stay on track.
Other elements of the OMS recovery program which can help
There are also other steps of the program which can help manage stress more effectively.
• Exercise - exercise can directly reduce stress by increasing your endorphins, but it also improves your overall sense of wellbeing, especially if you are enjoying the physical activity and socialising with friends at the same time (when restrictions allow).
• Diet - chronic stress releases cortisol and studies have shown this increases the desire for calorie-laden, sweet, fatty, processed foods. A bad diet can lead to inflammation of the gut which leads to an MS relapse. So what's the best diet to help reduce stress and improve MS symptoms? We have made it easy with an OMS diet which includes reducing saturated fats, increasing omega-3 intake and a wide range of colourful fruit and vegetables. Take a look at all our delicious recipes for inspiration and read about OMSers diet/stress experiences
Tips and suggestions from the OMS community
Roy Bartlett
Stress begins in the mind, but lives in the body. The personal impact of your stressors depends more on your perception and how you interpret them than the actual stressors themselves. On whether you react, which is likely to trigger the physiological ‘fight, flight or freeze’ reaction, or whether you respond and remain calm and stay being ‘present’.
Managing stress positively is all about ‘managing the mind’. It is the very primitive part of our brain that triggers off our fight, light or freeze reaction and can’t always distinguish between real or imagined stressful events. The whole point of the flight, fight or freeze system is to get us ready to do something and is concerned with instinctive reactions involving strong emotions. Strong emotions focus and lock our attention resulting in our making simplified ‘black-or-white’ choices.
However, most of the stressors we face today are not of the ‘life-or-death’ variety. Once the fight, flight or freeze system kicks in it denies us full access to our rational thinking part of the brain. To regain access to our rational brain, we need to learn how to calm ourselves down and relax whenever we start feeling overwhelmed with stress.
Many people find the easiest way to relax is to concentrate on their own breathing and use a simple technique called the 7/11 method – to breathe in to the count of 7, then breathe out gently and to the count of 11 (this is important because the out breathe stimulates the body’s natural relaxation response). Keep repeating this breathing pattern while noticing the calming changes that start to happen throughout your body. As our body relaxes, so does our mind.
This is the first step in learning how to stay calm and build emotional resilience as well as ‘managing our mind’. It also regains us access to our rational brain once more and gives us the opportunity to ask ourselves such questions as ‘how real is this stress I am starting to get anxious about?’, ‘what are the chances it will really happen?’, ‘how do I know that this will be the outcome?’.
This is the key to starting to learn how to avoid needless stress. However it is not always easy to make the important changes I am suggesting here on your own; know your limits. This is when a professional counsellor is invaluable. The creative and perceptive input of an effective counsellor will pick up on the information that is relevant for helping you to help yourself gain mastery over managing your stress positively.
If you are serious in wanting to avoid the needless stressors in your life, give yourself the gift of self-compassion, and make a commitment to seek the help of a professional counsellor on this National Stress Awareness Day.
Hannah Morris-Bankole
Juggling several different commitments including family, children, work and study coupled with the added burden of Covid related struggles, being 9 months post part partum AND a diagnosis of MS, I am aware that I am vulnerable to relapse. With the knowledge that stress is a trigger for me, like many, I particularly anxious of late and has encouraged me to up my game when it comes to stress management.
Historically my response to stress has been rather unsightly and typically displayed in the format of something that could be likened to that of a 2-year-old throwing a tantrum; something that I am far from unfamiliar with, with a tantrum-throwing 2-year-old daughter myself. She might be excused because you might expect a 2-year-old to shout and scream and kick her feet on the floor if she doesn’t get her own way, but not a 36-year-old woman!
In order to avoid the consequences of stress and sending myself into yet another relapse I’ve tried and tested different ways to manage my stress over the years until I’ve finally arrived at a routine that seems to work for me.
The key change I’ve made and approach I’ve taken is to be proactive in addressing stress. Former attempts have relied almost entirely on a reactive response that have at best only yielded partial success.
There are 2 key components to my proactive approach; trigger recognition and maintenance.
Trigger recognition:
Too much workload can contribute to my levels of stress and is responsible to some extent, but I’ve come to realise that the even bigger stress trigger for me is sensory overload; noise in particular. Loud noises, too many voices and too much background noise flips the stress switch to the on position. Now I have this vital gem of information I can recognise when the stress switch is about to flip ahead of time before I have that temper-tantrum. When I feel this moment brewing, I walk away from the immediate environment (without my phone or other distracters) to a quieter space, sit down (or even lie down) and take a few deep breaths. Since I haven’t yet reached the moment of no return this only literally requires nothing more than 5 minutes before returning back. This helps to return the physiological response by lowering heart, breathing and respiration rates before they reaches levels that can impact on the psychological response also.
I’ve also found that it helps to let people around you know that this is a trigger for you so that they can help too by reducing the noise.
Beyond doing this when I notice my trigger being activated, I’ve also found that its helpful to have these short breaks at various points during the days, just for 2 or 3 minutes at a time even if I am not feeling at all stressed.
Essentially, in my experience, the key to stress management is to take a proactive approach by becoming familiar with your stress triggers and when you have identified them and they occur, separating yourself from the environment in the moment for a short while to recalibrate before returning.
Lucija Berce
Managing stress is a lot of hard work but one of the most important skills to master if you want to navigate today's fast-paced society with peace of mind and some serenity. It is hard managing it as a healthy person let alone as someone who has to deal with chronic health conditions. So managing stress for my husband who lives with MS, I as his partner and my family comes down to a few practices we learned and applied to our daily routine: meditating, exercising, and being creative. We found out that these three tools are the most effective for keeping our stress levels down and the ones that keep our family open for communicating freely about the MS and how to live patiently with it as a family unit.
But arriving at that point took some struggle, courage, and dedication. I would love to say that meditation came into our lives naturally, as a preventive self-care tool but in reality, we started meditating when our lives were messy and in need of a lot of tender loving care. It was 2014 and my husband was just diagnosed with PPMS and I had to deal with the loss of both my father and my brother in two years. So at a certain point, everyday life became hard, and our minds exploded. I experienced several panic attacks, a million different thoughts and feelings speeding through my head like the fastest Japanese train. How will I manage to take care of a disabled person, what about my life and my desires – do they matter anymore? How to explain to our daughter what is happening to her dad?
While we searched for meaningful resources to deal with MS we started following George Jelinek's 7-step program and meditation was of course one of its important pillars. I jumped on board with it immediately and did the online course Mindfulness for a Peak Performance from Monash University, and started practicing it quite regularly. My husband struggled with its concept for a while but eventually joined me and took a slightly different approach. As he is a very authentic personality his way of successfully managing stress came down to a combination of yoga breathing exercises with performing karate kata's in slow-motion, similar to tai chi exercises.
The interesting part and the one we did not see it coming was that all these practices also opened the doors to be more creative and developing new hobbies that fill your heart with pleasure and calm. We learned to accept our sometimes heavy thoughts, not fighting them anymore but gently letting them go like the clouds that gather and then vanish again. Famous Buddhist nun Pema Chodron says it beautifully: 'You are the sky, everything else is just the weather.'
So ultimately successfully managing stress helps me be a better partner to someone who has to live with MS and it also helps me coping easier with life's challenges that such a chronic condition brings. It also enriches our overall family communication. We have a teenage daughter and it is much easier to explain difficulties her dad and I experience with a calmer mind and she can freely and openly express her feelings and possible frustrations that her dad's condition might bring to her. So start exploring ways and practices to help you manage stress and do it with your authentic twist.
Karen Costello-Mcfeat
Like many people, my MS flared following a period of prolonged stress. And though debate continues as to whether stress causes MS, there is no doubt at all that it worsens it.
Neurologist Professor Giovannoni’s study revealed that 83% of participants experienced a worsening of their symptoms after a stressful period. This is because stress triggers an inflammatory response and dysregulates our immune system. Continued stress isn’t good for anyone, but for those with MS, it literally makes us ill.
We can’t avoid stress, but we can learn strategies to help us minimise its impact.
Our first defence is simply to breathe deeply and regularly. In this way, we trick the brain into thinking all is well and our body returns to equilibrium. Alternately, try humming. It naturally slows breathing and occupies the mind in a positive way.
Stay Present
Meditation and mindfulness practice are all about reminding us to stay in the present. We can affect neither the future nor the past, but we can control how we behave now. By keeping up a regular practice in mindfulness, we equip ourselves to better cope with all life’s craziness.
Avoid Drama
The media, in all its forms, is fuelled by conflict, tension and outrage. It stimulates extreme emotions which can, sometimes, become addictive. Exciting though it may be, it does nothing for our well-being. Limiting our exposure is therefore wise, particularly at the beginning and end of the day. If we use this time instead for quiet reflection, our sleep and our day will pass much more serenely.
This Too Shall Pass
Even the most distressing and stressful circumstances have an end. Remembering this helps us maintain balance amid the whirlwind. Look after yourself and work on strategies to keep stress under control. Your body will thank you for it.
If you have any tips or advice you would like to share with the community, please leave them in the comments below.
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The Power of Listening
Posted on: Tue, 11/03/2020 - 12:00
Stephen Covey
I sometimes feel like the whole world is shouting right now. Even email messages with bold fonts and all capital letters are shouting. Everyone wants to be heard. It seems that everyone is angry.
Perhaps this anger and shouting are due to the pandemic. The uncertainty and stress from the pandemic definitely contribute to anger. Perhaps this anger and shouting are due to the polarization that grips our country. Perhaps this anger and shouting are due to fear—fear that our country will never have the courage to truly come to grips with systemic racism or fear of what would happen if we do.
Fear and anger erode trust. Fear and anger destroy relationships. Fear and anger diminish confidence. Fear and anger hurt. Fear and anger lead to shouting instead of listening.
The challenges we face as a nation and a community are complex, but historically our nation and community have faced many complex challenges. Democracy is messy, hard work rooted in ideals and principles on which most people can agree. It is harder to agree on how to achieve those ideals.
That brings me back to the importance of listening with an intent to understand. Understanding does not mean that I must agree with the point of view being expressed. However, listening to understand enables me to hear a different perspective—to see another piece of the big picture. Listening to understand lets people know that I value them and their stories. Listening to understand is how learning occurs. Listening to understand is how we grow as individuals. Listening to understand is the first step in finding truth. Listening to understand is how we begin to tackle complex problems.
If we want to create change for the better in our nation and our community, then we need to stop shouting and start listening. |
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Jumbled up sentences show that AIs still don’t really understand language
Many AIs that appear to understand language and that score better than humans on a common set of comprehension tasks don’t notice when the words in a sentence are jumbled up, which shows that they don’t really understand language at all. The problem lies in the way natural language processing (NLP) systems are trained; it also points to a way to make them better.
Researchers at Auburn University in Alabama and Adobe Research discovered the flaw when they tried to get an NLP system to generate explanations for its behavior, such as why it claimed different sentences meant the same thing. When they tested their approach they realised that shuffling words in a sentence made no difference to the explanations. “This is a general problem to all NLP models,” says Anh Nguyen at Auburn University, who led the work.
The team looked at several state-of-the-art NLP systems based on BERT (a language model developed by Google that underpins many of the latest systems, including GPT-3). All of these systems score better than humans on GLUE (General Language Understanding Evaluation), a standard set of tasks designed to test language comprehension, such as spotting paraphrases, judging if a sentence expresses positive or negative sentiments, and verbal reasoning.
Man bites dog: They found that these systems couldn’t tell when words in a sentence were jumbled up, even when the new order changed the meaning. For example, the systems correctly spotted that the sentences “Does marijuana cause cancer?” and “How can smoking marijuana give you lung cancer?” were paraphrases. But they were even more certain that “You smoking cancer how marijuana lung can give?” and “Lung can give marijuana smoking how you cancer?” meant the same thing too. The systems also decided that sentences with opposite meanings such as “Does marijuana cause cancer?” and “Does cancer cause marijuana?” were asking the same question.
The only task where word order mattered was one in which the models had to check the grammatical structure of a sentence. Otherwise, between 75% and 90% of the tested systems’ answers did not change when the words were shuffled.
What’s going on? The models appear to pick up on a few key words in a sentence, whatever order they come in. They do not understand language as we do and GLUE—a very popular benchmark—does not measure true language use. In many cases, the task a model is trained on does not force it to care about word order or syntax in general. In other words, GLUE teaches NLP models to jump through hoops.
Many researchers have started to use a harder set of tests called SuperGLUE but Nguyen suspects it will have similar problems.
This issue has also been identified by Yoshua Bengio and colleagues, who found that reordering words in a conversation sometimes did not change the responses chatbots made. And a team from Facebook AI Research found examples of this happening with Chinese. Nguyen’s team shows that the problem is widespread.
Does it matter? It depends on the application. On one hand, an AI that still understands when you make a typo or say something garbled, as another human could, would be useful. But, in general, word order is crucial when unpicking a sentence’s meaning.
fix it How to? The good news is that it might not be too hard to fix. The researchers found that forcing a model to focus on word order, by training it to do a task where word order mattered, such as spotting grammatical errors, also made the model perform better on other tasks. This suggests that tweaking the tasks that models are trained to do will make them better overall.
Nguyen’s results are yet another example of how models often fall far short of what people believe they’re capable of. He thinks it highlights how hard it is to make AIs that understand and reason like humans. “Nobody has a clue,” he says.
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Virgin Orbit scored a major success on Sunday, with a test flight that not only achieved its goals of reaching space and orbit, but also of delivering payloads on board for NASA, marking its first commercial mission, too. The launch was a success in every possible regard, which puts Virgin Orbit on track to becoming an active launch provider for small payloads for both commercial and defense customers.
Above, you can watch the actual launch itself – the moment the LauncherOne rocket detaches from ‘Cosmic Girl,’ a modified Boeing 747 airliner that takes off normally from a standard aircraft runway, and then climbs to a cruising altitude to release the rocket, which then ignites its own engines and flies the rest of the way to space. Virgin Orbit’s launch model was designed to reduce the barriers to carrying small payloads to orbit vs. traditional vertical take-off vehicles, and this successful test flight proves the model works.
Virgin Orbit now joins a small but growing group of private launch companies who have actually reached space, and made it to orbit. That should be great news for the small satellite launch market, which still has much more demand than there is supply. Virgin Orbit also offers something very different from current launch providers like SpaceX, which typically serves larger payloads or which must offer rideshare model missions for those with smaller spacecraft. The LauncherOne design potentially means more on-demand, response and quick-turnaround launch services for satellite operators.
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A long-running investigation in the European Union focused on the transparency of data-sharing between Facebook and WhatsApp has taken the first major step towards a resolution. Ireland’s Data Protection Commission (DPC) confirmed Saturday it sent a draft decision to fellow EU DPAs towards the back end of last year.
This will trigger a review process of the draft by other DPAs. Majority backing for Facebook’s lead EU data supervisor’s proposed settlement is required under the bloc’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) before a decision can be finalized.
The DPC’s draft WhatsApp decision, which it told us was sent to the other supervisors for review on December 24, is only the second such draft the Irish watchdog has issued to-date in cross-border GDPR cases.
The first case to go through the process was an investigation into a Twitter security breach — which led to the company being issued with a $550,000 fine last month.
The WhatsApp case may look very timely, given the recent backlash over an update to its T&Cs, but it actually dates back to 2018, the year GDPR begun being applied — and relates to WhatsApp Ireland’s compliance with Articles 12-14 of the GDPR (which set out how information must be provided to data subjects whose information is being processed in order that they are able to exercise their rights).
In a statement, the DPC said:
“As you are aware, the DPC has been conducting an investigation into WhatsApp Ireland’s compliance with Articles 12-14 of the GDPR in terms of transparency, including in relation to transparency around what information is shared with Facebook, since 2018. The DPC has provisionally concluded this investigation and we sent a draft decision to our fellow EU Data Protection Authorities on December 24, 2020 (in accordance with Article 60 of the GDPR in order to commence the co-decision-making process) and we are waiting to receive their comments on this draft decision.
“When the process is completed and a final decision issues, it will make clear the standard of transparency to which WhatsApp is expected to adhere as articulated by EU Data Protection Authorities,” it added.
Ireland has additional ongoing GDPR investigations into other aspects of the tech giant’s business, including related to complaints filed back in May 2018 by the EU privacy rights not-for-profit, noyb (over so called ‘forced consent’). In May 2020 the DPC said that separate investigation was at the decision-making phase — but so far it has not confirmed sending a draft decision for review.
It’s also notably that the time between the DPC’s Twitter draft and the final decision being issued — after gaining majority backing from other EU DPAs — was almost seven months.
The Twitter case was relatively straightforward (a data breach) vs the more complex business of assessing ‘transparency’. So a final decision on WhatsApp seems unlikely to come to a swifter resolution. There are clearly substantial differences of opinion between DPAs on how the GDPR should be enforced across the bloc. (In the Twitter case, for example, German DPAs suggested a fine of up to $22M vs Ireland’s initial proposal of a maximum of $300k). Although there is some hope that GDPR enforcement of cross border cases will speed up as DPAs gain experience of the various mechanisms and processes involved in making these co-decisions (even if major ideological gaps remain).
Returning to WhatsApp, the messaging platform has had plenty of problems with transparency in recent weeks — garnering lots of unwelcome attention and concern over the privacy implications of a confusing mandatory update to its T&Cs which has contributed to a major migration of users to alternative chat platforms, such as Signal and Telegram.
The backlash led WhatsApp to announced last week that it was delaying enforcement of the new terms by three months. Last week Italy’s data protection agency also issued a warning over a lack of clarity in the T&Cs — saying it could intervene using an emergency process allowed for by EU law (which would be in addition to the ongoing DPC procedure).
On the WhatsApp T&Cs controversy, the DPC’s deputy commissioner Graham Doyle told us the regulator had received “numerous queries” from confused and concerned stakeholders which he said led it to re-engage with the company. The regulator previously obtained a commitment from WhatsApp that there is “no change to data-sharing practices either in the European Region or the rest of the world”. But it subsequently confirmed it would delay enforcement of the new terms.
“The updates made by WhatsApp last week are about providing clearer, more detailed information to users on how and why they use data. WhatsApp have confirmed to us that there is no change to data-sharing practices either in the European Region or the rest of the world arising from these updates. However, the DPC has received numerous queries from stakeholders who are confused and concerned about these updates,” Doyle said.
“We engaged with WhatsApp on the matter and they confirmed to us that they will delay the date by which people will be asked to review and accept the terms from February 8th to May 15th. In the meantime, WhatsApp will launch information campaigns to provide further clarity about how privacy and security works on the platform. We will continue to engage with WhatsApp on these updates.”
While there’s no doubt Europe’s record of enforcement of its much vaunted data protection laws against tech giants remains a major weak point of the regulation, there are signs that increased user awareness of rights and, more broadly, concern for privacy, is causing a shift in the balance of power in favor of users.
Proper privacy enforcement is still sorely lacking but Facebook being forced to put a T&Cs update on ice for three months — as its business is subject to ongoing regulatory scrutiny — suggests the days of platform giants being able to move fast and break things are firmly on the wain.
Similarly, for example, Facebook recently had to delay the launch of a dating feature in Europe while it consulted with the DPC. It also remains limited in the data it can share between WhatsApp and Facebook because of the existence of the GDPR — so still can’t share data for ad targeting and product enhancement purposes, even under the new terms.
Europe, meanwhile, is coming with ex ante rules for platform giants that will place further obligations on how they can operate — with the aim of counteracting abusive/unfair business behaviors and bolstering competition in digital markets.
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What the complex math of fire modeling tells us about the future of California’s forests
At the height of California’s worst wildfire season on record, Geoff Marshall looked down at his computer and realized that an enormous blaze was about to take firefighters by surprise.
Marshall runs the fire prediction team at the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (known as Cal Fire), headquartered in Sacramento, which gives him an increasingly difficult job: anticipating the behavior of wildfires that become less predictable every year.
The problem was obvious from where Marshall sat: California’s forests were caught between a management regime devoted to growing thick stands of trees—and eradicating the low-intensity fire that had once cleared them—and a rapidly warming, increasingly unstable climate.
As a result, more and more fires were crossing a poorly understood threshold from typical wildfires—part of a normal burn cycle for a landscape like California’s—to monstrous, highly destructive blazes. Sometimes called “megafires” (a scientifically meaningless term that loosely refers to fires that burn more than 100,000 acres), these massive blazes are occurring more often around the world, blasting across huge swaths of California, Chile, Australia, the Amazon, and the Mediterranean region.
At that particular moment in California last September, several unprecedented fires were burning simultaneously. Together, they would double the record-setting acreage of the 2018 wildfire season in less than a month. But just as concerning to Marshall as their size was that the biggest fires often behaved in unexpected ways, making it harder to forecast their movements.
To face this new era, Marshall had a new tool at his disposal: Wildfire Analyst, a real-time fire prediction and modeling program that Cal Fire first licensed from a California-based firm called TechnoSylva in 2019.
The work of predicting how fires spread had long been a matter of hand-drawn ellipses and models so slow analysts set them before bed and hoped they were done in the morning. Wildfire Analyst, on the other hand, funnels data from dozens of distinct feeds: weather forecasts, satellite images, and measures of moisture in a given area. Then it projects all that on an elegant graphic overlay of fires burning across California.
A modeling tool called Wildfire Analyst shows how a blaze in California might spread over a period of eight hours. The red objects are buildings.
Every night, while fire crews sleep, Wildfire Analyst seeds those digital forests with millions of test burns, pre-calculating their spread so that human analysts like Marshall can do simulations in a matter of seconds, creating “runs” they can port to Google Maps to show their superiors where the biggest risks are. But this particular risk, Marshall suddenly realized, had slipped past the program.
The display now showed a cluster of bright pink and green polygons creeping over the east flank of the Sierras, near the town of Big Creek. The polygons, one of the many feeds ported directly into Wildfire Analyst, were from FireGuard, a real-time feed from the US Department of Defense that estimates all wildfires’ current locations. They were spreading, far faster than they should have been, up the Big Creek drainage.
In its calculations, Wildfire Analyst had made a number of assumptions. It “saw,” on the other side of Big Creek, a dense stand of heavy timber. Such stands were traditionally thought to impede the rapid spread of fire, which models attribute largely to fine fuels like pine straw.
But Marshall suddenly realized, as the algorithms driving Wildfire Analyst had not, that the drainage held all the ingredients for a perfect firestorm. That “heavy timber,” he knew, was in fact a huge patch of dead trees weakened by beetles, killed by drought, and baked by two weeks of 100 °F heat into picture-perfect firewood. And the Big Creek valley would focus the wind onto the fire like a bellows. With no weather station at the mouth of the creek, the program couldn’t see all that.
Marshall went back to his computer and re-ran some numbers with the new variables factored in. He watched on his screen as the fire spread at frightening speed across the Sierra. “I went to the operation trailer and told my uppers: I think it’s going to jump the San Joaquin River,” he recalls. “And if it does, it’s going to run big.”
This was, at that moment, a far-fetched claim—no California fire had ever made a nine-mile run in heavy timber, no matter how dry. But in this case, the trees’ combustion created powerful plumes of superheated air that drove the fire on. It jumped the river and raced through the timber to a reservoir known as Mammoth Pool, where a last-minute airlift saved 200 campers from fiery death.
The Creek Fire was a case study in the challenge facing today’s fire analysts, who are trying to predict the movements of fires that are far more severe than those seen just a decade ago. Since we understand so little about how fire works, they’re using mathematical tools built on outdated assumptions, as well as technological platforms that fail to capture the uncertainty in their work. Programs like Wildfire Analyst, while useful, give an impression of precision and accuracy that can be misleading.
Getting ahead of the most destructive fires will require not simply new computational tools but a sweeping change in how forests are managed. Along with climate change, generations of land and environmental management decisions—intended to preserve the forests that many Californians feel a duty to protect—have inadvertently created this new age of hyper-destructive fire.
But if these massive fires continue, California could see the forests of the Sierra erased as thoroughly as those of Australia’s Blue Mountains. Avoiding this nightmare scenario will require a paradigm shift. Residents, fire commanders, and political leaders must switch from a mindset of preventing or controlling wildfire to learning to live with it. That will mean embracing fire management techniques that encourage more frequent burns—and ultimately allowing fires to forever transform the landscapes that they love.
Shaky assumptions
In late October, Marshall shared his screen and took me on a tour in Wildfire Analyst. We watched the fluorescent FireGuard polygons of a new flame “finger” break out from the smoldering August Complex. With a few clicks, he laid four tiny virtual fires along the real fire’s edge, on the far side of the fire line that had blocked its progress. A few seconds later, fire blossomed across the simulated landscape. Under current conditions, the model estimated, a fire that broke out at those points could “blow out” to 8,000 acres—a nearly three-mile run—within 24 hours.
For Marshall and the rest of Cal Fire’s analysts, Wildfire Analyst provides a standardized platform on which to share data from fires they’re watching, projections about the runs they might make, and hacks to make a simulated fire approximate the behavior of a real one. With that information, they try to anticipate where a fire is going to go next, which in theory can drive decisions about where to send crews or which regions to evacuate.
Like any model, Wildfire Analyst is only as good as the data that feeds it—and that data is only as good as our scientific understanding of the phenomenon in question. When it comes to the mechanics of wildland fire, that understanding is “medieval,” says Mark Finney, director of the US Forest Service’s Missoula Fire Lab.
Our current approach to fire modeling, which powers every real-time analytic platform including TechnoSylva’s Wildfire Analyst, is built on a particular set of equations that a researcher named Richard Rothermel derived at the Fire Lab nearly half a century ago to calculate how fast fire would move, with given wind conditions, through given fuels.
Rothermel’s key assumption—perhaps a necessary one, given the computational tools available at the time, but one we now know to be false—was that fires spread only through radiation as the front of the flame catches fine fuels (pine straw, leaf litter, twigs) on the ground.
That spread, Rothermel found, drove outward in a thin, expanding edge along an ellipse. To figure out how a fire would grow, firefighters in the field used “nomograms”: premade graphs that assigned specific values for wind speed, slope, and fuel conditions to reveal an average speed of spread.
fire behavior chart
In his early days in the field, Finney says, “you would spread your folder of nomograms on the hood of your pickup and make your projections in thick pencil,” charting on a topo map where the fire would be in an hour, or two, or three. Rothermel’s equations allowed analysts to model fire like a game of Go, across homogenous cells of a two-dimensional landscape.
