text stringlengths 144 682k |
|---|
Mystery Moon flashes caused by meteorite impacts
Example of a lunar flash, photographed in 1953. Credit: Leon Stuart/Columbia University Department of Astronomy
For hundreds of years, people have seen tiny flashes of light on the surface of the Moon. Very brief, but bright enough to be seen from Earth, these odd flashes still hadn’t been adequately explained up until now. Also known as Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLPs), they’ve been observed on many occasions, but rarely photographed. On Earth, meteorites burning up in the atmosphere can produce similar flashes, but the Moon has no atmosphere for anything to burn up in, so what could be causing them? As it turns out, according to a new study, the answer is still meteorites, but for a slightly different reason…
See Universe Today for the full article. |
Search This Blog
Monday, April 12, 2021
William Chapman Ralston, Tycoon
One of the first men to build a major financial empire in the Far West, Ralston was born in Ohio in 1826. In 1854, he immigrated to the booming town of San Francisco, a once sleepy Spanish missionary village that had become the center of the California Gold Rush five years earlier. There he became a partner in a steamship company, and 10 years later he used his profits to organize the Bank of California.
The Bank Established by William Ralston
Ralston’s bank quickly became one of the most important financial institutions in the West. Starved for capital, western businessmen were happy to deal with a reliable bank in their own region instead of the New York and Boston banks. Ralston committed his own funds as well as those of the bank to a wide array of western businesses. Many were unexciting but essential enterprises like water companies. Ralston also had an adventurous side, though, and used his money to support lavish hotels and theaters in San Francisco as well as the hugely profitable Comstock Lode silver mine in Nevada.
William Ralston's "Summer Home" In Belmont, CA Where His Wife And Children Lived Year Round
The always-treacherous world of mining, however, eventually proved to be Ralston’s undoing. Having made millions in the Comstock Lode, Ralston gambled on several silver mines that proved busts. News of the failed mining investments sparked a run on the bank, forcing the bank to close its doors on August 26, 1875.
The next day, a somber board of directors asked for and received Ralston’s resignation as bank president. A few hours later, after Ralston had gone for his usual morning swim in San Francisco Bay, his body was discovered. Whether Ralston had accidentally drowned or deliberately killed himself remains a mystery.
In Recent Culture
Ralston was portrayed by Ronald W. Reagan in a 1965 episode of Death Valley Days, "Raid on the San Francisco Mint." The episode dramatizes an 1869 event in which Ralston gets the head of the mint drunk in order to persuade him to authorize an exchange of bullion for coins. Vaughn Taylor was cast as financier and adventurer Asbury Harpending.
*Images from PeoplePill and Wikipedia
THE WILDINGS: A Family (Boxed Set only 99 cents)
Prairie Rose Publications
THE WILDINGS is a wonderful collection of western romance stories that follow the Wilding family through generations of love and loss, joy and sorrow, and wins and losses in life. Get lost in this exciting boxed set of full-length books and novellas that trace the adventures of the descendants of the Wilding family. From the lawless old west days of the early 1900’s in ruthless Hazard, Wyoming, through the generations forward, the action, romance, and suspense is nonstop.
Follow the saga of the Wilding family from the early days that begin with a haunted house, a trunk, and a date with destiny in Harmonica Joe’s Reluctant Bride. Can Joe and Lola’s unlikely romance last? Next, the dangers of World War 1 in For Love of Banjo, and a Prohibition-era kidnapping with Fly Away Heart will have you on the edge of your seat. Hollow Heart is a post WWII short story with a surprise twist, and The Beast of Hazard will touch you with its romance between a veterinarian and a beautiful circus performer facing danger. In Unexpected Blessings, a couple overcomes a seemingly insurmountable problem, and in Home For the Heart, a determined young woman must find a way into a confirmed bachelor’s heart. A conversation at a wedding spoils everything in It’s Only Make Believe, and in I Dream of You, a recurring dream, a kiss, and deadly secrets could unlock not only love but a very dangerous outcome for everyone. Three Christmas novellas, A Husband for Christmas, When Love Comes Knocking, and A Christmas Visitor are also included to round out the series and bring it to a very satisfying conclusion.
This wonderful collection will keep you entertained with richly-woven stories filled with real-life excitement, danger, and love from the heart of romance author Sarah J. McNeal. THE WILDINGS will enthrall you and keep you turning pages as you follow the multi-faceted characters and the stories of their lives! Don’t miss it!
Sarah J. McNeal
Author of Heartwarming Stories
Amazon Author's Page
1. Oh, love a mystery. I don't suppose we'll ever know the truth, but he wouldn't be the first man to end it all when facing ruin.
2. You're right, Christine, there has been many people who have found great financial success, but took their own lives when they lost their money. In the case of William Ralston, the first thing that came to my mind was murder. Since he routinely went swimming, perhaps someone who had lost a bundle of money either hired someone to drown Ralston or did it personally in revenge.
Thank you for your comment and for visiting my post. I appreciate it.
3. Sarah,
Back then it seems that so many fortunes were made/lost, made/lost, rinse-repeat. In my middle class world, I can't fathom what that was like to be riding high on the hog one minute and out on the street the next. These were a special breed of pioneer.
The possibilities surrounding his death are fascinating to contemplate in a morbid sort of way. Suicide? Murder? Accident? Hmmm..... ;-)
4. Kaye, it truly is hard to imagine how people made it to such wealth and lost it over and over again. It's a wild, risky ride that my middle class mind cannot wrap itself around. I feel the same way about inventers who come up with these simple things and make millions leaving me to wonder, why didn't I think of that?
Thank you so much for coming to read and comment on my blog. You are so supportive of everyone. Thank You!
5. Amazing story. I lived next door to a "robber baron" who killed himself, too. I believe not only was finances failing, but they told him he had cancer. He was the head of building the Panama Canal, and the house he built next to where I lived, built head to floor with red mahogany wood -- ceilings, walls, windows, doors, staircase etc, that was cleared to make way for the canal. He has it shipped back to build his home in a tudor style. I wonder if he haunts the place. The second owner after his death painted all that beautiful mahogany PINK!!!
6. OMG, Deborah, what a horrendous thing to do--paint over mahogany! Mahogany is extremely expensive in the US. It kinda sounds self-serving to mow down mahogany and send it home--even though it was for a major water access like the Panama Canal.
As much as I don't believe in ghosts, I do think people have a certain energy, and since energy cannot be lost, only changed in form, their energy can continue in their absence. Suicide is such an intense act I have to think his energy still exists in that house. Hope it doesn't come visiting your house.
Thank you so much for coming to my blog and leaving a comment.
7. What a sad riches to rags story, Sarah.
1. Better to be a rags to riches than this way, but a person should pull up their strength and courage to face the loss. I wonder what happened to his wife and kids after he was gone. I was nervous about the money in my 401K when stocks dropped years back, so I can't imagine the stress of losing everything. And no one else lost money because of my failures. I would hate to think I did that to others.
Thank you so much for coming, Lindsay. I love your blogs about castles and ancestors.
8. So many possibilities, but murder or suicide are my guesses. When people lose their life savings, they can become suicidal or want revenge on the wealthy person they think caused their misfortune. Definitely cause for motive. I can't help but think that very rich people may have the world by the shoulders, but aren't they also a prisoner of their own wealth in trying to keep it? An interesting blog about an ambitious man.
9. Elizabeth, I agree with murder or suicide. I can't imagine a person swimming every day in the same place "accidentally drowning. Yes, there was plenty of motive for murder, and, of course, I am certainly he must have been completely devastated to have lost all that money. That's an interesting concept about being "a prisoner of their own wealth." Their wealth also keeps them apart from regular society and I'm certain there must be a certain amount of feelings of power that make people do foolish things. Famous people can't just blend into society and shop at the local super market, and we've seen how the rich and famous try to bypass the law believing they can get away with it because of their money and position. You have a good point.
Thank you so much for coming and commenting. I always look forward to what you have to say. |
The high blood glucose in diabetes produces glucose in the urine and frequent urination through effects on the kidneys. Now that you know the symptoms of diabetes -- high blood glucose, excessive hunger and thirst, frequent urination -- let's look at what happens to your body during diabetes. Your lack of insulin or insulin resistance directly causes high blood-glucose levels during fasting and after a meal (reduced glucose tolerance).
The lack of insulin or insulin resistance acts on many organs to produce a variety of effects. High blood-glucose levels increase the osmotic pressure of your blood and directly stimulate the thirst receptors in your brain.Your increased urine flow causes you to lose body sodium, which also stimulates your thirst receptors.
You feel tired because your cells cannot absorb glucose, leaving them with nothing to burn for energy. Your poor blood circulation causes numbness in your hands and feet, changes in vision, slow-healing wounds and frequent infections. Fortunately, these consequences can be managed by correcting your high blood glucose through diet, exercise and medications, as we'll discuss next.
The kidneys are responsible for keeping the homeostatically constant, which is achieved by regulating the volume and concentration of body fluids by selectively filtering and reabsorbing materials from the blood.
To achieve this, the kidneys are controlled by various factors and the neural and endocrine systems act from outside the excretory system to help achieve this balance.
The volume of fluid in various fluid compartments in the body depends on the balance of fluid intake and fluid output.
These receptor cells will only cease to give a thirst message when the hypertonic status has been corrected. A large intake of fluid will also be corrected by the specialized receptors in the nervous system, since they monitor the changes in blood volume.
When blood volume increases the pressure is increased within the atria of the heart which then activates stretch receptors, which in turn send a signal for reduction of ADH release in the posterior pituitary, leading to less fluid to be reabsorbed by the kidneys.
The reserve happens when blood volume decreases and less urine is formed with more fluid being retained and so correcting blood volume.
The primary effect of ADH is to limit the amount of water being lost in urine, by increasing the amount of water being reabsorbed into the blood. With more fluid being reabsorbed, the blood volume increases while the solutes concentration becomes more diluted. As soon as the osmolarity of the blood and body fluids is reduced, with more fluid being reabsorbed by the tubules in the kidneys, the receptors in the hypothalamus are no longer stimulated and the level of ADH stimulation is reduced, which then in turn signals to the kidneys to start excreting more water in the urine production until the blood osmolarity increases enough for the cycle to be started again. ADH is not the only hormone that helps with the regulation of kidney function - aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) as well as parathyroid hormone (from the parathyroid glands) affects the balance and regulation of electrolyte content of the blood and body fluids. When aldosterone is present in the blood, the distal renal tubules increase their re-absorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands when the level of the potassium in the blood is increased, as well as the self-regulatory action of the kidneys by means of the renin-angiotensin system. When blood pressure increases so does the glomerular filtration increase, but when blood pressure falls, the filtration level drops and the glomerular filtration rate then needs another system to increase the filtration rate. This is made possible with tubuloglomerular feedback where a specialized region of the nephron - the juxtaglomerular complex - will detect the decreased fluid flow within the nephron tubules and will increase the glomerular filtration. The renin-angiotensin system will not only assist to increase filtration of the glomerular, but can also affect the adrenal secretion of aldosterone, which will help to bring the low systemic blood pressure up to normal. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is responsible for the endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate. In the kidneys the parathyroid hormone increases calcium re-absorption in the renal tubules, while phosphates are not really affected.
The kidneys are primarily involved in removing nitrogen-containing wastes to prevent toxic build-up. The metabolic wastes occur during breakdown of nitrogen-containing proteins and purine nitrogenous bases.
Urea is excreted by the kidneys, and is less toxic than ammonia and can be transported in the blood from the liver where it is formed from ammonia.
It is osmotically active and can function in regulating osmotic pressure of blood and other body fluids.
Uric acid is less toxic than urea and is also excreted by the kidneys, and while it is a bigger molecule than urea and less soluble, the uric acid that appears in urine is mostly secreted by the tubule cells in the kidneys. Following those three guidelines will help return your body to a normal leptin cycle (leptin governs when you are hungry; see my Insulin Resistance and Leptin article).
The goal of the ketogenic diet is to achieve ketosis - a metabolic state in which the body burns segments of fats called ketones, instead of glucose (from carbs) for fuel. On the other hand, as long as it is NOT negative (beige color), your are in ketosis, and thata€™s all that matters (unless you are a diabetic and you want to avoid ketoacidosis); Ketostix a€?do not accurately measure degree in all peoplea€?. To begin, I am collecting links with info about this ketogenic diet, jotting down notes from each.
Includes a bit of anthropological history to support the ketogenic diet, glycemic index, epidemiological data, health risks. Making healthy lifestyle choices can certainly lower the risk of hyperglycemia, as well as hypoglycemia. Normally, the blood sugar levels are tested on an empty stomach, usually after a gap of six to eight hours after having the last meal. The following table provides the average blood sugar levels of a normal healthy adult, 2 hours after eating a meal. It is common for pregnant women to be screened for gestational diabetes anywhere between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy.
According to the American Diabetes Association, blood sugar should ideally be measured using the fasting glucose or the OGTT which may help diagnose diabetes. Diabetics can monitor their own blood glucose levels, several times in a day, to record the levels of sugar in their blood. You can use the aforementioned charts for blood sugar levels as a reference to check blood sugar levels regularly. I test my sugar around 10:00am after 2 cups of coffee with light cream it always under100 is that ok?
I found my sugar level 202 with almost 11 hours meals gap.Please advice me for come out from this disease. I found my sugar level 202 with almost 11 hours meals.Please advice me for come out from this disease. Hi i had my blood test and i got my result today and my GP told me that my blood sugar leverl is 30 which is high.
Glucose test during pregnancy: Pregnant woman checking the colour of a reagent strip used in a Clinistix urine test. Gestational diabetes is any level of sugar in the bloodstream above the normal range which is first diagnosed during pregnancy. The hormones which are secreted by the placenta make the mother’s body cells less responsive to insulin. Gestational diabetes may not cause any symptoms but even so, if not diagnosed, may still cause problems for both mother and baby. Women from certain ethnic groups or who have a family history are more at risk of having gestational diabetes, but a definite genetic link has not been identified. Patients need to ensure that their blood glucose levels are closely monitored and remain within the normal range to avoid any ill-effects. If gestational diabetes is diagnosed early and blood glucose levels are closely controlled throughout the pregnancy, this will reduce the risk of complications for the baby.
There is a significantly increased risk of the mother developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
The child may be at increased risk of developing weight problems and type 2 diabetes when he or she becomes an adult. The Society for Endocrinology is not responsible for the content of external internet sites. For the purposes of this discussion, let's suppose that you have undiagnosed, and therefore unmanaged, diabetes.
It's not clear exactly what stimulates your brain's hunger centers, possibly the lack of insulin or high glucagon levels. The lack of insulin or insulin-resistance directly stimulates the breakdown of fats in fat cells and proteins in muscle, leading to weight loss.Metabolism of fatty acids leads to the production of acidic ketones in the blood (ketoacidosis), which can lead to breathing problems, the smell of acetone on your breath, irregularities in your heart and central-nervous-system depression, which leads to coma. Fluid intake in response to thirst is a source of fluid, and receptor cells found in the hypothalamus activate thirst when exposed to hypertonic conditions - such as when water loss has been excessive or salt intake high.
Should you for instance take in a liter of fluid, the kidneys will excrete the excess, simply by increasing its urine production eight fold within thirty minutes. It secondly reduces the vasomotor tone of the blood vessels, which leads to dilation of the blood vessels, causing an increase of the glomerular blood pressure and increased filtration is achieved, with less water being reabsorbed by osmosis.
The ADH targets the cells of the tubules and collecting ducts, which causes an increase of permeability of the cell surfaces, where the water then leaves the renal tubules by means of osmosis. With this action, more water is retained in the body and a person with high aldosterone content can have “puffy” features from the increased water volume.
When blood levels of calcium decrease it stimulates the production of PTH, which has three physiological effects, one having a direct bearing on the kidneys. This metabolism also involves the removal of nitrogen from amino acids and amino nitrogen is often removed as ammonia, which is extremely toxic to cells and needs to be removed from the blood and body fluids.
This molecule is very small, diffuses easily across cell membranes and requires no specialized transport system.
Nucleotides adenosine and guanosine are purine nucleotides as they contain purine nitrogenous bases, which are double-ring organic compounds, which also contain nitrogen in their ring structure.
Mercola emphasizes a version of this diet for those with Protein nutritional type (P-type); especially for those who have gone astray with too many carbs so that they have insulin resistance (metabolic syndrome). But remember that if you reduce dietary fat, you must also reduce dietary carbs and proteins to maintain the same dietary percentage: 5% carbs, 20% protein, 75% fat calories. Ideally, the leptin levels follow a wave pattern through the day that is low when you get up in the morning (so that you are hungry), and high after dinner (so that you are ready to fast). This site also has recipes, sample menus, and carb, protein, fat counters for common foods which I have copied onto my Carb Counter page. For this reason, the protein content should be 20-25% protein; if the protein is too lean, you may have malnourishment issues.
Da€™Agostino believes 2 - 3 grams of protein for every kg of body weight is too much, but doesna€™t suggest a better amount. This is especially important at the beginning when your body has not re-learned how to live on fat.
Also discussion of ketosis, increased saturated fats, dietary protein and cardiovascular disease, risk of osteoporosis, kidney and liver damage; all in relation to the ketogenic diet - whether each has positive or negative impact on health while on the diet. The following Buzzle write-up provides a chart for blood sugar levels that will help you monitor the blood sugar levels, so that you can take steps to keep them within the normal range. During digestion, the carbohydrate-rich food items get converted into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Glucose levels are the lowest in the mornings, and mostly tend to rise for a couple of hours after meals, depending on the volume of carbohydrates consumed.
However, it is advisable that the test be done at least twice, at different times, to confirm diabetes.
Many home testing kits are available in medical stores, and can be bought on medical prescriptions. Strict blood glucose control in pregnant women improves outcomes for both the mother and child.
Gestational diabetes can result in bigger babies, so women whose babies seem to be big may be offered a test for gestational diabetes. This can cause problems during the delivery with a greater risk of the shoulder getting stuck (dystocia). The glucose in the blood reacts chemically with an enzyme on the test strip called glucose oxidase.
The liver cells can also combine amino nitrogen with carbon dioxide, which then produces urea.
Nucleotide metabolism metabolizes purine nitrogenous bases to uric acid by the liver cells. Fats from pasture-raised livestock and dairy, wild fish, olives and coconuts are the best and together include a good mix of saturated, mono-unsaturated and omega-3 polyunsaturate. Do not be tempted to eat Atkins-endorsed processed foods as this will likely make matters worse. But when this cycle is out of balance - high in the morning, and low after dinner, for example - or flat all day long, your body stores fat and feels sluggish.
The graph below describes the different levels and the optimum ketone zone (from Mercola on Ketogenic Diet with Calorie Restriction for Improved Health (2)). An oral glucose tolerance test is done to ascertain whether a pregnant woman is suffering from gestational diabetes.
An increase or decrease in the blood sugar levels in the human body can lead to either hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. However, on an average, it should be within the normal range, to keep diseases associated with high and low blood sugar at bay. However, some women who are diagnosed with diabetes during pregnancy may have had diabetes before becoming pregnant, but had not been tested before the pregnancy.
Insulin is the hormone that is secreted by the pancreas and results in the lowering of sugar levels in the bloodstream. For example, it is more common in women of South Asian origin and women who are overweight before becoming pregnant. In a newborn baby there is a greater risk of the blood glucose level dropping too low and this requires careful monitoring. Both these risks can be reduced, but not completely prevented, by weight loss and exercise. The product of the reaction, gluconate, combines with another chemical to make the strip turn blue. The ketogenic diet is a low-carb diet that relies on fat and protein for energy, instead of carbs. Eventually I will morph this into the Paleo diet, which is quite similar to the ketogeneic diet except that it includes more a€?gooda€™ carbs - fresh veggies and fruits (no fruit juice). Insulin, which is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas, facilitates the absorption of glucose by the cells and tissues of the body. A drop of blood taken from the pricked finger is placed onto a glucose strip, which is then inserted into the glucose meter; a small machine that provides a digital record, as well as a readout of the blood glucose level. In addition, other types of diabetes other than gestational diabetes can appear during pregnancy. It should be noted that all pregnancies have a degree of insulin resistance in order to make maternal nutrients available for the growing foetus. In addition, if insulin is given as injections, patients may experience some discomfort around the injection site. If the baby develops low blood glucose levels, extra sugar may need to be given to correct this. The device measures the degree of color change to determine and display the concentration of glucose in the blood sample.
If you have been a carb-eater for a long time, you need to retrain your body to burn fat for energy - fat in the form of ketones.
The Atkins diet is a type of ketogenic diet, designed for weight loss; it gradually steps up the amount and kind of carbs you can eat. Glucose that is stored in the liver as glycogen, gets reabsorbed in the bloodstream, when the sugar levels drop. In pregnancy, the pancreas secretes increasing amounts of insulin to overcome the body’s increasing insulin resistance. Women with gestational diabetes will also need to check their blood glucose levels regularly. If a woman does not secrete enough insulin during pregnancy, she is likely to develop gestational diabetes.
These charts have proved to be very useful to doctors, while determining the need for oral medication or insulin.
Glucose test of 101
Sugar levels 8 weeks
1. 07.07.2014 at 12:32:41
Diabetes for nonpregnant adults and if you had.
Author: desepticon023
2. 07.07.2014 at 12:31:34
Carb diet drastically reduce carbohydrate intake for and.
Author: insert |
A Complete Guide to Heat Lamps
Our guide will help you understand what heat lamps are, their uses, how they work and the various types available.
Heat Lamps Banner
This guide is designed to answer several key questions, including ‘what are heat lamps?’ and ‘how do they work?’. We will look at some of their more common uses and identify the main types of IR bulbs you can buy online.
What is a Heat Lamp?
Heat lamps are special types of incandescent bulbs. They are designed to generate as much heat as possible through infrared radiation, so they are often called infrared lamps, infrared heaters, or IR bulbs. Their ability to warm quickly, cheaply and efficiently makes them useful in many temperature-critical applications.
Nearly all bulbs of this type are incandescent. As their main purpose is to produce warmth rather than just light, there isn’t really such thing as an LED heat lamp:
• LED bulbs are much more efficient at turning electrical current into light than incandescent lamps, losing very little energy as heat during the process
• In practice, this means that LED lamps simply don’t get warm enough to be useful in this role
• Infrared LEDs do exist, but they are mostly used for remote controls and other communications devices
Incandescent bulbs, on the other hand, are relatively inefficient when used primarily for lighting:
• They lose a significant amount of infrared radiation as heat energy while converting electrical current into light
• In most cases, this is an undesirable side-effect of non-LED bulbs. In certain specific applications, though, it is a benefit
• Infrared heaters are designed to prioritise this effect, while light quality may be a lesser concern
How Does a Heat Lamp Work?
Understanding how heat lamps work is basically the same as knowing how a traditional bulb works. A thin tungsten wire (filament) is enclosed in a capsule of inert gas, and acts as an electrical resistor. It warms and glows under a flow of current, emitting both light and heat.
However, bulbs sold specifically for heating differ from standard incandescent bulbs in several key ways:
• They are often designed to run under more powerful currents than normal light bulbs, and thus generate higher temperatures
• Most light bulbs max out at around 100W. This tends to be the lower end of the spectrum for IR heaters, which often run to 2kW and beyond
• Lighting ability is not usually the main selling point. Their light output may even be deliberately limited to prioritise warming capacity. This is often done via filters or reflectors to help concentrate heat radiation
• More robust materials are used than for lower wattage bulbs. Common examples include heavy-duty filaments and ceramic bases. These can help to prevent blowouts or melting of the housing under heavy current
Heat Lamp
Heat Lamp Uses
Thanks largely to their unique characteristics, IR lamps are useful in several sorts of applications. Relative to other forms of space heaters and radiators, these include:
• Their ability to reach very high temperatures extremely quickly
• The potential to dial in their heat output to specific levels or temperature gradients
• The fact that their hot zones can be focused towards a small concentrated area, unlike with some alternative methods such as open fires or convection heaters
• Their overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness as an electrical heat source
• Their ability to heat without making direct contact or disturbing the subject. In contrast, conductive, combustion or convection heaters can all affect the subject in various ways
When compared with many other types of heaters and heat sources, the above qualities often make IR heaters a preferred solution for a wide range of tasks.
Everyday examples include:
Animal Heat Lamps
Vivarium and hatchery use is one of the most common reasons for buying these bulbs online. In particular, many people choose heat lamps for chicks and reptiles that are being raised. So-called brooder lamps are often installed near hatchling chickens to help mimic warmth from a nesting parent. In a vivarium, the lamp simulates the sun’s warmth, helping to regulate body thermals or metabolism.
Catering Heat Lamps
Food heat lamps for commercial use are found in a wide range of cafes, restaurants, self-service diners and takeaways. You will often see them installed where hot food needs to be available over an extended period. They are also commonly installed alongside other retail food cabinets.
Heat Lamps for Plants
Terrarium and grow room use is another reason people shop for IR bulbs. They are used to exercise accurate temperature control. IR can simulate warmer climates and biomes or mimic the day-night cycles required by many types of non-native plants.
Other common uses for these types of bulbs include:
Heat Lamps for Bathrooms
These help to warm the area prior to use, and clear condensation from mirrors, walls and other surfaces. This gives a better overall experience and reduces the chance for mould and mildew to grow in damp rooms. They are quite common in hotels and guest houses and are also becoming more popular with homeowners.
Infrared Paint Curing Lamps
These help paint to dry (and, for some finishes, to harden) after it has been applied. They are most often associated with body shops and automobile spraying, where it is essential to properly cure the paintwork.
Many decorators also use drying and curing lamps for speedier job completion, especially in large or busy areas. They can give a more even, hardwearing and professional-looking finish than air-drying alone. These specialist lights should not to be confused with regular work lights or painters lamps.
Medical Uses
People with chronic conditions or short-term injuries may use IR warming technology as treatment for physical flare-ups and symptoms. They can help with soothing all manner of sore or swollen joints and muscles. An infrared heat lamp for back pain is a popular choice as a convenient, fast-acting alternative to hot water bottles or heat packs.
Heat Lamp Types
There are three main types of IR lamp for sale online. Each is defined by its wavelength - short, medium or long wave. There are pros and cons to each type in various roles.
Short wave IR is higher intensity (hotter and brighter) and more transmissive (better at covering greater distances) than medium wave and long wave IR. Due to the way it excites molecules directly, shortwave IR heats surfaces and objects more effectively than air. Short wave IR uses up a lot of the energy it consumes in achieving its throw, or projection distance, over a narrow but intense heating zone.
Medium wave IR and long wave IR are cooler and generate dimmer light (usually as a red glow). They are less transmissible (shorter range), but more penetrating (better absorbed by the subject). They are more effective at gradually increasing temperature to a comfortable level over a prolonged period. Longer wavelengths expend more of their energy on sustained gentle warming of a smaller area.
It is always useful to choose the best kind of IR heater for the specific purpose you have in mind.
Heat Lamp
Short Wave Heat Lamps
Which light bulbs give off the most heat? Short wave infrared is basically the hottest and brightest type of lamp. It is best used for more intensive and direct heating tasks, as well as for covering greater distance outdoors.
They come up to temperature almost instantly and are good for an intensive burst of comfort warmth aimed straight at a subject. They lose very little of their energy to warming the air around the bulb, so almost all of it arrives as direct heat.
Ideal uses include outdoor patio heating, where the radiated warmth needs to travel over a longer distance quickly to hit an object or person. Short wave infrared copes well in wind and makes quick work of highly focused heating tasks like curing and drying paint.
As it has little effect on areas of low molecular density, it is less good at raising ambient air temperature. It is also unsuitable for prolonged close-range or indoor use, due to the intense heat and light it produces.
Medium Wave Heat Lamps
Medium wave infrared heaters are better at warming a room than short wave versions. Their heat is more easily absorbed by people and objects, but it is less transmissible at distance.
They ramp up a bit more slowly, usually around 30 seconds to a minute. They are roughly as good at dispersing warmth to the air as they are at directly heating solid surfaces.
Around 60% of their output arrives as direct heat, with 40% used to warm the space around the lamp. They are not effective in windy conditions, making them less suitable for most outdoor uses.
Long Wave Heat Lamps
Only about 40% of the energy output by far-infrared lamps arrives as direct heat, with 60% lost to the surrounding air. A long wave infrared heater is therefore a better choice for more gradual heating of enclosed spaces.
They can take 5-20 minutes to reach relatively low peak temperatures of around 300 Celsius. They emit very little light compared to a short-wave IR lamp, making them far less obtrusive. They are often preferred for indoor panel heating arrays. Since they are highly vulnerable to wind, they tend to be ineffective for outside use.
Red Heat Lamps
So-called ruby heat lamps are designed to emit less bright light as they warm up. This is done using red filters, producing a duller and warmer glow than you would otherwise see at a given IR wavelength.
Red Heat Lamps
Gold Heat Lamps
Gold heat lamps aim for the opposite lighting effect to red ones, with highly reflective gold or yellow coloured filters helping to maximise the lumen output. This can bring them more in line with traditional incandescent or halogen bulbs for use in domestic and public spaces.
Gold Heat Lamp
Clear Heat Lamps
Clear models will generally output whatever intensity of light their IR wavelength dictates, without attempting to reduce or enhance it. What is the difference between red and clear heat lamps? In truth, very little in terms of basic function - but a clear bulb might be the slightly cheaper option if you do not need an adjusted red or gold version.
Clear Heat Lamp
Are Heat Lamps a Fire Hazard?
Good quality products are designed and built with safety in mind. Even so, when used irresponsibly, they can be a potential hazard. General safety tips for proper use include:
• Ensuring you buy quality products, using suitable housings and materials for the wattage they run at
• Using an appropriately certified bulb cage (a bail)
• Making sure the entire setup is positioned well out of reach
• Ensuring they are firmly secured, ideally with a secondary anchor point as a failsafe
• Keeping all wires, cables and connectors well maintained and out of reach
• Removing all combustible materials, including regular clearing of any dust and debris
• Keeping away from any sources of liquid, moisture or damp
• Regularly checking for signs of wear or damage, and promptly repairing or replacing if necessary
• Keeping smoke alarms and fire extinguishers close at hand
• Ensuring they are not used in locations blocking an exit or escape route in the event of a fire
Are Heat Lamps Safe to Leave on All Night?
You should avoid leaving most high-power draw electricals switched on around the clock, especially if they are unmonitored. High-powered bulbs are no exception.
Relatively few scenarios will require you to leave them on overnight, since many are bought to mimic sunlight. If you absolutely must leave a lamp on while unattended, try to set up a way of monitoring the area remotely, such as a CCTV camera.
You must also maintain an operational smoke detector and fire extinguisher nearby.
Related Guides |
Use Biome in a sentence
BIOME [ˈbīˌōm]
Post Your Comments?
See also: Biome Biometry Biometrics Biomed Biometrika Biomedics Biomethane Biometrical Biometrician Biomedical Biomedicine Biometrically Biomechanoid Biomedically Biomechanics Biometric
1. A Biome is a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife
2. There are five major types of Biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra, though some of these Biomes can be further divided into more specific categories, such as freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga
3. Aquatic Biomes include both freshwater and marine
4. Biome, the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions
5. Biome definition, a complex biotic community characterized by distinctive plant and animal species and maintained under the climatic conditions of the region, especially such a community that has developed to climax
6. The desert Biome is the hottest and the driest of all the terrestrial Biomes out there
7. By Biome founder, Tracey Bailey, for International Womens Day 2021 #choosetochallenge I am fascinated by this topic of how the empowerment of women and girls, and gender equality, is critical to defending our planet from the threats of climate change and other environmental catastrophes.
8. Hill’s Prescription Diet Gastrointestinal Biome is a high-fiber dry dog food clinically shown to help firm loose stool in 24 hours and reduce risk of recurrence
9. Made with ActivBiome+ Ingredient Technology to rapidly activate the gut microBiome and help manage complex GI issues.
10. Sale on now! Save up to 30% online at Biome, Australia's largest zero waste, ethical eco store that is 100% palm oil free
11. BiomeS TERRESTRIAL BiomeS: major (global scale) regions of physically similar, but not taxonomically related, vegetation and animals (life zones, ecoregions) Each Biome type has a distinctive form of vegetation (physiognomy) Tundra: Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest each Biome type has different species on different continents (convergence)
12. A Biome is a large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain types of living things
13. Major Biomes include tundra, forests, grasslands, and deserts.
14. Biomes are the different types of areas that a Terraria world can contain
15. Every Biome has its own characteristic terrain blocks, collectible items, backdrops, background walls, enemies, critters, theme music, Angler Quest fish, and other features
16. Spanning the world's ceiling is the Space Biome
17. Biomes on the Surface layer include forests, deserts, snow Biomes, the Jungle, the Dungeon, and at
18. A Biome is a large community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a specific climate
19. The five major types of Biomes are aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra
20. Biome is an apt name for a typeface that melds design influences from the myriad aspects of modern life
21. Biomes influence a planet's general environmental hazard as well as the richness of animals and plants
22. 1 Summary 1.1 Weather Variations 1.2 Ecosystem Variation 1.3 Terrain Variations 1.4 Terrain Archetype 1.5 Biome Resources 2 Types 2.1 Lush 2.2 Barren 2.3 Dead 2.4 Exotic 2.5 Mega Exotic 2.6 Scorched 2.7 Frozen 2.8 Toxic 2.9 Irradiated 2.10 Marsh 2.11 Volcanic 3 Biome subtypes 4 Biome
23. This Biome is the Nether dimension (Also known as the Nether Wastes in 1.16)
24. This Biome features more mobs and the Nether fortress
25. Biome has transformed indoor life through Taiga, a first of its kind living machine that merges air purification, air quality monitoring, and turn-key plant care into …
26. Each type of Biome has its own Biome ID, shown in the following table
27. Mountain Edge, Deep Warm Ocean, and Legacy Frozen Ocean Biomes do not generate
28. Biomes are types of area on a planet, characterized by their terrain properties, climate, flora and fauna, diseases and special challenges
29. Each world tile has one particular Biome
30. Oceans and lakes appears as world tiles but are not playable Biomes
31. There are twelve playable Biomes types in RimWorld, which can be divided into three categories: Warm, Hot and Cold.
32. Biome is the only EHR-linked bio and data repository in New York City that performs unrestricted patient enrollment (non-selective in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, medical condition, or disease status), leading to a cohort unmatched in ethnic, socio-economic, and medical diversity and ready to be tapped for the broadest variety of Biomedical and genetic research possible.
33. The marine Biome is composed of all the world’s oceans and has the most diverse group of plants, animals, and temperatures
34. 🔊 Only animals that are able to endure the blazing sun and extreme heat with little water can survive in the harsh desert Biome
35. The Novartis Biome was created as a bridge to help our partners become an extension of our own teams, working with us as easily and productively as possible to jointly innovate and co-develop digital solutions at scale.
36. The Biome is a new kind of K-5 school, for the next generation – one that offers customized, project-based and student-centered learning opportunities with an emphasis on growth mindset and STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) education
37. The Biome charter school creates a balanced learning ecosystem in which teachers
38. A Biome is a region in a world with distinct geographical features, flora, heights, temperatures, humidity ratings, and sky and foliage colors.Biomes separate every generated world into different environments, such as forests, jungles, deserts, and taigas.
39. This HD dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the Biomes of Earth
40. In Kerbal Space Program a Biome is a geographic area on the surface of a celestial body typically corresponding with types of geology like mountains or craters
41. This is in contrast to the real meaning of the term in which Biomes are biotic communities in contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions and organism populations.
42. This Biome list is not supported or endorsed by the developers! Information found here may be inaccurate/outdated, and should not be used as reference for issues, bug reports, or any other requests to the developers! This is the Biomes list, where you will find short explanations of Biomes
43. If you wanna know more about Biomes, click the Biome name you want to click, and it will take you to the
44. Rainforest Biome Tropical Rainforest Temperate Rainforest 39
45. Each Biome is known for certain kinds of plants and animals
46. But what’s really at the heart of a Biome is its climate
47. How hot or cold is it? How much rain and snow fall every year? Climate is critical because it determines the types of plants and animals—the ecosystem—that can survive in a Biome
48. The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist Biome where it rains all year long
49. This permafrost is a defining characteristic of the tundra Biome.
50. A Biome is way to describe a large group of similar ecosystems
51. Biomes have similar weather, rainfall, animals, and plants
52. There are a number of Biomes on planet Earth
53. See the map of the world Biomes below
54. Map of the world Biomes - Click on the map to see a larger picture.
55. The Swamp Biome is full of dangers, but if you can brave them, you'll get some essential items for amping up your gear and making great potions
56. Biome Grow Announces Termination of Definitive Agreement with Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
57. TORONTO, Ontario – March 17, 2020 (GLOBAL NEWSWIRE) Biome Grow Inc
58. (“Biome” or the “Company”) (CSE: BIO) (Frankfurt: 6OTA) (OTCQB: BIOIF), is announcing the termination of the previously announced Definitive Agreement (“Agreement”) among the Province of Newfoundland and
59. Biome offers a map and discussion of the major types of ecological communities (grasslands, scrublands, desert, etc.)
Please leave your comments here:
How do you identify a biome?
The biome name is over on the left, one or two lines up from the bottom. You’ll see Biome: followed by the biome name, for example, Biome:Forest or Biome:Jungle. Even if you are underground and all you can see is rock, this method will tell you which biome is directly above your head at that point.
What is the difference between biome and biota?
As nouns the difference between biome and biota is that biome is any major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert while biota is (biology) the living organisms of a region.
What are the four types of biomes?
The different types of land are known as biomes. These are divided into four classifications: desert, forest, grassland and tundra.
What are the 7 biomes of the Earth?
In the terrestrial category, 7 biomes include tropical rainforests, temperate forests, deserts, tundra, taiga – also known as boreal forests – grasslands and savanna.
Popular Search |
The Deep Interaction Between Philosophers and Mathematicians
Who is Self? by Joe Anderson
In the history of human thought development, there has been constant interaction between philosophical and mathematical aspects. Many intellectual movements have sought their support, inspiration, and even their model in the style and way of mathematics. What could be the reasons for this approach?
Philosophers try to understand and unravel the many enigmas that the real world proposes to them. But the reality is too chaotic to try to address it as it is. The world of mathematics is intended to simplify a few critical aspects of the real world.
It is a partial sketch of the world, human-made for us. It is natural that the philosophers of all time, more or less consciously, in their inability to penetrate the tangle of reality, have rightly considered mathematics a precious first field of operations on their way to more prosperous areas of life. The Pythagoreans’ attitude was transmitted with their influential and peculiar style by Plato and taken up several times throughout the centuries to the present day. This mood of thought makes those ancient philosophers, so “contemporary,” appear before our eyes. It would be more accurate to say that the contemporary style of thinking preserves quite faithfully many of the features of early Pythagoreanism.
But other exciting aspects of mathematics naturally attract the philosophers. The internal dynamics of mathematical thought, the logic of its structure make it a reliable model of reflection that arouses the consensus of all. Philosophers interested in clarifying human knowledge’s mysteries have seen mathematical thought as an ideal field of work to test their hypotheses and theories. In mathematics, general aspects of knowledge appear detached from other components, which makes its study simpler.
Even more recently, psychologists, concerned about aspects related to the study of human creativity, those who study artificial intelligence, have also turned to mathematics because of its paradigmatic, exemplary nature in such elements.
So far, we have seen some of the reasons for the philosophers’ approach to mathematics. But the mathematicians also have them very powerfully to approach philosophy. Ever since the Pythagoreans, mathematicians have been interested in what their activity means, asking themselves endless disturbing questions.
Where and how do mathematical structures arise? Is there already mathematics in things? Are mathematical systems only in the human mind? What is mind-world interaction like so that mathematics can emerge from it? How does the external world seem to adapt to mental structures developed as if by their dynamism, without practical intentionality? How to explain the mystery of the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics?
The most profound element of mathematical thinking is, undoubtedly, the major challenge we have faced since the beginning of its existence: the lordship of infinite processes of thought. Mathematics did not mean more than a tautology if it were not for the presence of various types of infinite processes. How do you explain the possibility of such procedures? What does mathematical infinity mean to the structure of the human mind?
In the initial opening of the mind to intellectual knowledge, being in its infinity is present as a horizon or a condition of the possibility of concrete knowledge. In this horizon, the concrete knowledge must stand out, and that horizon makes any other knowledge possible. We do not consider it as an object. It is the bottom of our cognitive vision, and if it were not there, there would be nothing knowable.
The mind is, by its very nature, open to this horizon. It is something constitutive of their way of being. Being limited stands out in it precisely in a negative way and shows its limits.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the interplay with infinity is the excellent source of fruitfulness in mathematical thought but at the same time the cause of the deepest frustrations in those who have thought at some point of having it grasped between their fingers. The most fruitful moments in the history of mathematics have taken place precisely in the instants of mathematical audacity towards a new type of understanding of infinity: Pythagoreans, the discovery of the irrational, Zeno, infinitesimal calculus, mastery of infinite processes of passage to the limit, series, integral, Cauchy, Weierstrass, Cantor’s set theory, Gödel’s theorem, non-Cantorian set theories, etc. The infinite has slipped from our hands after each attempt.
Among the great mathematicians who have been concerned with the most profound aspects of mathematics, to the point of leaving a considerable mark on the thought of humanity, a few stand out with whose views we remain enlightened today.
To Pythagoras and his followers, we owe one of the profound characteristics of Western thought: the persuasion that the universe is intelligible, apprehensible by human reason, and more specifically, regarding the physical world.
Although Plato is primarily responsible for the effective transmission of the Pythagorean spirit without striking contributions to the development of mathematics, at the same time, he is the paradigm of the respectful and sensitive philosopher to the world of ideas. However, this veneration for the idea led him and many others, influenced by him, to disdain reality’s observation.
Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz were brilliant mathematicians whose philosophical contributions are marked with the stamp of mathematical style, each with its peculiar air. Among the closest philosopher mathematicians in time, Cantor and Poincaré should be pointed out, and already in our century, Hilbert, Russell, Whitehead, Wittgenstein, Weyl, Gödel, and many others…
Get the Medium app
|
Joseph Webster (c17777-1833) and Jane Uings (c1779- )
By the start of the 19th century Hoxton was beginning to lose its rural appearance. During the previous hundred years many of its large houses had been converted into asylums and Hoxton had fast become home to nearly all the private lunatics in London. As well, City Livery Companies had built almshouses for the poor, and the wealthier residents were beginning to move out to the suburbs. There could be little doubt that the area was becoming less desirable as Joseph and Jane moved there shortly after their marriage nearby.
Joseph had probably lived in Shoreditch all his life cand was educated, signing his marriage entry in a firm hand. He was butcher, his literacy suggesting that he ran his own business, although there is no direct evidence for that. Meat did not feature much in the lives of most Londoners, so most of Joseph’s business was aimed at the better off, but the job was a messy and unpleasant one.
Writing at the end of the previous century, C.P.Moritz said that ''"Nothing in London makes a more detestable sight than the butchers' stalls, especially in the neighborhood of the Tower. The guts and other refuse are all thrown on the street and set up an unbearable stink."'' The situation would have been no different near Hoxton.
Haberdashers Almshouses just before 1800
There was no refrigeration at the start of the 19th century, so animals were killed shortly before being eaten, and butchers needed to be close to a market or slaughterhouse. In Joseph’s case that would have been Smithfield. The new Smithfield would not be built for fifty years, despite the fact that the old one had remained unchanged for hundreds of years, and despite the pressure and complaints which continued well after Joseph had died. Joseph would have recognized Charles Dickens’ description in Oliver Twist:
Joseph and Jane baptized five children over the next twenty five years with no apparent pattern as to how old the children were at the ceremony:
Joseph (b 18/7/1803; bap Dec 1810) when living in Hoxton Town;
Mary Ann (b 7/9/1805; bap Apr 1806) when living in Turners Square;
Mary (b 9/2/1812; bap 13/3/1820) – butcher of Webb Square;
Ann (b 5/2/1814; bap 20/8/1826) – butcher of Twinert’s Square;
John (b 25/1/1818; bap 11/2/1821) – butcher of Hoxton Square;
The old market at Spitalfields
What the baptisms also show is that the couple moved around a great deal, for whatever reason, Hoxton had recently been declared a separate parish from St Leonards, Shoreditch, and a new church was built between 1822 and 1826, but the completion of the Regents Canal in 1820, offering an easy route for building materials, meant an ever increasing population, so that Hoxton rapidly became one of the most densely populated areas in Europe.
Smithfield market continued to be a problem with local roads clogged regularly as 2,000,000 sheep and cattle a year were be ''"violently forced into an area of five acres, in the very heart of London, through its narrowest and most crowded thoroughfares"'' and the market described in deeply unflattering terms: ''‘Of all the horrid abominations with which London has been cursed, there is not one that can come up to that disgusting place, West Smithfield Market, for cruelty, filth, effluvia, pestilence, impiety, horrid language, danger, disgusting and shuddering sights, and every obnoxious item that can be imagined; and this abomination is suffered to continue year after year, from generation to generation, in the very heart of the most Christian and most polished city in the world’.''
Although Jane could not sign her name, one might have expected that Joseph’s apparent education would lead to his children becoming clerks or other professions that required literacy. That was certainly the case for John, who did indeed become a clerk and agent to a silk manufacturer, and was later described as a ‘gentleman’. For others the same doubts remain as with Joseph: his eldest son became a sawyer, but whether he ran a business or was simply a sawyer is not clear.
Joseph and Jane moved again and, in 1833, he died at the age of 56.
Spitalfields in 1815 |
Saturday, April 24, 2021
Skin Cancer - Causes and Treatment
Skin Cancer - Causes and Treatment:
Skin cancer is a disease which affects the outer layers of the skin where the cancerous cells occur. The occurrence of skin cancer has become more and more in the past few years maybe due to the depletion of the ozone layer which acts as a shield to the ultraviolet radiations. The main cause of skin cancer is the prolonged exposure of skin to sunlight, especially the ultraviolet radiations of the sun. There are four types of skin cancer namely:
• Melanoma- a pigmented skin tumor that might become life-threatening.
• Basal-Cell Carcinoma which is most common and destroys the tissues in the area.
• Squamous cell Carcinoma is a rare type and this also destroys the tissues.
• Bowen disease destroys the tissues only in the outer layer of the skin.
The causes of cancer in particular are unknown, but the UV radiations are mainly responsible for skin cancer. There are few risk factors that can increase the possibility of skin cancer in a person, such as fair skin and red or blonde hair, getting sunburns easily, being under the sun in younger age, having many moles or birthmarks, light colored eyes and hereditary factors also contribute to the risk of skin cancer.
The main symptoms of skin cancer include: increase in skin size and thickness, skin tan or discoloration or multicolored, or a mole that changes in texture or color, has irregular skin outline, changes color, causes itchy feeling or bleeds etc.
The way of treating cancer is probably only by the medical treatment. Various factors might be considered by the doctor to treat skin cancer, such as the location, size and the spreading of the cancer. Depending on these factors, there are three types of surgeries namely:
• Electrodessication or cutterage which scrapes the skin with a curette i.e. a sharp spoon shaped end instrument. Electrodessication is used to control bleeding and kill cancerous cells using electric current from a special machine.
• Conventional surgery involves the cutting of affected skin along with the healthy cells surrounding it and completely removing it.
• Moh’s technique involves scraping off thin layers of skin each time till the entire cancerous cells are removed.
There are other types of non surgical treatments such as Cryosurgery, which involves freezing of cancerous cells; laser therapy, uses laser beam to destroy cancerous cells; dermabrasion, removing the top skin layer using a sophisticated machine. The best way to prevent cancer is avoiding long exposure to sunlight.
Other Posts:
Post a Comment |
Live Chat
• One stop service: solve all your problems
• Orders Tracking and shipped out notification
• More campaigns, even more discounts!
• Need help before making an order?
• Chat with us in real-time.
• Multi-language service
• 24/7 support available
Hi! Log Out Log In SIGN UP
Home > How To > What's the difference between dedicated graphics and integrated graphics?
What's the difference between dedicated graphics and integrated graphics?
What's the difference between dedicated graphics and integrated graphics?
By Rois Golan 2020-01-07 1785 175
In our daily life, we often use computers, and at the same time we are confused by many professional terms in computers. For example, the difference between a stand-alone video card and a core video card. Although the two things literally can clearly understand that they are different. But the editor still believes that many people do not understand the word graphics card alone, not to mention the difference between dedicated graphics and integrated graphics. Then, the editor will tell you the difference between the dedicated graphics and the integrated graphics, so that others can make a good distinction.
Dedicated graphics
dedicated graphics, referred to as Duxian, refers to the existence of an independent board card, which needs to be inserted into the corresponding interface of the motherboard. The dedicated graphics has a separate video memory, does not occupy the system memory, and is technologically ahead of the integrated graphics card, which can provide better display effect and running performance. dedicated graphics is divided into built-in independent video card and external video card.
Integrated graphics
The so-called integrated graphics is first introduced by Intel, integrated in the CPU, so referred to as the integrated graphics, mainly suitable for notebooks, so the integrated graphics is also a kind of integrated graphics card. In fact, the emergence of the integrated graphics is mainly to reduce power consumption to adapt to notebooks. When computer users surf the Internet, they use low-power integrated graphicss, and automatically switch to dedicated graphicss when dealing with graphics or large-scale software.
The difference
The performance of the integrated graphics card is low, but it can be seen as a graphics card sent when buying a cpu or a motherboard, so it can be understood as free. On the other hand, dedicated graphicss have to be bought separately, and the game performance is much better than integrated graphics cards.
Stand-alone graphics card is suitable for users who have requirements for the game performance of the graphics card, of course, they want to play games. The integrated graphics card is suitable for office users who do not play games or users who do not have high requirements for game performance, so that the budget of the whole machine can be reduced by
When assembling a computer, you must choose whether to use an integrated graphics card or a stand-alone graphics card according to the requirements of your application for the graphics card. For example, office users must use integrated graphics cards, which can reduce the input cost of computers, and at the same time, integrated graphics cards have better stability. If you are a home user, you have to decide which graphics card to use according to the game you play. Home users also use integrated graphics cards and dedicated graphicss of different grades.
In the above, the editor introduces what the dedicated graphics and the integrated graphics are and the difference between them. As can be seen from the above, dedicated graphicss and integrated graphicss are two different concepts, but their roles in the operation of computers are very similar. It's just that in this process, two different graphics cards will show different performance to meet the needs of users who use this graphics card. Therefore, when you choose and buy graphics cards, you can carefully observe the difference between the two graphics cards, and then make a purchase decision.
You may also want to read:
Does the HUAWEI FreeBuds 3 Work Well With iPhone?
Gearbest Daily deals up to 69 percent off
Extensive Product Selection
● Over 300,000 products
● 20 different categories
● 15 local warehosues
● Multiple top brands
Convenient Payment
● Global payment options: Visa, MasterCard, American Express
● PayPal, Western Union and bank transfer are accepted
● Boleto Bancario via Ebanx (for Brazil)
Prompt Shipping
● Unregistered air mail
● Registered air mail
● Priority line
● Expedited shipping
Dedicated After-sales Service
● 45 day money back guarantee
● 365 day free repair warranty
● 7 day Dead on Arrival guarantee (DOA)
Prev article:What's the lens?
Next article:How to the control iPhone headphones?
You might also like: |
What It May Mean When You Can't Stop Crying
Crying is a perfectly normal and healthy human function that everyone does at some point in their life. The reasons we cry can range from watching a sad movie, to grieving the loss of a loved one. Although crying is often an immediate emotional response to stimuli, crying too often or too frequently may be a sign of a mental health disorder (via Healthline). For instance, frequent tearfulness and excessive crying are often associated with depression and anxiety.
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, low energy, and difficulty concentrating. People with depression may find themselves crying over small things, or simply may not know why they're crying at all. They may also find themselves crying often, or having trouble stopping themselves from crying. An anxiety disorder, on the other hand, can cause fatigue, trouble sleeping, excessive worrying, irritability, and difficulty focusing. Similar to depression, people with anxiety may cry often or uncontrollably and may not be able to identify why they're crying.
How to stop crying
Regardless of the reason, excessive crying can sometimes cause us to feel self-conscious, especially in public. If you're in a situation where you would like to prevent yourself from crying, you can try tilting your head up (via Verywell Health). This will make it more difficult for tears to fall down your face and will help you focus on stopping yourself from crying. Alternatively, you can also try pinching yourself. This can help distract you from crying and refocus your mind on other thoughts. Another way to stop crying is to hold your blink. Holding your blink, or blinking less frequently, may make it more difficult for you to cry.
These are just temporary fixes, however. What may be causing you to cry likely won't go away just by lifting your head or blinking less often. Whether it's the death of a relative, or undiagnosed mental health struggles, you may benefit from therapy or other medical interventions in order to treat the root cause of excessive crying. If you suspect you may have depression or anxiety, you should talk to a doctor or therapist to discuss treatment.
|
Plants and animals in China - About China - latestChina.com
Plants and animals in China
Updated: 09/10/17 Source: china.org.cn
China is one of the countries with the greatest diversity of wildlife in the world. There are more than 6,266 species of vertebrates, 10 percent of the world's total. Among them 2,404 are terrestrials and 3,862 fishes. There are more than 100 wild animal species unique to China including such well-known rare animals as the giant panda, golden-haired monkey, South China tiger, brown-eared pheasant, red-crowned crane, red ibis, white-flag dolphin and Chinese alligator. The black-and-white giant panda weighs on average 135 kg and lives on tender bamboo leaves and bamboo shoots. Because it is extremely rare --just over 1,500 are left at present -- it has become the symbol of the world's protected wild animals. The red-crowned crane, that could be as tall as 1.2 m, is covered with white feathers, with a distinctive patch of exposed red skin crowning its head and is regarded as a symbol of longevity in East Asia. The white-flag dolphin is one of only two species of freshwater whales in the world. In 1980, a male white-flag dolphin was caught for the first time in the Yangtze River, which aroused great interest among dolphin researchers worldwide.
China is also one of the countries with the most abundant plant life in the world. There are more than 32,000 species of higher plants, and almost all the major plants that grow in the northern hemisphere's frigid, temperate and tropical zones are represented in China. In addition, there are more than 7,000 species of woody plants, including 2,800-odd tree species. The metasequoia, Chinese cypress, Cathay silver fir, China fir, golden larch, Taiwan fir, Fujian cypress, dove-tree, eucommia and camplotheca acuminata are found only in China. The metasequoia, a tall species of arbor, is considered to be one of the oldest and rarest plants in the world. The golden larch, one of only five species of rare garden trees in the world, grows in the mountainous areas in the Yangtze River valley. Its coin-shaped leaves on short branches are green in spring and summer, turning yellow in autumn. China is home to more than 2,000 species of edible plants and over 3,000 species of medicinal plants. Ginseng from the Changbai Mountains, safflowers from Tibet, Chinese wolfberry from Ningxia and notoginseng from Yunnan and Guizhou are particularly well-known Chinese herbal medicines. China has a wide variety of flowering plants; the peony, a flower indigenous to China and known as the "king of flowers" is characterized by large blossoms, multiple petals and bright colors, and is treasured as one of the country's national flowers.
China's holidays Land and mineral resources in China |
Expanding the Education Sector beyond Traditional Classrooms
LightCastle Analytics Wing
LightCastle Analytics Wing
Education today is not confined to the boundaries of a classroom. Although traditional classrooms are still the dominating mediums for imparting lessons, especially in developing countries, education now has multiple faces and mediums. Educational Technology or EduTech has not only revamped the way classrooms operate but has also created a new arena for it, digital classrooms. Hybrid models of education where traditional classes are complemented with online assignments and assessments have already begun in some of the schools and universities in the urban areas of Bangladesh. International platforms providing MOOCs, and educational applications for learners of all ages are increasingly becoming more prevalent. Bangladesh had already started its migration towards online education, and the Covid-19 pandemic has only made the move more imminent.
Online education in Bangladesh is still prevalent on a limited scale
Due to the limited access of the mass population to the internet, for a long time, the government relied on mediums like television, radio and newspaper columns. Bangladesh Open University (BOU), BBC Janala, and educational radio programs 10 hours per week are some of the noteworthy government initiatives. However, focus gradually shifted towards offering education through the internet. The Government of Bangladesh took initiatives to promote the use and knowledge of ICT by making computer subjects mandatory in different educational levels, making primary and secondary level textbooks available online and providing an uninterrupted internet connection to hundreds of educational institutions in the country. Through partnerships with numerous other governments and institutions, ICT training centers for education, cost-effective internet connections and computers, and ICT training for teachers and students were ensured. The formation of Access to Information (a21) in collaboration with UNDP, was perhaps the most notable step in this regard in recent times which led to the development of an Online Library Management System, the Master Plan for ICT in Education and Muktopaath, a platform offering courses by individuals and organizations.[1]
The initiatives of the government initially focused more on promoting the use of ICT and creating a friendly environment for it. But with changing times the objectives and mediums for the government initiatives changed. BOU began offering formal and non-formal programs as certificates, diplomas, degrees and masters.[2] The Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University (BDU), was established as the first complete digital public university of the country which is soon to offer MOOCs from leading universities of Bangladesh, catering to the need for online courses of higher quality. As more private enterprises came into the market, the focus shifted to creating quality content for traditional as well as non-traditional subjects for the students.
International platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, and EdX are becoming popular among learners of all ages in Bangladesh because of the user-friendly quality content from renowned universities available on them. An increasing number of startups are now operating in Bangladesh with a range of services and products. While some provide school management systems like Eshkul, others provide quality educational content for academic courses and entrance examinations such as 10 Minute School. Platforms like CoderTrust, Light of Hope, and BYLCX are also in plenty which provides courses on the more demanding skills of the modern world like coding, leadership, creativity.[3] These organizations have been performing well, especially with the growing internet penetration in the country, encompassing 41% of the population in January’20.[4]
Bangladesh government along with private education institutions are taking steps to help mitigate the loss in education due to Covid-19
Despite the steady growth in online learning platforms and traditional classroom education, the official literacy rate in Bangladesh has increased from 58.6% in 2014 to 72.3% in 2017 [5], this progress can easily be derailed during the lockdown. Covid-19 has caused many disruptions to normal life, among which school closure is one, in Bangladesh education has come to a halt for the 38.6 million students since March 17th.[6] To mitigate the loss of learning due to discontinuation of classes– 63 private universities, along with few private schools–have already started conducting online classes using platforms such as Google Classroom and Zoom, which can partially explain a spike of internet usage by 12 percent from February to April.[6]
Along with that, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has taken measures to engage school level students through various distant learning platforms such as electronic media, mobile phones, radio, and internet. Currently, pre-recorded lessons for primary and secondary level school students are broadcasted on electronic media platforms such as television. Along with that lessons for technical and Madrasa students are also broadcasted. Inclusiveness is an issue as only 46% of the households have a television set, [7] so to mitigate lack of reach, other platforms are being explored by the Ministry of Education (MoE). One such medium is the mobile phone as there are currently 166.114 million mobile subscribers,[4] while the radio is a viable alternative as it can be accessed through either a dedicated radio player or a mobile phone.