This is where things have stood for decades. Wildfire Analyst and similar tools represent a repackaging of this approach more than a fundamental improvement on it. (TechnoSylva did not respond to multiple interview requests.) What’s needed now is less a technique for real-time prediction than a fundamental reappraisal of how fire works—and a concerted effort to restore California’s landscapes to something approaching a natural equilibrium.
The problem for products like Wildfire Analyst, and for analysts like Marshall, is easy to state and hard to solve. A fire is not a linear system, proceeding from cause to effect. It is a “coupled” system in which cause and effect are tangled up. Even on the scale of a candle, ignition kicks off a self-sustaining reaction that deforms the environment around it, changing the entire system further—fuel decaying into flame, sucking in more wind, which stokes the fire further and breaks down more fuel.
Such systems are notoriously sensitive to even small changes, which makes them fiendishly difficult to model. A small variance in the starting data can lead, as with the Creek Fire calculations, to an answer that is exponentially wrong. In terms of this kind of nonlinear complexity, fire is a lot like weather—but the computational fluid dynamic models that are used to build forecasts for, say, the National Weather Service require supercomputers. The models that try to capture the complexity of a wildland blaze are typically hundreds of times simpler.
Pioneering scientists like Rothermel dealt with this intractable problem by ignoring it. Instead, they searched for factors, such as wind speed and slope, that could help them predict a fire’s next move in real time.
Looking back, Finney says, it’s a miracle that Rothermel’s equations work for wildfires at all. There’s the sheer difference in scale—Rothermel derived his equations from tiny, controlled fires set in 18-inch fuel beds. But there are also more fundamental errors. Most glaring was Rothermel’s assumption that fire spreads only by radiation, instead of through the convection currents that you see when a campfire flickers.
This assumption isn’t true, and yet for some fires, even huge ones like 2017’s Northwest Oklahoma Complex, which burned more than 780,000 acres, Rothermel’s spread equations still seem to work. But at certain scales, and under certain conditions, fire creates a new kind of system that defies any such attempt to describe it.
The Creek Fire in California, for example, didn’t just go big. It created a plume of hot air that pooled under the stratosphere, like steam against the lid of a pressure cooker. Then it popped through to 50,000 feet, sucking in air from below that drove the flames on, creating a storm system—complete with lightning and fire tornadoes—where no storm should have been.
Other huge, destructive fires appear to ricochet off the weather, or each other, in chaotic ways. Fires usually quiet down at night, but in 2020, two of the biggest runs in California broke out at night. Since heat rises, fires usually burn uphill, but in the Bear Fire, two enormous flame heads raced 22 miles downhill, a line of tornadic plumes spinning between them.
Finney says we don’t know if the intensity caused the strange behaviors or vice versa, or if both rose from some deeper dynamic. One measure of our ignorance, in his view, is that we can’t even rely on it: “It would be really nice to know when our current models will work and when they won’t,” he says.
To Finney and other fire scientists, the danger with products like Wildfire Analyst is not necessarily that they’re inaccurate. All models are. It’s that they hide solutions inside a black box, and—far more important—focus on the wrong problem.
Unlike Wildfire Analyst, the older generation of tools required analysts to know precisely what hedges and assumptions they were making. The new tools leave all that to the computer. Such products play into the field’s obsession with modeling, scientist after scientist told me, despite the fact that no model can predict what fire will do.
“You can always calibrate the system afterward to match your observations,” says Brandon Collins, a wildfire research scientist at UC Berkeley. “But can you predict it beforehand?”
Doing so is a question of science rather than technology: it would require primary research to develop and test a new theory of flame. But such work is expensive, and most wildfire research money is awarded to solve specific technical problems. The Missoula Fire Lab survives on the remnants of a Great Society–era budget; its sister facility, the Macon Fire Lab in Georgia, was shut down in the 1990s.
Collins and Finney are doing what they can with the funds available to them. They’re both part of a public-private fire science working group called Pyregence that’s converting a grain silo into a furnace to see how large logs, like the fallen timber on Big Creek, spread fire.
Meanwhile, Finney’s team at the Missoula Fire Lab is working to develop a data set that answers fundamental questions about fire—a potential basis for new models. They aim to describe how wind on smoldering logs drives new flame fronts; quantify the likelihood that embers cast by a flame will “spot,” or ignite, new fires; and study the role that pine forests seem to play in encouraging their own burning.
The point of those models is less to see where a particular fire will go once it’s broken out, and more to serve as a planning tool to help Californians better manage the fire-prone, fire-suppressed landscape they live in.
Like ecosystems in Chile, Portugal, Greece, and Australia—all regions that have recently seen more megafires—California’s conifer forests evolved over thousands of years in which natural and human-caused fires periodically cleared out excess fuel and created the space and nutrients for new growth.
Before the 19th century, Native Americans are thought to have deliberately burned about as much of California every year as burned there in 2020. Similar practices survived until as recently as the 1970s—ranchers in the Sierra foothills would burn brush to encourage new growth for their animals to eat. Loggers pulled tons of timber from forests groomed to produce huge volumes of it, burning the debris in place.
controlled burn technique
Then, as ranchers went bust and sold their land to developers, pastureland became residential communities. Clean-air regulations discouraged the remaining ranchers from burning. And decades of conflict between environmental organizations and logging companies ended, in the 1990s, with loggers deserting the forests they had once clear-cut.
In the Sierra—as in these other regions now prone to huge, destructive fires—a heavily altered landscape that was long ago torn from any natural equilibrium was largely abandoned. Millions of acres of pine grew in, packed and thirsty. Eventually many were killed by drought and bark beetles, accumulating into a preponderance of fuel. Fires that could have cleared the land and reset the forest were extinguished by the US Forest Service and Cal Fire, whose primary objective had become wholesale fire suppression.
Breaking free of this legacy won’t be easy. The future Finney is working toward is one where people can compare various models and decide which will work best for a given situation. He and his team hope better data will lead to better planning models that, he says, “could give us the confidence to let some fires burn and do our work for us.”
Still, he says, focusing too much on models risks missing a more important question: “What if we are ignoring the basic aspect of wildfire—that we need more fire, proper fire, so that we don’t let wildfire surprise and destroy us?”
Living with wildfires
In 2014, the King Fire raged across the California Sierra, leaving a burn scar where trees have still not regrown. Instead, says Forest Service silviculturist Dana Walsh, they’ve been replaced by thick mats of chaparral, a fire-prone shrub that has squeezed out the forest’s return.
“People ask what happens if we just let nature take its course after a big fire,” Walsh says. “You get 30,000 acres of chaparral.”
This is the danger that landscapes from the Pyrenees to California Sierra to Australia’s Blue Mountains now face, says Marc Castellnou, a Catalan fire scientist who is a consultant to TechnoSylva. Over the last two decades, he’s studied the rise of megafires around the world, watching as they smashed records for length or speed of runs.
For too long, he says, California’s fire and forest policy has resisted an inevitable change in the landscape. The state doesn’t need flawless predictive tools to see where its forests are headed, he says: “The fuel is building up, the energy is building up, the atmosphere is getting hotter.” The landscape will rebalance itself.
California’s choice—as in Catalonia, where Castellnou is chief scientist for the autonomous province’s 4,000-person fire corps—is to either move with that change and have some chance of influencing it, or be bowled over by megafires.
The goal is less to regenerate native forests in these areas—which Castellnou believes have been made obsolete by climate change—than to work with the landscape to develop a new type of forest where wildfires are less likely to blow out into massive blazes.
In large measure, his approach lies in returning to old land management techniques. Rural people in his region once controlled destructive fires by starting or allowing frequent, low-intensity fires, and using livestock to eat down brush in the interim. They planted stands of fire-resistant hardwood species that stood like sentinels, blocking waves of flame.
For Castellnou, though, this also means making politically difficult choices. In July 2019, just outside of Tivissa, Spain, I watched him explain to a group of rural Catalan mayors and olive farmers why he had let the area around their towns burn.
He’d worried that if crews slowed the Catalan fires, they might cause it to form a pyrocumulonimbus—a violent cloud of fire, thunder, and wind like the one that formed over the Creek Fire. Such a phenomenon could have spurred the fire on until it took the towns anyway. Now, he says, gesturing to the burn scar, the towns had a fire defense in place of a liability. It was another tile in a mosaic landscape of pasture, forest, and old fire scars that could interrupt wildfire.
As tough as planned burns are for many to swallow, letting wildfires burn through towns—even evacuated ones—is an even tougher sell. And replacing pristine Sierra Nevada forests with a landscape able to survive both drought and the most destructive fires—say, open stands of ponderosa pine punctuated by fields of grass, picked over by goats or cattle—might feel like a loss.
Doing any of this well means adopting a change in philosophy as big as any change in predictive tech or science—one that would welcome fire back as a natural part of the environment. “We are not trying to save the landscape,” Castellnou says. “We are trying to help create the next landscape. We are not here to fight flames. We are here to make sure we have a forest tomorrow.”
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Should I send my young 5-year-old to kindergarten next year (having never gone to preschool because of COVID) or does it make more sense to wait until he is 6? (I’m concerned that at 6, he’s going to be bored with the school part. He may be bored at 5 even, but his social skills need work which is why he was going to go to preschool!)
The question of when to send your child to kindergarten has become a hot-button issue for parents. Some initial research found evidence that kids who are sent to kindergarten when they are young 6-year-olds perform better on kindergarten standardized tests on average, compared to kids who are sent as young 5-year-olds. However, other research found these differences in test scores get smaller over time and don’t seem to be present by the time kids get to third grade. Similarly, there is evidence that there are differences in social-behavioral skills when early-entry and delayed-entry kids are compared during the kindergarten year. However, these differences seem to decrease over time and there is evidence that they are no longer present by the end of middle school.
Because there is not a clear answer to this question based on the research alone, I recommend that parents take some time to understand whether their child is ready for kindergarten based on their child’s individual abilities, interests, behavior and personality. Many states have kindergarten readiness checklists that can help parents determine whether their child is ready for kindergarten. Some examples of readiness indicators include: does your child have the ability to cooperate and play with other children, cooperate with adults and those in authority, use the restroom independently, hold and use a pencil, and name the letters in their first name?
Although your child’s age does matter when deciding whether to send them to kindergarten, it may be more important to consider your child’s readiness for school when making that decision.
— Kevin Triemstra, Ph.D., pediatric psychologist, Akron Children’s Hospital
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Complex PTSD: How a New Diagnosis Differs From Standard PTSD
It's often referred to as “disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified.”
By Reina Gattuso
Basic Differences between PTSD and Complex PTSD
What is Complex PTSD?
We know that PTSD is the result of a traumatic event. Some scientists describe it as as the body’s evolutionary defense mechanism to intense stress, with the symptoms of PTSD actually serving to keep you aware of future threat. Of course, what might have worked for ancient humans doesn’t necessarily work for residents of the modern world, and PTSD can seriously interrupt the daily lives of people who suffer from it.
For people who have been victimized by many traumatic events over a period of time, the struggle to survive and grow after trauma can be a long one. Complex PTSD is different from PTSD because it often occurs in people who’ve experienced extreme violence and stress over an extended period of time. These stressful events make the person feel trapped and thus hopeless — they may be physically or psychologically unable to escape.
Who is at risk for Complex PTSD?
People who have experienced ongoing domestic violence, severe child abuse, sexual abuse, war, police violence, or forced (non-consensual) sex work are all at risk of developing Complex PTSD. That doesn’t mean if you’ve experienced any of these things, you’re guaranteed to develop C-PTSD. But if you do struggle with Complex PTSD, remember that you’re not broken or alone — you’re having a very common and understandable reaction to a really difficult experience.
People with Complex PTSD will generally experience common PTSD symptoms like flashbacks, nightmares, and physical reminders of the event like nervousness or increased heart rate. They may also try to avoid or block out memories of the traumatic event, emotionally numbing themselves so that, eventually, they may not feel anything at all.
Because people who suffer Complex PTSD experienced long-term and particularly violent trauma, they may exhibit additional symptoms. These include feeling shame and guilt, including a false idea that you are responsible for what happened to you (of course, you’re not at all!). People with Complex PTSD may also experience periods of dissociation, meaning they will lose attention, concentration, and connection to their immediate surroundings as a defense mechanism against overwhelming stress. These symptoms can understandably make it hard for people with C-PTSD to navigate relationships and daily life.
How is Complex PTSD Treated?
While the symptoms of Complex PTSD are definitely serious, you can heal. The most important step to getting better? Reaching out for help. A therapist trained to work with trauma survivors can lead you down the path to healing.
The first goal of treatment for Complex PTSD is stabilization, meaning that the therapist will help you separate the traumatic past from the present. The therapist can teach you techniques, called “grounding techniques,” to stay in the here and now, where you are safe, rather than feeling threat and panic from the past.
You can think of grounding techniques as helping you keep your feet on the ground, in the present — sometimes literally. Therapists suggest walking barefoot and feeling the ground beneath your toes as one strategy to keep yourself in the here and now. Other grounding techniques can include paying attention to the sounds, sights, smells and textures in the present, or going somewhere safe and cozy and paying attention to those comforting feelings.
Your therapist may also use specific trauma-focused therapeutic techniques, like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR).
You Can Heal
With so much trauma in this world, PTSD and Complex PTSD are unfortunately common.Surviving something emotionally, physically, or mentally traumatic will definitely have effects, as your body and mind struggle to adapt and heal. Having Complex PTSD doesn’t mean you’re wrong, broken, or hopeless — it means you’re having a totally understandable reaction to intense trauma, and you deserve care.
The road won’t necessarily be easy, but Complex PTSD can be treated, and you can lead a normal, healthy, and happy life defined by what you want to make of it — not by past trauma.
Originally published at www.talkspace.com
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Quick Answer: What Is The Official Name Of Egypt Today?
What skin color were ancient Egyptian?
What race is from Egypt?
Is Egypt Arab or African?
Who founded Egypt?
How did Egypt fall?
The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander’s death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. … Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy.
Who is the leader of Egypt?
Abdel Fattah Al-SisiEgypt/President
Why is Egypt not safe?
Do not travel to: The Sinai Peninsula (with the exception of travel to Sharm El-Sheikh by air) due to terrorism. The Western Desert due to terrorism. Egyptian border areas due to military zones.
Are Iranians Arabs?
What is the modern name of Egypt?
Today, its official name is Junhuriyah Misr al-Arabiyah, which in English means the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egyptians themselves refer to Egypt as Misr, though this can also be a name for Cairo.
Which is oldest civilization in world?
MesopotamiaAlthough the people who settled in Mesopotamia are often credited as the first civilization, new research shows that Aboriginal Australians are the oldest known civilization on Earth. The Aborigines can trace their ancestries back to about 75,000 years ago, but became a distinct genetic group around 50,000 years ago.
Who rules Egypt today?
President of EgyptPresident of the Arab Republic of Egypt رئيس جمهورية مصر العربيةIncumbent Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since 8 June 2014ResidenceHeliopolis Palace, Cairo, EgyptTerm length6 years renewable, 2 term limitsPrecursorKing of Egypt5 more rows
What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
What does the word Egypt mean?
When did pharaohs end?
What was Egypt called in the Bible?
What was Egypt called before?
Are Turks Arabs?
Turks from Central Asia settled in Anatolia in the 11th century, through the conquests of the Seljuk Turks. The region then began to transform from a predominantly Greek Christian society into a Turkish Muslim one….Turkish people.TürklerDenmark28,892Canada63,955Italy22,580Minorities in the Arab world and Levant43 more rows
What is Egypt’s government like today?
Provisional governmentDemocratic RepublicEgypt/Government |
Minik in New York.jpg
Minik Wallace, Inuk,
c. 1890–1918, in New York
Total population
800 (2010)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Greenlandic (Inuktun), Danish
Inuit religion, Evangelical Lutheran
The Inughuit (also spelled Inuhuit), or the Smith Sound Inuit, historically Arctic Highlanders, are Greenlandic Inuit. Formerly known as "Polar Eskimos", they are the northernmost group of Inuit and the northernmost people in North America, living in Greenland. Inughuit make up about 1% of the population of Greenland.[2]
The Inughuit speak Inuktun, also known as North Greenlandic, Thule Inuit, or Polar Eskimo. It is a dialect of Inuktitut, an Eskimo–Aleut language related to the Greenlandic language spoken elsewhere in Greenland.[3] In Kalaallisut, the official dialect of Greenlandic, Inuktun is called Avanersuarmiutut.
Before 1880, their population was estimated to be between 100 and 200 people. From 1880 to 1930, they were estimated to number 250. In 1980, their estimated population was 700,[2] and it rose to 800 in 2010.[1]
Early history
The Inughuit are believed to be descended from the Thule people who spread across the North American Arctic around the eleventh century. They used and traded iron from meteorites such as the Cape York meteorite.[4] Other estimates have put the date of the fall as 10,000 years ago.[5] The earliest discovered Thule settlement is found in modern-day Uummannaq. There were also extensive contacts with other Inuit peoples from different regions. Around the 17th century, climate change cooled the northwest areas of Greenland which cut off the Inughuit from other Inuit and regions.[6]
It was during this time that the Inughuit developed their unique language, culture, and fashion - all of which differ significantly from other Inuit peoples. Around this period, the Inughuit also lost the ability and skills to build kayaks or umiaks, which inevitably further restricted travel and contact with other communities.[6]
Modern history
The Inughuit were first contacted by Europeans in 1818,[2] when John Ross led an expedition into their territory. Ross dubbed them "Arctic Highlanders". They are believed to have previously lived in total isolation, to the point of being unaware of other humans, and are cited as one of the only non-agricultural societies to live without armed feuds or warfare, a state that continued after contact.[7] Erik Holtved, a Dane, was the first university-trained ethnologist to study the Inughuit.[8]
During the mid-19th century, Inuit from Baffin visited and lived with the Inughuits. The Baffin Inuit reintroduced some technologies lost to the Inughuit such as boats, leisters, and bows and arrows. The Inughuit in their part taught the Baffin Inuit a more advanced form of sled technology. American and European explorers in the 19th and early-20th centuries had extensive contacts with the Inughuits. Explorers Robert Peary and Frederick Cook both had Inughuits in their teams acting as guides. However, more sustained contact with outsiders changed many aspects of Inughuit life by creating a dependence on trade goods and introducing new diseases to which the Inughuit had no immunity.[6]
Greenlandic anthropologist and explorer Knud Rasmussen established a trading post in Uummannaq in 1910. He also worked to modernize Inughuit society by establishing a governing hunter's council for the Inughuit in 1927. It was during this period that Christian missionaries arrived in the region to evangelize. In consequence of the relative isolation of the Inughuit, the Inughuit remained absent from growing Greenlandic Inuit nationalism and the nation-building process sweeping the Inuit of western and southern Greenland. The subsequent Cold War era had substantial effects on the Inughuit. In the 1950s, the United States established Thule Air Base close to Uummannaq. This forced many Inughuits to move over 116 kilometres (72 mi) north towards Qaanaaq, which proved disastrous to the cultural and social life of the Inughuit.[6]
Inughuit people live north of the Arctic Circle on the west coast of Greenland, between 75°—80° N and 58°–74° W. The northernmost settlement was at the village of Etah (at 78° 19' N), but it was abandoned due to the extremely harsh conditions there. The northernmost constant settlement is now Hiurapaluk.
Pituffik, also known as "Dundas" or "Thule" to Europeans, was the chief settlement of the Inughuit until 1953 when it was displaced by the United States' Thule Air Base, with its residents relocated to Qaanaaq. Established in 1953, Qaanaaq is the largest Inughuit settlement.[1]
See also
1. ^ a b c Leonard, Stephen Pax. "The disappearing world of the last of the Arctic hunters." The Guardian. 2 Oct 2010. Retrieved 25 Feb 2012.
2. ^ a b c "Inughuit: Orientation." Countries and Their Cultures. Retrieved 25 Feb 2012.
3. ^ "Inuktitut, Greenlandic." Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 Feb 2012.
4. ^ Martin Appelt, Jens Fog Jensen, Mikkel Myrup, Henning Haack, Mikkel Sørensen, Michelle Taube (2014). The cultural history of the Innaanganeq/Cape York meteorite (PDF) (Report). The Greenland National Museum & Archives. Retrieved 7 November 2019.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
5. ^ Pringle, Heather (1997). "New Respect for Metal's Role in Ancient Arctic Cultures". Science. 277 (5327): 766–767. doi:10.1126/science.277.5327.766. S2CID 129339473.
6. ^ a b c d Stern, Pamela (2009). The A to Z of the Inuit. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-8108-6822-9.
7. ^ Keely, Lawrence (February 1996). War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-976153-1.; (book article)
8. ^ Malaurie, Jean (2003). Ultima Thulé: Explorers and Natives of the Polar North. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05150-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link), pages=323–5
External links
Article Inughuit in English Wikipedia took following places in local popularity ranking:
Presented content of the Wikipedia article was extracted in 2020-12-30 based on |
Industrial advances of the Civil War
673 Words3 Pages
The civil war was called the “first modern war” since the equipment and transportation which made generals rethink their strategies and objectives. The weight of the cannons made the generals rethink their travel time. The new cannons with different features on them were a lot heavier. Had to adjust the amount of animals to carry different equipment. There were great industrial and technological advancements made to the musketry, artillery, transportation and observation during the period of the civil war.
During the civil war rifling, repeating rifle, and the minie ball advancements were made to the muskets. Rifling played a big role in the civil war because it improved the accuracy and it was fairly cheap to produce. (Stoddard) A musket with the rifling feature could shoot farther and have a more stable trajectory. (The Rifle versus the Musket) During the civil war a gun with the riling feature could cost the U.S. treasury anywhere from $15-$20. (Stoddard) Being able to shoot more than one bullet at a time was a result of the rifling feature. The repeating rifle could fire more than one shoot in its loaded magazine. (The Rifle versus the Musket) This rifle proceded over the single fire rifle, and found use in the Civil war during the early 1860’s. (Hess) The trajectory and being easy to load was by virtue of the minie ball. The minie ball increased rifle range by 600 feet. (Dorian) The three easy steps it took to load the minie ball sped up the loading process. (Howey)
Artillery advanced in many ways by the rifled artillery, the advancements made to the material in guns, and design advancements. As a result of the sharp shooting and the rifling feature,were used in one of the most popular guns during the civil ...
... middle of paper ...
...the Confederacy) The horsepower and the quickness of steamboats progress throughout the war. (Duppstadt) Steamboats started using coal during the war which powered the boat and was quicker and harder to steer than a sailing vessel. (Duppstadt) The advancement made to the boats power meant it was harder to gun down out at sea because it had more speed. (Duppstadt)
Great Industrial and technological advances were made in the Civil War as seen by the muskets, artillery, and transportation and observation. For more information about his topic here are some suggestions on what to do further research on. From the information given the advances made to the technology and equipment helped the Union win the Civil War. Following the civil war the Spanish American war occurred and there were many advancements made to the equipment and technologies worth looking at.
More about Industrial advances of the Civil War
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First Ever Black Woman Judge to Be Appointed in the State of Alaska.
In 2010, Pamela Scott Washington made history as the first Black woman to be appointed as a judge in Alaska. Almost a decade since then, she still upholds the significance her position has in the community and how it allows her to help resolve conflicts through the justice system.“Justice is not just done. Justice is seen. And justice is experienced,” Washington believes. And throughout her tenure, she lives by that. As an African-American sitting on the bench in the courtroom, most people of color would express appreciation of her even as she convicts them or delivers their sentence. That is something she perceives as progress in the justice system.“I still felt that there was some respect that someone that looked like them was actually in the courtroom, and that’s, you know, we take it for granted but there’s something about that,” Washington said in an interview with Alaska Public Media. “Justice is experienced, and so I feel like we sort of up the game of justice when the court system looks like the people we serve.”During her childhood, she spent most of her time trying to fit in. She was in her 8th grade when they moved from New Orleans to Alaska. At that time, she wasn’t that much aware that she was a minority. Eventually, she learned to do what everyone else did, joined organizations, participated in activities, and tried to reduce the gap between the different races. That’s when she realized that it is better to see the USA and its diverseness as a ‘salad bowl’ instead of a ‘melting pot’ which was the term more widely taught.Washington explained that as a melting pot, it could be deemed that “people come from all over the place and they try to blend in, and if you throw everything in a pot, we all look the same.”She, therefore, believes that “true diversity is more like a salad bowl, where you can have all sorts of ingredients… and together these flavors are pretty amazing. But you can still see each ingredient, so you don’t have to lose who you are and what you bring to the table just to really be a part of the big hole.”However, she had been honest in stating that even though people have been more aware of issues in race and inequality in Alaska and in the whole United States, it wasn’t enough to really unite people.“I think the good thing about it is, is what’s happening has made us aware and take note and be deliberate about how we move forward and how we engage with our brothers and sisters and people in the community, like us and not like us,” she said. |
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Disilenes are compounds containing a silicon-silicon double bond and are considered to be heavier analogues of alkenes. They are sometimes also called disilaalkenes.
The first transient disilene was synthesized in 1972 by D. N. Roark and Garry J. D. Peddle. The first thermally stable disilene, tetramesityldisilene, was isolated in 1981 by Robert West.
Simple disilenes are very reactive species and easily undergo polymerization or other reactions, so their life is very short. To prevent this polymerization and other reactions, bulky substituents are used to stabilize disilenes effectively for long-term survival in dilute solution and even in crystals.
Stable disilenes are generally yellow- or orange-colored crystalline compounds.
The Si=Si double bond lengths of disilenes vary between 2.14 and 2.29 Å and are nearly 5 to 10% shorter than the Si-Si single bond lengths of corresponding disilanes. This rate of bond shortening is less than ca 13% in carbon compounds, but is short enough for true double bond characteristics.
A further peculiarity of disilenes is the trans-bending of the substituents, which is never observed in alkenes. The trans-bent angles of disilenes between the R2Si planes and the Si=Si vector range from 0 to 33.8 deg. This is rationalized by the stability of the corresponding silylene fragments. The valence orbitals of silicon are 3s and 3p, while those of carbon are 2s and 2p, so the energy gap between the ns and np orbitals of a silicon atom is larger than that of a carbon atom. Therefore, silylene fragments are in a singlet state, while carbene fragments are in a triplet state. So, when double bonds are formed by the interaction of these two fragments, disilenes which consist of two silylene units are trans-bending and alkenes which consist of two carbene units are planar.
Disilenes are generally synthesized by reduction of 1,2-dihalodisilane, by retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation, by dimerization of silylenes, by photofragmentation of cyclopolysilanes, or by rearrangement of silylsilylenes.
In one study [1] a disilene is prepared by an intramolecular coupling of a 1,1-dibromosilane with potassium graphite. The silicon double bond in the resulting compound has a bond length of 227 picometer (second largest ever found) with trans-bent angles 33° and 31° (by X-ray diffraction).
In addition to this the substituents around the Si-Si bond are twisted by 43°. The disilene isomerizes to a tetracyclic compound by heating at 110°C in xylene thereby releasing its strain energy.
See also
1. ^ Fused Tricyclic Disilenes with Highly Strained Si-Si Double Bonds: Addition of a Si-Si Single Bond to a Si-Si Double Bond Ryoji Tanaka, Takeaki Iwamoto, and Mitsuo Kir Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 45, Issue 38 , Pages 6371 - 6373 2006 doi:10.1002/anie.200602214
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Disilene". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia. |
Java Training Courses
Java is a high-level programming language which was initially released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems. The Java training course delivers the delegates with the basic knowledge of the Java platform and Java language which is very important to build the standalone java applications. This course assumes delegates have a background in an object-oriented programming language such as C++ or C#.
Java is the most widely used computer programming language and designed explicitly for client-server web applications. The course covers the essential concepts such as Java virtual machine which offers a fundamental basis for the platform.
Java is an object oriented, class-based, and platform independent language. Java produces a code that can be termed as Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). This is due to the Java Virtual Machine or t...
Topic Overview
Java is an incredibly popular programming language which is used in vast range of application and websites. This Java Certification Course is a training program which is designed to guide the delegate from the beginning concepts of java to advanced programming techniques. Java Training is comprehensive Training Course that will get grow in software coding career. This course includes basics of Java, Statements of java, exception handling, Objects, Classes, understanding of JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) and so on. Java Training course covers the syntax of Java language and then transfers in the object-oriented programming language.
Our Object Training Programs offers professional and easily obtainable training in programming and object-oriented modelling. These training programs allow business leaders, analysts, project leaders as well as programmers to do mastering in object-oriented concepts.
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By taking this training course, delegates will acquire knowledge of this prominent programming tool. This will be a highly valuable trait which will attract employers and significantly improve job opportunities in the IT industry.
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Java is the most popular programming language that works in all mobile applications and computer. This Java training course will make the delegates fully proficient in java. Upon accomplishment of the course, the delegates will gain some skills with the better standard of satisfaction. Our all trainers are highly experienced and certified. |
🤫 7 Secrets for ESL Learners - FREE download
photo Tara Benwell Listen to News with Tara Benwell - Instructions:
1. Preview the vocabulary and read the gapfill text.
3. Answer the comprehension questions by writing full sentences.
dateline: 04 May 2016
NB! For WEEKLY audio stories check out LISTEN & LEARN 🔈
Donald Trump’s Rivals Drop Out of Race
Pre-Listening Vocabulary
• rival: main competitor
• front-runner: the person who is most likely to win
• drop out: to stop taking part in something
• devastating: causing much sadness
• GOP: Grand Old Party, another name for the Republican party in the US
• presumptive nominee: the person who is assured to win (based on numbers)
• running mate: the person who runs a campaign with another person (e.g., for the chance to be Vice President)
Donald Trump’s Rivals Drop Out of Race
The “Never Trump” , a GOP effort the front-runner from winning the Republican for the presidency has failed. After a devastating at the Indiana primary last night, Texas Senator Ted Cruz, Donald Trump’s main rival, dropped out of the race. This morning, Ohio Governor John Kasich also quit the race, leaving Donald Trump as the presumptive nominee. Some Republicans have said that they will not support Mr. Trump no matter who he as his running mate.
Comprehension Questions
1. What is the “Never Trump” campaign?
2. How did Donald Trump become the presumptive nominee?
3. Why did Ted Cruz drop out of the US presidential race?
Discussion Questions: Do you think anti-Trump Republicans will support the nominee when it comes time for the election? If not, will they refuse to vote, or will they vote for the Democratic nominee?
show Answers
Written by Tara Benwell for EnglishClub
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Made up of more than 7,000 island, the Philippines has a population of 104 million citizens, who mostly occupy just 11 of those islands. Situated within the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean, the country's religion is majority Christian and its official languages are Filipino and English.
Once a Spanish colony, that was then taken over by US forces in the early part of the 20th century, the country still holds strong influences from its past, especially in terms of language, religion and government. Self-rule in 1935 was followed by full independence in 1946 under a US-style constitution.
Sitting President Rodrigo Duterte came to power in a landslide victory in June 2016 after winning over voters with promises to take on crime, drugs and corruption. Since he took office, Duterte has been accused of violent and human rights-violating tactics in his bid to 'tackle drug crime'. As reported by the BBC, "In his first year in office, he launched a controversial anti-drug campaign with a call to citizens and the police to conduct extra-judicial killings of suspects; thousands are thought to have died since."
The media in the Philippines boasts freedom of reporting as well as a thriving scene of thousands of independent radio stations. However, the Philippines is one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists currently. |
Connective tissue Medical Assignment Help
All connective tissues have a large proportion of extracellular matrix as well as cells. This matrix consists of extracellular macromolecules containing collagens, elastins, non-collagenous glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
These consist of three polypeptide chains (a chains) wound around one another in a triple helical confirmation. These a chains contain repeating sequences of Gly-X-Y triplets where X and Yare often prolyl and hydroxyprolyl residues. There is much genetic heterogeneity in collagen fibres and the gene for different chains is located on several chromosomes.
Functionally the tissue depends on the type of collagen. Thirteen distinct collagen types have been described so far, although the exact function of many remains undefined. For example, type I collagen fibres are seen in structures with a high tensile strength, e.g. tendons, type II collagen molecules form the cartilaginous structures and type III collagen is seen in more distensible tissues such as blood vessels.
Elastic fibres in the extracellular matrix consist of elastin and microfibrils. Elastin is an insoluble protein polymer and its gene has been characterized. Its precursor, tropoelastin,is synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts. Elastin fibres are cross-linked with desmosine and isodesmosine which are specific to elastin.
Fibronectin is the major non-collagenous glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix. Its molecule contains a series of functional domains, or cell recognition sites, that bind ligands and are involved in cell adhesion. A synthetic peptide sequence (Arg-Gly-Asp), which mimics some of the functions of fibronectin, is also found in other adhesion proteins, e.g. vitronectin, laminin and collagen type VI.
Fibronectin plays a major role in tissue remodelling. It is stimulated by interferon-y and transforming growth factor-/ 3 and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-L
These are of different shapes and sizes. Their function isthat of a multipurpose glue in that they bind extra cellular matrix together, mediate cell binding and inhibit soluble molecules. Osteogenesis imperfecta (fragilitas ossium, brittle bone syndrome) This rare group of inherited disorders is due to an abnormality of connective tissue. The major feature is very fragile and brittle bones; other collagen-containing tissues are also involved, such as tendons, the skin and the eyes. Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda is a mild, dominantly inherited condition with milder bony deformities, blue sclerae, defective dentine, early-onset deafness, hypermobility of joints, and heart valve disorders. More severe forms present with multiple fractures and gross deformities. Prognosis is variable, depending on the severity of the disease.
This is one of a group of heterogeneous disorders that affect the normal development of bone and cartilage. Achondroplasia (dwarfism) is diagnosed in the first years of life. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The trunk is of normal length but the limbs are very short and broad. The vault of the skull is enlarged, the face is small and the nose bridge is flat. Intelligence is normal.
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FIELD GUIDE Animal Directory
Amphibians and Reptiles
Despite the fearsome reputation of toxic poison-dart frogs, venomous snakes with potentially lethal bites, and man-eating crocodiles, most of Costa Rica’s amphibians and reptiles are perfectly harmless to humans. These cold-blooded creatures have variable body temperatures and depend on their surroundings for warmth, so they can frequently be spotted basking in the sun. Most amphibians lay their eggs in fresh water, which they also need to stay moist. Prolific in warmer lowlands, they are relatively scarce at higher elevations.
Reptiles are arranged in four orders: Crocodilia, Squamata (snakes and lizards), Testudines (turtles and tortoises), ...
Get DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Costa Rica now with O’Reilly online learning.
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Bacteria in Pool Water
The Truth About Swallowing Pool Water Will Gross You Out
When we swallow a little pool water while swimming, we usually brush it off without a second thought. Chlorine kills all germs immediately, right? Unfortunately, that's not the case, and the Center For Disease Control and Prevention reports that germ-filled pools are causing a large increase in recreational water illnesses (RWIs) "caused by germs spread by swallowing, breathing in mists or aerosols of, or having contact with contaminated water in swimming pools, hot tubs, water parks, water play areas, interactive fountains, lakes, rivers, or oceans."
Yes, chlorine does kill harmful germs that make us sick, but what many people don't know is that it takes a longer amount of time to eliminate certain bacteria growth. For instance, the CDC says the most common RWI is diarrhea, which is caused by a common parasite in pools called cryptosporidium ("crypto" for short). Even in properly disinfected pools, crypto can last for days! This water-related illness became so common that from "2004 to 2008, reported crypto cases increased over 200 percent." So, if you find yourself with an upset stomach this Summer, it might not actually be from an undercooked hamburger.
As if we weren't grossed out enough by the news that chlorine is not what makes our eyes red in the pool (it's urine!), now we're going to be extracautious in public areas like water parks and pools — especially in mysteriously warm areas.
Image Source: Shutterstock
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Religious authority in christianity
What is religious authority?
a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme ruler. 2. a system of government by priests claiming a divine commission. 3. a commonwealth or state under such a form of government.
What does authority mean in Christianity?
What are the sources of authority in Christianity?
These might include: sacred texts . founders of the faith. religious principles or rules. faith community leaders . religious tradition. other people in the faith community.
Who are the religious leaders in Christianity?
What are 3 types of authority?
Weber divided legitimate authority into three types: The first type discussed by Weber is legal-rational authority. The second type of authority, traditional authority, derives from long-established customs, habits and social structures. The third form of authority is charismatic authority.
What are the five sources of authority?
What are sources of authority ? friends. family. personal experience. rational thinking. conscience.
What God says about authority?
Is all authority from God?
For there is no authority except from God , and those which exist are established by God .” 1 Peter 2:13-14 says: “Submit yourselves for the Lord’s sake to every human institution, whether to a king as the one in authority , or to governors as sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and the praise of those who do
What does Bible say about obeying authority?
What is a source of authority in religion?
Religious people often call upon texts and individuals for guidance in ways specific to their faith . For Muslims the Qur’an is the most important source of authority as the word of God. Religious Studies. Beliefs.
What does divine authority mean?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Divine authority may refer to: God, or God’s power. Divine right of kings – claims of divinity or authority such as in the titular “king of kings”.
What does authority mean?
Who do Christians worship?
You might be interested: Resurrection definition christianity
Who is the most religious person in the world?
Adherents in 2020
Christianity2.382 billion31.4%
Islam1.907 billion23.2%
Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist1.193 billion15.6%
Hinduism1.161 billion15.2%
What religions recognize the Pope?
The pope (Latin: papa from Greek: πάππας pappas, “father”), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex Maximus), or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State.
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Christianity caused the dark ages
What is the main difference between christianity and islam
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These Programming Languages Are Here to Stay
When new programming languages emerge, they may seem poised to overtake an older one. After all, many fledgling options are highly capable and enjoyable to use, making legacy options seem clunky or antiquated by comparison.
However, many languages don’t go down without a fight. At times, they have loyal user bases that genuinely enjoy them, creating at least a degree of longevity. In others, the sheer volume of legacy code plays a big role, allowing the language to stick around because redoing the work is too cumbersome.
Regardless of the exact reason, some programming languages aren’t disappearing any time soon. Here are a few that have stood the test of time and will likely continue doing so for the long term.
Some experts predicted the demise of Objective-C, claiming that Apple’s Swift would be its undoing. While Swift is certainly functional and fairly elegant, Objective-C didn’t go quietly into the night. Ultimately, its 30+-year history was too much for a new language to overcome.
When a language has been around for decades, the amount of legacy code in existence is usually staggering. Rewriting or updating every app featuring Objective-C is just too much to ask.
Plus, many programmers favor languages they already know. If the choice is between sticking with Objective-C or learning Swift, many will choose the former.
Python was the language that seemed prime to take R out of the equation. After all, Python is incredibly popular and highly versatile, while R is a niche, focusing solely on the data analytics space.
Luckily, R has some fans on its size. Many specialists still rely on R, which may help it stay around longer than most would expect.
Another language that may survive due to legacy code is COBOL. It’s over 60 years old, so there’s a lot of it in use.
This became incredibly apparent at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many government databases and financial institutions never updated mainframe databases and other legacy systems. As a result, COBOL was critical for a range of core systems.
Demand for COBOL skills rose as companies tried to find tech pros to help them navigate the coronavirus challenges. And, until those systems are updated, at least some degree of demand will remain.
PHP – a 25-year-old programming language – has reportedly been at death’s door for some time. Its use has fallen over the years. However, its presence in legacy code keeps it alive.
Even major tech giants like Facebook have PHP code. As a result, the chances that it will disappear in the near future are fairly small, even if the headlines say otherwise.
Ultimately, all of the programming languages above are likely here to stay. If you’d like to learn more about in-demand programming languages and how the right ones can make it easier to further your career, the team at The Squires Group can help. Contact us to speak with one of our specialized recruiters today and see how our programmer career expertise can benefit you.
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The Car Will Surely Start With the Mercedes Benz Relay
by : Kimberly Baker
The first thing that a driver worries about after getting into the car is if the car will start once he turns the key into the ignition. This is crucial because this moment will determine the total function of the car engine---for how can you determine its performance if it would not run in the first place? But if the car is hooked up with the Mercedes Benz Relay, then it would be next to impossible for the car not to start. Because the name Mercedes Benz speaks of quality and efficiency, it is trusted to carry out its tasks with perfection.
The Mercedes Benz Relay is an electromagnetic switch. When power or ground is applied to a coil, the relay clicks on or off. The result is that a power wire to a function is either closed (connected) or opened (disconnected). When the line is connected, the function is turned on and works. When the line is disconnected, the function is turned off and will not work. A relay can be used on alarm systems to disable the starter, to flash the parking lights, and more. It is responsible for starting the car, along with the other main components of the engine. Meanwhile, the relay serves a lot of other functions too because of its electric nature. One of them is Car Conversion.
A lot of motorists have preferred to use Electric Cars instead of the gasoline-powered ones because it is less costly, and less of a pollutant. A typical conversion uses a DC controller and a DC motor. The person doing the conversion decides what voltage the system will run at typically anything between 96 volts and 192 volts. The voltage decision controls how many batteries the car will need, and what sort of motor and controller the car will use. Usually, the person doing the conversion has a "donor vehicle" that will act as the platform for the conversion. Almost always, the donor vehicle is a normal gasoline-powered car that gets converted to electric.
Once the decisions about the motor, controller and batteries are made, the conversion can start. One will have to remove the engine, gas tank, exhaust system, clutch and perhaps the radiator from the donor vehicle. Then, attach an adapter plate to the transmission and mount the motor. The motor normally requires custom mounting brackets. Usually, the electric motor needs a reduction gear for maximum efficiency. The easiest way to create the gear reduction is to pin the existing manual transmission in first or second gear. It would save weight to create a custom reduction gear, but normally it is too expensive. Next, the person must mount the controller. Find space for, and build brackets to safely hold all the batteries. Install the batteries and wire them to the controller with gauge welding cable.
Install a DC-to-DC converter to power the accessory battery. Install a large (also known as a contactor) that can connect and disconnect the car's battery pack to and from the controller. This relay is how you turn the car "on" when you want to drive it. You need a relay that can carry hundreds of amps and that can break 96 to 300 volts DC without holding an arc. Rewire the ignition switch so that it can turn on all the new equipment, including the Mercedes Benz Relay. Mercedes Benz has proven its expertise and utility in the continuous evolution of the automobile, and they will not be stopping any time soon. |
On this day in 1637: The once famous, now long-forgotten hermetic philosopher Robert Fludd dies
A wood etching of Fludd, a fairly standard looking Jacobean man
Robert Flood
Robert Fludd was baptised on January 17, 1574 in his home village of Bearsted in Kent. He was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd, a government officer, and the seventh of 12 children. Nothing is known of his life until he entered St John’s College, Oxford, where he took a BA in 1596 and an MA two years later.
He then left England to spend six years travelling around France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, where he explored philosophy and metaphysics. He eventually returned to Oxford, to Christ Church, where he gainedbachelors and masters degrees in medicine in 1605.
The following year he set up a medical practice in London’s Fenchurch Street, and was licensed by the College of Physicians, but only after a significant dispute over his medical philosophy.
The argument was an important one at the time. The medical establishment relied heavily on the Graeco-Roman tradition of Hippocrates and Galen, which promoted wellbeing through a balance of the humours and anatomy (such as it was understood).
Against this, followers of Paracelsus (d. 1541) – a Swiss-German physician and alchemist who began the use of chemicals in medicine – sought to explain health as a function of mankind’s invisible but profound connections to the wider universe.
Although Fludd was strongly drawn to the theories of Paracelsus, he knew they were not welcome in London, so chose to offer conventional Galenic medicine for the sake of a quiet life. He duly became successful and prosperous.
A wound caused by a sword, could be healed by smearing the sword in a salve made of the wounded person’s blood, moss grown on a skull, and flesh from a hanged man
In his spare time, one of his principal hobbies was designing and building automata. He made a wooden bellowing bull, a dragon, and a self-strumming lyre. He is, however, most famous for his many books and tracts on hermetic philosophy, which he wrote inexhaustibly.
Science in his day was not yet established as an independent discipline, and had not broken free from alchemy, magic, and mystical philosophy. Even Isaac Newton, born 69 years after Fludd, was more magician than scientist.
Despite Fludd’s orthodox Galenic medical practice, his books reveal that he was inwardly an ardent devotee of the Christian hermetic tradition, seeing the underlying mechanism of the physical and spiritual worlds in a heady esoteric brew of the Bible, the Kabbala, astrology, numerology, alchemy, and magic.
Fludd's version of the Vitruvian man, based on his macrocosm-microcosm ideas
His first work was the admirably clearly titled Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia (A Metaphysical, Physical, and Technical History of the Macrocosm and the Microcosm).
It explored exactly that, linking man (the microcosm) to the universe (the macrocosm) in five sumptuously illustrated volumes published between 1617 and 1621. It was a luxurious printing, bursting with baffling geometric shapes, cryptic symbols, blazing suns, and all the usual iconography of seventeenth-century hermetic and alchemic texts.
His other major work, even longer, was the Medicina catholica (Universal Medicine), which appeared in four parts from 1629 to 1631.
In it, Fludd attempted a universal history of medicine, drawing on Christian and Jewish sacred texts, numerology, astrology, and benign and malign spirits. His essential vision was of God and angels protecting the health of a fortress-like human body, while evil demons co-opted the forces of nature, like ill-winds, to besiege the body with disease.
This all fitted into a wider understanding of the universal parallels between the macrocosm and the microcosm, the heavenly constellations, numbers, musical harmonies, and human anatomy.
Fludd’s writings were very well received on the continent, but less so in England, where the tradition of hermetic philosophy was not as strong.
One of Fludd’s theories that did get attention in England was his support for the weapon salve. This was an example of sympathetic magic, maintaining that a wound caused by, say, a sword, could be healed by smearing the sword in a salve made of the wounded person’s blood, moss grown on a skull, and flesh from a hanged man.
An illustration from Fludd's "History of Magic" Credit: The Stapleton Collection
The theory was that the sword and wound shared a sympathetic magnetism that left them forever connected. (Among his other theories was the belief that baldness was a sign of subtlety and astuteness. Quite by coincidence, certain portraits disclose that he was bald.)
Fludd is often called “the English Rosicrucian”, although there is no evidence he ever joined the brotherhood that emerged in 1614, when an anonymous author published an alchemic tract, the Fama fraternitatis (Fame of the Fraternity), in Kassel, Germany.
It told the story of C.R., who travelled to the east and learned the secret arts of the mages. It was soon followed by the Confessio fraternitatis (Confession of the Fraternity) in 1615, and The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz in 1616. Together, these three anonymous texts sparked a widespread belief that the Rosicrucians were an underground brotherhood of hermetic philosophers, perhaps even with political ambitions.
When the physician and chemist Andreas Libavius railed against the Rosicrucians, Fludd responded with a tract in their defence, and expanded it the following year
Despite never being a member of the fraternity, he fervently sought to join them, as their blend of mystical Christianity and esoteric alchemic neoplatonism was strikingly closely aligned to his own philosophy.
As fears of a political aspect to the Rosicrucians grew, King James I summoned Fludd to court to explain himself. By all accounts, he succeeded in allaying any concerns that he was anything other than a loyal Anglican subject with a keen interest in hermetic metaphysics.
Fludd continued to write all his life, and remained unmarried. He died on September 8, 1637 at his house in Coleman Street, London, and was buried in Holy Cross Church, Bearsted. Although he is no longer a household name, his reputation as a savant survived into the eighteenth century, and he remains a key figure in the history and development of hermetic philosophy. |
What's a Lipogram?
"The Wonderful O" by James Thurber
In this book, pirates take over the island of Ooroo and ban the letter "o".
Book cover from James Thurber
A text that purposefully excludes a particular letter of the alphabet is called a lipogram. The adjective is lipogrammatic. A contemporary example of a lipogram is Andy West's novel Lost and Found (2002), which does not contain the letter e.
From the Greek, "missing letter"
Examples and Observations:
• "The earliest lipograms are thought to have been composed in the sixth century BC, but none has survived; maybe they were never actually written down, only imagined, to circulate among the clerisy as instant legends of verbal skill. . . . [T]he lipogram should be a purposeless ordeal undertaken voluntarily, a gratuitous taxing of the brain, and the severer the better. It should make the business of writing not pleasanter but harder."
(John Sturrock, "Georges Perec." The Word From Paris: Essays on Modern French Thinkers and Writers. Verso, 1998)
• Gadsby: A Lipgram on E
"Upon this basis I am going to show you how a bunch of bright young folks did find a champion; a man with boys and girls of his own; a man of so dominating and happy individuality that Youth is drawn to him as is a fly to a sugar bowl. It is a story about a small town. It is not a gossipy yarn; nor is it a dry, monotonous account, full of such customary 'fill-ins' as 'romantic moonlight casting murky shadows down a long, winding country road.' Nor will it say anything about tinklings lulling distant folds; robins caroling at twilight, nor any 'warm glow of lamplight' from a cabin window. No. It is an account of up-and-doing activity; a vivid portrayal of Youth as it is today; and a practical discarding of that worn-out notion that 'a child don't know anything.'
(Ernest Vincent Wright, from Gadsby, 1939--a story of more than 50,000 words that does not contain the letter e)
• "Most common of all marks from A to Z,
It's tyrant to orthography, and smug
That not a thing of worth is said without
Our using it. . . ."
(Daniel J. Webster, "A Lipogram: Writing Without It." Keeping Order on My Shelf: Poems and Translations. iUniverse, 2005)
• A Void: Another Lipogram on E
"Noon rings out. A wasp, making an ominous sound, a sound akin to a klaxon or a tocsin, flits about. Augustus, who has had a bad night, sits up blinking and purblind. Oh what was that word (is his thought) that ran through my brain all night, that idiotic word that, hard as I'd try to put it down, was always just an inch or two out of my grasp--fowl or foul or Vow or Voyal?--a word which, by association, brought into play an incongruous mass and magma of nouns, idioms, slogans and sayings, a confusing, amorphous outpouring which I sought in vain to control or turn off but which wound around my mind a whirlwind of a cord, a whiplash of a cord, a cord that would split again and again, would knit again and again, of words without communication or any possibility of combination, words without pronunciation, signification or transcription but out of which, notwithstanding, was brought forth a flux, a continuous, compact and lucid flow: an intuition, a vacillating frisson of illumination as if caught in a flash of lightning or in a mist abruptly rising to unshroud an obvious sign--but a sign, alas, that would last an instant only to vanish for good."
(Georges Perec, La Disparition--a 300-page novel that does not contain the letter e; translated by Gilbert Adair as A Void)
• 181 Missing Os
"N mnk t gd t rb r cg r plt.
N fl s grss t blt Sctch clips ht.
Frm Dnjn's tps n rnc rlls.
Lgwd, nt Lts, flds prt's bwls.
Bx tps, nt bttms, schl-bys flg fr sprt.
N cl mnsns blw sft n xfrd dns,
rthdx, jg-trt, bk-wrm Slmns.
Bid strgths f ghsts n hrrr shw.
n Lndn slp-frnts n hp-blssms grw.
T crcks f gld n dd Iks fr fd.
n sft cltl fstls n Id fx dth brd.
Lng strm-tst slps frlrn, wrk n t prt.
Rks d nt rst n spns, nr wd-ccks snrt,
Nr dg n snw-drd r n cits rlls,
Nr cmmn frg cncct lng prtcls."
(Unknown, quoted by Willard R. Espy in The Game of Words. Grosset & Dunlap, 1972) |
normal debit balance
Normal Accounting Balances
Returns on already made transactions and amendments to transactions are also reflected in debit notes. The debit/credit rules are built upon an inherently logical structure. Nevertheless, many students will initially find them confusing, and somewhat frustrating. Take time now to memorize the “debit/credit” rules that are reflected in the following diagrams. Going forward, one needs to have instant recall of these rules, and memorization will allow the study of accounting to continue on a much smoother pathway. If we have a $300 loan, the value of the loan account in the accounting system is really negative $300, but we just say our loan account balance is $300. You owe your Dad $300, so you might say your account balance is -$300.