Online learning platforms are already making changes to adapt to the current climate, though they are not catering to the working professionals yet
Not only has the lockdown provided an opportunity for the government to explore different learning platforms, but it has also provided the wherewithal for the digitally connected population to explore different online learning platforms. Online learning platforms such as Coursera have taken advantage of the situation by introducing programs such as Coursera Campus Response Initiative which provides access to over 3,800 courses to any global universities. Along with that many universities in Bangladesh, both private and public, have provided students free access to certified courses through the use of the university email address. Bangladeshi online learning platforms such as 10 Minute school have conducted live online classes reaching over 16,000 students daily and 390,049 students during the lockdown period.[8] Many students, teachers, and parents do not have adequate knowledge on how to learn using online platforms, as most are using the online learning platform for the first time, to help with that many online platforms have created new resources while also offering guidance to schools about the best practices in online learning. Local companies like Thrive EdTech have brought forward revolutionary services keeping in mind the challenges of accessibility, literacy and poverty specific to Bangladesh. The integrated educational platform that Thrive offers not only helps the teachers to schedule and take classes in a systematic way, but also ensures that the students are able to learn with low internet speeds or even via phone calls. In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, this company has been offering its services for free to eligible non-profit educational institutions, which can be an example for the private companies in Bangladesh to follow.
Online learning is not only applicable for students, but also for working professionals, who can also use Ed-tech platforms to enhance their knowledge horizon while enhancing their skill-sets. Business managers should also encourage capacity development as they cannot push a pause button on company-wide aspirational transformation and reskilling at a business unit level, the manager will also require a strategic plan on how to conduct digital learning sessions. The International Labour Organization (ILO) have estimated that up to 25 million worldwide could be out of a job during the economic recession caused by Covid-19,[9] so it not surprising that almost three-fourths of the workforce become jobless and another big portion have retained their jobs but without pay,[10] so working professionals must take this opportunity to enhance their skills and knowledge, if they are to find employment opportunities.
There are online platforms such as Skillshare and OpenSesame that have training modules to help build the capacity of working professionals. In Bangladesh, no such large-scale training modules have been designed or adapted for the local context to help build expertise of the working professionals.
Various countries are taking initiatives to elevate the prevalent education crisis
Frustration over traditional brick and mortar universities have contributed to a rise of alternative educational platforms, such as EduTech, in the US even before the Covid-19 lockdown began. It has been estimated that by 2025, the online education market in the US would reach USD 350 billion.[11] In 2019 alone, EduTech investment reached USD 18.66 billion, which was largely due to companies and schools having a large adoption rate of education-related technologies, while Edu-Tech companies invested in language applications, virtual tutoring, video conferencing tools, and online learning software. A study conducted by Research and Market found that the USA is the leader in global online education, mainly due to the introduction of e-learning courses and distance learning programs across various states.[11]
Other alternatives to traditional classroom models such as hybrid models of learning are also gaining popularity worldwide. One such hybrid model is the Flipped Classroom model, which is based on the idea that traditional teaching is inverted and what is normally done in class is switched with what is normally done by the students out of class.
If we look at our neighbouring country, India, schools have been closed for almost two months, and as the pandemic continues like most other countries, the education system in the country has been left impaired. Governments in different states of India are taking their own approaches to come to terms with the scenario. In Andhra Pradesh, virtual classes are being conducted using Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, etc. with over 24,000 students. For the student without access to the platforms, the government has also directed that the lectures be uploaded on YouTube and the notes be sent to the students via email or WhatsApp. For all the lower grades, the online classes in June and July are planned to be telecasted and broadcasted.[13]
Although the foreign universities were allowed to offer completely online degrees, it was restricted for the Indian universities, mandating them to offer at least 80% of the degrees via traditional mediums. The government of India was already planning on removing this restriction from the top 100 academic institutions (excluding law and medical courses) before the pandemic broke out, which has only made the imminence of the change more apparent.[14] Private partnerships are also occurring in India in order to make education more accessible to the mass regardless of their income and location. HP has partnered up with an Indian company, Gamooz, to build a community for educators and students to come together and make the learning experience more fun.[15] Fortinet, a global cybersecurity provider, is also providing free online courses on cybersecurity and related courses for the rest of the year.[16]
As schools continue to remain closed, the traffic at online education platforms has been increasing. BYJU, one of the learning giants in India has not only welcomed 6 million new students to its platform in March alone, but has also seen an increase of about 200% in the engagement on the application. Foreign platforms like Udemy have also seen a rise in demand in India by over 200%.[17] With parents opposing sending students to schools right after the lockdown is lifted, steps are being taken for the long haul regardless of the future state of the pandemic. The National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has proposed not hosting assemblies or seminars for at least a year and running schools in shifts. The NCERT has even proposed a model where schools run alternatively with 50% of the student body at a time, post-Covid-19.[18]
Ebola crisis has already shown the world how to practice distance learning
Lessons can also be adapted and incorporated from various African nations when they have faced the Ebola virus crisis. Countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone have already started to broadcast their pre-recorded lessons daily to over 32 radio channels catering to different educational levels. Private education entities such as Rising Academy, which primarily focuses on radio-based education, have a working relationship with over 140 education institutions from neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone[19].
The radio broadcasting lessons aimed to engage with the students and help them ease into the educational system once the schools start to reopen. This would also help with increasing the rate of return to schools from Low-Income Community (LIC), as the economic fallout will hit them the hardest. While radio is a great educational channel to reach the masses, it is not the best medium to interact with children, so the countries’ Ministry of Education started using text and phone calls to check in with the pupils and also publishing homework exercises in the local newspaper.
Accessibility and quality still remain as major hurdles
Adoption of technology in education is inevitable but a number of structural challenges remain for ensuring wider adoption across different socioeconomic strata. Lack of accessibility is the major challenge that needs to be addressed. Despite the government’s initiatives to provide uninterrupted electricity to 100% of the population, it is still a dream for many. The majority of the students, especially in the rural and hilly areas do not have access to televisions, smartphones, or the internet, making it hard for any government or private project to reach them. While around 46% of the households in rural Bangladesh have television, an even smaller range, 33% of the rural population have access to the internet.[20] Even the individuals who do have access to the internet have been struggling with slow internet speed ever since the lockdown was imposed, which hampers the content one can access if it can be accessed at all.
An obstacle in the path of online education that may be easier to solve is the high mobile internet charges. The broadband internet service providers are concentrated more in the urban areas, for which the telecom networks are heavily relied upon by the rural population. Even though the 3G networks now reach around 90% of the country, the prohibitive costs of mobile data, especially for the bottom of the pyramid limits internet usage in the country.[21] The content on educational platforms needs to be of high quality, with relevant updated information for the target audience and communicated in a way that would be easily understandable to them. Most courses available in Bangladesh are not interactive and don’t allow the learners to experiment beyond the syllabus. Qualified teachers are also absent in Bangladesh who understand the content and delivery style required for online education. The overall ICT infrastructure is not strong either. While some schools and universities have transitioned to online platforms, others don’t have the infrastructure or capital to achieve so. Finally, even if the students completed courses or degrees online, they would have another challenge to face. In Bangladesh, online certifications are not perceived to be valid by individuals and organizations which in the long run discourages students from pursuing online degrees.
Paradigm shift in the education sector is forthcoming but right now resources should be utilized properly
The pandemic will provide an exceptional learning opportunity on the viability of EduTech in Bangladesh, while also showing the use case and benefits of distance learning and online learning. In the short-term, online platforms such as Khan Academy, 10 Minute School, Mukhtopaath, and Bangladesh Open University may be repurposed to fit the need to deliver lectures. Relevant policy amendments have to be made for promoting online education, which is considered inexpensive (compared to classroom degrees) and convenient for students and professionals scattered across the country. Alongside, the ICT ministry should channel grant funding and investments for supporting private service providers like Repto, Esho Shikhi and 10 minute school to scale their repertoire of course content.
As technology forges ahead, the scope to revolutionize the education system also expands exponentially. Bangladesh should utilize and scale-up the EduTech industry further, to meet the changing needs of the time.
Author: Khandaker Muhtasim Rafi, Business Analyst and Mashiath Khurshid, Trainee Consultant, LightCastle Partners.
LightCastle Analytics Wing
|
Environmentalists push carbon fee in Massachusetts
State Sen. Michael Barrett, D-Lexington, testifies on bill that would create a carbon fee at a Statehouse hearing on Oct. 27, 2015.
BOSTON - Environmentalists and economists packed a Statehouse hearing on Tuesday to support a bill that would implement a carbon fee in Massachusetts and eventually raise the price of gasoline by 36 cents a gallon.
A carbon fee would raise the price on energy generated from oil, natural gas and coal. The model proposed by the bill, S.1747, would rebate the fees to Massachusetts residents and businesses in a flat rebate, so that residents who use less energy would save money while residents who use more energy would lose money.
Supporters of the bill say a carbon fee is the only way to price energy that takes into account the long-term environmental and health costs of carbon emissions.
"Massachusetts can legislate a nation-leading strategy against climate change by applying a simple principle - the price of a product should include the expenses associated with it," said state Sen. Michael Barrett, D-Lexington, the bill's prime sponsor.
No U.S. state has implemented a carbon fee, although a similar model is in place in British Columbia in Canada.
Barrett's bill would set a fee at $10 per ton of carbon emissions in the first year, and that rate would gradually increase to $40 per ton of carbon emissions within seven years. The $40 a ton figure translates to 36 cents per gallon of gasoline. At that rate, residents would get an annual $225 rebate.
So residents who use more energy - which supporters of the bill estimate would be the 40 percent of higher-income households - would lose money. The estimated 60 percent of lower-income households would pay less in fees than they get back in rebates. There would be extra rebates given to rural residents, who have less access to public transportation. Businesses, non-profits and government would get rebates based on the number of employees they have.
If the entire amount collected from fees is not returned in rebates, salaries would be reduced for the governor, secretary of administration and finance and secretary of energy and environmental affairs.
The goal is for higher energy costs to incentivize people to cut back on their energy usage. The rebate provision ensures that legally, it is a fee, not a tax. That is important politically since Gov. Charlie Baker and other Republicans have said they will not support new taxes.
Marc Breslow, co-director of the advocacy group Climate Xchange, who worked on climate policy for the state under former governor Deval Patrick and was lead author of the state's clean energy and climate plan, said the state currently has no policy that will get it to its mandated goal of reducing fossil fuel emissions by 80 percent by 2050. "Carbon pricing is the single policy that has the most potential for bridging that gap," Breslow told the Legislature's Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy.
Breslow noted that some industries like paper manufacturing and construction would be hurt by the fees, while others like health care and professional services would come out ahead.
Barrett's bill is based on a study released by the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources in December on how a revenue neutral carbon tax could be implemented. The study found that it would be administratively feasible to apply a carbon tax or fee to fossil fuels - oil, coal, natural gas and gasoline - and rebate those fees to residents and businesses. The study predicted that there would be a small positive economic impact, since the state would spend less money importing energy, and the money raised by the fees would be spent in-state. There would be a drop in carbon emissions.
Cindy Luppi, a coordinator of the advocacy group Clean Energy Future Massachusetts, said a carbon fee is "the next key leadership step for climate" in Massachusetts. "It's cost effective. It's a proven success story in British Columbia," Luppi said.
Clean energy companies are lining up behind the bill. Roger Freeman, founder and president of the solar energy company Solventerra, who is active in the progressive business group Alliance for Business Leadership, called the proposal "a market based solution that addresses climate change while driving innovation and job growth in the Commonwealth." The bill would help clean energy companies like his.
State Sen. Ben Downing, D-Pittsfield, chairman of the Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy, has not taken a position on the bill.
"I think the policy case is a strong one," Downing said. He said he has heard a "compelling case" from advocates that a carbon fee is the cleanest way to provide a market incentive to move away from carbon pollution.
But Downing said there are questions about implementation, particularly about whether it is right for one state to implement a carbon fee or whether it has to be done by the whole region, since Massachusetts is in a regional energy market.
Michael Ferrante, president of the Massachusetts Energy Marketers Association, which represents home and commercial heating marketers, said the industry is strongly opposed to a carbon fee. "Fundamentally, we are opposed to increasing the price of energy," Ferrante said.
Ferrante said practically, it would be difficult to implement a rebate. He said the industry already made efforts to reduce the carbon intensity of its products and reduce air pollution by mixing heating oil with biofuels and putting less sulfur in heating oil. Trying to figure out how to credit customers for using less carbon intense products gets into "a morass of a complicated set of circumstances," Ferrante said.
Ferrante said Massachusetts residents are already cutting down on their energy usage without a carbon fee. |
Definitions for "bounded"
Keywords: iend, istart, subrange, adj, sequence
adj. (of a sequence , by an ordered pair of bounding indices istart and iend) restricted to a subrange of the elements of that includes each element beginning with (and including) the one indexed by istart and continuing up to (but not including) the one indexed by iend.
Producing greater or lesser consequences than other accidents; or would "bound" the remainder of the accidents.
Producing the greatest consequences of any assessment of impacts associated with normal or abnormal operations.
A set in a metric space is bounded if it has finite diameter. Equivalently, a set is bounded if it is contained in some open ball of finite radius. A function taking values in a metric space is bounded if its is a bounded set.
Keywords: shop, raw, quantity, lot, parent
The adjustment of a shop order quantity of a parent to use the remaining units of a component, raw material, or lot.
Keywords: border, physical, defined
having a defined physical border.
Keywords: established, limits
having the limits or boundaries established. |
December 2017 Issue
CPE Monthly: Statins: What Dietitians Need to Know — Learn the History of the Use of Statin Medications, as Well as the Role RDs Play in the Management of Patients With Hyperlipidemia
By Ana Gabriela Reisdorf, MS, RD, CDE
Today's Dietitian
Vol. 19, No. 12, P. 42
Suggested CDR Learning Codes: 3070, 4040, 5090, 5160
Suggested CDR Performance Indicators: 8.3.1, 8.3.6, 10.4.3
CPE Level 2
Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one of every four deaths is from heart disease. The primary risk factors for CVD are high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and smoking. Other lifestyle factors such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake also may increase risk. Elevated cholesterol levels have been shown to double the risk of heart attacks. The CDC estimates that less than one-half of people with high cholesterol levels get treatment for the condition, putting these individuals at an even greater risk of a cardiovascular event.1
Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance the body uses to make hormones, vitamin D, and other critical enzymes. The body needs some cholesterol to function properly and can make most of the cholesterol it needs, but cholesterol also comes from animal foods in the diet. Cholesterol is carried through the body in packages called lipoproteins, which help transport fats. The two most important lipoproteins related to heart health are LDL and HDL. LDL cholesterol is linked to CVD because it can build up in the arteries, blocking the passage of blood and leading to a heart attack or stroke. HDL cholesterol works against LDL cholesterol to clear it from the body by returning it to the liver. For a low risk of heart disease, it's recommended to have a low LDL level and a high HDL level. In the United States, approximately 32% of the population has an elevated LDL level.2,3 Having high cholesterol produces no symptoms, so a blood test is required to diagnose the condition. It's recommended that cholesterol be checked every five years. Ideal cholesterol levels are: total, less than 200 mg/dL; LDL, less than 100 mg/dL; and HDL, 40 to 60 mg/dL and higher.4
The American Heart Association (AHA) has created guidelines to help physicians reduce the risk of heart attacks in their patients. An important part of heart attack prevention as determined by these guidelines is the close management of cholesterol levels along with the use of medications to lower levels if needed.5 Of those patients taking cholesterol-lowering medications, 93% are prescribed a statin, making statins one of the most widely used medications in the United States. It's estimated that 32 million Americans take a statin medication.6 According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the use of statin medications increased from 20% in 2003 to 28% in 2012.7
With the increasing rates of statin medication use, it's important for RDs to be informed about their use as well as any potential side effects or food-drug interactions. RDs can help counsel patients taking statin medications to make lifestyle changes to further lower their risk of heart attack and stroke. Dietitians also may suggest alternative therapies for patients unable to tolerate the side effects of statins.
This continuing education course examines the history of the use of statin medications, as well as the role RDs play in the management of patients with hyperlipidemia. It addresses food-drug interactions, medication side effects, and complementary therapies to help manage patients at risk of heart attack or stroke.
History of Cholesterol
Since cholesterol was discovered in 1758, researchers who studied it have been awarded 13 Nobel Prizes, making it one of the most important research topics for more than a century. French scientist François-Paul-Lyon Poulletier de la Salle first discovered cholesterol when isolating it from gallstones. In 1816, another French scientist, Michel-Eugène Chevruel, observed the lipidlike characteristics of this substance and named it "cholesterine." In 1913, Nicolaï Anitschkow, a Russian scientist, fed pure cholesterol to rabbits, which caused the development of severe atherosclerosis in the aorta. This study was the first to link cholesterol to the development of heart disease, but Anitschkow's findings weren't widely accepted at the time.8 It wasn't until the 1940s that research into the cholesterol and heart disease connection began to emerge. By the 1950s and 1960s, strong clinical evidence emerged about the connection between high blood cholesterol and heart disease.9 John Gofman, PhD, a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley, was the first to use a centrifuge to separate plasma lipoproteins. He also identified that heart attacks were more common when the blood contained greater amounts of LDL and less common when HDL levels were elevated.10
In the mid-1940s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died from heart disease, which already had become the leading cause of death among Americans. After President Roosevelt's death, the government initiated a large-scale research study on cardiovascular health, conducted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, previously known as the National Heart Institute. The study, which took place in Framingham, Massachusetts due to its proximity to Harvard Medical School and the participation of several local physicians, became known as the Framingham Heart Study.11 Data from the study allowed researchers to develop criteria for identifying heart failure as well as risk factors that lead to heart attacks, such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure.12 In 1977, data from the Framingham study identified a connection between elevated LDL levels and heart disease risk, as well as the protective benefit of high levels of HDL.13 The Framingham Heart Study continues and is already on its third group of participants after 65 years of collecting data on heart disease.
At about the same time the Framingham study was initiated, the connection between blood cholesterol and heart disease was being evaluated further via the epidemiologic studies of Ancel Keys, PhD, a researcher from the University of Minnesota. Keys began his famous Seven Countries Study in the mid-1960s after a trip to Europe, where he noticed a potential connection between high-fat diets and heart attack rates. This observation led to further research to determine whether this connection was true across various populations and cultures. Before Keys' Seven Countries study, atherosclerosis and cholesterol levels had been assessed only in animals that had been fed high-fat or high-cholesterol diets and hadn't been observed in humans. Keys' Seven Countries Study followed 15,000 men over 10 years and found that blood cholesterol levels were proportional to the incidence of heart attacks.14
Based on the collection of epidemiologic and animal studies, the connection between heart disease and elevated cholesterol levels is well defined. Because heart disease remains the primary cause of death in the United States, it's no surprise that any medication that will effectively lower cholesterol levels, such as statins, is widely prescribed by physicians.
History of Statins
Cholesterol found in the blood comes from the diet or is synthesized by the liver. Once adequate amounts of cholesterol have been absorbed from dietary sources, the liver is supposed to stop producing cholesterol to prevent excess. An enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase, which aids in the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, controls the suppression of cholesterol production in the liver. Therefore, the ability to control this particular rate-limiting step in cholesterol production would reduce overall cholesterol levels in the body. Once this process was identified, scientists began to investigate various methods to help reduce the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, hoping to lower plasma cholesterol.15 The discovery of a medication to help control cholesterol became desirable as research continued to link elevated blood cholesterol levels to an increased risk of heart attacks.
Several attempts were made in the 1950s and '60s to develop a medication to block the cholesterol pathway in the body. One of the first medications to be discovered was Triparanol, or MER/29. Although this medication did lower cholesterol levels, it was soon pulled from the market because it caused cataracts and led to a build-up of other sterols in the body.16 In 1955, the cholesterol-lowering properties of niacin were discovered, and a class of medications called fibrates was developed from niacin.17 The cholesterol-lowering ability of fibrates, however, was found to be minimal and not as effective as desired.
Researchers continued to work to identify a way to reduce the activity of HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol levels. A compound called compactin, isolated from blue-green algae, was found to be successful at lowering cholesterol levels in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. But development of this drug was stopped due to evidence that it caused lymphoma in dogs.18 After the demonstrated success of compactin, Merck Research Laboratories isolated another similar compound from a fungus called mevinolin; that compound would eventually be renamed lovastatin.19 Once lovastatin was tested in humans, it was shown to reduce LDL cholesterol levels significantly.20 This led to multiple studies on the use of lovastatin to treat cholesterol levels, all of which showed very promising results. By 1986, Merck sent a new drug application to the FDA, and lovastatin became the first commercial statin to hit the market. Since Merck received approval to produce lovastatin, statins have been tested in multiple clinical trials and consistently have been shown to lower LDL cholesterol levels and heart attack risk by approximately 30%.21 The long-term studies on statin medications show few adverse effects, and it's generally believed that the benefits significantly outweigh the potential risks of muscle pain or liver damage.22
Today, statins are the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States, with sales topping $20 billion per year.23 Several statins are available on the market, sold under names such as Lipitor (atorvastatin), Zocor (simvastatin), Mevacor (lovastatin), Crestor (rosuvastatin), Lescol (fluvastatin), and Pravachol (pravastatin). Lipitor is the most commonly used statin in the United States.
Practice Guidelines for the Use of Statins
The AHA has developed guidelines to help determine who would most benefit from the use of statin medications to lower the risk of heart disease. The latest guidelines, updated in 2013, estimate that about one-third of adults would benefit from the use of statins to help reduce their risk of cardiovascular events. The guidelines outline four groups that would particularly benefit from statin therapy:
• patients who already have had a cardiovascular event;
• patients who have an LDL cholesterol level higher than 190 mg/dL;
• patients with diabetes who are older than age 40 and have an LDL level higher than 70 mg/dL; and
• patients older than 40 who have a 7.5% risk of having a heart attack in the next 10 years.5
The AHA provides a risk calculator with which physicians can determine each individual's 10-year risk of CVD.24 The calculator allows the physician to enter demographic data such as gender, age, and ethnicity, as well as basic medical information such as current cholesterol levels and blood pressure. The risk estimator then provides a risk percentage and recommendations for statin usage if the patient is at high risk. The guidelines also suggest ideal dosages of each statin medication and approximately how much each statin would lower LDL cholesterol levels. The AHA no longer recommends specific cholesterol target levels for patients receiving statin treatment, but instead recommends that physicians prescribe the maximum dosage tolerated for those at risk of cardiovascular events, as identifying target levels may lead to undertreating patients at risk.25 These guidelines are meant to direct physicians on the treatment of those at risk of cardiovascular events and to lower the incidence of heart attacks in the United States.
Statins are considered safe, with the benefits outweighing potential adverse effects.26 Over time, with more research on the use of these medications, some concern has been raised about possible adverse effects for a small percentage of users. In 2012, the FDA released a consumer safety information bulletin on the use of statins; issues of concern included the possibility of liver failure, reports of memory loss and cognitive impairment, an increased risk of elevated blood sugar, and the potential for muscle damage or myopathy.27
Muscle pain is the most commonly reported side effect of statin use, affecting approximately 10% to 25% of people taking the medication.28 It's unclear why a certain percentage of the population is affected by statins in this way, but several hypotheses are being investigated, including genetic variances and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by statins.29,30 Another theory is that cholesterol is a critical component of cell membranes, including muscle cells, and the reduction of cholesterol levels may make cells unstable and less fluid.31 Muscle pain also was thought to be caused by coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) depletion, as statins block the metabolic pathway that creates CoQ10. But research hasn't found that CoQ10 is depleted in muscle tissue, and studies evaluating supplementation with CoQ10 haven't shown consistent improvement in muscle pain.32 Although the exact cause of statin-related myopathy is unknown, it's believed to be dose related. It's more common in female patients, those with a smaller body frame, individuals of Asian ethnicity, and older patients.33 A more serious adverse effect of statin use is rhabdomyolysis, a severe form of muscle damage that also affects kidney function. However, meta-analysis data don't indicate that rhabdomyolysis is a common side effect.34
Cognitive problems also have been identified as potential side effects of statin use. There are several case reports of patients who experienced memory loss while taking statins, which generally improved after the discontinuation of the medication.35 The research, however, is mixed on the connection between cognitive impairment and statin use. A 2008 study by Cramer and colleagues, published in Neurology, followed participants taking statins over five years, with cognitive evaluations conducted every 12 to 15 months. Those who took statins during the study period were half as likely to develop dementia as were those who didn't take statins. Further investigation is needed to determine whether statins are possibly protective against or contribute to the development of cognitive issues. The exact cause of statin-related side effects remains unknown, although the primary theories are related to changes in cholesterol metabolism via HMG-CoA reductase and its end products.
Dietary Considerations
Identification and management of food-drug interactions is a critical part of the RD's role. Although statins have few significant food-drug interactions, there are a few foods that may influence the efficacy of the treatment and therefore should be discussed with patients taking statins.
Certain statins should be taken with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach to increase bioavailability. Specifically, lovastatin should be taken with food for increased absorption of the medication, whereas rosuvastatin absorption is significantly decreased if taken on a full stomach and therefore should be taken on an empty stomach. The efficacy of other statin medications, such as simvastatin, pravastatin, and fluvastatin, doesn't seem to be influenced by a full or empty stomach.36
Dietary fiber generally is recommended to help lower cholesterol. But there have been several studies showing that various types of dietary fiber or high-fiber foods can interfere with the absorption of statin medications. A 2011 study found that mice given oat bran in addition to atorvastatin showed no significant change in LDL levels when compared with mice given either oat bran or atorvastatin alone. It's believed that bran inhibits intestinal absorption of the medication.37 Similar results have been seen with pectin and oat bran with lovastatin. Richter and colleagues found that LDL cholesterol levels increased while patients on lovastatin were consuming additional fiber, whereas levels decreased after the fiber was stopped.38 A different type of fiber, psyllium, was found to improve the efficacy of lovastatin in a study by Agrawal and colleagues in 2007. Thirty-six subjects were given lovastatin alone, psyllium alone, or a combination of psyllium and lovastatin for four weeks. The psyllium plus lovastatin group showed a significant decrease in LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, demonstrating an additive effect.39 A similar result was found in another study using simvastatin and psyllium in combination to lower LDL cholesterol.40
Grapefruit juice interacts with many drugs, as it modifies the body's metabolism of certain medications. Grapefruit contains furanocoumarins and flavonoids that can interfere with the efficacy of statin medications. A study by Lilja and colleagues investigated the effect of grapefruit juice on the metabolism of simvastatin. Ten participants drank 200 mL of grapefruit juice or 200 mL of water over three days. On the third day a single dose of simvastatin was administered to both the experimental and control groups. Plasma levels of simvastatin were measured over 24 hours. Researchers found that those who drank the grapefruit juice had significantly higher levels of plasma simvastatin than did those who were given only water.41 Lilja and colleagues also evaluated the effect of grapefruit juice on the use of atorvastatin and pravastatin. They discovered that grapefruit juice had no effect on pravastatin, but increased absorption of atorvastatin.42 Due to the effect grapefruit juice may have on the medications, it's generally recommended that patients taking statins avoid grapefruit or grapefruit juice.
Only a few studies have evaluated the interaction between alcohol intake and statin medications. A study by Smit and colleagues assessed the effect of alcohol consumption on a single dose of fluvastatin.43 For participants who consumed alcohol with the medication, there was a significantly shorter medication half-life than there was for those who didn't consume alcohol. But overall, there was no significant difference in the lipid profile of any of the participants, regardless of alcohol consumption. Smit and colleagues also conducted a longer study to evaluate alcohol intake and the efficacy of statins over six weeks and found similar results, with no significant impact of alcohol consumption on the efficacy of the medication. There have been no studies on specific types of alcohol, such as wine, and their effect on statin medications.
Overall, with the exception of grapefruit juice, there are few food-drug interactions with statin medications. It's important to recommend that patients read the medication labels closely and follow all instructions related to the specific statin they've been prescribed.
Alternatives to Statins
Due to side effects, some patients may not be able to tolerate statin medications and thus remain at high risk of CVD. For these patients, there are some alternatives to statin medications that may help lower cholesterol as well as heart attack risk. These include therapeutic diets, omega-3 fats, and plant sterols and stanols.
Lifestyle changes have been tried as a complementary treatment to statin therapy. Unfortunately, most studies on dietary modification have shown little effect on cholesterol levels. Schaefer and Brousseau found only a 5% reduction in LDL levels after nine weeks following the AHA Step 2 diet. But that reduction of LDL also resulted in a reduction in HDL and therefore didn't improve lipid ratios or lower the risk of heart attacks.44 The only diet that has shown any significant improvements in lipid levels, according to current research, is the diet created by Dean Ornish, MD, a very strict, low-fat, low-cholesterol, vegetarian diet. The Ornish diet restricts fat to 7% of calories, limits dietary cholesterol to 12 mg per day, and excludes all oils, even monounsaturated oils. The diet also includes an exercise and stress reduction component. After a year on the Ornish diet, 48 patients had an average of 37% reduction in LDL cholesterol. Adherence to the diet also resulted in a decrease in coronary artery lesions. There's ongoing larger-scale research on Ornish's findings to see whether the results can be replicated.45 The main criticisms of the Ornish diet are that adherence is nearly impossible for most people and that the diet may be too high in carbohydrates, possibly leading to elevated triglyceride levels.
Exercise has been shown to play a role in helping modify LDL to HDL ratios by raising HDL levels. A 1991 study by Wood and colleagues investigated the effect of a low-calorie diet alone or a low-calorie diet paired with exercise over one year in overweight, sedentary participants. Those who exercised and followed a lower-calorie diet had significantly increased HDL levels than did those who only followed the diet without any increased exercise.46 Stefanick and colleagues completed another similar study using the Step 2 diet (which was then endorsed by both the AHA and the National Cholesterol Education Program) in addition to exercise and found a significant reduction in LDL levels for those participants in the diet plus exercise group.47 Based on these two studies, it's important to encourage exercise in any patient with elevated cholesterol levels.
Omega-3 fatty acids have been identified as cardioprotective in that fish intake has been shown to reduce heart attack risk in multiple studies.48 Omega-3s are believed to have an antiarrhythmic effect that may be protective against heart disease. The anti-inflammatory properties also may lower heart attack risk. Although omega-3 fats may be protective against CVD, they haven't been shown to lower LDL cholesterol levels. Omega-3 fatty acids may not be an alternative to statin treatment but have shown promise in helping reduce cardiovascular risk and triglyceride levels when used in conjunction with statins. A 2001 study found that patients who received simvastatin in addition to an omega-3 supplement for 24 weeks showed a 20% to 30% reduction in serum triglyceride levels when compared with those who received the simvastatin alone.49 One review of research on omega-3 supplements and triglyceride levels found that approximately 1 g per day of omega-3s from fish is needed to lower cholesterol levels, and as little as 0.21 g EPA and 0.12 g DHA from supplements significantly lowered triglyceride levels.50 Therefore, omega-3 supplements or an increased intake of omega-3s from food such as fish can be safely recommended to patients on statin medications.
Plants contain small quantities of a compound called phytosterols that are chemically similar in structure to cholesterol. Ingesting large quantities of phytosterols blocks dietary cholesterol absorption in the digestive system, decreasing the amount of cholesterol that enters the blood. A 2008 review of the studies on plant sterols found that they decreased LDL levels by an average by 0.31 mmol/L across all studies when compared with a placebo. The reviewers found that reductions in LDL were greater when the sterols were consumed in fat-based spreads such as mayonnaise and salad dressing.51 Plant sterols need to be taken consistently to help lower serum cholesterol levels. There are several products on the market, including margarine and dairy-based beverages that contain sterols, available at most grocery stores.
Although there are no lifestyle or dietary modifications that lower cholesterol as significantly as do statin medications, exercise, omega-3 fats, and phytosterols may help reduce cholesterol levels and can be recommended as complementary therapies.
Bottom Line
Statin medications, due to their overall efficacy and safety profile, will continue to be used as primary forms of prevention for those at risk of CVD due to elevated cholesterol levels. RDs can assist patients using statin therapy in making beneficial lifestyle changes, suggest alternative therapies that may work in conjunction with statin medications, and identify any potential side effects of the medications.
— Ana Gabriela Reisdorf, MS, RD, CDE, is a nutrition consultant and writer based in Lake Forest, California.
Learning Objectives
After completing this continuing education course, nutrition professionals should be better able to:
1. Compare the lipid levels of patients with standardized practice guidelines.
2. Evaluate the benefits and side effects of statin medications.
3. Determine drug/nutrient interactions that may occur with the use of statin medications.
4. Provide guidelines for dietary modifications and supplement use for patients taking statin medications.
CPE Monthly Examination
1. What are the primary risk factors for CVD?
a. Sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet
b. High blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and smoking
c. Alcohol intake, eating red meat, and smoking
d. Obesity, high cholesterol, and alcohol intake
2. What does cholesterol do in the body?
a. Makes hormones and enzymes
b. Clogs arteries
c. Helps metabolize fats
d. Increases metabolism
3. Approximately what percent of the US population has elevated LDL cholesterol?
a. 16%
b. 32%
c. 44%
d. 69%
4. What is the American Heart Association's (AHA) target level for LDL cholesterol for patients on statins?
a. Below 200 mg/dL
b. Above 150 mg/dL
c. Below 100 mg/dL
d. It doesn't have a target level for patients on statins.
5. What study played a critical role in connecting heart attack risk and elevated cholesterol?
a. The Framingham Study
b. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
c. Anitschkow's 1960s rabbit study
d. The AHA Step 2 diet study
6. How do statins work?
a. They block cholesterol absorption from the diet.
b. They remove cholesterol from the arteries.
c. They interfere with the HMG-CoA reductase pathway.
d. They prevent the conversion of dietary fat to cholesterol.
7. Statins generally lower heart attack risk by what percent?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 30%
d. 50%
8. What's the most common side effect of statin use?
a. Muscle pain
b. Memory loss
c. Liver failure
d. Stomach upset
9. What's the drug-nutrient interaction between dietary fiber and statins?
a. Fiber lowers cholesterol, but has no effect on statins.
b. Fiber and statins work together synergistically to lower cholesterol.
c. Fiber can reduce absorption of statin medications, reducing efficacy.
d. Fiber has no effect on cholesterol or on statin medications.
10. How do omega-3 fats help lower heart attack risk?
a. By lowering cholesterol levels
b. By preventing absorption of cholesterol from the diet
c. By lowering inflammation levels
d. By unclogging blocked arteries
1. Heart disease facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Updated August 10, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2016.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: prevalence, treatment, and control of high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol — United States, 1999–2002 and 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(4):109-114.
3. Cholesterol fact sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Updated April 30, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2016.
4. National Institutes of Health. Cholesterol levels: what you need to know. NIH Medline Plus. 2012;7(2):6-7.
6. Health, United States, 2015 — diseases and conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Updated April 27, 2016. Accessed May 28, 2016.
7. Gu Q, Paulose-Ram R, Burt VL, Kit BK. Prescription cholesterol-lowering medication use in adults aged 40 and over: United States, 2003–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2014;(177):1-8.
8. Schlienger JL. The edifying cholesterol story from 'gall stone' to the LDL receptor. Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques. 2012;6(1):97-103.
9. Vance DE, Van den Bosch H. Cholesterol in the year 2000. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1529(1-3):1-8.
10. Gofman JW, Lindgren F. The role of lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Science. 1950;111(2877):166-171.
11. Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):999-1008.
12. Dawber TR, Moore FE, Mann GV. Coronary heart disease in the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957;47(4 Pt 2):4-24.
14. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate In the Seven Countries Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124(6):903-915.
16. Rheingold PD. The MER/29 story — an instance of successful mass disaster litigation. Calif Law Rev. 1968;56(1):116-148.
17. Altschul R, Hoffer A, Stephen JD. Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1955;54(2):558-559.
18. Endo A. A historical perspective on the discovery of statins. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2010;86(5):484-493.
19. Alberts AW, Chen J, Kuron G, et al. Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77(7):3957-3961.
20. Brown MS, Dana SE, Goldstein JL. Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Biol Chem. 1974;249(3):789-796.
21. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1301-1307.
22. Brown WV. Safety of statins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008;19(6):558-562.
23. Healy M. About 70 million Americans could take statins under new guidelines. Los Angeles Times. Published November 12, 2013. Accessed May 29, 2016.
24. ASCVD Risk Estimator. American College of Cardiology website. Accessed May 29, 2016.
25. New heart disease and stroke prevention guidelines released. American Heart Association website. Published November 12, 2013. Accessed May 29, 2016.
26. Davidson MH. Safety profiles for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: treatment and trust. Drugs. 2001;61(2):197-206.
27. FDA expands advice on statin risks. US Food & Drug Administration website. Updated September 19, 2016. Accessed May 29, 2016.
28. Thompson PD, Panza G, Zaleski A, Taylor B. Statin-associated side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(20):2395-2410.
29. SEARCH Collaborative Group, Link E, Parish S, et al. SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy — a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(8):789-799.
31. Westwood FR, Bigley A, Randal K, Mardsen AM, Scott RC. Statin-induced muscle necrosis in the rat: distribution, development, and fibre selectivity. Toxicol Pathol. 2005;33(2):246-257.
32. Bitzur R, Cohen H, Kamari Y, Harats D. Intolerance to statins: mechanisms and management. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 2):S325-S330.
33. Bays H. Statin safety: an overview and assessment of the data — 2005. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8A):6C-26C.
34. McClure DL, Valuck RJ, Glanz M, Hokanson JE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinically relevant adverse events from HMG CoA reductase inhibitor trials worldwide from 1982 to present. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(2):132-143.
35. Wagstaff LR, Mitton MW, Arvik BM, Doraiswamy PM. Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(7):871-880.
36. Bellosta S, Paoletti R, Corsini A. Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circulation. 2004;109(23 Suppl 1):III50-III57.
37. Eussen SR, Rompelberg CJ, Andersson KE, et al. Simultaneous intake of oat bran and atorvastatin reduces their efficacy to lower lipid levels and atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- mice. Pharmacol Res. 2011;64(1):36-43.
39. Agrawal AR, Tandon M, Sharma PL. Effect of combining viscous fibre with lovastatin on serum lipids in normal human subjects. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(11):1812-1818.
40. Moreyra AE, Wilson AC, Koraym A. Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(10):1161-1166.
41. Lilja JJ, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58(1):56-60.
42. Lilja JJ, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ. Grapefruit juice increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no effect on pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;66(2):118-127.
43. Smit JW, Wijnne HJ, Schobben F, Sitsen A, de Bruin TW, Erkelens DW. Effects of alcohol consumption on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of fluvastatin. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(2):89A-96A.
44. Schaefer EJ, Brousseau ME. Diet, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27(3):711-732, xi.
46. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight-reducing diet, with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(7):461-466.
47. Stefanick ML, Mackey S, Sheehan M, Ellsworth N, Haskell WL, Wood PD. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):12-20.
49. Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Mackness MI, et al. An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia. Heart. 2001;85(5):544-548.
50. Weber P, Raederstorff D. Triglyceride-lowering effect of omega-3 LC-polyunsaturated fatty acids — a review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2000;10(1):28-37.
51. Abumweis SS, Barake R, Jones PJ. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res. 2008;52. |
Tuesday, May 11, 2021
Home Home Building AI That Works Better for Everyone
Building AI That Works Better for Everyone
AI plays an important role across our apps — from enabling AR effects, to helping keep bad content off our platforms and enabling us to better support our communities through our COVID-19 Community Help hub. As AI-powered services become more present in everyday life, it’s becoming even more important to understand how AI systems may affect people around the world and how we can strive to ensure the best possible outcomes for everyone.
Several years ago, we created an interdisciplinary Responsible AI (RAI) team to help advance the emerging field of Responsible AI and spread the impact of such work throughout Facebook. The Fairness team is part of RAI, and works with product teams across the company to foster informed, context-specific decisions about how to measure and define fairness in AI-powered products.
Designing an AI system to be fair and inclusive isn’t a one-size-fits-all task. The process involves working hard to try to understand what it means for a product or system to perform well for all people, while carefully balancing any tensions that may exist between stakeholders’ interests. One important step in the process of addressing fairness concerns in products and services is surfacing measurements of potential statistical bias early and systematically. To help do that, Facebook AI developed a tool called Fairness Flow.
Using Fairness Flow, our teams can analyze how some common types of AI models and labels perform across different groups. It’s important to look at fairness group by group because an AI system can perform poorly for some groups even when it appears to perform well for everyone on average.
Fairness Flow works specifically by helping machine learning engineers detect certain forms of potential statistical bias in certain types of AI models and labels. It measures whether models or human-labeled training data perform better or worse for different groups of people. This is so machine learning engineers can see if they must take steps to improve the comparative performance of their models. Some changes they can consider include broadening or improving representation within their training or test data set, examining whether certain features are important, or exploring more complex or less complex models.
Fairness Flow is available to product teams across Facebook and can be applied to models even after they’re deployed to production. However, Fairness Flow can’t analyze all types of models. It’s also a diagnostic tool, so it can’t resolve fairness concerns on its own — that would require input from ethicists and other stakeholders, and context-specific research. Since fairness, by definition, is contextual, a single metric can’t always apply in the same way to all products or AI models.
We’ve long been focused on using AI in ways that benefit society and improve technologies for everyone. When building the Portal Smart Camera, for example, we worked to make sure it performed well for diverse populations. We’ve also used AI to build improved photo descriptions for people who are blind or visually impaired. Despite these accomplishments, we know that as an industry and research community we are still in the early days of understanding the right, holistic processes and playbooks that may be used to achieve fairness at scale.
The AI systems we use have a potential impact on data privacy and security, ethics, the spread of misinformation, social issues and beyond. At Facebook, we’ll keep working to improve these systems and help build technology responsibly.
Fairness Flow is just one tool among many that we are deploying to help ensure that the AI that powers our products and services is inclusive, works well for everyone and treats individuals and communities fairly.
To read the full story visit: ai.facebook.com/blog/how-were-using-fairness-flow-to-help-build-ai-that-works-better-for-everyone
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here
Most Popular
Recent Comments |
Three Wageningen scientists receive NWO ENW-KLEIN grant for innovative research
Publié le
29 octobre 2020
How plants arm themselves against salt, the origin of Surinamese rice, and a project on the influence plants and clouds have on each other: three Wageningen scientists receive an ENW-Little grant for innovative, fundamental research.
How plants and clouds influence each other
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano – in collaboration with Thomas Röckmann (UU)
Plants have an invisible, but important influence on cloud formation through leaf transpiration. At the same time, clouds cast moving shadow patterns on the ground and scatter sunlight – both of which stimulate photosynthesis. This active synergy between plants and clouds has so far been intangible because of the difficulty of taking measurements and simulating the connections between these biophysical processes at the required scales of time and space. The CloudRoots project will use new, advanced observation and simulation techniques to reduce two significant uncertainties in weather and climate models: cloud variability over land, and the uptake of carbon dioxide by the biosphere.
Project name: CloudRoots - Clouds rooted in a heterogeneous biosphere
The origins of Maroon rice
Eric Schranz – in collaboration with Tinde van Andel (IBL/Naturalis Biodiversity Center)
Surinamese Maroons, descendants of fugitive slaves, grow hundreds of rice varieties. These are radically different from modern rice cultivars, but have hardly been scientifically researched. Where does the rice of the Maroons come from? This project integrates ethnobotanical and genetic research and connects the traditional knowledge of the Maroons with written sources and the DNA of their rice. Probably the rice fields reflect 370 years of migration and adaptation: ancient African landraces, historical US cultivars, rice exchanged with Asian contract workers and self-developed varieties. This research contributes to the revaluation of an important crop for current and future food security and the African-American cultural heritage.
Project name: Hidden crop diversity in Suriname: tracing the origins of Maroon rice by integrating ethnobotany and genomics.
How do plants protect themselves against salt
Yanxia Zhang and Christa Testerink
Plants can adapt their root growth to a complex soil environment. These adaptations are not generally determined by a single gene, but by networks of genes. Yanxia Zhang and Christa Testerink from the 'Roots in salt lab' want to uncover the genetic networks that control root growth and enable plants to survive salt stress. With the resulting knowledge, crops such as rice, wheat, tomatoes and potatoes can be made more resistant to salt and drought. Drought and salinisation pose a huge threat to agriculture, and therefore to people. And these problems will only increase as the world warms up.
Project name: Rooting in Salt: Gene Regulatory Networks that Guide Root Developmental Plasticity |
Sunday, August 8, 2010
SBG Implementation: Power User Tips
School starts in a couple weeks and right now I'm wrestling with interim (benchmark) assessments. I'll let you know how that works out later. Until then, I've noticed a bunch of bloggers have been hashing out their standards-based grading plans.
Here are some quick tips that really helped me in the setup phase.
Topics and scales:
Cut breadth, not depth. At some point you'll find you have a ton of standards to teach. You will then realize that you can't teach that many standards. It is really tempting to try to lower your expectations so you can cover all your standards. Don't. Cut the content. Never cut depth.
Take a whole bunch of those standards and put them into the "I'm just gonna mention these" pile. When I say mention, I don't actually mean, just-say-it-and-move-on. You can spend the whole day (or more than that if you want) in your preferred method of instruction.
Usually, that means I tell my kids that they're going to need these for the state tests, but it's not going to be important for my class. I'll spend a day here or there loading some vocab, boring them with a Powerpoint, or doing an isolated lab and then just move on.1 You could certainly skip it entirely, but I'd like to give them a sporting chance at guessing on a 4-option multiple choice test.
Anchor your scale with the hardest assessments/expectations on your students. It's not uncommon for your students to need to take a common department final, a state-mandated end of course test, and an AP or AP-like test. Choose the hardest one, analyze the depth, and use that as your anchor. I didn't buy into this one until very recently, but I believe it now. It's a real problem if I'm setting my criteria based on my district benchmark, which is asking kids to read a passage and summarize what happened. Meanwhile their state test is asking them to make inferences.
Ask to see other teacher's tests in other districts. One of the things that keeps me up at night is the depth issue. I really worry that I am setting my level of expectation at a 5, while schools in Cupertino, Palo Alto, and Los Altos (insert your local high SES cities here) are asking their students to perform at a 10. I emailed about 20 teachers in other districts for copies of finals, benchmarks, whatever. Six emailed back. Since then I've seen three or four more. Mainly I learned that most teachers just use the exams provided by textbooks, but it did help me adjust a few topics and I also saw some really cool problems.
Start with the 3: I'm putting this here because MizT mentioned she didn't really get this until she read this book. I know your scoring system might be different, but you've got to start with the goal. Whatever it is you want your kids to learn, start there. Then work backwards to build the learning progression, which turns into your scale. Take a full or a half step forward to extend your scale. If it looks like backwards planning, or UbD, it's because it is. If you're going to teach that way, you should assess that way too right?
Your scales and rubrics are actually kind of useless by themselves. Sorry. I know you worked really hard on them. Your standards are meaningless until you define them with assessments and exemplars. There's a good example of that here, but it's gated. No matter how detailed and well thought out your scales are, you and your kids aren't going to really get them until they see some exemplars or they know how they'll be assessed. So don't sweat it if you don't have the wording perfect and you're not really sure if "Classify" or "Group" is a better verb. Spend less time working on your scales and more time working on the assessments.
Tests are for self-assessment.... I give tests. But I give them mainly for students to self-assess themselves so they can figure out their strengths—so they can replicate them—and their weaknesses—so they can work on them.
....and for you.
I need to have some info to play with to figure out what to teach next.
Most of your assessment will be invisible. You'll spend a lot of time asking questions as they're doing something, listening in to convos, or just peaking over shoulders. The more you need to interrupt the process, the less valid the assessment becomes.2 Your grades will rarely be attached to a specific "thing" which is why inputting grades by time, rather than assignment, is so useful.
Use your scales to help you give feedback. Leaving feedback was and still is one of my big weaknesses. I'm ok with written stuff but I've always been awful with oral feedback. My kids either do a "Great job" or need to "Work harder." Bleh. Your scales help. Leave feedback that specifically references the skills in your scales. "Looks like you're at a 2 right now, to move forward you're going to want to practice calculating density and using the correct SI units." And yes, you're going to want to teach them to be able to do this themselves.
Grades for the Whole Game, feedback for everything else. That's what the last post was about. I'm just reminding you. But think about it when you feel you need to grade every single thing. If it's not the whole game (which it usually isn't) feedback only.
Good luck new members of the SBG Borg.
1: More on mentioning from Grant Wiggins. This came via Twitter but I've lost the source.
2: I made that up as I was typing. I have no evidence for that statement.
3: If you're on twitter, follow the #sbarbook tag and jump in. On Monday Aug 9, they're starting How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students. Most helpful book I've read in a long time.
1. In terms of benchmark assessments, I had a new idea that we are probably going to try this year. Benchmark assessments will no longer have their own category in the gradebook. In fact, they won't even have a grade per se.
All the individual skills will be scored out of 4 (from Far Below Basic to Proficient). Then, there will be two additional points for retention - at the 6-week and 12-week marks. When the students take the benchmark assessments, each skill that they still show mastery on will earn the retention point. Any skill that has been lost does not earn the point; however, they can remediate and retake the specific skills tests in order to earn missed retention points. This way, we can present the benchmark tests to students as an opportunity to show mastery (and earn corresponding points) of a lot of skills at once, instead of a high-stakes test that is entered as a single data point in their grade. I'd like to hear what you think about this idea.
2. Hi Dan, nice to hear from you. Now for your question:
I think I need some clarification. You already use a skill-based gradebook IIRC. So does that mean you'd have sections for normal "this is my class" skills and a separate "this is for the benchmark" skills? Seems strange so I'm pretty sure I'm not understanding what you've proposed.
You've got my email so if you wanted to continue this there that'd be fine too.
3. I do a lot of blogging on the use of clickers for formative assessment, mostly at the college level, but with some tips for K-12. As I'm still getting oriented to the K-12 world, I wonder how standards-based assessments might relate to the use of clickers? We generally recommend using them only to gauge students' understanding, by using them to spur peer discussion and ask students to articulate their reasoning. I know that some teachers use them to give quizzes, but I"m not as interested in that use, since it's just a technical implementation of the kinds of assessments we're already doing.
So, in terms of using clickers for formative assessment to gain a window into student thinking, is there a way that you recommend using clickers to support standards-based assessment? Would the answer just be to use questions that are related to the standards and to the standards-based summative assessment measures that teachers have developed?
Many thanks!
4. @Stephanie,
I use clickers, and am adopting SBG this year. I think it might be a useful tool to have a more real-time look at a student's understanding. How motivating would it be to show the student a graph of their improved understanding from (written) quiz to (written) quiz?
I still haven't decided. I like the anonymous mode, but if it can be used as evidence of learning, I should probably track it
5. @Stephanie
Thanks for dropping by. I feel like Thomas Keller just stopped into my roadside diner.
Warning: This is going to be the longest "I don't know" comment ever.
That's the ticket right there. This is off topic but if I'm just using it to aggregate % on MC questions, I might as well let the kids stay home and take everything online. I could even be replaced by a no cost Google form that will send you to a different page based on your answer.
As for the clicker question itself...I don't know. I've never used clickers as a teacher before so I don't feel qualified to answer this question. I'm not entirely sure how it'd be different from anything else that you'd do normally. I use index cards as low-tech clickers to help guide my instruction, making big changes, like running to the back room and pulling out a lab, or smaller ones, like going to Keynote slide 25, instead of 29. As you said, it's great for "Defend your answer." All these things are true though regardless of the grading system you use.
I guess I'm stuck pondering how it would add value to a classroom that is standards-based vs. traditional. There are certainly some ease of data collection benefits, like attaching different questions to a single standard and tracking progress on that standard. You'd also be able to make adjustments as the teacher based on each standard a little quicker. But again, that's more of an ease of use thing.
I would also use it as really quick beginning of class check for each student that will determine what they do the rest of the day. Come in, use the clickers for these 10 questions. Look at your results. If you're lowest on standard 1, you're going to..... If standard 2, then....
Again though, I do that already, it just takes a little longer.
I guess then the answer is I don't think it'd be different because formative assessment is formative assessment. There's an added value of attaching multiple questions/question types to a specific standard which would provide additional feedback and you could make adjustments based on the standards rather than specific questions.
If you happen to stumble on back to this post, my weakness in answering this question stems from not knowing what clickers allow me to do now that wasn't possible before.
Not just "makes things easier." I'm guessing you've got a blog post or two on that so a link would be great. |
italiano Español Inglese
OdontoSearch 3.2
Subjective vs. Objective Interpretations
The problem with dental treatment charts and notes is that, unlike x - rays, the information cannot be shown to be exclusively correlated to a specific individual. In the past, the strength of a match between a missing person 's dental treatment records and the treatment observed on an unidentified set of remains has been based on the clinical experience of the dentist. This interpretation is subjective since different dentists may come to very different conclusions even though they are looking at the same records.
The OdontoSearch 3.2 computer program provides an objective means of assessing the frequency of occurrence for dental treatment. The results from OdontoSearch 3.2 provide statistical values and an objective means of quantifying the relative frequency that a dental pattern occurs in the general population. The program works by comparing an individual 's pattern of missing, filled, and unrestored teeth to a large, representative sample of the U.S. population. Currently the OdontoSearch 3.2 database includes dental records of 107,002 adults. The methodology and rationale behind the OdontoSearch 3.2 program is very similar to the statistical procedures that have been established for mitochondrial DNA comparisons.
Important Considerations with OdontoSearch 3.2
Two important points need to be recognized about the OdontoSearch 3.2 program:
1) The OdontoSearch 3.2 program is not a means to select a specific person from a database of missing individuals. There are separate programs(such as UDIM or WinID) that are used for matching antemortem and postmortem records. In actuality, the OdontoSearch 3.2 database is composed of individuals who voluntarily participated in dental health studies.The goal of the OdontoSearch 3.2 database is only to provide a representative sample of the dental treatment of the adult U.S. population over 14 years of age.
2) A possible dental association must be established between a specific individual and an unidentified set of remains for the results of OdontoSearch 3.2 to be meaningful.In other words, determining that an unidentified set of remains exhibits an extremely rare dental pattern is worthless unless there is some prior correlation to a missing individual. OdontoSearch 3.2 simply provides a statistical value that quantifies the strength of the observed dental pattern with an unidentified individual. For example, OdontoSearch 3.2 may show that a dental pattern is very uncommon(perhaps never observed in the entire database) which provides strong support that the unidentified individual and the missing individual could be the same person.
Interpretation of OdontoSearch 3.2 Results
With the OdontoSearch 3.2 program, uncommon dental patterns can be recognized as such, and a frequency value can be associated with the pattern.In many instances these results may be counterintuitive since the presence of only a few "common"fillings may create a very rare dental pattern when all of the teeth are considered as a whole pattern.The OdontoSearch 3.2 results may be used along with other analytical information(e.g., skeletal analysis, personal effects, geographic area, etc.) in order to build a convincing case for identification to a specific individual. The OdontoSearch 3.2 results provide statistical values and remove the subjectivity from comparisons of antemortem and postmortem dental records.
This program allows for any number of teeth from 1 to 28(excludes third molars) to be entered, which allows for cases involving postmortem loss or missing data.
OdontoSearch Reference Material
For more information about OdontoSearch, read the following articles from the Journal of Forensic Sciences:
Adams, B.J., 2003, Establishing Personal Identification Based on Specific Patterns of Missing, Filled, and Unrestored Teeth .Journal of Forensic Sciences , 48(3): 487 - 496.
Adams, B.J.. 2003, The Diversity of Adult Dental Patterns in the United States and the Implications for Personal Identification .Journal of Forensic Sciences , 48(3): 497 - 503. |
Quick Answer: What Controls The Circadian Rhythm?
What is my natural circadian rhythm?
Circadian refers to your body’s innate 24-hour cycle based on the pattern of the sun.
Your rhythm is a series of physical and chemical changes that occur based on your internal clocks.
Your circadian rhythm is genetically hardwired and influences when your energy levels, hunger, and alertness..
Which hormone is responsible for insomnia?
Throughout the day, sunlight stops your pineal gland from producing melatonin, a sleep-inducing hormone.
What are circadian rhythms controlled by?
Circadian rhythms are regulated by small nuclei in the middle of the brain. They are called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Nuclei act as control centers. The SCN are connected to other parts of the brain.
How do I reset my circadian rhythm?
Wake up every day at the same time: Keeping a regular sleep schedule will help reset your circadian rhythm. By going to sleep and waking up at the same time every day, your body will learn to adjust to the new rhythm.
How do I test my circadian rhythm?
There are several tests that may be used to diagnose circadian rhythm sleep disorders, which are characterized by disrupted sleeping and waking times. Your doctor will begin by reviewing your symptoms, taking a medical history, and performing a physical exam. Other tests used may include: Sleep logs.
What is a circadian rhythm example?
There are many examples of circadian rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle, the body-temperature cycle, and the cycles in which a number of hormones are secreted. Infradian rhythms have a period of more than 24 hours. The menstrual cycle in women and the hibernation cycle in bears are two good examples.
What hormone causes lack of sleep?
Specific hormones, like cortisol and melatonin, affect your body in specific ways that affect your ability to sleep. Whether it be a feeling of stress, anxiety, anger, or sexual stimulation, there are a host of reasons as to why your hormones can prevent you from nodding off.
What hormone controls sleep?
A variety of hormones, including melatonin, cortisol, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin (PRL), vary across the 24-hour day and are highly regulated by the circadian and sleep-wake cycles.
What factors influence our circadian rhythm?
Changes in our body and environmental factors can cause our circadian rhythms and the natural light-dark cycle to be out of sync. For example: Mutations or changes in certain genes can affect our biological clocks. Jet lag or shift work causes changes in the light-dark cycle.
Which gland is responsible for controlling the body’s circadian rhythm?
the pineal glandMelatonin is a hormone that regulates the body’s daily (circadian) clock and is commonly used in human research to understand the body’s biological time. There is a rhythm to the biology of the pineal gland and melatonin is secreted according to the amount of day light a person is exposed to.
What happens if your circadian rhythm is out of whack?