Well, the services and supplies required to run the business do cause a decrease in Owner’s Equity, so they could be viewed positively from the company’s standpoint. There is logic behind which accounts maintain a negative balance.
And many accounts, such as Expense accounts, are reset to zero at the beginning of the new fiscal year. But credit accounts rarely have a positive balance and debit accounts rarely have a negative balance at any time. Asset accounts include current assets including cash, accounts receivable, and inventory and long-term assets like land and equipment.
How To Use Excel As A General Accounting Ledger
The entries would be a $375 debit to the expense account for office supplies and a credit of $375 to the company’s bank account. The accounting equation shows that all of a company’s total assets equals the sum of the company’s liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Sometimes, a trader’s margin account has both long and short margin positions. Adjusted debit balance is the amount in a margin account that is owed to the brokerage firm, minus profits on short sales and balances in a special miscellaneous account . The debit amount recorded by the brokerage in an investor’s account represents the cash cost of the transaction to the investor.
And the money is going into the Bank Account, which is the destination. So we also make an entry on the left side, the debits side. The money is coming from you, the owner, so the Owner Equity account is the source account. This means we need to make an entry on the right side, the credits side. An investor that buys shares on margin often resort to borrowing additional money from a broker or a lender to purchase large number of shares.
Certain accounts are used for valuation purposes and are displayed on the financial statements opposite the normal balances. The debit entry to a contra account has the opposite effect as it would to a normal account. Regardless of what elements are present in the business transaction, a journal entry will always have online bookkeeping AT least one debit and one credit. You should be able to complete the debit/credit columns of your chart of accounts spreadsheet . In the asset accounts, the account balances are normally on the left side or debit side of the account. Yes, in addition to credit balances, you may also encounter debit balances.
Want to learn how software can help speed up the process of bookkeeping? Check out this post from our blog for more information. AccountsCreditAssets–Expenses–Liability+Equity+Income+Remember when Bob’s Barber Shop sold some hair gel for $45 cash? Well, since we know there is always an equal credit entry to a debit entry, we know we must credit an account in order to balance out the transaction. The sale of the hair gel would also be labeled as income for Bob’s Barber Shop, meaning a $45 credit is in order for the income account. AccountsDebitAssets+Expenses+Liability–Equity–Income–To understand a type of transaction that would be labeled on the debit side of an account we can look at Bob’s Barber Shop. Bob sells hair gel to a customer for $45 and gets paid in cash.
Alternatively, when you use, spend or dispose of an asset, you need to credit that account. These accounts are said to be “normal,” as debits increase and credits decrease these accounts. There are several different types of accounts in an accounting system. Each account is assigned either a debit balance or credit balance based on which side of the accounting equation it falls. The double entry accounting system is based on the concept of debits and credits. This is an area where many new accounting students get confused.
We have not discussed crossing zero on the number line. If we have $100 in our checking account and write a check for $150, the check will bounce and Cash will have a negative value – an undesirable event.
• This means that as transactions occur, it is necessary to perform an analysis to determine what accounts are impacted and how they are impacted .
• If you fully understand the above, you will find it much easier to determine which accounts need to be debited and credited in your transactions.
• Understand the concept of an account.Know that every transaction can be described in “debit-credit” form, and that debits must equal credits!
An adjunct account is an account in financial reporting that increases the book value of a liability account. Debit cards allow bank customers to spend money by drawing on existing funds they have already deposited at the bank, such as from a checking account.
The owner’s capital account has a normal credit balance. Any investment you put down as initial capital will be recorded in this account. Revenue accounts which include all income accounts have a normal credit balance.When you recognize assets = liabilities + equity income from your business, you need to credit this account. When the normal balance of an account is debit, it will increase every time you debit that account. Meanwhile, a credit to that account will decrease the total balance.
normal debit balance
From a math perspective, think of a debit as adding to an account, while a credit is subtracting from an account. (This is the opposite of what you may believe!) And another fact you should know is that accountants and bookkeepers often use DR to indicate a debit, and CR to indicate a credit. When you make a cash withdrawal and you don’t maintain a drawing account, you need to record the transaction as follows.
In the examples above we looked at the Cash account and a Loan account. You many have noticed that the Cash account and most other asset accounts normally maintain a positive balance. Accounts that normally maintain a positive balance typically receive debits. And they are called positive accounts or Debit accounts. Most of the time, sole proprietors who want to track their withdrawals create an owner’s drawing account. Like expense accounts, the owner’s drawing has a normal debit balance.
How To Raise Money In A Balance Sheet
Why does my electric bill have a negative balance?
A negative dollar amount indicates that your energy credits have exceeded your energy charges. Your current month energy charge total: Displays your total energy charges or credits for the current billing month.
In this example, let’s say you use your bank account to pay back a bank loan (so you have to pay $150 for the principal and $50 for the normal debit balance interest). Let’s pretend you’re the owner of a business and you put in $500 of your own money as an investment into your business.
Why do assets have a normal debit balance?
Assets and expenses have natural debit balances. This means positive values for assets and expenses are debited and negative balances are credited. In effect, a debit increases an expense account in the income statement, and a credit decreases it. Liabilities, revenues, and equity accounts have natural credit balances.
Liability Accounts
You borrow another $100, which results in a credit to the loan account. You move to the LEFT on the number line because you credit the account. You write a check for $300, which results in a credit of $300. You give your Dad $100, which results in a debit of $100. You move to the RIGHT on the number line because you debit the account. The balance in your checking account, or Cash, is $400.
Normal Balance
In many respects, this Cash account resembles the “register” one might keep for a wallet-style checkbook. A balance sheet on January 12 would include cash for the indicated amount . Notice that column headings for this illustrative Cash account included “increase” and “decrease” labels. In actuality, these labels would instead be “debit” and “credit.” The reason for this distinction will become apparent in the following discussion. You can see which accounts are debit accounts and credit accounts in QuickBooks. You will then see all the postings done to that account.
At the same time, you recorded how much cash you paid for the land. An expense is a cost that occurs as part of a company’s operating activities during a specified accounting period. Let’s consider a few examples of entries to these asset accounts. Normal balance is the accounting classification of an account. A dangling debit is a debit entry with no offsetting credit entry that occurs when a company purchases goodwill or services to create a debit.
normal debit balance
The entries would be a debit of $3,200 to raw materials inventory and a credit of $3,200 to accounts payable. This a visual aid that represents an account in the general ledger.
The understanding ofnormal balance of accounts helps understand the rules of debit and credit easily. If the normal balance of an account is debit, we shall record any increase in that account on the debit side normal debit balance and any decrease on the credit side. If, on the other hand, the normal balance of an account is credit, we shall record any increase in that account on the credit side and any decrease on the debit side.
The concept of debits and offsetting credits are the cornerstone of double-entry accounting. For contra-asset accounts, retained earnings balance sheet the rule is simply the opposite of the rule for assets. Therefore, to increase Accumulated Depreciation, you credit it.
Since owner’s equity is on the right side of the accounting equation, the owner’s capital account is expected to have a credit balance and will increase with a credit entry of $5,000. The debit balance in the Cash account will increase with a debit entry to Cash for $5,000. When J. Lee invests $5,000 of her personal cash in her new business, the business assets increase by $5,000 and the owner’s equity increases by $5,000.
Place the cursor one row above where you want the new account. HI IF U Have more example of debit and cridit rules then plz share with. However, there is a certain limit to which an individual can borrow from a card issuer using the credit card. Once the limit is reached, no items can be purchased or withdrawal made with the credit card. If converting from Accounting for Nonprofits to The Financial Edge at least one Transfer account is required.
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IAS Prelims General Studies Online Exam Practice Paper-5 online Test
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of
The Reserve Bank of India regulates the commercial banks in matters of
1. liquidity of assets /'"
2. branch expansion
3. merger of banks
4. winding-up of banks
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
An increase in the Bank Rate generally indicates that the
ln India, deficit financing is used for raising resources for
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing?
1. Chikungunya J
2. Hepatitis B
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Which one of the following terms describes not oirly the PhYsical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms?
Photoctichemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among
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Using Humor to Improve Team Dynamics
Laughing can have a positive effect on learning. Laughter and humor are part of the human experience. We have the ability to laugh at others and ourselves, to make jokes, to add humor to situations (which are seemingly without humor) and to be absurd. Humor is a part of everyone’s experience.
Scientific research has shown some significant results concerning how humor can benefit the health of an individual. Humor has been correlated to stronger relationships in groups, suggested to be a coping mechanism against adversity and even been shown to have significant positive effects on the physical health of a person. It also improves learning, retention of new information and creativity.
Given the fact humor is part of being human and the research showing it can enhance learning, using humor in team building is a credible approach. What is the best way to incorporate humor into training? For purposes of this discussion, humor will be divided into two main types. The first is standup comedy. This generally takes the form of an individual telling funny stories or jokes to an audience. It is rarely interactive. The joke is told and the audience either laughs or does not. The primary form this takes in business is the humorous after dinner speech. The speaker will usually have a “point” about improving business that will be made in an entertaining manner. While this can create an enjoyable meeting, it rarely has any long term impact in the workplace.
The second approach is improvisational comedy. In this scenario a knowledgeable trainer leads the participants in a series of exercises. In each “game” the participants create the humor by their activity in the game. To improve team dynamics it is important the trainer debrief the group on the application of the skill learned in the exercise to the workplace. Team dynamics change in the game. Participants laugh with each other instead of “at” someone. When skillfully applied by a professional trainer, this game change easily affects workplace change.
Humor has a very important impact on human behavior. When skillfully applied by a qualified facilitator, comedy can have a positive influence on participants during (and after) a team building event. |
So far most of the planets?
Discovered orbiting other stars have orbits that:
A. Are larger than that of Pluto
B. are larger than that of Saturn
C. Are very similar to that of Jupiter
D. Approach within 1 AU of the parent star
3 Answers
• John W
Lv 7
8 years ago
Favorite Answer
The closer they are to their star, the easier their effects on the star can be seen by us. Many of the exo-planets found are closer to their star than Mercury's orbit which is why we believe them to be tidally locked. As they are orbiting Red Dwarf stars they aren't quite as hot as we would normally expect a planet in such a close orbit to be.
• 8 years ago
The detection method for the first hundreds of extrasolar planets
was mainly the radial-velocity method,
which favors the discovery of planets with small orbits.
So one expects that future discoveries by other means may include many more
planets with larger orbits.
• 8 years ago
It's D.
Still have questions? Get your answers by asking now. |
Climate Change - How do we know humans cause it?
How is the causation of climate change demonstrated to be caused by humans? How do we know that the climate change isn’t just a natural change in the enivorment?
In terms of proof, like in a court of law, we can’t know, because we simply don’t understand enough about the Earth and its climate.
In terms of collecting evidence in favor of an anthropogenic cause for climate change vs. a natural cause, we know that humans produce x billion tons of greenhouse gases and release them into the atmosphere. We also know that these gases cause the Earth’s system to retain heat and the Earth’s climate to become warmer on average. The evidence is circumstantial.
We know that humans are pooring vast amounts of gasses such as CO2 into the atmosphere. We know that such gasses can affect climate. We do not know what kinds of changes will eventually arise or the severity of those changes.
By merely existing, we affect the environment and thus the climate, as does every other living thing. The real question is do we significantly affect it? The simple answer is that we don’t know. Read Bjorn Lomborg’s The Skeptical Environmentalist for a comprehensive debunking of many - but not all - the scare stories. There are clear cases where we have totally fucked things up - the Aral Sea is an obvious case, as is over-fishing, but one good volcanic eruption throws an awful lot of polution into the upper atmosphere. Krakatoa affected the global climate for years. The northern Atlantic area is not as warm as it was 1000 years ago when Greenland was settled and southern England was a major wine-producing area.
Ask, read, and form your own opinion.
Global warming (as caused by humans, and maybe even in general) is vastly overrated and hyperbolic.
Let me explain.
Firstly, the doomsayers who are at least keeping themselves moderately realistic report a net increase of .45 C over the 20th century. In terms of global climate change, that is a pretty decent increase.
However, the reporting method most commonly used is hopelessly flawed.
The methods researchers have used to record this .45 C increase are based on land-based monitoring stations. And unfortunately a disproportionate number of these stations are in urban areas.
IN these urban areas, there is an exaggerated increase in temperature because of the urban heat trap. Basically, the horizontal planes of concrete (roads) combined with the verticle planes of concrete (skyscrapers, tall buildings) trap heat in urban areas and show a temperature that is higher than it normally would be in that area sans the human development.
Satellite temperature monitoring systems have shown a far different picture than land based monitoring systems. A picture that is often hidden from you, they show a picture of very small to moderate (.15 C) global warming over the 20th century, and a period of global COOLING in the mid 20th century.
It is a well known fact that greenhouse gasses in increased numbers contribute to heat retention globally.
Do you guys know where greenhouse gasses come from in nature? They are a byporduct of photosynthesis. Every plant on the globe is producing greenhouse gases.
And guess what, plants account for 98% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The other 2% is attributable to us.
So even if global warming was as dire as some doomsayers are claiming (.45 C over 100 years) we can’t even attribute much of that to humans, and even if we stopped ALL of our greenhouse gas emissions that would only eliminate 2% of the problem.
So, while heat retention seems to be caused by plants, there has to be more than just “man” that is causing global warming. Because the planet has gone through drastic global temperature changes many many times in its history.
And it is arrogance on our part to think our measly 2% really affects the enormity that is mother nature.
One theory I have heard is that global warming is mostly affected by the sun.
This makes sense to me. If the sun is putting out more heat, there is more heat to be retained due to greenhouse gasses.
Here’s an article explaining the urban heating aspect, which flaws ground based temperature stations:
Here’s a NASA report that vigorously defends the accuracy of the satellite numbers:
However the global warming lobby has been fairly illogical in all of this.
Awhile back they declared BOTH the gound and satellite based measurements to be accurate. But did nothing to account for the disparity. Obviously both cannot be correct.
And the preponderance of evidence shows that there is a much greater chance of flawed monitoring with land based measurements.
I should say, however, that just because it is unlikely our pollution hasn’t caused global warming, that doesn’t mean it isn’t harmful.
Air borne pollutants and reckless industrial waste DO hurt the environment, probably not on the level or in the way that global warming advocates report, but it can seriously impact our society and it should be dealt with.
How do you arrive at your assessment of who is being ‘realistic’? The figure you provide seems to be about the smallest end of most estimates.
I presume that this picture is being so well hidden from us that you can’t provide a cite?
One does not necessarily follow from the other.
OK, so you beat me with the cites…
However, I don’t understand how the satellite readings can give a century-long measurement
I know who is being realistic because based on many of my readings, including the cites I listed prior to your posting, that satellite based recordings are much more accurate and cannot fall victim to the urban heat traps.
The .45 C increase is in the middle of the spectrum, global warming advocates estimate .30 to .60 C increase, the most commonly reported in serious scientific publications is .45 C.
I’ve seen .15 and low reported by satellite imagery. And I’ve seen credible, very credible evidence that the sun is having a huge impact on global warming.
Anyways, I’ve provided enough cites to show my ideas have scientific acceptance, I won’t research the matter for you. Google is a valuable tool, do searches on “urban heat traps and global warming”, “sun and global warming”, and “satellite temperature and global warming.” And you can read and assess the information and come to your own conclusions.
IIRC (it’s been awhile since I’ve been in a global warming debate so I don’t remember everything with 100% accuracy) satellite data goes back to the 70s.
We can compare the satellite recordings for say, the year 2000 with the temperature recordings from the year 1900 and see how much the temperature has increased.
Unfortunately of course, the year 1900 wasn’t a time in which temperature recordings were all that great. Land based recordings are flawed NOW, back then they were compiled via amateur enthusiasts recording temperatures with common thermometers and sending the data in. In some cases the temperature figures are just a composite from many major newspapers around the world.
Unfortunately this really gives us no clear idea as to what the world’s temperature was back then. But from the info we DO have it shows a very small increase since that time, according to satellite figures, anyways.
How does the accuracy compare with dendroclimatology?
GorillaMan: Search for urban heat island
Martin Hyde: Are you sure that plants emit 98% of greenhouse gasses? Is that CO2?
The basic concept is simple. We are putting things into the atmosphere that absorb more of the sun’s energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy tells us that the earth will either get warmer or start spinning faster.
Core samples from glaciers show that humans have had a positive net effect on the level of CO2 in the atmosphere since the invention of fire.
There is a strong correlation between average global temperature increase and the atmospheric CO2 level. The current causes of additional CO2 are dominated by those due to human activity.
The next level is a little more complex. It is a natural human reaction to say, “What’s a few degrees of temperature difference. So it’ll be 85 degrees instead of 80. That’s a pain in the neck, but not the end of the world.”
To a first order approximation, temperature is a measure of weather volatility. The earth will not heat up uniformly, due to the differences between land and ocean and the differences between latitudes. This means larger temperature differentials, which is what causes dramatic weather events like hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts and even blizzards.
The confusing part the average person is that an average global temperature increase can result in localized temperature decreases.
A few degrees Celsius temperature increase is bad. More than that could be catastrophic.
There are some details of the climate which we are unsure of.
Example: Average temperature increases will cause additional cloud formations. Will this mitigate further temperature increases by reflecting more sunlight or will this exacerbate it by insulating the earth’s heat?
Example: The deep ocean currents remove large amounts of CO2 from the air and store them deep under the ocean. Will this process be increased or decreased by a temperature increase?
Example: Is the temperature increase caused by human activity being aggravated or diminished by the natural geological temperature fluctuations of the earth?
I am a scientist but not a climatologist. My reading of independent scientific studies indicates that over the next century, the temperature increase has a 25% chance of being awful, a 50% chance of being devastating and about a 25% chance of being “Game Over”.
Howsabout a cite for that? Plants absorb CO[sub]2[/sub] and emit water vapor. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, but it is virtually impossible to separate out the contirbution to overall atmospheric water vapor levels from plants from the contribution from plain old evaporation. Other greenhouse gases included methane (which plants don’t emit), ozone (which plants don’t emit), nitrous oxide (which plants don’t emit), hydrofluorocarbons (which plants don’t emit), perfluorocarbons (which plants don’t emit) and sulfur hexafluoride (which plants don’t emit). And those last three - which are entirely man-made - are far more heat absorbent than CO[sub]2[/sub].
According to your second cite, satellites measure temperatures higher up in the atmosphere, so they don’t necessarily need to agree with ground measurements. Current models do predict that they have similar trends, but your cite points out specific shortcomings of the standard model that can account for the difference. Nowhere does it say ground measurements are less accurate than satellite data.
I admit I don’t know much about the heat island effect, but if it’s one of the accepted theories, it’s strange that your second cite does not mention it as a possible explanation. Can you point us towards a peer-reviewed article that says heat island effect can explain the observed temperature increases?
You mean plants absorb greenhouse gases, don’t you?
Photosynthesis simplistically works like this:
6CO[sub]2[/sub] + 6H[sub]2[/sub]O —(sunlight)—> C[sub]6[/sub]H[sub]12[/sub]O[sub]6[/sub] + 6H[sub]2[/sub]O + 6O[sub]2[/sub]
Much of the carbon in a primary producer’s body comes from the atmosphere or ocean, not the other way around.
Producers do also respire (essentially the opposite of photosynthesis), but they cannot respire more than they photosynthesize because then the tree in your back yard would grow smaller and smaller each year until it vanished, rather than growing.
After producers die, then greenhouse gases like CO[sub]2[/sub] can be released, for example if humans were to burn coal, oil, or wood - the geological product of ancient (in the case of wood, less than ancient) producers. Even in that way, plants do not produce 100% of greenhouse gases because many anthropogenic greenhouse gases do not occur in nature (sulfur hexaflouride - HF[sub]6[/sub], for example).
Meant to show:
Murphy’s law dictates there must be at least one error in my correction, so heer gseo. :smiley:
I was correctly corrected, no, plants do not account for 98% of greenhouse gas emissions. It is more correctly phrased that 98% of all greenhouse gas emissions are attributable to natural causes.
This includes things like volcanic eruptions and other such things which produce quite a lot of greenhouse gases.
If you isolate individual greenhouse gases you may find that humans are responsible for a large percentage of the emissions of that particular gas. But greenhouse gas emissions in their totality are 98% the fault of humans.
Furthermore I should remind everyone that the greenhouse effect is vital to life on this planet, and without it, everyone and everything on this planet would be dead in short order.
1. The urban heat trap isn’t theory, it is scientific fact. It is easily proven and I’ve provided all the cites I’m going to on this. The idea of urban heat traps is so common and universally accepted I won’t defend it with more cites, there is a point in a discussion where continually asking for cites on issues that are commonly accepted as fact becomes meaningless.
It’s like asking for a cite when someone mentions the theory of relativity in a discussion about physics.
1. An interesting sidenote, most of the temperature increase of the 20th century occurred prior to 1940. However, most of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the 20th century (80%) occurred after 1940. The preponderance of the increase occurred between 1940 and 1970 (which correlates to a period of rapid industrialization with much lighter regulations than today) however from the period 1940 to 1970 global temperature actually had a slight decrease.
Interesting thing to ponder, there. If there is a direct correlation between temperature and increased gas emissions, then it obviously isn’t the strongest of the factors that attribute to global warming.
As for the viability of ground based measurement techniques versus satellite measurement techniques. Except for people who are very strictly attempting to push an agenda, the satellite techniques are considered the standard and are more commonly accepted than anything else.
Most official sources will use satellite figures, and have since 1970. Honestly about the only time you exclusively hear reports from ground based stations is when people need to push the global warming agenda.
Unfortunately in the scientific community there has long been a bit of a chicken little effect in regards to climate change.
During the cooling period seen mid century, some of you may remember scientific worries that we were entering a “new ice age” (this was also blamed on mankind.) Obviously we weren’t, and the cooling during the mid-century was a global cooling period that science could not explain and still cannot explain.
If you notice during 1998 when there was drastic El Nino variations the news about global warming reached its climax in recent memory. If not for the Kyoto Treaty (amazingly coming around the same time as the El Nino mass hysteria, strange coincidence) the issue of global climate change would yet again be far on the back burner and peripheral of public interest.
Unfortunately there are many people who profit from lying about global warming.
Scientists profit by misrepresenting facts because they get to continue researching with big grants given out by hysteria-filled governments worried by ominous climatologist’s reports.
Many environmentalist organizations are simply anti-industrialist without rhyme or reason and will say and do anything to hurt industrialists because they associate them with a form of evil.
From the BBC’s website
Unfortunately climate change has become a political issue. There is a degree ( :slight_smile: )of difference between the views of different scientists on the extent to which it is occurring, illustrated by the variations in the predictions cited above. It is without doubt possible to find scientific cites which support your particular view point. After all, it was not so long ago that cigarette companies were funding scientists to support the morality of their industry. That was a scientific debate with a more clear cut answer. Nonetheless it is the *majority * view point in the scientific community that human behaviour in the form of gas emissions and deforestation is causing climate change. There is not complete agreement, however, so I imagine that we are more likely to arrive at a Great Debate here than a Factual Answer. |
Constantine the Great - Wikipedia
Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great (Laitin: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus;[2] 27 Februar c. 272[1] – 22 Mey 337), forby kent as Constantine I or Saunt Constantine,[3] wis Roman Emperor frae 306 tae 337. Constantine wis the son o Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman airmy officer, an his consort Helena. His faither becam Caesar, the depute emperor in the wast, in 293 AD. Constantine wis sent east, whaur he rose throu the ranks tae acome a militar tribune unner Emperors Diocletian an Galerius. In 305, Constantius raised himsel tae the rank o Augustus, senior wastren emperor, an Constantine wis recalled wast tae campaign unner his faither in Britannia (Breetain). Constantine wis acclaimed as emperor bi the airmy at Eboracum (modren-day York) efter his faither's daith in 306 AD, an he emerged veectorious in a series o ceevil wars against Emperors Maxentius an Licinius tae acome sole ruler o baith wast an east bi 324 AD.
Constantine the Great
Constantine I
57t Emperor o the Roman Empire
Constantine Chiaramonti Inv1749.jpg
Colossal marble heid o Emperor Constantine the Great, Roman, 4t century
Ring25 Julie 306 AD – 29 October 312 AD[notes 1]
29 October 312 – 19 September 324[notes 2]
19 September 324 – 22 Mey 337[notes 3]
PredecessorConstantius I
SuccessorConstantine II
Constantius II
Constans I
Born27 Februar ca. 272[1]
Naissus, Moesia Superior (present-day Serbie)
Dee'd22 Mey 337(337-05-22) (aged 65)
Constantine II
Constantius II
Full name
Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus
DynastyConstantinian dynasty
FaitherConstantius Chlorus
Veneratit inAnglicanism
Eastren Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism
As emperor, Constantine enactit admeenistrative, financial, social, an militar reforms tae strenthen the empire. He restructurt the govrenment, separatin ceevil an militar authorities. Tae combat inflation he introduced the solidus, a new gowd cunyie that becam the staundart for Byzantine an European sillers for mair nor a thoosand years. The Roman airmy wis reorganised tae conseest o mobile field units an garrison sodgers capable o coonterin internal threits an barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successfu campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, an the Sarmatians—even resettlin territories abandont bi his predecessors in the Creesis o the Third Century.
Constantine wis the first Roman emperor tae convert tae Christianity.[notes 4] Awtho he leeved maist o his life as a pagan, he jyned the Christian faith on his daithbed, bein baipteesed bi Eusebius. He played an influential role in the proclamation o the Edict o Milan in 313, that declared releegious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman empire. He cried the First Cooncil o Nicaea in 325 that produced the statement o Christian belief kent as the Nicene Creed. The Kirk o the Haly Sepulchre wis biggit on his orders at the purportit steid o Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem an becam the haliest place in Christendom. The Papal claim tae temporal pouer in the Heich Middle Ages wis based on the supposed Donation o Constantine. He is veneratit as a saunt bi the Eastren Orthodox an Catholic Kirk. He haes historically been referred tae as the "First Christian Emperor," an he did hivily promote the Christian Kirk. Some modren scholars, houiver, debate his beliefs an even his comprehension o the Christian faith itsel.[notes 5]
The age o Constantine merked a distinct epoch in the history o the Roman Empire.[7] He biggit a new imperial residence at Byzantium an renamed the ceety Constantinople efter himsel (the laudatory epithet o "New Roum" came later, an wis niver an offeecial teetle). It becam the caipital o the Empire for mair nor a thoosand years, wi the later eastren Roman Empire nou bein referred tae as the Byzantine Empire bi historians. His mair immediate poleetical legacy wis that he replaced Diocletian's tetrarchy wi the principle o dynastic succession bi leavin the empire tae his sons. His reputation flourished in the lifetime o his childer an centuries efter his ring. The medieval kirk upheld him as a paragon o virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototeep, a pynt o reference, an the seembol o imperial legitimacy an identity.[8] Beginnin wi the Renaissance, thare war mair creetical appraisals o his ring due tae the rediskivery o anti-Constantinian soorces. Trends in modren an recent scholarship hae attemptit tae balance the extremes o previous scholarship.
1. Caesar in the wast; self-proclaimed Augustus frae 309; recognized as such in the east in Aprile 310.
2. Undisputit Augustus in the wast, senior Augustus in the empire.
3. As emperor o whole empire.
4. Wi the possible exception o Philip the Arab (r. 244–249). See Philip the Arab an Christianity.[4]
5. Constantine wis nae baptised till juist afore his daith.[5][6]
1. a b Birth dates vary but maist modren historians uise c. 272". Lenski, "Reign o Constantine" (CC), 59.
2. In Clessical Laitin, Constantine's offeecial imperial title was IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus, the pious, the fortunate, the undefeatit. Efter 312, he addit MAXIMVS ("the greatest"), an efter 325 replaced ("undefeatit") wi VICTOR, as invictus reminded mony o Sol Invictus, the Sun God.
3. Amang Eastren Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox an Byzantine Catholic Christians. The Byzantine liturgical calendar, observed bi the Eastren Orthodox Kirk an Eastren Catholic Kirks o Byzantine rite, leets baith Constantine an his mither Helena as saunts. Altho he is nae includit in the Laitin Kirk's leet o saunts, which daes recognise several ither Constantines as saunts, he is revered unner the title "The Great" for his contributions to Christianity.
5. "Constantine the Great". Retrieved 3 Mairch 2017.
7. Gregory, A History of Byzantium, 49. |
Origins and the Ségur family
While the first known reference to Lafite dates to 1234 with a certain Gombaud de Lafite, abbot of the Vertheuil Monastery north of Pauillac, Lafite’s mention as a medieval fief dates to the 14th century. The name Lafite comes from the Gascon language term “la hite”, which means “hillock”. There were probably already vineyards on the property at the time when the Ségur family organised the vineyard in the 17th century, and Lafite began to earn its reputation as a great winemaking estate. Jacques de Ségur was credited with the planting of the Lafite vineyard in the 1670s and in the early 1680s. In 1695, Jacques de Ségur’s heir, Alexandre, married the heiress of Château Latour, who gave birth to Nicolas-Alexandre de Ségur. The wine histories of the fiefs of Lafite and Latour were thus joined at the outset.
The “new French clarets”
From the early 18th century, Lafite found its market in London. It appeared in the very official London Gazette of 1707 as being “sold at public auctions in the City of London, after being offloaded from foreign merchant ships seized by British corsairs as well as by the vessels of the Royal Navy” (the era was in the grip of the Spanish War of Succession). The London Gazette described the Lafite wine and its counterparts as “New French clarets”. Between 1732-1733, Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister, purchased a barrel of Lafite every three months. It was only much later that France began to take an interest in Bordeaux’s red wines.
The King’s Wine and the Wine Prince
From 1716, Marquis Nicolas Alexandre de Ségur consolidated Lafite’s initial success. He improved the winemaking techniques and above all enhanced the prestige of fine wines in foreign markets and the Versailles court. He became known as “The Wine Prince”, and Lafite’s wine became “The King’s Wine”, with the support of an able ambassador, the Maréchal de Richelieu. In 1755, Maréchal de Richelieu was appointed Governor of Guyenne, and consulted a Bordeaux doctor, who advised him that Château Lafite was “the finest and most pleasant of all tonics.” On Richelieu’s return to Paris, Louis XV told him, “Maréchal, you look twenty-five years younger than you did when you left for Guyenne.” Richelieu responded “Does his Majesty not know that I have discovered the Fountain of Youth? I have found Château Lafite’s wine to be a delicious, generous cordial, comparable to the ambrosia of the Gods of Olympus.” Soon, Lafite was the subject of much discussion at Versailles, honoured as it was by the King’s high approval. Everyone sought to procure Lafite’s wines. Madame de Pompadour had it served with her supper receptions, and later, Madame du Barry made a point of drinking “only the King’s Wine”.
The Marquis did not have any sons, and his property was divided between his four daughters. Lafite was thus separated from Latour, despite its remaining in the family and being governed by the same steward until 1785. Lafite was inherited by Count Nicolas Marie Alexandre de Ségur, the son of the Marquis’ oldest daughter, who had married a cousin, Alexandre de Ségur, who was provost of Paris. In 1785, the anonymous author of a memoir on the “Lafite Seigniory” spoke of the “finest vineyard in the world”. Things did not turn out so well for the Count de Ségur, though. With outstanding debts, he was forced to sell Château Lafite in 1784. As a relative of the seller, Nicolas Pierre de Pichard, the first president of the Bordeaux Parliament, used the “kinship rights” legislation to purchase the estate.
Thomas Jefferson
On the eve of the French revolution, Lafite was at the height of its winemaking legacy, as witnessed in the exceptional writings of Thomas Jefferson, future President of the United States. While serving as ambassador for the young United States Republic to the Versailles Court, this multifaceted individual – farmer, businessman, politician, lawyer, architect, diplomat and founder of the University of Virginia – acquired a passion for winemaking and thought about developing it in his own country. He stayed in Bordeaux in May 1787, five days was enough time for him to visit the major Chartrons merchants and gather a mass of information that he would report in his travel memoirs. He detailed the hierarchy of the growths, highlighting those that would go on to be the four leading wines. Château Lafite was among them. Jefferson remained a steadfast customer of Bordeaux’s wines until the end of his days.
Dutch property
The Ségur family’s stewardship of Lafite ended brutally with the execution of Nicolas Pierre de Pichard during the chapter of French history known as “the Terror”, on the 12th Messidor of year 2, under the short-lived Republican calendar (30 June 1794). In the lobby of Château Lafite is an ancient poster announcing the public sale of the property on 12 September 1797. The estate was then described as “the leading Médoc wine, producing the finest wines in all of Bordeaux”. The purchaser, Jean de Witt, was a Dutch citizen, who was soon forced to sell Lafite to three merchants, who were also Dutch. After Jean de Witt’s short ownership, Château Lafite hosted a remarkable line of stewards, whose greatest was Joseph Goudal. Goudal was masterful in his supervision of the estate in the early part of the 19th century. As of 1800, the three owners were Baron Jean Arend de Vos Van Steenvwyck, Othon Guillaume Jean Berg and Jean Goll de Franckenstein.
The Vanlerberghe mystery
In 1818, the new owner of Lafite was Madame Barbe-Rosalie Lemaire, whose husband was Ignace-Joseph Vanlerberghe, a leading grain merchant and supplier of Napoleon’s armies. A mystery came about upon the death of Ignace-Joseph Vanlerberghe, when Mme Lemaire officially sold the Lafite estate to the British subject Sir Samuel Scott in 1821. Scott and his son would effectively manage the estate until 1867. In reality, Samuel Scott Senior and Junior were only representatives of Aimé-Eugène Vandelberghe, son of Madame Lemaire and Ignace-Joseph Vanlerberghe. During the inheritance of Aimé-Eugène Vanlerberghe in 1866, the title was produced to prove the deceased’s ownership of the property. After a half-century of secrecy, the name Vanlerberghe would be written into Lafite’s history of owners. In this period, vintages that made history include: 1795 and 1798, of outstanding quality, 1801, 1802, 1814, 1815 and especially 1818.
THE 1855 Classification
In 1815, Mr. Lawton published an initial classification of Médoc wines in his brokerage house log. It was apparently an accurate assessment, as it was very similar to the 1855 classification. Lafite was already at the top of the list: “I ranked Lafite as the most elegant and delicate, with the finest fruit of the three (leading wines).” He added that “its wines are the most superb in all of Médoc.” The 1834 vintage was particularly successful, as was 1841, and especially 1846. The vintage rankings of the Universal Paris Exposition in 1855 officially gave Lafite the rating as “Leader among fine wines”. This ranking would be the benchmark for a new and astonishing era of success for Médoc vineyards. The period’s finest vintages include 1847, 1848, 1858, 1864, 1869, 1870 and 1876.
Baron James de Rothschild
On 8 August 1868, Baron James de Rothschild purchased Château Lafite.
On 8 August 1868, Baron James de Rothschild purchased Château Lafite, which had been placed under public sale through the inheritance of Ignace-Joseph Vanlerberghe. Baron James, who was head of the French branch of the Rothschild family, passed away just three months after purchasing Lafite. The estate then became the joint property of his three sons: Alphonse, Gustave and Edmond. The estate then boasted 74 hectares of vineyards. As a sign welcoming the new owner, the vintage produced in 1868 went down as a record on several counts. It was the highest priced wine of its vintage year (6,250 of that period’s francs, or 4,700 of today’s euros the ‘tonneau’ of 900 litres). This early wine’s high price would remain a record for the entire century, before being far surpassed at the end of the 20th century. Fortunately for Barons Alphonse, Gustave, and Edmond de Rothschild, the “golden age” of Médoc would go on for another fifteen years after the purchase of Lafite.
Disasters, wars and crises
The end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century were turbulent. The phylloxera crisis and mildew severely impacted the vineyard. Then came World War I and the Great Depression which led to a freefall in prices. Suffering heavily from mildew, Château Lafite Rothschild took measures and declassified certain vintages from 1882 to 1886, and also 1910 and 1915. Bottling at the Château was also implemented for more effective combating of fraud. During World War I, the estate was severely impacted by the draft and by supply restrictions. The Great Depression of the 1930s would also be painfully felt in the vineyard, with the market riding a sustained low, and an unprecedented financial crisis that led to a reduction of vineyard area. A few exceptions to this dark period include 1899, 1900, 1906, then 1926 and 1929, which are of excellent quality.
World War II and occupation
World War II caused an ordeal in a different league, with the June 1940 defeat leading to the occupation of the Médoc. A German garrison was stationed for the entire length of the occupation at Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild. The Rothschild family properties were confiscated and placed under public administration. To avoid German greed, and through the care of provisional administrators, the winemaking estates were finally dismissed in 1942 to serve as agricultural vocational schools. The shortages and restrictions were made worse by requisitions and veiled ransacking of ancient vintages: these were painful blows to the Château. The Barons de Rothschild recovered possession of Château Lafite Rothschild at the end of 1945, and Baron Elie was responsible for re-establishing the estate’s successful operation. A series of excellent vintages in 1945, 1947, and 1949 gave strength to the reconstruction effort.
Baron Elie: restructuring
Baron Elie led a programme to restore the vineyards and the buildings, and to fully restructure the property’s administration. He took practical steps, like adding a herd of dairy cows in the 1950s in order to use the fields below the château as a supply of organic fertilizer. Baron Elie was a major shaper of events in the difficult reconstitution of the fine wine market. He was an active member of “tasting” events in London, and one of the founding members of the Bordeaux wine guild, the Commanderie du Bontemps of the Médoc, in 1950. The very fine 1955 vintage was evidence of the wine’s rebirth, but the Bordeaux vineyard suffered terrible frosts in February of 1956 before producing a new cycle of exceptional vintages in 1959 and 1961. The 1960s rounded out the renaissance with new markets, particularly in the United States. Prices rose, do in part to a healthy rivalry between Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild.
Baron Eric: renewal
After the 1973-1976 mini-crisis that hit Bordeaux, the recovery was confirmed by the very fine 1975 and 1976 vintages and the management of Château Lafite Rothschild by Baron Eric de Rothschild, Baron Elie’s nephew. Baron Eric’s management of the estate made strides forward with a search for excellence and the gradual addition of a new technical team. In the vineyard, replanting and restoration work was mirrored by re-evaluation of fertilizing and reduced herbicide treatments. In the cellar, a stainless steel vat complex was installed alongside oak vats, and a new circular ageing cellar was constructed under the supervision of Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill. This new design style was acclaimed for its innovative character and uncompromising spirit, and can hold 2,200 barrels. In the same artistic spirit, in 1985 Baron Eric began a tradition of inviting fine-arts photographers to photograph Château Lafite. These include such artists as Jacques Henri Lartique, Irving Penn, Robert Doisneau, and Richard Avedon. He also extended the horizons of the Domaines through new acquisitions both in France and abroad. Very fine vintages for the 80s and 90s decades, were notably 1982, 1986, the trilogy 1988, 1989 and 1990, and then 1995 and 1996, these were greeted with soaring prices.
A remarkable decade around THE year 2000
There was a remarkable series of vintages, helped by rather dry weather during the growth season. Among them, 2000, 2003 (the heat wave year), 2005, 2009 and 2010 will reveal their splendour with age! The turn of the century went smoothly with some very promising vintages ageing in the cellars. This cautious optimism is based on the ongoing search for excellence that is so much a part of Château Lafite Rothschild’s history. |
Wart removal
Wart removal is a process of removing the wart tissue from the surface of the skin. Warts usually appear under the influence of a virus and rarely from a genetic predisposition. Intervention should be performed as soon as a wart is spotted since warts are usually contagious and can spread to other parts of the body and loved ones.
remove wart removal
There are a few possible ways to remove warts:
Removing warts with radio waves
Removing warts with radio waves is the most efficient way to remove warts from the skin or mucous tissue. The intervention is performed under local anesthesia. Anesthesia be applied as a cream (EMLA, which is applied on the skin one hour before the intervention) or with a needle of the smallest diameter, where Lidocaine 2% is injected directly into the area where the wart is. The first form of anesthesia is suitable for small changes on the face, neck and genitals. When a wart is on the feet, hands or if it is over 5 mm in size, an anesthesia with a needle is necessary for the intervention to be painless. After anesthesia, radio waves are used to go over the surface of the wart, which makes it evaporate. Curettage is needed only on the hands and feet after the radio waves in order to be sure that the root of the wart is removed.
This sort of intervention leaves a dry scab and sometimes a dent in the skin. A week or two after that the scab rises, fills in the dent and after falling off it leaves young skin which is leveled with the surroundings. If the change was larger than 5 mm, somewhat lighter skin can remain in the area where the change was removed.
After removal of warts in this manner, it is desirable to treat area only with antibiotic powder.
Removing warts with liquid nitrogen
Removal with liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy) is an intervention which involves the freezing of the wart tissue. In this way a hematoma is formed under the wart and then a scab which makes the wart fall off. A drawback in this procedure is in its imprecision and in an increased number of visits to the doctor that a patient must commit to. Also, a drawback of this method is that by damaging the surrounding tissue by spraying liquid nitrogen on it, the virus can spread on the surroundings of the skin. It is impossible to assess the depth of skin freezing so there is a great possibility that after a few months in the same place a wart will appear. This is a method of choice for HIV positive patients because there are no vapors.
Laser removal of warts
Laser removal is a method which uses a laser beam, and the principle of heating and evaporating the wart is the same as in radio wave removal, as is the anesthesia. Healing is somewhat longer than in other methods considering the fact that the skin is damaged more during the intervention.
Removal using mixtures with salicylic acid
Mixtures with salicylic acid are a method which slowly peels the tissue. This therapy is indicated only for warts that are superficial.
Removing warts with cytostatic mixtures
Applying cytostatic mixtures in the very tissue of the wart. It is a completely safe method, without forming a wound at the place of a wart. It demands two to five treatments once a month.
Using creams to remove warts
Imiquimod 5% (Aldara) cream or Podophyllotoxin cream are mixtures that cause irritation and immunological reaction when applied and that leads to withdrawal of warts. Methods are expensive (Aldara) and long term with the largest percent of virus recurrence.
Spec. Dr. Svetlana Djurisic, dermatologist |
Powerful storms are nothing new and were nothing new for those on the Sea of Galilee. The Sea of Galilee is an inland lake about six miles wide and twelve miles long. The sea is positioned several hundred feet below the level of the Mediterranean Sea and is known for being very warm. But when the cold air comes down off Mt. Herman and the dark clouds make their way to Galilee, no one on the sea is exempt from the fury. Even in Bible times, the Sea of Galilee was known for its tumultuous weather. In the Bible we see an event that was rough enough to cause several life-long fishermen to fear for their lives.
When we look at the storm in this story, we are reminded of the fact that the storms of our lives often come upon us quickly and unexpectedly. We each experience trials, tragedies, and devastation at some point in our lives. Our nation collectively has experienced sudden storms that continue even today. There is no way to prevent such trials or to deal with them. The only hope we have during the storms of life is in Jesus Christ.
How we handle the storms of being alive determines the outcome of our life’s voyage. Will we let the waves of culture and crisis force us to drift and shipwreck, or will we set a hook on something solid and weather the storm.
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Different ways to write a compare and contrast essay
How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay – Useful Tips
Read the template together. Here are some examples of compare and contrast essays that you can try writing: Which information uphold the argument that you are introducing. As you are writing down your points, remember the order of your essay.
Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay
Once you have decided the ones that best fit the theme of your paper, so you are ready to structure them in the body paragraphs of the essay. Playing video games vs. What form is your essay going to take. Depending on your emphasis, the paper can be more of a comparison essay, or more of a contrast essay.
You have several options to consider: The facts and data you use have to be up-to-date and relevant. If you sequence them in that order, it will be easier when you turn those points into sentences and paragraphs. Yes, you have to look through a lot of sources to gather enough information.
What is your purpose in comparing and contrasting them. To make your writing process more organized, you should make an outline. That is fine if you can put together a properly organized and well-reasoned paper in which your reader is given accurate information on which to base a wise decision.
Here are some other topics to compare and contrast and questions to ask yourself: Some instructors prefer that you only write about the differences between two things, while others want you to focus on explaining the similarities as well.
The second one helps describe the same points of different subjects simultaneously. Now you have the tools to write a great compare and contrast essay. That is you explain a point for one subject, then for another. Depending on the length of the essay, you can use either format and write a point of comparison and contrast in one paragraph, or write several paragraphs about a point.
The Structure of a Compare or Contrast Essay The essays are different in the way they are organised. Block Arrangement Point by Point Arrangement Thesis Statement: There are two main differences / similarities between a PC and a Mac in terms of software and ease of use.
Tips for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay. Compare and contrast essays are the best way to spread the knowledge on two topics. With these reliable guidelines writing the paper will be.
How to Compose Exceptionally Good Compare and Contrast Essay Outline access_time March 29, Throughout the course of your education and career (if you choose to become a writer), you’ll have the opportunity to work on different writing assignments and, of course, essays are inevitable.
Essay Lab How to Write a Compare-and-Contrast Essay
Choosing Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Another important question is how to choose the right essay topics. The process starts with brainstorming and deep research to find a broad array of things that the topics have in common and different traits.
Thinking about Comparison and Contrast. The first step in writing a compare and contrast essay involves thinking. When you are asked to write this type of essay, you will focus on the ways in which two (or more) things or ideas are similar to and/or different from one another.
Different ways to write a compare and contrast essay
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Do You Require A Hand Sanitizer In Order To Avoid Spread Of Physical Distancing?
Are facial area face masks efficient from air-borne computer viruses? It’s not likely they’re planning to stop all of the viruses which can be at this time recognized. The fact is, they aren’t even top notch at protecting against a number of the ones we know already about. But do deal with face masks to avoid malware from scattering? For those who have just about any concerns with regards to wherever and the way to work with N95 FACE MASK, you can e mail us with the web-site.
With the current outbreak of the fatal SARS-coV-2 computer virus, individuals just as before are looking for medical encounter masks just to defend on their own and others approximately them using this newest pandemic. However how effective is deal with masking in controlling breathing malware such as the winter flu? The limited answer is: not very. There are several reasons why it could help in lowering the seriousness of an outbreak.
Firstly, we know already it doesn’t assistance very much to enjoy a complete-confront face mask on. It is because the majority of people can easily see within your jaws once you dress in 1, so any germs or some other malware which can be in the lips or nose tooth decay is visible. The idea, then, should be to have on a nose defend or some sort of nose face mask whenever you can. For some people, this isn’t simple. By way of example, if you’re regularly bothered via the soreness as part of your throat any time you have a discussion, you may find that sinus guards are difficult to wear.
However, there are certain kinds of masks that are designed to do the job just under the skin area. One example is, there are masks that are designed to be used above the nose or even across the mouth. These particular facial masks, identified as exhalation valves, will help keep the mouth area and nasal spaces wholesome and clean up, controlling the pass on of viruses and bacteria which might be hauling microbes. They should guard the muscle tissues in the experience from drying out out,. That may be there are various good reasons for donning these kinds of masks at the same time, including because you won’t need to continually clean the face to eliminate harmful bacteria, grime and oils.
Another great reason for using medical face masks. In the event you commonly get skin rashes, you should make sure you’re not wearing as well firm clothing and that you’re not respiratory via your lips. Excess humidity can make you particularly dry up. While you might think this could be resolved by just modifying tee shirts and maybe even shampooing often, the condition will stay unless you look after it. Because of this, some individuals prefer to use a surgery cover up to guard their explanation body. They may also be used to support avoid the onset of creases or loose that comes about as we age.
There are lots of numerous pandemic masks available too. Some are specially intended to quit the transmitting of your selected sort of influenza, just like the form that’s often known as swine flu. When you prefer to stay clear of needing to clean just one just after use, some others may very well be donned to help keep the sinuses of such affected by a chilly from being impeded therefore reducing the number of hacking and coughing that happens, which reduces the spread out and seriousness of a cool.
Of course, there are a lot of non reusable operative experience masks on the market. These are typically utilised when one is out of doors and perspiration is there. They’re generally made of some kind of watertight material or synthetic and are generally worn out throughout sports events or simply out for the playground. If you are considering making use of them often.
Each of these items are significant to bear in mind when contemplating if you have to possess a palm sanitizer, material deal with face mask or another type to reduce the spread of physiological distancing microbes, it is essential, however, to remember that you need to wash most of these wash cloth confront masks carefully, particularly. Reducing the quantity of bodily distancing in between your and also you loved ones can be a strategy to assist prevent episodes. For anyone who is at risk of sickness or even more prone to a number of varieties of ailment, it can be difficult to understand the best time to utilize one, particularly. You have to maintain all of these components under consideration to make the most efficient choice for your family’s defense.
Should you have virtually any questions concerning wherever in addition to how to employ N95 FACE MASKS, you possibly can e-mail us on our own page. |
Currently reading : Russian Lubok Prints
Russian Lubok Prints
10 January 2014
Author : ivgheny-kosthin
Russian Lubok is a term described for 16th Century engravings or prints received on paper with a wooden cliche. Initially these prints were pictures in black-and-white, but later they went into more mass production and started to use colour.
Black-and-white prints were painted with hare pads by women in workshops near Moscow and Vladimir. Often such popular prints resembled childs drawing, inept, hasty, illogical on colour. However a man could already find among them many examples, which scientists consider especially valuable, arguing on innate colour sense of handicraftsmen, that allowed them to create absolutely unexpected, fresh combinations.
Why these images were named “lubok” is unknown however it is thought that it may have something to do with German popular prints cuted out on lime boards (and at that time the lime was called a bast), or maybe the reason was bast boxes, in which boards were sold, or, according to Moscows hearings of that time, everything begun on Lubyanka – the street , where lubok-masters lived.
Comic national pictures that were still sold at various marketplaces in the 17th century up to the beginning of 20th were considered as the most mass type of the fine arts of Russia. The attitude towards them wasn’t serious, as the upper class flatly refused to recognise Lubok images as important artworks but they thought that they was created by commoners, self-educated persons, often on gray paper, for the joy of peasant people. Certainly, then only a few people cared for cautious preservation of basten sheets.
Censorship also took place, proceedfrom both the clergy and the state authorities. Moscow Patriarch Joachim in 1674 forbade to buy sheets, that were printed by German heretics, Luther and Calvin “in theirs own accursed opinion.” According to the representatives of Church faces of the revered saints had to be painted on the boards, and prints were meant for “beauty”. The decree on March 20, 1721 forbade sale “on Spassky Bridge and in other Moscow places of engraving, which were printed willfully, except printing house”. In 1822 police censorship was entered. Some popular prints were forbidden, boards were destroyed. By the year of 1826 all prints were considered and subordinated by the censorship regulations.
The subjects of these popular prints were very diverse: it included religious and moral themes (images of icon type in the Byzantine style), folk and fantastic, historical and even the medical. The sheets were surely accompanied by the instructive or jocular text containing popular wisdom, humour, or even sometimes by skillfully disguised rigid political satire.
The technique of lubok changed eventually. In the 19th century drawing under the press began to carry out not on a tree, but on a metal that allowed to create more graceful works. The color scale of popular prints also changed becoming even brighter and richer. For a long time Lubok acted as a kind of spiritual food of the common working people, a source of knowledge and news as newspapers were in deficiency, and lubok was popular, cheap and was prevalent all over the country. By the end of the century Lubok prints as a creation practically exhausted itself, and was forced out by the factory press.
The Russian Lubok is a creation of unknown national masters. Roughly developing under a brand of lack of talent and the bad taste noted by highly educated part of the Russian society. Today Lubok prints have been recognised for a much more special value, and are now the subject of collecting and careful studying.
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ku klux klan
1. A secret society of white Southerners in the United States;
Was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves;
Used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people (synset 108046174)
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Algebraic and Quantitative Analysis
Course Outline
Through collaborative activities and hands on experiences, students will develop the mathematical reasoning and communication skills necessary to succeed in all high school mathematics courses and STEM through college and career ventures. Units are designed around big problems worth solving and intended to motivate students through curiosity. Assessments promote student learning through metacognition, feedback, and information on their level of understanding. The classroom is designed as an inclusive environment
where students make connections with their personal experiences, other disciplines, and other mathematical concepts.