Without the proper signaling from the body’s internal clock, a person can struggle to fall asleep, wake up during the night, or be unable to sleep as long as they want into the morning. Their total sleep can be reduced, and a disrupted circadian rhythm can also mean shallower, fragmented, and lower-quality sleep. |
Informative Essay on The Middle East Conflict
The Middle East Engagement Conquer Israel Eternally be Potent to Consist in Peace? The Middle East Engagement Conquer Israel Eternally be Potent to Consist in Peace? From the day Israel avowed itself an rebellious avow, close countries and terrorists has routinely onseted it. The truth of Israel and the engagement betwixt the Jewish avow and its Arab neighbors is covet and multifarious. To inaugurate to perceive the radix of the injustice, one must highest own the truth of the romance of the avow of Israel. Some of the greater interrogations that bear to be asked to perceive the engagement and whether or not there can verily be calmness conceive the following: 1. How was Israel created 2. What has caused the tone in the Middle East 3. What role does the Intergenerally-known fraternity portray on the Middle East engagement How Was Israel Created Following the Highest Globe War, the defeated Ottoman Empire was disjoined amongst Britain, France, and Italy. The British manage conceived Transjordan and Palestine, though this was the highest duration the designate Palestine had eternally been used. Britain’s deep role was to appliance the Balfour Declaration, which avowd the “Majesty’s Government conception following a period favour the art in Palestine of a avowal residence for the Jewish populace, and conquer use their best endeavours to qualify the consummation of this object” (Hurewitz, 1979, p. 101 – 106). The Arabs were anciently attached 80 percent of the British Mandate, now ownn as Jordan. During Globe War II, Britain offscouringsd to tolerate European Jews, who were violateing to decamp the Nazis, minute into the British Mandate. Instead, they were either sent to the African avow of Mauritius or sent to retention camps (Lenk, 1991, p. 2). Even, following Globe War II, Britain wanted to severely narrow the progeny of Jewish immigrants from Europe to Palestine. Finally, Britain announced their covet to end their manage of the province by May 1948 and they turned the substances concerning the analysis of the fix to the United Nations. The United Nations came up following a period different plans. The one that was voted on and byed 33 to 13 was UN Conversion 181, which disjoined the retaining faction of the British Manage into two rebellious avows following a period Jerusalem devolution under Intergenerally-known coerce (United Nations, 1947, p. 132 – 133). The UN conversion gave the half of the retaining 20 percent of the ancient manage to the Arabs. Israel avowed itself an rebellious avow on the 14th. It was presently methodic by the United State, the Soviet Union, and sundry other avows. However, the Arab globe offscouringsd to own Israel and aggravate the instant different days Arab nerves from Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded Israel (Anti Defamation League, 1999). Israel defeated all of the invading countries and rouseing following a period Egypt in February 1949, they all began to wonder armistice compacts following a period Israel. Israel gained an concomitant 8 percent of the ancient manage following the war. The Gaza pull-off went to Egypt and the West Bank to Transjordan. The United Nations Conciliation Commission estimated there were almost 711000 Palestine refugees as a fruit of the 1948 War (1950). However, Jordan was the singly Arab province who would sanction them and tolerate the to expedition beyond of UN refugee camps (Bard, 2008). What Has Led To The Current Tensions? Following the primal 1948-49 War, sundry Arabs in Israel appropriate to try and concession the province and avoid to other excluded Arab avows. However, past Jordan was the singly province conquering to sanction them as citizens, greater ire built up towards the Jews. Again, in 1967 Egypt and Jordan invaded Israel in another violate to wipe Israel of the map. This war transfer to the adjunct of the West Bank, the Gaza pull-off and the Suez Canal into the operatives of the Jewish avow fruiting in equpotent past Palestinian refugees. Once past, ire lived to plant across Israel. The satire of the aspect is the Palestinians bear had fix and they bear had opportunities for their own province, yet the Arabs in the tract-of-plant were not obtainingeded following a period the fix they already had and lived the injustice towards Israel creating the refugee substance. As past and past Palestinians are displaced, the rebuke is put on Israel for not doing sufficient to succor out the Palestinians and succor them construct burning residences. Yet, at the corresponding duration no other Arab avow conquer transfer the duration to succor the Palestinians. Instead they use them in an endeavor to consummate their own intent of a adequate death of the Jewish State. Iran, for stance, succors to investment and prop Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, twain of which are terrorist organizations. This beyond bias adds past to the already close aspect in Israel. Another constituent that has led to the hostilities was the romance of a Jewish avow in a predominately Muslim tract-of-plant of the globe. The Muslims see Israel and Jerusalem, the third holiest Muslim city, as related to them. On the other operative the Jewish populace biblically bear the corresponding value encircling Israel and Jerusalem related to them. Twain collections were attached the lawful license via intergenerally-known law that supposing twain collections following a period fix in the area. Period the Israelis were obtainingeded following a period the fix they were attached, the Palestinians were not, thus, the rouse of the 1948-49 war. When the other Arab avows onseted Israel, they violated intergenerally-known law and rouseed a war of onset. Past they were defeated, Intergenerally-known law says all fix smitten from the aggressive armies is to redeep in the operatives of the province that was onseted. The Palestinians saw this as though Israel were larceny their residenceland. However, by refusing to sanction the UN’s screen plan, they gave up any correct they had to the fix. Though the grammar that these Palestinian areas are substance impeded illegally by Israel succors to fuel the injustice betwixt the two collections. What is the Intergenerally-known Community’s Role be in Trying to Determine Calmness in the Region? The United Nations was promptly fairly-deduced for the romance of the avow of Israel, as was notpotent precedent. Therefore it is in-bisect the responsibility of the UN to succor determine calmness. The substance correct now is injustice is not denounceed on twain sides of the engagement. When a Palestinian terrorist walked into a Jerusalem college and 8 rabbinical students, the United Nations could not by a condemavow of the onset (Heilprin, 2008, March 7). Yet, at the corresponding duration, the United Nations denounceed Israel for their use of nerve to try and plug the collections of Hamas terrorist firing rockets that are targeted at Israel civilians. The United Nations actions of denounceing Israel for their use of conspicuous nerve to save itself across those targeting Israel civilians, period at the corresponding duration refusing to denounce terrorist onsets targeted at civilians, managely emboldens the terrorists. The extreme Palestinians who intrust these terrorist acts see this closing of condemavow from the UN as a munificent by to live their targeting of civilians. Israel’s singly argumentative repartee is to engagement tail, thus causing the injustice to live following a period at a respite in residence. Then anew following a period an growth in globe broad Anti-Semitism aggravate the conclusive few decades, it has ecome odious, in the globe, to prop the Jewish avow. Why should the Globe Care? Period the United Nations has shown frailty on the progeny of proping Israel as they live to engagement terrorist in an endeavor to save its civilians, the interrogation should be asked if there veritably is a scarcity to prop Israel and save them from substance adequately destroyd. The highest monstrosity to regard is misconception. If the province of Israel were to eternally lapse to the Arab globe and it beseem a Muslim avow anew, where would the Jews go? You would highest bear the direct augmentation of Jewish refugees would be most slight nerved from their residences. Additionally, what happens if another Holocaust happens in which one collection is violateing to destroy the Jewish populace? Where would these Jews go to be guaranteed an decamp from this expulsion? The instant big progeny as to whether or not Israel is excellence wary is the interrogation of what has Israel manufactured for the globe so far? Good News from Israel gives enough of stances of how Israel has contributed to the globe. Here are managely a few. Motorola’s discovery and crop pliancy in Israel patent clear the cell phone. Twain the Intel Pentium microprocessor and Pentium MMX Chip were planned in Israel. The AOL Instant Messenger ICQ was patent clear in Israel. Israeli doctors are making greater medical breakthroughs including opinion was to plug cancer in its tracks. Israel has the third most companies listed following a period the NASDAQ, succeeding Canada and the United States. These are managely a few of the contributions that Israel has made to the globe (http://www. newsoftheday. com/). All these and past bear been civil period uniformly intent in war and substance the target of terrorist. The interrogation should be how could the Intergenerally-known Fraternity supply not to portray a role in establishing calmness in the Middle East period not removing Israel from the map? What can be Manufactured To Consummate Peace? Unfortunately, it seems as though the singly way there conquer eternally be calmness in the Middle East is for a devastating and adequate forfeiture for one of the sides. The sad substance is calmness talks and cease-fires do not labor. The singly way to verily consummate an end to a engagement is for an enemy to be dealt a crushing misfortune or a adequate death. The biggest substance is Fatah and other organizations that are bisect of the deepstream Palestinian lifestyle bear named for the damnation of Israel (Ratzlav-Katz, 2007, November 20). They offscourings to plug their engagement across Israel until the province of Israel no coveter consists. These concessions Israel following a period the liberty of saveing itself and acting aggressively to hinder past civilians from substance targeted by Palestinian terrorists. Perhaps ones all the terrorists bear been eliminated, the two sides conquer be potent to sit down and grasp an compact that conquer fruit in a conclusiveing calmness. In manage for calmness to abundantly consist, though, following the terrorist bear been removed from the equation, Israel’s neighbors are going to bear to own it as a fairly-deduced province following a period a correct to consist. Perhaps unintermittently these two provisions consist, there can be a penny distinction towards calmness. References Anti Defamation League. (1999). Israeli War for Independence. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http://www. adl. org/ISRAEL/Record/48war. asp Heilprin, J. (2008, March 7). Libya Blocks UN from Condemning Violence. Yahoo News. Retrieved March 7, 2008, from http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20080307/ap_on_re_af/un_mideast_injustice Hurewitz, J. C. (Ed. ). (1979). The Middle fixed and North Africa in Globe politics: a Documentary Record, vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press. Lenk, Karl. (1991). The Mauritius Affair, The Boat Populace of 1940/1941. London. Ratzlav-Katz, N. (2007, November 20). American Jewry: Fatah Charter Calls to 'Eradicate' Israel. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from: http://www. israelnationalnews. com/News/News. aspx/124315 United Nations. (1947). Conversion 181. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from http://daccessdds. un. org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888. pdf? OpenElement United Nations Conciliation Commission. (1950, October 23). General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://domino. un. org/unispal. nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883! OpenDocument |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 35.djvu/812
This page has been validated.
stone, as in Fig. 8.[1] The burial-places "thus form a gradual transition from the great grave chambers, and the stone cists with their many skeletons, of the Stone age on the one side, to the insignificant grave with burned bones at the end of the Bronze age on the other." The graves were usually covered with a barrow, and this often contained several stones. The barrows are generally situated upon some height which commands an unimpeded view over the sea or some large lake. Weapons, ornaments, and vessels of earthenware or wood are often found by the remains of the dead.
The author believes, from the evidence of the finds lately made in that land, that the condition of Greece during its Bronze age was in many ways like that of the North during the same stage of its civilization; and that probably Homer's description of the heroic age of Greece would in more than one respect apply to the south of Scandinavia three thousand years ago—"at least if we do not allow our eyes to be dazzled by the poetic shimmer which hangs around the heroes of the Trojan war." But the Bronze age both began and ended in Greece earlier than in the North. There are also other countries in which the Bronze age ended later than in Scandinavia. Of these was Mexico, when the Spaniards entered upon the conquest of it. And yet in many respects, the author remarks, the civilization of the Aztecs was "as high as that of which Europe could boast in the middle ages." He expresses no inference from this remark, but presumably expects us to draw one that the Scandinavians of the Bronze age were possibly not so barbarous as we assume that they were.
THE early voyagers to America, coming from the civilized countries of Europe, were perhaps more surprised at the native inhabitants whom they found than at the broad rivers, boundless forests, or vast plains. The Indians, with their curious customs and various costumes, produced dissimilar impressions upon their different beholders. But all found that the most interesting portions of the reports which they sent back to their homes were the descriptions of the strange people whom they had seen; the report being in some cases accompanied with specimens
1. In the middle of the bottom of this barrow was a stone cist nearly seven feet long (a), containing an unburned body and a bronze pin. Higher up were found three small stone cists containing burned bones and antiquities of bronze. Close by the little cist at the top of the barrow stood a vessel filled with burned bones, and near the cist, marked b, lay a heap of burned bones, covered only by a flat stone. |
What is American Psychological Association reference style?
The APA referencing style is an “author-date” style, so the citation in the text consists of the author(s) and the year of publication given wholly or partly in round brackets. Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a comma and the year of publication.
How do you cite the American Psychological Association?
1. Throughout the text: In-text citations
1. the name of the author or authors.
2. the year of publication.
3. the page number (see below for further information).
24 окт. 2019 г.
Does psychology use APA or MLA?
Use of APA format: Psychologists use the American Psychological Association (APA) format for publications. While most student writing follows this format, some instructors may provide you with specific formatting requirements that differ from APA format.
How do you cite the American Psychiatric Association in APA?
1. To cite the complete work in your reference section, use this format: American Psychiatric Association. …
2. The basic in-text citation should look like this: (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
3. To cite a chapter of the DSM-5, replace the publisher information with the chapter DOI, as in this example:
IT IS INTERESTING: What causes mental illness in the brain?
24 окт. 2019 г.
Is references MLA or APA?
When to Use APA Style References
APA, which stands for American Psychology Association, uses a simple author-date citation style for in-text citations and a “references” page at the end. Much like the MLA works cited, the APA references will include all the sources that you cited in your paper.
Is American Psychological Association a reliable source?
These sources consist of legitimate science or are evidence based through the use of credible scientific sourcing. … See all Pro-Science sources. Overall, the APA is a Pro-Science source that properly sourced all information.
What is APA format citation?
Which is better MLA or APA?
MLA is more commonly used than APA at the high school level. … MLA (Modern Language Association) format is used for humanities and literature works. APA (American Psychological Association) is used for technical and scientific works. Each writing style is formatted to make citations for that specific field easier.
What is APA format used for?
IT IS INTERESTING: What is emotional labor nursing?
Why is APA used in psychology?
APA style is a set of guidelines for writing in psychology and related fields. … The primary purpose of APA style is to facilitate scientific communication by promoting clarity of expression and by standardizing the organization and content of research articles and book chapters.
How do you reference ICD 10?
APA (6th ed.)
World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
How do you write a diagnostic specifier?
Under the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a provisional diagnosis is indicated by placing the specifier “provisional” in parentheses next to the name of the diagnosis. 1 For example, it might say something like 309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (provisional).
How do you cite a film?
How to cite a film in a bibliography using MLA. The most basic entry for a film consists of the title, director, distributor, year of release, and medium. You may also choose to include the names of the writer(s), performer(s), and the producer(s), as well as the film’s original release date.
What are the 4 common citation styles?
How to do I choose a citation style?
1 февр. 2021 г.
What is the difference between citation reference and bibliography?
A reference list, generally, contains only sources you have cited in-text in your assignment. A bibliography, generally, is a list of all the sources you used to generate your ideas about the topic including those cited in your assignment as well as those you did not cite.
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: What does it mean if you are emotionally intelligent?
What are the 3 types of citations?
There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• Chicago, which supports two styles: Notes and Bibliography. Author-Date.
11 янв. 2021 г.
Kind psychologist |
Question: What Is A Plus Grade?
What does A+ grade mean?
excellentA+, A, A- indicates excellent performance.
B+, B, B- indicates good performance.
C+, C, C- indicates satisfactory performance.
D+, D, D- indicates less than satisfactory performance..
What grade is 80 percent in Canada?
Note that it is common practice for students to pass with grades in the range of 55% to 59% at the teacher’s discretion….Quebec.LetterPercentB+80% – 84%B75% – 79%B-70% – 74%C+65% – 69%9 more rows
What is the highest grade of egg?
Is a 95 a good grade?
A 95 is excellent. A 97 is also excellent. Yes, but only if you are a below average student. … Well, now if you are an above average student, there isn’t really any grade that is good.
What is a failing GPA?
Undergrad: Unsatisfactory | Master’s: Failing. D- .67/ 63 – 60. Undergrad: Unsatisfactory | Master’s: Failing. F.
Is C+ a bad grade?
Originally Answered: Is a C+ a bad grade? Technically, it is above “average” with C being an average grade. But like someone said, many high school courses in the US have a B average. For undergrad, it is not a good grade, yet passing.
Why do Grades skip E? Why is there no E in the grading scale? … The F is considered separate as it denotes a failing grade, and does not need to go in alphabetical order. It just so happens that “fail” starts with a letter that skips one letter alphabetically on the scale. That said, E was used at one point.
Is a 2.7 GPA good?
Is a 3.9 GPA good?
So strictly speaking, a 3.9 GPA is just a tenth shy of a perfect score and demonstrates academic excellence in every class. A 3.9 GPA far exceeds the average GPA that most colleges use as their unspoken baseline for competitive admission (3.0) as well as the benchmark GPA for more selective colleges (3.5).
Is 60 a good mark at university?
When you start at university, any mark over 50% is a great grade. Getting a mark over 50% means that you are beginning to understand the difficult work of your degree. Getting over 60% is excellent because it means you have demonstrated a deep knowledge of your subject to the marker.
Is a 63 passing in college?
A letter grade of a D is technically considered passing because it not a failure. A D is any percentage between 60-69%, whereas a failure occurs below 60%. Even though a D is a passing grade, it’s barely passing.
Is there an A ++ grade?
Finally, the A+ grade is awarded to all collages, dioramas and other art projects. ¶ The instructor may at her discretion supplement the A+ with one or two additional pluses (A++ or A+++). This grade is known as the A+ with garlands. Garlands are generally awarded for no reason.
Is a 60 a passing grade?
A – is the highest grade you can receive on an assignment, and it’s between 90% and 100% B – is still a pretty good grade! … D – this is still a passing grade, and it’s between 59% and 69% F – this is a failing grade.
Is a D+ a passing grade?
A D+ is technically a passing grade but you need an A (4.0 averaged with 1.3 is 2.65) or a B (3.0 averaged with 1.3 is 2.15) to offset. You typically need a 2.0 to graduate so if you’re a borderline student, it becomes a stretch goal.
What is A+ grade in percentage?
A+ (90% and above): Outstanding work that demonstrates independent thought and critical reflection and has an excellent research question as well as systematic and persuasive answers to this question.
Is an A bad?
An A- can only be considered a bad grade if the instructor is terrible, or the student is a genius. In the American system, students evaluate the instructor who is grading them. Professors who give high grades tend to get better evaluations from their students. … We should not make an A or an A- an easy grade to achieve.
Does a pass look bad on a transcript?
While a pass grade won’t harm your GPA, it may not look great on your college transcript, either. A “pass” grade shows you took the course, but it doesn’t exactly drive home the point that you worked very hard.
What is considered an A+?
Traditionally, the grades are A+, A, A−; B+, B, B−; C+, C, C−; D+, D, D−; F; with A+ being the highest and F being lowest….Numerical and letter grades.Letter gradePercentageGPAA+97–100%4.33 or 4.00A93–96%4.00A−90–92%3.67B+87–89%3.339 more rows
What GPA does an A equal?
How to Convert Your GPA to a 4.0 ScaleLetter GradePercent Grade4.0 ScaleA93-964.0A-90-923.7B+87-893.3B83-863.08 more rows
Is D considered passing?
‘ The standard is a C or better, even though a ‘D’ is officially a passing grade. Technically, a ‘D’ is passing, but it’s a sort of a we-don’t-really-mean-it pass. A grudging pass, or perhaps a mercy pass. Or, it can be an “I don’t ordinarily fail students, but you’re testing my faith” pass.
Is a GPA of 3.5 good?
|
The other day I was recording an artist who is working on her upcoming project. In our sessions I produce all of the tracks (create the beat), we write the songs together, and then we begin to record her vocals. As vocals are starting to come in, there is a lot that’s happening on my end as the recording engineer that the artist has no idea about. And even when the recording process is over and the artist is long gone, the process becomes even more magical as I take on the mixing engineer role. This process is referred to as “the mix”.
So what exactly is mixing? Mixing is the art of taking multiple parts of a song (vocals, drums, piano, guitar, etc.) and using special tools and techniques to make them all blend together to make your song sound professional. There are so many ways to approach mixing and some of it depends a lot on the creativity of the mixing engineer, but here are two key things that all mix engineers should consider, at least we hope they do, when mixing your project:
Leveling is when a mixing engineer takes all the parts of your song and adjusts the volume of each one based on how important it is. Leveling is one of the easier things to do when it comes to mixing but sadly many mix engineers do not spend enough time doing it. If you’ve ever listened to a song and thought to yourself “That snare is way too loud” or “I could barely hear her voice”, then it’s safe to say that the song was not leveled correctly. It’s amazing how much better everything can sound once you’re able to create a balance using volume. Let’s face it, all parts of a song are not created equal. There may be parts that you want to stand out more than others, like your voice. Because your voice is so important to the song, a mixing engineer is going to lower all of the other parts of the song just enough so that the vocal is heard clearly but still is in balance with the rest of the parts. The mix engineer will repeat this process for all the rest of the parts until he’s created a good balance of volume between them all. When this is done right, you are one step closer to a great overall mix.
Imagine when you go to a concert or go to see a local band play. Do you notice how each band member has their own place on the stage? The drummer is on the right, the guitarist is on the left, and the lead vocalist is right front and center. Similarly, when you are getting your song mixed, the mixing engineer is looking to recreate this placement and spacing using a technique called “Panning”. This allows for the same effect of having certain instruments “panned” to the right, or to the left, depending on how you or the mix engineer have envisioned your stage to be. You can get really creative with panning. For instance, if you wanted to pan out a drum set, you would normally leave your snare right in the middle because thats usually where it is in real life. You would probably pan your hi-hats to the left, your crash to the right, and so on. This can really add a professional and more realistic feel to your overall song during a mix.
There are so many tools out there for mix engineers to use. At Sound Famous™ we know exactly what tools and techniques to use to help bring your songs to industry standard. If you’re looking to get your project mixed and radio-ready we’d love to hear from you! Book a Free 10 minute consultation “mixer”by clicking here. |
Darwinism Evolution Intelligent Design
What? A virus with no recognizable genes?
Spread the love
Viruses are some of the most mysterious organisms on Earth. They’re among the world’s tiniest lifeforms, and because none can survive and reproduce without a host, some scientists have questioned whether they should even be considered living things. Now, scientists have discovered one that has no recognizable genes, making it among the strangest of all known viruses…
Yaravirus’s size wasn’t the only thing weird about it. When the team sequenced its genome, none of its genes matched any scientists had come across before, the group reports on the bioRxiv preprint server.
Viral novelty doesn’t surprise Elodie Ghedin of New York University, who looks for viruses in wastewater and in respiratory systems. More than 95% of the viruses in sewage data have “no matches to reference genomes [in databases],” she says. Like Abrahão, she says, “We seem to be discovering new viruses all the time.”
Elizabeth Pennisi, “Scientists discover virus with no recognizable genes” at Science
From what they’re saying, viruses don’t necessarily share any characteristics of common descent. Let alone universal common descent.
Jury’s still out but this is big.
Before you go: One way viruses get spread “never should have evolved”
Reset! Different segs of virus genome can exist in different cells but work together
Viruses devolve. (PaV)
Virus expert highlights the conflict over whether viruses are alive In short, it is an open question. The question relates to the role viruses can play in evolution, among other things. Are they precursors of life, detritus of life, or something in between? Or all three? Keep the file open.
Viruses invent their own genes? Then what is left of Darwinism?
Why viruses are not considered to be alive
Another stab at whether viruses are alive
Phil Sci journal: Special section on understanding viruses
Should NASA look for viruses in space? Actually, it’s not clear that RNA came first. Nor is it clear that viruses precede life. A good case can doubtless be made for viruses being part of the scrap heap of existing life. But no matter. If you think you can find viruses in space, boldly go.
Why “evolution” is changing? Consider viruses
Viruses are alive.
Are viruses nature’s perfect machine? Or alive?
10 Replies to “What? A virus with no recognizable genes?
1. 1
martin_r says:
Viruses – the most abundant organism on Earth (outnumber bacteria 10 times)
SUCH AN IRONY … the most abundant organism on Earth, but desperate Darwinists and their desperate evolutionary theory CAN NOT explain the existence / origin of the viruses.
so let me repeat that again:
you have a theory for how life arose on Earth, but this theory can not explain the origin of the most abundant organism on Earth :)))))))))))))))))))))
Darwinian common descent idea does not work with viruses, because viruses are a completely different system, not made of cells. Most people don’t realize that, but to explain the origin of viruses, it is like to explain the origin of life like thousands times over and over again, if not hundred-thousands times … Because most viruses are unique (a biologist would use the term – polyphyletic – many evolutionary origins)
Some quotes from the mainstream-virology blog:
“In a phylogenetic tree, the characteristics of members of taxa are inherited from previous ancestors. Viruses cannot be included in the tree of life because they do not share characteristics with cells, and no single gene is shared by all viruses or viral lineages. While cellular life has a single, common origin, viruses are polyphyletic – they have many evolutionary origins.”
“No single gene has been identified that is shared by all viruses. There are common protein motifs in viral capsids, but these have likely come about through convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer.”
2. 2
martin_r says:
and this is also interesting:
“The Yaravirus genome also contained six types of tRNAs that did not match commonly used codons.”
3. 3
Truthfreedom says:
Oh Martin_r, the “theory of evolution” can accomodate anything!
Let’s add some ‘tweaks’ here and there, and the creature will live a few more years.
Problem is, their “theory” is now an irrecognizable Frankenstein, a monster that is forcefully being kept alive.
And people do notice.
4. 4
martin_r says:
Truthfreedom @3 “the “theory of evolution” can accomodate anything! ”
no, it obviously CAN NOT….
the theory of evolution CAN NOT explain the origin of the most abundant organism on Earth, see my post @1
5. 5
Truthfreedom says:
Martin_r: I was being ironic 🙂
Evolutionists are corrupt beings who try to impose their ideas “no matter what”.
6. 6
martin_r says:
Truthfreedom @5 “I was being ironic”
i know you were ironic …
however, HERE IS THE REAL IRONY:
We all know how FLEXIBLE the Darwinian evolutionary theory is (it can accomondate anything)…
Despite its flexibility, the theory is in such a crisis, that it can not explain the origin / existence of the most abundant organism on Earth… And what is even worse, most lay people are unaware of it !!!!!!
7. 7
Truthfreedom says:
@ Martin_r:
But it still can not explain the origin / existence of the most abundant organism on Earth :)))
We know evolutionist proponents are at odds with “reality”. According to them, “reality” is a very flexible thing, that changes from moment to moment. We are always “hallucinating” 🙂
Apart from their blind faith in darwin and “evolution”, they have nothing to anchor themselves in reality.
They are adrift in a sea of illusions.
These are the priests of our era.
8. 8
Truthfreedom says:
Hey ‘fellas’, according to ‘Rational Wiki’, “evolution” can be falsified!
“If it could be shown that organisms with identical DNA have different genetic traits”.
Any idea? Or are we only a group of “religious loons” with nothing to offer?
9. 9
pw says:
Does that falsification criterion make sense?
Didn’t Darwin himself establish the falsification criterion, which doesn’t sound like what you quoted?
10. 10
Truthfreedom says:
@ Pw
I do not know. According to ‘rational wiki’, “there are numerous pieces of evidence that could falsify evolution.” Then they list 6 criteria. And finally, after having listed them, they say:
Darwin made the case a little differently when he said, “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case.”
Probably those 6 criteria they list are arbitrary, since evolutionists arbitrarily choose everything when their pet theory is concerned.
I do not even know what authority (if any) do these ‘rational wiki’ people have.
What it is clear to me is that they are extremely biased and have an agenda.
That is why I was asking for some input.
Leave a Reply |
Your holiday dinner went off without a hitch, but as you clean up, you wonder what will you do with all those leftovers?
Whether you planned the meal to enjoy some leftovers or it just happened, you need to make sure you store them properly.
Any large quantities of dense foods such as potatoes or dressing need to be divided into smaller containers. A dense food should be no more than two inches deep in the container so it can chill thoroughly within two hours. More liquid items such as brothy soups or gravy can be no more than three inches deep in a container.
For leftover turkey, take all meat off the carcass and cut into smaller pieces. Don’t try cooling or freezing a whole piece of breast meat or a large drumstick.
If you are going to freeze the food immediately, you still need to chill it to at least 70 degrees before putting in the freezer. It is better if you can chill it to 40 degrees so the freezer doesn’t have to work so hard. AND, you never cover foods in the refrigerator until they have reached 40 degrees. Covering the food keeps the heat in the container and allows great incubation time for bacteria.
If you have freshly made custard, pumpkin or pecan pies, they also need to be stored in the refrigerator because of the eggs and diary products used in those recipes. A fruit pie like apple or cherry can be stored at room temperature for a few days. Hopefully by that time it will be all gone.
Foods should not be stored in the refrigerator very long. Turkey and stuffing should be eaten within three to four days, gravy in two to three days, deviled eggs in two days, and pumpkin or custard pies in two days.
If you freeze foods, you can keep them longer but it is recommended you use within six months. That’s in a food freezer. If you are storing in the freezer part of a refrigerator, two to three months is maximum for good quality.
When reheating any leftover, it must be reheated to 165 degrees. That temperature will destroy any bacteria that might be on the food. Again, the only way to know the temperature is by using a food thermometer. I have been surprised many times when I’m sure an item has reached 165 degrees because of the steam and then found it has not.
If the item can be stirred like potatoes, do that before checking temperatures to distribute the heat. For liquid items like gravy, bring to a boil. If heating any item in a microwave oven, it must be 165 degrees.
Follow these simple rules and you’ll be able to safely enjoy those leftovers. For any questions about holiday food preparation or food safety, call the Colorado State University Extension office in Morgan County at 542-3544. |
Total Tests:
Brazil LGPD Compliance and Cybersecurity
Read Time: 8 min.
General Data Protection Law (LGPD) is a federal law in Brazil that establishes a comprehensive privacy and
personal data protection regime by providing individuals with enforceable privacy rights and
imposing data protection and breach notification rules on local and foreign entities.
Brazil LGPD Compliance and Cybersecurity
What is LGPD and what does it mean for your business?
The General Data Protection Law (Federal Law no. 13,709/2018), in Portuguese “Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais” or "LGPD", significantly modernized privacy and personal data protection legislation in Brazil that was previously composed of sectoral regulations, similarly to HIPAA or GLBA in the United States.
Brazil LGPD Compliance and Cybersecurity ImmuniWeb can help you comply with LGPD cybersecurity and data protection requirements. Learn more
In force since August 16, 2020 and composed of 65 articles, LGPD introduced a set of privacy rights for individuals comparable to the European GDPR. For instance, under the Article 18 of LGPD, individuals now have the right to know how and if their data is processed, or with whom it was shared. Individuals may also request access to their personal data and ask for eventual correction of erroneous or outdated information, and under certain conditions may request deletion of their personal data.
LGPD also stipulates that processing of personal data requires a lawful basis, absent of which personal data cannot be processed (Article 7). Furthermore, all entities that collect and process personal data must provide a transparent privacy notice, elaborating how they handle the data. LGPD implies privacy-by-design and privacy-by-default, setting a high standard of privacy across the country. Finally, Article 33 restricts transfer of personal data to foreign countries unless one or several specific conditions, that provide a comparable protection to the data abroad or when transfer is necessary to fulfill a legal duty, are properly met.
Under LGPD, personal data is broadly defined in the Article 5, as any information regarding an identified or identifiable natural person. LGPD also offers supplementary protection for sensitive personal data that includes racial or ethnic origin, religious belief, political opinion, trade union or religious, philosophical or political organization membership, data concerning health or sex life, genetic or biometric data when related to a natural person.
From a cybersecurity viewpoint, LGPD enacts strict data protection requirements and prescribes data breach notifications to the national regulator and individuals whose personal data was compromised, lost or stolen.
Who is covered by LGPD?
Having similar to GDPR structure and underlying philosophy, LGPD likewise has a similarly broad and inclusive coverage, contrasted to CCPA in California. The Article 3 makes it clear that the law applies both to private and public sector whereas the covered entity processes personal data in Brazil, or processes personal data of Brazilian residents, or processing relates to offering goods or services in Brazil, or when processed personal data was collected in Brazil. There are some narrow exceptions, for example, covering processing of personal data for the purpose of national security and defense.
LGPD differentiates between data controllers and processors: the formers have additional duties, such as appointing a Data Protection Officer (DPO) or performing Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA). Both, however, are required to maintain records of their data processing operations and to design a sound cybersecurity and data protection strategy to safeguard personal data at their disposal. Controllers and processors may be jointly or severally liable for violations of LGPD under the Article 42.
Therefore, virtually all companies and organizations that do business in Brazil or process personal data of Brazilian residents, regardless of their industry, size or revenue derived from the Brazilian market, are covered by LGPD and must abide by it.
Who does enforce LGPD compliance?
Article 55 of LGPD establishes the National Data Protection Authority, in Portuguese “Agência Nacional de Proteção de Dados” or “ANPD”. The ANPD is empowered to oversee personal data protection and compliance with LGPD, issue supplementing rules and procedures for personal data protection, bring enforcement actions and impose penalties for LGPD infringements.
In January 2021, the ANPD published its first regulatory strategy for the next three years. The strategy highlights three strategic goals: to promote the culture of personal data protection, to establish effective regulatory environment for personal data protection, and to facilitate and improve ANPD ability to operate under the law.
What are the penalties for LGPD violations?
Starting from August 1, 2021, ANPD commences imposing sanctions provided under the statutory provisions of LGPD. Violations of LGPD may be pretty costly, however, differently from PDPO in Hong Kong or PDPA in Singapore, do not provide criminal penalties yet.
The Article 52of LGPD provides monetary penalties going up to 2% of the infringer’s revenue in Brazil for the past financial year, with a cap of 50,000,000 BRL per infraction, making non-compliance almost as costly as GDPR’s financial penalties.
Additionally, when appropriate, the ANPD is permitted to disclose and publicize infraction once it has been duly ascertained and its occurrence has been confirmed, restrict unlawful processing of personal data, or order deletion of illegitimately collected or retained personal data. Finally, the ANPD may impose partial or total prohibition of activities related to personal data processing.
On top of ANPD sanctions, aggrieved individuals, whose personal data was lost, compromised or stolen in violation of LGPD, may file an individual lawsuit or class action to claim damages pursuant to the Article 42. Both data controllers and processors may be jointly or severally liable for insufficient data protection or poor cybersecurity practices.
What are the cybersecurity requirements under LGPD?
LGPD grants more specific rule-making authority to ANPD for developing detailed technical and security standards both for data processors and data controllers to secure personal data at rest and in transit.
Personal data protection is deeply rooted into the LGPD’s foundational data protection principles, illustrated in the Article 6 of the legislation, applicable both for data controllers and data processors:
• Security: use of technical and administrative measures which are able to protect personal data from unauthorized accesses, accidental or unlawful situations of destruction, loss, alteration, communication or dissemination.
• Prevention: adoption of measures to prevent the occurrence of damages due to the processing of personal data.
The Article 44 further states that “processing of personal data shall be deemed irregular when it does not provide the security that its data subject can expect.
A comprehensive approach to data protection under LGPD is then detailed in the Article 46 that imposes security, technical and administrative measures able to protect personal data from unauthorized accesses. The Article 50 encourages wide adoption of security best-practices by controllers and processors and imposes creation and maintenance of corporate governance program for privacy. The program, among other things, shall establish adequate policies and safeguards based on a process of systematic evaluation of privacy risks, create an incident response plan and ensure continuous improvement of the existing information security policies and procedures.
In a nutshell, LGPD requires a risk-based approach to information security that would permit identifying relevant cyber risks and threats, implement adequate security controls, and perform continuous cybersecurity monitoring to ensure that the existing security mechanisms are sufficient in view of rapidly evolving cybersecurity threat landscape.
What are the data breach notification requirements under LGPD?
The Article 48 of LGPD imposes mandatory data breach notification duty upon data controllers. Under the law, data controllers must notify the ANPD and affected individuals about all security incidents that may create risk or relevant damage to the data subjects. The notice must be made in a “reasonable time period” that will likely mean without delay once the incident is discovered.
Similarly to data breach provisions of other privacy laws and regulations, the notice under LGPD must describe the nature of the incident, compromised personal data, reasonably foreseeable risks and suggested steps necessary to mitigate the damage to victims.
The ANPD will then assess the gravity of the reported incident, and depending on the identifiable risks and threats, may order the breached company to broadly disclose the incident in communications to media, and undertake measures to reverse or mitigate the effects of the incident.
Differently from GDPR, where data processors must rapidly notify data controllers about any data breaches and security incidents, LGPD is silent about breach notification obligations for data processors. This gap will likely be filled-in soon by upcoming regulations from ANPD.
List of authoritative LGPD resources
Share on Twitter Share on LinkedIn Share on Facebook
How ImmuniWeb can help you comply with LGPD?
Compliance with LGPD starts with digital and IT asset inventory and risk assessment. ImmuniWeb® AI Platform enables your company to visualize your existing assets, risks and threats in a simple, classified and easily searchable manner. Leveraging the Platform, you may also conduct one-click risk assessments of your vendors and suppliers to identify supply chain risks. Finally, the DevSecOps-native Platform provides a full spectrum of risk-based and threat-aware testing solutions for web, mobile, cloud, IoT and network security, available both in a continuous and one-time manner.
Try now, no obligations
I am interested in:*
I’d like to:*
Private and Confidential Your data will stay private and confidential
Requests with fake data will be ignored
AI Products Ask a Question |
• Condensed by Lynda Kiernan
Scientists Discover New Factors that Control Oil Content in Soybeans
Research teams typically focus their work on genes that affect soybean seeds when trying to develop higher oil varieties. However, a study conducted at Purdue University has discovered that genes associated with other parts of the plant also have a significant impact on oil content.
A team led by Jianxin Ma with Purdue’s Department of Agronomy found that changing from a single cytosine to a thymine within the B1 gene would not only eliminate something called bloom from wild soybeans - a powdery substance that coats seeds in the pod and is harmful to animals and humans - but also significantly increase the seed oil content compared to wild varieties.
The findings indicate that other genetic avenues for increasing soybean oil content exist, other than directly modifying the seed itself.
More on this story
Contribute an article
©2017 HighQuest Group. All rights reserved.
• LinkedIn Clean
• Twitter Clean
• YouTube Clean
• Google+ Clean |
Vaccinology and Immunotherapy Initiative
Vaccines have had a major positive impact on public health world-wide through disease prevention that can be measured in millions of lives saved. Despite the successes, we still face major challenges in vaccine and immunotherapy development for global, neglected, or newly emerging diseases and in our understanding of the determinants of vaccine protection. To address these issues, the Institut Pasteur is harnessing its collective expertise that includes immunologists, microbiologists, virologists, epidemiologists, vaccine and immunotherapy specialists, in collaboration with the Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur Medical Center, and external partners to launch the Vaccinology and Immunotherapy Initiative.
The Vaccinology and Immunotherapy Initiative addresses two major areas in vaccinology and immunotherapy that require immediate attention:
1. New vaccine candidates and/or immunotherapies are needed to combat global diseases for which current approaches so far have failed, for neglected diseases, for new emerging infectious diseases, and for diseases with increased risk for antimicrobial resistance.
2. How many currently used vaccines provide protection against disease remains poorly understood. The immunological mechanisms that operate in different individuals vary and a better understanding can help to design more effective vaccines and to identify potential non-responders that should receive additional medical attention.
Institut Pasteur has a distinguished history of vaccine development as a means to improve global health. Currently, five vaccine candidates are under clinical evaluation, either licensed to commercialization partners or under Institut Pasteur sponsorship. Building on this expertise and by integrating fundamental, translational, and innovative science, the Vaccinology and Immunotherapy Initiative pursues the following aims:
1. To identify novel approaches, targets, and technologies for vaccines and vaccination as well as for immunotherapies.
2. To accelerate vaccine and immunotherapy candidates from research to clinical trials and to engage development partners
3. To gain a better understanding of underlying mechanisms in vaccinology and immunotherapy
4. To enhance the knowledge, capacity, and public awareness in vaccinology and immunotherapy
1. Create a “One-stop-shop” to nucleate activities for vaccinology and immunotherapy, to foster interdisciplinary collaboration integrating basic science, translational research and innovation, to guide match-making for projects requiring specific services or expertise, and to support building new and sustainable partnerships with industry, co-development organizations, and academic institutions.
2. Promote fundamental research with potential for high impact on vaccinology and immunotherapy through ‘seed’ projects funded via institutional grants. Provide support for coordination of external calls with academic, clinical and industrial partners in key target areas.
3. Launch the Institut Pasteur Innovation Accelerator. The Institut Pasteur Innovation Accelerator develops and guides the development strategies for potential products, provides industrial scientific guidance for application-targeted research, spearheads the search for funding, and coordinates activities with the aim to advance the projects to a readiness level that will facilitate technology transfer to commercial entities or co-development with large public funders. The Innovation Accelerator is co-piloted by the Scientific and Innovation directions and coordinates fundamental and translational activities in the four fields of vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics and technologies.
4. Develop clinical research in vaccinology and immunotherapy to pursue programs to decipher vaccine responsiveness in normal and immunosuppressed individuals by integrating different approaches and linking the Vaccination Center at the Institut Pasteur Medical Center, the Labex Milieu Intérieur (healthy cohort studies using complementary approaches), immunology monitoring, the Center for Translational Research, and other collaborators.
5. Promote and support teaching activities, as the Institut Pasteur International Vaccinology Course and the Vaccinology MOOC in collaboration with the Education Direction.
These aims and measures are embedded in ongoing world-wide vaccine and immunotherapy efforts and carried out in collaboration with leading institutes and initiatives, including the Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), BioAster, Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) Cochin-Pasteur, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), Wellcome Trust, European Commission, and industrial partners.
Christiane Gerke, Head of Vaccine Programs / Head of Vaccine Innovation Development
Back to top |
all 9 comments
[–]awwtowa 17 points18 points (2 children)
Let's break it down: 'sudo dd if=filename.iso of=/dev/usbdevice bs=4M; sync'
sudo -> This is because you are using a block deivce in /dev and sounds like you needed super user permissions to write to it.
dd -> Data dupe.
if -> Input file. It reads it as a file (since in Linux, everything is a file) so you can use /dev/random instead to write random data to the output.
of -> Output file. What we are writing to, in this case, directly to a USB block device.
bs -> Block size. Why does this matter? This tells data dupe how to bulk up the operations. If you set the bs to 1K, it would mean, read up to 1 kb of data from 'if' and then write 1 kb of data to 'of'. In this case, we are saying 4 megabytes. This is useful if you know the block size of the filesystem or device.
A NAND flash memory may be organized in 4 kb blocks. This means that even if you only write 1 byte of data, you have to erase and write the entire 4 kb block. This is inefficient when you have a lot of little 1 byte transactions. You can actually bulk them up until you hit 4 kb and then write to the block. This saves time since erasing a block in flash is time consuming. We can use /dev/random as an example of how it works both ways. /dev/random can block because it takes time to generate new random values. So when you only captured 2kb of data, bs=4k would wait until it can read another 2kb and then write to the device. As for your iso which is a known finite amount of information, you would get a end of file (EOF) signal when you hit the end. So if that doesn't fill the block size, then that is why it adds nuls to pad it so it can fill the block size and then write to the file.
sync -> This is an operation to tell the kernel to flush all disk buffers to disks. So even if we specify block size in dd, the kernel has a disk cache and buffers to maximize efficiency. For example, if I was working on a file on a JFFS2 filesystem and did a small change, the change would not be written to the disk. When I force a reboot on the system (ie: a simulated crash), the changes are missing even though I saved the file (and checked). This is because it was stored in the kernel's disk cache and not physically to disk because my changes were smaller than the block size of the NAND. It was waiting for more changes to fill up the buffer before writing to the physical device. When I execute a sync before the crash, the file would have been updated.
And here's a fun fact with dd. You can use it to seek through a file and read/write at certain positions. So if you wanted to replace a single byte at location 4 in your ISO, you could. So you don't have to write an application in C when you can just take advantage of whats available in your terminal ;)
[–]mtnvortex[S] 2 points3 points (1 child)
Thanks for taking the time to write out this great detailed explanation. I really do appreciate it. I'm really hooked on learning about this stuff now. I'm envious of you guys who have all of this stuff down, as if it were second nature. I wish i found an interest in this 20 years ago. Well, better late than never, I suppose.
[–]awwtowa 2 points3 points (0 children)
Welcome to the world of POSIX! It is never too late to learn something new:)
[–]r3dk0w 5 points6 points (6 children)
DD just writes the data to the usb disk. bs=4M sets the block size to something large which should speed up USB writes. The ;sync does an IO sync to the device so if you just pull it out, the data will be on the device instead of on the computer in a buffer.
[–]vln 6 points7 points (5 children)
To clarify, 'sync' is a separate command entirely - a semicolon is the equivalent of a newline.
[–]mtnvortex[S] 1 point2 points (4 children)
Oh, I see. I didn't realize that about the semicolon. I've been using Linux as my primary OS for almost two years now, but I've just recently started digging deeper into what really goes on under the hood. Thank you.
[–]vln 2 points3 points (1 child)
No problem. It's useful for chaining commands together. You'll also see '&&' separating commands, which runs the second command only if the first exits without error, and '||' which runs the second only if the first exits with error.
man bash
will provide you with plenty of reading! :)
[–]mtnvortex[S] 1 point2 points (0 children)
Yeah, I've been having a good time, digging through all of the manual pages. There really is a lot of good info tucked away within the system. |
Busy. Please wait.
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account? Sign up
Username is available taken
show password
Already a StudyStack user? Log In
Reset Password
Didn't know it?
click below
Knew it?
click below
Don't know
Remaining cards (0)
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Objects in the Sky
axis An imaginary line going straight through the planet between the North and South poles. The Earth rotates on its axis.
season One of four quarters into which a year is commonly divided.
tilt To move or shift so as to slant or tip.
dependent variable Data that changes its value according to the value of the other data that is being compared.
graph A visual way to organize data.
line graph A graph that uses lines to connect points in order to show data.
independent variable Data that does not change and whose value determines the value of the dependent variable.
x-axis The horizontal line on the graph that represents the independent variable.
y-axis The vertical line on the graph that represents the dependent variable.
calendar A way of dividing time into days
month The amount of time it takes the moon to orbit the Earth. About 29 days.
orbit To move completely around another object.
year The amount of time it takes the Earth to orbit the sun. About 364.25 days.
revolution The completion of one orbit around a center. The Earth completes one revolution around the sun in one year.
revolve To move in an orbit around a center.
rotate To turn about an axis or center
rotation The completion of one spin or turn around an axis. The Earth completes one rotation in a day.
new moon The moon is located between the sun and the Earth. The dark side of the moon is facing the earth so a new moon is seldom visible from Earth.
first quarter moon The moon has completed the first quarter of it its trip around the Earth. Sometimes called half moon. Seen 6-8 days after new moon.
full moon The Earth is located between the sun and the moon. The reflection of the sun off of the moon is visible to Earth.
lunar eclipse Occurs when the Earth comes directly between the sun and the full moon
solar eclipse Occurs when the new moon comes directly between the sun and the Earth
gravitational pull The force of gravity that pulls objects toward one another.
gravity A force by which one object pulls on another object.
neap tide Occurs when the sun and moon are at right angles to each other during the first and fourth quarter moons. The sun's pull and moon's pull are not combined and form tides with the least difference between high tide and low tide.
spring tide Occurs when the sun
tide The rise and fall of the water level of the oceans caused by the moon's gravitational pull on the Earth.
atmosphere of planets The mass of air that surrounds the planet. It is a mixture of gases.
atmosphere of Earth A combination of nitrogen
dwarf planet A celestial body that is round and orbits the sun. Dwarf planets are not large enough to have sufficient gravity to clear the path of their orbits.
planet A celestial body that is round and orbits the sun. Planets are large enough to have sufficient gravity to clear the path of their orbits.
relative distance The comparison of the distances between different objects.
scale A ratio between sets of measurements.
solar system The sun and the objects (planets
heat energy Energy transferred from a warmer to a colder object due to their differences in temperature.
asteroids Metallic
comets Large bodies of rock and ice that orbit the sun in a long narrow ellipse. They form a tail when they get close to the sun.
constellations Groups of stars that form patterns.
stars Large luminous bodies that have a large gravitational pull. Earth's sun is a star.
Created by: jr12davis
Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
restart all cards |
Call Us: (713) 742-6481
Electrostatic Vs. Non Electrostatic Spray
Sep 24, 2020
Now more than ever, we are seeking ways to keep workplaces, businesses, schools, and recreational facilities as germ-free as possible. Unfortunately, we know that traditional wiping disinfection methods leave a large amount of surfaces untouched. That’s why many companies are turning to spray disinfection for a more thorough result, especially now during Covid-19. When it comes to the science of spray disinfection, not all methods are created equal. While misting methods inherently carry advantages over hand-wiping, what makes electrostatic spray disinfection especially more effective?
What Is Electrostatic Spray Disinfection?
What makes electrostatic spray unique is that the fine mist solution is positively charged upon exit of the sprayer nozzle. The positively charged mist is attracted to all surfaces, which are typically either negatively or neutrally charged. In addition, the individual particles actually repel each other, increasing the dispersal range of the mist. The positive charge also prevents the particles from covering a certain area more than necessary. This attraction and repulsion on the atomic level is at the core of what makes electrostatic disinfection so effective. It requires less product to do the job, and yields a uniform blanket coating in the service area. The mist is designed to disinfect in the short amount of dry time, and this low moisture method is safe for most surfaces.
What About Other Mist Sprayers?
Non-electrically charged mist sprayers include all disinfecting solutions in aerosol cans, spray bottles, as well as backpack style sprayers. In this category, the finer the mist- the better the dispersal. But, all disinfectants must be used correctly to be effective. You must follow the directions on the label. When using these methods, we see a few common mistakes:
• People fail to saturate the surface sufficiently, and the solution dries too quickly before it can disinfect.
• People saturate the surface with too much product, wasting time and money.
• Applying the disinfectant correctly, but wiping it away before it has had time to completely disinfect.
In all of these cases, the application of the disinfectant is less effective because of human error. Even the most well trained staff is subject to these mistakes. While the difference may be invisible to the naked eye, a charged particle actually makes a huge impact on the overall effectiveness of the disinfection. It allows for even application, reducing the likelihood of one of the above scenarios. As a result, electrostatic spray disinfection proves to be far more effective and efficient than other methods. In fact, many of our clients report that we actually save them time and money when compared to their previous service.
Using a service like Virus Assassins ensures that your business or school is as safe as possible. We take great pride in providing some peace of mind during this challenging time. Do you have any questions about the benefits of our service over other methods? Give us a call or contact us through our website. We are happy to explain our process and answer any questions you might have.
Sign up here
Lastest Blog Posts
Each Facility Needs Custom Electrostatic Disinfection
As the Covid-19 pandemic rages on, we are busier than ever providing electrostatic disinfection for our clients. What we have learned throughout the past 11 months is that each facility we treat is unique and therefore requires a custom approach to electrostatic...
Are Your Remote Workers Ready To Return To The Office?
The latest studies show that most remote workers are ready to return to the office. While working from home sounds like a good idea, not everyone prefers it. And with kids at home schooling, it's not exactly the most quiet environment for parents. How can you reopen...
Electrostatic Cleaning Service After The Holidays
If your commercial facility or office is open, even part time, you may want to consider electrostatic cleaning service before your employees come back from holiday vacations. Many people visited family, whether by car or plane, and may have brought an extra passenger...
How Do You Know If Your Facility Needs Electrostatic Disinfection?
Whether you work in a business, warehouse, gym, or office, safety is at the top of the priority list right now. As these places reopen, even part-time, it's more important than ever to keep them clean to reduce the spread of germs like the virus that causes Covid-19....
Electrostatic Disinfection for Bodyworkers
Some services like salons, nail studios, and gyms were closed for a long period of time when the Covid-19 pandemic hit. But there are other essential services that fall into a gray area, like bodywork. This includes things like massage therapy, rolfing, and even...
What Is Dwell Time And Why Does It Matter?
You might be hearing the term "dwell time" lately, and with good reason. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, many people cleaned their homes and businesses without giving much thought to this important concept. And, it may not have mattered as much as it does now. Let's...
How To Choose A Reputable Electrostatic Disinfection Service
As electrostatic disinfection becomes more and more popular as a way to curb the spread of Covid-19 on surfaces, cleaning companies are eager to jump on the bandwagon. However, not all cleaning services are the same. How can you be sure you are choosing a reputable...
Why You Should Consider Electrostatic Disinfection Before Your Next Event
As we approach the 9 month mark since the Covid-19 pandemic began here in the US, we have all come to realize that life still goes on - just a bit differently. Well, a lot differently. Everyone has adapted in their own way, and no two families are alike. However,...
Is Your Facility Ready To Reopen?
Whether you're already open for business or still strategizing how to open safely, we have some tips for you. Even if you think you're ready to reopen, it's worth considering these points to ensure your facility is as safe as possible. Using these guidelines, you can... |
There’s no real word for Active Nonviolence. Nonviolence is one of those “non” words — a “not” word. But it is much more than not-violence. It is active, creative, courageous, sometimes complicated, often difficult, organized, and driven.
It’s difficult to describe, build, or recognize something that doesn’t have a name. Did the word smiths purposefully write Nonviolence out of our language and therefore out of our understanding?
Even Gandhi struggled with what to call the Nonviolent fight for India’s independence. He announced a contest to find the best word to describe the new powerful movement. Satyagraha, roughly translated from Sanskrit to mean “Truth-Force,” won the contest. But the word Satyagraha hasn’t entirely caught on… it doesn’t really roll off the tongue.
In his book, Nonviolence: 25 Lessons From The History of a Dangerous Idea (meaning “dangerous” to the status quo) Mark Kurlansky asks what if “war” was a non-word? What if the only word for war was “nonpeace?” When we would talk about waging nonpeace, our natural question would be, “Why? Why don’t we want peace?” Nonpeace seems abnormal and impotent. It’s a non-word afterall.
Kurlansky’s book goes on to explore historical examples of Nonviolence, question some of the reasons people support violence, and delve into the “25 Lessons” — all of which are summarized at the end of the book. Here are some “lessons” we found particularly interesting:
• Practitioners of Nonviolence are seen as enemies of the state.
• Once a state takes over a religion, the religion loses its Nonviolent teachings.
• A rebel can be defanged (made less threatening to the status quo) and can be co-opted by making them into a saint after death.
• A conflict between a violent and a Nonviolent force is a moral argument. If the violent side can provoke the Nonviolent side into violence, the violent side has won.
• Violence does not resolve. It always leads to more violence.
Thanks for stopping by. And thank you for all that you do.
🙂 matt |
What is Cyberfraud
What is Cybercrime
Cybercrime, or computer-oriented crime, is a crime that involves a computer and a network.[1] The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target.[2] Cybercrime may threaten a person, company or a nation’s security and financial health. There are many privacy concerns surrounding cybercrime when confidential information continue reading : What is Cybercrime |
Centralization of network control occurs through the use of an SD network controller. Business, education and government organizations apply wide area networks to relay data to employees, students, customers, and suppliers from diverse locations around the world. The SD-WAN (software-defined wide area network) is a technology that provides a wide range of operational and financial benefits. The primary benefits of software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) technology come from the flexibility and agility inherent to this type of network.. An SD-WAN ⦠⦠Analyzing private and public WAN's . Think about it, one of the SD WAN benefits is the ability to do 'so much' via one single pane of glass interface when compared to traditional edge routers and stand-alone devices. This is basically an automated, programmatic approach for managing network connectivity and costs. â while WANs cover larger areas, such as cities, and even allow computers in different nations to connect. * Everyone on that network can access the same data. Despite these SD-WAN challenges, SD-WAN has clear benefits in each of these areas as well. Businesses are able to self manage their WAN using the GUI provided by software defined services such as Cisco Meraki. 1. 2. As we will be soon covering in the section âTop 10 Benefits of SD-WAN for Retailâ, SD-WAN offers multiple benefits for retail, particularly surrounding WAN service performance and cost. The internet is the ultimate WAN. It is reliable, somewhat fast, and widely accessible. Costly resources such as printers can be shared by all of the computers. LAN is a short form of local area network. LAN, which stands for local area network, and WAN, which stands for wide area network, are two types of networks that allow for interconnectivity between computers.As the naming conventions suggest, LANs are for smaller, more localized networking â in a home, business, school, etc. Advantages of LANs: You must be able to describe a system in terms of advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, it allows you to consolidate resources in one central data center or in larger data centers scattered across your enterprise, rather than having distributed data in all of your potential remote-office locations. Ease of Data Sharing and Backup . One of the top benefits of a VPN is that it disguises your IP address so your activities can't be tracked. In this post, weâll show you the advantages of SD-WAN over other mainstream networking solutions. Do not always remember the good points. What is WAN? WANS also has some important advantages in terms of performance. SD-WAN architecture is now a proven approach to connecting the WAN and offers solid advantages for distributed organizations with critical branch office operations. WAN network systems could be a connection of a LAN that connects with other LAN's using telephone lines and radio waves. The Local Area Network (LAN) and the Wide Area Network (WAN) are both types of data networks. An SD-WAN operates by measuring ⦠There are two types of data networks: Wide Area Network and Local Area Network. WAN is made with the combinations of LAN and MAN. The most important consideration to be addressed at the very first stage of implementing a WAN is, whether a public or a private network is to be used. A dedicated link or the internet can be used to establish a link between networks. Because of the VPN's ability to disguise your actual IP address, your identity, location, and online activities stay private on the web. The alluring benefits appeal to the resource ⦠Kevin Barrett. IT Network Security, Network Management, WAN. These messages can have pictures, sounds, or data included with them (called attachments). However the increasing move to cloud services means that SD-WAN is able to alter this landscape. MPLS or Multiprotocol Label Switching has been the staple WAN technology for enterprises, particularly those with multiple remote sites. Advantages of SD-WAN. Businesses are adopting SD-WAN to reduce overhead and support new applications and services resulting from digital transformation. The Advantages of a WAN Over a LAN. This avoids problems where some users may have older information than others. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address. The internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth. The advantages and disadvantages of each topology will be shown in table bellow. Benefits of WAN Optimization. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. SD-WAN benefits businesses by reducing overhead costs and increasing network performance. By automating network deployment and management, both SDN and SD-WAN virtualize resources to supply enhanced performance, accelerated services delivery and improved availability while lowering total cost of ownership. Another benefit of local area network is that files can ⦠MPLS has been the preferred choice for a number of years. A WAN spans a large physical distance. SD-WAN vs WAN â The fundamental differences. The scope of activities is not limited Do multiple LAN and MAN connections with each other so very complex network and the global organization to stand out and management regulations Costs for equipment and ⦠Advantages of WAN are : * It covers large geographical area therefore networks can be made between long distances. What are the key SD WAN advantage areas to consider? A WAN links computers together over a wide geographical area. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A WAN links computers together over a wide geographical area. Browsers are software packages which allow you to navigate around the internet. WAN is designed to allow sharing of information over a broad geographical region. SD-WAN, or Software Defined WAN, is the next generation of WAN technology. The biggest advantage of local area network is that it is easy to setup and also cheap as compared to other options and therefore if the company is looking for setting up a network at low cost and with ease than local area network is the answer for such companies. It supplies the benefits generally associated with software-defined networking (SDN), but in the context of a wide area network. But first, itâs time for an introduction. Basically WAN topology is almost similar with the LAN topology consist of point-to-point topology, ring topology and star topology. SD-WAN solutions cut out expensive routing and cut down on hardware costs while offering your business the flexibility to access multi-cloud services. Digital transformation is now more vital than ever for business agility. Difference between a LAN and a WAN ; Advantages of LAN ; Advantages of WAN ; Disadvantages of LAN ; Disadvantages of WAN ; What is WAN? -Expensive things (such as printers or phone lines to the internet) can be shared by all the computers on the network without having to buy a different peripheral for each computer. WAN can be traced back from the 1970s when Frame Relay service appeared as an alternative to the point-to-point service options ⦠A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area for the primary purpose of computer networking.Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.. So, are the SD-WAN advantages enough to compel adoption? Advantages of LAN Easy and Cheap. 0. NC_Admin. Browsers are software packages which allow you to navigate around the internet. What are the advantages of WAN? LAN is used to make the connection of computers within one building. ( a brief intro) Wan is an extensive communication network, which connects locations over a broad geographical area, across continents, states, countries, and cities. Previous Next. SD-WAN is a software-defined networking approach that enables network traffic control functions to be performed from a single central location. It does this by sending you onto the internet from a server in different gateway city or country with a masked IP address. The difference between the two is in scale. A LAN is not necessarily connected to the internet. The internet. is a WAN. Cisco SD-WAN benefits - Cloud-first architecture In the Cisco SD-WAN vManage console, you can easily automate virtual private gateway deployment in IaaS and PaaS environments. WAN topology. The Benefits of SD-WAN. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to carry out its daily function regardless of location effectively. WAN (Wide Area Network) is an important computer network that is spread across a large geographical area. A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Nov 19, 2008. They provide numerous advantages for organizations including: Makes network operations easier via WAN optimization; made possible via cloud-based management and automation. However, price tags also evolve with technology, to levels that are out of reach for many small businesses. Whereas a LAN ⦠Easy to read in-depth statistics provide a level of insight helping to make sense of user and application flow. SD-WAN advantages make a solid argument for adoption. Local area network is a network for connecting computers and other computer accessories with each other. Advantages Of WAN-Messages can be sent very quickly to anyone else on the network. The advantages of a Wide Area Network are its size and speed, but it is often expensive and complicated to set up and maintain, requiring a trained network expert. There are several advantages and disadvantages for every topology. The benefits of SD-WAN have never been more apparent during these uncertain times. WAN: Wide Area Network . In addition to providing support for a variety of applications and multiple terminals, WAN allows companies to broaden their connectivity by connecting sites and supporting interconnections. A network of bank cash dispensers is a WAN. They can boost network performance without the need to acquire additional, expensive hardware as well as speed up bulk data transfers to improve disaster recovery capabilities. Wide area network (WAN) is a type of network that provides transmission of voice, data, images, and videos over the large geographical area. Benefits Of WAN. Computer accessories include printers, scanners, game consoles etc. Other SD-WAN benefits include business agility, increased security, improved application performance and lower ⦠For implementing a Wide Area Network, connection has to be made between two areas, which are geographically apart. Most WANs are made from several LANs connected together. The internet is the ultimate WAN. 3. A WAN covers a large geographical area. A LAN (local area network) is a network of computers within the same building, such as a school, home or business. Most WANs (like ⦠While SD-WAN deployment increases costs, businesses will be able to save money over time by optimizing their circuit costs and offsetting the initial deployment costs, ultimately leading to greater long-term savings. The many benefits of SD-WAN allows organizations with a distributed workforce to improve their network efficiency and reliability while lowering the costs. Cisco SD-WAN onRamp brings your applications closer to customers securely, adjusting your IPsec route as needed to help ensure service delivery and performance while monitoring the hosting infrastructure for anomalies. Before going into the main topic let me first discuss what is LAN. The list gets pretty long, because there are obviously numerous benefits to be had if you can reduce traffic you're transmitting to remote locations. â¦
2020 advantages of wan |
How to call a cow: a list of names and nicknames by alphabet
Cow is not a simple pet for many of us, but a true family member. This noble and intelligent animal has received in our people a great name - Feeder, because it is milk that gives us vitality and nutrition. Therefore, as soon as a calf or bull is born, besides the question as to how to care for
, many have a question - how to call a cow? !Consider the main nicknames right now.
It is known that in India a cow is a sacred animal. However, far from the last place this animal takes in our culture. From the beginning, the cow is considered to be the main pet in the household. Therefore, each cow is given a name.
If dogs are called to call a loud name so that they can execute teams more quickly, then the nickname for the cow should be pleasant to the ear, tender and affectionate. These animals are very sensitive to love and care. And a significant role in this is played by the name.
For many, the name of the choice is a bit complicated, because you want to separate your animal and express yourself. And there is a proverb: "As a ship you will call, so he will be swallowed."As for these animals, this proverb is truly true.
Many hosts point out that their cow is fully consistent with the name given to her. For example, "Countess" is proud and graceful, "Buranka" is a dysfunctional, "Free" freedom-loving.
• 1 How to name: at home and in breeding?
• 1.1 Classification:
• 1.2 List of nicknames
• 2 Video "Cow Companion"
How to name: at home and in breeding?
There is still no general and uniform rule for naming cows, unlike horses. If the animals are pedigree and born on the farm, then for each person a separate card with an indication of pedigree for 4-5 generations is started. Also, a nickname that must begin with the same letter as the mother's name is mandatory. On the opposite side of a bull, the nickname must begin with a letter that is the name of the father.
Cages for animals can be thought out, for example, according to the nature of the cow, and spontaneous, related, for example, with birth time. The only thing that experts do not recommend is to give human names by the type of Yul'ka, Mashka, Milka, Zhanna, Anka. Why? There are several versions of this, although many owners do not pay particular attention to these "folk beliefs."
Yes, every human name has its own patron saint, that is, holy. And this, as you already understand, is called blasphemy. In addition, calling the cow Olga or the bull by the Fight, you can be contented with the dissatisfaction of the neighbors, if, for example, they have the same name. Although, as practice shows, such nicknames are the most popular in our villages.
In a household, of course, they call cows more to their taste and desires. The only rule is that the name should be beautiful and easily memorable. Below you will find a detailed list and an approximate classification of the names of cows.
• Month of birth of an animal - Aprelka, Decembrina, March, Mike, Oktyabrinka, etc.;
• At time of day and weather - Night, Snowflake, Star, Wind, Snow, etc.;
• On the color of the wool - Chernukha, Belka, Ryzhik, Rizhukha, Pistryanka and so on;
• Names of people - Lada, Mashka, Raya, Borka, Fedka, Romka, etc.
• Flowers and plants - Rowan, Beryozha, Romashka, Malinka, etc.;
• Geographical names - Marseille, Dunayka, Ararat;
• External features - Curly, Trendy, Krasulya, Kid, Malutka, Vukhan, Borodan;
• Characteristic of the character - Soft, Tender, Dick, Vilna, Igrunov, February, Buina;
• No particular sign or commonly accepted - Koryvka, Murka, Hostess, Feeder.
List of nicknames
Letter of the alphabet
Augustine, Alpha, Aprilak, Aurora, Agafia, Hell, Azur, Alisa, Aza, Altaika, Alaska, Arkada, Arfa, Arina, Asia, Astra, Assol, Aphrodite.
August, Alpha, Alcid, Amur, April, Arnold, Afonia, Adam.
Butterfly, Belasha, Baranchik, Beryshka, Barbara, Bilyanka, Belavushka, Belka, Bilochka, Berta, Businka, Badiora, Brovka, Brusnitsa, Bagata, Buina, Buranka, Brykukha, Korivka, Bouanka.
Banderas, Basya, Bern, Bobosya, Bodia, Bonaparte, Borja, Borodin, Braviy, Bublyk, Bull, Buyan.
Valentinka, Varvara, Varya, Vanessa, Vasilina, Veselina, Venus, Verba, Party, Veselukha, Vyshnya, Volya, Vlada, Khrtovina.
Venka, Vaska, Wolf, Free, Worms, Vyatyk.
Gazelle, Geranium, Gladka, Gera, Glasha, Gloria, Golubka, Gracia, Thunderstorm, Countess, Grunya, Gryaznul.
Gavryusha, Graf, Hudson, Guy.
Dakota, Dana, Dayga, Dasha, Darenka, Dvoryanka, Decabrina, Deva, Delhi, Jamie, Juliana, Diana, Juliet, Dikush, Dinka, Dorogenk, Dora, Dorofeia, Doneck, Dunayka, Dibrova, Dunk, Serpanok, Dusya, Thumbelina
Diego, Dykun, Wild, Dnipro, Don, Don, Danube, Dyavil.
Single, Eva, Ozhina.
Yeger, Yiddie, Omelyco.
Zhanna, Pearl, Zhuha.
Jorik, Georges.
Zirnitsya, Zabava, Zyrochka, Zorya, Zimonka, Zozulka, Zoyka, Zlata, Zorka, Zosia.
Star, Zeus, Zigzag, Winter.
Yvonna, Rizzinka, Iriska, Toy, Ilyka, Iskra, Yunyuk.
Hnat, Inya, Iris.
Kalina, Drop, Carmelita, Flower, Clara, Button, Coquette, Beladona, Krasulya, Krapushka, Kricha, Kudrya, Krasunya, Doll.
Cedar, Cyprus, Krykitka, Red.
Lavender, Lada, Laguna, Lama, Laska, Lasvka, Laskva, Laura, Lasunya, Lebidka, Lady, Levada, Legenda, Leila, Linda, Lilia, Klapteva, Lyubka, Lyuba, Lyuta, Lucien, Lyalya.
Leopold, Leo, Lyubchik, February.
Madonna, Madame, Mike, Malinka, Malanka, Maliatoko, Malvina, Malva, Malyutka, Mania, Manera, Marigold, Marquise, Bereznia, Matilda, Marfa, Marfusha, Motry, Masha, Mary, Metelytsia, Melody, Milashka, Model, Moldova, Milka, Lightning, Morozka, Cherokoshka, Monika, Motya, Murka, Musa, Murenka, Fly.
Marias, Marquis, Martin, Misha, Mum, Bug.
Awakening, Award, Nick, Nida, Norma, Noyabrina, Nichka, Nravka, Nyush,
Nick, November, Noel.
Octave, Ovation, Olympics, Octavia, Osinca, Olympia, Ophelia.
Bashketnik, October.
Pestushka, Pava, Peganka, Paletra, Parizhanka, Pegashka, Pechyka, Pervokha, Victory, Polina, Polyanka, Girlfriend, Assistant, Pushyna, Novoshnitsa, Pampushka, Bedzhila, Pyatnushka.
Paris, Riaby, Strokathy, Peter, Swanky.
Rainbow, Rare, Reusvushka, Rimma, Chamomile, Rose, Rizhukha, Rybaka.
Rodrigo, Rolf, Romeo.
Welder, Sarah, Sentybrina, Severin, Seraphim, Silva, Serenade, Bold, Sympathy, Tale, Glory, Siren, Snowflake, Slavic, Smetana, Snow.
Senya, Sivka, Spartak.
Mystery, Tina, Quiet, Tradition.
Taurus, Tarzan, Tikhon.
Luck, Humorous, Fun.
Favorite, Fevronya, Fevralina, Feodora, Violet, Feya, Faina, Finka.
Fenya, Homa.
Khvalenka, Khlibna, Hostess.
Flower, Gypsy.
Tsar, Caesar.
Chornushka, Cheryshnya, Chernyavka.
Elite, Ella.
Yuzhanka, Junona.
I am
Janvarka, Amber, Berry, Bright, Jamaica, Yashma.
Zatyaty, Yashka.
Video "Companion Cow"
In this video you will see an example of a strange relationship between the cow and the person who proves that this animal is very smart, able to love and appreciate friendship.
Instagram story viewer |
In the following sentence, why is "can" appropriate than "could"? Is it a grammar thing? please explain.
• Is this a sentence you wrote or one that you found? If the former, what are you trying to say with can*/*could? If the latter, please include a link to the source. – Alan Carmack Jul 29 '16 at 18:47
Both "can" and "could" are ok, but "can" is more natural assuming the sentence is trying to convey a universal truth.
Using "could" would make the sentence feel more hypothetical, or possibly make reference to a past time, while "can" seems to match the present tense of the first clause "you are".
Since the sentence seems intended to assert that something is the case in general, the idea that the ability to make effort depends on satisfaction, then the use of can seems best.
Neither "can" nor "could" is appropriate here. In this context, both refer to ability, and your ability to put effort into your work is not dependent on your level of satisfaction. So we're really talking about probability here, not possibility or ability, which means we want "might":
"The more satisfied you are with your job, the more effort you might put into your work."
• I agree that the use of could by native speakers is not likely in this sentence, but I also suggest that would is much likely than might here. – Alan Carmack Jun 29 '16 at 17:49
• I see nothing wrong with the idea that ability to put effort into your work depends on satisfaction - that seems to be precisely what the sentence is intending to convey. – Zanna Sep 24 '20 at 6:44
Your Answer
|
Ellura Sanctuary, Swan Reach, SA, 5354
about EYES
Eye Type
Wasp with 3 Purple Jewels
Fly with 3 Ocelli
Same fly's Compound Eye
Alate Ant with 3 Ocelli
Ant with invisible Ocelli
Ant with reduced Ocelli
Caterpillar showing 5 ocelli per side
Caterpillar showing 5 ocelli per side
Moth ocellus
Moth ocellus
Wolf Spider ocelli
Jumping Spider ocelli
Wrap-around Spider ocelli
Lynx Spider ocelli
Flower Spider ocelli
Reduced Spider ocelli
Centipede ocelli
A Fly's Hairy Compound Eye
Invertebrates have two main eye types; simple & compound. Some are totally blind and don't have eyes at all.
Simple eyes are known as ocelli (this is plural, singular is ocellus). When we didn't know what they were we called them "jewels" as some wasps had very large purple ones and seemed to be an adornment. While not much is known about them, it is believed that when an animal has both compound eyes plus ocelli, the ocelli are used to help them fly and know their relation to the horizon. This theory seems to hold as most inverts that have compound eyes and don't fly have reduced ocelli. This is most obvious in ants where the alate (flying) ants have obvious ocelli, but the workers & soldiers have very reduced/invisible ones. It also seems ocelli aren't very good; think of living life with a toilet window stuck to your face. You see shapes, but no clear definition of detail. Most insects have 3 ocelli, however most Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies) only have 2. It is very difficult to see them with Lepidoptera as scales & antennae cover them (they are just above the compound eye, and very small). They are most visible with pale pyralids. There are inverts that have only simple eyes, spiders & centipedes, eg, and many larvae (caterpillars, etc). Spiders are well known for their ocelli, and clearly don't use them for flying ;-) They usually have 8 but can have 4 or 6. The interesting thing with spiders is the number & placement of their eyes is diagnostic (ie helps determine the specific species). Jumping spiders are well known for their 2 big anterior eyes, and wolf spiders for their rearward facing eyes. Sometimes they don't need all their eyes, and over time some have become reduced. When an invert dies, it's ocelli go a milky white colour.
Compound eyes are of course much more complex, and can be thought of as being structures containing many ocelli; giving much better vision. Still not as good as ours, more like looking at old pixelated photo's. You can tell the difference between different people, but that's about it.
Regardless, inverts are very successful with their impaired eye sight and rely on their other senses to help them survive.
Insects in General
Blue-spotted Hawker
"Despite extensive differences in size, shape, and functional organization, all insect compound eyes share common ancestry and consist of the same repetitive structure, the unit eye or ommatidium... The insect retina can be divided into large territories, zones, bands, or stripes with different morphological or functional properties... Very often, dorsal and ventral regions of the retina show important differences in morphology, physiology, and Rhodopsin (visual pigment) expression..." (Trends Genet. 2015 Jun; 31(6): 316-328.)
It turns out that in many insects, including dragonflies, crickets, butterflies, some bees and more, there are differences in the sensitivity of the upper and lower parts of the eyes: the upper parts are more sensitive to polarisation, which provides navigational info (the polarization of skylight follows the sun across the sky); upper parts often have yellow pigment in their lenses to filter out blue skylight => much higher contrast for moving objects agains a blue sky (like the filters you can use for black-and-white photography), and so on.
As I suspected, some of the genetic control of this differentiation is known, but not a lot. But one thing does seem pretty well established => the underlying pattern is highly conserved and all the variants we see really are variations on a theme, controlled by subtle yet powerful molecular genetic mechanisms :)
Ian Gibbins
Somewhere I vaguely remember reading about the function of those split eyes. Many insects have compound eyes that are effectively split into different zones with different optical properties / light sensitivities, usually for seeing different things above and below them. You can often see the difference in dragonfly eyes, but its really extreme in mayflies.
Meanwhile, it's worth remembering that many creatures have split visual systems eg the various eyes in spiders, with the mediam anterior two usually specialsed for colour and detail, the rest more for movement detection... which is actually not very different from our own eyes...
The human retina is effectively two concentric light detectors => the inner part is high resolution, colour; the outer part is mostly monochromatic, low light movement detection.
Ian Gibbins
Whirligig Beetles
Whirligig beetles have split eyes: the upper part for seeing in air, the lower part for seeing in water. Turns out that the visual parts fo the brains are also mostly duplicated => the visual info is processed selectively from each input and then combined somehow. Their larvae, which are under-water ambush predators, have a different visual processing system again!
Ian Gibbins
Copyright © 1996- Brett & Marie Smith. All Rights Reserved. |
Chevron Left
Volver a Understanding and Addressing Extremism Teach-Out
Opiniones y comentarios de aprendices correspondientes a Understanding and Addressing Extremism Teach-Out por parte de Universidad de Míchigan
Acerca del Curso
When someone becomes radicalized and drifts toward more extremist ideologies, it not only affects that person, but also their family, friends, wider social circle and society. In the wake of the insurrection in the U.S. Capitol on January 6th, conversations about extremism and what to do about it are on the rise. Many are concerned that extremist views are becoming more mainstream and are looking for resources to better understand and address this growing issue. This Teach-Out will provide a historical view of extremism, both international and domestic, and will discuss current issues related to online radicalism, political polarization, conspiracy theories, and recent examples of extremism. The Teach-Out will also offer learners ways in which they can take action in their own lives, counter extremism in their own communities and strategies for addressing extremist views with friends and family. In this Teach-Out, we will address the following questions: What is “extremism”? Who is an “extremist”? How has U.S. policy around terrorism and extremism evolved over the past couple of decades? How does social media and disinformation impact how extremist ideologies spread? What role does the media play in all of this? How do we talk to our friends, family, and colleagues about this topic? What can be done to raise awareness about this issue and address it in our own communities?...
Filtrar por:
1 - 2 de 2 revisiones para Understanding and Addressing Extremism Teach-Out
por Mohammed A
22 de abr. de 2021
Hugely Beneficent.
por Bill A
7 de abr. de 2021
Nothing but pure unmitigated leftist BS. |
• noelymargonzalez
Let's Grow a Garden! Part 1: Temperature, A Key Factor for Growing Our Food
Actualizado: abr 23
Winter is almost over and that means we can start preparing to grow our own food in our garden! Growing our food is a great opportunity for learning and having fun, and also for developing food sovereignty and security for ourselves, our loved ones and the community. However, have you wondered why we have to wait until the spring or summer to grow our food? Why do we need to wait until it is warmer to grow plants? What effects do temperature have in our crops? Let’s find out!
Thermometer in field
Photo by Jarosław Kwoczała on Unsplash
Temperature is an important factor that impacts plant’s growth. Plants, especially the ones that we grow in a garden like vegetables, fruits and herbs, generally prefer to grow in temperatures starting from 40 to 85 F. In extreme temperatures like in freezing weather in the winter or extreme heat in the summer, most of our garden plants become affected to the level that we can observe significant changes. Here, we’ll discuss in general terms what happens to plants when the temperatures are not favorable for their development.
What happens when it’s too cold?
1. Dormancy
Have you noticed that some plants resist the winter, while others don’t? Have you seen that the plants that resist the cold climate, perennials, often drop all their leaves when it starts getting cold in the fall? These things happen because some plants, and seeds as well, can enter a stage of dormancy when the weather gets too cold. In fact, there are two types of dormancy: 1) eco- and 2) endo- dormancy.
fall trees
Photo by Courtney Read on Unsplash
Endo-dormancy is a deeper stage of dormancy at the cell level and this is triggered by plant hormones when the plant senses climatic changes like decreased light and temperatures. In response to these signals, plants slow and/or stop their growth and their metabolic activity, like photosynthesis, and drop their leaves. When the plants are too cold and pass endo-dormancy, they can go under eco-dormancy. Eco-dormancy happens when the plant is ready to grow or become active again, but the environmental conditions do not allow for the plant to grow. The same can happen to seeds, but seeds can go into dormancy due to cold weather and also due to lack of water even if the temperature is favorable.
Here is a very general illustration on how plant hormones influence growth and development in perennial plants and seeds during different stages:
2. Low Temperature Plant Sensitivity
Cold weather, especially freezing weather, can harm many non-resistant plants like some annual vegetables or fruits. This happens because very cold weather can form small ice particles that harm or break plant’s cell membranes, provoking cell death and consequentially, plant death. In addition to cell breakage due to ice, plant cells can accumulate too many salts which eventually causes plant dehydration.
3. What happens when the winter is over?
Green Garden in spring
Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash
When the winter is over, plants can wake up from dormancy, thanks to hormones like gibberellin, auxin and cytokinins messaging and continue their activity. In the case of seeds, they’ll be able to germinate well in warmer weather with the help of water. Different crops require specific ranges of temperatures to germinate and/or grow.
4. What happens when it's too hot?
When the weather is too hot, many plants can also face damage. For instance, some plants can experience decreased growth, water stress, and dehydration when there is also lack of sufficient water or there is too much water evaporation due to heat. These problems happen because intense heat can cause significant decreases in plant photosynthesis rates and transpiration efficiency. When plants don’t do sufficient photosynthesis, this can decrease the plant cells enzymes production (like Rubisco) and also synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. The ATP is needed to produce energy and carry out activities in the cell (plants need this to live). Intense heat can therefore also impact crop productivity, decreasing yields and fruit or vegetable size and quality.
Now, let’s start planning and preparing our garden!
Now that the Winter is almost over and we’ll get appropriate temperatures for growing plants, let’s plan our garden and start some preparations.
1. Think about what kind of vegetables, fruits and/or herbs you would like to eat but that you are also able to maintain. Gardens take time, work and resources. Some plants require more care than others. For instance, tomatoes are more delicate and require more work than a herb like oregano. Also, think about what resources you have available. For instance, do you have good lighting? Do you have the required space for the types of plants you want to grow? Do you have easy access to water, pest control tools, or fertilizers?
2. Search for a local gardening guide that contains all the details on what and when crops grow best in the region. This will help you plan when to start germinating and transplanting. Cooperative Extension websites are a great source to find this type of information.
Here’s an example of a gardening guide:
Here's the link: http://sacmg.ucanr.edu/files/117117.pdf
3. Following your local gardening guide recommendations, start seed germination of your selected plants indoors until the climate gets warmer. Most annual plants prefer temperatures above 40 F to grow healthy. In the meanwhile, you can keep your plants and seedlings warm in a place inside. Seeds only need water and favorable temperature to germinate. Sow your seeds in a depth around 1.2 cm or 0.5 inches in the soil, cover them slightly if preferred, and gently add water. Some seeds take longer to germinate than others. Be careful to not over water the seeds, this might promote fungal diseases. The soil should be moist but not completely saturated.
Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash
4. After your seeds sprout, make sure to provide sufficient light. This light can be artificial (grow lights) or natural. Also, make sure to provide sufficient but not excess water. Using a spray bottle is a safe way for adding moisture to seedlings during the week. Like we mentioned before, make sure the soil is humid but not completely saturated.
Photo by Cathy VanHeest on Unsplash
To learn more, stay tuned for more upcoming gardening content this year! Let us know if you have any questions you'd like us to discuss.
Irmak, S. (2019, July 22). Impacts of extreme heat stress and increased soil temperature on plant growth and development. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2016/impacts-extreme-heat-stress-and-increased-soil-temperature-plant-growth-and-development
Longstroth, M., & Michigan State University Extension. (2018, October 02). Winter dormancy and chilling in woody plants. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/winter_dormancy_and_chilling_in_woody_plants
Rohde, A., & Bhalerao, R. (2007, April 09). Plant dormancy in the perennial context. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138507000830
Seth Nagy. N.C. Cooperative Extension. (2015, February 17). Freezing weather and why it Harms Plants. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://caldwell.ces.ncsu.edu/2015/02/freezing-weather-and-why-it-harms-plants/
UNH Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). Dormancy: A key to winter survival. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://extension.unh.edu/blog/dormancy-key-winter-survival
University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. Cooperative Extension Sacramento County. Sacramento Vegetable Planting Schedule. http://sacmg.ucanr.edu/files/117117.pdf
60 vistas0 comentarios |
The changing nature of crime has a direct impact on criminology on the simple fact that as crime changes so does the reasoning behind it.
RESPOND TO THIS: The changing nature of crime has a direct impact on criminology on the simple fact that as crime changes so does the reasoning behind it. Different people commit crimes for different reasoning, as Barlow and Kauzlarich (2010) state, “criminologists visualize their field and its subject matter reflects their particular set of beliefs and values.” (p. 10) When criminologists look at crime and try to determine the reasoning behind the individuals committing the crime, it gives them an insight as to when and how future crimes are going to be committed and be able to narrow it down to a group of individuals who fit the characteristics to commit those crimes in the future. Where the impact comes into play, is in today’s society the nature of why people commit crimes are starting to change. Although most crime can be based on the idea of greed, individuals wanting things that feel they deserve but don’t, many crimes committed these days can be attributed to necessity. When a crime committed comes out of necessity is brought to light, it could be said that crimes out of necessity do not exist, this is why it is important for criminologists to examine all the possibilities of a why a crime was committed. A crime out of necessity can come from a variety of backgrounds and be committed for completely different reasons. For instance, an individual who steals food to feed his/her family because they do not have the money to buy the food, is the same as someone who steals the food just to steal it even though they have the money. The reasons behind the crime are different but the crime is the same, this is where the changing nature of crime impacts criminology. When investigating the crime, the determination will have to be made of why the crime was committed, then the reasonings can be grouped into different categories that define the crime and help the criminal justice system determine what path to take for punishment to ensure the punishment fits the crime. So, as the nature of crimes change, so do the people that commit that crime, instead typical criminals being grouped into simple demographics, as crimes change so do the demographics of criminals. Businessmen, housewives, military, and even police officers have been known to commit crimes, so with that criminologists who study these crimes have to find a way to understand why these individuals are committing these crimes, and as these crimes evolve so should the way we classify them. Criminologists can take the information given to them, identify the demographic of individuals, group them into categories and ensure that the nature and reasoning of the crime can be understood. When the nature of the crime can start to be understood, so can the individuals who committed the crime and reasoning be understood as well. Once the changing nature of crime can start to be understood, we as a society can start putting things in place to prevent them from happening again in the future. However, as soon as we find a way to stop it, it will change again and be a part of the cycle and this is why the changing nature of crime has a huge impact on criminology. Criminological research can impact social policy with the simple fact that that if the research is done properly, it can rule out and categorize any bias theories behind the crime. When looking at the example provided in the first paragraph, a crime of necessity is a possibility, but further research must be done to ensure that individuals are treated fairly and not discriminated against. This is where criminology research can impact society, to determine if the background of the person committing the crime can be a result of inequality. As Warren (2010) points out, “Inequality is important because it implies that society is socially stratified, such that people are ordered or ranked in relation to one another.” (p. 715) Because of the inequality the currently exists in our society, people do have to commit crimes out of necessity, whether it be petty theft or grand larceny, some people can justify it to themselves that it has to be done. Right or wrong, how they justify it to themselves can be big factor in the reason behind the crime. This is what criminologist can take into consideration in their research when determining how to classify crimes and people into groups and the theories behind the crimes. When research can show the differences in the backgrounds of individuals committing the crimes, they can be placed into those groups and show the demographic of where the majority of the crimes come from. Take into consideration where the majority of crimes are committed and the class of individuals committing the crime. One could say that in upper class areas, the crime rate is normally lower, is this because the crimes are not reported or the class of people that live there do not commit crimes. On the opposite spectrum, inner cities or lower-class neighborhoods have a higher crime rate. This is where the inequality factors can come into play, just like in the real-life scenario, a person from a higher class is not going to steal food, where as someone who cannot afford it such as a lower-class person would. This can be related to the inequality of the two individuals, they are not equal but that does not make them any better than one another. Criminology research would show the differences in the two individuals from different classes and explain the differences in their social classes. When these people are divided into these categories, the impact that is has on social theory of the individuals, not only spreads the divide in between the two classes, but it continues to put a further strain on the views of upper-class citizens on the lower class. If in criminology research, the distinct differences of individuals are not identified, it makes it even more difficult on the individuals that are put into that lower class. Criminology research is based on facts and if done properly, inequality differences between classes should not have an effect. Criminology can help or hinder social theory, but it can highlight and define why crimes are committed. |
Which side was Michigan on in the Civil War?
There’s an ongoing protest at a Michigan high school, with Confederate flag waving students irate about an incident in which a black student ripped a traitor’s flag off of a white student’s truck. Now there are dozens of trucks cruising the school with their silly little flags.
I had to ask myself, “Wait a minute, Michigan is as far north as Minnesota, isn’t it? Were they a rebel state, too?” That’s rhetorical, by the way. I looked it up, even though I didn’t need to.
Didn’t these kids learn any history in their high school?
Myers [NO RELATION] said the flag represented “a country boy thing” to him and his friends, and he told a reporter the symbol has been “part of American history” since the founding of the U.S.
“We’re flying the flag because of injustice,” Myers said. “It looks cool in the mirror,” he said.
No, apparently they did not.
I guess flying a flag representing slavery is actually “because of injustice”, just not the way they understand it.
1. says
I want to emphasize that that Myers clown may know how to correctly spell his name, but otherwise is an ignorant wanker who is not related to me.
2. Oggie. says
The Traitor’s Rag has become a culturally acceptable way of saying to the world, “I am a racist.” A sentiment that, stated baldly, would get one removed from school for a week or a day, or fired from your job.
When I lived in Maryland, I was always amused (not in a good way) by the people from West Virginia who proudly flew the Traitor’s Rag. Do they even know why West Virginia is no longer part of Virginia? (For that matter, I doubt any of them realize that the term ‘redneck’ refers to the pro-union side in the labour disputes of the late 19th through the mid 20th centuries.)
3. blf says
the symbol has been ‘part of American history’ since the founding of the US
Most likely this is referring to what is now often called the “Confederate Flag” (or a variety of other names). That design is based on the N.Virgina battle flag, first used in c.1861 (according to Ye Pffft! of All Knowledge). I haven’t a clew when the design originated, and the cited article indicates who originated it is a manner of controversy. The flag itself doesn’t seem much older, suggesting the design / symbol dates from around the same time — which, to return to the point, has not been ‘part of American history’ since the founding of the US. (Corrections with credible citations most welcome!)
4. archangelospumoni says
To the crackers who like the traitor flag: “Here’s your sign.”
Look it up.
5. cartomancer says
Comment #1 – Fame evolutionist PZ Meyers denies common descent! Checkmate atheists!
6. says
Yes, I live in rural Connecticut and we see quite a few Confederate battle flags. The front license plate of the personal truck of a fire lieutenant in Canterbury is a Confederate battle flag. A guy has two of them proudly displayed in his front yard that I drive past whenever I go to the supermarket. Sometimes people actually fly them from their pickup trucks, alongside a U.S. flag. Lots of people have decals in the back window of their truck. Once a copy on detail in his private vehicle had a Confederate flag decal on the windshield.
What is this supposed to mean? These people have probably never been south of New London. It’s a declaration of racism, nothing else.
7. microraptor says
At my old job, the first day they gave us a big spiel about how hate speech wasn’t tolerated blah blah blah.
First thing we saw when we went out onto the floor was a supervisor’s cubicle with a Confederate flag pinned to the wall. Yeah, no hate speech allowed.
8. a_ray_in_dilbert_space says
To conservatives, truth as always been a la carte, and the American Civil War is a prime example. There is an interesting, albeit perhaps a bit too sympathetic, portrayal of the history of the “Lost Cause” myth (in which the Civil War is depicted as a valiant resistance by the South) here:
The Civil War was never about “freedom” or “states’ rights”. It was always about one particular state right–that to own own human beings as chattel. Despite a critical shortage of manpower, whenever a Southerner had the temerity to suggest that slaves could be armed to defend the country in exchange for their freedom, that person was isolated and viewed with suspicion (e.g. Major General Patrick Cleburne).
The Lost Cause myth served a useful purpose after the war as a narrative (read “convenient lie”) both sides could agree upon (or at least, let pass) to salve the wounds on both sides. However, it does quite a bit of violence to the truth. Slavery was not only the main cause of the war, it was largely the cause of the South’s defeat, as it allowed the South to remain a backward, agricultural fiefdom where not only black slaves, but “white trash” were beaten down.
In the North, the glorification of the Confederate battle flag and the confederate cause has been more of a class distinction. Most of the sympathizers are utterly ignorant of the history, although they may be aware of the whiff of racism the Flag gives off, and that is just fine with them. Historian Alan Nolan has suggested that the adoption of the Lost Cause was a triumph of legend over history. I’d say that it’s stupidity over reality.
9. brett says
I think this is it:
It’s like that “smokestacks” thing with the trucks. It’s a way for conservative (mostly rural) white young men to raise a middle finger at people, especially liberal folk.
10. says
To quote a famous Michigander: “If you black, you were born in jail, in the North as well as the South.
Stop talking about the South,” Malcolm X implored his audience. “As long
as you South of the Canadian border, you South.”
11. Chris Capoccia says
Does the confederate moron have any proof that his flag got stolen? It seemed to me like he was just making threats with no evidence
12. Ragutis says
I have a few relatives in MI. I haven’t visited often, but from what I’ve seen,outside of the urban centers, things get redneck fast. My aunt and uncle sold all their shit to move into an exclusive, gated community when THE MUSLIMS started moving into Dearborn. This is just another example of what should be a True Blue labor/worker state being swindled to act and vote against their best interests because of the Others. FFS, the aunt and uncle I mentioned above were friggin immigrants. Instead of seeing brothers and sisters fleeing persecution and war as they did , they focus on the tragedy of their rye bread and dried meats delis being INVADED and USURPED by Halal grocers.
13. cartomancer says
In England it used to be the case (in the 70s and 80s) that flying the St. George’s Cross flag (the white one with the red cross, signifying England only, as opposed to the full Union Jack signifying all of Britain) was something only racists did, to intimidate immigrants. There are still older people from immigrant backgrounds who find the sight of the flag deeply worrying.
This changed in the 90s, when it became a fairly innocuous thing that football fans did to show their support in the World Cup. Nowadays nobody really has a problem with it. I was wondering whether this might happen to the Confederate flag in the US, but the big difference is that the overtones of racism with the St. George Cross were external and laid on by context – the Confederate one was created and used to represent the cause of racism from the beginning.
Quite why anybody still uses anything but the Welsh flag I have no idea. It’s got a sodding dragon on it for goodness’ sake.
14. blf says
the Welsh flag […] got a sodding dragon on it
Either it’s a very small lightweight dragon, or else the flag is made of some incredible substance to support the oversized overweight firefly.
15. says
I’ve occasionally seen the flag here in Canada (though as a sticker on a vehicle). I’m curious what those who display it would claim it represents to them.
16. HawkAtreides says
See also: Confederate flags in West Virginia, the only state to secede from another state in order to remain with the Union. Nowadays one would be forgiven for believing the opposite.
17. David says
The only Confederate flag that matters in the white one they waved when they lost the war.
18. kevinalexander says
Michigan fought for the North in 1860. By the time the auto industry and associated work needed labour there was a great migration from the South. I can remember still hearing Mississippi accents in Detroit in the 1970s.
Then the industry tanked in the rust belt and the out of work turned, as always, on the people who didn’t do that to them.
19. unclefrogy says
kind of reminds me of the pickpocket ploy of bump and stall where 2 person team manipulate the mark so they can pick his pocket. Here the working classes are distracted by each other while the employers can duck from the majority of their responsibilities to society.
I am getting surprised more lately by where my thinking is heading, As I grow older my tolerance for BS is diminishing.
enough is bloody enough all ready!
uncle frogy
20. gijoel says
Next up, alt-right youths claim they wear nazi uniforms because they like Hugo Boss.
21. says
Tabby@16, I think a large percentage of those up here who have Confederate flag stuff just think of it as a “rebel” flag, while generally being ignorant of what the rebelling was about. I wouldn’t be surprised if a lot of the older ones do it because they associate with The Dukes of Hazzard, again ignorant or ignoring who the General Lee was named after. Of course there are Canadians who are well aware what the flag stands for, and use it because of that.
22. Johnny Vector says
Oh come now, every good ol’ gun-lovin’ patriot knows it doesn’t stand for slavery. It stands for treason!
23. springa73 says
Yeah, you see it even in Massachusetts. These days it mostly means “I’m a conservative white person and proud of it.”
24. roverserton says
Sadly, this is my alma mater. I graduated here in 1976, a class of 440. I don’t remember any blacks, and only a handful of Mexicans. I’m afraid that the mainstreaming of the alt-right is going to only increase this type of behavior.
25. call me mark says
I respectfully, and sadly, disagree with cartomancer’s comment at number 14. Anecdata, but I’ve often seen the flag of St George frequently flown side-by-side with EDL and Britain First flags in some areas of Leeds. |
Legal Articles
Eric M. UpdegraffEmployment Law Basics: What do you need to know if you or a loved one have a disability and are working?
The two most important things to understand are that what constitutes a disability and what protections are provided to individuals with a disability.Disability Definition:
The Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the Iowa Civil Rights Act (“ICRA”) prevent an employer from discriminating against an employee based on a disability. A disability is a condition or impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A “major life activity” can include a lot of different things like: (1) walking; (2) caring for oneself; (3) working; (4) talking; and (5) lifting. It is a fact specific inquiry. The term “substantially limits” does not require that the condition totally prevent performing the major life activity. It also does not require that the condition significantly or severely restrict performance of a major life activity.
There is no exhaustive list of what conditions constitute a disability under the law. The key factors are the severity of the condition and the impairments arising from that condition.
Reasonable Accommodation:
LA-disability.jpgThe major protection that the law provides a disabled worker in the workplace is the reasonable accommodation requirement.
An employee with a disability should inform their employer of any necessary accommodations that would allow the employee to perform the job. An employer must accommodate only those disabilities it knows about or should have known about. If you have a disability the best way to make sure the employer knows about it is to tell the employer. It is probably best to do so in writing when possible.
An employer must engage in an interactive dialogue with the employee about their disability and make any reasonable accommodations. The employer should discuss potential accommodations with the employee and work toward a solution. An employer cannot fire an employee for requesting an accommodation.
The employer must only agree to reasonable accommodations that are not unduly burdensome. The employer does not have to reassign essential functions of an employee’s job duties. The employer does not have to incur expenses that are cost prohibitive.
However, an employer must keep in mind that a reasonable accommodation usually works to treat a disabled worker better than a worker without a disability.
A proactive approach to disabilities in the workplace can help both sides create a positive work environment. |
5 Famous Poisonings True Crime Fans Will Love
Famous Poisonings, featured image
For millennia human beings have used lethal ingestible substances to kill each other for political gain or financial gain. These are a few of the most morbid, theatrical, and historically famous poisonings in history. Please enjoy.
a mosaic of Alexander the Great, one of the famous poisonings in history
1. Alexander the Great
This poison’ee needs no introduction. Because even that lazy guy in high school who paid someone to take their world history class knows precisely or has at least heard of Alexander the Great. However, they might not be aware that an unknown killer allegedly poisoned the 32-year-old conquerer in 323 BCE.
Historians who believe there was foul play in Alexander’s death are not a common occurrence, with most disagreeing on the type of poison and even more disagree on whether or not there was any poisoning at all.
In fact, most scholars blame Alexander’s untimely death on diseases such as Typhus or Malaria. Since the records describing Alexander’s death were written years later and marred by suspicious motives, most scholars are left wondering how he truly died.
However, if Alexander was indeed poisoned, most scientists believe the culprit was probably one of the conquerer’s generals who slipped in a plant called hellebore into his drink. This substance causes the symptoms Alexander was reported to have leading up to his death. Such as fever, abdominal pain, and neuromuscular deterioration.
However, those reports, like the entire case that Alexander was poisoned, should be taken with a microscopically small grain of salt. However, the poisoning sounds much more fun than a disease.
an illustration of Pope John VIII
2. John VIII
This poisoning is a bit of an early middle-ages conundrum because Pope John VIII was poisoned, yes, but didn’t die from the injection of lethal chemicals.
No, John VIII was murdered with a hammer. His assassin, who reportedly poisoned John VIII’s drink but grew impatient with the Pope not dying quickly enough, and bashed his head with a hammer to speed up the process, thus creating one of the most obsolete and completely unnecessary poisonings in all of history.
Patience is truly a virtue.
3. Emperor Augustus
Almost all ancient deaths are rather mysterious given the significant time that’s past between now and early human civilization, allowing potentially helpful information to fade away through time. 2,000 years ago, there was such a death that continues to be shrouded in mystery—the demise of Emperor Augustus.
Historians are still not fully decided on the actual cause of Augustus’s death, but some like to stipulate that his wife killed him with a poisoned fig. However, even in the story, the intent was not malicious.
According to the story, Augustus was already in terrible health and wanted a smooth death and transition of power, so he decided to kill himself to help things move along (how nice of him). Although the morbid procedure probably wasn’t actually carried out by his wife, the death by suicide is a possibility scholars entertain.
a picture of Maria Swanenburg, one of the famous poisonings of her time
4. Maria Swanenburg
Let’s flip the script and change perspectives—time to focus on a poisoner’s story instead of a poison-ee.
Maria Swanenburg was a Dutch woman who enjoyed the strange but very passionate hobby of poisoning people with arsenic to claim their insurance money. Her hobby led to at least 27 confirmed deaths against 90 arsenic poisoning victims, with some estimations going as high as 108 victims, including close relationships such as her own mother.
The deaths, according to authorities, the poisonings were carried out from the years of 1880 to 1883, when Maria’s murder spree was cut short due to her being caught trying to poison an entire family.
After authorities discovered the grand scope of Maria’s crimes, they sentenced her to life in a correctional facility where she lived out the rest of her days until death took her in 1915.
Today Maria is classified as a serial killer and one of the most deadly poisoners in history.
an illustration of Ptolemy XIV, another victim of famous poisonings in history
5. Ptolemy XIV
Many people don’t know that Cleopatra was Greek and not of Egyptian birth.
They also don’t know that she poisoned her brother/husband/king to allow her love child with Caesar to become the next ruler in the Ptolemaic dynasty (a royal line stemming from one of Alexander the Great’s Macedonian generals who ruled Egypt until Octavian took over the territory from Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 31 BCE).
Just like any other family, right?
Stephanie Pappas (January 15, 2014). New Theory: Alexander the Great Poisoned by Flowering Herb?. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/42596-alexander-the-great-poison-theory.html
(March 31, 2021). Pope John VIII. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VIII
Donna Hurley (April 26, 2004). Livia (Wife of Augustus). Retrieved from https://www.roman-emperors.org/livia.htm
(April 12, 2021).Maria Swanenburg. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Swanenburg
Thayer Watkins. The Timeline of the Life of Cleopatra. Retrieved from https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cleopatra.htm
History Hustle Weekly Newsletter
History Hustle |
5.1 kg to lbs - 5.1 kilograms to pounds
Do you need to know how much is 5.1 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 5.1 kg to lbs? Here it is. This whole article is dedicated to kilogram to pound conversion - theoretical and practical too. It is also needed/We also want to highlight that all this article is dedicated to one number of kilograms - that is one kilogram. So if you want to learn more about 5.1 kg to pound conversion - keep reading.
Before we get to the more practical part - that is 5.1 kg how much lbs calculation - we are going to tell you a little bit of theoretical information about these two units - kilograms and pounds. So we are starting.
How to convert 5.1 kg to lbs? 5.1 kilograms it is equal 11.243575362 pounds, so 5.1 kg is equal 11.243575362 lbs.
5.1 kgs in pounds
5.1 kilogram to pounds
How many lbs is 5.1 kg?
5.1 kilogram is equal to 11.243575362 pounds. If You want convert kilograms to pounds, multiply the kilogram value by 2.2046226218.
5.1 kg in lbs
The most theoretical section is already behind us. In next section we will tell you how much is 5.1 kg to lbs. Now you know that 5.1 kg = x lbs. So it is high time to get the answer. Just look:
5.1 kilogram = 11.243575362 pounds.
That is an accurate outcome of how much 5.1 kg to pound. You can also round off this result. After rounding off your result is as following: 5.1 kg = 11.22 lbs.
You learned 5.1 kg is how many lbs, so have a look how many kg 5.1 lbs: 5.1 pound = 0.45359237 kilograms.
Of course, this time you can also round off the result. After rounding off your outcome is exactly: 5.1 lb = 0.45 kgs.
We are also going to show you 5.1 kg to how many pounds and 5.1 pound how many kg outcomes in tables. See:
We are going to start with a chart for how much is 5.1 kg equal to pound.
5.1 Kilograms to Pounds conversion table
5.1 11.243575362 11.220
Now see a table for how many kilograms 5.1 pounds.
Pounds Kilograms Kilograms (rounded off to two decimal places
5.1 0.45359237 0.45
Now you know how many 5.1 kg to lbs and how many kilograms 5.1 pound, so we can go to the 5.1 kg to lbs formula.
5.1 kg to pounds
Amount of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the 11.243575362 outcome in pounds
So go to the second version of a formula, which also enables conversions to learn how much 5.1 kilogram in pounds.
The second formula is down below, see:
Amount of kilograms * 2.2 = the outcome in pounds
As you see, this version is simpler. It could be the best choice if you want to make a conversion of 5.1 kilogram to pounds in quick way, for example, during shopping. Just remember that final outcome will be not so accurate.
Now we want to show you these two formulas in practice. But before we will make a conversion of 5.1 kg to lbs we want to show you another way to know 5.1 kg to how many lbs without any effort.
5.1 kg to lbs converter
Another way to learn what is 5.1 kilogram equal to in pounds is to use 5.1 kg lbs calculator. What is a kg to lb converter?
Calculator is an application. Converter is based on longer version of a formula which we gave you above. Thanks to 5.1 kg pound calculator you can quickly convert 5.1 kg to lbs. Just enter amount of kilograms which you need to calculate and click ‘calculate’ button. You will get the result in a flash.
So try to convert 5.1 kg into lbs with use of 5.1 kg vs pound calculator. We entered 5.1 as a number of kilograms. This is the outcome: 5.1 kilogram = 11.243575362 pounds.
As you can see, our 5.1 kg vs lbs calculator is intuitive.
Now we can go to our main topic - how to convert 5.1 kilograms to pounds on your own.
5.1 kg to lbs conversion
We will start 5.1 kilogram equals to how many pounds conversion with the first version of a formula to get the most accurate outcome. A quick reminder of a formula:
Number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = 11.243575362 the result in pounds
So what have you do to learn how many pounds equal to 5.1 kilogram? Just multiply amount of kilograms, this time 5.1, by 2.20462262. It is exactly 11.243575362. So 5.1 kilogram is 11.243575362.
It is also possible to round off this result, for example, to two decimal places. It is 2.20. So 5.1 kilogram = 11.220 pounds.
It is high time for an example from everyday life. Let’s calculate 5.1 kg gold in pounds. So 5.1 kg equal to how many lbs? As in the previous example - multiply 5.1 by 2.20462262. It gives 11.243575362. So equivalent of 5.1 kilograms to pounds, when it comes to gold, is exactly 11.243575362.
In this case it is also possible to round off the result. This is the result after rounding off, this time to one decimal place - 5.1 kilogram 11.22 pounds.
How many 5.1 kg to lbs
Amount of kilograms * 2.2 = 11.22 the result in pounds
So 5.1 kg equal to how much lbs? As in the previous example you need to multiply number of kilogram, in this case 5.1, by 2.2. Have a look: 5.1 * 2.2 = 11.22. So 5.1 kilogram is equal 2.2 pounds.
Do another conversion with use of shorer version of a formula. Now convert something from everyday life, for instance, 5.1 kg to lbs weight of strawberries.
So let’s convert - 5.1 kilogram of strawberries * 2.2 = 11.22 pounds of strawberries. So 5.1 kg to pound mass is 11.22.
If you know how much is 5.1 kilogram weight in pounds and are able to calculate it with use of two different versions of a formula, let’s move on. Now we are going to show you these results in charts.
Convert 5.1 kilogram to pounds
We are aware that outcomes presented in tables are so much clearer for most of you. We understand it, so we gathered all these outcomes in tables for your convenience. Thanks to this you can quickly compare 5.1 kg equivalent to lbs outcomes.
Start with a 5.1 kg equals lbs table for the first formula:
Kilograms Pounds Pounds (after rounding off to two decimal places)
5.1 11.243575362 11.220
And now let’s see 5.1 kg equal pound table for the second formula:
Kilograms Pounds
5.1 11.22
As you can see, after rounding off, if it comes to how much 5.1 kilogram equals pounds, the results are not different. The bigger number the more significant difference. Remember it when you need to do bigger amount than 5.1 kilograms pounds conversion.
How many kilograms 5.1 pound
Now you learned how to calculate 5.1 kilograms how much pounds but we want to show you something more. Do you want to know what it is? What do you say about 5.1 kilogram to pounds and ounces conversion?
We want to show you how you can calculate it little by little. Begin. How much is 5.1 kg in lbs and oz?
First thing you need to do is multiply amount of kilograms, this time 5.1, by 2.20462262. So 5.1 * 2.20462262 = 11.243575362. One kilogram is exactly 2.20462262 pounds.
To convert how much 5.1 kilogram is equal to pounds and ounces you have to multiply fraction part by 16. So multiply 20462262 by 16. It is exactly 327396192 ounces.
As you can see, calculation 5.1 kilogram in pounds and ounces quite simply.
The last calculation which we are going to show you is calculation of 5.1 foot pounds to kilograms meters. Both of them are units of work.
• 5.1 kilograms meters = 7.23301385 foot pounds,
• 5.1 foot pounds = 0.13825495 kilograms meters.
Now look at a formula:
So to convert 5.1 foot pounds to kilograms meters you have to multiply 5.1 by 0.13825495. It is 0.13825495. So 5.1 foot pounds is 0.13825495 kilogram meters.
It is also possible to round off this result, for instance, to two decimal places. Then 5.1 foot pounds will be exactly 0.14 kilogram meters.
We hope that this calculation was as easy as 5.1 kilogram into pounds conversions.
This article was a big compendium about kilogram, pound and 5.1 kg to lbs in calculation. Thanks to this calculation you know 5.1 kilogram is equivalent to how many pounds.
We showed you not only how to do a calculation 5.1 kilogram to metric pounds but also two other conversions - to check how many 5.1 kg in pounds and ounces and how many 5.1 foot pounds to kilograms meters.
We showed you also other solution to make 5.1 kilogram how many pounds calculations, that is using 5.1 kg en pound converter. It will be the best solution for those of you who do not like calculating on your own at all or need to make @baseAmountStr kg how lbs conversions in quicker way.
We hope that now all of you can make 5.1 kilogram equal to how many pounds conversion - on your own or using our 5.1 kgs to pounds converter.
So what are you waiting for? Convert 5.1 kilogram mass to pounds in the best way for you.
Do you need to make other than 5.1 kilogram as pounds conversion? For example, for 5 kilograms? Check our other articles! We guarantee that conversions for other numbers of kilograms are so simply as for 5.1 kilogram equal many pounds.
How much is 5.1 kg in pounds
To quickly sum up this topic, that is how much is 5.1 kg in pounds , we gathered answers to the most frequently asked questions. Here you can see all you need to know about how much is 5.1 kg equal to lbs and how to convert 5.1 kg to lbs . Have a look.
What is the kilogram to pound conversion? The conversion kg to lb is just multiplying 2 numbers. Let’s see 5.1 kg to pound conversion formula . It is down below:
The number of kilograms * 2.20462262 = the result in pounds
How does the result of the conversion of 5.1 kilogram to pounds? The correct result is 11.243575362 lbs.
You can also calculate how much 5.1 kilogram is equal to pounds with second, shortened type of the formula. Check it down below.
The number of kilograms * 2.2 = the result in pounds
So this time, 5.1 kg equal to how much lbs ? The answer is 11.243575362 lbs.
How to convert 5.1 kg to lbs in just a moment? You can also use the 5.1 kg to lbs converter , which will make whole mathematical operation for you and give you an accurate answer .
Kilograms [kg]
Pounds [lbs]
5.01 kg to lbs = 11.04516
5.02 kg to lbs = 11.06721
5.03 kg to lbs = 11.08925
5.04 kg to lbs = 11.11130
5.05 kg to lbs = 11.13334
5.06 kg to lbs = 11.15539
5.07 kg to lbs = 11.17744
5.08 kg to lbs = 11.19948
5.09 kg to lbs = 11.22153
5.1 kg to lbs = 11.24358
5.11 kg to lbs = 11.26562
5.12 kg to lbs = 11.28767
5.13 kg to lbs = 11.30971
5.14 kg to lbs = 11.33176
5.15 kg to lbs = 11.35381
5.16 kg to lbs = 11.37585
5.17 kg to lbs = 11.39790
5.18 kg to lbs = 11.41995
5.19 kg to lbs = 11.44199
5.2 kg to lbs = 11.46404
5.21 kg to lbs = 11.48608
5.22 kg to lbs = 11.50813
5.23 kg to lbs = 11.53018
5.24 kg to lbs = 11.55222
5.25 kg to lbs = 11.57427
5.26 kg to lbs = 11.59631
5.27 kg to lbs = 11.61836
5.28 kg to lbs = 11.64041
5.29 kg to lbs = 11.66245
5.3 kg to lbs = 11.68450
5.31 kg to lbs = 11.70655
5.32 kg to lbs = 11.72859
5.33 kg to lbs = 11.75064
5.34 kg to lbs = 11.77268
5.35 kg to lbs = 11.79473
5.36 kg to lbs = 11.81678
5.37 kg to lbs = 11.83882
5.38 kg to lbs = 11.86087
5.39 kg to lbs = 11.88292
5.4 kg to lbs = 11.90496
5.41 kg to lbs = 11.92701
5.42 kg to lbs = 11.94905
5.43 kg to lbs = 11.97110
5.44 kg to lbs = 11.99315
5.45 kg to lbs = 12.01519
5.46 kg to lbs = 12.03724
5.47 kg to lbs = 12.05929
5.48 kg to lbs = 12.08133
5.49 kg to lbs = 12.10338
5.5 kg to lbs = 12.12542
5.51 kg to lbs = 12.14747
5.52 kg to lbs = 12.16952
5.53 kg to lbs = 12.19156
5.54 kg to lbs = 12.21361
5.55 kg to lbs = 12.23566
5.56 kg to lbs = 12.25770
5.57 kg to lbs = 12.27975
5.58 kg to lbs = 12.30179
5.59 kg to lbs = 12.32384
5.6 kg to lbs = 12.34589
5.61 kg to lbs = 12.36793
5.62 kg to lbs = 12.38998
5.63 kg to lbs = 12.41203
5.64 kg to lbs = 12.43407
5.65 kg to lbs = 12.45612
5.66 kg to lbs = 12.47816
5.67 kg to lbs = 12.50021
5.68 kg to lbs = 12.52226
5.69 kg to lbs = 12.54430
5.7 kg to lbs = 12.56635
5.71 kg to lbs = 12.58840
5.72 kg to lbs = 12.61044
5.73 kg to lbs = 12.63249
5.74 kg to lbs = 12.65453
5.75 kg to lbs = 12.67658
5.76 kg to lbs = 12.69863
5.77 kg to lbs = 12.72067
5.78 kg to lbs = 12.74272
5.79 kg to lbs = 12.76476
5.8 kg to lbs = 12.78681
5.81 kg to lbs = 12.80886
5.82 kg to lbs = 12.83090
5.83 kg to lbs = 12.85295
5.84 kg to lbs = 12.87500
5.85 kg to lbs = 12.89704
5.86 kg to lbs = 12.91909
5.87 kg to lbs = 12.94113
5.88 kg to lbs = 12.96318
5.89 kg to lbs = 12.98523
5.9 kg to lbs = 13.00727
5.91 kg to lbs = 13.02932
5.92 kg to lbs = 13.05137
5.93 kg to lbs = 13.07341
5.94 kg to lbs = 13.09546
5.95 kg to lbs = 13.11750
5.96 kg to lbs = 13.13955
5.97 kg to lbs = 13.16160
5.98 kg to lbs = 13.18364
5.99 kg to lbs = 13.20569
6 kg to lbs = 13.22774 |
28 Matching Annotations
1. Sep 2020
1. Tetzcotzingo
2. Jul 2020
3. Dec 2019
1. tragic poetry of Greece
2. Theseus
Theseus was the mythical king and founder-hero of Athens. Plutarch's Life of Theseus makes use of varying accounts of the death of the Minotaur, Theseus' escape, and the love of Ariadne for Theseus.
3. Solon
Solon (c. 638 – c. 558 BC) was an Athenian poet, statesman, and lawmaker. In Plutarch's telling, he is particularly notable for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in pre-Socratic Athens.
4. I shall kill no albatross,
This expression is a reference to Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," in which the Mariner inexplicably slays an albatross. The allusion may imply that Walton will play the role of Coleridge's Wedding Guest instead: he will listen to Victor's long, obsessive story that will ultimately be a confession of guilt, like the Ancient Mariner' tale. Since the poem was not published until September 1798, this reference also places the "17--" date of these letters as the summer of 1799. On the poem's role in the novel, see Beth Lau, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Frankenstein," in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Sciences of Life, ed. Nicholas Roe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001): 207-23.
Victor refers to the Greeks' long retreat from Armenia in Xenophon's Anabasis: "And when all had reached the summit [having made it], then indeed they fell to embracing one another, and generals and captains as well, with tears in their eyes" (4.7).
6. Lycurgus
Lycurgus (c. 820 BC) was the legendary reformer of Sparta. He established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society, and promoted the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens, at least), austerity, and military fitness.
7. Greece had not been enslaved
In ancient Greece it was common practice to enslave entire populations of a conquered nation. Greece was conquered by the Romans in 146 CE.
1. say a few words of consolation; he could only express his heartfelt sympathy. “Poor William!” said he, “dear lovely child, 59he now sleeps with his angel mother! Who that had seen him bright and joyous in his young beauty, but must weep over his untimely loss! To die so miserably; to feel the murderer’s grasp! How much more a murderer, that could destroy such radiant innocence! Poor little fellow! one only consolation have we; his friends mourn and weep, but he is at rest. The pang is over, his sufferings are at an end for ever. A sod covers his gentle form, and he knows no pain. He can no longer be a subject for pity; we must reserve that for his miserable survivors.”
In 1831, Clerval's words emotionally underscore the abhorrent nature of the crime. This outcry replaces a more philosophical reference in 1818 to the "maxims of the Stoics."
4. Jun 2019
2. the fact that they likely evolved to counteract oxidative stress,
5. May 2019
Interestingly other megalithic cultures have artistic renderings of a "birdman" as well, including the Incan, Mayan, and Egyptian cultures.
6. Jan 2019
7. Nov 2017
1. Now, on to my third problem: I think Angus Maddison may be doing things wrong. I realize this is a rather presumptuous thing to say, but I think it's true. Specifically, the assumption that GDP before 1700 was proportional to agricultural productivity seems to me not to be a good one. The reason is that even in a non-industrial society, there is a potentially huge source of GDP increases: trade. Remember, in a world where output is mostly in the form of commodities (i.e. no increasing returns to scale), the old Ricardian theory of trade makes a lot of sense. Stable ancient empires that could act as free trade zones were probably capable of dramatically increasing their per capita GDP beyond the base provided by the productivity of their land. This is the finding of Ian Morris in Why the West Rules For Now. He constructs a "social development index" that includes things like urbanization and military capabilities, and probably correlates with an ancient region's per capita GDP (it is hard to build cities and make war without producing stuff). He finds dramatic changes in this social development index over the course of the Roman Empire; at its height, Rome seems to have been extremely rich, but a couple centuries earlier or later it was desperately poor. Morris corroborates this index with data on shipwrecks, lead poisoning, and other things that would tend to correlate with output. Basically, Rome saw huge fluctuations in per capita GDP. But it is unlikely that Rome's agricultural productivity changed much over this time. Instead, what probably happened was the rise and fall of cross-Mediterranean trade. If trade could make Rome dramatically richer, and its absence could make Rome dramatically poorer, then Maddison's data set is wrong. Just because most people in 100 AD were farmers does not mean that most people were subsistence farmers. And frankly, I'm not sure how people use Maddison's data set without noticing this fact.
Trading is very important. The West advantage over China in the past.
8. Sep 2017
9. Jul 2017
1. The ancient mode of production
10. Jun 2017
11. Feb 2017
Learning about these "lost places" is so cool!
Interesting to think about this.
12. Feb 2016
1. How did animals help create the world? • How were the earth, sun, and moon formed? • Who created human beings? 0 How did Coyote influence the world?
1) The animals were there for humans when they needed help. 2) They were created by the mother and father. 3) Human beings were created by the mother and father.
2. How were human beings created? • Where did they obtain their knowledge, and how did they provide for themselves?
1) Human beings were created by birth from mother and father.
2) The father passed on his offspring and that his how they gained knowledge.
13. Jan 2016
1. Now like all the surpassing beings the Earth-mother and the Sky-father were changeable, even as smoke in the wind; transmutable at thought, manifesting themselves in any form at will, like as dancers may by mask-making.
It is amazing how descriptive the world was made. The way things are being described in this document make me think of how peaceful this world was made to be. How come it could not be like this anymore?
2. The boy that remained in the lodge grew very rapidly, and soon was able to make himself bows and arrows and to go out to hunt in the vicinity. Finally, for several days he returned home without his bow and arrows. At last he was asked why he had to have a new bow and arrows every morning
The boy had to teach himself how to use things. When we grow up we do not rely on our parents as much, we have to explore the world on our own.