Standards of mathematical Practice
In connection to the High School Mathematics I course content, students will be able to:
1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
4. Model with mathematics.
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
6. Attend to precision.
7. Look for and make use of structure.
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
Course Syllabi
Supplies List
Bounded Graph Paper Notebook
Red Pen
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How Long Does Concrete Last in Colorado?
how long does concrete last in Colorado
How Long Does Concrete Last in Colorado?
Facts about the longivity and properties of concrete
Concrete is one of the longest-lasting man-made materials you can use. In fact, some buildings made of concrete are still standing after thousands of years. The Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, the Roman Pantheon and the Roman Colosseum are all made of concrete, and they are still going strong even after so much time has passed. The Hoover Dam and the Panama Canal are exposed to trillions of gallons of water, and they stand up to the elements.
It’s no wonder that concrete is also the most widely used man-made material in Colorado (by tonnage).
If you want the same long-lasting results for your Colorado building or industrial structure, concrete may be the solution. Of course, investing in concrete repair and concrete restoration can help your building last even longer, whether it has been damaged or you have reclaimed an older building and want to salvage it.
Composition of Concrete
Concrete is a blend of materials. Primarily, it is a mixture of cement and water, with some aggregate material. Because aggregate is used in the mix, there can be wide variation in how long concrete lasts.
Aggregate materials can include sand, gravel, crushed stone and even recycled construction materials such as asphalt, blast furnace slag and bottom ash.
Not only does the choice of aggregate influence the look and texture of the concrete, but it also helps determine the strength of the concrete. Some aggregate material is stronger than others, and the ratio of materials also influences the strength of the finished product.
Aggregate helps to strengthen concrete by bearing the weight of the compression. Cement on its own is very brittle. If the cement cracks, it can weaken the whole structure by allowing the aggregate to shift. Natural breakdown of materials and vibrations caused by natural shifts or weather changes can also cause the concrete to weaken, leading to the need for concrete repair.
Concrete reinforcement with steel rebar or carbon fiber can help to prevent the weakening of the structure from such changes.
Concrete Grading
Concrete grading is measured by its compressive strength, or how much poundage it can support per square inch. The stronger the concrete, the higher the PSI. Residential buildings need a PSI of at least 2,500, and commercial buildings need at least 4,000. Skyscrapers may have concrete with anywhere from 10,000 PSI to 20,000 PSI.
Colorado Concrete gets stronger as it ages and its ingredients continue to bond together. Additives can be included in the mixture to help this process along. Chemical additives can make the concrete resistant to temperature changes and freezing and can help slow the breakdown of natural ingredients. Calcium silicate hydrates can also help reduce creep.
Bonding Agents
Bonding agents are used to adhere concrete to concrete, such as when conducting concrete repair or concrete restoration. Bonding agents typically include natural materials, such as gravel or cement.
Acrylic bonding agents and resins can also be used in the restoration process. They may be applied to one surface to prepare it for the concrete paste.
The strength of bonding agents can determine the overall strength of the concrete and the longevity of the building.
If you want your concrete structures to last as long as some historical buildings, you’ll need to understand exactly what materials are used to create the concrete, as well as what additives and bonding agents have been used to strengthen it.
At Pride Development and Construction, we can help you choose the best concrete for your Colorado building, whether you are creating a residential structure or commercial or industrial operations base. We are concrete experts, and we can help you with the construction of your building or the repair and restoration of it. We have solutions for concrete repair and restoration, including carbon fiber repair and reinforcement. Call us today to find out how we can help you.
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Meaning of Exemption in English | Exemption का अर्थ (Exemption ka Angrezi Matlab)
Meaning of Exemption in English
1. an act exempting someone
2. a deduction allowed to a taxpayer because of his status (having certain dependents or being blind or being over 65 etc.)
3. immunity from an obligation or duty
4. The act of exempting; the state of being exempt; freedom from any charge, burden, evil, etc., to which others are subject; immunity; privilege; as, exemption of certain articles from seizure; exemption from military service; exemption from anxiety, suffering, etc.
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Whatever the cost to our natural differences with marxist doctrine, we must recognize that many of our ideas come from Marx, from whom — while denying him certain basic ethical qualities and attributing to him inordinate authoritarian ambitions — we cannot take away the credit for having created a social system in the German style, i.e., precisely elaborated, with an answer to every question and a theory for every stance.
Early anarchists accepted Marx’s economic doctrines well before marxists appeared; but, as Malatesta said, if we aren’t deceiving ourselves, this is because no time was left for dealing with these questions ourselves. The years have passed, and marxism, in its political aspect, was totally eradicated from the anarchist environment; meanwhile its imprint remains in economic affirmations, and if one can compromise with it so long as reality doesn’t demand clear and definite positions or concrete answers, the moment arrives when we notice the contradictions and feel the need to stick with our own ideas and subordinate marxism to the libertarian conception of revolution and social life.
In our opinion, the idea of class contradicts the principles maintained by anarchism. We believe that we see in it the last refuge of authoritarianism; we brag about having removed the influence of political parties from the workers’ movement, but by allowing the idea of class to ferment, we prepare the terrain for a new form of domination. Syndicalism has served marvelously for doing this. Syndicalists, even those who claim to be libertarian, see the world through the one-sided prism that places one class ahead of the other; they have created a fixed idea of exploiters and exploited, of capitalists and wage laborers, and instead of confirming through the examination of real life the content of this idea, the existence of the homogeneity of classes in struggle, they make the opposite operation.
If everyone of those who is active and takes his place in social and revolutionary struggle asks himself why he acts in a given way, she won’t respond as a member of a social class, but as the partisan of an idea. When we embark on an action against capitalists or against the state, we do it more for our conceptions of justice, equality and freedom than as members of an economic class. Individual or collective poverty can be a stimulus to rebellion, to the consideration of current ills, to the search for remedies, a thing that we don’t do as workers, but as human beings. Corporatist and marxist reformists have made the possible everything because the thought of workers is in agreement with the craft the they practice and not with their human condition.
Furthermore, daily life offers us a spectacle that is the complete opposite of the struggle of the exploited against the exploiters; the struggle that we observe is that of the exploited against… themselves; very rarely the privileged resort to direct action, and generally they make use of the ignorance, of the poverty, etc. of the subordinate to defend their positions and put one exploited person up against the other.
Syndicalists say: «All workers, all wage laborers must unite in common struggle against the common enemy, the capitalist; the interests of all workers are the same, all workers are brothers!».
We doubt that the interest of the striker is identical to that of the scab, that the interest of the waged factory worker is equal to that of the waged police, or that the interest of the revolutionary worker is on par with that of the christian worker; far from seeing the existence of general lines of common struggle among wage laborers, we notice the greatest division, and we anarchists should not fight against this division (which will be as one will see equally artificial and inconsistent) in the name of supposed common class interests, but in the name of human interests. We should not repeat, like the syndicalists, «all workers are brothers!», but «all men are brothers!», because the idea of class implicitly contains the idea of class domination. It is certain that the fighters of social revolution belong, have belonged and will belong almost exclusively to the working masses. It is thoroughly understandable that the rebellious part of society is that which suffers, and it is equally understandable that it is the part of society that suffers exploitation and domination that aspires and is capable of aspiring to the suppression of these basic ills for all. However, this does not authorize us to proclaim that the revolution is a class question, that the solution to the problems of social life is in accordance with the point of view of a portion of society that thinks as such and not as a fraction of humanity. Up to now history has given us plenty of examples of this racial, caste, dynastic and party exclusivism. Anarchism would experience the greatest defeat if it were to stimulate human beings to think like mechanics or peasants, like wage laborers or black people and not like human beings; beyond craft, race, color one finds humanity.
The appraisal of the value of ideas in social life is much too neglected whereas human beings are separated or united more by ideas or the lack of ideas, than by nationality, craft, color. The claim of syndicalists (supported by some anarchists) to measure human beings by work and by what they think, has always seemed a great absurdity to us. If the union has a higher mission than that of maintaining a salaried secretary, if it has an intention of struggle for a more just society, when it acts it will see endless conflicts and will have to recognize that among workers in the same craft, ideas are what determine the conduct of individuals: the christian will consider rebellion as crime, because his aim is to conquer a place in heaven, not on earth; the marxist will avoid the terrible moments of a clash with the waged police or with the soldiers of the army and will prefer to entrust the mission of defending his interests to a parliamentary representative. The anarchists will not be able to compromise with either christian resignation or the marxist panacea. We therefore see that the harmony of the unionized workers of a corporation cease as soon as one wants to do more that pay the union dues and maintain the salaried secretary.
The syndicalists also say that workers must unite on the basis of class interests; we don’t know which class interests it’s about, because it isn’t so easy to imagine defining what a class is. Of course, it is because we don’t know interests that are not linked to respective ideas and one cannot speak of interests without considering the ideas that they generate or those that have given birth to them. It is quite possible that in someone the idea of justice is born from the interest in the just, but it is also true that the interest for the just can be born from the idea of justice. In other words, freedom, for example, may be born from the interest in the free life, but it can also come before and independently of this interest. We don’t love the good only when this is united to an interest, we love it even when it is detrimental to our interests.
We have never believed in the logic of revolutionary associations based on interests and we have not been able to conceive that one could ignore ideas, without which any association is artificial.
The idea of class naturally excludes the action of ideas in the life of collectivities; the idea of class fuels historical determinism, marxist fatalism; they are inseparable. And if we are convinced that the working class is not called by fate to replace the bourgeois class or to move in any direction, we must make a new factor enter into the social movement: human will; and if we accept human will in the social movement, we will not be able to affirm that revolution is the exclusive affair of this or that class, because we will not realize the existence of this will through any one-sided prism of a party or an economic faction. In the last century, there was belief in People-Messiahs; the syndicalists have dreamed up the Class-Messiahs. We anarchists see things from a broader point of view, and we affirm that the revolution that must bring freedom and equality can not be made in the name of a class but in the name of humanity, even though firmly convinced that it will be realized almost exclusively by revolutionary workers.
We protest against the syndicalists who say that the revolution is a class question for the same reason that we protest when the bolsheviks or the social-democrats affirm that it is a question of the party, of their party.
We have seen the dictatorship of the proletariat ultimately become the dictatorship of Lenin. If the syndicalist experiment is made some day, we will see that the class idea will be limited to workers unions and, more, to executive committees, and, more still, to the most able, the most clever of these executive committees. And as Lenin could have said: «the dictatorship of the proletariat is me», we could see some synidicalist say: «the class is me».
In 1908, in the columns of Protesta (Buenos Aires), there was an interesting debate on the question of classes; the main protagonists were E. G. Gilimon, one of the most solid minds to have spent time in the editing of the old anarchist daily, and Antonio Loredo, then the editor of L’Azione Operaia from Montevideo. It would be interesting to reread the arguments of this debate. Gilimon set forth on that occasion the ideas that we have seen again in Protesta ten years later and that would deserve still wider discussion.
The idea of class cannot satisfy anarchists and we would only like to draw the attention of comrades to this, and if we lack a Marx to examine this from a libertarian point of view, we could replace the absence of a theorist with our joint efforts. |
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Artículos sobre Antibiotic resistance
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Cattle that are grass-fed, antibiotic- and growth hormone-free gather at a farm in Oregon in 2015. There’s a debate over whether antibiotic use in livestock makes germs more resistant to the drugs, and results in infections being passed on to humans who consume the meat. (AP Photo/Don Ryan)
Why reducing antibiotics in farm animals isn’t as easy as it seems
The use of antibiotics in raising livestock is complex. We could be moving towards a less-than-ideal result due to poor understanding, over-simplistic messaging and a rush for competitive advantage.
Bacteria in the dish on the left are sensitive to antibiotics in the paper discs. The ones on the right are resistant to four of the seven antibiotics. Dr. Graham Beards
Bacteria may be powerful weapon against antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic-munching microbes may prove useful for mopping up contaminated water supplies and land.
Research shows potential for delivering our drugs in ways that would make it harder for antibiotic resistance to evolve and spread. Here we see a close up view of a biofilm of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (Shutterstock)
‘Drug sanctuaries’ offer hope for a post-antibiotic world
As a post-antibiotic future beckons, how can humanity protect itself against the proliferation of superbugs? Research suggests 'drug sanctuaries' in hospitals could be a promising solution.
New Zealand researchers have found that the active ingredients in commonly-used weed killers like Round-up and Kamba can cause bacteria to become less susceptible to antibiotics. from
New research suggests common herbicides are linked to antibiotic resistance
Improper use of antibiotics is one reason for the rise in antibiotic resistance, but new research shows that ingredients in common weed killers can also cause bacteria to become less susceptible.
Some patients may be prescribed antibiotics as preventatives, rather than to treat infections. from
Drug resistance: how we keep track of whether antibiotics are being used responsibly
We know overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics contribute to resistance, so it's important we develop strategies to improve practice.
John Gerrard says a developed city like Sydney could not cope with an epidemic of the scale of the recent Ebola outbreak. UNMEER/Martine Perret/Flickr
Speaking with: John Gerrard on preventing infectious diseases
Speaking with: Dr. John Gerrard on infectious diseases. The Conversation, CC BY-ND20 MB (download)
William Isdale speaks to Dr. John Gerrard about the constant threat of infectious diseases and what we can do to prevent a deadly pandemic from establishing itself in Australia.
Green colonies of allergenic fungus Penicillium from air spores on a petri dish. Penicillin was the first antibiotic. Satirus/
Why you may not need all those days of antibiotics
We've been told for a long time that we must take all of our antibiotics. But maybe we didn’t need so many to begin with. Here's why.
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23 – Cardiac Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
23 Cardiac Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Jason M Ali and David P Jenkins
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an advanced form of temporary life support to aid respiratory and/or cardiac function that has been in existence since the 1970s. ECMO evolved from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) technology and similarly involves diverting venous blood through an extracorporeal circuit, in which gaseous exchange occurs, and returning it to the body. Early experience with ECMO was plagued by high complication rates and an inability to demonstrate a survival benefit over conventional management, leading to it being reserved as a last-resort treatment, initiated when death was a near certainty. Significant advances in ECMO technology and experience have resulted in the technique becoming safer and therefore part of the advanced management of severe cardiopulmonary disease.
This chapter focuses on the use of ECMO in the management of severe cardiac or cardiorespiratory failure. This is distinguished from ECMO used in respiratory failure by the site that oxygenated blood is reinfused (which will be discussed in Chapter 24). When being used for the management of cardiac failure, oxygenated blood is reinfused into the systemic arterial circulation (venoarterial (VA) ECMO). In this situation, both the heart and lungs are bypassed by the ECMO circuit. In contrast, when managing respiratory failure alone, oxygenated blood is reinfused into a central vein (venovenous (VV) ECMO), bypassing only the function of the lungs, and the patient is still dependent on intrinsic cardiac function for developing cardiac output.
Indication for Cardiac ECMO
Cardiac (VA) ECMO may be indicated in patients with cardiogenic shock (impaired cardiac output resulting in end-organ dysfunction) that is refractory to maximal conventional therapy with inotropic drugs and less invasive mechanical support, for example intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Common causes of such cardiogenic shock are included in Table 23.1.
Table 23.1 Indications for cardiac ECMO
Acute myocardial infarction
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Fulminant myocarditis
Cardiac failure due to intractable arrhythmias
Postcardiotomy cardiac failure
Primary graft failure following cardiac transplantation
Acute heart failure secondary to drug toxicity
Concomitant respiratory failure is not an absolute requirement for considering cardiac ECMO over alternative mechanical circulatory support devices. There have been no randomised controlled trials in adults that have compared VA ECMO against isolated ventricular support with a temporary ventricular assist device (VAD). However, the coexistence of respiratory indications such as severe refractory hypoxia, hypercapnic respiratory failure or symptomatic pulmonary hypertension is certainly persuasive in deciding to pursue cardiac ECMO instead of other circulatory support techniques. The advantages of ECMO over alternative mechanical circulatory support devices such as ventricular assist devices (VAD) include the rapidity of insertion, the ability to support biventricular failure at high flow rates and the potential to support patients with concomitant lung injury when required.
More recently, cardiac ECMO has also been used to restore circulation during cardiac arrest refractory to standard resuscitative management (termed ‘extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ (eCPR)). This may be beneficial when a witnessed arrest occurs in hospital, especially if the patient is in an intensive care or cardiac catheter laboratory setting and ECMO can be instituted rapidly. Evidence suggests that outcome is best with resuscitation periods of less than 30 minutes although there are case reports of survival with far longer arrests.
Contraindications for Cardiac ECMO
Deciding to commence ECMO is a major decision and ideally it should be multidisciplinary with involvement of cardiology (and respiratory) physicians, cardiothoracic surgeons and specialist intensivists. The difficulty is that the patient is often deteriorating rapidly in cardiogenic shock with an uncertain diagnosis and prognosis at the time the decision needs to be made. A delay in restoring blood pressure and flow can result in irrecoverable multiorgan failure despite adequate ECMO flow. In many cases in critically ill patients, at the time of cannulation it is uncertain whether organ function is recoverable and support is expectant. Cardiac ECMO is not a long-term therapy and should only be considered in patients with anticipated early recovery, or as a bridge to heart transplantation or implantation of a long-term VAD. Cardiac ECMO is therefore contraindicated in patients with irrecoverable cardiac failure who will not be candidates for transplantation or VAD implantation and in patients with established multiorgan failure.
The following are considered relative contraindications to cardiac ECMO: the presence of severe aortic regurgitation, aortic dissection, contraindications to therapeutic anticoagulation (such as active bleeding, a haemorrhagic intracranial event), pre-existent multiorgan failure and patients who have already been mechanically ventilated for >10–14 days.
Although there are no absolute guidelines on the indications and contraindications for cardiac ECMO, the Extracorporeal Life Support Organisation (ELSO) and the European Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) Working Group have published recommendations for the use of ECMO in critically ill patients.
Circuit Design and Considerations
The ECMO circuit is similar for VV and VA use and consists of vascular access cannulae, a pump, an oxygenator, a temperature control system, monitors and access points.
The vascular access cannulae and circuit tubing are made of a plastic, which therefore necessitates therapeutic anticoagulation to prevent activation of the clotting cascade and thrombosis of the circuit. Heparin bonding of the material aims to reduce this activation. Most commonly anticoagulation is with unfractionated heparin, although there are reports of utilising newer agents such as bivilirudin and argatroban in the context of antithrombin III deficiency and heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Efforts are focused on developing a truly biocompatible plastic, which will obviate the need for anticoagulation which is responsible for a significant proportion of ECMO complications.
Blood flow through the circuit is driven by an external pump. Two types exist: simple roller-pumps and constrained vortex centrifugal pumps.
ECMO oxygenators are usually polymethylpentene hollow-fibre devices, and modern devices have low resistance. Carbon dioxide is readily extracted via gradient-mediated mechanisms whilst the addition of oxygen is slower due to its reduced solubility and diffusion characteristics. An air/oxygen blender is used to achieve the desired FiO2 and titrated based on arterial blood gases.
Cannulation Strategies
Peripheral Cannulation
Vascular access cannulae can be placed centrally, as for CPB, or peripherally to establish VA ECMO (Figure 23.1). They can be inserted by surgical cut-down under direct vision or percutaneously using the Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance. The most common configuration in adults is placement of the venous drainage cannula in the femoral vein and reperfusion cannula into the femoral artery. The axillary/subclavian artery can also be utilised as an alternative arterial return vessel. Another strategy, commonly used in paediatric and neonatal ECMO, is the internal jugular vein–common carotid artery cannulation.
Each strategy has important considerations.
Figure 23.1 Peripheral ECMO. The blood is drained from a large vein, typically IVC, using femoral access. It is then pumped through an oxygenator and returned to the patient into the femoral artery in a retrograde fashion. A reperfusion line from the inflow cannula is inserted into the distal femoral artery to provide distal limb perfusion. Diagram drawn by Anna Valchanova.
Femoral Artery Cannulation
This is associated with two main complications:
1. 1. With this strategy, oxygenated blood is pumped in a retrograde direction up the descending aorta and into the ascending aorta to perfuse the coronary arteries and cerebral vessels. However, this assumes that there is no residual left ventricular cardiac output. If there is native cardiac output with the aortic valve opening, there will be a ‘mixing zone’ where ejected native anterograde and reinfused retrograde blood meet (Figure 23.2). This can cause a problem if, in the context of respiratory failure, the blood exiting the left ventricle is deoxygenated. This situation is not infrequent when left ventricular failure is complicated by pulmonary oedema. As native cardiac function recovers and left ventricular ejection increases, if the mixing zone is within the descending aorta, the coronary and cerebral circulations may be exposed to deoxygenated blood. Monitoring of cerebral saturations and right radial artery blood gases can be indicative of this ‘differential cyanosis’ or Harlequin syndrome. Strategies to manage this complication include increasing ventilatory support in an attempt to improve oxygenation of the pulmonary venous blood, increasing the flow through the femoral arterial catheter with the aim of transferring the mixing zone to the ascending aorta, or placement of an additional reinfusion catheter into the internal jugular vein such that a proportion of the oxygenated blood is reinfused into the pulmonary circulation (increasing the saturation of antegrade ejected blood from the left ventricle). Alternatively, the femoral reinfusion cannula could be resited proximally to the subclavian, common carotid or ascending aorta.
Figure 23.2 Watershed phenomenon during venoarterial ECMO visualised by computed tomography. Antegrade blood flow (low contrast) from the heart competes with retrograde blood flow (high contrast) from the ECMO in the aorta, resulting in a watershed phenomenon (arrowhead). Here computed tomography of a patient with pulmonary embolism and reduced cardiac output demonstrates a rather proximal watershed, leading to perfusion of the right carotid artery with ‘heart blood’ (dark) and the left carotid artery with ‘ECMO blood’ (bright, arrows). Upper panel, sagittal oblique maximum intensity projection (MIP); middle panel, coronal oblique MIP; lower panel, transverse plane. From Napp et al. (2016).
1. 2. The second complication of femoral arterial cannulation is ipsilateral ischaemic limb injury due to obstruction of distal femoral arterial blood flow that can lead to critical limb ischaemia necessitating fasciotomies or even amputation if not recognised. This can be avoided by placement of a small antegrade perfusion catheter into the superficial femoral artery distal to the ECMO cannula, to perfuse the leg.
Axillary/Subclavian Cannulation
The main advantage of this strategy for arterial return is that the entry site for returned oxygenated blood is more central in the aorta, so that more of the flow is in the physiological antegrade direction, avoiding the potential for the first complication above. However, there are also disadvantages. A surgical cut-down is always needed, and it is usually necessary to sew a side graft onto the artery that is then cannulated. The latter allows flow to continue distally to perfuse the arm. Bleeding complications are relatively common from the suture lines and occasionally the arm can become hyperperfused with resulting severe swelling and damage if venous return is compromised.
Carotid Artery Cannulation
With ligation of the carotid artery, there is an increased risk of neurological injury, with dependence on a complete circle of Willis for collateral circulation to the brain.
Central Cannulation
Cardiac ECMO can also be instituted with central cannulation as for CPB (Figure 23.3). Central cannulation is performed by cardiothoracic surgeons via a median sternotomy. Larger catheters can be used which permit increased flow rates and maximal haemodynamic support with more certainty of the ECMO circuit taking over the whole of the patient’s circulation. This approach is most commonly used if a sternotomy has already been made, for example in patients with postcardiotomy cardiac failure following cardiac surgery or primary graft failure at transplantation. It is occasionally necessary in patients where peripheral access is not possible. There are also reports of this strategy being used in cases of severe sepsis, taking advantage of the greater haemodynamic support possible; however the requirement for sternotomy adds to the potential complications and morbidity in these patients. This approach necessarily involves a major surgical incision and therefore bleeding is the most frequent problem. Usually institution of anticoagulation is delayed 6–12 hours until bleeding is controlled.
Figure 23.3 (a) Central ECMO diagram: using open chest, the blood is drained via a cannula from a central vein (IVC or SVC) or right atrium. It is pumped through an oxygenator and returned through an arterial cannula into the ascending aorta. The chest can be left open for a short while, or the cannulae can be tunnelled under the skin and chest closed. Diagram drawn by Anna Valchanova. (b) A photograph of the outflow and inflow cannulae secured with spigots.
General Management of Patients on Cardiac ECMO
Patients supported by cardiac ECMO should be managed in an intensive care unit by multidisciplinary specialists. There are several important considerations that should be made when managing these patients, many of which are similar to patients supported by ‘respiratory’ (VV) ECMO.
The circulatory haemodynamics of patients must be closely monitored. ECMO support should be titrated to clinical targets, which may include:
• Arterial oxygen saturations >90%
• Venous oxygen saturations >70%
• Adequate tissue perfusion, as judged by end-organ function and lactate levels.
In most cases there is some residual ventricular function, and it is beneficial for some pulsatility to continue. This allows emptying of the ventricles and less chance of distension and stasis. Low dose inotropic support is sometimes required to achieve ventricular ejection and aortic valve opening; the latter can be confirmed by echocardiography. In cases of severe left ventricular dysfunction with no effective contraction, peripheral cardiac ECMO can lead to overdistension of the left ventricle and left atrium, worsening pulmonary oedema. This can also lead to further myocardial injury. Serial echocardiography should be performed to monitor for this complication. If identified, several strategies have been described to facilitate decompression, including addition of a vent cannula via the left ventricular apex, or transseptal via the atrium, increasing inotropic support, further mechanical support such as Impella I or IABP, conversion to central ECMO or alternative support modalities such as a percutaneous VAD.
Anticoagulation must be monitored to prevent circuit thrombosis and embolism, which could be fatal. For patients receiving unfractionated heparin, an activated clotting time (ACT) of 180–210 seconds is recommended, which is lower than the >400 seconds recommended for CPB.
Lung protective ventilation is usually adopted to minimise barotrauma and volutrauma. Positive end expiratory pressure is applied to the lungs to maintain alveolar recruitment, but the ventilator is usually set to low tidal volumes, low inspiratory pressures and a low inspired oxygen fraction. Reduction in the ventilator support is often accompanied by increased venous return and cardiac output. This strategy is found to help prevent ventilator induced lung injury, oxygen toxicity and ventilator associated haemodynamic compromise. Indeed, prevention of further lung injury in these patients is one of the major advantages of cardiac ECMO. However, it is important to remember that in patients with improving ventricular function, more blood will be ejected from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation and increased ventilation will be necessary to prevent deoxygenated blood reaching the left atrium.