14. Sep 2013
Does this still apply today? |
Storing a list in an int
Python’s default ints, unlike in C, Rust or Go, are of arbitrary size.1,2 What that means is there’s no absolute maximum value your ints can store. They’ll grow as long as they fit in memory. For example, you can open python3 and run the following. So a normal, every-day int in python can easily storeContinue reading “Storing a list in an int”
Add files if using pkg_resources
If you’re working on a python package, and you’re using setuptools‘s pkg_resources for handling data files in your package, then you should add files to all your internal sub-directories. In fact, just make your life easier and always add packages everywhere as if you were using python2, because not having them also createsContinue reading “Add files if using pkg_resources” |
Smoking and Electronic Cigarette Use Among High School Students
Smoking and Electronic Cigarette Use Among High School Students
An electronic cigarette is a very small digital camera which basically behaves like cigarette smoking. It usually consists of a battery, an atomizer, and a tool just like a tank or cartridge to hold your liquid. Instead of tobacco, an individual also inhales fake vapor. Therefore, using an e-cigarette obviously is described as “smoking” instead of smoking tobacco.
The vapor from an e-cigarette, while it may Vape Shop look like smoke, is really just water vaporizing in your mouth and throat. The number of nicotine present in the smoke from an e cigarette, will change from brand to brand, so you will typically not get as much nicotine in a single puff of the cigarette as you would with a normal cigarette. That is the reason why e smokers aren’t as addictive as regular smokers. With this, you should have less cravings to smoke generally.
The propylene glycol, found in the manufacture of an e cigarette, is highly addictive. Simply because it mimics nicotine and is extremely addicting. It includes a high amount of nicotine, but no real substance which will make you dependent on it. Also, this ingredient is highly toxic chemicals that may be harmful if swallowed. Propylene glycol is also used in a range of foods and pharmaceuticals, but is banned in the usa because of the danger that it presents to human life.
Another ingredient that’s extremely addictive and dangerous, is the chemical referred to as vitamin acetate. It’s been discovered that by mixing this chemical with water, an e cigarette can actually work like a battery. You put the water in the chamber of one’s device and then set the heating element to its optimal temperature. When it’s heated up, it creates the precise level of vitamin acetate vapor which simulates what you breathe in while smoking. Unfortunately, this is highly dangerous to your lungs. Once in the lungs, vitamin acetate combines with other toxins, such as carbon monoxide, and forms deadly carbon monoxide poisoning.
Even though an e cigarette is less harmful when compared to a regular tobacco cigarette, there is no reason for you to utilize it to quit smoking. To begin with, there is no such thing as “safe” when it comes to electronic cigarettes or any other kind of tobacco product. Nicotine may be highly addictive, and has the ability to be fatal in extreme cases. Secondly, since you do not get the nicotine from the tobacco product, you cannot get any of the nicotine through inhalation. Inhalation of the substance will result in death within minutes, even if you try to stop after about a minute.
Another problem that lots of people come across is choosing between the different types of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Not all companies offer all the same flavors. As an example, the favorite Smoketto line offers only premium e-liquids, while others sell their e-liquids in multiple flavors. Some individuals may not judgemental between two different flavors, while some may be allergic to a specific flavor.
Another problem many users encounter is the lack of variety in terms of their electronic cigarettes. There are only two basic types – nicotine-pump e Cigarettes (often known as mechanical devices) and battery-powered devices. Nicotine continues to be contained in the device, but it is controlled by the electronic circuitry in it. Once the user smokes, the electronic circuitry gets hotter the nicotine, and the user inhales the hot aerosol that results. The issue with one of these two basic types is that the user must take a break between smoking and sucking in the aerosol, which will make the device very boring for the user.
For most people, the overall benefits from e-Cigarette use are greater than the negatives. However, there are several people who would prefer to avoid these electronic cigarettes because of their perceived side effects. Due to this, e-Cigarette use among high school students is increasing. E-Cigarette use is simply one of many healthy habits that a teenager should learn, along with proper dietary and exercise habits, and also a knowledge of the addiction that is involved with tobacco.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Gambling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Gambling
Today, online gambling is quite popular across the world. In fact, online gambling is becoming so popular that it can be found not only in casinos but additionally on the Internet itself. Many people have previously tried online gambling
Stop Smoking – Try These Methods
blu cigarette
Stop Smoking – Try These Methods
Fontem Ventures owns the Blu cigarette brand, manufactured by Vistaprint. The brand blu offers several forms of disposable and rechargeable e cigarettes with either unflavored and flavored liquids. The cigarettes are designed in such a way they resemble actual cigarettes. They will have a long shelf life and so are also very economical compared to regular smoking cigarettes. Additionally, there are a number of benefits, listed here, associated with the product.
The cigarette includes a lot of ingredients, which give it the taste of cigarette smoke. However, since it does not contain any tar or nicotine, it is considered safe to the user’s health. The cigarette does not produce any of the so-called tar chemicals, which give smokers the ‘bad Breath’ associated with smoking.
There are a variety of colors available in the cigarette brand. Yellow, pink and blue are a few of the most popular colors. Blu cigarettes are available in packs of five, that can come in handy for individuals who always would rather have larger packs. Cigarettes are available in different weights as well, with lighter weights proving to be healthier than those containing higher weights.
There are many of companies manufacturing the blu cigarette brand. Some of these companies include Fontem, Advantus, Paxson and Johnson
Are an Electric Tobacconist Affiliate and Earn Money From YOUR WEB Shop
Are an Electric Tobacconist Affiliate and Earn Money From YOUR WEB Shop
The Electric Tobacconist will be among the first places you’ll turn if you wished to buy a new electronic smoking device. However, it could not be in your very best interest to purchase from their website. That’s because at this time in time they don’t have many products on their roster. This is something you have to keep in mind while you are looking for an electronic cigarettes retailer. Keep reading to discover how they can change your life.
Electric Tobacconist
They will have a selection of the most notable brands. When it comes to the top brands, you can find two that come in your thoughts right away. They are The American Eagle brand and V2 Tobacco. Unfortunately the Electric Tobacconist does not have the American Eagle or V2 Tobacco product yet.
But that has been then and this is currently. In our second to last stop on our tour of internet vendors we found that the Electric Tobacconist did have the American Eagle and V2 Tobacco. We were a lot more impressed with the fact that they offered a twenty-four pack of Brightpearl cigars at just under $30 a piece. Now when you accumulate the cost of other brands like Mac Cigarettes from Lorillard along with other top brands so as to it is a good deal. If you are likely to order in bulk, you have to buy in quantity.
It was then discovered that the Electric Tobacconist did in fact have the American Eagle and V2 Tobacco in stock. Plus they had an amazing price. If you plan on ordering from their website you need to be sure to are receiving the American Eagle and the V2 because these are the biggest sellers in the e-cigarette industry. They are also some of the best prices in the industry.
There are a few very important things that you ought to know of when shopping at an online e cigarette store. Make sure you understand the return policy because sometimes people are unhappy. Most online electric tobacconists will allow you to send it back, but you must try it first. If it does not do the job then simply send them a contact and let them know. It’s also advisable to be sure you understand all of the rules and policies of the e Cigarette industry.
If you’re thinking about becoming an owner of an e cigarettes shop you are going to need to get your hands on as many products since you can. The first thing you will have to do is become a joint venture partner for a major tobacco company. There is only one major company that provides electric cigarettes and vaporizers which is Craftsman. They are the only real brand that offers top quality products for under $20 dollars. You can find information about this online at their website. A power tobacconist must become associated with a major tobacco company before selling their products via an online e cigarettes website.
When you have become an affiliate be sure to research the Craftsman Electric Tobacconist site and their online Vapor Shop. This will help you understand what these cigarette market is all about and how it works. Gleam lot of information on the website. Take your time to learn all of it. Find out about the annals of the electronic cigarette, why they are so successful and everything you can expect from an online electric tobacconist. You will have a better understanding of these cigarettes industry and the complete smoking industry when you become an affiliate for a high quality brand.
Whenever we found brightpearl was not the best online store to order from we decided to join two other online stores. After our experience with the brightpearl site we decided to join them as well. The two of them are very similar in lots of ways and offer almost exactly the same products and customer service. With so much competition between your big brands it makes sense to order from a quality electric tobacconist so that you can be assured of getting a quality product for a great price.
Best Online Casinos in North Korea
casino korea
Best Online Casinos in North Korea
The story of how Koreans first became referred to as Casino Korea is interesting to say the least. Everything started when a band of South Korean men decided they were going to open an underground casino in an old chapel. The American Consul wanted to make sure that there wouldn’t be any damage or violence during the opening of the new gambling establishment. The Consul called the police and asked them to block access to the site.
There is no violence or harm done, however the South Korean police discovered nine citizens who had come to the casino with the intent to carry out an armed robbery. The police arrested the men and the investigation started to reveal the true nature of the Casino Korea. Even though citizens were all South Koreans, most of them had been traveling to the States to participate in slot machine game gaming.
When the American Consul decided to allow the citizens of Casino Korea to travel to the states, he warned them about the extreme danger that could be involved. In order to avoid almost any violence, he offered to take them out to one of the best possible casinos in Vegas. There, he’d show them how exactly to play slot games and help them understand the differences between real money and “virtual” currency. So that you can protect their 카지노 칩 lives, the Americans wanted to escort them with their hotel. The Consul understood that this was against the law, nonetheless it was better the possible loss of life that could occur should they carried out a more elaborate robbery of the American Embassy.
The North Koreans was not happy about being removed from their present location, that was why many of them chose to break into a U.S. diplomatic compound in Seoul. This forced them to leave behind their counterfeit South Korean Casino notes, which allowed them to go out with a large sum of cash. The North Koreans later returned to their crime, but this incident caused the American diplomatic community to lose a large amount of cash. Once the North Koreans left, they took their counterfeit notes using them.
Once the USA President ordered the blockading of Casino Korea, the Chinese government attempted to help by trying to persuade the North Koreans never to return. To be able to appease the Chinese, they promised to help evacuate the Americans which were being held hostage. Unfortunately for the Chinese, they might not provide this sort of assistance because they did not know that america had made the decision to block all North Korean activities within the united states. The Chinese were unsuccessful in their attempt to help plus they later became the principal target whenever a plane carrying diplomatic personnel was downed over an area in the Pacific Ocean owned by the Chinese. When this happened, the American citizens that were being held hostage weren’t given adequate food or medical care and several later died.
Recently, there’s been a resurgence of Chinese casino websites in the regions surrounding the Chinese territory, such as Macau, Panama City and Manila. These new casinos are increasingly being built with gaming software and infrastructure in mind that were previously developed and programmed by the Americans. Chances are that this is because of the fact that the Chinese are now cooperating with the Americans to build up the gaming industry in North Korea.
To be able to play in the very best online casinos in North Korea, you should be very careful because there is no physical contact between you and the dealer. Actually, you are playing from a computer and the dealer runs on the remote control device to indicate whether you win or lose. Several websites will allow you to select the different game types that exist. This means that you can be playing slots, video poker, roulette or blackjack as well. While these casinos will be very different in appearance, you will not have any idea that is which until you log on. Most websites will allow you to use either English or Korean language, but if you would like to play with either of these languages, it could be advisable to really have the necessary software installed.
The high roller machines in North Korea won’t allow players to wager real money. Instead, players may wager credits that they have obtained from the website, which is the way the currency in North Korea, to create the won, gets exchanged. In case a player wins some credits, then they can buy items from the site. Some of the most common items that people purchase from the North Korean casinos include electronic gadgets, clothes and drinks. However, one of the most popular items that people purchase our tickets to the world famous Kim Il Sung baseball game.
Safety Top features of Vaping Modules
Safety Top features of Vaping Modules
A fresh sort of regulated mods have been recently introduced, and they are called vaping mods. Some people might still be confused about them. If so, let me clear it up for you. When you are using a nicotine-based product, whether it’s an electronic cigarette a pipe, or perhaps a vaporizer, it can still cause a great deal of injury to you. The problem lies in the fact that each of the ingredients are highly toxic when mixed together. For this reason you can find so many bad apples who have made it big selling their fake e-juice online, but selling it at outrageous prices.
vaping mods
So, what exactly are these new kinds of mods? They are basically electric cigarettes that produce your ordinary dripping smoke cigars taste great and smell even better. Now, I am honest with you: vaporizers are more advanced than smoking. However, for newbies and people who want to quit smoking, vaping is a much more reasonable alternative.
Why are unregulated mods regulated? Well, to prevent amateur manufacturers from attempting to recreate the success of their unregulated mod, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) set standards. Therefore, all regulated mods must abide by these standards before they are able to legally be sold. Understand that the FDA does not regulate the chemicals in e-juice, only the nicotine content, and that means you must make sure to choose the correct mod for the specific needs.
Another important feature of regulated mods is temperature control. Before, once you were just getting started, you’ll purchase an inexpensive tank and after a few weeks you found out your bud had gone flat. This happened as the temperature control was not working. However now, most vaporizers have temperature control devices built right into them, and you do not need to purchase a separate temperature control unit for your vapes.
There are other features on regulated e-juice devices such as for example auto shutoff. Some individuals may forget to totally change out their devices between flavors. Regulated vaporizing apparatus enable you to do this easily. The great thing about auto shutoff is that it will stop the device if the temperature falls below a particular point, so you don’t need to constantly restart your device.
It will go without saying that it is best to keep your device clean if you are finished using it. With unregulated mods there is absolutely no safety features to keep your device clean, meaning you should constantly scrape your coils. If your coils get too much dirt in them then it will cause them to go bad, which means you will have to replace the coil altogether. That is especially not desirable for those who are allergic to dust.
You likely have noticed by now there are a wide variety of different types of coils that are available for your vapes. Lots of people have two coils on their Vaping Devices and changing them is often a hassle. Not all vapers have two coils; many only use one coil. In order to keep your coils working properly you will have to change them. I will suggest looking at the higher quality mods that offer you a way to easily replace your coils. Most regulated devices enable you to replace the coils with ease, in the event that you follow the directions on your mod.
They are just a few of the safety features that you could enjoy with regulated e-juice. There are other types of mods available that have different features and uses. These are just some of the things that it is possible to enjoy when you start using regulated e-juice. Ensure that you are completely educated before starting to use any sort of mod or apparatus for your personal enjoyment. There are many great reviews available online from other vapers to assist you make the right choice.
Are Electronic Cigarettes Any Better Than Regular Cigarettes?
Are Electronic Cigarettes Any Better Than Regular Cigarettes?
E Vaporizing is among the newest methods to stop smoking cigarettes and it is gathering popularity rapidly. An electronic cigarette is basically an electronic device which replicates traditional cigarette smoking within an electronic way. It usually includes a tank, an atomizer, and an electrical source just like a battery or electric generator. Rather than tobacco, an individual also inhales nicotine.
As a result of harmful effects of second hand smoking, the cigarettes were created to help people stop smoking without exposing them to each of the harmful chemicals contained in regular cigarettes. They will have taken many health advantages over conventional cigarettes. For instance, they contain fewer toxins compared to ordinary cigarettes. They also do not produce smoke and this can be highly harmful to your lungs.
E Vaporizers are also regarded as healthier than cigarettes because they contain no chemicals or tar. The only chemical present in the Cigarettes are propylene glycol, and this is a fairly affordable and natural ingredient. The reason that it’s cheaper and natural is basically because it does not should be purified. Also, there are no aerosol compounds made by e Cigels, so there is absolutely no chance of causing mouth cancer or other problems. Consequently, using e Cigels is quite similar to smoking.
However, the simple truth is that e-cigs still have their very own set of health risks. Many of smokers have voiced concerns about the long term health effects of vapors inhaled through electric cigarettes. There have been few studies about them in fact it is still unclear as to whether the chemicals in tobacco cigarettes are really harming consumers. One reason more study isn’t available is that there surely is currently legislation being debated that would force tobacco companies to release all research into their products. If the tobacco companies are unable to provide evidence that their products are safe, then they will likely lose their capability to sell them altogether.
Some studies have discovered that e-juices may contain high levels of sugar, however the sweetener content is relatively low when compared to amount of sugar found in a glass of soda. Furthermore, it has been found that some popular among vapers, like fruit flavored juices, may also contain artificial flavoring. Juuls contain nicotine, which might make them addictive and also toxic for young children to consume. Most juice drinks usually do not use real fruit flavors along with other fruits that are commonly within real fruit juices may donate to tooth decay.
Battery-powered vapes, also called mods, are an extremely popular alternative to e Cigarettes because they’re easier on the body and provide a lot of convenience. Nicotine is still present in vapor but a battery-powered mod simply adds power to the already existing vapor. A user turns on the mod, pushes a button, requires a draw from the battery and puts it in his / her mouth. The nicotine and other harmful chemical compounds in the vapor are eliminated and the device is ready to go again.
Vaping allows users to lessen how much toxins in the air they breathe. Because electric cigarettes do not contain nicotine, they’re considered less addicting than regular cigarettes. It is vital, however, to realize that regular cigarettes contain nicotine, and with them regularly can have longterm health consequences. Research has discovered that regular smokers have an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious diseases. Electronic cigarettes are also known to cause cancer and other diseases when used over an extended period of time. Utilizing an electronic vaporizer instead of a cigarette can significantly reduce the addicting effect.
There are a variety of different e-cigarette brands out there. Lots of the new brands usually do not contain nicotine, but still provide the vaporizer experience. E-liquids come in all different flavors and can be found in a range of sizes, shapes and compositions. Vaporizers offer an easy way to stop smoking without sacrificing the original cigarette appear and feel or sacrificing simplicity for convenience.
3 Tips Make You Win Blackjack
3 Tips Make You Win Blackjack
Blackjack is one of the most popular casino games. It is a good way to relax and also have a blast, which is what casino goers need every once in awhile. It’s also a game of strategy that requires a great deal of analysis and decision making skills. There are some simple things that you can certainly do to boost your blackjack strategies.
The vital thing is to know when to fold. Most casinos, live or online, offer blackjack payouts on a set schedule. These payout schedules are a good idea with regard to guiding you when to fold or stay in the overall game. However, since blackjack is a game of chance, there is no such thing as a time table. When it comes down to it, blackjack is simply a guessing game.
In case you are in the process of setting a limit or some other financial goal, additionally it is advisable to keep an eye on this in blackjack. Be sure to keep an eye on your starting bankroll as well as your ending bankroll. This will help you calculate how much it is possible to afford to risk. You don’t want to end up in a situation where you are trying to scrape up money in order to catch up. This can only serve to place you in a worse finances than you already are. For this reason, try to keep an eye on your bankroll.
Figure out how to identify trends. Blackjack is a game of statistics. That means you could easily tell whenever a game has been played out according to a particular pattern. By closely observing and analyzing the patterns in the cards that are dealt, you can identify what cards are going to come out next. When you’re able to see these patterns, it becomes easier to create decisions.
As mentioned before, blackjack is really a game of chance. Blackjack players depend heavily on luck. When playing blackjack, you need to be prepared to be dealt a hand that is better than your next hand. It’s not a good idea to throw away chips hoping going to a big score. It’s much more advisable to play conservatively and soon you have gotten a feel for the game.
Should you be just starting out, choose minimum bets. This will make sure that you don’t spend excess amount. Remember, blackjack is really a game of chance. Anything can happen. Your first few blackjack games shouldn’t cost you a fortune.
You can become emotional when playing blackjack. When losing money, it is tempting to keep playing. However, this is usually a mistake that you ought to avoid. Your best bet would be to quit after losing three or four blackjack games. It’s easier to quit after only 1 loss instead of spending an entire evening losing hope. Furthermore, quitting after a single loss encourages your bank roll to perform out.
These pointers make it easier for you to achieve success at blackjack. Although blackjack is simple and not too complicated, there are some important factors you must consider before betting. The primary factor is the game you are playing. Other than this, it’s also advisable to know the right time to play and place the bet according to the situation. Following these tips will help you to be considered a winner at blackjack.
Know your limits and figure out how to be disciplined. Blackjack is a game of skill and luck. Although you involve some element of skill, it’s likely that that you will definitely lose. Being disciplined implies that you don’t play predicated on emotion or excitement. These games require constant concentration and focus. If you are distracted while playing, you are most likely to lose money.
It’s also advisable to practice a lot. That is another of the blackjack tips cause you to win. By playing plenty of blackjack games, you increase your chances of winning. It’s like playing a small business deal. In the event that you win once, you win twice, and if you lose twice, you lose 3 x.
Lastly, practice a whole lot. Many blackjack players have a tendency to neglect this part. However, it’s very important. Through lots of practice and studying blackjack games, you can improve your skills and understanding of the game of 예스 카지노 blackjack. The last step is to earn money through strategic planning.
Roulette Table
Roulette Table
To the beginner, a roulette table may seem like a bit of a maze. You must place your bets and understand that you’ve got chips, but there’s so many choices to make. Throw in the truth that each table layout is known as after a country that it is set in, and then you can end up in the entire opposite country once you walk through the doors: American roulette, for instance, is named as such due to the rules involved. So where can you begin?
roulette table
The initial thing you should do is to understand that each roulette table is named for a specific region or country. In the case of roulette tables in casinos, this is a restriction placed by the casino management on the number of bets that could be placed. Regarding a roulette table in a club, the management won’t allow players to wager a lot more than nine on any single hand, even though they wish to achieve this. (For reference, one of these nine numbers is called the minimum bet, which is the lowest amount which can be bet when a hand is called.) It is these limitations that dictate how many numbers can be anywhere on a roulette table at any given time.
Since there can only just be so many places for chips on a roulette table, it stands to reason that there can only just be as many several types of roulette table layouts as there are countries. These differences include such things as the colors on which the chips could be played (which means colors used by players all over the world), the sort of rule that is in place, and the rules about what happens whenever a ball lands on more than one number. Many of these variations are important from the technical standpoint, but the most interesting among them are those relating to how chips are won or lost.
The most basic rule of roulette is simply this: The player who gets the highest strike rate at the end of the game wins. That is why it is the player with the highest strike rate who’s chosen to represent the house in a casino game of roulette table. By striking the wheel, the one who is designated to put bets on the said wheel can be the person who will win sm 카지노 the pot. And the one who wins gets to keep carefully the winnings.
Here are a few other things that could be placed on a roulette table, nonetheless it is the wheel and the keeping the numbers that actually determine whether or not an individual wins or loses. Placing numbers that match one’s bets is known as having “chosen” numbers. Numbers which are randomly generated (“called”) may also be placed on a table, though their winnings be determined by just how many opponents place equal numbers with the same calls as theirs.
In roulette, as in life, it pays to bet when you can. A gambler betting on a wheel with only one or more opponents in it once the wheel is red indicates that the ball player has no potential for winning, since there is an extremely high probability that all the bets can pay off. Likewise, a player who bets on a green number when the wheel is red gives him a very good chance of winning because chances are that a lot of people will place equal calls on the red numbers and that a few of these calls can pay off.
A different type of roulette table is the straight-up or full table. This kind of roulette allows players to place bets on every hand even though the initial few numbers haven’t yet been called. The ball player who has the best chance of winning here relies on to be able to call the bets correctly. It takes care of well to possess a good memory about the situation. Some players who’ve spent a long time playing roulette have said that they could memorize the strategy inside the roulette book better than anyone else, as the book contains strategies and predictions that were created by professionals.
Many people consider online roulette a form of casino gambling. Players usually play contrary to the dealer, who uses the roulette wheel to randomly pick numbers and place bets, hoping to get lucky. More often than not, the bets are placed beyond your main casino floor. Since there is no physical contact between your roulette player and the dealer, the edges between win and loss are relatively less.
Why You Should Avoid E-Liquids With Vegetable Glycerin and Propylene Glycol
E-Cigarette Vaporizers may be the latest innovation in the smoking world. This is one product which has really caught on and has been heavily relied upon by consumers to fulfill their cravings for nicotine. We all know about the ill effects of smoking. However, with e Cigarettes it is possible to significantly decrease the impact of smoking. This is very important because we know that the longer smokers do that the more impact it will have on the health.
vaping liquid
Many who try vaporizing liquid choose to do so through the help of vaporizer or juice making equipment. The reason why they choose to do so is because of how easy it is to utilize these devices. There is no need that you inhale smoke that goes into your lungs causing you to suffer from significant harm to your lungs. With e-Cigarettes, you are able to effectively reduce the quantity of harm your lungs are taking while you are still smoking.
Lots of people also choose to use these devices while they are relaxing. Since e-Cigarettes typically usually do not use any heating element, it really is safe to use even when you are in an awesome room. It will require your attention away from the fact that you are puffing away so that they can reach that hit which will relieve your throat hit. When you are using an e-Cigarette, you’re essentially warming up the liquid you are going to put into these devices. The heating element then transfers that heat in to the liquid and produces vapor.
With liquid nicotine e-Cigarettes, there’s the potential to get all of the nicotine you can ever want. However, there are a few those who are worried that the flavor of the liquid is going to be lost while it is heated. With vaporizing liquids, you are able to enjoy each of the same flavors that you’ll find with conventional cigarettes. There are even flavors that are created specifically for this electronic cigarettes niche.
Some people choose to use these electric cigarettes, but they do not realize that they are doing a disservice with their lungs by allowing the chemicals in the e-juice to enter the lungs. While some people feel that it is important to breathe the vapor and expel it outside of the body, there is absolutely no evidence to prove this. In fact, some studies show that breathing in cDC can cause irritation to the airways of the lungs, which is often bad for individuals.
One way that you are able to tell if everything you are purchasing is the real thing is to go through the bottle and to look at the heating element. Many vaporizing liquid products look like traditional cigarettes. They have an obvious glass jar with a heating element sitting on top of the glass. This heating element is truly a key part of the way the e-liquid is manufactured and vaporizing liquids usually include this heating element.
If the e-liquids that you purchase do not support the heating element, it is likely that they are not the real thing. You will notice that the bottle can look like a bottle of regular e-liquid and there can be no label on the bottle. The e-liquids that contain the heating component, such as propylene glycol, are unlikely to offer you any type of health benefits. The vegetable glycerin that’s used to help make the e-liquids is not used to produce health benefits either, but there are plenty of people that have been known to have an allergic reaction to this substance.
While you are searching for a quality e-liquid product, you need to avoid the e-juices that not contain vegetable glycerin or propylene glycol. The two ingredients are the most common ingredients within fake e-juices and are the reason why they are vital that you avoid when you are looking for a good quality product. You can find out more information concerning the different types of liquids that one could buy from your local store, by doing some research on the internet. The internet can also support you in finding the best places to purchase your new e-juice. |
Why Antioxidants are Important for Glowing Skin
on April 23, 2021
Go into any cosmetic store, and you’ll see hundreds of products promising perfect, glowing skin. However, many of these products are full of chemicals, and in the long-term do more damage than they fix. Instead, opt for something natural.
Antioxidants are well known for their benefits in preventing chronic diseases. But what is often less appreciated is their remarkable benefits for skincare. In the following article, we'll explore why antioxidants are important for glowing skin.
Antioxidants containing fruits and vegetables
What are antioxidants?
Antioxidants are naturally found in a range of fruits and vegetables. They combat oxidative stress caused by free radicals. These molecules damage cells and other molecules via oxygen, leading to eventual cell dysfunction. In the skin, this can mean damaging the fundamental structure, affecting collagen, and reducing elasticity. The effects of oxidative stress are a natural part of ageing. However, smoking and a bad diet can increase the negative effects.
Meanwhile, antioxidants neutralize the effects of free radicals. As a result, they are vital in maintaining glowing skin. Common antioxidants include beta-carotene, lutein, and vitamins A, C, and E. Whilst they are often found in fruits and vegetables, meats, poultry, and fish are another source.
How do antioxidants lead to glowing skin?
As we mentioned, over time, our skin suffers from free radical production. Wrinkles and fine lines develop. Daily exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays leads to cell damage and even skin cancer. Moreover, pollution and a poor diet are also common causes of damage and stress.
That’s where antioxidants come in.
Primarily, they stop the effects of free radicals by negating their reactivity. By preventing free radicals from reacting to the body’s molecules, the antioxidants stop the buildup of long-term damage - thereby keeping the skin looking healthy and glowing.
However, the benefits don’t stop there. Antioxidants also help repair cell and tissue damage by encouraging natural repair. Considering the skin is continuously replenishing itself, antioxidants are a vital enhancement. They’ve been known to calm irritation, smoothen fine lines and lead to a glowing complexion.
Asian woman with fair glowing complexion
Which antioxidants are the best?
All antioxidants can have beneficial effects. However, some are more useful than others. Here are the primary antioxidants to look out for.
• Vitamin A: Also known as retinol, vitamin A is a potent antioxidant. It is pivotal for collagen production, which gives skin its strength and elasticity. It will also speed up cell turnover, reducing the visible signs of ageing.
• Vitamin C: Excelling in stopping free radicals, vitamin C is also known to brighten skin. It will tighten skin and even boost collagen production.
• Vitamin E: The healing antioxidant. Vitamin E is often underappreciated; however, it is essential for the skin healing process.
• Vitamin B3: You might know it as niacinamide. Vitamin B3 is anti-inflammatory, perfect for soothing blotchy or red skin, and returning your glowing complexion.
• Resveratrol: Commonly found in red wine, resveratrol will fight oxidative stress, reduce your risk of cancer and boost your general complexion.
This blog post is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The views and nutritional advice expressed are not intended for the purpose of providing medical advice. Please always consult your health care provider if you are experiencing any medical conditions. All content on this page has been thoroughly reviewed. Nevertheless, no liability can be accepted for the completeness and accuracy of the information. |
Critical essay writing lesson plans
List some positive and negative criticism you have of this author's writing style. Skilled writers may want to incorporte flashbacks.
Make sure you have a clear answer to the following questions as you write or revise: This is not the only excellent lesson in the collection, so visit the homepage for more gems.
Instead this migratory pattern is seen simply as people looking for personal opportunities, freedom and a new way of life. Plan your essay Express your key points in complete sentences My third guideline for writing an essay is to use a plan.
It consists of nothing but conjecture. Once you have chosen an incident, do the following: He is becoming a "wired librarian," and his Web site, Outta Ray's Headis his niche and offering to the educational community at large.
Contact Author Importance of Writing in the Science Classroom Mastery of scientific concepts is inextricably linked with effective communication.
Graphic organizers help students overcome the blank sheet and help them put their thoughts in a logical order. So don't wait until the very end of the essay to reveal the main point that you're trying to communicate.
Migration is generally pictured in this as negative, only undertaken under duress. I say it was found just that day and was in the newspaper. Compare and contrast between concave and convex lenses using a Venn diagram.
Add an element of fun by calling the assignment "Dear John Letters" and having the students write to famous people who have John as a part of their names. Guidelines for a narrative essay include the following: The only way to eliminate this error is to model analysis and give really low grades to students who summarize rather than analyze.
So that would be a good sign that you've accomplished what you wanted to accomplish in the essay. Best of all, permission to print and copy the handouts is granted for classroom use.
Students will develop a sense of what is powerful in writing and be able to generalize rules that will improve their own work. Use the elements of a story and include necessary background information. But what I'm going to give you today are some helpful guidelines which I hope will be useful to you as you set about the task of writing an essay.
Children learn language at a very young age. What are some rules a person would have to know to speak English. What is the definition of syntax. One way to help students see this distinction is to offer a topic and two stances on it: Tailor the subject matter and the writing level to those who are most likely to read it.
How to Write a Literary Analysis.
In an essay, and even in longer essays like 4, word essays, you'll usually only need to have a handful of key points. Explain that listing facts without explaining how the fact supports the thesis statement or why that fact is important is useless. Tailor the subject matter and the writing level to those who are most likely to read it.
Teachers sometimes but main parents repeat just the children are their things they hear. Some of these are tried and tested in real classrooms and gave great student response.
Don't run through a whole range of different examples and pieces of evidence and theories and then at the end say the point that you want to make about it. Sample activities include two types of stationery for student letters and a handout that encourages students to contemplate and write about their plans for the future.
Writing also provides free activities to download and print. Once you've got that sequence of key points expressed in complete sentences you should have a pretty good summary of your essay. What are the implications for a person who cannot speak at all.
Use examples and evidence to support the points that you're making. Include the elements of a narrative: What are the units on the axes. Why was it a mistake?. Remodeled Lessons: () To remodel lesson plans is to critique one or more lesson plans and formulate one or more new lesson plans based on that critical process.
and rewrite rough spots. Students could discuss the ideas in small groups and then write essays. The teacher could give several prompts on related ideas, then have students. Grades 9 – 12 | Lesson Plan. Tell Me Your Story: Video-Inspired Vocabulary Writing.
Lesson Plans See All Lesson Plans We have hundreds of standards-based lesson plans written and reviewed by educators using current research and the best instructional practices.
Find the perfect one for your classroom. Five Paragraph Essays Writing Lesson Plans: Essay Elements Review. Easy to adapt and a great introductory lesson to have students learn about the elements of writing an essay.
Lesson Plans: Critical Thinking and Writing Activities in the Science Classroom
Writing for a Purpose for Senior College English. Lead Critical Reading. This lesson is based on a science lesson. Apply for help to our writing service anytime you need.
Essay Writing - Choose essay writers who suit your expectations and budget and get original papers. These guidelines for a narrative essay will teach you or your students how to write a reflective essay.
related activities
Even if you already know how to write a reflective essay, you can refresh your memory with these tips. Interpretive Essay Lesson Plan: How to Write a Literary Analysis; Writing a Career Research Paper; Lesson Plan: How to Write a .
Critical essay writing lesson plans
Rated 5/5 based on 41 review
Writing skills lesson plans | Onestopenglish |
2021 Writing Exercise Series #123 Above Anaphora—Repetition Files 5
Above Anaphora—Repetition Files 5
For today's writing exercise you will write a piece of poetry or prose which focuses on repetition. In this instance we will work with anaphora. It's a handy little bit of poetic craft that goes a little something like this:
Take a moment and read the above-linked Poetry Foundation article, even if you know the term. For even more fun check out this longer article called Adventures in Anaphora.
Your mission is to use the following phrase to begin at least 4 sentences.
The word or phrase we'll use for our exercise today is:
There are a number of ways you could approach this bit of anaphora—is the running meaning working, retreating from something, advancing on something, is it giving the finer points of running track as opposed to just 'running'? Whatever you do, just be sure that the repeated phrase earns its worth in your piece, and it should in some way build upon what came before it. The repetition should be necessary and not merely redundant.
Bonus Exercise:
Include these five words into your piece "Juicy" "Cork" "Tributary" "Goat" and "Bland".
If you'd like some background music to write to, try this "Lord of the Rings" music and ambiance playlist. |
Question: What Is Non Agriculture Land?
What are the five uses of land?
These can include residential, institutional, business, industrial, agricultural, forestry, park, and other relatively natural land uses.
Each of these broader categories can be further subdivided, based on the nature and intensity of the activities that are undertaken..
What are the 6 types of land use?
Cities are classified into 6 major land-use groups – residential, transportation, institutional and public buildings, commercial and industrial.October 8, 2020.Reply.Aug 12, 2020
What is under agricultural lands?
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. … Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
Can agricultural land be used for residential?
Agricultural land cannot be used for residential purposes. … In case it was originally allotted as agricultural land, its use should have been converted to residential. You can convert agricultural land into residential or industrial land by paying a fee.
Can we get loan to buy agricultural land?
If you want to buy an agricultural land and live in a city, you cannot avail a loan to buy the land. Loans for land are exclusively meant for the purchase of plots for residential purposes.
How do you plot land?
Important aspectsTitle deed of the land plot: … Agreement: … Stamp duty on the land: … Registration of the land: … Conveyance deed or sale deed of the land: … Tax receipt and bills: … Encumbrance certificate: … Measuring the land:More items…•Feb 8, 2020
Which kind of land is most suitable for agriculture?
Arable landArable land is the term applied to soils that are suitable for agriculture. The soils considered best for agriculture have many of the following properties.
What is agricultural property?
Agricultural property is: agricultural land, pasture and woodland (within the European Union) crops, trees and underwood growing on that land. houses and farm buildings on the land. livestock, bloodstock and farm machinery on the property.
What is called fallow land?
Fallow land is all arable land either included in the crop rotation system or maintained in good agricultural and environmental condition (GAEC), whether worked or not, but which will not be harvested for the duration of a crop year. … Fallow land may be: bare land with no crops at all.
Is it advisable to buy agricultural land?
Investing in agricultural land is capital-intensive. … Usually, agricultural land is considered a good investment for high net-worth individuals and for those with surplus income. For salaried or self-employed individuals, living in cities, going through all this process will be time-consuming and tiresome.
Can non farmer buy agricultural land?
Karnataka government notifies Ordinance on opening up market for non-irrigated farm land. Now any Indian, or a trust, society, company or an educational institution can buy farmland in Karnataka regardless of the buyer’s annual income from non-agricultural sources.
Where is the best agricultural land in the world?
And the best place to find productive farmland is Uruguay. With consistent appreciation and an annual cash return Uruguayan farmland is a great store of value in turbulent times. Nestling between Argentina, Brazil and the Atlantic Uruguay is peaceful, stable and has over 2.6 million acres of farmland under cultivation.
What are the types of agricultural land?
Agricultural lands consist of three main types: (1) arable land (including cropland and fallows), (2) land under permanent crops, and (3) pastures and hayfields.
What are the 5 types of land?
How do you convert agricultural land to residential?
Some of the documents that the applicant will have to produce along with the application include:Identity proof.Sale deed.RTC (record of rights, tenancy and crops)Partition deed (in case the land has been inherited)Mutation documents.Survey map.Receipt of payment of land revenue, etc.Oct 29, 2020
Can we convert industrial land to residential?
Lands that have been declared as agricultural cannot be utilized for residential, commercial or industrial purposes; except on conversion of the same into non-agricultural land.
Where is the best farmland?
Why land is important in agriculture?
(b) It is important to note that all the land available for cultivation is not only used for raising food crops. Some people also live on animal rearing and, therefore, use their land for raising hay crops. Similarly, in order to restore the ecological balance of a country, some portion of land is kept under forests.
What is meant by non-agricultural land?
A non-agricultural land is a developed land or barren land, unfit for cultivation. If you own an agricultural land and want to erect a building for residential or industrial or commercial purposes by conversion, it is possible. Law does not otherwise permit any kind of construction on an agricultural land.
What are the two types of agricultural land?
Agricultural land”arable land” (a.k.a. cropland): here redefined to refer to land producing crops requiring annual replanting or fallowland or pasture used for such crops within any five-year period.”permanent cropland”: land producing crops which do not require annual replanting.More items…
What converts wasteland to agricultural land?
Explanation: Gradonies can be used to convert wastelands into agricultural lands. In this, narrow trenches with buds on the downstream side are built along contours in the upper reaches of the catchment to collect run-off and to conserve moisture from the trees. |
Danish Herred
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 09:20, 12 October 2015 by SvareJM (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Back to Denmark
A herred is a minor jurisdictional district in Denmark. The herred has existed in Denmark since at least 1232 and usually comprises multiple parishes. Several administrative responsibilities were assigned to herreds including church inspections, notary services, fire protection, promulgating announcements for the king, probates, prosecuting minor felonies, providing local law enforcement, keeping records of epidemics, military conscription (levying rolls), etc. The district sheriff (herredsfoged) was the main authority in the district and the local representative of the king. Cities had a separate jurisdictional authority.
A search of The National Archives of Denmark's online catalog, Daisy, using the term "Herred" as archive creator "arkivskaber" will return a list of herreds in Denmark and the records they created.
Records created by the herred include civil registration, court, passport, guardianship, land and property, military, notarial, probate, taxation, histories of the district, and some censuses, especially for Southern Jylland.
Herreds can contain smaller jurisdictions called birker.
[edit | edit source]
- Wikipedia. "Herred." http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herred. Accessed 23 May 2011.
- Wikipedia. "Kong Valdemars Jordebog." (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Valdemars_Jordebog). Accessed 12 October 2015.
|
Smartphone accessory could be used as a breathing monitor
18 September 2017
Smartphone accessory could be used as a breathing monitor
Life Desk :
A new software combined with a low-cost thermal camera attached to the mobile phones can be used to track how fast a person is breathing. The research team from the University College London reported in The Optical Society (OSA) journal Biomedical Optics Express that their new software combined with a low-cost thermal camera performed well when analyzing breathing rate during tests.
"As thermal cameras continue to get smaller and less expensive, we expected that phones, computers and augmented reality devices will one day incorporate thermal cameras that can be used for various applications. By using low-cost thermal cameras, our work is a first step toward bringing thermal imaging into people's everyday lives. This approach can be used in places other sensors might not work or would cause concern," said, Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze from University College London, (UK) and leader of the research team.
The mobile thermal imaging could be used to monitor breathing rate in Older adults who live alone People with sleep apnea and Babies at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
'Tracking respiratory rate requires sophisticated equipment. Now, a new software allows portable, low-cost thermal cameras attached to smartphones to detect breathing problems and monitor stress.'
In future, the new approach could allow the camera on the computer to detect subtle breathing irregularities associated with pain, stress and send prompts to help relax and regulate breathing. Traditional video cameras were used to track breathing, but they don't work well in low-light situations and cause privacy concerns when used for monitoring in nursing homes.
"Thermal cameras can detect breathing at night and during the day without requiring the person to wear any type of sensor. Compared to a traditional video camera, a thermal camera is more private because it is more difficult to identify the person," said Youngjun Cho, first author of the paper.
Thermal cameras have been used in a variety of monitoring applications. It uses infrared wavelengths to reveal the temperature of an object or scene. In the recent years, the size of the thermal camera has dropped enough to make them practical for personal use.
Initially, large, expensive thermal imaging systems were used to measure breathing rate by monitoring temperature changes inside the nostrils. The research team wanted to use the new portable systems to do the same by creating a smartphone-based respiratory tracking method that could be used in almost any environment or activity. But, mobile thermal imaging was affected by changes in air temperature and body movement.
To solve these problems, the research team developed software that can be used with any thermal camera to compensate for temperature changes and accurately track the nostrils while the person is moving.
The new software also improved the way breathing signals are processed. Earlier, 2D pixels were used to average the temperature readings around the nostrils. Now, the research team has developed a 3D surface to create a more refined measurement of temperature in the nostrils.
How Mobile Thermal Imaging Measure Breathing Rate?
The research team conducted indoor laboratory tests and outdoor tests to check the device. In outdoor tests, the mobile thermal imaging approach was used to measure the breathing of volunteers in a scenario that involved breathing exercises with changes in temperature. A fully unconstrained test was also conducted, where the volunteers walked around inside and outside of a building.
During the walking test, the thermal camera was placed between 20 and 30 centimeters from a person's face. A rig was used to attach the camera to a hat and a cord connected the camera with a mobile phone carried by the volunteers. It is also possible to hold a smartphone with an imaging camera about 50 centimeters from the face to measure breathing rate.
In all the tests, the algorithms showed better performance in tracking the nostril area than other state-of-the-art methods. In estimating the breathing rate, the tests conducted outdoors showed the best results when compared with the latest algorithms.
"Although the results were comparable to the traditional breathing belt sensor, for mobile situations our approach seems to be more stable because the belt tends to get loose," said Cho.
The new approach is more stable than the standard method. This could also be used to optimize an athlete's performance by providing more reliable and accurate feedback on breathing patterns during exercise.
The research team took the thermal imaging software one step further by inferring a person's mental load or stress through automatic breathing analysis.
Thermal imaging software was used to track the breathing of the volunteers who were free to move around while performing various tasks. The results aligned well with findings from studies that used the much more sophisticated equipment. The findings suggest that the portable thermal-camera based approach could be a useful tool for apps that help people relax.
The results obtained from mobile thermal imaging were similar to that of other studies. However, other studies used complex techniques that involved multiple sensors monitoring breathing as well as heart rate, said Bianchi-Berthouze.
Source: Medindia
Add Rate |
Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This includes sexual slavery, where victims are forced to give sexual services to clients. This often happens in a coercive environment, or results from dependency on the sex trafficker. Sex trafficking is often confused with human trafficking: sex trafficking does not always involve victims being moved across state borders, whereas human trafficking always involves victims of forced labour being transported illegally between countries.
A report by the International Labour Organisation published in 2017 estimated that out of the 24.9 million people who are forced labour victims, 4.8 million (19%) are trapped in forced sexual exploitation. The report also revealed that women and girls are disproportionately the victims, with women comprising 99% of those in the commercial sex industry, and 58% of forced labour victims across all sectors. Children comprise more than a fifth of victims of commercial sexual exploitation. According to the anti-slavery organisation Polaris, LGBTQ people are particularly vulnerable to sexual exploitation in the US.
Sex trafficking is a lucrative business for those involved. In 2012, the International Labour Organisation estimated that the profits from forced sexual exploitation were as high as $99 billion.
While many victims of sexual exploitation are migrant victims of forced labour, many victims are victimised within their home countries. Many victims of sex trafficking will never leave the country they were born in, and the industry exists in developed nations in the West, as well as developing nations. In the US in 2019, 13 women in the US filed a lawsuit against major hotel chains from four US states, stating they were implicated in forced sexual exploitation. Their lawyers claim that their case demonstrates failures across the hospitality sector to prevent sex trafficking, alleging that women and children were held captive, abused and were sold for sex in hotel rooms across the country.
To tackle the problem of domestic modern slavery, the UK parliament passed the Modern Slavery Act in 2015. The act aimed to consolidate previous anti-slavery legislation. Some human rights organisations, such as Liberty, claim the legislation has shortcomings, including a failure to legislate against “tied visas”. In the UK, migrant workers are not allowed to leave their jobs and find employment elsewhere if they entered the country on a tied visa, effectively making them dependent on their employer. This system has been compared to the Kefala system of migrant labour sponsorship that operates in the Gulf states in the Middle East. The Kefala system has been compared to slavery: read our Lit explainer on the topic here.
The 2015 Act created an independent anti-slavery commissioner. The inaugural commissioner Kevin Hyland resigned his position in 2017, stating that many of his recommendations had not been implemented. He cited a lack of resources as a primary reason for this. He commented at the time:
“There needs to be a wholesale reordering of how we tackle it [modern slavery]…The priority should be looking at the evidence. We need to carefully examine what the approach has been with modern day slavery to make sure that opportunities haven’t been missed, and to assess what is in place to stop this happening again.”
In particular, he expressed frustration that the recommendations of a report he published in 2015 on the trafficking of Vietnamese nationals had not been implemented. He publicly criticised UK police forces for failing to take action on the mounting evidence of enslaved Vietnamese teenagers being trafficked into the UK. The report stated that, according to National Crime Agency data, sexual exploitation is the second largest sector of modern slavery experienced by Vietnamese victims of human trafficking.
The report noted that stakeholders in Vietnam did recognise that sexual exploitation of Vietnamese nationals was an issue in countries other than the UK, and took the view that it was not common in the UK as the majority of Vietnamese UK human trafficking victims are put to work on cannabis farms. This view was reinforced by senior police officers in the UK interviewed for the report. They were of the opinion that sexual exploitation was taking place among Vietnamese trafficking victims, but that it was more common among Albanian, Roma and Romanian communities.
Despite the alleged lack of resources, the UK’s National Crime Agency has successfully apprehended UK-based human trafficking gangs. In November 2019, UK police arrested seventeen people for human trafficking, as part of a joint operation by British and Romanian police. The raids, in London, led to the rescue of twenty nine women, all aged between 20 and 40. Of those detained,who were aged 17 to 50, were held on suspicion of modern slavery, class A drug offences, firearm offences and on suspicion of controlling prostitution.
The current anti-slavery commissioner, Dame Sara Thornton, has expressed concern about the impact COVID-19 will have on victims of slavery or of forced sexual exploitation. Writing to the Home Office, she expressed concerns that delays in exiting people from asylum seekers’ accommodation would have an impact on victims of human trafficking who may be unable to buy sufficient food or cleaning items for the full 14 days recommended by the government if a person develops COVID-19 symptoms.
To tackle sexual slavery in the UK, some campaigners have proposed the “Nordic Model” of prostitution, so named as it was first enacted in multiple Scandinavian countries. The approach has since been adopted in Northern Ireland, Canada, France, Ireland, and Israel. The Nordic Model proposes decriminalisation of those who are prostituted, to provide security to those who blow the whistle on their employers, and to provide victims with an exit strategy, as many jobs require a person not have a criminal record. It also proposes strengthening trafficking legislation, provisions for housing and employment support so that victims are not financially dependent on their pimp or employer, and information campaigns and training for police officers, schools, NHS workers, and other frontline staff that come into contact with victims of sex trafficking. Opinion on the restriction and suggested legality of prostitution is a controversial subject, but more information on the Nordic Model can be found here.
Share this Post |
Positive Things About Climate Change
Good Essays
Climate change is a long term change in the climate due to an increase in the average temperature.The earths climate is not stable all the time but we still have to worry because it has big impact on us the way it 's changing.The natural factors that impact climate change are changes in volcanic eruption,solar output and change in the Earths orbit around the sun.The Human causes of climate change are Burning of fossil fuels, cutting forests and less agriculture and many other reasons.
One of the biggest indicator of climate change is air temperature,due to the change in climate the global air temperatures have changed a lot.Averaged over all land temperatures warmed roughly 1.53°F.Another indicator of climate change is the rise of the sea
…show more content…
The negative thing about climate change is that the ice will melt in the arctic and cause the sea levels to rise which will lead to floods.Another bad thing about climate change is that the animals in that area are only able to live in that kind of climate.If the climate changes the animals will die and it will disturb the ecosystem.
Climate change will affect our future because some places that we see right now may not exist in the future due to climate,Place like antarctica are made up of ice will not be there because the ice will melt and wouldn’t exist.As the ice melts the sea level rises it will cause alot of countries and cities to flood.Another affect will be that summers will be really hot and winters will be warm too,because the ice reflected the sun rays after the ice melts it will cause the earth to heat up
Get Access |
NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars
NASA composite image
In an extensive audit, NASA's inspector general office looked at the space agency's overall effort to keep astronauts safe during lengthy space missions — especially trips to Mars, currently targeted for the 2030s.
Inspector General Paul Martin acknowledged that NASA is making progress in identifying and managing these health risks. NASA's first yearlong mission is underway at the International Space Station.
"The agency still faces significant challenges to ensuring the safety of crew members on a human mission to Mars or deep space," the report concluded.
Stalling the health-risk effort, in part, is the continuing uncertainty over the type of vehicles and habitats that will be used to carry astronauts into deep space, the report stated. NASA also needs to consolidate its expertise; right now, there's a lack of organization to manage crew health risks, the report noted.
NASA agreed with the conclusions.
To date, no American has spent more than seven months in space at a time. The Russians are the world's space endurance champions, but even they haven't ventured beyond 14 months for a mission.
By coincidence, the watchdog's 54-page report came out the same day NASA astronaut Scott Kelly broke the U.S. record for the longest single spaceflight.
Kelly is more than halfway through a one-year station stint, as is Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko. They won't be back on Earth until March.
On Thursday, Kelly told a TV interviewer that while it definitely feels like he's been up there a long time, "I'm pretty sure I'm going to get through it without much of an issue." He said he hopes his mission will help get astronauts to Mars.
Medical researchers expect to learn much from Kelly's flight. As a bonus, Kelly's identical twin, Mark, a retired astronaut, is submitting to testing so doctors can compare the results of the space and ground-based brothers. |
Dinosaur footprint: Fossil from 'Jurassic giant' found on Yorkshire coast
14 April 2021, 05:29 | Updated: 14 April 2021, 05:50
A footprint made by a large meat-eating dinosaur described as a "real Jurassic giant" has been discovered on a Yorkshire beach.
The fossilised print was spotted by archaeologist Marie Woods who was collecting shellfish.
Experts believe it was made by a dinosaur with a possible body length of eight to nine metres, matching the print of a Megalosaurus, which lived between 175 and 164 million years ago.
Ms Woods said she was shocked to stumble across the huge print. Now she is hoping it will be possible to save it before it is washed away.
"I was grabbing some shellfish for dinner. I didn't collect much after seeing that," she said.
"It's in a fragile state and sits close to the water level, meaning it could be lost to the sea.
"John Oxley [former city archaeologist of York] came to take a series [of] photographs so that we could create a 3D model if collection isn't possible."
Following her discovery, at a location which is being kept secret, Ms Woods contacted specialists including palaeontologist Dr Dean Lomax, the author of Dinosaurs of the British Isles.
Dr Lomax said Ms Woods's discovery turned out to be a rediscovery, as it had been partially spotted by fossil collector Rob Taylor back in November 2020.
Despite Mr Taylor posting pictures of his find in a Facebook group dedicated to fossils from Yorkshire, the fossil was not yet fully exposed and nobody had realised its true importance.
Dr Lomax, who grew up hunting for fossils on the Yorkshire coast and has written extensively on dinosaur finds, said: "This is the largest theropod footprint ever found in Yorkshire, made by a large meat-eating dinosaur.
"We know this because the shape and three-toed track, along with the impression of the claws, are absolutely spot-on for having been made by a large theropod that probably had a hip height of about 2.4 metres and possible body length approaching eight to nine metres - so a real Jurassic giant.
"We can never be certain of exactly what species made it, but the footprint type would match the likes of a dinosaur found in Britain and called Megalosaurus, which lived at roughly the same time this footprint was created, during the Middle Jurassic."
He added: "Yorkshire's coast is world renowned for its dinosaur tracks, primarily through research by Dr Mike Romano and Dr Martin Whyte, who spent around 20 years researching and discovering hundreds [to] thousands of tracks." |
Social Studies
Describe the effect of geographical location on agriculture in each Civilization--Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
Describe the difference between adapting to and modifying one's environment. Give an example of each
Why did the Spanish settle and conquer Central and South America? In your example, mention Columbus, Cortes, and Pizzaro and the Catholic Church in your answer.
Describe the Columbian Exchange. What was it and give examples using crops and animals involved.
Use the following words in context and in one paragraph: Aqueduct, Basin, and Chinampa. (what do they all have in common?)
1. 👍
2. 👎
3. 👁
1. Well, no one here is going to do all this research and writing for you. However, I can give you some ideas for finding all this information.
First of all — your text or whatever you have been given for studying all this. (You have been reading and studying this, right?)
Second, don't let yourself get overwhelmed by all of this at once. You MUST take it one item at a time.
Third, if you have to use a search engine, draft your search terms ahead of time. For example, for the first one, I'd use these:
geological effects mayan agriculture
geological effects aztec agriculture
geological effects incan agriculture
1. 👍
2. 👎
Respond to this Question
First Name
Your Response
Similar Questions
1. language arts
Why did the author most likely include information about O'Keeffe's summers in New Mexico in "Georgia O'Keeffe Modernist Pioneer"? to describe where she was inspired to paint bones to describe where she had her first gallery
2. science help pls pls
Look at the position of Location 1, Location 2, and Location 3 in this picture. Simple diagram of a lake represented by a wavy circle. The circle is labeled 'Lake,' and there are three points outside of the lake: 'Location 1' is
3. Social Studies
Which of the following best explains how the Mayans adapted their environment? A. The Mayans developed a nomadic lifestyle to hunt for food. B. The Mayans fertilized their fields so they could be used every year. C. They traded
4. Social studies
Which conclusion is best supported by this map? A. The Aztec empire conquered the Olmec civilization. B. The Olmec civilization depended on slash-and-burn agriculture. C. The Aztec empire expanded across a variety of landforms. D.
1. Social Studies
On Civilization 1: Islamic Civilization 1. Describe major innovations, advancements, achievements, or cultural practices of this civilization. 2. How did these advancements or practices affect the development and growth of the
2. social studies
Describe major innovations, advancements, achievements, or cultural practices of this civilization. -Mongol Empire and Song Dynasty.
3. social studies, please help me.
Which of the following farming methods helped the Inca farm the hillsides? A. slash-and-burn B. crop rotation C. irrigation canals D. dam construction Use the drop-down menu to complete the sentence. The building and use of
4. world history pls pls help help
How were the Aztec and Inca civilizations different in their public works projects? The Aztecs focused on agricultural innovations, while the Incas focused on road construction. The Aztecs focused on road construction, while the
1. Spanish
Which indigenous group is believed to have inhabited la Republica Dominicana before the arrival of the Spanish to the New world? a. Tainos*** b. Aztecs c. Zapotecs d. Incas
2. history
Which best defines settlement as it pertains to the history of civilization? a location where two parties resolved disputes or conflict over land ownership a location where groups ceased roaming and built permanent dwellings
3. Language Arts
Dragonwings: Think about various conflicts in this novel identify and describe one event from the novel that represents a cause-and-effect relationship that creates conflict. Explain the effect the conflict has on other characters
4. Biology
Describe the possible effects of mutation on an organism. Describe an example for each effect you mention. I cant remember. Help please!!
You can view more similar questions or ask a new question. |
When police, fire and EMS are driving with their lights and sirens on, every second counts in reaching their destination. And for first responders to safely reach their destination, we rely on other drivers to do their part as well.
Please remember and practice: When you’re driving and hear police, fire or ambulance sirens, move as far to the right as possible and come to a complete stop (or slow down as much as possible) until the first responders have passed you. Stop before entering an intersection, no matter what color the light is, to allow the emergency vehicle to safely pass through. Many severe accidents involving emergency vehicles occur at intersections.
In addition, if an emergency vehicle is stopped on the side of the road with lights on, move over to safely pass.
It’s not just courtesy or safety, it’s the law.
Louisiana law (RS 32:125) states that upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle using audible or visual signals, or of a police vehicle properly using an audible signal only, the driver of every other vehicle shall yield the right-of-way and shall immediately drive to a position parallel and as close as possible to the right-hand edge or curb of the highway clear of any intersection, and shall stop and remain in such position until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed. It also states that motorists on a highway must make a lane change, if possible, when any emergency vehicle with flashing lights is stopped on the shoulder. If motorists cannot switch lanes, they are to slow down.
Distracted driving is an issue as well. Drivers are less aware of approaching emergency vehicles due to texting or using a cell phone, eating or changing the radio station. Please put your phones away and just drive. |
Ulysses S. Grant rode his popularity to political power.
A. James Fuller is a Professor of History at the University of Indianapolis. A past president of the Indiana Association of Historians, he is a scholar of nineteenth‐century America, especially the Civil War era. Primarily a biographer, Fuller’s writing and teaching focuses on human action and agency and explores the interplay between individuals and the context of their time and place. Among his many publications are six books, including Chaplain to the Confederacy: Basil Manly and Baptist Life in the Old South (2000), America, War, and Power: Defining the State, 1775–2005 (2007), The Election of 1860 Reconsidered (2013), and Oliver P. Morton and the Politics of the Civil War and Reconstruction (2017). His current writing projects include a biography of Richard Yates, the Civil War governor of Illinois; a forthcoming book entitled Morton, Marshall, McNutt, and Mitch: Four Governors Who Shaped Indiana and the Midwest; and Man‐Devil in the Midwest: Murder and Justice in the 1870s, a study of a Civil‐War‐era serial killer.
Editor’s Note
Read More
Read Less
An alcoholic general who carried out a brutal campaign of bloodletting to defeat the Confederacy became an incompetent president who led one of the most corrupt administrations in American history. That was the traditional assessment of Ulysses S. Grant throughout much of the twentieth century. But in recent years, Grant has enjoyed a period of apologetics in which writers have reinterpreted both his military and political careers. Thanks to that revisionist literature, historians now see Grant in a more positive light and generally rate his presidency as largely successful. The scandals that rocked his administration are now cast as being carried out by those around him and he is excused because he was personally honest. His record on race and civil rights, once seen as a failure and missed opportunity, is now measured as enlightened and successful. Some of these new interpretations are much‐needed corrections, such as the false charges about Grant’s supposed alcoholism. His drinking was more complicated than historical explanations have allowed and it is incorrect to call him an alcoholic. But the recent restoration of Grant proves unpersuasive when one considers everything wrong with his presidency. Indeed, the term “Grantism” that came to be synonymous with incompetence and corruption still resonates. His record on race and civil rights, the scandals in his administration, his economic policies, and his diplomatic agenda in foreign affairs all demonstrate the extent to which Ulysses S. Grant was an awful failure as president. 1
Grant’s Record on Race and Reconstruction
Grant emerged from the Civil War as the Union’s greatest hero, especially after the assassination of President Lincoln. In the glory of victory, rumors about his supposed drunken sprees and charges that he was a ruthless and bloody commander were quickly dismissed and forgotten. For the rest of his life and in the years beyond, Grant remained one of the most popular and revered figures in the United States.
It was unsurprising, then, that Ulysses S. Grant rode his popularity to political power. Promoted to General of the Army after the war, he continued to direct military affairs in the early months of Reconstruction. Initially a supporter of President Andrew Johnson, Grant traveled to the South on an official fact‐finding tour to investigate the situation in the former rebel states. His report on race relations proved overly‐optimistic in its judgment that most white Southerners accepted their defeat and were willing to rebuild their society on Union terms. This assessment was used by Johnson as evidence in support of allowing former Confederates to return to political power. Grant’s report recommended the continuation of the Freedman’s Bureau, the over‐worked, under‐funded, and under‐manned agency charged with helping the formerly‐enslaved people transition to freedom. But allowing the former Confederates to hold office resulted in the new governments formed across the South quickly setting up a system aimed at maintaining white supremacy by restricting the civil rights and liberties of the freed people. Although he later denounced it, the general’s report thus demonstrated his poor judgment. Unwilling or unable to see the reality of the situation, Grant misjudged the mindset of the defeated rebels and allowed his former foes to return to power and begin dismantling the hard‐won fruits of victory. 2
Of course, Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction led to his confrontation with the Radical Republicans in congress and the political battles that eventually resulted in the president being impeached and nearly removed from office in 1868. Grant found himself in the middle of the particular issues at stake in the impeachment fight, as Johnson appointed him as acting Secretary of War when he suspended Edwin Stanton without first getting approval of the U.S. Senate. This violated the Tenure of Office Act and led to impeachment. Grant resigned from his post to avoid being caught up in the legal proceedings and turned his office back over to Stanton. Because he had already expressed disagreements with the president on Reconstruction, Congress passed laws protecting Grant from being fired as commander of the army. Now, the break between Johnson and the general became public and angry letters between them were published. This pushed Grant even farther into the Radical Republican camp and set the stage for his nomination by the Republican Party and his defeat of Democrat Horatio Seymour in the 1868 presidential election.
President Grant and Reconstruction
As president, Grant both pleased and disappointed the Radical Republicans with his actions on Reconstruction. On the one hand, they rejoiced in the fact that he now took the threat of the former rebels seriously and signed off on the enforcement acts Congress passed to fight the Ku Klux Klan and other secret societies that used violence to resist Reconstruction. In his first term, Grant especially took the fight to South Carolina, where he suspended habeas corpus, had the army carry out arrests of hundreds of suspected Klansmen, and directed his justice department to prosecute them. On the other hand, Grant backed off on the Klan during his second term, allowing the night riders to return to action. When he finally changed course and began pushing for prosecutions again, it was seen as too little, too late. Indeed, Grant began to abandon the fight for Reconstruction and civil rights, as he refused to support the Republican “carpetbagger” government in Mississippi when the governor there asked for military intervention to help defeat the Red Shirts, a Klan‐like society that led the forces of white supremacy in the state. Although he later regretted not intervening and signed a new Civil Rights Act in 1875, it was again seen by the Radicals as not being enough, as the law was not enforced and the Supreme Court eventually declared it unconstitutional. 3
At best, Grant’s record on Reconstruction was mixed; at worst, it was a miserable failure from the perspective of both sides of the fight. For white Southerners, the president supported the use of national power over the states and dispatched troops to interfere with local control of issues that had long been under state authority. He publicly called for equality for African Americans and supported blacks having the right to vote. For Radical Republicans, Grant was too hesitant, too slow, and too inconsistent. He seemed indecisive at critical moments, such as when he refused to intervene in Mississippi. During his presidency, violence spread across the South and thousands of white and black Republicans were attacked and killed. In Louisiana, for example, 150 black men were murdered in the Colfax Massacre in 1872. This was followed by the Battle of Liberty Place in New Orleans in 1874, as the integrated militia formed by the Republican government fought a posse of white supremacists in the middle of the city. Lynching of African Americans and their white supporters frequently occurred across the South and the Democrats began to win back control of state after state. President Grant failed to defeat the terrorism that was used to resist Reconstruction and allowed the former rebels to win in the post‐war period what they had lost on the battlefields of the Civil War.
Grant, Education, and Native American Policy
Grant’s record on civil rights was also marred by his support for the Blaine Amendment. This proposed Constitutional change authored by Republican James Blaine, a congressman from Maine, mandated government‐funded public schools and prohibited the use of any public funds for religious schools. Although the president couched his vision in terms of a strict separation of church and state, in reality he wanted the amendment in order to restrict the influence of the Roman Catholic church, which he thought was a threat to American society and culture because of immigration. In the 1850s, Grant had joined the nativist Know Nothing movement for a time and his resentment toward immigrants continued during his presidency. In supporting the Blaine plan, the president urged the nation to “Encourage free schools and resolve that not one dollar … appropriated for their support … shall be appropriated to any sectarian school. Leave the matter of religion to the family circle, the church and private school … Keep the church and state forever separate.” Such rhetoric seemed to echo long‐held American libertarian sentiments, but in the context of the day, it was heard as strident support for those who were anti‐Catholic. Although the Blaine Amendment was not ratified, some states began passing laws that supported the anti‐Catholic and anti‐immigrant sentiments shared by many citizens as well as their president. 4
Like the president’s policies on civil rights for African Americans, his racial record was also mixed when it came to Native Americans. In his first term, Grant called for a peace policy that would end the Indian wars in the West and improve the government’s treatment of Native Americans by reforming the system to clean up the corruption that infamously undercut the many treaties signed with the various tribes. He appointed Ely S. Parker, a Seneca Indian, to serve as Commissioner of Indian Affairs and named many Quakers to serve as Indian agents in hopes that the Society of Friends’ views on peace and equality would help improve relations. Grant also supported legislation to reform the government’s treatment of the Indians by making individual Native Americans wards of the state rather than dealing with them as tribal collectives. This attempt at reform led to peace with the Apache led by Cochise and a decline in warfare. In his second term, however, Grant abandoned his peace policy. Parker resigned and bickering between different Christian groups undermined the religious push for peace. Corruption remained entrenched and the Indian wars escalated with campaigns against the Comanche, the Cheyenne, the Modoc, and the Sioux. Grant pocket‐vetoed a law that would have protected the bison and allowed the continuation of the policy of killing the buffalo to force the Plains Indians to surrender and give up their hunting lifestyle. When gold was discovered in the Black Hills, the sacred heart of the homeland of the Sioux and guaranteed to them as part of their reservation by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the president did not enforce the law. Instead, he tried to buy the land from the Sioux and, when that failed, he allowed miners to keep pushing into the Indian territory. This led to the war that included the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the defeat of the troops led by George Armstrong Custer in 1876. But it also led to the eventual defeat of the Sioux and their allies on the Plains. Before he left office, Grant convinced the Sioux leaders on the reservation to sign away their rights to the Black Hills, further opening the territory for a gold rush. And the president obtained the legal right to fight those Indian leaders like Sitting Bull who had refused to negotiate. Grant’s peace policy was abandoned and conquest continued. The president’s agenda was doomed by the social and cultural situations of both the Native Americans who did not want to be “civilized” and of the Anglo Americans who held racist views that helped justify their desire to take the land. In end, as historian William McFeely put it, Grant “did not turn on” the Indians, but his policies were “only a brake on the excesses of their exterminators.” 5
“The Era of Good Stealings:” The Scandals of the Grant Presidency 6
During the nadir of Grant’s presidential reputation in the 20th Century, historians highlighted the many scandals that occurred in his administration. The recent apologists for Grant have argued that he was personally honest and that his presidency was not marked by more corruption than many others. In their haste to restore Grant’s standing, however, these scholars ignore the old adage that an executive leader is responsible for those who work within the administration. As Harry S. Truman later put it, “the buck stops here.” Thus, Grant deserves to be judged for the malfeasance that occurred on his watch.
In his first term, Grant seemed to support civil service reform, especially in the Department of the Interior, which saw the firing of incompetent clerks and the creation of a merit system. In 1871, congress approved the creation of a Civil Service Commission and the president appointed a reformer to lead the agency. Despite these early efforts, corruption continued, as news of the infamous Crédit Mobilier scandal broke in 1872. Although the actual corruption had occurred during the Johnson administration, the story of Republican congressman using their positions to profit in a scheme that involved the construction of the transcontinental railroad tainted Grant’s reputation as well. Crédit Mobilier included the use of sham companies to line the pockets of insider investors at the expense of taxpayers and effectively ended the political career of Grant’s vice president, Schuyler Colfax, who had bought into the illegal scheme while serving as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Still, the president himself and most of those associated with him were not involved and Crédit Mobilier might have become a reason for more efforts at reform led by Grant. But that was not to be, as the administration soon found itself in the middle of other scandals. The first to break involved the appointment of corrupt officials at the New York Customs House. Following the traditional patronage system, Grant had appointed a man approved by New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, a powerful Republican who became one of the president’s strongest supporters. The official used his position to charge large fees that he siphoned off and split with a crony. When the crime came to light, Grant fired the official and replaced him with another who set out to implement reform and the president was cleared of all charges himself. But the scandal tainted his reputation and foreshadowed more negative stories to follow.
Most of the scandals of his administration broke during Grant’s second term and stories of misdeeds like the Whiskey Ring and the Belknap Affair (or Indian Ring) became synonymous with the perceived corruption of the era. The Whiskey Ring was exposed by Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow, a reformer who Grant appointed to replace William Richardson, whose tenure in office came to an end amid corruption involving the collection of taxes. Bristow began to investigate his own department and discovered a scheme by which distillers paid government officials to avoid paying the tax on whiskey. Millions of dollars in unpaid taxes meant lost revenue that was instead profiting the distillers and the corrupt Republican officials who worked with them in the ring. Bristow’s 1875 investigation resulted in more than a hundred convictions and several million dollars being recovered by the Treasury Department. Meanwhile, Secretary of War William Belknap had been taking kickbacks from traders to whom he had given lucrative contracts to supply the army posts in Indian Territory. The kickback plan centered on payments being made to Belknap’s wife, Carita. When she died, the Secretary married her sister, Amanda, and she began to receive the money from the traders who enjoyed a virtual monopoly and charged outrageous prices for low‐quality supplies that the soldiers were forced to buy because there was no alternative. Colonel George Armstrong Custer helped expose the illegal payments by leaking stories to the press and, when the scandal broke in 1876, Belknap resigned, but was still impeached and tried by the U.S. Senate. There, he was acquitted because many believed that a private citizen could not legally be tried by Congress.
The Currency Question and Depression
One of the most significant issues during Grant’s presidency was the “Currency Question.” This foundational economic issue focused on the monetary system: should the United States have currency backed by specie—the gold standard—or should it have fiat currency—paper money? During the War of the Rebellion, the Lincoln administration had adopted paper money—greenbacks—which were not backed by precious metals (gold or silver) to help pay for the war and its unprecedented debt. After the war, the nation continued on the greenback system, but the result was inflation. President Grant, an economic conservative, hoped to return to the gold standard and he signed the 1869 Public Credit Act, a law that both guaranteed government bonds would be paid in specie and gradually replaced paper money. Under the plan enacted in the law, the country would be fully returned to the gold standard in ten years. But the issue did not go away, as the advocates of paper money or inflationists, as they were usually called, continued to fight against the gold standard. 7
Most historians agree that Grant took a rather simplistic view of economics and largely followed the advice of others in pursuing his economic policies. This led to scandal in 1869 and a near‐depression when his brother‐in‐law, Abel Corbin joined forces with businessmen Jay Gould and Jim Fisk in an attempt to corner the gold market. The cabal lobbied Grant and convinced him to order the suspension of gold sales. When the president realized what was happening, he resumed the sale of gold and the market crashed, ending the scheme. 8
The Currency Question returned to the forefront again in the wake of the Panic of 1873. The financial crisis led to a deep depression that lasted for several years. Blaming the depression on the contraction of greenbacks, the inflationists argued that maintaining fiat money would better enable to the government to help the country through the hard times and argued that the gold standard favored the rich by restricting the amount of currency in circulation. While Grant sided with the gold bugs and supported the Coinage Act of 1873 and the Species Resumption Act of 1875, critics charged that he moved too slowly and gradually, prolonging the turmoil of the currency transition and making the economic situation worse.
In response to the depression, Grant largely adhered to laissez‐faire policies and rejected calls for government intervention in the name of helping end the crisis. The depression dragged on for years, extending beyond Grant’s presidency. His policies included not only a return to the gold standard, but also paying down government debt, cutting taxes, and lowering interest rates, so the ultimate result of this fiscal policy was stability and economic growth. But critics often blamed Grant for not taking a more active role in trying to end the crisis. More to the real point, though, he sided with big business and seemed to ignore the plight of workers facing high unemployment and wage cuts. The depression turned many voters against the Republicans, especially in South, and this opened the door for the Democrats to return to power, as they “redeemed” the Southern states and eventually won a won a majority in the House of Representatives as well. The return of the Democrats to power effectively ended Reconstruction in state after state. Radical Republicans often blamed Grant’s economic policies during the depression as a major cause of the party’s weakness that set the stage for the defeat of their plan for achieving racial equality.
Grant’s Foreign Policy
In foreign affairs, Grant’s presidency was also a miserable failure by any measure. Although it seemed on the surface that the United States followed a non‐interventionist foreign policy in the aftermath of the Civil War, Grant actually pursued an interventionist agenda in the Caribbean. Secretary of State Hamilton J. Fish proved to be an able and talented cabinet member and he managed to avert complete disaster. Fish largely held to the non‐interventionist tradition, but Grant often broke with his secretary of state. The two men held to their official policy when they resisted widespread calls to get involved in Cuba. There, insurrections against Spanish colonial rule offer the opportunity to help the population win their independence and, perhaps, add territory to the United States. Private expeditions of filibusterers from the United States had tried to wrest the island from Spanish control in the antebellum era and, now, there were calls for the government to step in. Hoping to avoid war with Spain, Grant and Fish stayed out of Cuba and helped defeat a congressional resolution supporting the rebels on the island. Still, the administration did attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain, perhaps through a negotiate purchase. This plan failed, however.
The proposed annexation of Santo Domingo proved to be the greatest failure of Grant’s foreign policy interests in the Caribbean, however. The country now known as the Dominican Republic shared an island with Haiti and had won its independence from colonial rule. Hoping to prevent a European power from taking control of the country and seeing it as a possible alternative for the African Americans of the South, Grant hoped to make it a United States territory. He thought that such a territory would offer African Americans a choice, a place to move to if they could not come to terms with their former masters in the defeated rebel states. In a sense, then, his agenda for Santo Domingo was hailed as measure for the benefit of the former slaves. In another sense, it harkened back to the colonization schemes that had so often been at the core of plans for emancipation. Such ideas were based on the belief that whites and blacks could not live together and often stemmed from racist notions of white supremacy. Grant’s personal views apparently came from genuine concern about the plight of African Americans facing increased violence in the Southern states.
Hamilton Fish initially opposed the plan, but went along with the president when Grant pushed hard for the annexation of Santo Domingo. The secretary of state drafted and negotiated a treaty in 1869 that called for the United States to annex the island nation and make it a territory with the possibility of eventual statehood. But the treaty ran headlong into Charles Sumner, the Radical Republican Senator who served as chair of the powerful Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to personal animosity toward Grant, Sumner opposed the treaty because he thought the whole process was corrupt and believed that Santo Domingo was too unstable to make it worthwhile. Others opposed the treaty on racial grounds, believing that the population was of an inferior race and of mixed race, which would taint the white blood of the United States. The treaty was defeated in 1870 and, although Grant managed to get congress to agree to his sending commissioners to Santo Domingo to study the issue, he failed to accomplish his dream of annexation. Thus, his foreign policy was a failure both because it failed to live up to its official non‐interventionist approach and its interventionism failed to accomplish its stated goals. 9
Assessing Everything Wrong with the Grant Presidency
Historian C. Vann Woodward remarked that the Grant administration was “the all‐time low point in statesmanship in our nation’s history.” 10 While other presidents oversaw administrations that certainly rival the sorry record compiled under Ulysses S. Grant, the recent revisionism that has attempted to reinterpret him as a great political leader has ignored the obvious failures of his presidency. To say that his administration was not any more corrupt that others is faint praise given the long list of misdeeds carried out by the executive branch in Washington, D.C. Arguing that Grant wanted to achieve more but was unable to given the context is also a weak defense that hardly makes him a great leader. His failures on civil rights serve as a perfect example of how his apologists try to defend his lack of accomplishment. In so doing, they too often ignore how he moved too slowly and lacked the commitment that enforcing Reconstruction demanded. They fail to acknowledge how his policies in other areas, such as economic policy, helped set the context that made continuing Reconstruction so difficult. While the completely negative view of Grant as president that pervaded the literature needed a corrective, the recent reassessment has gone too far the other way. Instead of more apologetics and excuses, the literature on the Grant presidency is best analyzed by the careful and balanced work of scholars like Charles Calhoun. But even those who attempt to take a more objective and balanced approach end up making excuses for President Grant, a leader whose administration was marked by scandal, depression, and failure.
1. An excellent expression of the generally negative traditional interpretation is William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981). For some of recent revisionism, see H.W. Brands, The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace (New York: Doubleday, 2012); Ronald C. White, American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses s. Grant (New York: Random House, 2016); Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin Press, 2017). For an insightful study of Grant in historical memory, see Joan Waugh, U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009). A deeply‐researched and balanced account of Grant’s career in the White House is found in Charles W. Calhoun, The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2017).
2. Calhoun, Presidency of Grant, 20–22; White, American Ulysses, 421–423.
3. For a critical account of Grant’s Reconstruction policies from a post‐civil rights egalitarian perspective, see McFeely, Grant, 356–379.
4. Ulysses S. Grant, “President Grant’s Speech,” September 29, 1875 in Alexandria Gazette and Virginia Advertiser, September 30, 1875; Calhoun, Presidency of Grant, 504–513.
5. McFeely, Grant, 305- 318.
6. I take this subtitle from the title of Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Summers argued that corruption was a powerful issue in the era and that the newspapers helped make it so, but that the period was no more corrupt than others and emphasized that Grant was not directly involved in any of the scandals himself.
7. For studies of the economics of the Grant era, see Murray Rothbard, A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonia Era to World War II (Auburn, AL: Mises, Institute, 2002), 122–132; Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964); Robert P. Sharkey, Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959); Scott Reynolds Nelson, A Nation of Deadbeats: An Uncommon History of America’s Financial Disasters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), 159–179.
8. For an account of the scheme from the perspective a Grant apologist, see Chernow, Grant, 672–678.
9. McFeely, Grant, 332–347.
10. C. Vann Woodward, “The Lowest Ebb,” in American Heritage, Vol. 8, Issue 3 (April 1957); 52–57, 106–109. |
Alzheimer's Disease: Scientists Discover Two Rare Genes Linked to Condition
dna sequence stock getty
A stock image of a DNA sequence. Getty Images
Scientists have identified two rare genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease.
The researchers studied the DNA sequences of 5,617 people with Alzheimer's disease, alongside 4,594 people who did not have the neurodegenerative disorder and acted as the control group.
The variants found in two patients with cognitive impairments included a mutation in the NOTCH3 gene. Mutations in this gene have previously been linked to a rare disease known as cerebral autosomaldominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Sufferers experience severe headaches and strokes in early adulthood, before developing vascular dementia generally between the ages of 40 to 55, "which is well before typical Alzheimer's occurs," corresponding author Dr. Lindsay Farrer, chief of the Biomedical Genetics division at Boston University School of Medicine, told Newsweek.
Four participants had the TREM2 mutation called Q33X, which is thought to trigger Nasu-Hakola disease. This type of early-onset dementia causes bone cysts that often lead to fractures: particularly in the hands and feet.
"This dementia occurs when a person has a double dose of this particular mutation, whereas the Alzheimer cases we identified had only a single dose," said Farrer.
The findings were published in the journal JAMA Network Open. The authors wrote: "Different mutations in the same gene or variable dose of a mutation may be associated with result in distinct dementias. These findings suggest that minor differences in the structure or amount of protein may be associated with in different clinical outcomes."
Farrer said she hopes the study will lead to tests that could predict an individual's risk for developing Alzheimer's disease, and to develop treatments. That could help the 50 million people around the world who have dementia, the neurodegenerative condition of which Alzheimer's disease is the most common. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, and scientists do not know its cause.
"The carriers of the NOTCH3 mutation are unrelated but the mutation in all of them appears to be descended from a common ancestor. Further study of the genetic background of these subjects revealed that they are likely to be Ashkenazi Jewish, i.e. Jews from Eastern Europe," said Farrer.
Dr. Keith Fargo, director of scientific programs and outreach at the Alzheimer's Association, told Newsweek he was most surprised by the NOTCH3 finding.
"NOTCH3 is thought of as being primarily active during the early development of the nervous system, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease risk suggests early events can leave you with a long-term susceptibility to developing the disease. This begs the question: What if Alzheimer's is a disease of development as much as it is a disease of aging?"
Fargo argued the study was limited because the sample size was relatively small, meaning statistical significance could not be established. Another downfall was that the participants could be more closely related genetically than assumed by researchers.
"If this is the case, it is possible that the variants are more indicative of their relatedness rather than being responsible for Alzheimer's," he said.
However, he said the findings were important "because each new rare genetic variant provides something of a 'natural experiment'—each provides a window into the possible underlying mechanisms and pathways that lead to Alzheimer's disease. Understanding these mechanisms and pathways may lead to new drug targets for prevention or treatment."
Dr. Sara Imarisio, head of research at the charity Alzheimer's Research UK, told Newsweek: "This study adds to previous observations that rare errors in a single gene can have very different effects on disease, and some are more common in particular population groups. While the findings contribute to the bigger picture on genetic risk, the study wasn't large enough to give robust information. The findings now need confirming in larger studies."
Imarisio highlighted an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease comes down to a "complex mix of age, genetics and lifestyle."
The research was published the same week as a separate study involving 94,437 people with Alzheimer's disease revealed five genetic variants that could raise the risk of developing the condition. The study was published in Nature. |
As you delegate projects and tasks, you are really giving up some of your control over those tasks in exchange for more free time. However, just because you’re giving up some control doesn’t mean that the tasks won’t be done right. It’s still up to you to make sure that each task is done correctly.
Delegating that first task is not easy. But the more you experience the benefits of delegating, the easier it becomes. Here are five steps to help you learn how to delegate tasks in the workplace:
1. Figure out what needs to be done
2. Identify tasks that can be assigned to someone else
3. Figure out who you have available to help you
4. Assign tasks
5. Monitor Progress
Figure out what needs to be done
If you already have a to-do list for the project, you’ve already completed the first step. However, if you know that you’re not going to be doing some of the tasks yourself you may need to adjust the to-do list. You might have the list written in a way that makes sense to you, but to someone else the items on the list might be confusing.
For example, maybe there’s an item on the list that should really be broken up into three tasks. If you were originally planning on completing the task yourself, that would have been fine. But in order to make the task more clear to someone else, break up the task into smaller, more specific tasks.
Identify tasks that can be assigned to someone else
Once you have a to-do list that is broken down into specific tasks, identify tasks that you can assign to someone else. You should try to hand off tasks that are low in importance and that anyone can do. Your time may be better spent doing something that only you know how to do. On the other hand, you can also assign tasks that require a skill that you don’t have.
Figure out who you have available to help you
Once you have figured out which tasks you want to assign to someone else, think about the people who could help you with those tasks. This step is about matching other people’s skills with your needs. Everyone has a unique set of skills. It’s up to you to identify who is best for each task.
Assign tasks
Now that you have figured out who you have available to help you with your tasks, you can assign the tasks. Remember, even though you’re not actually doing this task, you are still responsible for making sure it is done correctly. The way you assign the task has a lot to do with the outcome. For example, if you assign a task with very little instruction, the task probably won’t be done the way you want it. If you assign the task with very little time to complete it, you can’t expect the quality of the work to be very high. You want to assign tasks in a way that sets up the person for success. When the person you delegate the task to succeeds, you succeed!
Here are some tips for assigning tasks in a way that will result in the best outcome:
• Include as many details as you can.
• Share as much background information about the task and entire project as you can.
• Tell the person doing a task the deadline up front.
• Provide all of the resources needed, such as tools, equipment or passwords.
Monitor progress
It’s never a good idea to hand off a project or task and then forget about it. After you delegate or give a task to someone, don’t assume that everything’s going well just because you don’t hear from that person. Take time to check in on people often to monitor their progress and make sure that they’re doing the tasks correctly. If a person isn’t doing the task correctly, the sooner you catch it, the less time and resources are wasted.
Now that you’ve learned how to delegate in these five steps, you can implement them in your workplace to make the most of your time. By delegating tasks in the workplace, you will increase the amount of free time you have as well as your chances for workplace success.
Now that you’ve learned these five steps, you can make the most of the resources you have. Going forward, remember that the key to success is not the amount of resources you have; what matters is how you make use of them. If you’d like to see how we can help your students learn these skills in order to become ready for the workplace, click the free trial link below. |
The English Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne
In the spring of 1853 Hawthorne received from his life-long friend, President Pierce, the appointment of United States Consul at Liverpool, then one of the most lucrative places in the gift of the Executive. He held the post for four years, but remained in England two years longer, leaving the country finally in 1859. Though the duties of his office could not have been much to his taste, he discharged them with exemplary diligence, and, we believe, to the satisfaction of all who did business with him. His will was strong, and his sense of duty was not less strong; and he had already been trained to do disagreeable work, for he had been for six years a measurer of coal and salt in the Boston Custom-House, and afterwards for three years surveyor of the port of Salem.
But looking at the growth of his mind, these nine long years of enforced and against-the-grain work were precious to him. They took him out of the world of dreams into the world of life. They gave him subjects for reflection. They sharpened his powers of observation. They braced and gave tone to his intellectual fibre. They kept rust and mould from gathering on his mind. If they postponed for a time the act of writing, they supplied ample material for literary work in the future. It may be well doubted whether we should have had The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables but for the growth and discipline of the previous years of uncongenial drudgery and constrained contact with his kind. The iron of compulsion which entered into his soul became a tonic to his intellectual blood.
Recommended Reading
Indeed, as a general rule, it is well for a man of genius to give a portion of every day to some regular employment, more or less mechanical in its nature, which does not task the higher faculties, and is followed as a duty, and not from impulse merely. Coleridge gives the same counsel in another form when, in his Biographia Literaria, he earnestly advises young men, who in early life feel themselves disposed to become authors, never to pursue literature as a trade. As he justly remarks, the necessity of earning one's bread by writing will, with most men of genius, convert the stimulant into a narcotic. Coleridge himself, that stately argosy so richly freighted with intellectual wealth, but drifting to and fro over the waters of life without the rudder of will, was a striking proof of the evils of being without a profession, or any regular employment to which he might have gone, day by day, as a merchant goes to his counting-room or a lawyer to his office. Sir Walter Scott and Charles Lamb, men very unlike in mental structure, were both fortunate in having an occupation of this kind; and had a like lot been laid upon Byron, he would have been a better and a happier man, and none the less brilliant as a poet. To coin one's genius into bread is to harness Pegasus into an express-wagon. To be sure, there are striking exceptions to this general rule. Dickens, for instance, gained wealth by the exercise of a rare genius, but look at the ill-requited toils and heart-break-ing struggles of Hood! And had Hawthorne himself earned nothing but by his pen, he would have left no provision for his family.
But if Hawthorne's life in England were not entirely to his taste, it was profitable, and bore good fruit; for we owe to it two remarkable books,—Our Old Home, published in 1863, and the Passages from English Note-Books, now before us. We say if his life were not entirely to his taste, for the mere fact that two such books grew out of the soil of his English experience proves that such experience could not have been all distasteful. No man ever makes a book out of what he desires utterly to forget. And there were elements in his nature which were in harmony with the duties of his official life, and which would lighten the burden of its drudgeries and disgusts. For he was a man as peculiar in character as he was unique in genius. In him opposite qualities met, and were happily and harmoniously blended; and this was true of him physically as well as intellectually. He was tall and strongly built, with broad shoulders, deep chest, a massive head, black hair, and large dark eyes. Wherever he was he attracted attention by his imposing preseace. He looked like a man who might have held the stroke oar in a university boat. And his genius, as all the world knows, was of masculine force and sweep. But, on the other hand, no man had more of the feminine element than he. He was, feminine in his quick perceptions, his fine insight, his sensibility to beauty, his delicate reserve, his purity of feeling. No man comprehended woman more perfectly; none has painted woman with a more exquisite and ethereal pencil. And his face was as mobile andrapid in its changes of expression as is the face of a young girl. His lip and cheek heralded the word before it was spoken. His eyes would darken visibly under the touch of a passing emotion, like the waters of a fountain ruffled by the breeze of summer. So, too, he was the shyest of men. The claims and courtesies of social life were terrible to him. The thought of making a call would keep him awake in his bed. At breakfast, he could not lay a piece of butter upon a lady's plate without a little trembling of the hand: this is a fact, and not a phrase. He was so shy that in the presence of two intimate friends he would be less easy and free-spoken than in that of only one.
And yet the presence of his kind was cordial, and in some sense necessary to him. If his shyness held him back, his sympathies drew him out with a force nearly as strong. And, unlike most men who are at once intellectual and shy, he was not a lover, or a student, of books. He read books as they came in his way, or for a particular purpose, but he made no claim to the honors of learning or scholarship. A great library had no charms for him. He rarely bought a book, and the larger part of his small collection had come to him by gift. His mind did not feed upon the printed page. It will be noticed that in his writings he very seldom introduces a quotation, or makes any allusion to the writings of others. The raptures of the bibliomaniac, foldling his tall copies, his wide margins, his unique specimens, his vellum pages, were as strange to him as are the movements of a violin-player's arm to the deaf man's eye. In the summer of 1859 the writer of this notice—who confesses to an insatiable passion for the possession of books, and an omnivorous appetite for their contents—saw him at Leamington, and was invited by him into his study, the invitation being accompanied with one of his peculiar and indescribable smiles, in which there lurked a consciousness of his friend's weakness. The study was a small, square room, with a table and chair, but absolutely not a single book. He liked writing better than reading. The volumes he studied with the most satisfaction were the faces of men and women; provided always that the volumes did not know him. But a gleam of recognition was enough to turn aside his glance of observation. Without doubt, some of his happiest hours were passed in long rambles through the populous solitudes of Liverpool and London, where no man greeted him, where the human beings he saw were like trees in a wood, where faces could be studied like shells in a drawer or stuffed birds in a cage.
To a man with such powers of observation as Hawthorne, and such taste for using them, the post of American Consul in a large commercial city like Liverpool must have had some decided attractions. He was an artist to whom all sorts of picturesque subjects were constantly sitting for their portraits. And no man can know what strange beasts are produced by the soil of America, until he goes to Europe. At home, a man of Hawthorne's pursuits and position would have seen only the normal growth of his countrymen,—men resembling each other as marbles in a boy's pocket, prosperous and respectable men, graduates of colleges, who sit down to three meals a day, who draw checks to pay their bills, and lock their front doors at the same hour every night. But in Liverpool he would see Americans of a different class,—men who had left their country for their country's good or their own, the stepchildren and outcasts of the land, poor waifs and strays of humanity, floating social sea-weeds with no root to grasp anything with a firm hold, forlorn wanderers over the face of the earth, always needy and sometimes ragged and starving. Not without gifts, faculties, and accomplishments are these vagabonds; sometimes many-tongued, always fluent of speech, plausible in manner, with marked individual traits which stand bare to the eye, with no rags of reserve or self-restraint to cover them. Without doubt these social outlaws were better subjects for a literary limner than the sleek children of prosperity, just as a ruined and ivy-grown cottage is a more picturesque object than a smart suburban villa. That Hawthorne improved his opportunities need not be said to any one who has read the first essay in Our Old Home, entitled Consular Experiences,—one of the best specimens in all his writings of what may be called the prose side of his genius. In minute detail and vigorous portraiture it is a sort of combination of Teniers and Rembrandt. For keen insight, sharp observation, shrewd common sense, knowledge of man, and a mingling of humor and tenderness, it can hardly be surpassed. Little did the originals of these sketches suspect that an eye like a blind man's finger was all the time fixed upon them! Little did they dream of the anonymous immortality that was awaiting them at the hands of the dark-browed man that said so little and heard so much! His account of the reprobate doctor of divinity is painfully interesting; a powerful delineation of a repulsive subject, but made tragic by gleams of light from the central caverns of passion and sin in the human heart. How singular it was that Hawthorne in his official capacity should thus have had revealed to him a man in whom the lowest and grossest propensities were covered over by a thin veneering of respectability and self-restraint, shattered by the first touch of temptation, thus presenting a combination so much rn harmony with the creations of his own genius!
We will, however, bring Hawthorne himself to testify as to the character of the persons with whom his consular life brought him in contact. Our readers may have read the passage before, but it will bear a second perusal:— "Hither, in the course of my incumbency, came a great variety of visitors, principally Americans, but including almost every other nationality on earth, especially the distressed and downfallen ones like those of Poland and Hungary, Italian bandits (for so they looked), proscribed conspirators from old Spain, Spanish Americans, Cubans who professed to have stood by Lopez and narrowly escaped his fate, scarred French soldiers of the Second Republic,—in a word, all sufferers, or pretended ones, in the cause of liberty, all people homeless in the widest sense, those who never had a country or had lost it, those whom their native land had impatiently flung off for planning a better system of things than they were born to,—a multitude of these, and, doubtless, an equal number of jail-birds, outwardly of the same feather, sought the American Consulate in hopes of at least a bit of bread, and, perhaps, to beg a passage to the blessed shores of Freedom. In most cases there was nothing, and in any case distressingly little, to be done for them ; neither was I of a proselyting disposition, nor desired to make my consulate a nucleus for the vagrant discontents of other lands. And yet it was a proud thought, a forcible appeal to the sympathies of an American, that these unfortunates claimed the privileges of citizenship in our Republic on the strength of the very same noble misdemeanors that had rendered them outlaws to their native despotisms. So I gave them what small help I could. Methinks the true patriots and martyr-spirits of the whole world should have been conscious of a pang near the heart, when a deadly blow was aimed at the vitality of a country which they have felt to be their own in the last resort."— Our Old Home, p. 13.
But there were other and better men that crossed his path. The masters of the American vessels trading to Liverpool are, as a general rule, persons worth knowing and talking to. They are intelligent men, fairly well educated, sometimes not ignorant of books, shrewd observers of men, with plain but good manners, and with a manly heartiness about them like a bracing breeze from the sea. The many tempests that have shaken their beards have given force to their characters and a keen edge to their faculties~ A mind like Hawthorne's would find more satisfaction in communion with men like these than with men of more cultivation, finer fibre, but less strength and flavor. Without doubt, he was sometimes bored by respectable dulness in broadcloth and fine linen, by pompous emptinesses in the shape of great men in small places, by callers that had no due sense of the brevity of human life: but who in this melancholy world is not bored? He who would never be bored must bolt his door and break his looking-glass.
His official duties were, for the most part, matters of routine, neither good nor bad, and certainly not worse than what he had experienced in Boston and Salem. We suppose that Hawthorne found no part of his official life so little to his taste as those ceremonials and parade occasions which would have been so congenial to most of his countrymen. For he was one of those exceptional Americans,—would there were more of them!—who have no power of public speech, and recoil with horror and alarm from anything which may call upon them to display their incapacity. But the American Consul at Liverpool is a public personage, and thus his presence is a necessity sometimes at public gatherings, and especially at those civic banquets wherein the municipal dignitaries of so rich a city are wont to seek relief from the austere cares of government and administration. The dinner in England, as every one knows who has been there, rises to the dignity of an institution. It is—not to speak it profanely—a sort of secular sacrament. It takes its place among the choicest jewels of the Englishman's soul,—with the memory of Alfred, with Magna Charta and the Revolution of 1688, with fox-hunting and the Times newspaper. The Englishman is willing to speak and to hear speaking, but he prefers to have them dressed with bread and beef sauce. If the tongue and the ear are to be busy, the teeth must not be idle. A dry-lipped entertainment like an American caucus, where the guests are treated to nothing more savory or nutritious than the east wind, is not at all to the Anglican taste. And thus it happened that Hawthorne, who was no eater, no drinker, and no speech-maker, was often called upon to take a conspicuous part at entertainments where there was nothing but eating, drinking, and speech-making. Indeed, these were sad days to him; when the summons came, he smote his breast like the wedding guest in The Ancient Mariner when he heard the loud bassoon. With many dollars would he have purchased exemption; but in his case, too, there was a "glittering eye" which constrained him,—the eye of the American eagle at home, three thousand miles off. And so he went, with a little speech in his head, and perhaps in his pocket; and he survived the operation, and lived to tell us how he felt when under the knife. Both in Our Old Home and in his English Note-Books he alludes to what he endured in these postprandial exhibitions of himself. Though the reader of the former work can hardly have forgotten its closing passages, we will refresh his recollection by quoting them:
"As soon as the Lord Mayor began to speak, I rapped upon my mind, and it gave forth a hollow sound; being absolutely empty of appropriate ideas. I never thought of listening to the speech, because I knew it all beforehand in twenty repetitions from other lips, and was aware that it would not offer a single suggestive point. In this dilemma I turned to one of my three friends, a gentleman whom I knew to possess an enviable flow of silver speech, and obtested him, by whatever he deemed holiest, to give me at least an available thought or two to start with, and, once afloat, I would trust to my guardian angel for enabling me to flounder ashore again. He advised me to begin with some remarks complimentary to the Lord Mayor, and expressive of the hereditary reverence in which his office was held—at least, my friend thought that there would be no harm in giving his lordship this little sugar-plum, whether quite the fact or no—was held by the descendants of the Puritan forefathers. Thence, if I liked, getting flexible with the oil of my own eloquence, I might easily slide off into the momentous subject of the relations between England and America, to which his lordship had made such weighty allusion. Seizing this handful of straw with a death grip, and bidding my three friends bury me honorably, I got upon my legs to save both countries, or perish in the attempt. The tables roared and thundered at me, and suddenly were silent again. But, as I have never happened to stand in a position of greater dignity and peril, I deem it a stratagem of sage policy here to close these sketches, leaving myself still erect in so heroic an attitude."—Our Old Home, p. 397.
How delightfully provoking this is! Never shall we know how he got out of the scrape. There he stands forever on his feet, with a listening table around and his lips pregnant with an undelivered speech. He is like the young lover in Keats's delicious Ode to a Grecian Urn:
"Bold lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal."
Never shall we know whether his speech was "neat and appropriate," whether it was "received with shouts of applause," or whether, after gasping and choking, he ignominiously broke down, resuming his seat with drops of agony on his brow, a humming sound in his ears, a sense of faintness and suffocation at the heart,—in short, all the horrors and miseries of a stage fright.
There are passages in the English Note-Books in like manner expressive of his sufferings at civic feasts, when he was constrained to exchange the gold of silence for the silver of speech. But the playful way in which he recounts these experiences shows that they were not so formidable at the moment as they had been in anticipation. He toys and dallies with the reminiscence as if he were not entirely willing to let it go; without doubt, he was somewhat amused at his own terrors. He stood aside from himself, and observed himself, like a physician feeling his own pulse. He became for the time both object and subject. He sets down his own symptoms as if he had observed them in another person. There must have been a more commonplace satisfaction, too, in the cup, arising from the sense of having overcome a difficulty and done that which seemed at first impossible to do. It is the glow of self-complacency at awaking to the consciousness of a new power. It is the same feeling which hushes the cheek of a young girl the first time she fires a pistol, and finds that it has not blown her head off. The speech, perhaps, was not much, but still it was a speech, and better than he ever thought he could do.
We quote a passage from the work before us, showing how the burden of public speaking grew lighter as he became accustomed to it. Very soon after his arrival in Liverpool he was invited to a state dinner given by the Mayor to the judges and the grand jury, and, of course, he was called upon to speak. He thus chronicles his experience :
"Afterwards the bar, and various other dignitaries and institutions, were toasted; and by and by came the toast to the United States, and to me, as their representative. Hereupon either 'Hail Columbia' or 'Yankee Doodle,' or some other of our national tunes (but Heaven knows which), was played; and at the conclusion, being at bay, and with no alternative, I got upon my legs and made a response. They received me and listened to my nonsense with a good deal of rapping, and my speech seemed to give great satisfaction; my chief difficulty being in not knowing how to pitch my voice to the size of the room. As for the matter, it is not of the slightest consequence. Anybody may make an after-dinner speech who will be content to talk on without saying anything. My speech was not more than two or three inches long; and, considering that I did not know a soul there, except the Mayor himself; and that I am wholly unpractised in all sorts of oratory, and that I had nothing to say, it was quite successful. I hardly thought it was in me, but, being once started, I felt no embarrassment, and went through it as coolly as if I were going to be hanged."—Englisk Note-Books, Vol. I. p. 15.
This was on the fifteenth day of August, 1853. On the fifth day of October, 1854, he was present at a dèjeuner on board the ship James Barnes, on occasion of her coming under the English flag, having been built by Donald McKay of Boston. Here another speech was made, and we can see from his report that the terror was beginning to pass away, and something like satisfaction to steal in:
"I sat between two ladies, one of them Mrs.—, a pleasant young woman, who, I believe, is of American provincial nativity, and whom I therefore regarded as half a countrywoman. We talked a good deal together, and I confided to her my annoyance at the prospect of being called up to answer a toast; but she did not pity me at all, though she felt much alarm about her husband, Captain,—who was in the same predicament. Seriously, it is the most awful part of my official duty,—this necessity of making dinner-speeches at the Mayor's, and other public or semi-public tables. However, my neighborhood to Mrs.—was good for me, inasmuch as by laughing over the matter with her I came to regard it in a light and ludicrous way; and so, when the time actually came, I stood up with a careless dare-devil feeling. The chairman toasted the President immediately after the Queen, and did me the honor to speak of myself in a most flattering manner, something like this: 'Great by his position under the Republic,—greater still, I am bold to say, in the Republic of letters!' I made no reply at all to this; in truth, I forgot all about it when I began to speak, and merely thanked the company in behalf of the President and my countrymen, and made a few remarks with no very decided point to them. However, they cheered and applauded, and I took advantage of the applause to sit down, and Mrs. informed me that I had succeeded admirably. It was no success at all, to be sure ; neither was it a failure, for I had aimed at nothing, and I had exactly hit it. But after sitting down, I was conscious of an enjoyment in speaking to a public assembly, and felt as if I should like to rise again. It is something like being under fire,—a sort of excitement, not exactly pleasure, but more piquant than most pleasures. I have felt this before, in the same circumstances; but while on my legs my impulse is to get through with my remarks and sit down again as quickly as possible."—Vol. I. pp. 130, 131.
In April, 1857, another call was made upon his faculty of speech, on the opening of a free library given to Liverpool by Mr. Browne; and such is the effect of his previous training, that he is beginning almost to enjoy the novel sensation of" thinking upon his legs."
"I was really tired to death before my own turn came, sitting all that time, as it were, on the scaffold, with the rope round my neck. At last Monckton Milnes was called up and made a speech, of which, to my dismay, I could hardly hear a single word, owing to his being at a considerable distance, on the other side of the chairman, and flinging his voice, which is a bass one, across the hall, instead of adown it, in my direction. I could not distinguish one word of any allusions to my works, nor even when he came to the toast did I hear the terms in which he put it, nor whether I was toasted on my own basis or as representing American literature, or as Consul of the United States. At all events, there was a vast deal of clamor; and uprose peers and bishops, general, mayor, knights, and gentlemen, everybody in the hall greeting me with all the honors. I had uprisen, too, to commence my speech; but had to sit down again till matters grew more quiet, and then I got up, and proceeded to deliver myself with as much composure as I ever felt at my own fireside. It is very strange, this self-possession and clear-sightedness, which I have experienced when standing before an audience, showing me my way through all the difficulties resulting from my not having heard Monckton Milnes's speech; and on since reading the latter, I do not see how I could have answered it better. My speech certainly was better cheered than any other; especially one passage, where I made a colossus of Mr. Browne, at which the audience grew so tumultuous in their applause that they drowned my figure of speech before it was half out of my mouth."—Vol. II. pp. 201, 202.
With his usual habit of self-observation he takes occasion to remark upon the effect produced upon himself by the custom of public speaking :
"I can conceive of very high enjoyment in making a speech; one is in such a curious sympathy with his audience, feeling instantly how every sentence affects them, and wonderfully excited and encouraged by the sense that it has gone to the right spot. Then, too, the imminent emergency, when a man is overboard, and must sink or swim, sharpens, concentrates, and invigorates the mind, and causes matters of thought and sentiment to assume shape and expression, though, perhaps, it seemed hopeless to express them just before you rose to speak. Yet I question much whether public speaking tends to elevate the orator, intellectually or morally; the effort, of course, being to say what is immediately received by the audience, and to produce an effect on the instant. I don't quite see how an honest man can be a good and successful orator; but I shall hardly undertake to decide the question on my merely post-prandial experience.—Vol. II. p. 166.
What would Quinctilian say to this startling doctrine, that an honest man can hardly be a good orator,—Quinctilian, who lays down a canon directly the opposite: "Oratorern autem instituimus illum perfectum, qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest." We rather think that history shows more cases against Hawthorne's opinion than in support of it. But if he had said that no wise man can be a great orator, he would have laid down a proposition more easy of support. Most popular speakers, at least, are superficial thinkers.
As has been before said, we owe to Hawthorne's consular life two books, Our Old Home and The English Note-Books. They are alike, but with a difference. They resemble each other as an English flower-garden—in which the walks are swept and the lawn is mowed every day, where not a leaf is allowed to moulder where it falls, where every flower seems to glow with richer hues as if conscious of its privileges and anxious to make a grateful return for the care bestowed upon it—resembles an English park, where, though the shaping and restraining hand of Art is everywhere seen, Nature is yet allowed a certain range and scope. In both the style is exquisite,—the happiest combination possible of grace, harmony, flexibility, and strength; but in the former work there is more of elaboration, in the latter more of ease. Hawthorne's English is absolutely unique; very careful and exact, but never studied; with the best word always in the best place; pellucid as crystal; full of delicate and varied music; with gleams of poetry, and touches of that peculiar humor of his, which is half smile and half sigh. His style can only be matched by that of the best writers in France, a country in which the influence of an academy for so many generations has created a standard of excellence not elsewhere attained except in rare cases. Every candid critic, let him have been born where he may, must admit that, as a mere vehicle for the expression of thought, irrespective of the weight and value of the thought, the best French prose, like that of Sainte-Beuve, Rènan, and George Sand, has attained a perfection not to be found in Italy, England, and least of all in Germany. Wherein this excellence in Hawthorne's style consists it is not easy to say; the charm is too airy and impalpable for the grasp of language. It is to be described by negatives rather than positives; his style is not stiff, not pedantic; it is free from mannerism, caricature, and rhetoric; it has a sap and flavor of its own; it is a peculiar combination of ease and finish. The magic of style is like the magic of manner: it is felt by all, but it can be analyzed and defined by few. A very marked style, like that of Carlyle, is easily described, as the face of Brougham was easily caricatured; but the style of Hawthorne and the face of Gladstone present similar difficulties. The difference between the two works inspired by English life, manners, and scenery is simply the difference between full dress and undress. Hawthorne never was, could not be, a careless writer. By an inevitable law of his mind, every conception to which his pen gave shape was graceful and exact. His style is remarkable for its negative as well as its positive merits, for its freedom from faults as well as its distinct beauties. Before his exquisite sentences verbal criticism folds its hands for lack of argument.
Our Old Home was carefully prepared for the press, but the English Note-Books were kept for his own use, containing observations and reflections which might afterwards serve as materials for works to be published, but not meant for the public eye in the form in which they were set down. Thus the former work has a minute and matchless finish not found in the latter. In point of form , grace of expression, and beauty of style, Our Old Home is entitled to stand at the head of all his works; as the same place is due to The Scarlet Letter in creative power and tragic grandeur. The two together represent the whole circle of his genius, his vision, and his faculty, his originality in invention, his imaginative conception of character, his depth of light and shade in moral portraiture, his piercing insight, his power of passionless contemplation, his shrewd apprehension of every-day life, his feminine sympathy, and his unequalled skill in the use of the instrument of language.
The English and the American Note-Books have alike a peculiar value as illustrating the mind and character of the author. They form, indeed, a sort of autobiography. The question has been sometimes asked, Why have we no memoir of a man of such eminent rank in literature as Hawthorne? and the answer is, first, that it was his own emphatic and frequently expressed desire that nothing of the kind should be done; and, second, that in his case there are few materials for biography. The facts of his life could be put into two such pages as the reader now has before him. It was a very uneventful life, marked by long intervals of silence, wherein, however, the fruits of observation and reflection were slowly ripening on the bough. His birth, his college life, his service in the Custom-House at Boston, his brief experience at Brook Farm, his marriage, his official life in Salem, his consulship in Liverpool, his residence in Italy, his return home, his death,—these are really all the events in his life. For long years, while his classmates were busy in their several professions, making money, earning distinction, he was content to be a dreamer and seem to be an idler in the land. But idler he was not, and hardly a dreamer: he was an observer and a thinker. He was always a diligent worker, and at no easy calling. His work was with the pen,—careful, conscientious, painstaking work, of all forms of intellectual labor that which is attended with the greatest waste of nervous energy. His matchless style was the product of long and laborious training. Much of what he wrote was never published, and much does not now exist in manuscript. He had no weak fondness for his own intellectual offspring, and never were his productions submitted to so merciless a criticism as his own. Hawthorne's life is to be read in his works, and especially in his Note-Books. His biography is simply a record of the growth of his mind. His Note-Books paint him as he was, his reserve included. He does not bare himself to the public gaze like Montaigne and Rousseau; but the essays of Montaigne and the confessions of Rousseau do not present a mind and character of more marked individuality than do the journals of Hawthorne. More of his life and conversation than these give the public is never likely to know, but he who reads them carefully can form a correct estimate of what manner of man he was.
Mrs. Hawthorne, in her Preface to the work before us, expresses the hope that these volumes of Notes, American, English (and hereafter Italian), will dispel an often-expressed opinion that Hawthorne was gloomy and morbid. That this impression should exist is not strange. The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, The House of the Seven Gables, The Marble Faun, and many of his smaller stories, have one marked characteristic in common, which maybe defined a taste for studying and delineating the night-side of human nature. He had a passion for exploring the crypts and caverns of the soul, or, to state the case more exactly, his genius found congenial employment in painting the struggles of a heart burdened with the weight of a secret and unconfessed sin, and in portraying lives of a double aspect, which are fair and goodly outside, but spotted with guilt and shame within. He is the searcher and analyzer of dark bosoms. The Scarlet Letter is the highest expression of his genius in this respect,—a work of prodigious power, but so painful in the impression that it leaves that many can never read it a second time.
A kindred element in his genius is his affinity with the weird, the mysterious, the supernatural. His page is dappled with lights and shadows, derived from other suns than ours. No foot moves with firmer tread than his over that dim twilight region which lies between the seen and the unseen. The skill with which he weaves his threads of mystery into the web of common life, the firm hand with which he controls the shadowy shapes which he evokes, the art with which he leaves his problems half unsolved and the reader's mind in doubt as to how much he himself believed of the wonders he revealed or suggested, are among the most striking characteristics of his peculiar and original genius. But in all this he was obeying a law in his mind, and not a law in his members. His genius, by some irresistible force, was drawn towards the dark paths of the soul, haunted by shadowy shapes of gloom and mystery. The writer of this notice once asked him to write a story which should be cheerful and sunny from beginning to end. He smiled, and replied that it was impossible; that the dark cloud would come over the sun, that the spectral form would glide in and hush the noise of mirth. And to those who knew him it is not necesssry to add that there was no affectation in this.
Whatever judgment may be passed upon his genius, there was nothing morbid in his character and temperament. He was indeed much the reverse of morbid. No man of genius ever had less of the infitmities of genius than he. There is a sympathy between the body and the mind, and the morbid habits and unhealthy cravings of men of genius often have their source in a sickly frame or an overtasked brain. But Hawthorne was physically one of the healthiest of men. His pulse kept always even music. In food and drink he retained to the last the simple tastes of childhood. He cared nothing for wine or tobacco or strong coffee or strong tea. He was a sound sleeper and an early riser. He was never moody or fitful or irritable. He was never unduly depressed or unreasonably elated. His spirits were not brilliant, but they were uniform; and, as Mrs. Hawthorne says, "The airy splendor of his wit and humor was the light of his home." For happiness he was singularly independent of external influences. It mattered little to him in what place his lot might be cast. His family, the occasional presence of a very few friends, and the control of his own time,—these were all he asked. The long winter evenings of a quiet village like Concord had no terrors for him. He never felt the leaden touch of the monster ennui, the name of which we are obliged to borrow from the language of a people that has the least of the thing. Theatres, operas, concerts, balls, parties,—all the numberless devices which man has contrived to slay the great enemy, Time,—were to him rather surgical operations to be endured than pleasures to be enjoyed. Of all American men he was the least restless. There was indeed about him an atmosphere of calm repose and easy strength which lulled and quieted the restlessness of others of more excitable mood. The epithet "gentle," which the contemporaries of Shakespeare were so fond of applying to him, is exactly descriptive of Hawthorne's character and manners. He was a gentleman, if there ever were one, alike in things essential and things formal. Nature, which had been so liberal to him in many ways, had not given him in any great measure the faculty of speech, and the events of his life had not been such as to cultivate and enlarge such portion as he had. He was not a fluent or an abundant talker. Argument and discussion were not to his taste, as is generally the case with men whose insight is as keen and sound as his. With his best friends he was open, but not voluble; but his friends were taught that there can be companionship without speech.
We come now to a more direct consideration of the work before us, the Passages from the English Note-Books. The first recorded date is August 4, 1853, and the last is January 3, 1858. They contain his impressions of what he saw and of what befell him, set down at the moment. They should be read with the caution pointed out by Mrs. Hawthorne in the Preface: "Throughout his journals, it will be seen that Mr. Hawthorne is entertaining, and not asserting, opinions and ideas. He questions, doubts, and reflects with his pen, and, as it were, instructs himself. So that these Note-Books should be read, not as definite conclusions of his mind, but merely as passing impressions often. Whatever conclusions he arrived at are condensed in the works given to the world by his own hand, in which will never be found a careless word."—p. viii.
We proceed to quote some passages from the English Note-Books, selected either for their literary merit, or as illustrating some of the traits of character we have before pointed out. Here are a few lines, under the date of December 6, 1857, indicating the peculiar pleasure felt by this shy and reserved man in the infinite and multitudinous life of London:
"All these days, since my last date, have been marked by nothing very well worthy of detail and description. I have walked the streets a great deal in the dull November days, and always take a certain pleasure in being in the midst of human life,—as closely encompassed by it as it is possible to be anywhere in this world; and in that way of viewing it there is a dull and sombre enjoyment always to be had in Holborn, Fleet Street, Cheapside, and the other busiest parts of London. It is human life; it is this material world; it is a grim and heavy reality. I have never had the same sense of being surrounded by materialisms and hemmed in with the grossness of this earthly existence anywhere else; these broad, crowded streets are so evidently the veins and arteries of an enormous city. London is evidenced in every one of them, just as a megatherium is in each of its separate bones, even if they be small ones. Thus I never fail of a sort of self-congratulation in finding myself, for instance, passing along Ludgate Hill."—Vol. II. p. 368.
The Note-Books abound with proofs of Hawthorne's interest in humanity, and the consequent sharpness and discrimination of eye with which he observed it. A noticeable man or woman is studied by him as a naturalist studies a new specimen. Of his unrivalled power in drawing pen-and-ink portraits no one need be reminded who has done no more than read his sketch of Leigh Hunt in Our Old Home. If there be anything in all English literature superior to this in niceness of observation and delicacy of touch, we have never chanced to light upon it. And in the Note-Books are many sketches, less elaborate, but marked by the same combination of masculine force and feminine fineness of perception. Here is a description of a young Jewish lady at a Lord Mayor's dinner in London :
"My eyes were mostly drawn to a young lady who sat nearly opposite me, across the table. She was, I suppose, dark, and yet not dark, but rather seemed to be of pure white marble, yet not white, but the purest and finest complexion, without a shade of color in it, yet anything but sallow or sick ly. Her hair was a wonderful deep raven black, black as night, black as death; not raven black, for that has a shiny gloss, and hers had not, but it was hair never to be painted nor described,—wonderful hair, Jewish hair. Her nose had a beautiful outline, though I could see that it was Jewish too; and that and all her features were so fine that sculpture seemed a despicable art beside her, and certainly my pen is good for nothing. If any likeness could be given, however, it must be by sculpture, not painting. She was slender and youthful, and yet had a stately and cold, though soft and womanly grace; and, looking at her, I saw what were the wives of the old patriarchs in their maiden or early married days,—what Judith was, for, womanly as she looked, I doubt not she could have slain a man in a just cause,—what Bathsheba was, only she seemed to have no sin in her,—perhaps what Eve was, though one could hardly think her weak enough to eat the apple."—Vol. II. p. 114.
Can anything be more exquisite than this? Who this radiant vision was we are not told. The artist and the subject met for a moment and parted to meet no more; but in that moment her image was taken and brought away like a sun picture.
Of things not animate there were none that Hawthorne studied with such interest, chronicled with such minuteness, and remembered with such delight, as the glorious cathedrals of England. And for this—setting aside the fact that a cathedral is such a revelation to an American, giving him for the first time a sense of the sublime embodied in architecture,—a reason may be found in his ever-present sympathy with man and his works. For throughout the vast bulk and infinite details of a cathedral there is interfused a spirit drawn from the mind and soul of man. Every part is instinct with faith and hope and love. Everything which the eye sees, every form, every color, is the embodiment and expression of an idea and to a nature so profound and so sympathetic as Hawthorne's to walk through a cathedral was to summon up before him, and converse with, the builders and worshippers of a former age, men to whom the very stones were vocal, and upon whom the carved saints and martyrs looked with eyes of benediction. He says himself:
"I am weary of trying to describe cathedrals. It is utterly useless. There is no possibility of giving the general effect, or any shadow of it, and it is miserable to put down a few items of tombstones, and a bit of glass from a painted window, as if the gloom and glory of the edifice were thus to be reproduced. Cathedrals are almost the only things (if even those) that have quite filled out my ideal here in this Old World; and cathedrals often make me miserable from my inadequacy to take them wholly in; and, above all, I despise myself when I sit down to describe them."—Vol. II. p. 77.
And yet he does describe them, and describes them often; so often, indeed, that we fear many readers will complain that they have a surfeit of cathedrals. But the descriptions are so good, so accurate, so vivid, so marked by his peculiarities of thought and style, that we cannot wonder that the editor had not the heart to strike out one of them.
But the splendid places, the stately homes, the magnificent mansions of England had comparatively little attraction to him. He does not appear to have visited Chatsworth or Wentworth House, or Castle Howard, or Belvoir Castle, or Woburn Abbey, or Longleat, or any of those great country houses, which are among the wonders of England and of the world; with the single exception of Blenheim, his description of which is so good that we have only to regret that we have not more of the same kind from his graphic pen. Even Knowsley, the splendid seat of the Earl of Derby, though within a few miles of Liverpool, was never seen by him, so far as the record shows. The fame of John Evelyn did attract him to Wootton, but the name of Sir Philip Sidney was not a spell potent enough to draw him to Penshurst.