The most comprehensive guidelines on the management of patients on ECMO are published by ELSO. These provide guidance on the use of ECMO including training, resources and quality assurance. They are not intended to represent a standard of care, however, and practice described in the literature often differs in parts from this guidance.
Jan 9, 2021 | Posted by in CARDIOLOGY | Comments Off on 23 – Cardiac Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
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Dale Carnegie vs Horatio Alger
1161 Words5 Pages
As Percy Bysshe Shelley said “There is no real wealth but the labor of man.” Often called the land of opportunity, the United States of America is known for its free market economy. In this free market economy, America has planted the seed for future entrepreneurs. Throughout time, this seed will eventually grow into a tree that will bear the fruits of one’s labor. However, many entrepreneurs have found different ways to cultivate this seed to bear fruit. Such two men named Dale Carnegie and Horatio Alger have given the world two of the most famous business philosophies. Those who pursue Horatio’s philosophy achieve success through hard work and dedication while those who pursue Carnegie’s philosophy achieve success by being very charismatic. Though both philosophies talk about gaining success, they are very different in their methods.
Horatio Alger’s business philosophy can be defined as becoming successful through “pluck and luck.” Promoting the notion that anyone could become successful with enough hard work, Horatio Alger published more than one hundred novels detailing the lives of poor boys that went from “rags to riches”. For example, in the story The World Before Him, Horatio writes about a young boy named Frank who, through sheer luck, was able to help capture a man who had robbed a wealthy man by the name of Mr. Henry Percival. Feeling very fortunate that he only lost about three hundred dollars in bonds, Mr. Percival feels indebted to Frank and offers to interview him for a job. This subsequently leads to Frank being employed with Mr. Percival and his advancement in the world. When Frank acquires the necessary details about the location of the interview, the narrator states
Though Frank was so near the end of his mone...
... middle of paper ...
...nd Carnegie have guided many young entrepreneurs to success. Those who follow Alger’s philosophy, work hard to achieve success while those who follow Carnegie’s philosophy are charismatic people that convince others to help them achieve success. Although both philosophies help find a way to achieve success, the methods to achieve success differ.
Works Cited
1. Alger, Horatio, and William Coyle. Adrift in New York, and The world before him.. New York: Odyssey Press, 1966. Print.
2. Alger, Horatio. "Henry Trafton's Independence." The Horatio Alger Society. The Horatio Alger Society, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.horatioalgersociety.net/02_shortstories/Henry%20Trafton%27s%20Independence.htmFind a website by URL or keyword...>.
3. Carnegie, Dale. How to win friends and influence people. Rev. ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981. Print.
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Do we need more than just Culture and Creativity?
Maastricht – In the past weeks we have explored various outlooks within the Cultural and Creative Industry (CCI) that serve as a foundation for understanding. We covered topics such as the CCI definition, how CCI is related to sustainability and last week, we deconstructed how CCI is related to the cultural identity formation in a country. The importance and relevance of resource inventory mapping towards the formulation and implementation of a CCI in Aruba is countless. Today we will discuss how Aruba can create a cultural and creative inventory mapping to shape the desired framework for this new industry. Starting from the bottom provides the opportunity to design our own CCI using the resources that are denounced to our own culture, historical context and our future.
Cultural and Creative Resources?
When discussing resources, many people would assume that one is talking about materialistic resources, or even more popular, human resources. Eventhough these are relevant within the CCI, today we are exploring the cultural and creative resources that are imperative for successful implementation of a CCI on Aruba. Considering all types of resources known to us, it is interesting to analyze all the diverse scales of cultural and creative resources we have on the island.
However, why do we need to know this information? Is creating and defining the Aruban CCI not enough for implementation? Well, when you are an inspiring entrepreneur ready to meet with investors to start a new business. Some common questions that might be asked are; What resources do you have? What does your capital consist of? What are your assets? For the implementation of a CCI we would ask; What are the cultural and creative resources available. For Aruba, what are the resources available to us. Are these resources enough for a CCI implementation? How realistic are these resources?
Before we get lost answering these questions, let’s understand what cultural and creative resources look like. Resources can be human, natural, social, economic, or man built. Examples of cultural resources are: the arts, media activities and institutions; the local human, natural and cultural heritage; creative and cultural enterprises; festivals and events; youth cultures and lifestyles; the diversity of the local community; universities and private sector research centers; the repertoire of local products and skills in the crafts, manufacturing and services; the natural and built environment (Ghilardi, 2007).
A common formula that has been used by many international organizations and countries around the world has been the resource inventory mapping framework. This framework is used to create a unified inventory of all the types of available resources. This creates a benchmark measurement opportunity to access whether we have enough resources for implementation and to know what other resources are missing. It relates to the question we ask ourselves today, is culture and creativity enough for CCI implementation?
Post Research Findings
With the use of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) indicators and the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) I indicated four focus areas in my bachelor thesis research “Placing Culture and Creativity at the Heart of the Aruban Sustainable Development”, which are; the number of creative business of the island, the CCI workforce, the number of heritage sites and the intangible cultural heritage.
1. Creative Businesses
Taking a look at the findings of the research, there seems to be a decrease in the amount of registered creative business at the Aruba Chamber of Commerce. There is currently a total of 608 (140+157+311) registered creative and cultural business and/or organizations, when there used to be a total of 1528 (378+503+647).
2. Workforce
The total Aruban workforce according to the Department of Labor of Aruba was 56.925 in 2016. However, due to the lack of the Aruban CCI definition the current CCI workforce could not be estimated.
3. Heritage Sites
Currently, Aruba has a total of 350 renovated monuments. Of these 350, a total of 36 are protected monuments (10.3%). The Monuments Fund of Aruba (independent from the government) owns around 12 monument buildings.
4. Intangible Cultural Heritage
The indicator with the least development turn up is the intangible cultural heritage. Aruba does not have a national ICH inventory as prescribed by UNESCO. Alongside this, there are no protected Aruban ICH to this day.
5. Other
To gain further insight of other forms of cultural and creative resources, this research has also included tangible resources, such as specific cultural and creative venues and institutions.
Overall, these results indicate the importance of completing an inventory mapping. Together with defining the Aruban CCI, the focus should remain on using everything we have to its full potential. The argument most of the time is that it would cost too much monetary investment to create a CCI, however, many countries have developed their CCI through smart practices of their own resources. The idea is a gradual and efficient growth for the CCI. In the end, it does not only take having culture and creativity to have a successful CCI.
Cultural Highlights
Congrats DCA and CdC with C100
The Creative Islander wants to congratulate the Department of Culture of Aruba with their 40th anniversary and the Cas di Cultura with their 60th anniversary. Together 100 years of hard work and dedication towards the cultural development of the Aruban community. Masha pabien!
Opening Community Museum
On September 28th 2018 the Fundacion Museo Arubano (FMA) had the grand opening of the Aruban Community Museum in the cultural city of San Nicolas. This new museum is located in a historical monument, namely the “Nicolas Store”. The Creative Islander wishes the best of success to FMA with this expansion.
Carnaval Expo soon
The Minister of Infrastructure, Mr. Oduber announced together with FMA on the upcoming Carnaval Expo in San Nicolas, celebrating the 65th anniversary of carnival in Aruba. |
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series: Encyclopedia of Geochemistry
Published: October 16, 2017
C-DEBI Contribution Number: 397
Organic matter degradation and preservation play a key role in global biogeochemical cycles and climate. The degradation of OM generally proceeds via multiple enzymatic reactions involving millions of different organisms, billions of organic compounds, and a number of different oxidants, as well as intermediate compounds. As a result, OM degradation and preservation is controlled by a dynamic and complex interplay of different environmental factors. Attempts to isolate the impact of a single variable on the rate of OM degradation have often led to contradictory results. It is therefore becoming increasingly clear that OM degradability is not an intrinsic property of the organic matter itself but an ecosystem property. Correspondingly, the likelihood that a given organic compound will be degraded by a microbial community or be preserved will depend on the chemical formula and structure of that compound, in addition to the metabolic capabilities of the resident microorganisms in response to environmental factors such as electron acceptor and intermediate metabolite concentrations, temperature, and physical associations with minerals or other organic compounds. |
6th History
I. Choose the best answer:
1. The one who built fort Pataliputra
2. The book written by Megesthanese
3. Ashoka ascended the throne in
4. The place where the Third Buddhist Councils held
II. True or False:
1. Selucas Nikator was the ambassador of Megasthenese (True)
2. Mahapadmananda was the first king of Nanda dynasty (True)
3. Ashoka refused dharma Vijaya and accepted Dig Vijaya (False)
4. Ashoka was the first one to establish a welfare state for people (True)
5. Mahedra spread Buddhism at Ceylon (True)
III. Answer the following:
1. How did the Mahajapadas establish themselves?
· At the end of the Vedic period, the Janapadas fought with each other for the new fertile lands and mineral wealth.
· Ultimately the small Janapadas either defeated or joined themselves with the Mahajanapadas
· There were 16 powerful Mahajanapadas in north India during the period of Buddha
· The Magadha defeated others and became the most powerful Mahajanapadas.
2. To whom does the credit go in establishing the first empire in India? Explain
· The credit goes in establishing the first empire in India to Chandragupta Maurya.
· He revolted against the last Nanda king Dhana Nanda defeated him and took over the Magadha dynasty
· He defeated Selucas Nikator and annexed Afghanistan and Gandhara with his empire.
3. Ahoka was the one who established an Empire for the welfare of the People-Why?
· Ashoka constructed inns and hospitals for everyone irrespective of caste and creed.
· Medical assistance was given to cattle.
· Sacrifices were banned.
· The laws were altered on humanitarian basis.
· He appointed Dharma Mahamatras to help the people.
· So he was the first emperor who established the welfare state for people.
4. What are the causes for the change in Ashoka’s life?
· Ashoka waged a terrible war against Kalinga which was separated and annexed with the Mauryan empire.
· Ashoka was so upset and grief sticken at the sight of the war due to bloodshed.
· He took pledge that he would never wage a war again.
· This war was a turning point in his life.
· He gave up war and followed the policy of non-violence.
5. Explain the inscriptions used in the stone edicts of Ashoka.
· Ashoka’s royal proclamation and messages are inscribed on the walls of the caves, stone pillars and rocks that are kept all through his empire.
· Most of them are written in Prakrit, kharoshti in North western India. · These edicts depict Ashoka’s humanitarian love and non-violence.
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Can a Mother Breastfeed while having Zika Virus?
Whats New about Zika Virus Infections in Breastfeeding Moms
Breastfeeding & Vertical Exposure to Zika Virus
Can you breastfeed while infected with zika virus and you have to nurse your newborn? The dilemma of if nursing mothers can feed their newborn while suffering from certain conditions is a worrisome issue that requires urgent answers.
The World is a vast, wide place with many beautiful things like our awesome babies and some not so good things like the Zika Virus. The Zika Virus, which was first found in Uganda in 1947, is now very much widespread globally. Currently, cases have been reported in over eighty-six countries, particularly prevalent in subtropical and tropical regions such as the Pacific, West Africa, South America, North America, and Central America.
Being a most worrying virus in pregnant women and little infants, the zika virus has drawn study interest from major international healthcare bodies over the years. Several findings have been made on how it originates, how it can be transferred (most especially to babies) and steps to prevent it.
In this article, we’ll share some of those findings with you so you can know how best to protect your baby from the virus, especially if you already have it.
We’ll show you how the virus is most transferred, where it’s most prevalent, its symptoms, and how you can further protect yourself and your baby from the harmful effects of the virus.
What is the Zika Virus?
Uncovered in the Zika Village in Uganda, experts named the virus after it. Zika Virus is a type of virus generally spread by highly infected mosquitoes. The major type of mosquito that primarily transfers this virus belongs to the Aedes species, and they bite mostly during the day. However, the virus is not borne by all mosquitoes, and being bitten by infected mosquitoes does not equal getting Zika.
People who get mostly infected by the zika virus are those who live in high active transmission areas and those who travel there. It can also be conveyed from an infected pregnant mother to her unborn child through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner or blood transfusion from an infected person.
Symptoms of the Zika Virus
Over eighty percent of people diagnosed with the Zika Virus do not exhibit any symptoms or signs. It mostly comes and goes without making a noise. However, the other less than twenty percent will only experience minor symptoms, which some of them are:
• Headache
• Joint or Muscle pain
• A Skin Rash
• Slight Fever
• Conjunctivitis
The infected person will only experience the above-stated symptoms for some days. Having mentioned that, it is imperative to get tested by a verifiable healthcare center whenever any of these symptoms surface, primarily when related to a mosquito bite. This is because the infected person can still easily infect other people with the virus even if he/she experiences no symptoms.
Furthermore, the virus is most harmful when found in a pregnant woman because it can cause congenital disorders like microcephaly (small head and small brain) in the baby when it infects the fetus. According to the World Health Organization, the zika virus has been observed to lead to the Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), which is a critical condition where the nerves and the immune system go against each other, leading to paralysis.
The Zika Virus is not a deadly one, with no major record of the virus directly leading to an infected person’s death.
Tips to Prevent Getting the Zika Virus
Prevention is better than cure, as they say, comes true when it pertains to addressing the Zika Virus. It has no cure of its own, and it can’t be treated with medications and vaccines.
The best way to tackle this virus is by preventing it as much as we can, and we can begin by following the simple steps below:
Avoid Mosquito-laden Environments
The way zika mostly spreads is through mosquitoes, and you would be doing yourself a great deal of good by staying away from mosquito-laden environments. Before moving to a particular area, do well to find out more about the health of the area and prepare accordingly. It is better not to travel while staying healthy than to put yourself and your baby at risk of contracting the virus.
Avoid Zika-laden Areas
If you’re aware of the prevalence of the virus in an area or region, do well to stay away from such places. Without the slightest hint, you can contract the virus, so you must try as much as you can to stay away from these environments.
Keep Your Environment Clean
Mosquitoes are magnetically attracted to dirty environments. If you do want to have a home filled with unfriendly mosquitoes, do well to keep your surroundings clean. This will go a long way in fending off mosquitoes, and further protect you from exposure to the zika virus.
Get Rid of Stagnant Water
If you have any water standing around for a long time, throw them out. Mosquitoes make their home in stagnant water, and getting rid of these waters is a big step in protecting yourself and your baby.
Make Use of Mosquito Repellents
You can use mosquito repellents to drastically reduce the rate at which you get bitten by mosquitoes. A highly recommended one is Permethrin, which is easy to use for your bed nets, shoes, and clothes. If you particularly live in a Zika-ridden area, this should be one of your priorities.
Use Clothes That Properly Cover
This is primarily for you if your area is highly active in Zika virus transmission. Make sure you wear clothes that appropriately safeguard your skin, such as long-sleeves, trousers, socks, and gloves. As long as you keep your body safe under these clothes, you can worry less about getting infected.
Go for Regular Medical Checkups
As mentioned earlier, most infected persons do not exhibit symptoms, meaning they can have the virus without knowing they do. Whenever you get yourself exposed to a Zika-laden environment or mosquito bites, do well to see your doctor immediately. Also, month after month, go for regular checkups and tests to be sure you’re fine.
Avoid Unprotected Sex with an Infected Partner
If your partner happens to be tested positive for the virus or has recently been exposed to an area with a zika virus outbreak, make sure you both do not engage in unprotected sex. Make use of protective materials such as a condom until your partner tests negative.
Stay Healthy
Always feed yourself and your baby generously. Suppose you practice the above-stated safety measures religiously. In that case, you shouldn’t get infected with the virus, but peradventure you do, taking proper care of yourself will help fasten the healing process. Always keep yours and your baby’s clothes clean and dried.
Does the Zika Virus Have a Cure?
There has been no record of a cure for the Zika virus, and an infected person cannot take preventive measures such as vaccination and medication. To address their symptoms, infected persons are advised to visit a healthcare center. However, paracetamol has proven over time to be effective in alleviating some of the symptoms.
Can Your Baby Get Zika through Breastfeeding?
Some years ago, the breast milk of infected mothers was analyzed thoroughly, and the zika virus was found in them. This led to a widespread panic amongst mothers, followed by the questioning of experts as to if the zika virus can be transmitted from the mother to a baby during a breastfeeding session or not. In response, the experts reaffirmed that the benefits enjoyed by the baby from consumption of breast milk exceed in great detail the risk of potential transmission of the virus.
As at the time of this writing, there’s been no documented event of the virus being transmitted to a baby when breastfed. Also, a significant study of infected infants (infected after childbirth) is highly infectious regions shows that there have been no neurological complications whatsoever in these kids.
To further support nursing mothers, the World Health Organization released some guidelines on breastfeeding your baby, especially if you’re infected with the virus. They published “Infant Feeding Guidelines,” which is recommended for mothers diagnosed with the virus or those who are residents in high transmission regions or those who recently traveled to a highly affected area.
The guidelines state clearly that a newborn should undergo their first breastfeeding session in just an hour after birth and that they are massively breastfed across the succeeding six months. At a proper age, the baby’s diet should be complemented with safe and sufficient food. Furthermore, until the baby clocks two years or a little more, they should be breastfed appropriately.
What Do You Do After Visiting a Zika-Laden Area?
Suppose you happen to travel to a region where Zika is highly prominent upon returning. In that case, you should take some safety measures to prevent the spread of the virus to your community. For preferably about three weeks, make sure any mosquitoes do not bite you because when infected, these mosquitoes can go on to bite others in your area, thereby spreading the virus.
Even despite the fact that breast milk may be infected, the virus does not get transmitted through breastfeeding. Experts say the benefits of breastfeeding far outweigh the risk of your baby contracting the virus.
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What’s The Difference Between CPR and AED Training?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) training are two different life-saving techniques, that when used together, are the most effective way of saving a victim of sudden cardiac arrest. Generally, these two techniques are taught together in first aid courses, but if you are unsure of the difference between the two, or when to use each method, keep reading.
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Bichon Training: Proper Socialization Techniques
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Raising and training a bichon can be quite different from other dogs.
Owners will have to take many different factors into account when learning to train this type of dog.
For one, they are a small dog so issues such as "small dog syndrome" must be considered.
Also, since they are a very social dog, owners must understand how to properly socialize their bichon and learn to identify things like separation anxiety and fear aggression.
The focus of this article will be to educate new and prospective owners on the importance of social training.
As social creatures, bichons naturally love interaction.
They thrive on contact with both humans and other animals.
Unfortunately if they are not taught the proper ways to behave socially, they can develop and display some unwanted behaviors.
The first of which is separation anxiety.
A bichon with separation anxiety will not be able to tolerate being left alone.
They may become destructive or aggressive, and it is common for a well house-broken bichon with separation anxiety to relieve him/herself in the house, or chew anything in sight.
Separation anxiety is a complex issue that is a symptom of small dog syndrome, and can be prevented or solved through proper socialization.
One of the main goals of early social training is to show your bichon that you are their pack leader.
As pack animals, they need to know that you are the leader, otherwise they will assume that role for themselves.
Separation anxiety comes when a bichon thinks of itself as the pack leader and you (one of the pack followers) leaves for an extended period of time.
They do not understand how a follower can leave the leader.
To socialize your puppy to avoid separation anxiety you should assert yourself as the pack leader, and the best way to do this is to treat your bichon like a bigger dog.
Think about this: if you had a German shepherd that liked to jump on visitors every time they came in the door, you would train him not to jump, right? You would do this because he is a big dog and you do not what your visitors to get hurt or be annoyed by your overly friendly dog.
On the other hand, if a bichon does this it is often seen as cute or loving and allowed to happen.
In reality, jumping is a dog's way of showing dominance, no matter what the size of the dog is.
By training the German shepherd not to jump you are telling him that you are in charge and his dominant displays will not be tolerated, while allowing the bichon to jump is reaffirming their belief that they are the ones in charge.
So in order to break many dominant behaviors and assert yourself as pack leader, you should train your small bichon in the same way that you would train a larger dog.
If you wouldn't allow a big dog to do it, don't allow a small one.
Fear aggression is another symptom of improper socialization.
This happens when a bichon has not been trained to be in the company of other (often bigger) dogs or strangers.
In these situations they become afraid of the new person or dog and show their aggression through barking, biting, or guarding of their toys and food.
One of the best and easiest ways to prevent fear aggression is through regular socialization.
Find a dog park with a lot of other dogs and take your bichon there to play.
Go for regular walks around a route that may have other people walking their dogs.
These sorts of things will introduce them to other animals and people and get them used to being around them The bottom line is that proper socialization will go a long way in preventing or curing problematic behavior.
Take time to learn about socialization techniques and make the effort to employ them.
If you can do this then both you and your new puppy will have a long and happy life together.
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Task 4 - 隱形迷宮 Invisible Maze
小組運用記憶力過通於六格x 六格的迷宮中的隱形通道。組員輪流進入迷宮。每次失敗後需於起點由另一位組員重新開始。直至有組員能成功走出迷宮。
The team finds the correct path through trial and error in order to pass through a maze made of a grid of 6 cells by 6 cells. A member is sent to the maze at each trial and s/he will be replaced if an incorrect cell is stepped. The next member retraces the route and tries an alternate option. The challenge is completed when one of the members successfully passed through the maze. (Mutual Standard should be set) |
How Good Is Your Nutrition
It’s safe to say that the majority of people understand that good nutrition is important, but how many people know how to tell if their diet plan is working?
One obvious method is to simply ask the question, how good do I feel? To ensure your body is getting the nourishment it needs, a healthy diet should consist of lean proteins, grains, nuts, fresh fruits, vegetables and healthy fats. You should also be eating enough calories per day to ensure you are supplying your body with enough energy to perform. It is recommended that you get a full health check up at least once per year, however there are some signs to indicate if you’re on the right track or not:
Healthy Weight
Are you within the recommended weight limits for your age, height and lifestyle? Weight charts are quite easy to find online. This doesn’t mean that you should be scared to eat however, a common mistake made by many dieters make is that they do not eating enough. If you live an active lifestyle, you cannot ignore the fact your body needs a healthy amount of calories to fuel your activity throughout the day.
Mental Alertness
Just like the rest of your body, the brain needs fuel to operate, burning about 10% of a calorie every minute.
Do you feel continuously tired and/or mentally foggy? If the answer is yes, then this may be a strong indication that you are not providing your body with enough calories/fuel. Your ability to respond quickly and precisely in everyday situations will be impaired unless you address this.
Healthy Looking Skin and Hair
The condition of your skin and hair is a great indicator of your body’s level of health. Healthy fats in your diet from foods like nuts, avocados, and olives give the skin and hair a healthy glow and shine, while lean proteins like chicken and turkey assist the body in cell growth and repair.
Clear Vision
How clear is your vision? A diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, instead of processed foods, keeps the eyes healthy. Foods with high sugar content can cause swelling in the eye and impairs vision. Good nutrition also reduces your risk for developing AMD (age-related macular degeneration) that can lead to blindness.
Good Sleep
Processed foods contain a lot of artificial ingredients, as well as sugar, caffeine and salt. A combination of which will hinder the body’s ability to repair itself when it’s in rest mode. Sleep is important as this is the time period when the body heals itself and prepares for the coming day’s activity. Food nutrition will result
in a lot of resting hours being used to process sugar and empty nutrition.
Regular Bowel Movements
Regular trips to the toilet help the body rid itself of toxins. The longer foods stay in the digestive system, the more calories and toxins can be extracted. This results in more weight gain and more damage from toxins from processed foods. Toxins in the colon need to be eliminated daily. Improve your colon health by eating fruits and vegetables that are high in fiber such as artichokes, apples and pears (with skin) dates, figs, prunes, broccoli, chick-peas and lentils to name just a few. You should also ensure you drink lots of water and avoid tobacco. Of course, an over-frequency of trips to toilet may also indicate a problem.
Blood Pressure Level
Blood pressure is the force of blood against the artery wall, and is important as it forces the blood to move throughout your body. High blood pressure increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, and kidney and eye problems, not to mention death. Low blood pressure can cause dizziness, nausea, dehydration and unusual thirst amongst other things. The food you eat, such as salt, alcohol, and potassium, can cause a rise or fall in blood pressure. You cannot detect unhealthy blood pressure entirely by the way you feel, but an annual physical will tell you if you need adjustments in your diet.
Healthy Bones
Healthy bone structure is critical to our health and longevity. Keeping your bones healthy is the first step to a healthy immune system. To ensure your bones are being maintained correctly, you need to ensure you receive enough calcium and vitamin D. Regular exercise is also crucial in maintaining healthy bone structure.
Healthy Cholesterol Levels
Cholesterol is a substance made in the liver and is vital to life. Cholesterol can also find its way into the body through the food you eat, but only by consuming animal products (plants don’t create any). The three main purposes of cholesterol are to aid in the production of sex hormones, act as a building block for human tissue and assist in bile production in the liver. Generally, cholesterol is refereed to as either LDL (bad) or HDL (good). You can get your cholesterol levels checked by your doctor.
Good Muscle Tone
Good muscle tone will help to prevent injury, keeps your bones supported and in place ensuring that your body is able to move as intended. Lean proteins, eaten with every meal, provide a steady flow of amino acids in the blood system for the body to repair, build, and maintain healthy muscles.
*The views and/or opinions expressed in the blogs are not necessarily those of Training Nation, but of the author
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Features of HDFS
Features of HDFS
1. Cost
The HDFS, in general, is deployed on a commodity hardware like your desktop/laptop which you use every day. So, it is very economical in terms of the cost of ownership of the project. Since, we are using low cost commodity hardware, you don’t need to spend huge amount of money for scaling out your Hadoop cluster. In other words, adding more nodes to your HDFS is cost effective.
2. Variety and Volume of Data
When we talk about HDFS then we talk about storing huge data i.e. Terabytes & petabytes of data and different kinds of data. So, you can store any type of data into HDFS, be it structured, unstructured or semi structured.