In these Note-Books we have an expression of Hawthorne's feeling both towards nature and art. He was a lover of nature, but not an impassioned or a fastidious lover. The sort of rapture and passion which Wordsworth reveals in his poetry and Ruskin in his prose was not felt by him. We doubt whether he would have taken much trouble or gone far out of his way merely to see grand or beautiful scenery. The common shows of earth—its woods, its waters, its plains and uplands—contented him. The pretty, quiet, somewhat tame landscape which lay around his home in Concord was all that he required. He never pined for mountains, as Arnold did amid the flat and monotonous scenery of Warwickshire. Indeed, we apprehend that the loneliness, the sternness, the solemn grandeur of mountains fell something like a shadow upon his spirit. We find a characteristic passage in his journal of a tour in Scotland in the summer of 1857. Speaking of the Highlands he says:
"These mountains, in their general aspect, must be very much the same as they were thousands of years ago; for their sides never were capable of cultivation, nor even with such a soil and so bleak an atmosphere could they have been much more richly wooded than we see them now. They seem to me to be among the unchangeable things of nature, like the sea and sky; but there is no saying what use human ingenuity may hereafter put them to. At all events, I have no doubt in the world that they will go out of fashion in due time ; for the taste for mountains and wild scenery is with most people an acquired taste, and it was easy to see today that nine people in ten care nothing about them. One group of gentlemen and ladies—at least, men and women—spent the whole time in listening to a trial for murder, which was read aloud by one of their number from a newspaper. I rather imagine that a taste for trim gardens is the most natural and universal taste as regards landscape."— Vol. II. p. 253.
This last sentence doubtless is a personal confession, and not the expression of a general truth. He himself loved "trim gardens" because of the human element which they involved, because they bore marks of the designing mind and toiling hand of man. We apprehend that he would have found something to like in the highly artificial style of gardening, a taste for which came over from Holland with King William, by which nature was dressed and decorated as elaborately as are the fine gentlemen and ladies that live on the canons of Kneller and Hudson. We wish it had come in his way to visit Elvaston Castle, the seat of the Earl of Harrington, the most wonderful place in England for its topiary work, where he would have seen a good-sized house of seven gables at least, surmounted by two gigantic birds, one in a nest, and one attempting to fly, all cut out of yew. This would have amused, and not displeased him.
Whenever, during his excursions in England and Scotland, it comes in his way to speak of nature, it will be noticed that he does it with much temperance of tone. He is self-possessed, and master of himself. He is a portrait-painter painting a beautiful face, and not a lover stammering and trembling before it. This may be owing in part to the character of English scenery, which is more marked by beauty and grace than by sublimity and picturesqueness, but we doubt whether he would have fallen into raptures before Mont Blanc or the Orteler Spitz. "The ancients," said Goethe, "described the beautiful, but we describe beautiful." So Hawthorne describes the beautiful, but does not describe beautifully, at least not in the sense in which Goethe used the word. He sets down his impressions of what he sees with inimitable grace, but much in the same quiet way as a sailor puts down in his log-book the course of a storm at sea. The reader will apprehend what we mean by comparing the poetic prose of Christopher North, in his A Day at Windermere, with a passage like this, in which accurate observation is not disturbed by any tumultuous beating of the heart:
"Skiddaw lies at the head of a long even ridge of mountains rising into several peaks, and one higher than the rest. On the eastern side there are many noble eminences, and on the west, along which we drove, there is a part of the way a lovely wood, and nearly the whole distance a precipitous range of lofty cliffs, descending sheer down without any slope, except what has been formed in the lapse of ages by the fall of fragments, and the washing down of smaller stones. The declivity thus formed along the base of the cliffs is in some places covered with trees or shrubs ; elsewhere it is quite bare and barren. The precipitous parts of the cliffs are very grand; the whole scene, indeed, might be characterized as one of stern grandeur with an embroidery of rich beauty, without lauding it too much. All the sternness of it is softened by vegetative beauty wherever it can possibly be thrown in; and there is not here, so strongly as along Windermere, evidence that human art has been helping out Nature. I wish it were possible to give any idea of the shapes of the hills; with these, at least, man has nothing to do, nor ever will have anything to do. As we approached the bottom of the lake, and of the beautiful valley in which it lies, we saw one hill that seemed to crouch down like a Titanic watch-dog, with its rear towards the spectator, guarding the entrance to the valley. The great superiority of these mountains over those of New England is their variety and definiteness of shape, besides the abundance everywhere of water prospects, which are wanting among our own hills. They rise up decidedly, and each is a hill by itself, while ours mingle into one another, and, besides, have such large bases that you can tell neither where they begin nor where they end. Many of these Cumberland mountains have a marked vertebral shape, so that they often look like a group of huge lions, lying down with their backs turned toward each other. They slope down steeply from narrow ridges; hence their picturesque seclusions of valleys and dales, which subdivide the lake region into so many communities. Our hills, like apple dumplings in a dish, have no such valleys as these."—Vol. I. pp. 223, 224.
Hawthorne's education in art began in England. We have seen how kindly he took to ecclesiastical architecture, but this was rather on account of the ideas embodied in the forms than the forms themselves; for secular architecture, in all its kinds, he passes by with hardly a glance. Sculpture and painting were new revelations to him, and it was not until after some time that he began to understand and feel them. His first visit to the British Museum was made in September, 1855, and then he was rather bored than otherwise by the remains of ancient art which he saw there, and he has honestly confessed it in a passage of characteristic frankness:
"It is a hopeless, and to me, generally, a depressing business to go through an immense multifarious show like this, glancing at a thousand things, and conscious of some little titillation of mind from them, but really taking in nothing, and getting no good from anything. One need not go beyond the limits of the British Museum to be profoundly accomplished in all branches of science, art, and literature; only it would take a lifetime to exhaust it in any one department; but to see it as we did, and with no prospect of ever seeing it more at leisure, only impressed me with the truth of the old apothegm, 'Life is short, and Art is long' The fact is, the world is accumulating too many materials for knowledge. We do not recognize for rubbish what is really rubbish; and under this head might be reckoned very many things one sees in the British Museum; and, as each generation leaves its fragments and potsherds behind it, such will finally be the desperate conclusion of the learned.
"We went first among some antique marbles,—busts, statues, terminal gods, with several of the Roman Emperors among them. We saw here the bust whence Haydon took his ugly and ridiculous likeness of Nero,—a foolish thing to do. Julius Cesar was there, too, looking more like a modern old man than any other bust in the series. Perhaps there may be a universality in his face, that gives it this independence of race and epoch. We glimpsed along among the old marbles,—Elgin and others, which are esteemed such treasures of art ;—the oddest fragments, many of them smashed by their fall from high places, or by being pounded to pieces by barbarians, or gnawed away by time; the surface roughened by being rained upon for thousands of years; almost always a nose knocked off; sometimes a headless form; a great deficiency of feet and hands,—poor, maimed veterans in this hospital of incurables. The beauty of the most perfect of them must be rather guessed at, and seen by faith, than with the bodily eye; to look at the corroded faces and forms is like trying to see angels through mist and cloud. I suppose nine tenths of those who seem to be in raptures about these fragments do not really care about them; neither do I. And if I were actually moved, I should doubt whether it were by the statues or by my own fancy."—Vol. I. pp. 325, 326.
But two years later he goes again, and by what he says of the Townley Gallery we can measure the training of eye and mind which he had gone through in the mean time:—"I went first today into the Townley Gallery, and so along through all the ancient sculpture, and was glad to find myself able to sympathize more than heretofore with the forms of grace and beauty which are preserved there,—poor, maimed immortalities as they are,—headless and legless trunks, god-like cripples, faces beautiful and broken-nosed,—heroic shapes which have stood so long, or lain prostrate so long, in the open air, that even the atmosphere dissolved the external layer of the marble; and yet, however much they may be worn away, or battered and shattered, the grace and nobility seem as deep in them as the very heart of the stone. It cannot be destroyed, except by grinding them to powder. In short, I do really believe that there was an excellence in ancient sculpture which has yet a potency to educate and refine the minds of those who look at it even so carelessly and casually as I do."—Vol. II. p. 373.
Of pictures in London he has very little to say. If he went to the National Gallery at all, he made no record of his impressions. He sees Raphael's cartoons at Hampton Court, and will "not pretend to admire nor to understand" them. We do not wonder at this, for, by reason of their being form without color, they should close one's training in pictorial art and not begin it. But at Manchester, in the summer of 1857, he made a careful study of the paintings assembled at the Arts' Exhibition in that city. He is at first bewildered and distracted with the multitude of objects which court his attention, and sets down his sensations in language which will recall the experience of many in similar conditions :
"Day before yesterday we went to the Arts' Exhibition, of which I do not think that I have a great deal to say. The edifice, being built more for convenience than show, appears better in the interior than from without,—long vaulted vistas, lighted from above, extending far away, all hung with pictures; and on the floor below, statues, knights in armor, cabinets, vases, and all manner of curious and beautiful things, in a regular arrangement. Scatter five thousand people through the scene, and I do not know how to make a better outline sketch. I was unquiet, from a hopelessness of being able to enjoy it fully. Nothing is more depressing to me than the sight of a great many pictures together; it is like having innumerable books open before you at once, and being able to read only a sentence or two in each. They bedazzle one another with cross lights. There never should be more than one picture in a room, nor more than one picture to be studied in one day. Galleries of pictures are surely the greatest absurdities that ever were contrived, there being no excuse for them, except that it is the only way in which pictures can be made generally available and accessible."—Vol. II. pp. 307, 308.
He recognizes the truth and power of Hogarth, but finds it unaccountable that the "English painters' achievements should be so much inferior to those of the English poets." He sees something wonderful in Turner's "lights and mists and yeasty waves," but "should like him still better if his pictures looked in the least like what they typify." He is strangely sceptical as to all portrait-painting, and says that he does not "remember ever to have recognized a man by having previously seen his portrait." The only painter who calls forth a hearty burst of unqualified enthusiasm is Murillo, who seems to him "about the noblest and purest painter that ever lived, and his Good Shepherd the loveliest picture I have ever seen." This strong expression may be explained by the fact that Murillo, like Hawthorne himself, combined a delicate sense of ideal beauty with the most accurate observation of real life, and could paint equally well an old monk or a lovely infant.
He speaks of his last visit to the Exhibition in terms which show that he had made good progress in the study of art:
"September 6th.—I think I paid my last visit to the Exhibition, and feel as if I had had enough of it, although I have got but a small part of the profit it might have afforded me. But pictures are quite other things to me now from what they were at my first visit; it seems even as if there were a sort of illumination within them, that makes me see them more distinctly."—Vol. II. p. 331.
Of music, other than street music, there is no record whatever in the Note-Books. The opera had no attractions for him, and the same is true of those musical festivals in the great cathedral towns of England, where the grand strains of Handel, Haydn, and Beethoven are heard as they can be heard nowhere else, with the best artists in the world for the solo parts, and a vast tide of trained voices on which to float the choruses. He is equally silent as to the theatre. There is nothing in his journal to prove that he ever attended a dramatic performance during all his residence in England. And he passed by on the other side, without heeding, many things which most foreigners are particularly anxious to observe. It does not appear that he ever was present at more than one debate in the House of Commons, and by that he was evidently wearied. It is not strange that with his shy and reserved habits he should have avoided the great balls and evening parties of the London season, and nothing but a strong sense of duty would have tempted him to take a seat on the platform at an anniversary meeting, though the most eloquent lips in England had been set down in the programme. And as for a presentation at Court, beyond all question he would have preferred to fight a duel or go into battle.
He is silent upon all the games, athletic exercises, and amusements which in England are embraced under the comprehensive name of sport, and in which the nobility and gentry take so much interest and spend so much money. He has never a word to say about cricket or yachting or fox-hunting or horse-racing. To be in England four years, and yet never be at Epsom on a Derby day, is as exceptional a thing as to be a Mussulman and never make a pilgrimage to Mecca; yet Hawthorne never witnessed this unique and characteristic spectacle. All forms of animal life are unheeded by him. English horses, English cattle, English dogs, are all matchless in their way, but he sees or heeds them not. Indeed, we do not remember that any animal is introduced into any of his romances. He was probably never the proprietor of a horse or a dog, and was never seen on the back of a horse. In this respect he presents a marked contrast to both Scott and Dickens, who show their fondness for animals by often putting them into their books.
We had marked other passages for extract, but our notice is already long enough, and we must come to an end. Were we to copy everything that struck us as remarkable in the reading, we should transfer to our pages about half the work. We have given our readers enough to satisfy them that they have in the English Note-Books a book of permanent interest and value, both from its essential literary merit and from its autobiographical character, as illustrating the mental and personal traits of the most original genius in the sphere of imaginative literature that our country has yet produced. |
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Ancient Philosophy :: essays research papers fc
As Aristotle viewed the world around him, he observed that things are moving and changing in certain ways. Aristotle discovered that certain things cause other things, which in turn cause something else. Aristotle believed that an infinite chain of causation was not possible, thus, a prime mover of some kind must exist as the first cause of everything that changes or moves. The first evidence that Aristotle viewed was the world around him. He observed that everything is in motion, and that one motion causes another motion and so on. Much like billiard balls on a pool table. One ball hits another ball, that ball moves, hits a third ball, and the third ball moves. Like A causes B to move causes C to move etc. After careful observation, Aristotle noticed that everything is in motion, even the planets, and thus, there was a chain of causation. Aristotle believed that something can not come from nothing, that is, a thing can not pop in and out of existence, thus, there must either be an infinite chain of causation or a first cause/prime mover. Aristotle dismissed the possibility of infinite causation and instead attempted to prove that there is a prime mover or first cause. Aristotle also believed the universe was situated in a certain way. Aristotle believed that the heavens began just above the bottom of the moon and the everything above the lower portion of the moon wa s the heavens. In the heavens, Aristotle observed that everything was in a cyclical motion, and that the planets moved about each other in circles. If the planets moved about in circular motion then there must have been a cause to bring about their motion, thus, there must also be either an infinite chain of causation for heavenly bodies or a prime mover/first cause of the heavenly bodies. For Aristotle ‘local motion is the primary type of motion and the primary type of motion is circular motion' For Aristotle this means that everything is moving, and the best form of movement is movement in a circular motion because a circle is the perfect form of movement. It has no beginning and no end, it is continuous and everlasting. Aristotle saw this motion in everything, even the human existence is that of a cycle. We are born, reproduce and die, in a continuous existence just as the heavenly bodies begin at one point and move around until they are at the beginning point again.
No comments:
Post a Comment |
use improve in a sentence, make example sentences of the word a good improvement in,
English words and Examples of Usage
Example Sentences for "improve"
I've noticed a good improvement in Laurie's health since she started eating less junk foodYour English has really improved in the last few months.
I've noticed a good improvement in Laurie's health since she started eating less junk food.
The doctor said that the patient's health has improved steadily since they put him on some new medication.
The creation of a new park for children has really improved this neighborhood.
I think you could improve your resum- by emphasizing your experience a bit more.
The new registration system is certainly an improvement on our previous system.
Jamaica's relay team is hoping to improve on last year's performance in the World Track finals.
Anne Frank wrote in her famous diary, How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.
There is an Italian proverb which states that nothing improves the taste of pasta more than a good appetite.
There is an Italian proverb which states that old wine and friends improve with age.
There is a Spanish proverb which states, Limit your desires, and you will improve your health.
In Korea, dog meat soup is believed to cure summer heat ailments, improve male virility, and improve women's complexions.
The age recorded on a whiskey bottle refers to the number of years it is aged before being bottled because once in the bottle, whiskey does not improve.
Discussion question: What has helped you the most to improve your English?
Find someone who thinks his/her English has improved in the past six months.
Learn words in a sentence with us Academic English Words List and Example Sentences
Example sentences with the improve, a sentence example for improve, and how to make improve in sample sentence, how do I use the word improve in a sentence? How do you spell improve in a sentence? spelling of improve
Search Example Sentences for any English Word here ....
Share on Facebook
Learn words with English sentences with us
use English words in a sentence |
Written Agreement Name
Here is why each partnership should have an agreement from the beginning: if a contract is written, and someone signs it, then the signatory is generally bound by its terms, that they have actually read it [41][42] provided that the document is contractual in nature. [52] However, affirmative defences, such as coercion or unacceptable, may allow the signatory to escape the obligation. In addition, the contractual terms of the other party must be communicated appropriately before the contract is signed into office. [53] [54] A contract is a legally binding document between at least two parties, which defines and regulates the rights and obligations of the parties to an agreement. [1] A contract is legally enforceable because it complies with the requirements and approval of the law. A contract usually involves the exchange of goods, services, money or promises from one of them. « breach of contract » means that the law must grant the victim either access to remedies, such as damages, or annulment. [2] An oral contract can also be characterized as a parol contract or an oral contract, a « verbal » contract that means « spoken » and not « in words, » a use established in British English in terms of contracts and agreements,[50] and, more generally, abbreviated in American English as « casual. » [51] A commercial contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more persons or entities. Some arbitration clauses are unenforceable and, in other cases, arbitration may not be sufficient to resolve a dispute. For example, disputes over the validity of registered intellectual property rights may be settled by a public body within the national registration system. [123] In the case of matters of significant public interest that go beyond the narrow interests of the parties to the agreement, such as allegations that a party breached a contract by committing unlawful anti-competitive conduct or committing civil rights violations, a court may find that the parties may assert one or all of their rights before contracting out.
[124] Exercise contracts may work well for both parties. They allow intermittent work to be done over an agreed period of time. However, you should review the terms of the agreement in order to accomplish each new task. Are they the same as those defined in the original contract model? Any different clause or condition for a given order may change the terms of the original contract submission. Contracts can be bilateral or unilateral. A bilateral treaty is an agreement by which each party makes a promise[12] or a number of commitments. For example, in a contract for the sale of a home that promises the buyer to pay the seller $200,000 in exchange for the seller`s commitment to deliver the property of the property. These joint contracts take place in the daily flow of commercial transactions and, in cases where demanding or costly precedent requirements are requirements that must be met in order for the treaty to be respected.
Contractual guarantees are less important conditions and are not fundamental to the agreement. They cannot terminate a contract if the guarantees are not fulfilled, but they can claim damages for the losses incurred. |
The Struggle of a Diabetic Athlete
Joakim Noah getting a rebound then passing it out!
Seth Walloch, Sports Editor
Many people suffer from diabetes across the U.S. today. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 29.1 million people in the U.S. alone have diabetes. That means around 9.3% of the American population has either Type one or Type two diabetes. In the U.S. 95% of people with diabetes have Type two which is mainly caused by being overweight or becoming obese. Another way is lack of physical activity. But what about those who are active and healthy? Most athletes that have diabetes have type one which, most of the time, you are born with.
The main differences between Type one and Type two diabetes are where in Type one diabetes, the pancreas produces little to no insulin so they have to get it from an outside source. Whereas in the Type two, it affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose). Now most athletes with diabetes have Type one because they are normally in shape and get enough exercise.
Athletes are impacted by diabetes all the time when playing sports.
“Sometimes I will have to sit out because I feel low or when I am feeling high, I will not perform as well as I would perform at the ‘Perfect Level,’” said Brad Theel, a PHS athlete with Type one Diabetes.
Theel is not the only one who suffers from situations like this.
“I’ve have to step out of games and practices tons of times because of my blood sugar levels being too high or too low,” said James Klumker, a PHS athlete with Type one Diabetes.
There are also professional athletes with diabetes who do not let the disease hold them back. They too have to always make sure they are at their right blood sugar levels. One of these phenomenal athletes is Adam Morrison, the 3rd overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft.
“The biggest thing about Diabetes is that you are normal like everybody else if you take control of it and that’s how I feel about Diabetes,” said Morrison in an interview about how he feels Diabetes impact athletes.
Diabetes can hold athletes back overall though. Diabetes can cause the athletes with it to feel negative while they normally would not be.
“It feels like I am always out of a drill or something else that gets me to become a better basketball player,” says Theel. “Having Diabetes while being an athlete takes a toll. You have to be way more cautious about what you are putting into your body and how you feel.”
Overall, the majority of athletes that have any type of Diabetes have Type one Diabetes. This definitely holds them back from playing their full potential all the times but they push through it to do great things. They have to persevere and fight to do work in the sport that they love to play. |
Quick Answer: How Can I Tell A Heart Attack From Angina?
Can you have a heart attack with angina?
Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.
It’s not usually life threatening, but it’s a warning sign that you could be at risk of a heart attack or stroke.
With treatment and healthy lifestyle changes, it’s possible to control angina and reduce the risk of these more serious problems..
Should you go to ER for angina?
Call 911 if a person who has been diagnosed with and is being treated for angina begins to experience a crushing sensation; stabbing pain; numbness in the chest; or discomfort in the neck, jaw, arms or back.
What happens right before a heart attack?
What are the 3 types of angina?
There are three types of angina:Stable angina is the most common type. It happens when the heart is working harder than usual. … Unstable angina is the most dangerous. It does not follow a pattern and can happen without physical exertion. … Variant angina is rare. It happens when you are resting.
How can you tell the difference between angina and a heart attack?
The key difference between angina and a heart attack is that angina is the result of narrowed (rather than blocked) coronary arteries. This is why, unlike a heart attack, angina does not cause permanent heart damage.
What are the first signs of a heart attack in a woman?
Heart Attack Symptoms in WomenUncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the center of your chest. … Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort.Other signs such as breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.More items…
Can you be having a heart attack for days?
Timing/duration: Heart attack pain can be intermittent or continuous. Heart attack symptoms can last for a few minutes to a few hours. If you have had chest pain continuously for several days, weeks or months, then it is unlikely to be caused by a heart attack.
What are the 4 signs of an impending heart attack?
4 Signs Of Heart Attack That You Shouldn’t Ignore#1: Chest Pain, Pressure, Squeezing, and Fullness. … #2: Arm, Back, Neck, Jaw, or Stomach Pain or Discomfort. … #3: Shortness of Breath, Nausea, and Lightheadedness. … #4: Breaking Out in a Cold Sweat. … Heart Attack Symptoms: Women vs Men. … What Next? … Next Steps.
What are the signs of an unhealthy heart?
What triggers angina?
When you climb stairs, exercise or walk, your heart demands more blood, but narrowed arteries slow down blood flow. Besides physical activity, other factors such as emotional stress, cold temperatures, heavy meals and smoking also can narrow arteries and trigger angina.
What does an angina attack feel like?
Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The discomfort also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.
What do you do if you suspect angina?
What should you do if you think you’re having angina for the first time? Stop and rest until the angina discomfort has passed. Make an appointment to see your GP straight away. If the pain doesn’t ease, call 999 immediately, because it’s possible you could be having a heart attack.
What does a mini heart attack feel like?
SMI warning signs It can feel like an uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, or pain. Discomfort in other upper-body areas, such as one or both arms, the back, the neck, the jaw, or the stomach. Shortness of breath before or during chest discomfort. Breaking out in a cold sweat, or feeling nauseated or lightheaded.
Is it gas or heart attack?
What does a heart blockage feel like?
A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. The classic signs and symptoms of a heart attack include crushing pressure in your chest and pain in your shoulder or arm, sometimes with shortness of breath and sweating.
Is it a heart attack or anxiety?
A panic attack will not cause a heart attack. A blockage in one or more of the blood vessels to the heart, which leads to an interruption of vital blood flow, causes a heart attack. Although a panic attack will not cause a heart attack, stress and anxiety might play a role in the development of coronary artery disease.
Can Angina be detected on an ECG?
In order to diagnose the cause of angina, the following tests may be performed: Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart, which is used to diagnose heart abnormalities such as arrhythmias or to show ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood) to the heart.
What happens if angina is left untreated?
An attack of unstable angina is an emergency and you should seek immediate medical treatment. If left untreated, unstable angina can lead to heart attack, heart failure, or arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms). These can be life-threatening conditions. |
A History of the Roman-Parthian Wars, 54 BCE – 217 CE
These battles were part of long-lasting conflict between the Roman Empire and the Persians. Introduction The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were a series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It was the first series of conflicts in what would be 682 years of Roman–Persian Wars. Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC.[1] This first[…]
Parthian-Scythian Relations in the Ancient Eastern World
Using Scythian military tactics, they eventually took over the Seleucid Empire. Introduction While little is written about Parthian-Scythian relations, not only did the Parthians share origins with the Scythians and cooperated militarily, social, cultural, and commercial interactions were likely as well. Essentially leading a nomadic way of life – riding horses, tending cattle, and living in covered[…]
Art and Architecture in the Ancient Parthian Empire
The Parthians brought with them cultural influences from their Scythian cousins. By Patrick Scott Smith, M.A.Historian Introduction Parthian art flourished within the Eurasian cultural corridor from the late hundreds BCE to the early 1st and 2nd centuries CE. With the Parthian Empire (247 BCE – 224 CE) stretching from India and China in the east to[…]
The Collapse of the Ancient Hellenistic Seleucid Empire
The Romans and Parthians used internal dissent and succession problems within the Seleucid royal house to bring it down. Introduction For most of the third and second centuries BC, the Seleucid Empire was the greatest of Alexander the Great’s Hellenistic successor states. Stretching from boundary of Persia to the Mediterranean Sea, and at times including[…]
Parthian Culture: East Mixes with West in the Ancient World
Borrowing from the east and west, their culture and art was an amalgam easily identified as Parthian. Introduction Stretching between China and India in the east to the Mediterranean in the west, Parthia ruled over one of the widest expanses of empire in its time and Parthian culture flourished for 500 years (247 BCE – 224[…]
Ancient Parthian Warfare
Parthia controlled territories that stretched from the Mediterranean in the west to India and China in the east and were even a match for the Romans. Introduction Parthian warfare was characterized by the extensive use of cavalry and archers. Coming at enemy troops from all directions Parthian riders created confusion and wreaked havoc. They even[…] |
Ali had his own ardent followers among the faithful, who came to be called Shi’a or “adherents.” They believed that Ali should have succeeded Mohammad by right, and that after him his sons (the Prophet’s grandsons) Hasan and Husayn should have ruled; and after them, their sons, and so on in quasi-monarchial succession.
The highly evolved mysticism of the sect was at once its special attraction and its major limitation.
In fact except for Ali none of them ever ruled all Islamdom. Instead they became a line of pretenders, and in effect heads of a branch of Islam called Shiism. In opposition to the orthodox (Sunni) Caliphs in Baghdad these descendants of the Prophet came to be known as the Imams.
To the Shiites an Imam is far more, far higher in rank than a Caliph. Ali ruled by right because of his spiritual greatness, which the Prophet recognized by appointing him his successor (in fact Ali is also revered by the sufis as “founder” and prototype of the Moslem saint). Shiites differ from orthodox or Sunni Moslems in believing that this spiritual pre-eminence was transferred to Ali’s descendants through Fatima, the Prophet’s daughter.
The sixth Shiite Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq, had two sons. The elder, Ismail, was chosen as successor. But he died before his father. Jafar then declared his own younger son Musa the new successor instead.
But Ismail had already given birth to a son—Mohammad ibn Ismail—and proclaimed him the next Imam. Ismail’s followers split with Jafar over this question and followed Ismail’s son instead of Musa. Thus they came to be known as Ismailis.
Musa’s descendants ruled “orthodox” Shiism. A few generations later, the Twelfth Imam of this line vanished without trace from the material world. He still lives on the spiritual plane, whence he will return at the end of this cycle of time. He is the “Hidden Imam,” the Mahdi foretold by the Prophet. “Twelver” Shiism is the religion of Iran today.
The Ismaili Imams languished in concealment, heads of an underground movement which attracted the extreme mystics and revolutionaries of Shiism. Eventually they emerged as a powerful force at the head of an army, conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid dynasty, the so-called anti- Caliphate of Cairo.
The early Fatimids ruled in an enlightened manner, and Cairo became the most cultured and open city of Islam. They never succeeded in converting the rest of the Islamic world however; in fact, even most Egyptians failed to embrace Ismailism. The highly evolved mysticism of the sect was at once its special attraction and its major limitation.
Hassan Sabbah’s lair. Picture taken in Alamut 1986. Part of a
PHAUSS project with CM von Hausswolff. Photo Erik Pauser
In 1074 a brilliant young Persian convert arrived in Cairo to be inducted into the higher initiatic (and political) ranks of Ismailism. But Hasan-i Sabbah soon found himself embroiled in a struggle for power. The Caliph Mustansir had appointed his eldest son Nizar as successor. But a younger son, al- Mustali, was intriguing to supplant him. When Mustansir died, Nizar—the rightful heir—was imprisoned and murdered.
Hasan-i Sabbah had intrigued for Nizar, and now was forced to flee Egypt. He eventually turned up in Persia again, head of a revolutionary Nizari movement. By some clever ruse he acquired command of the impregnable mountain fortress of Alamut (“Eagle’s Nest”) near Qazvin in Northwest Iran.
Hasan-i Sabbah’s daring vision, ruthless and romantic, has become a legend in the Islamic world. With his followers he set out to recreate in miniature the glories of Cairo in this barren multichrome forsaken rock landscape.
In order to protect Alamut and its tiny but intense civilization Hasan-i Sabbah relied on assassination. Any ruler or politician or religious leader who threatened the Nizaris went in danger of a fanatic’s dagger. In fact Hasan’s first major publicity coup was the murder of the Prime Minister of Persia, perhaps the most powerful man of the era (and according to legend, a childhood friend of Sabbah’s).
Once their fearful reputation was secure, the mere threat of being on the eso- terrorist hit list was enough to deter most people from acting against the hated heretics. One theologian was first threatened with a knife (left by his pillow as he slept), then bribed with gold. When his disciples asked him why he had ceased to fulminate against Alamut from his pulpit he answered that Ismaili arguments were “both pointed and weighty.”
Since the great library of Alamut was eventually burned, little is known of Hasan-i Sabbah’s actual teachings. Apparently he formed an initiatic hierarchy of seven circles based on that in Cairo, with assassins at the bottom and learned mystics at the top.
Ismaili mysticism is based on the concept of ta‘wil, or “spiritual hermeneutics.” Ta’wil actually means “to take something back to its source or deepest significance.” The Shiites had always practiced this exegesis on the Koran itself, reading certain verses as veiled or symbolic allusions to Ali and
the Imams. The Ismailis extended ta‘wil much more radically. The whole structure of Islam appeared to them as a shell; to get at its kernel of meaning the shell must be penetrated by ta’wil, and in fact broken open completely.
The structure of Islam, even more than most religions, is based on a dichotomy between exoteric and esoteric. On the one hand there is Divine Law (shariah), on the other hand the Spiritual Path (tariqah). Usually the Path is seen as the esoteric kernel and the Law as the exoteric shell. But to Ismailism the two together present a totality which in its turn becomes a symbol to be penetrated by ta’wil. Behind Law and Path is ultimate Reality (haqiqah), God Himself in theological terms—Absolute Being in metaphysical terms.
This Reality is not something outside human scope; in fact if it exists at all then it must manifest itself completely on the level of consciousness. Thus it must appear as a man, the Perfect Man—the Imam. Knowledge of the Imam is direct perception of Reality itself. For Shiites the Family of Ali is the same as perfected consciousness.
Once the Imam is realized, the levels of Law and Path fall away naturally like split husks. Knowledge of inner meaning frees one from adherence to outer form: the ultimate victory of the esoteric over the exoteric.
The “abrogation of the Law” however was considered open heresy in Islam. For their own protection Shiites had always been allowed to practice taqqiya, “permissible dissimulation” or Concealment, and pretend to be orthodox to escape death or punishment. Ismailis could pretend to be Shiite or Sunni, whichever was most advantageous.
For the Nizaris, to practice Concealment was to practice the Law; in other words, pretending to be orthodox meant obeying the Islamic Law. Hasan-i Sabbah imposed Concealment on all but the highest ranks at Alamut, because in the absence of the Imam the veil of illusion must naturally conceal the esoteric truth of perfect freedom.
In fact, who was the Imam? As far as history was concerned, Nizar and his son died imprisoned and intestate. Hasan-i Sabbah was therefore a legitimist supporting a non-existent pretender! He never claimed to be the Imam himself, nor did his successor as “old Man of the Mountain,” nor did his successor. And yet they all preached “in the name of Nizar.” Presumably the answer to this mystery was revealed in the seventh circle of initiation.
Now the third Old Man of the Mountain had a son named Hasan, a youth who was learned, generous, eloquent and loveable. Moreover he was a mystic, an enthusiast for the deepest teachings of Ismailism and Sufism. Even during his father’s lifetime some Alamutis began to whisper that young Hasan was the true Imam; the father heard of these rumors and denied them. I am not the Imam, he said, so how could my son be the Imam?
In 1162 the father died and Hasan (call him Hasan II to distinguish him from Hasan-i Sabbah) became ruler of Alamut. Two years later, on the seventeenth of Ramazan (August 8) in 1164, he proclaimed the Qiyamat, or Great Resurrection. In the middle of the month of Fasting, Alamut broke its fast forever and proclaimed perpetual holiday.
The resurrection of the dead in their bodies at the “end of time” is one of the most difficult doctrines of Islam (and Christianity as well). Taken literally it is absurd. Taken symbolically however it encapsulates the experience of the mystic. He “dies before death” when he comes to realize the separative and alienated aspects of the self, the ego-as-programmed-illusion. He is “reborn” in consciousness but he is reborn in the body, as an individual, the “soul-at- peace.”
When Hasan II proclaimed the Great Resurrection which marks the end of Time, he lifted the veil of concealment and abrogated the religious Law. He offered communal as well as individual participation in the mystic’s great adventure, perfect freedom.
He acted on behalf of the Imam, and did not claim to be the Imam himself. (In fact he took the title of Caliph or “representative.”) But if the family of Ali is the same as perfect consciousness, then perfect consciousness is the same as the family of Ali. The realized mystic “becomes” a descendant of Ali (like the Persian Salman whom Ali adopted by covering him with his cloak, and who is much revered by sufis, Shiites and Ismailis alike).
In Reality, in haqiqah, Hasan II was the Imam because in the Ismaili phrase, he had realized the “Imam-of-his-own-being.” The Qiyamat was thus an invitation to each of his followers to do the same, or at least to participate in the pleasures of paradise on earth.
The legend of the paradisal garden at Alamut where the houris, cupbearers, wine and hashish of paradise were enjoyed by the Assassins in the flesh, may stem from a folk memory of the Qiyamat. Or it may even be literally true. For the realized consciousness this world is no other than paradise, and its bliss and pleasures are all permitted. The Koran describes paradise as a garden. How logical then for wealthy Alamut to become outwardly the reflection of the spiritual state of the Qiyamat.
In 1166 Hasan II was murdered after only four years of rule. His enemies were perhaps in league with conservative elements at Alamut who resented the Qiyamat, the dissolving of the old secret hierarchy (and thus their own power as hierarchs) and who feared to live thus openly as heretics. Hasan II’s son however succeeded him and established the Qiyamat firmly as Nizari doctrine.
If the Qiyamat were accepted in its full implications however it would probably have brought about the dissolution and end of Nizari Ismailism as a separate sect. Hasan II as Qa’im or “Lord of the Resurrection” had released the Alamutis from all struggle and all sense of legitimist urgency. Pure esotericism, after all, cannot be bound by any form.
Hasan II’s son, therefore, compromised. Apparently he decided to “reveal” that his father was in fact and in blood a direct descendant of Nizar. The story runs that after Hasan-i Sabbah had established Alamut, a mysterious emissary delivered to him the infant grandson of Imam Nizar. The child was raised secretly at Alamut. He grew up, had a son, died. The son had a son. This baby was born on the same day as the son of the Old Man of the Mountain, the outward ruler. The infants were surreptitiously exchanged in their cradles. Not even the Old Man knew of the ruse. Another version has the hidden Imam committing adultery with the Old Man’s wife, and producing as love- child the infant Hasan II.
The Ismailis accepted these claims. Even after the fall of Alamut to the Mongol hordes the line survived and the present leader of the sect, the Aga Khan, is known as the 49th in descent from Ali (and pretender to the throne
of Egypt!). The emphasis on Alid legitimacy has preserved the sect as a sect. Whether it is literally true or not, however, matters little to an understanding of the Qiyamat.
With the proclamation of the Resurrection, the teachings of Ismailism were forever expanded beyond the borders imposed on them by any historical event. The Qiyamat remains as a state of consciousness which anyone can adhere to or enter, a garden without walls, a sect without a church, a lost moment of Islamic history that refuses to be forgotten, standing outside time, a reproach or challenge to all legalism and moralism, to all the cruelty of the exoteric. An invitation to paradise.
“Chaos never died. No listen, what happened was this: they lied to you, sold you ideas of good and evil, gave you distrust of your body and shame for your prophethood of Chaos, invented words of disgust for your molecular love, mesmerized you with inattention, bored you with civilization and all its usurious emotions.” So speaketh Hakim Bey, philosopher of the Temporary Autonomous Zone (TA.Z.), Ontological Anarchism and Immediatism (meaning both “without mediation” and now). Bey’s “Radio Sermonettes” on WBAI (New York) called for “Poetic Terrorism,” “A Congress of Weird Religions” and “Black Magic as Revolutionary Action.” Little is known about Bey and few have seen him. He is rumored to live in a squalid opium den in New York’s Chinatown or else in a silver Gulfstream trailer somewhere in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. But this is just speculation -RM
The universe wants to play. Those who refuse out of dry spiritual greed and choose pure contemplation forfeit their humanity—those who refuse out of dull anguish, those who hesitate, lose their chance at divinity—those who mold themselves blind masks of Ideas and thrash around seeking some proof of their own solidity end by seeing out of dead men’s eyes.
Sorcery: the systematic cultivation of enhanced consciousness or non- ordinary awareness and its deployment in the world of deeds and objects to bring about desired results.
The universe wants to play.
The incremental openings of perception gradually banish the false selves, our cacophonous ghosts—the “black magic” of envy and vendetta backfires because Desire cannot be forced. Where our knowledge of beauty harmonizes with the ludus naturae, sorcery begins.
No, not spoon-bending or horoscopy, not the Golden Dawn or make-believe shamanism, astral projection or the Satanic Mass—if it’s mumbo jumbo you want go for the real stuff, banking, politics, social science—not that weak Blavatskian crap.
Sorcery works at creating around itself a psychic/physical space or openings into a space of untrammeled expression—the metamorphosis of quotidian place into angelic sphere. This involves the manipulation of symbols (which are also things) and of people (who are also symbolic)—the archetypes supply a vocabulary for this process and therefore are treated as if they were both real and unreal, like words. Imaginal Yoga.
If it’s mumbo jumbo you want go for the real stuff, banking, politics, social science-not that weak Blavatskian crap.
The sorcerer is a Simple Realist: the world is real—but then so must consciousness be real since its effects are so tangible. The dullard finds even wine tasteless but the sorcerer can be intoxicated by the mere sight of water. Quality of perception defines the world of intoxication—but to sustain it and expand it to include others demands activity of a certain kind—sorcery. Sorcery breaks no law of nature because there is no Natural Law, only the spontaneity of natura naturans, the Tao. Sorcery violates laws which seek to chain this flow—priests, kings, hierophants, mystics, scientists and shopkeepers all brand the sorcerer enemy for threatening the power of their charade, the tensile strength of their illusory web. |
Widgets are eventful python objects that have a representation in the browser such as sliders, Google charts, and Plotly charts. Widgets can be used to build interactive GUIs for your notebooks, synchronize information between Python and JavaScript, and display HTML elements in the Jupyter notebook. Jupyter notebook allows us to develop custom widgets to be presented in the Jupyter notebook.
In addition to Python and web technologies (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript) knowledge, there are three main things that we need to know before developing custom widgets.
1. Built-in Magic Commands
Magic commands are supported by the IPython kernel. They are prefixed by the % or %% characters. These magic commands are designed to solve common problems in data analysis and control the behavior of IPython itself. The magic command used to create custom widgets are:
• %%html is used to render and define HTML templates and cascading style sheets for widgets
• %%javascript is used to run the cell block of JavaScript code for widgets. Typically, it is used to create JavaScript modules and views for the widget front-end components
2. Traitlets
Traitlets is a framework that allows attributes in Python classes to support type checking, default values, and change events (observer pattern). Widgets use Traitlets to notify changes of the Python classes’ properties to JavaScript. Then JavaScript will update the HTML elements according to the changes.
3. Backbone.js
Backbone.js is a lightweight JavaScript library designed for developing single-page web applications. It is based on the MVC (model–view–controller) framework. The IPython widget framework relies heavily on Backbone.js for the front-end components.
In the next section, I will use this knowledge including CSS bootstrap and jQuery to create a Quote widget displaying real-time financial data in the Jupyter notebook.
Quote Widget
Quote Widget is a widget that displays real-time financial data in the Jupyter notebook.
There are three steps to implement this quote widget. All code is written in the Jupyter notebook (QuoteWidget.ipynb).
1. Python Widget Class
The first step is defining a Python class inheriting from the DOMWidget base class. The DOMWidget class defined in the ipywidgets package represents a widget that is displayed on the page as an HTML DOM element.
The QuoteWidget class contains several traitlets properties. The _view_module, _view_module_version, and _view_name properties define the Backbone.js view class for the model. The payload, status, and name are the properties of the model. The name property contains the unique name of the quote widget. It represents a unique ID in the HTML DOM element. The status property contains a text representing the status of the quote widget. The payload property contains real-time financial data in the field list format.
The data in the quote widget will be updated when the value of the payload property has been changed. The sync=True keyword argument tells the widget framework to synchronize the value to the Backbone.js front end.
2. HTML Template
The next step is using the %%html built-in magic command to define an HTML template and styles of the quote widget. The template is defined inside the script tag with the text/template type. The ID of the template is quote-template. This template will be loaded by the Backbone.js front end. It uses the Bootstrap CSS framework to create a layout of the widget.
Source link
Write A Comment |
Autocomplete like a boss!
1. Intro
2. Datalist
3. Example
4. Summary
Often, we need to help a user search or look for something that is domain specific to your application. Enter autocomplete!
I've seen this done many, many, many different ways. Please no more <span>s!
Enter datalist, this provides a set of recommended options for the user to choose from. This list can be hardcoded to a specific set, or you can load in your own dynamically!
Datalists are great because they handle matching the users input against the results and you can add options from API results too.
You link this to an input element via the list attribute.
One thing to note there is also the browsers autocomplete, e.g. where Chrome (or your browser of choice) remembers your text input, this can be controlled using the autocomplete attribute on the input. You can disable it, or use it to your advantage. Check it out here.
This one is definitely easier to do by example, so let's jump in.
Shut up and show me the code.
<label>Choose a browser from this list:
<input list="browsers" name="choice" />
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
<option value="Microsoft Edge">
You can see how easy it is to do! Try it out here.
A common use case is for search which is also really easy to achieve. You can see an interactive example below. We use a search type input, and when the user types we go off an do some work to return some results. In this case just search an array but this could be a request to an API or database etc.
Check out the demo.
In summary, you can use what browsers give you to create your own search and autocomplete! As with all native HTML elements, it means less bytes shipped to the client. It also means accessibility will be handled by the browsers which is normally best.
It works across all browsers, so give it go! Get searching! 😄
Happy building!
These are webmentions powered by |
@article{Zorn_Komac_2011, place={Ljubljana, Slovenija}, title={Damage caused by natural disasters in Slovenia and globally between 1995 and 2010}, volume={51}, url={https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/ags/article/view/1300}, DOI={10.3986/AGS51101}, abstractNote={<span>This paper describes the damage caused by natural disasters in Slovenia and around the world between 1995 and 2010. The fundamental purpose of the article is to present damage caused by different natural hazards in Slovenia and abroad together with the analysis of the amount of damage caused by natural disasters together and a discussion on the comparability of data. Described is the damage caused by earthquakes, floods, fires, droughts, strong winds, hail, frost and ice, and landslides and avalanches. From the analyzed material on the amount of damage we can evaluate the financial importance of prevention, which is be a key activity in the field of protection against natural disasters.</span>}, number={1}, journal={Acta geographica Slovenica}, author={Zorn, Matija and Komac, Blaž}, year={2011}, month={Dec.}, pages={7-41} } |
Gigantopithecus blacki was the largest ape of all
New evidence shows that this prehistoric ape was most closely related to modern orangutans
Is this the descendant of the biggest ape to ever live? A new study says it's probably true. (© Elena Schweitzer -
Along with Godzilla, King Kong is one of the greatest movie monsters of all time. And as it turns out, he was also kind of, sort of, maybe, just a little bit real! It was a prehistoric ape called Gigantopithecus blacki.
Though it went extinct around 300,000 years ago, this was a truly stunning animal. It stood about 3 metres (9.6 feet) tall, and weighed around 600 kilograms (1,300 lbs.). Okay, that's still quite a bit smaller than the massive movie version King Kong, but it's still big! And now, new evidence shows that there's another big difference between the world of movies and reality.
Relatively speaking
Gigantopithecus blacki
This chart shows the size difference between an adult male G. blacki, an average adult male human, and an adult male orangutan (G. giganteus). (Discott/Wikimedia Commons)
In films, King Kong has always looked like an overgrown mountain gorilla. This makes sense, as these are the most physically powerful (and powerful-looking) of the modern great apes. But according to a new study, they are not the closest living relatives of Gigantopithecus blacki.
That title actually goes to the orangutan.
The tooth of truth
Gigantopithecus blacki
Researchers used these teeth to decode the family tree of these ancient apes. (Prof. Wei Wang/Theis Jensen)
Scientists made this connection thanks to recent evidence that looked at 2 million-year-old teeth of a Gigantopithecus blacki. Thankfully, the enamel of teeth protect the proteins inside, meaning that scientists can peer deep into the past.
By comparing the protein sequences with those of other hominids both alive and dead (including modern great apes and humans), the researchers at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark estimate that the species of orangutans and G. blacki split off from each other around 10 to 12 million years ago.
But while the dental data can confirm that these giants apes are most closely related to everyone's favourite orange-furred primate, it doesn't tell us anything about what they looked like. Were they basically just overgrown orangutans? Or did they have an appearance that was more like the fearsome primate kings of Hollywood?
Our bet is on the first one. After all, for all of their size, analysis suggests that they mostly ate fruits, seeds, and bamboo. Though they were giants, they were likely ones looking to be left alone to live a peaceful life in ancient South Asian forests. Not unlike orangutans, actually!
1 commentWrite a message
Tell US what you think
1. It sounds like that giant ape resembles the ape mighty joe young witch supposedly a fictional character.
The last 10 History articles |
Using HRV for Improved Sports Performance
Most athletes know that getting enough rest after exercise is essential to high-level performance, but many still over train and feel guilty when they take a day off. The body repairs and strengthens itself in the time between workouts, and continuous training can actually weaken the strongest athletes. In competitive sports, improved performance is achieved by alternating periods of intensive training with periods of relative rest. Rest is physically necessary so that the muscles can repair, rebuild and strengthen. For recreational athletes, building in rest days can help maintain a better balance between home, work and fitness goals.
While standardized training programs produce well documented results, they do not take individual responses into account. Age, gender, race, baseline fitness level, and genetic factors are known determinants of individual differences in responses to endurance training. In addition the status of the nervous system plays an important role in training response.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a view into the nervous system and can be used to guide an optimal training program. Never heard of the term? You are not alone. Measuring HRV, though long used in hospitals for treating heart patients, is a relatively new biofeedback concept for endurance athletes. Soviet Union sports scientists started keeping track of their elite athletes’ HRV in the ‘70s. In the past decade, college sports teams and world-class athletes have been increasingly using HRV to monitor fatigue and recovery from workouts. There are numerous clinical studies on HRV and training.
The introduction of athletic heart rate monitors that communicate with smart phones has enabled HRV monitoring capability to anyone who has a smart phone and wants to use it to guide training.
SweetBeat is an iPhone app by SweetWater Health that has custom capability for athletes to track their HRV. The athlete simply does a 3 minute HRV session each morning and is presented with a result that recommends “train as usual”, “low exertion day” or “rest day” based on the individual’s baseline trend. New SweetBeat updates include power frequency graphs and audio alerts.
The new SweetBeat power frequency graphs display the LF (low frequency) and HF (high frequency) components of HRV. LF and HF are bands of the HRV power spectrum. The LF power level represents both branches of the nervous system, the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and recovery). The HF power level is a reflection of the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system, and responds quickly to rest and recovery. Both LF and HF are expressions of overall fitness and resilience. These power levels are relatively high when the nervous system is active and flexible. Typically, these power levels range from 800 to 1000 for fitness enthusiasts and 6000-8000 for elite athletes as measured in the SweetBeat application. This feature provides important additional information about the nervous system and fitness levels. Tri-athletes and more advanced users have requested this feature. Along with a graph representing the power frequencies over time, a real time graph will show your power for each session.
Good luck with your training! If you have any questions you can email us at and we will reply within 24 hours. Don’t have SweetBeat, yet? Download SweetBeat on iTunes now!
Let us know what you think! |
Question: What Is BR And HR?
What does hr /> mean?
Human resourcesHuman resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, and administering employee-benefit programs..
Is HR a good career?
Human resources (HR) or talent management, as HR is increasingly referred to, is a profession that consistently ranks high on lists of best careers. U.S. News & World Report ranks the role of human resources specialist No. 17 on their list of Best Business Jobs and as one of the 100 Best Jobs overall for 2020.
Is h1 a container tag?
Content (Container) Tags H1 is the main heading, H2 is secondary, etc. A container for in-line content, such as content inside a paragraph. … Anything between these tags is not displayed on the screen. This is useful for making notes to yourself or to others who may view the source code of the web page.
Is an empty element?
An empty element is an element from HTML, SVG, or MathML that cannot have any child nodes (i.e., nested elements or text nodes). The HTML, SVG, and MathML specifications define very precisely what each element can contain. In HTML, using a closing tag on an empty element is usually invalid. …
What is the difference between HR and BR?
tag inserts a single line break. The
tag is an empty tag which means that it has no end tag. In HTML5, the
tag defines a thematic break. … However, the
tag may still be displayed as a horizontal rule in visual browsers, but is now defined in semantic terms, rather than presentational terms.
What is the full form of Br?
Definition:Best RegardsCategory:Miscellaneous » Chat slangCountry/ Region:WorldwidePopularity:
Is HR an empty tag?
tag in HTML stands for horizontal rule and is used to insert a horizontal rule or a thematic break in an HTML page to divide or separate document sections. The
tag is an empty tag and it does not require an end tag. Used to specify the alignment of the horizontal rule.
How do you use HR?
tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page (e.g. a shift of topic). The
element is most often displayed as a horizontal rule that is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page.
Is BR a container tag?
Explanation: Container tags require a starting as well as an ending tag. …and, and are examples of container tags.
are examples of empty tags.
What is Br in lol?
A BR is a battle resurrection, or Battle Rez.
How do you color HR?
Answer: Use the CSS background-color Property You can simply use the CSS background-color property in combination with the height and border to the change the default color an
What is an empty tag?
Elements with no closing tag are known as an empty tag. For eg:
,, ,
,,etc. Since we can not specify anything in between those.
What is BR and HR tag?
tag inserts a single line break. The
tag defines a thematic break. In HTML 4.01, the
tag represents a horizontal rule.
What is the use of BR and HR tag in HTML?
tag is used to insert a line break which means the text/image following the tag will be moved to the next line while
tag is used to insert horizontal line that can divide the information into sections.
How do you use BR?
tag is used to enter line breaks. It is useful for writing addresses, poems or song lyrics. Do not use
tag to separate paragraphs. It is very problematic to use
tag to separate the paragraph for the people who navigate through the screen reading technology.
What does
This is the first paragraph of text. This is the first paragraph of text.
How can I increase my HR thickness?
If you want to change the thickness, or height of your horizontal line, add the height property to your
style. In this case, you can also set the background-color property for the thick horizontal line.
What is Br in finance?
A bank reconciliation statement is a summary of banking and business activity that reconciles an entity’s bank account with its financial records.
What is the purpose of HR tag?
element represents a thematic break between paragraph-level elements: for example, a change of scene in a story, or a shift of topic within a section.
Which is the largest heading level?
H1HTML defines six levels of headings. A heading element implies all the font changes, paragraph breaks before and after, and any white space necessary to render the heading. The heading elements are H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least. |
Adventures In Audio
What is a 'natural sound' in audio?
David Mellor
David Mellor is CEO and Course Director of Audio Masterclass. David has designed courses in audio education and training since 1986 and is the publisher and principal writer of Adventures In Audio.
Monday May 23, 2011
Do your recordings sound natural? Or do they sound 'microphony', electronic or digitally processed? How can you tell?
The other day, I found myself advising someone that their recording of speech was good but it didn't sound natural. I further advised that the sound quality they had achieved was commonly heard on the radio, but it would be tiring to listen to for a long period, if the recording was part of an audio book for example.
It's worth reflecting for a moment on what we would consider naturalness, in a recording, to be. Fortunately we have examples of natural sound around us all the time, so there is plenty of material for comparison.
Perhaps the most useful natural sound is the human voice. Our ears are very closely attuned to the sound of the voice and we hear it all the time, and - most importantly - pay close attention to it. Of course I do mean the human voice as produced from a human larynx, throat and mouth, traveling directly through the air to your ears, not via a loudspeaker.
Let's consider therefore how we can compare the natural human voice with the sound of the voice reproduced via a loudspeaker.
Firstly, the person we choose to provide our hypothetical example of human speech should have a reasonably normal quality of voice. Professor Stephen Hawking writes excellent books on cosmology, but he isn't going to make a good example. Neither would a 40-a-day smoker. But we don't have to be too choosy. Apart from a few wayward examples, almost anyone would do.
Now we have to consider context. Should we consider the example of a friend spotting you from the other side of a busy road and shouting you a greeting? Well we could, but it doesn't have a lot of commonality with anything we would be likely to do in audio.
What about a lover whispering sweet nothings into your ear? That might be a desirable scenario, but the sound of the voice at extremely close range is difficult to mimic accurately. It's an interesting challenge, but we need something simpler.
So what about someone talking to you in a normal voice from a distance of two meters? That's just over six US feet.
This is a good test because it is a commonplace situation with which we are all very familiar. Also, it is practical to simulate with audio equipment. Bear in mind that most loudspeakers have at least two drive units and a certain amount of distance is required to allow the sound to integrate. A distance of one meter wouldn't be enough as small changes in listening position produce significant changes in perceived sound quality (and that is something to consider when using near-field monitors).
So imagine this... There is a visually opaque but acoustically transparent curtain in front of you, behind which there is a person, ready to speak from a prepared script (or you could do it in the dark). And also there is a loudspeaker, mounted with its central axis at the same height as your volunteer's mouth and as close as possible to one side. Through this loudspeaker will be played a recording that this same person made earlier. An assistant has previously checked that everything is working and that the levels are very similar.
So now you hear a voice. Is it human or is it the loudspeaker? Now you hear another voice. Or is it another voice? Is it perhaps the same sound source? Or has the source changed but there is so little difference that you can't tell?
You could carry out this experiment for real. Or you could consider it to be a test of naturalness in audio, and have this thought in your mind next time you need a recording to sound natural. Listen to your recording and ask yourself whether you would be fooled.
Although the human voice is the supreme test of naturalness in audio, it is also worth considering whether your recordings of acoustic instruments, including drums, sound natural. And if they don't sound natural, should you be trying to get closer to a natural sound, or are you trying to improve on nature?
Of course, naturalness isn't always the requirement. But it is a very useful benchmark of audio quality. Listen to your recordings closely and ask yourself which aspects don't sound natural. And whatever doesn't sound natural, ask yourself whether it is a defect, or an improvement.
Like, follow, and comment on this article at Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, Instagram or the social network of your choice.
Come on the Audio Masterclass Pro Home Studio MiniCourse - 60 great hints and tips to get your home recording studio MOVING
It's FREE!
Get It Now >>
Electric guitar - compress before the amp, or after?
How to choose the best key for your song
What is comb filtering? What does it sound like?
NEW: Audio crossfades come to Final Cut Pro X 10.4.9!
What is the difference between EQ and filters? *With Audio*
What difference will a preamp make to your recording?
Watch our video on linear phase filters and frequency response with the FabFilter Pro Q 2
Read our post on linear phase filters and frequency response with the Fabfilter Pro Q 2
Harmonic distortion with the Soundtoys Decapitator
What's the best height for studio monitors? Answer - Not too low!
What is the Red Book standard? Do I need to use it? Why?
Will floating point change the way we record?
Mixing: What is the 'Pedalboard Exception'?
The difference between mic level and line level
The problem with parallel compression that you didn't know you had. What it sounds like and how to fix it.
Compressing a snare drum to even out the level
What does parallel compression on vocals sound like?
How to automate tracks that have parallel compression
Why mono is better than stereo for recording vocals and dialogue
Clipping and compressing a drum recording to achieve an exciting sound texture
What can we learn about room acoustics from this image?
Can you hear the subtle effect of the knee control of the compressor? (With audio and video demonstrations)
What is the best studio microphone?
What is the Neve sound? (Using the Slate Digital FG-73) |
0 Items $0.00
Reward or Reinforce?
You are here
Reward or Reinforce?
Are we concerned with "rewarding" or "reinforcing" behavior? Does it matter? Although perhaps not the most burning question in behavior analysis, it does bear on some important issues to those who use and study reinforcement…or is it reward?
The Random House Dictionary of the English Language's definition of reward is “n. 1. Something given in return for or recompense for service, merit, hardship, etc. … -v.t. 3. To recompense or requite (a person or an animal) for service, merit, achievement, etc. …” Catania (1991, p. G32) defined reinforcement as “the response-produced presentation of positive reinforcers or termination of negative reinforcers (or the increase or maintenance of responding resulting from this operation)….”. He then noted that “[t]he operation is to reinforce responses, not organisms (organisms are sometimes said to be rewarded, but this term often implies other effects of stimuli than reinforcing effects).”
Staddon (1993, p. 442) observed that “we cannot be certain that all the phenomena that fit the conventional definition of reinforcement (response-rate increase caused by contingent reinforcer presentation) in fact belong together, because we still have no consensus on the underlying process (or processes). Hence to insist on the word reinforcement as opposed to reward or simply food delivery is to imply a greater precision than the state of knowledge warrants. …most [behavior analysts] are alert to the improper connotations of the vernacular word reward so that few will read into it anything more than the delivery of food to a hungry animal.” Practicing behavior analysts have come down on either side of the issue, with a few prominent ones practicing what Staddon preached.
Many have stressed the practical need to moderate, or even eliminate, technical behavioral language when communicating with non-behavior analysts (e.g., Bailey, 1991). On the one hand, it of course makes sense to use language that people without backgrounds in behavior analysis understand. Would a theoretical physicist present her work to a lay audience by using differential equations? We all use the words we have to describe our world. We can’t do otherwise. But, we all learn. It's not an uncommon experience among behavior analysts to find parents and other clients adopting behavior-analytic descriptions as they learn both the behavior-analytic concepts and the accompanying language. With experience, “rewards” often become “reinforcers” for many partaking of behavior-analytic services. The use of behavioral language can reveal a growing understanding of the concepts thus described, but pushing it on clients never is helpful and may be detrimental.