3. High Throughput
Throughput is the amount of work done in a unit time. Throughput talks about how fast you can access the data from the file system. Basically, it gives you an insight about the system performance. As you have seen in the above example where we used ten machines collectively to enhance computation. There we were able to reduce the processing time from 35 minutes to 3.5 minutes as all the machines were working in parallel. Therefore, by processing data in parallel, we decreased the processing time tremendously and thus, achieved high throughput.
4. Data Reliability
Data Replication is one of the most important and unique features of Hadoop HDFS. HDFS is a distributed file system which provides reliable data storage. HDFS can store data in the range of 100s of petabytes. It stores data reliably on a cluster of nodes. HDFS divides the data into blocks and these blocks are stored on nodes present in HDFS cluster. It stores data reliably by creating a replica of each and every block present on the nodes present in the cluster and hence provides fault tolerance facility. If node containing data goes down, then a user can easily access that data from the other nodes which contain a copy of same data in the HDFS cluster.
HDFS by default creates 3 copies of blocks containing data present in the nodes in HDFS cluster. Hence data is quickly available to the users and hence user does not face the problem of data loss. Hence HDFS is highly reliable.
5. Fault Tolerance
Issues in legacy systems
In legacy systems like RDBMS, all the read and write operation performed by the user, were done on a single machine. And if due to some unfavorable conditions like machine failure, RAM Crash, Hard-disk failure, power down, etc. the users have to wait until the issue is manually corrected. So, at the time of machine crashing or failure, the user cannot access their data until the issue in the machine gets recovered and becomes available for the user. Also, in legacy systems we can store data in the range of GBs only. So, in order to increase the data storage capacity, one has to buy a new server machine. Hence to store a huge amount of data one has to buy a number of server machines, due to which the cost becomes very expensive.
Fault tolerance achieved in Hadoop
Fault tolerance in HDFS refers to the working strength of a system in unfavorable conditions and how that system can handle such situations. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant, in HDFS data is divided into blocks and multiple copies of blocks are created on different machines in the cluster (this replica creation is configurable).
So whenever if any machine in the cluster goes down, then a client can easily access their data from the other machine which contains the same copy of data blocks. HDFS also maintains the replication factor by creating a replica of blocks of data on another rack. Hence if suddenly a machine fails, then a user can access data from other slaves present in another rack.
One simple Example
Suppose there is a user data named FILE. This data FILE is divided in into blocks say B1, B2, B3 and send to Master. Now master sends these blocks to the slaves say S1, S2, and S3. Now slaves create replica of these blocks to the other slaves present in the cluster say S4, S5 and S6. Hence multiple copies of blocks are created on slaves. Say S1 contains B1 and B2, S2 contains B2 and B3, S3 contains B3 and B1, S4 contains B2 and B3, S5 contains B3 and B1, S6 contains B1 and B2. Now if due to some reasons slave S4 gets crashed.
Hence data present in S4 was B2 and B3 become unavailable. But we don’t have to worry because we can get the blocks B2 and B3 from another slave S2. Hence in unfavorable conditions also our data doesn’t get lost. Hence HDFS is highly fault tolerant.
6. Data Integrity
Data Integrity talks about whether the data stored in my HDFS are correct or not. HDFS constantly checks the integrity of data stored against its checksum. If it finds any fault, it reports to the Name Node about it. Then, the Name Node creates additional new replicas and therefore deletes the corrupted copies.
7. Data Locality
Data locality talks about moving computation (processing unit) to data rather than the data to computation. In traditional system, we used to bring the data to the application layer and then process it. But now, because of the architecture and huge volume of the data, bringing the data to the application layer will reduce the network performance to a noticeable extent. So, in HDFS, we bring the computation part to the data nodes where the data is residing. Hence, you are not moving the data, you are bringing the program or processing part to the data.
8. Blocks
Blocks are the nothing but the smallest continuous location on your hard drive where data is stored. In general, in any of the File System, you store the data as a collection of blocks.
Similarly, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) also stores the data in terms of blocks. However, the block size in HDFS is very large compare with other file system blocks because Hadoop works best with very large files. The default size of HDFS block is 64MB in Hadoop 1.x and 128MB in Hadoop 2.x. The files are split into 64MB/128MB blocks and then stored into the Hadoop filesystem. This value is configurable, and it can be customized. Using “dfs.block.size” parameter in hdfs-site.xml file you can configure your own block size. The Hadoop application is responsible for distributing the data block across multiple nodes.
We have to give block size in bytes in hdfs-site.xml
<value>134217728<value> // 134217728 bytes = 128 MB
If the data size is less than the block size, then block size will be equal to the data size. For example, your file size is 400MB and suppose we are using the default configuration of block size 128MB. Then 4 blocks are created, the first 3 blocks will be of 128MB, but the last block will be of 16 MB size only instead of 128MB.
Why HDFS Blocks are Large in Size?
Whenever we talk about HDFS, we talk about huge data sets, i.e. Terabytes and Petabytes of data. So, if we had a block size of let’s say of 4 KB, as in Linux file system, we would be having too many blocks and therefore too much of the metadata. So, managing these no. of blocks and metadata will create huge overhead, which is something, we don’t want.
The main reason for having the HDFS blocks in large size is to reduce the cost of disk seek time. Disk seeks are generally expensive operations. Since Hadoop is designed to run over your entire data set, it is best to minimize seeks by using large files. In general, the seek time is 10ms and disk transfer rate is 100MB/s. To make the seek time 1% of the disk transfer rate, the block size should be 100MB. Hence to reduce the cost of disk seek time HDFS block default size is 64MB/128MB.
What should be the block size of Hadoop cluster?
An ideal Data Block size is based on several factors
1. Size of Cluster
2. Size of the input file
3. Map task capacity
Actually, there is no such rule to keep block size is 64MB/128MB/256MB. Usually, it depends on the input data. If you want to maximize throughput for a very large input file, using very large blocks (may be 128MB or even 256MB) is best. But on the other hand, for smaller files using a smaller block size is better. So, here we are dealing with larger file large block & smaller file small blocks.
It’s recommended to use 128MB Size. For Larger Set Data means the huge amount of data sets and require enormous clusters of thousands of machines, and it’s recommended to use 256MB.
Advantages of HDFS Blocks
1. The blocks are of fixed size, so it is very easy to calculate the number of blocks that can be stored on a disk.
2. HDFS block concept simplifies the storage of the DataNodes. The DataNodes doesn’t need to concern about the blocks metadata data like file permissions etc. The NameNode maintains the metadata of all the blocks.
3. If the size of the file is less than the HDFS block size, then the file does not occupy the complete block storage.
4. As the file is chunked into blocks, it is easy to store a file that is larger than the disk size as the data blocks are distributed and stored on multiple nodes in a Hadoop cluster.
5. Blocks are easy to replicate between the datanodes and thus provide fault tolerance and high availability of HDFS.
9. Replication
Replication factor is nothing but how many copies of your HDFS block should be copied (replicated) in Hadoop cluster. Using Replication factor, we can achieve Fault Tolerant and High Availability. Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. Similarly, In Hadoop also when one DataNode is down, client access data without any interruption and loss. Because we have copy of same in another DataNode.
The default replication factor is 3 which can be configured as per our requirement. It can be changed to 2 (less than 3) or can be increased (more than 3).
Using “dfs.replication” in hdfs-site.xml file we can configure replication factor.
The ideal replication factor is considered to be 3. Because of following reasons,
To make HDFS Fault Tolerant we have to consider 2 cases
1. DataNode failure
2. Rack Failure
So, if one DataNode will down another copy will be available another DataNode. Suppose the 2nd Data Node also goes down but still that Data will be Highly Available as we still one copy of it stored onto different DataNode.
HDFS stores at least 1 replica to another Rack. So, in the case of entire Rack failure then you can get the data from the DataNode from another rack. Replication Factor also depends on Rack Awareness, which states the rule as “No more than one copy on the same node and no more than 2 copies in the same rack”, with this rule data remains highly available if the replication factor is 3. So, to achieve HDFS Fault Tolerant ideal replication factor is considered to be 3.
10. High Availability
Issues in legacy systems
• Data unavailable due to the crashing of a machine.
• Users have to wait for a long period of time to access their data, sometimes users have to wait for a particular period of time till the website becomes up.
• Due to unavailability of data, completion of many major projects at organizations gets extended for a long period of time and hence companies have to go through critical situations.
• Limited features and functionalities.
High Availability achieved in Hadoop
HDFS is a highly available file system, data gets replicated among the nodes in the HDFS cluster by creating a replica of the blocks on the other slaves present in HDFS cluster. Hence whenever a user wants to access his data, they can access their data from the slaves which contains its blocks and which is available on the nearest node in the cluster. And during unfavorable situations like a failure of a node, a user can easily access their data from the other nodes. Because duplicate copies of blocks which contain user data are created on the other nodes present in the HDFS cluster.
One simple Example
HDFS provides High availability of data. Whenever user requests for data access to the NameNode, then the NameNode searches for all the nodes in which that data is available. And then provides access to that data to the user from the node in which data was quickly available. While searching for data on all the nodes in the cluster, if NameNode finds some node to be dead, then without user knowledge NameNode redirects the user to the other node in which the same data is available. Without any interruption, data is made available to the user. So, in conditions of node failure also data is highly available to the users. Also, applications do not get affected because of any individual nodes failure.
Features of HDFS
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The Grim Folk
Many think of the far-flung and rarely-seen orcs as a race of brutal savages dedicated to war and destruction. They may well be primitive, but they do what it takes to survive among the windswept Dales, and many follow an intense code of tribal law and traditions that would seem unbecoming of their barbaric reputation. Some are stern wardens and protectors of their people, while others are marauders who take what they want by might. Most simply try to survive.
Civilization and Culture
Naming Traditions
• Examples of male names include Barg, Burgash, Ghesh, Grumbar, Imsh, Jor, Kerkad, Krusk, Melech, Mhurren, Nybarg, Ront, Tarak, Thar, Ungran, Varg, and Yurk.
• Examples of female names include Bilga, Dunja, Egreen, Gorga, Grigi, Huru, Ilga, Kansif, Murook, Myev, Nogu, Shautha, Thava, Vorka, and Yevelda.
Major Organizations
• Orcs are organized by tribe in the Dales. They have a martial culture, ruled by chiefs that are typically some combination of strong warrior and skilled tactician.
• Warriors make up the second-highest rank in society, followed by non-warriors, who are usually just hunter-gatherers.
• The lowest level of society are slaves. Orcs have a complicated relationship with the institution of slavery; on the one hand, their god, Grom, makes slaves of his enemies in the afterlife, so some orcs believe slavery has been condoned from on-high. At the same time, Grom also encourages his followers to detest him and his example, so they might believe that slavery is, instead, totally unjustified. Its a complicated religion.
Beauty Ideals
• Both male and female orcs value characteristics that lend themselves to physical strength; tall and broad builds, muscular limbs, etc.
• Male orcs have small tusks on their lower jaw. Their function can be compared to a peacock's plumage, as large tusks are a sign of strength and potency.
Courtship Ideals
• In many ways, orcish mating is sophisticated. Due to their culture's focus on independence and self-sufficiency, female orcs are also allowed to court males, or refuse to mate with suitors altogether.
• However, orcs have also retained a primal aspect to their courtship: if two orcs wish to court the same mate, they must engage in ritual combat. These are usually grand events within the tribe, moderated by codes of conduct.
Major Language Groups and Dialects
• Orcs speak Orcish, a language as old as their people. It bears many similarities to Giant.
Common Customs, Traditions and Rituals
• Gromism is the religion of the orcs, based on the teachings of their god, Grom. It is deeply unorthodox, in that it is predicated on the rejection of, rather than adherence to, religious doctrine. Adherents are called the Gromish.
• Ritual combat is a strong component of orcish culture. Disputes are often settled this way, as if in a court of law in another kingdom. If one is challenged to a ritual fight, he is allowed to choose the weapon, but is almost never allowed to refuse the summons. On rare occasions, ritual combat may be fought to the death.
Common Taboos
• Arcane magic is a contemptible art to the orcs. It signifies weakness of body and will, reserved only for those pathetic enough to need its power, and cowardly enough to want it.
• Praying to Grom or directly asking him for guidance is forbidden by orcish religious practice. Doing so is not only a sign of weakness, but it is foolish enough to potentially invite the wrath of their god.
The orcish creation myth states that they are the avatars of a god that created them just so that he could cast them aside, hoping they would be strong and self-reliant for it. This provides the orcs' with their reputation as the Grim Folk, and explains why so many of them are prone to warlike behavior; self-reliance is their virtue, and victory is their currency. Like most of the other races of the Free Kingdoms, the orcs fell under the rule of the elves of Alphos, and joined forces with the other races to overthrow the Empire. Ever since then, they have lived in semi-nomadic tribes in the Dales.
Interspecies Relations and Assumptions
Orcs view any people of more civilized society than theirs to be weak and dependent -- it just so happens that all of the Six Races are more traditionally civilized than the orcs. They hate the elves for their destruction of the Dales, and see their reliance on magic as contemptible. Dwarfs and orcs share a mutual distrust of outsiders; this fact, in combination with their geographic isolation, means that their relations are unfriendly at best. Orcs find humans and halflings mostly pitiable, but worthy of respect if they prove themselves. The Dale-Men, or folk from other martial cultures, are the most worthy in orcish eyes.
Orcs mature at the same time as humans, but rarely live longer than 50 or 60 years.
Average Height
Orcs, on average, stand just over 6'. Females are slightly smaller, but are often larger than human males.
Average Weight
Orcs are heavy, even for their size, and average around 200 pounds.
Related Ethnicities
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April 27, 2020
Even though the Jews say on an annual basis, "Never Again", there will be another Holocaust
Listen to Today's Program Play
JD: I understand from my study of history that the first Holocaust Remembrance Day was December in 1949. Why was this special day put in place back then?
WM: Over 200,000 survivors what we call in a Biblical sense the remnant of Israel that survived the camps and the Holocaust had come to Israel. Many of them were broken spiritually and physically. After two or three years it became apparent to many people that the country should find some way to make this an established event. They called it in Hebrew the Day of Heroism and Holocaust. We put together the two elements and so the country thought, don't forget Jimmy, Jews have a very long memory.
Most of our holidays are built in memory of events that happened 3,000 years ago. It's not too difficult today we have to remember what happened between 1933 and 1945 when the Nazi's came to power and then of course the Holocaust and the crematory itself. The wise people at the helm of the government said let us have a day in which we honor and recall and memorialize what happened during that time.
JD: However Winkie with the possibility of the enemy surrounding the Jewish state of Israel today, can you really say never again? And as the Psalmist said, Psalm 83:4, to try to wipe Israel off the face of the Earth another time.
WM: We take in Israel very seriously the threats that either come from Iran, Hezbollah or other nations that think it is their right to do us harm. As a state with its own military despite the threats any talk of a Holocaust or a major conflagration of this stature would not be probable. Any talk of a second Holocaust is not on the agenda.
JD: Winkie Medad explaining why the Jews on an annual bases say never again.
It is sad for me to tell my Jewish friends that in their future they will face a second Holocaust. That Holocaust will be worse than the first one during World War II. The ancient Jewish prophet Zechariah wrote in Zechariah 13:8 that during a time of Jacob's trouble there will be two out of every three Jews killed. That will be from the present population which is 14.7 million Jews. That number killed in this next Jewish Holocaust will be nine million, not six million killed under Hitler. God's word is absolute. The prophecy of Zechariah will be fulfilled. |
Korovai avaSeveral Eastern-European countries have a tradition of baking and sharing wedding bread. By the way, this is one of the few old wedding customs still in use today. Such bread is made in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Romania, and Russia. Each of them has their own curious wedding rituals connected to the wedding bread called “korovai”, “karavai”, or “kravai”. This tradition’s origin goes back to the times of Kyivan Rus (the late 9th – mid-13th century).
Wedding bread in Ukraine
The sweet pastry symbolizes the unity of two loving hearts and two families. From ancient times, bread was a symbol of wealth and prosperity, and the round shape of the loaf was associated with the Sun (the main deity of pagans). So, korovai was and still is considered sacred. That’s why there are certain rituals that dictate every step of its making and eating.
For instance, the woman or women who make the dough and bake the bread should be happily married and have children. When the korovai is ready, it is covered with a special embroidered towel (another sacred item in Ukrainian culture. You can read about it here: Embroidered wedding towel or rushnyk is a significant part of Ukrainian wedding) and is hidden from everyone until the wedding ceremony, when it is put on the same rushnyk to be served to the wedding guests. In Ukraine, korovai is usually served with a tiny bowl of salt, so you take a piece and dip it in salt before eating.
Comparatively simple wedding korovai and other pastry. Also, you can see traditional wedding table decorations
The wedding bread is used by the bride and groom’s parents to bless the couple. Later, the korovai is divided among the guests by tearing pieces rather than cutting. Each person must eat a piece – if you refuse, it is considered an offend and disrespect to the newlyweds.
The top of Ukrainian wedding bread is always adorned with different shapes, also made of dough (flowers, leaves, birds, wheat ears, grapes, guelder rose berries, and many other elements). Each symbolizes something.
Wedding bread in Bulgaria
In Bulgarian culture, bread plays a great role as well. But they make a pull-apart pastry rather than a loaf. At the wedding party, the bride and groom’s mothers take pieces of kravai and feed them to the couple with honey to show that their children-in-law are welcome to the family and beloved. Also, it symbolizes the wish of happily ever after for the new couple.
There is also a tradition to determine the head of the newly created family with a help of the wedding bread. A large loaf is held above the newlyweds’ heads and the bride and groom pull each on their end. When the loaf tears apart, the one who got a bigger piece is fated to become in charge of the family decisions. Sure, it’s kind of just a game to entertain the audience, but many people consider it a sign.
Wedding bread in Belarus
The wedding traditions regarding karavai in Belarus are similar to Ukrainian. The bride and groom’s parents also bless their children with a loaf of wedding bread, specifically made for this occasion. But karavai and salt are complemented in Belarus with a honey-based beverage called “medovukha”. The newlyweds also tear some bread, dip it in salt, and eat.
Wedding bread in Romania
Romanian wedding bread isn’t round-shaped like other Slavic korovai loaves. It has a ring shape and is braided. The bridal bread is called “colacul miresei” here.
This sweet pastry is a part of a few wedding rituals in Romania. For example, the bride’s godmother breaks the loaf above the bride’s head, she tears pieces and gives them to the wedding guests. Sometimes, jam is added to the bread. Also, the guests receive some homemade beverage with the colacul miresei.
Wedding bread in Russia
Russian traditions regarding the karavai are very similar to Ukrainian and Belorussian. In Russia, the wedding bread is also made by women who are happily married and have healthy children. The bread is served with salt as well. Though, the dividing of karavai can be a bit different. For instance, there is a tradition to give the upper part of the loaf to the newlyweds, the middle part goes to the wedding guests, the bottom to musicians at the wedding party, and the decorations are given to unmarried girls at the wedding.
Another Russian tradition is to pay for the pieces of wedding bread. Each guest gets their fair share and gives a symbolic amount of money to a piggy bank for the bride and groom. What’s left after everybody at the wedding received their piece is donated to the poor.
Also, there is a famous Russian wedding tradition that includes karavai – the bride and groom bite the loaf trying to get as big a piece as possible. Whoever gets the biggest bite will be in control in the future family.
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Chemicals Found in Many Cosmetics Linked to Cancer
Mills College Weekly
Lagging behind European standards, cosmetics unregulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration may contain a high amount of carcinogens.
Most Americans are unaware that many beauty products they use each day can potentially cause serious harm beyond the occasional clogged pore or the infamous chapstick addiction. Consumers of cosmetic and general hygiene products also should include the risk of cancer on their list of potential side effects when considering the array of products that many use daily.
In October 2004, the European Union, Europe’s equivalent to the FDA, banned all companies manufacturing products containing a brand of particularly toxic chemicals called phthalates, from doing business in any 25 member countries of the EU, and agreed to research and regulate some 450 other chemicals in beauty products. Mainstream companies such as Revlon Inc, L’Oreal, Estee Lauder Co., and Proctor and Gamble are among the companies who are being forced to reformulate their products in Europe, however, products being sold in the U.S. are not yet held to the same legal standards. Until recently, the FDA had turned a blind eye to the agendas of the big-business cosmetic industry, resulting in little government regulation of the chemicals that are included in beauty and hygiene products.
A spokeswoman for the Environmental Working Group said that the wheels are in motion in the U.S., “the FDA is in the process of reviewing a petition and studies regarding the danger of the chemicals in our products, but it is a slow process.”
A surprised consumer, Dania Cabello, said, “I assumed that the FDA already regulated the products, I never thought that there would be carcinogens in them.”
For decades public health groups have been researching and testing the safety of the chemicals that make up beauty products. Other organizations besides the EWG, such as the Breast Cancer Fund and smaller campaigns like the Campaign for Safe cosmetics, have taken on this dire responsibility and their work is beginning to pay off.
These groups believe that the chemicals of most concern for the American public are a class of chemicals called phthalates. They are used to soften plastic, and many cosmetic companies put it in their products for added flexibility and absorption into the skin, hair, or nails. Most often the chemical is found in highly utilized beauty and hygiene products such as deodorant, nail polish, lotions, hair spray and perfumes.
Among the many potentially harmful chemicals that are in beauty products, phthalates are of particular concern because, according the EWG Web site, “hundreds of animal studies have shown that phthalates can damage the liver, the kidneys, the lungs and the reproductive system, especially the developing testes.”
Phthalates are, on the one hand, a chemical that makes the product “absorb so well,” but on the other, they are also a vehicle for further absorption into the skin, taking other included chemicals with them and thus being released into your blood stream.
Due to the lack of public awareness about the chemicals such as phthalates in their beauty products, the EWG, and the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics have created an interactive and informative Web site, where concerned consumers can find out what’s really in their specific products. This feature of the Web site reveals some surprising and frightening results.
Vista student Essence Harden is, like many young women, a regular wearer of eye makeup and other beauty products. Through investigating her specific products the most alarming result was learning about her “Neutrogena Healthy defense SPF 30 sunblock.”
“I purchase Neutrogena products because they are recommended by my dermatologist, and I assumed that they were gentler and safer than other products. However, I have learned that my sunblock, which I was using to prevent cancer, is one of the worst products on the market in terms of containing harmful chemicals,” she said.
Although the FDA is currently in the process of reviewing and reworking their involvement with regulating cosmetics companies, in the mean time, concerned consumers can utilize the EWG Web site to find out about the risks behind their beauty rituals. |
What Happens If The Water Table Is Too High?
What time of year is water table highest?
springDuring late winter and spring, when snow melts and precipitation is high, the water table rises..
Can you have a basement with a high water table?
Many wet basement issues occur when the structure is located in a place with a high water table. A high water increases hydrostatic pressure on the floor and walls of your basement, making it susceptible to leaks. … You can still have a dry basement and a healthy foundation if you live in an area with a high water table!
How do hydrologists locate groundwater?
As a first step in locating ground water, the hydrologist prepares a geologic map showing where the different kinds of rock come to the land surface. Some of the rocks may be so cracked and broken that they provide good openings to carry water underground.
How do you build a foundation on a high water table?
One way to solve the high water table issue is to over-excavate a small hole next to your house foundation excavation. You will dig this adjacent hole 1.5 to 2 feet deeper than the main excavation (and approximately 3 feet in diameter). You will then place a water pump down into the small hole.
Can you build a house on Ledge?
While might seem imprudent (if not impossible) to build a home on ledge, it’s nothing unusual for Guilford, Conn., builder Brian Maresca. Blasting ledge is prohibited in that location, so Maresca “pinned” the house to the rock. “We’re pretty used to pinning [houses] to solid ledge,” says Maresca.
Are there water tables everywhere?
Some water underlies the Earth’s surface almost everywhere, beneath hills, mountains, plains, and deserts. … The ground above the water table (the pink area) may be wet to a certain degree, but it does not stay saturated.
Does water table affect foundations?
In areas where a local water table rises near the surface, water can push against the underside of the foundation in a condition known as ‘hydrostatic pressure. ‘ This may cause water to infiltrate through the bottom of the foundation – even permeating solid concrete over time.
Where is a water table located?
The upper surface of ground water is the water table. Below this surface, all the pore spaces and cracks in sediments and rocks are completely filled (saturated) with water. These saturated layers, known as the saturated zone (or the phreatic zone), are where ground water occurs.
Why is the water level going down?
Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over the long-term causes similar problems. The volume of groundwater in storage is decreasing in many areas of the United States in response to pumping. Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping. … increased pumping costs.
How deep should a well be for drinking water?
between 10 and 30 feetDug wells are the shallowest type of well, typically between 10 and 30 feet deep; therefore, the most likely to become contaminated from nearby agricultural, industrial, or urban sites. Driven wells are hammered into the ground and draw water from the saturated zone.
Can you build on wet soil?
Homes can be safely built on wet sites, but special drainage around the house and foundation and an effective moisture barrier below the foundation will be required. As for the type of foundation needed, that depends on the type of soil and the weight of the structure.
Is a high water table bad?
Is a high water table bad? High water tables can be a bane to crop yields, compelling many farmers to drain their fields so their crops don’t drown when it rains.
How do you know if your water table is high?
A telltale sign of a high water table is if your neighbors experience similar flooding issues or if your home is near a water source such as a lake, river, or marsh.
Can you lower the water table?
Water tables in coastal zones and inland areas near water bodies typically lie only a few feet below the land surface. … You can use a water well to lower the groundwater table elevation by pumping water from the ground. Continuously pump a groundwater well to lower the water table.
What happens when the water table is lowered?
Groundwater occurs in the saturated soil and rock below the water table. … If water is withdrawn from the ground at a faster rate that it is replenished, either by infiltration from the surface or from streams, then the water table can become lower, resulting in a “cone of depression” around the well.
Can you build a house on a high water table?
When water table is close to the ground surface?
Answer. When the water table is close to the ground surface, the bearing capacity of a soil is reduced to three-fourth.
How long does it take for rainwater to reach the water table?
The rainfall that seeps into the ground on your property moves through the soil at a rate of only 10 feet per year. Since aquifers (where your well gets its water supply) are hundreds of feet below ground, it might take more than a decade for that rain to reach an aquifer or water-bearing strata! |
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