The advantages offered by approximations to precise language among behavior analysts (an important qualification – see the previous paragraph) outweigh those of general-use terms: (1) Contrary to Staddon’s claim, even though behavior analysts may understand the difference between the two, I too often hear colleagues slip into describing the “feel good” dimension of a reinforcer, without mentioning its behavioral effect. As I have noted previously, this is conceptually muddled. (2) There indeed may be ambiguities in the concept of reinforcement (and other concepts, too), but if we wait until they are all "straightened out" to start using terms like “reinforcement” or “reinforcer’ instead of “reward,” we will never get to any kind of a technical vocabulary. (3) Didactically, using terms can teach people concepts. This doesn’t mean that a term, or concept, shouldn’t or can’t be questioned, but terms give people a common framework from which to question both the observations leading to the concept and its label (e.g., the observation from the 1970s, still not explained to everyone’s satisfaction, that electric shocks can function as positive reinforcers for the very response that produce those shocks). (4) By limiting the terms in common use for describing behavioral phenomena, and defining those terms with as much precision as the data allow, we enhance communication among ourselves. Selecting or using terms idiosyncratically helps neither behavior analysts nor the people they work to help.
Common sense and conceptual clarity should guide the use of any term, with any audience. When in doubt, define and explain. When you are reasonably sure of your audience's acumen in the science of behavior, I say go for "reinforce."
Bailey, J. S. (1991). Marketing behavior analysis requires different talk. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 445-448.
Catania, A.C. (1991). Glossary. In Iversen, I. & Lattal, K. A. (Eds.), Research methods in the behavioral and neural sciences: Experimental analysis of behavior. Part 2 (pp. G1-G44). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Staddon, J.E.R. (1993). The conventional wisdom of behavior analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 439-447.
Posted by Andy Lattal
|
The American Revolution in South Carolina
December 20, 1781
Patriot Cdr:
Capt. James Armstrong (VA)
Loyalist Cdr:
Major John Coffin
Old District:
Charles Town District
Present County:
Charleston County
aka Garden's Plantation.
Ambush, Capt. James Armstrong vs. Major John Coffin
Capt. James Armstrong of Lt. Col. Henry Lee’s Legion (VA) was supposed to make contact with a spy from Charlestown at the plantation of Dr. Alexander Garden. While waiting for the spy Capt. Armstrong spotted Major John Coffin and his New York Volunteers. Lt. Col. Lee’s troops gave chase to the Provincials.
Major Coffin was not alone; he had his dragoons, plus a company of the South Carolina Royalists. Major Coffin had been ordered to find the Patriot cavalry that captured Capt. Ludwig Kienan the day before at McQueen's Plantation. Major Coffin and his New York Volunteers had been a decoy for a trap, and Capt. Armstrong rode into an ambush.
Capt. Armstrong was able to cut his way out of the kill zone by making a bold charge, but most of his men were killed or captured. Capt. Armstrong was captured when his horse went down due to a rock in the road.
Loyalist Stephen Jarvis said to him, "Give me your hand Captain Armstrong, I'll protect you" and he took him back to the rear.
Jarvis wrote "Some of our men made a blow at him, and one came near taking off his scalp. I drew my pistol and said, If you touch the prisoner I'll blow your brains out."
He was the first of Lt. Col. Henry Lee’s officers to be captured during the war. On the same day that Capt. James Armstrong was captured the British abandoned their fortified post at Stono Ferry and joined the troops at John’s Island.
Capt. James Armstrong was soon exchanged for Capt. Ludwig Kienen, who had been captured a day earlier.
Known Patriot Participants
Known British/Loyalist Participants
Lee's Legion (VA), 1st Mounted Troop led by Capt. James Armstrong with unknown number of men
NY Volunteers, Coffin's Troop of Mounted Infantry led by Major John Coffin
SC Royalists, SC Light Dragoons led by Capt. Archibald Campbell with Lt. Stephen Jarvis
Total British/Loyalist Forces - 46
© 2009 - J.D. Lewis - PO Box 1188 - Little River, SC 29566 - All Rights Reserved |
The Secrets of Witches Exhibition
Osaka Culturarium At Tempozan
poster for The Secrets of Witches Exhibition
This event has ended.
Belief in witches and witch persecution resulting from fear of their demonic work were specific phenomena of early-modern Europe. In those days people lived in a world filled with magic and spirits and their lives were at the mercy of the Christian god. Life was hard back then: wars raged over Europe, society was shattered by religious conflicts, and strong winters and rainy summers destroyed harvests. Many people suffered and died. For those who survived it was very clear that these things were the demonic deeds of the witches. But how to find them? Scholars and attorneys invented a ruthless system of interrogation and torture. For more than 200 years Europe, and particularly the Germanic empire, were hit by several waves of witch persecutions. How could this have happened? Why did people believe in witches and the devil? These are all questions to be answered in this unique exhibition.
[Related Events]
Lecture “Banquet of Devils and Witches— What is Walpurgis Night?” (in Japanese)
Date: Mar. 7 (Sat) 14:00–15:30
Speaker: Yuko Nishimura (curator of this exhibition, scholar of German literature)
Audience: 70
Admission: Free
Lecture “Did Witches Really Exist ?— Witch Hunts and the Dark Side of Early-Modern Europe” (in Japanese)
Date: Apr. 4 (Sat) 14:00–15:30
Speaker: Masatake Kurokawa (Taisei Gakuin University Professor)
Audience: 70
Admission: Free
from March 07, 2015 at 10:00 to May 10, 2015 at 18:00
Reiji Isoi tablog review
魔女の秘密展~ベールに包まれた美と異端の真実~大阪文化館 天保山
|
Distracted driving is a problem that must be addressed
Distracted driving crashes are almost always preventable because each driver has the choice of what to allow to impact their ability to operate the vehicle. Some people think they can safely drive even when distracted. The harsh truth is that distracted driving doesn’t only affect the person who is driving, but it impacts every other person who is sharing the road with them.
It is imperative that the rate of distracted driving is reduced. Each year, there are around 400,000 injuries and 3,000 deaths attributed to this problem. There are several things that drivers can do that reduce the chance of being distracted while they drive. Remember these because they can help you to remain within the legal bounds of laws being passed in the United States to reduce the number of distracted driving wrecks.
Keep your focus
One of the most important things that drivers can do is to remember that they don’t need to handle other tasks while driving. You need to use your eyes, mind and hands to drive, so there isn’t really anything that you can use for other tasks.
Some drivers believe that short distractions are safe, but this is far from true. You have to consider the type of distraction, but also the longevity of it. If your vehicle is traveling 55 miles per hour, which is slower than the average interstate speed in this country, you will move the length of a football field in only five seconds. That is the average amount of time it takes to read or reply to a text. When you think about that distance, you can imagine how many accidents can occur.
Thinking that you can multitask when you are driving is another major problem. Younger drivers don’t have the skill set to do this, and older drivers push their limits with doing other things while they drive.
Encountering distracted drivers
It is sometimes obvious that a driver is distracted. If you encounter a vehicle that seems to be operated by someone who isn’t paying attention to the road, try to stay away from the automobile if you can do so safely. Additionally, you might consider contacting the police department in the area to alert them.
If a distracted driver slams into your vehicle, you should get emergency services out to the scene. Tell your side of the incident to the officer who responds, but be careful not to accept responsibility for the wreck. You need to preserve your rights in Arizona to seek compensation after the wreck. |
My Illustrated Library - Discover Planet Earth
We live in an amazing world, with all sorts of places and climates. But how was the world made and how do different types of weather occur.
Discover Planet Earth explains the many features of the world, from rocks, deserts and cave to glaciers and rivers. Learn how clouds form, how the seasons accur and why earthquakes, volcanoes and storms happen. |
A cloud app is nothing complicated but a software program in which elements dependent on the cloud and confined modules work parallel to each other.
This prototype depends on remote servers for clarifying the logic which is then accessible for continuous retrieval with an internet connection on the web browser.
Cloud application servers are located in a remote area or a data center which gets operated by a mediator who provides infrastructure services.
Cloud apps manage and control storing files and sharing them, order entry, management of assets, enclosing emails, collection of data along with it provides various accounting features.
Benefits of Cloud Apps
1. Fast response to business needs: Cloud applications can get modernized, examined, and deployed quickly, it facilitates enterprises with speed to the market and its credit. This pace can supplement cultural evolution in the overall operations of the business.
2. Simplified operation: To further make business operations more simplified. The infrastructure management can be subcontracted to a third-party provider of cloud services and infrastructure.
3. Instant Scalability: As per the demand which keeps on rising and falling for the cloud applications and services. The supply of services needs to be modified.
4. API Use: The origin of data and storage services that get provided by the third party can be retrieved with the help of an application programming interface (API). Cloud applications can be minuscule by using APIs to straightly provide data to the applications or the API- based back-end services for clarifying and rational calculations along with the results which provide the complete results to the cloud application. The evaluation of APIs forces submissive stability which will boost the development and will produce desirable outcomes.
5. Gradual Adoption: Restructuring inheritance, on-premises applications where the data gets paramount to the structure of the cloud in steps, allows all the components to be integrated on a regular basis.
6. Reduced Costs: The scale and measurements of the data center which functions on cloud infrastructure majorly and all the service providers and the competitive market helped in lowering the prices. Cloud-based applications can be barely costly to control and preserve when compared to their installation.
7. Improved data sharing and security: The data stored on cloud services can be retrieved easily by existing users. Due to the hefty number of users, it becomes easy for providers to recruit the best security experts and professionals. Integrating those measures which the large company can attain. The streamlined data which got regularly scheduled and revived.
How Does Cloud Apps Work?
A third owner operates and stores data in a remote location where the data gets computed in a cycle. Data end assures security, integration and it also supports various methods to access the data in real-time.
These applications deliver the speedy response and there remains no need to stay connected on the local device. Such devices can function offline but they can not function and get updated online.
On the other hand, the rapid control of cloud applications that do not dominate the storage space of computers or communications devices.
Predicting that fast internet connection, a well-written cloud application delivers all the activities of the application of a desktop along with that it provides the flexibility of a web application.
Cloud Apps vs. Web Apps
With the technological up-gradation in remote computation, the technology clearly differentiates between cloud and web applications as they have been considered as the same.
The term cloud application has gained much popularity and constantly the application owners and providers with every online condition are naming them as cloud applications.
The web and cloud applications retrieve and utilize data from third-party storage.
Both apps use the power to perform its functions from a server that can be located at the same place or it can be accessed through a remote center as well.
The basic difference between cloud and web apps is that the structural design of the apps makes them unique from each other.
Web applications require a continuous internet connection to function and perform his services whereas the cloud app works by performing tasks on a local computer or a data bureau.
Good internet connection is an elementary requirement for data upload and download.
Web apps can not function properly if the private server is not available. If such a thing gets happen the device can still conduct its operations but cannot perform upload and download of data until the server gets back to its original functionality.
The difference between cloud apps and web apps can be made with the use of tools such as Email and word processing.
It becomes feasible to open, create, and formulate the messages by conducting search and organize the efficiency. All altered logic can be observed on the servers of the specified providers via the internet’s protocols whether it is HTTP and HTTPS.
A customer relationship management app can be accessible under a licensed software service arrangement which is also a web app.
Even online banking and daily crossword puzzle are also web apps that do not install software which is made locally.
Microsoft Office 365 and word-processing cloud applications that are installed on a workstation is the example of word processing software.
This app can function without an internet connection and the assigned tasks get performed on the machine.
The cloud comes into the picture when the work gets stored on office 365 which is on a cloud server.
Cloud Apps vs. Desktop Apps
Desktop apps to perform their tasks need a specified version of each and every operating system.
This need for numerous versions also escalates the time of development and expenditure, control of its version, and support.
While on the other hand cloud apps can reduce the cost and even perform better when compared to web apps.
There is a different type of installation that is required by every device on the desktop app as it is not feasible to install every update and sometimes it gets tricky as well to include all the users in the same version of the desktop app.
The urgency to administer support for various versions together becomes a burden on the tech team whereas the cloud apps can function on the same version and there remains no need to update it.
Also Read: 5 Reasons Why Cloud Computing is Important for Small Scale Businesses
Summing Up
Working on cloud apps lessens the burden of work and helps in speeding up the overall work process whereas desktop and web apps are much complicated and tedious.
When an individual can utilize and work on the cloud why would they prefer to work and store their tasks which utilizes the storage capacity of the devices? |
Life Health > Life Insurance
Colorado's thousand-year flood
Your article was successfully shared with the contacts you provided.
Estes Park, Colo., a tourist-driven resort town that serves as the eastern gateway into Rocky Mountain National Park, is no stranger to flash flooding.
In 1976, a stationary thunderstorm dumped the equivalent of 12 inches of rain in less than four hours, creating a wall of water more than 20 feet high racing down the steep Big Thompson Canyon just east of town. It took the lives of 143 people in the winding 20-mile canyon, which featured many homes and rental cabins along the usually tranquil Big Thompson River. The flood also destroyed nearly 500 structures, 400 cars and washed out much of U.S. Route 34.
Then in 1982, an earthen dam failed on Lawn Lake in nearby Rocky Mountain National Park, sending a 30 million cubic-foot flood of water through the central business district of the town. This flash flood killed three people who were camping in RMNP and caused $31 million in damage to the town.
Last week, it happened again. I have lived in Colorado for most of my life and spent five wonderful years after college living in and working in Estes Park. Never before has anyone described prolonged patterns of rainstorms in the state — which are rare — as being of “biblical proportions.” I heard that term a lot last week, as newsmen, public officials, weathercasters and citizens could find no other appropriate description for the relentless rainfall that lasted for days and devastated not only Estes Park but also several other communities, including Boulder, Longmont, and a sleepy town called Lyons that lies between Boulder and Estes Park.
See also: Record Colorado flooding washes away homes, roads
Each of these cities and towns butt up against mountains and canyons, and the capacity of the rivers and creeks in these canyons were no match for the massive amounts of rainfall that hammered the region day after day. As of Monday morning, six people are presumed dead, more than 1,200 are unaccounted for and approximately 19,000 homes have been damaged or destroyed. Many little mountain towns have been isolated, as nearly all roadways to and from those towns have had portions wash away. It may be years before some portions of the roads can be repaired.
My family will be housing a friend from Estes Park — who recently started to work in Denver — indefinitely. While his house was not destroyed, commuting from Estes to Denver is no longer an option.
I know the town of Estes Park will once again rebuild, as it did after the 1982 flood and a devastating fire that destroyed a significant portion of downtown in 2009. I trust most of the people whose houses were adjacent to one of the rivers have flood insurance.
Still, most of the 19,000 families who have had their homes damaged or destroyed by the floods face significant hardship, as the majority of them don’t have flood insurance. It probably never even occurred to most of them. When they bought their homes, it likely wasn’t required as part of their financing arrangement, as so many of these houses didn’t lie in a traditional flood plain or weren’t mapped in a zone at a high risk for floods.
What is probably difficult for most people outside of the area to understand is that this is happening in a region where this kind of flooding really is unheard of — it’s now being called a thousand-year event. A normal flash flood would have rivers and streams over their banks, but the water wouldn’t stray too far from the river’s path. In this event, flood waters made their way to areas far beyond what anyone could have predicted.
See also: Aerial video of devastation by Colorado floods
Homeowner’s insurance won’t help them — unless, say, the weather caused a tree to fall on the house, and water fell in from above. Homeowner’s insurance only covers falling waters, not rising waters. So most of these families without flood insurance can apply for a grant from FEMA that might get them up to $31,000 if they qualify; others can apply for special low-interest loans through the Small Business Administration. Either way, this event will be financially devastating for many families. Recovery will be slow.
See also: How to help Colorado flood victims
For more from Brian Anderson, see:
IUL continues to drive life insurance sales growth
Give me your worst (clients)
5 life insurance selling lessons from fantasy football |
rhesus factor
Asked by Nandinisabesan | 1st Jan, 2009, 07:57: PM
Expert Answer:
The terms Rhesus factor and Rh factor refer to the Rh D antigen presenton the surface of red blood cells. People who possess the RhD antigen are indicated as 'RhD positive' while those who lack the antigen are called 'RhD negative'.
The Rh D antigen is inherited as one gene (RHD). This gene has 2 allele, of which Rh+ is dominant and Rh− recessive.
There may be danger to the fetus when a pregnant woman is RhD- and the biological father is RhD+. This is because under these circumstances the child is RhD+ and hence there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and the baby. The disorder in the fetus due to rhesus-D incompatibility is known as erythroblastosis fetalis.
Answered by | 2nd Jan, 2009, 10:58: AM
|
LeRoy French - Underwater Stills and Videos and video sales
Underwater Photographer
Back to List of Articles
"Global Warming 101"
environmental issues We have heard the term 'Global Warming' many times in the past few years. Most of us really do not understand exactly what it means. In simple terms it is the accumulation of C02 and air pollutants collecting in the atmosphere and forming a huge shield that traps the sun's heat causing the earth to warm up.
Coal burning power plants and automobiles are the biggest cause of this problem.
So when the planet warms up the eco-system is threatened. An example would be the polar bear. He is having a very difficult time right now. With the increase in water temperature we see some of the arctic ice floes melting at an alarming rate. This means the polar bear has further to swim and as a result many are drowning. Here's a sad fact: Two-thirds of the world's polar bear sub-population will be extinct by the mid-century due to the melting of these arctic ice floes.
environmental issues Coral Reefs are affected. Due to the high percentage of C02 emissions the ocean retains a high percentage of acid. When this happens coral begins to die off, (already witnessed in many areas as 'coral bleaching'). Our world oceans have a tremendous burden placed on them daily.
Shipping traffic, fishing, oil drilling and of course dumping of waste. All of this is a huge threat to our oceans eco-system, and then put 'Global Warming' on top of all this and the future of our oceans does not look good.
So in a nutshell here are some well known facts: Early snow melts will cause water shortages. Rising sea levels will cause coastal flooding and beach errosion. Warmer seas create more intense hurricanes, and as we mentioned, the interruption of coral reef habitats can lead to many species becoming extinct.
environmental issues Having said all this, you say Wow! this is a huge problem, but I don't see how I can help. Well everyone can help and it's very simple. Start driving eco friendly cars. Conserve energy. Cut down on plastic usage. Promote the installation of marine parks, discard trash properly. What you bring to the beach take it with you when you leave.
It's time to start thinking about what we will be leaving behind for the next generation. Here in St. Maarten we have a great community of people and we should all try to work together to keep our island Eco-Friendly. I know it sounds like a big order but believe me this needs to be a group effort. |
Úvodní stránka » Advertising & Marketing » WHAT IS ACRYLIC MATERIAL – WHAT IS ACRYLIC MATERIAL MADE OF?
You should have heard the term acrylic. Acrylic is often used in many household products, equipment, and decoration nowadays. It refers to a way of decoration, a kind of decoration material and a way of decoration. Acrylic can be said to be everywhere in life. So, how much do you know about Acrylic? What does acrylic material generally mean? What are the applications of acrylic? Here Yameit will introduce Yameit’s materials and the role of Yameit. Interested users can refer to Yameit’s introduction.
What is acrylic? How is acrylic made? Acrylic acid, also known as the afterburner, chemically known as polymethyl methacrylate. This is a PMMA board product made from MMA inorganic compounds. Acrylic has a very good degree of transparency, which is able to compete with the glass product. Common acrylic products are acrylic board, acrylic plastic rubber particles, acrylic bathtub, and acrylic signboard and so on, which can be seen everywhere. It has both beauty and practicability.
Acrylic products are lighter in quality and easier to shape. The operation is relatively simple, and the cost is very low. The products made from acrylic are the parts that can be used in instruments, car lights, advertising light boxes, signs and indicator lights, such as cabinets in the kitchen, sound-proof doors, and windows, various medical products, daily necessities, catering and ceiling, lamps and lanterns are very common, such as . These products made of acrylic are relatively low in cost so that the price we buy will be more affordable so that we will not have to buy Acrylic and cause economic burden. Generally speaking, acrylic products are both beautiful and affordable, which are suitable for our family and life.
From development execution to supply chain management, AMET’s customized products are overlaid with speed and details. With the combination of art and life and service as the exhibition activities, the brand packaging and exhibition are developed and implemented to strengthen the core competitiveness of the brand in the end. AMET cooperates with many leading foreign brands to provide brand centered service and practical, durable, simple and beautiful products with environmental protection quality standards. “High face”, what we do is face engineering, we have to admit, whether in plasticity or in visual communication, acrylic is not to blame, mainly lies in the real understanding and good use, we always serve your faith and the pursuit of commercial value to strengthen our vision, acrylic in the commercial display props application can be said to be invincible, when people Still believing in the gap between the pursuit and the reality, amert is constantly changing your level of confidence in acrylic products. AMET has been working hard.
Napsat komentář
× 8 = sedmdesát dva |
About China
China has one of the oldest civilizations and consequently, one of the richest cultures in the world. Stretching back more than 5000 years, you can see evidence of China’s history in every aspect of life in China. Through learning kung fu you not only get the physical, mental and spiritual benefits that come from learning kung fu, when you learn kung fu in China, you are getting a history lesson in every class. Kung fu is a major part of Chinese culture and has developed along with China’s turbulent past.
The majority of people in China speak Mandarin Chinese (also known as Putonghua, Hanyu and Zhongwen). English is becoming more widely spoken and even if you speak no Chinese at all, when traveling by train or plane, you can usually find where you’re going using a piece of paper with the your destination on it and in major cities you never have to look far for a person who can speak English. Having said that, a little bit of Chinese goes a long way, so we offer Chinese classes to get you up to speed.
China's currency is RMB or Chinese Yuan (CNY). For a quick currency conversion to check out the exchange rate, head to www.xe.com.
China has some incredibly diverse food. Being such a large country, you can find special local dishes just about everywhere you go. Staple foods are typically rice, wheat noodles and bread. It is fairly easy for vegetarians in China as most restaurants have vegetable dishes. If you like your meat, pork and chicken are the most commonly found meats, although beef and fish are also fairly easy to find.
China has great public transport. You can get all over the country by train and an increasingly large high speed rail network allows you to travel huge distances in the blink of an eye. For example, our school, despite being two provinces away from Beijing, only takes 1.5 hours by high speed rail and only 3.5 hours from Shanghai.
China is full of extremely friendly people. If you're ever in trouble, need directions, or need a helping hand, usually you won't have to look hard for help.
Cost Of Living
China is a fairly cheap country to get around in, especially if you eat, travel and live Chinese style. If you want to eat international food, you can expect to pay international prices however. You can get a full meal for around about 1 - 2 dollars in many places, even in big cities.
Culture Shock
China does take a little bit of getting used to. The hardest thing is probably the language and luckily that's something we can help you with from the moment you step off the plane. It's always a big step to go to another country, especially if you're coming for long term training. Rest assured that we understand that and we're here to help, not just with your training, but with all aspects of your time in China, from simply going to the bank or making friends. |
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
Moon Landing: Conspiracy or Reality?
Extracts from this document...
Jessica Hammer UWS 14B Emily Bernhard Jackson May 9th 2003 Moon Landing: Conspiracy or Reality? On July 20th 1969, the Apollo 11 with astronaut Neil Armstrong and his crew, guided by thousands of NASA technicians, supposedly landed in the surface of the moon. Certainly it was the most extraordinary event accomplished by mankind up to that date. President Nixon (head of State at the time) expressed the feeling with these words: "This has been the greatest week since Creation; the greatest event since the origin of the universe itself" (NIXON); Neil Armstrong's first words upon stepping on the moon surface will always be remembered: "A small step for mankind, a giant leap for humanity". Ever since then, this achievement has been a matter of discussion by several groups that either believed or disbelieved this huge technological feat. There are people who believe that the entire moon landing was "The greatest government conspiracy of all time" (Funny). But why would they do it? What would be the reason to fake such an incredible event? The motivation for such an elaborate hoax could be, to a certain extent, self-explanatory in view of the political situation existent at that time. ...read more.
In other words, in order for the camera to focus on the astronauts and moon surface, all bright images, the faint stars in the background would not show up at all. So the question wouldn't be why aren't there any stars in the sky? But, Why are there some at all? Another argument is based on the fact that in many of the photographs objects in shadows can be seen. For example, in figure number 2, area K, one side of the Lunar Module is covered in shadow but the symbol of the US flag is perfectly illuminated. Conspiracy theorists say that the only explanation for this phenomenon is multiple light sources: but they argue, the only light source on the moon would have been from the sun ("Great"). They claim that the absence of air molecules on the moon would not allow for the bending of light to illuminate an object in a shadow in the same way as on Earth, because of the atmospheric diffusion ("Photo"). Therefore, a shadow on the moon would be absolutely dark, and anything that happened to be in it could not be seen. The only problem in this point is that reflectivity is not considered by the conspiracy believers. ...read more.
After considering the process that surrounded the moon landing and the contrary points of views, it seems to me that the weight of the facts of American arrival on the moon are far more acceptable than the various details proposed by the backers of the conspiracy theory. Some doubts will still exist on what really happened on July 21st 1969, until space travel is accessible to everyone, it is still an exciting topic to discuss as Katie Couric conclude on her television show on ABC: "it's certainly an interesting notion and fun to talk about" Nevertheless, for both sides there are still unanswered questions and pending doubts: Why NASA's highest ranking official, James Webb, resign without explanation just days before the first Apollo mission, when he could have gained great success with NASA's greatest achievement? Or, why all three Apollo 11 astronauts also resign shortly after their return? (Funny) But probably most disturbing of all is the rare appearance and speech given by Neil Armstrong on the 25th Anniversary on 1994, when he told a group of astronauts, "To you we say we have only completed the beginning. We leave you much that is undone. There are great ideas undiscovered, great truths available to those who can remove truth's protecting layers". ...read more.
The above preview is unformatted text
Found what you're looking for?
• Start learning 29% faster today
• 150,000+ documents available
• Just £6.99 a month
Not the one? Search for your essay title...
• Join over 1.2 million students every month
• Accelerate your learning by 29%
• Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month
See related essaysSee related essays
Related AS and A Level International History, 1945-1991 essays
"He was a changed man," Churchill noted. "He told the Russians just where they got on and off and generally bossed the whole meeting." Now, the agenda was changed. Russian involvement in the Japanese war no longer seemed so important.
2. 'The Pearl Harbor Conspiracy' Who was at fault? Was it a surprise or was ...
And if we should thus indirectly be brought in, we would avoid the criticism that we had gone in as an ally of communistic Russia.' FDR was pleased with Admiral Richmond Turner's report read July 22: 'It is generally believed that shutting off the American supply of petroleum will lead
1. Only Yesterday by Frederick Lewis Allen - review
Bertrand Russell defined this as "the right, equally shared by men and women, to free participation in sex experience," to which Allen added, "that it was not necessary for girls to deny themselves this right before marriage or even for husbands and wives to do so after marriage" (117).
2. Has Man really landed on the moon?
NASA's argument states that even if you take photos from the earth, you will not see any stars in the pictures. For shooting the stars, you will have to leave the shutter open for several minutes and the astronauts didn't go there for taking photos of the stars.
1. The Illuminati Conspiracy Manifesto.
2. Blitzkrieg: Lightning Warefare
From 1933 to 1939, Germany was on a quest to fully mechanize their army for an upcoming conflict. Blitzkrieg warfare was an ingenious art of war developed for crushing opponents with one swift stroke. The strategy included 5 parts: 1.
• Over 160,000 pieces
of student written work
• Annotated by
experienced teachers
• Ideas and feedback to
improve your own work |
Anti-Commerce and Quietism in Ancient Rome
While Roman law was laying the foundation for a society of contract and exchange, Roman philosophers were listening to the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who said, “If you wish to make a person wealthy, do not give him more money, but diminish his desire.”
By LTC Richard M. Ebeling, PhD / 10.04.2016
BB&T Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Free Enterprise Leadership
The Citadel
While Roman law was laying the foundation for a society of contract and exchange, Roman philosophers were following a different path. The most prominent of these thinkers were Cicero, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius. In general, they disapproved of the wealth and luxury that the trade of the Empire fostered in Rome. They saw these as the cause of vice and a weakening of the moral spirit of the men of the time.
Their philosophy was tinged by what has sometimes been called “quietism,” that is, the belief that one should adjust to the circumstances that one finds oneself in, and accepts it as good and inevitable during one’s life. In the words of Marcus Aurelius:
Be satisfied with your business, and learn to love what you were bred to do; and as to the remainder of your life, be entirely resigned, and let the gods do their pleasure with your body and soul.
In their view, happiness could only come by the overcoming and removal of oneself from desire, particularly outward or material desires and wants. Man’s happiness, they argued, could not come from the attempt to constantly increase one’s means to satisfy more and more ends. No, that was the path that had no end other than permanent frustration.
Instead, they offer a different route to happiness. We find it expressed by the Greek philosopher, Epicurus (whose teachings were popular in Rome): “If you wish to make a person wealthy, do not give him more money, but diminish his desire.”
In other words, do not attempt to increase the supply of those means that serve various human ends; rather, decrease the demand for them. By each individual, in himself, reducing his desires to those that are appropriate to a “wise” and “virtuous” life. The wise man, it was said, “follows nature.”
Cicero’s Criticisms of Markets and Moneymaking
In asking what following nature meant in terms of ways of living and earning a living, they tended to place the highest significance on the “naturalness” of agriculture, and the vice and corruptions of other trades and occupations. Cicero is an example, when he said:
Now in regard to trade and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming of a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general as follows:
First those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people’s ill-will, such as those of tax-gatherers and usurers [money-lenders].
Unbecoming to a gentleman, also, and vulgar, are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labor, not for artistic skill; for in this case the very wages they receive is a pledge of their slavery.
Vulgar we must consider also those who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation.
And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades that cater to sensual pleasures: Fishmongers, butchers, cooks, poulterers, and fishermen. Add to these if you please, the perfumers, dancers, and the whole corp of ballet.
But the profession in which either a higher degree of intelligence is required or from which no small benefit to society is derived – medicine, and architecture, for example, and teaching – they are proper for those whose social position they become.
Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, are satisfied with the fortunes they have, and make their way from the port to the country estate, as they have often made it from the sea to the port.
But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, and none more becoming to a freeman.
%d bloggers like this: |
Century global skills
Download 2.45 Mb.
Size2.45 Mb.
1 ... 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 ... 214
Formative Assessment #1
To show understanding of the strength and weaknesses of Athens, Sparta, and Persia and how they contributed to conflicts among their governments, students will create maps that show how each army could conquer another.
Formative Assessment #2
Students will participate in a class debate about conflicts between government or cultures.
Formative Assessment #3
Create and complete a Venn Diagram of Minoans and Mycenaeans comparing and contrasting the two cultures of ancient Greece.
Formative Assessment #4
Sequencing: Have students place key events in Greek history in the proper order.
Formative Assessment #5
Students will compare and rights associated with citizenship in ancient Greece with those in the United States and decide which are more inclusive.
Formative Assessment #6
Have students work in pairs to create a postcard that illustrates the conflict between Greece and Persia.
Share with your friends:
The database is protected by copyright ©essaydocs.org 2020
send message
Main page |
Version for the visually impaired
Herbivorous and insectivorous animals
Eastern kiang
Class Mammals
Order Непарнокопытные
Family Лошадиные
Distribution Tibet
The most “horse-like” and the largest of wild donkeys. Their body length is nearly 210cm, the maximum height at the shoulder is nearly 140cm (the make of the western kiang ‒ Equus kiang kiang). The weight is 250-400kg. In case of abundance of food, they may put on the additional weight of 45kg. The fur is light red in summer, and is long and brown in winter. There is a noticeable black stripe on the back. They differ from the onager with larger legs and larger head; their ears are shorter, the mane is longer, and the hoofs are wider. Kiangs live in groups of 5-400 animals. The largest herds of kiangs consist of the females and foals, as well as ‘adolescents’ of both sexes. An adult female is usually the leader of the group. The social bonds within groups are quite strong; kiangs never leave each other and look for food together. The males live solitary lives during summer; by spring, they gather in the groups of bachelors. During the long time (by the end of 1960s), there were no kiangs in zoos worldwide, except Beijing.
The herbivorous animal, which mainly eats grasses and other low vegetation
The longest registered life of the kiang in captivity was 26 years (eastern kiang – Equus kiang holdereri).
More animals |
Browse Subject Areas
Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.
For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.
• Loading metrics
Measurement invariance of the moral vitalism scale across 28 cultural groups
Measurement invariance of the moral vitalism scale across 28 cultural groups
• Maksim Rudnev,
• Christin-Melanie Vauclair,
• Samira Aminihajibashi,
• Maja Becker,
• Michal Bilewicz,
• José Luis Castellanos Guevara,
• Emma Collier-Baker,
• Carla Crespo,
• Paul Eastwick,
• Ronald Fischer
Moral vitalism is a concept that captures how lay people think about and explain morally relevant actions and events in the world [12]. It is a lay theory that embraces the dual beliefs that forces of good and evil (a) actually exist and (b) may cause moral and immoral events to occur. Moral vitalism acts as a lay theory or heuristic for navigating the complex world of moral judgement and behavior and is attractive because it provides a convenient explanation for why good and bad things happen, as well as what makes people good or bad (cf. [35]). In order to measure moral vitalism, Bastian and colleagues [1] developed the Moral Vitalism Scale (MVS). The MVS had a high predictive validity, showing that those who endorsed moral vitalistic beliefs tend to worry about being possessed by evil, are more sensitive to being contaminated through direct or indirect contact with evil people due to the possibility of contagion, and are more concerned about maintaining their own mental purity. The measure also demonstrated high reliability across six studies. Based on these findings, it would appear that moral vitalists view immoral essences—the forces of evil—as having the capacity to “infect” and corrupt people’s minds and bodies, either through physical contact or mental content alone. The current study aims to investigate the degree to which the MVS has similar measurement characteristics across different cultures, that is, whether its scores can be used in cross-cultural research to examine relations of moral vitalism with other constructs and to test mean differences in vitalistic beliefs across cultures.
Moral vitalism
The construct of moral vitalism provides an important avenue through which to examine the role of spiritual beliefs in moral reasoning and judgement. It goes beyond prior work focused on how a belief in God may shape thinking and behavior (e.g., [6]) or work focusing on concerns over sanctity or purity (e.g., [7]), by examining a general lay theory about spiritual forces that is not limited to specific religious commitments or political beliefs. Moral vitalism provides people with a convenient explanation for why good and bad things happen, as well as what makes people good or bad. Like other lay theories, moral vitalism may often be largely implicit and poorly articulated.
By focusing on how people explain their moral worlds, moral vitalism provides an account of moral cognition which diverges from the view that morality arises from the need to protect persons, groups, or norms (such as moral foundations theory, see [7]). While it shares some similarities with accounts that emphasize the role of sense making in the context of harm (such as the notion of dyadic completion: [8]), it goes beyond such accounts by suggesting that in efforts to understand their worlds, people often rely on beliefs that have explanatory power. Beyond completing a moral dyad of victim and perpetrator, moral vitalism serves to explain why there are victims and perpetrators in the first place. Yet, in contrast to theories focusing on the moral character of agents (e.g., [9]), moral vitalists see moral action as in part determined by forces that are independent of people, but which can possess and influence them (see [1]). Supportive of this, moral vitalism appears to be relatively distinct from a similar construct focusing on pure good and evil published by [10], but which focused on purely good or evil people, as opposed to purely good or evil forces (see [1]).
In short, moral vitalism provides a filler explanation, or a placeholder concept, for why morally relevant events occur. As an approach to understanding moral cognition, it suggests that morality may be as much characterized by a set of beliefs about the nature of the world as it is by the basis on which people make moral judgements.
As a formal theory, moral vitalism reflects a basic form of cognition (belief) that is likely universal and probably arose as an explanation for life threatening events, such as disease in contexts where other (i.e., more scientific) explanations were not available (see [11]). From this perspective, moral vitalism is perhaps most closely aligned with the purity dimension of moral foundations theory, given a similar emphasis on concerns regarding purity and contagion, and links to concerns over biological disease ([7, 12]). As such, moral vitalism is likely to be evident across a range of cultures, and yet it is also likely to be reinforced within particular cultural contexts.
The theory and measurement of moral vitalism provides exciting and novel avenues for cross-cultural research. For example, [11] showed in a cross-national study that historically higher levels of pathogen prevalence were positively associated with the endorsement of moral vitalistic beliefs. Other social ecological factors could also be explored, such as the prevalence and frequency of natural disasters, because they may equally be related to the development of moral vitalism as a cultural meaning-making belief system. Given that moral vitalism takes account of the role of spiritual belief within the moral domain by focusing on core underlying assumptions, rather than specific tenets of religious, cultural or political beliefs, it opens up new avenues for comparison across culturally diverse populations, and across varying ideological and religious commitments. A cross-nationally reliable scale on moral vitalism is able to provide novel insights into the factors that stimulated the development and preservation of such beliefs.
The scale
The current version of the MVS features five items assessing the belief in real, agentic forces of good and evil (e.g., “There are underlying forces of good and evil in this world”) on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree [1]. The item wordings are presented in Table 1. The scale was translated from English into the respective languages of countries (see Table 2) by bilinguals. Accuracy of the translation was verified through back-translations or a committee approach. S1 File include translations of the MVS into these languages.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the five items comprising the moral vitalism scale.
Table 2. Sample characteristics and the latent means of moral vitalism estimated by the partial approximate scalar invariance model (sorted by latent mean).
A total of 3,202 undergraduate university students residing in 28 countries participated in this study. Ethical approval for this study was obtained by the last author from the University of Melbourne’s Behavioural and Social Sciences Ethical Review Committee, project no. 2009001486. Informed consent was obtained in line with the requirements of ethical approval. All other samples in this study were collected in line with relevant ethical protocols and informed consent procedures for each country.
The participants and cultures were sampled on a convenience basis. The central team reached researchers through professional networks and asked them to collect a sample of 80–100 respondents. Participants responded to a larger questionnaire that included the MVS. Respondents who took part in the study received non-monetary incentive such as course credits.
The average age of the total sample was 22.6 years (SD = 6.3), ANOVA test showed significant differences in age across samples. In Spain, the average age was substantially higher as the participants were students of an open university, which attracts more mature attendance. Gender composition was also significantly different across samples as indicated by a significant χ2 test. Overall 65% of all participants were female (see Table 2). The data contained less than one percent of cases with missing values, these were treated with full information maximum likelihood in frequentist models, whereas Bayesian models implicitly incorporated missing values.
Analytical approach
The analysis followed three major steps. At first, we identified a pool of the items that showed similar factor structure across cultural groups. Second, we ran a series of full and partial exact invariance tests. Third, an approximate invariance approach was applied to adjust the model to the population more closely. At all stages we applied confirmatory factor analysis models using R package “lavaan” [13] and Mplus version 7.3 software [14]. All the codes with details of the analyses and the replication data can be found in the S1 File.
A conventional way to assess measurement invariance is to run a series of multiple groups confirmatory analyses [15]. First, a configural model is fitted to the data. Configural model does not constrain factor loadings or item intercepts. Second, a metric invariance model is fit to the data, which is similar to the configural model, but the factor loadings are constrained to be equal across groups. And finally, a scalar invariance model is fitted, which constrains both factor loadings and item intercepts. After fitting these three models to the data, they can be compared using likelihood ratio χ2 test. However, χ2 difference test was shown to be overly conservative with larger sample sizes [16]. Thus, another set of criteria was suggested: differences in comparative fit index (CFI) larger than .01 and difference in RMSEA larger than .015 as an indication of substantial differences between models [17]. If a configural model has a substantially better fit than a metric invariance model, it is preferred over the metric invariance model. Likewise, if a metric invariance model has a substantially better fit than a scalar invariance model, the former is preferred over the latter.
An important prerequisite to this sequence of model testing is a well-fitting configural model. As a criterion of an acceptable fit for a factor model we used CFI/TLI > .90, RMSEA < .08; SRMR < .08 [18]; χ2 was ignored in this analysis due to a large (over 3000) sample. The model was identified using a marker variable approach (see [19]). After a preliminary analysis, we decided to use item “existence” as a marker, because it showed highly invariant parameters across groups when using different model specifications. Switching of a marker variable to the other items did not affect substantive results.
At the second stage of analysis we tested several partial invariance models. Byrne, Shavelson, and Muthén [20] proposed the idea of partial invariance, which claims that some of the loadings/intercepts are allowed to vary without creating a substantial bias. They suggested that it is sufficient to have two invariant loadings for a partial metric invariance and two invariant intercepts for a partial scalar invariance. However, the consecutive tests of partial invariance might lead to an inductive solution which brings a danger of overfitting, that is, a possibility that the final model may not replicate with different data. For this reason, we were especially careful in handling model modifications which were not expected by the theory.
The third stage of analysis was based on Bayesian statistics with informative priors. The prior between-group difference in factor loadings and/or item intercepts was set to zero (no differences) and its variance was set to a conventionally low value. The between-group variance in factor loadings and intercepts of the size .01 was considered negligibly small for most substantive conclusions (it defines the 95% confidence interval of absolute differences in parameters of .20, see also [21]). Between-group variance in parameters of .10 was considered large and deviating from the invariance (corresponds to ±.63 difference on a standardized scale).
First, we tested an approximate configural model, in which the factor loadings and item intercepts were allowed to vary with a prior between-group variance of .10. Given a well-fitting configural model, we then set the prior between-group variance to .01 for loadings (approximate metric invariance) and then for both loadings and intercepts (approximate scalar invariance). In order to evaluate the model fit to the data, two key statistics were examined: 95% confidence interval for the difference between the observed and the replicated χ2 values (if it includes zero, it indicates acceptable fit), and related standardized index of posterior predictive p-value (PPP, which should be higher than .05 with a perfect fit indicated by value of .50). As long as the sample sizes were relatively small, we expected convergence issues. To ensure convergence the models were run using 4 chains and a minimum of 30,000 iterations. All the models revealed stable solutions indicated by potential scale reduction factor (R-hat), which was smaller than 1.1 for every parameter. Scanning of trace plots did not reveal issues with convergence as well. Visual examination of autocorrelation plots detected no substantial problems with the parameter estimation.
Identifying the pool of items
The MVS initially included eight items: three reverse-coded items and five non-reversed items. Non-reversed items are listed in Table 1; reversed items were following: “Good and evil are human constructions”, “Things happen and sometimes they have good or evil consequences, but there is nothing that is truly good or truly evil”, “There is nothing that is really good or really evil in this world, it’s all a matter of perspective”. A preliminary analysis on the pooled sample demonstrated acceptable fit of a two-factor model: one factor loaded on all the reverse-coded items and the other factor loaded on the rest of items [CFI = .964, RMSEA = .069, SRMR = .045, χ2(df = 19) = 299]. However, applying this model in the multiple group settings was challenging, as in many groups it resulted in a non-positive definite matrix, which signaled potential problems with the model and the data (such as high multicollinearity combined with small samples). Moreover, running the two-factor model separately in each group resulted in various model problems across groups.
We concluded that configural invariance across groups could not be detected with the eight items. Therefore, we dropped the reverse-coded items and examined measurement invariance for a one-factor model with the five straight-coded items only.
Exact measurement invariance tests
A simple multiple-group factor model with a single factor at the pooled sample showed unacceptable fit as indicated by a high value of RMSEA (.098; the other fit measures were within the recommended range, CFI = .971, TLI = .942). Modification indices suggested adding a covariance between items “awareness” and “natural” which improved the model and yielded a marginally acceptable value of .078 for RMSEA. At the next step, the modification indices suggested to add a covariance between residuals of the items “natural” and “existence” which makes sense, because both items claim the existence of good and evil forces in a natural world. The resulting model (Fig 1) had appropriate fit in a multiple-group setting (see model 1 in Table 3), as well as it fitted to the data from each country separately–p-values of χ2 tests of model fit were above .01 in every group. Therefore, this model was further used in the invariance testing as a configural model. The alternative model with two factors, one including “existence”, “natural”, and “responsible”, and the other including “motivates” and “awareness” showed acceptable fit on the pooled sample but did not converge in multiple-group analysis (configural model).
Table 3. Exact measurement invariance tests of the single-factor model of moral vitalism.
Table 3 lists fit indices from a series of the exact measurement invariance tests with multiple group confirmatory factor analyses. Constraining factor loadings across groups to equality, that is, testing the metric invariance, decreased CFI by .045 and increased RMSEA by .034, both values are much greater than the recommended ones. Therefore, we had to select configural invariance model over metric invariance and concluded that there is no full metric invariance.
Next, we tested partially invariant models. We examined the factor loadings in each group from the configural model in which they were estimated independently in every group. This information as well as modification indices indicated that factor loadings of items “existence” and “awareness” had the largest differences across groups, so we relaxed these equality constraints. Comparing the model fit of the partial metric invariance model (model 4) to the fit of the configural model revealed a decrease in CFI of .011 and increase in RMSEA of .013, which almost fell in the recommended range. So, we were able to conditionally accept this partial metric invariance model. However, when we tested the partial scalar invariance model, the decrease in CFI and increase in RMSEA were very large (model 5), thus, it was rejected. We also tried a minimal partial metric invariance model, releasing equality constraints on loadings of “existence”, “nature”, and “awareness” items, which expectedly showed an acceptable decrease in the model fit (model 6) compared to configural invariance model. This model was then used to test for the partial scalar invariance (model 7), a decrease in CFI was .014, close to the suggested threshold, but increase in RMSEA was .022, substantially larger than the recommended threshold of .015, and the absolute value of RMSEA of .096 pointed to the model’s overall poor fit to the data.
The resulting partial metric invariance model is prone to criticism, because, first, the RMSEA statistic, although technically being under the recommended threshold of .08, had an upper confidence bound which was beyond this threshold. Moreover, these models had a very few degrees of freedom, which may imply that the models could have been overfitted, that is, be applicable only to the current sample. Given the nature of the convenience sample, the problem of overfitting is especially important issue, so the minimally fitting model might not be the population model. Due to these concerns, we switched to the approximate measurement invariance approach [2122], which in a way avoids the problem of overfitting by allowing some across-group variance in item intercepts and factor loadings.
Approximate invariance approach
Table 4 lists the model fit statistics of approximate invariance testing. The approximate configural model fits the data very well, showing PPP of .164 and a confidence interval of χ2 including zero. The metric model showed a similarly good fit with PPP = .060. The scalar invariance model showed a deterioration in fit with a PPP dropping below the recommended threshold of .05 to essentially zero, and BIC increasing compared to the metric and configural models. Increasing prior variance of the intercepts of the items “natural”, “awareness”, and “responsible” resulted in a partial approximate scalar invariance model that fitted the data sufficiently well: PPP of .061 was in the recommended range, χ2 confidence interval included zero and the increase in BIC was relatively small. We consider this model final and conclude that the measurement model of moral vitalism with five items and two residual covariances (of the items “natural” with “awareness” and “existence”) is approximately and partially invariant at the scalar level, which implies that the means and regression/correlation coefficients can be compared across all 28 cultural groups.
The latent means estimated by the partial approximate scalar invariance model are listed in Table 2. The latent mean had to be fixed to zero in one of the groups, so we randomly chose Japan. The other means represent differences in moral vitalism compared to Japan. Expectedly, Western European countries occupied the lower ranks, while Asian cultures as well as USA and Cyprus scored the highest on moral vitalism. Previous analyses have shown that country-level the moral vitalism score correlated robustly with pathogen prevalence, therefore, underscoring the cross-cultural validity of the scale [11]. Interestingly, the lower levels of moral vitalism tended to coincide with the larger confidence interval of the estimate.
It is noteworthy that the latent means estimated by different models were highly similar. For example, the latent means from the exact scalar invariance model (model 3 in Table 3 which showed poor fit) correlated with the means estimated by the approximate partial scalar invariance model (model 4 in Table 4) at .99.
Discussion and conclusion
In this paper we aimed at testing a novel scale of moral vitalism across 28 cultural groups. A model with five items, a single factor and covariance of residuals for three items showed an acceptable fit. The multiple tests of measurement invariance indicated the lack of exact scalar as well as full metric invariance. The tests of approximate measurement invariance supported the presence of partial scalar invariance, where only intercepts of item “natural” were allowed to vary across groups. This conclusion allowed to correctly estimate latent means: Asian countries as well USA and Northern Cyprus tended to be high on moral vitalism, while Western Europeans are less prone to follow this belief.
The results of the analysis demonstrated that MVS can be used to correctly measure moral vitalism in a wide range of cultures. Moreover, the results suggest that the concept of moral vitalism has approximately the same meaning across these cultures, whereas in general the lay theories of good and evil are intertwined with specific religious and cultural beliefs.
The current study has several limitations. First, the convenience sampling of the student participants may have affected the results, which might be biased towards younger, female, and educated individuals, rather than reflecting the parameters of the general population. However, a systematic pattern of latent means found in the study demonstrated that the group differences do indeed reflect cultural differences in the moral vitalism beliefs. Moreover, the use of similar samples across national contexts helped to tackle cultural differences while holding other differences across samples constant.
Another limitation regards the exclusion of reversed-coded items at the preliminary analysis stage. It might have affected the results in a way that the final score and respective latent means of moral vitalism are likely to also include response tendencies, such as acquiescence and non-differentiation. It might not be problematic as [1] demonstrated that the measure had criterion and predictive validity regardless of the lack of balance in item wordings. However, future research should investigate this issue in depth.
Yet another potential limitation is related to the fact that we detected only a weak evidence of scalar invariance–that is, the initial model was appended with the two residual covariances and only two out of five item intercepts were found to be invariant across all the countries under study. Notwithstanding the differences in model fit, various models tested in the study estimated highly similar factor means which correlated across countries at .99 or higher. It indicates that the small differences in item intercepts and factor loadings did not substantively affect the latent means proving their reliability. It suggests that the poor fit of the exact scalar invariance model was due to some noise in the data unrelated to the problems of measurement invariance itself.
Despite these limitations, our results provided evidence of MVS ability to reliably measure moral vitalism in a wide range of cultures which allows comparison of latent means and correlations/regression coefficients across a wide range of cultures. Establishing the cross-cultural invariance of moral vitalism opens new lines of inquiry into cultural variability in naïve theories of spirituality and morality.
1. 1. Bastian B, Bain P, Buhrmester MD, Gómez Á, Vázquez A, Knight CG et al. Moral vitalism: Seeing good and evil as real, agentic forces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2015 Aug;41(8):1069–81. pmid:26089349
2. 2. Bastian B. Moral Vitalism. In: Gray K., Graham J., editors. Atlas of Moral Psychology. New York: Guilford Press; 2018. pp. 303–309.
3. 3. Staub E. The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989.
4. 4. Staub E. The psychology of good and evil: Why children, adults, and groups help and harm others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
5. 5. Zimbardo PG. The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York, NY: Random House, 2007.
6. 6. Shariff AF, Norenzayan A. God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological science. 2007 Sep;18(9):803–9. pmid:17760777
7. 7. Haidt J, Joseph C. Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus. 2004;133(4):55–66.
8. 8. Gray K, Waytz A, Young L. The moral dyad: A fundamental template unifying moral judgment. Psychological Inquiry. 2012 Apr 1;23(2):206–15. pmid:22815620
9. 9. Goodwin GP. Moral character in person perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2015 Feb;24(1):38–44.
10. 10. Webster RJ, Saucier DA. Angels and demons are among us: Assessing individual differences in belief in pure evil and belief in pure good. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2013 Nov;39(11):1455–70. pmid:23885037
11. 11. Bastian B, Vauclair CM, Loughnan S, Bain P, Ashokkumar A, Becker M et. al. Explaining illness with evil: pathogen prevalence fosters moral vitalism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2019 Oct 30;286(1914):20191576. pmid:31662082
12. 12. van Leeuwen F, Park JH, Koenig BL, Graham J. Regional variation in pathogen prevalence predicts endorsement of group-focused moral concerns. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012 Sep 1;33(5):429–37.
13. 13. Rosseel Y. Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of statistical software. 2012;48(2):1–36.
14. 14. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998–2017.
15. 15. Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational research methods. 2000 Jan;3(1):4–70.
16. 16. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling. 2002 Apr 1;9(2):233–55.
17. 17. Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 2007 Jul 31;14(3):464–504.
18. 18. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications, 2006.
19. 19. Little TD, Slegers DW, Card NA. A non-arbitrary method of identifying and scaling latent variables in SEM and MACS models. Structural equation modeling. 2006 Jan 1;13(1):59–72.
20. 20. Byrne BM, Shavelson RJ, Muthén B. Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: the issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological bulletin. 1989 May;105(3):456.
21. 21. Muthén BO, and Asparouhov T. BSEM measurement invariance analysis. Mplus web notes: No. 17. 2013.
22. 22. Cieciuch J, Davidov E, Schmidt P, Algesheimer R. How to obtain comparable measures for cross-national comparisons. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 2019;71(Supplement 1): 157–186.
23. 23. Van de Schoot R, Kluytmans A, Tummers L, Lugtig P, Hox J, Muthén B. Facing off with Scylla and Charybdis: a comparison of scalar, partial, and the novel possibility of approximate measurement invariance. Frontiers in psychology. 2013 Oct 23;4:770. pmid:24167495 |
Blood Test: Hemoglobin Electrophoresisenparents hemoglobin electrophoresis can help diagnose diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin production, and often is performed as part of newborn screening tests.hemoglobin electrophoresis tests, blood tests, diagnostic tests, sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S, thalassemias, hemoglobinopathies, hemoglobinopathy, anemia, newborn screening blood tests, red blood cells, hemoglobin, medical tests, newborn screening, screening tests, sickle cell anemia, sickle cells, anemia, electrophoresis, blood samples, genetic blood diseases, genetic diseases, blood diseases, iron deficiency, CD1Sickle Cell02/03/200903/19/201909/02/20195f3f231c-1266-401a-ac0c-764b1bcafe88<h3>What Is a Blood Test?</h3> <p>A blood test is when a sample of blood is taken from the body to be tested in a lab. Doctors order blood tests to check things such as the levels of <a href="">glucose</a>, hemoglobin, or white blood cells. This can help them detect problems like a disease or medical condition. Sometimes, blood tests can help them see how well an organ (such as the liver or <a href="">kidneys</a>) is working.</p> <h3>What Is a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test?</h3> <p>Hemoglobin is the protein inside of red blood cells that carries oxygen. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Normal hemoglobin carries and delivers oxygen well, but some abnormal types of hemoglobin do not.</p> <h3>Why Are Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Tests Done?</h3> <p>Doctors may order the test to help diagnose conditions related to irregular hemoglobin production, such as <a href="">sickle cell disease</a> or thalassemia.</p> <h3>How Should We Prepare for a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test?</h3> <p>Your child should be able to eat and drink normally unless also getting other tests that require fasting beforehand. Tell your doctor about any medicines your child takes because some drugs might affect the test results. Also let the doctor know if your child has had a <a class="kh_anchor">blood transfusion</a>. This can affect the hemoglobin electrophoresis test.</p> <p>Wearing a T-shirt or short-sleeved shirt for the test can make things easier for your child, and you also can bring along a toy or book as a distraction.</p> <h3>How Is a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test Done?</h3> <p>Most blood tests take a small amount of blood from a vein. To do that, a health professional will:</p> <ul> <li>clean the skin</li> <li>put an elastic band (tourniquet) above the area to get the veins to swell with blood</li> <li>insert a needle into a vein (usually in the arm inside of the elbow or on the back of the hand)</li> <li>pull the blood sample into a vial or syringe</li> <li>take off the elastic band and remove the needle from the vein</li> </ul> <p>In babies, blood draws are sometimes done as a "heel stick collection." After cleaning the area, the health professional will prick your baby's heel with a tiny needle (or lancet) to collect a small sample of blood.</p> <p>Collecting a sample of blood is only temporarily uncomfortable and can feel like a quick pinprick.</p> <p><img class="left" title="drawing_blood" src="" alt="drawing_blood" name="974-031609_BLOODTEST_RD7.GIF" /></p> <p></p> <p><img class="left" title="heel_prick_illustration" src="" alt="heel_prick_illustration" name="865-103108_HEELPRICK1-2_RD4.GIF" /></p> <h3>Can I Stay With My Child During a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test?</h3> <p>Parents usually can stay with their child during a blood test. Encourage your child to relax and stay still because tensing muscles can make it harder to draw blood. Your child might want to look away when the needle is inserted and the blood is collected. Help your child to relax by taking slow deep breaths or singing a favorite song.</p> <h3>How Long Does a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test Take?</h3> <p>Most blood tests take just a few minutes. Occasionally, it can be hard to find a vein, so the health professional may need to try more than once.</p> <h3>What Happens After a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test?</h3> <p>The health professional will remove the elastic band and the needle and cover the area with cotton or a bandage to stop the bleeding. Afterward, there may be some mild bruising, which should go away in a few days.</p> <h3>When Are Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test Results Ready?</h3> <p>Blood samples are processed by a machine, and it may take a day or two for the results to be available. If the test results show signs of a problem, the doctor might order other tests to figure out what the problem is and how to treat it.</p> <h3>Are There Any Risks From Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Tests?</h3> <p>A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a safe procedure with minimal risks. Some kids might feel faint or lightheaded from the test. A few kids and teens have a strong fear of needles. If your child is anxious, talk with the doctor before the test about ways to make the procedure easier.</p> <p>A small bruise or mild soreness around the blood test site is common and can last for a few days. Get medical care for your child if the discomfort gets worse or lasts longer.</p> <p></p> <p>If you have questions about the hemoglobin electrophoresis test, speak with your doctor or the health professional doing the blood draw.</p>Análisis de sangre: electroforesis de hemoglobinaUn médico suele solicitar una electroforesis de hemoglobina para poder diagnosticar enfermedades que implican la producción anormal de hemoglobina, como la anemia falciforme y la talasemia.
Blood Test: HemoglobinHemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. A hemoglobin test can be done as part of a routine checkup to screen for problems and or because a child isn't feeling well.
Blood Test: Hemoglobin A1cDoctors use a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to determine if your child's diabetes management plan needs to be adjusted.
Newborn Screening TestsNewborn screening tests look for health conditions that aren't apparent at birth. Find out which tests are done.
kh:age-allAgesOrAgeAgnostickh:clinicalDesignation-pathologykh:genre-articlekh:primaryClinicalDesignation-pathologyMedical Tests & Exams |
Landscape Photography Photoshop Frequency Separation
Possibly one of the hottest photo editing topics currently is Photoshop Frequency Separation. It’s also one of the most confusing; partly because it’s hard to understand what’s happening and partly because it sounds complicated. In this tutorial, I’m going to explain how you can use a simple version of Frequency Separation in Photoshop.
In the past, most of the information and tutorials describing Photoshop Frequency Separation covers fashion, beauty and portrait retouching. If you’re a landscape photographer, you’re probably left scratching your head by all this and thinking this doesn’t apply to me. Well actually, you can still use Frequency Separation and a couple of techniques come immediately to mind. Firstly, you could sharpen your image without accentuating image noise. Secondly, you can create a very effective Orton effect with lots of control.
In the following video, I explain how to create a Photoshop Frequency Separation. After that, I demonstrate how to use this for sharpening before applying an Orton effect to improve the photo.
Subscribe to my YouTube Channel
What is Frequency Separation
It sounds complicated, but it really isn’t.
If we break down an image, we find it’s made up of colour and detail. In Frequency Separation all we do is separate these two things into two separate layers. In one layer we see the colour but no detail and in the other, we have the image detail but no colour. Here’s an example of what these two layers look like in Photoshop.
Image showing components of frequency separations for low and high frequencies
In this image, you can see image A contains no detail but all the colours. Image B contains all the detail but no colour. Image C is what you get when you combine the two Frequency Separation layers.
Let’s have a look at how to create these layers in Photoshop.
Creating a Photoshop Frequency Separation
To start, open the image in Photoshop that you want to use for the Frequency Separation.
Duplicate this image to two new layers in the Layers window. Call the first layer Colour and the other Detail.
Select the Colour layer and apply a blur to it; the best filter to use for this is the Gaussian Blur filter. Use a Radius of 5-10 if you want to use the Frequency Separation for sharpening, or 15-30 for the Orton Effect. This creates a layer with colour but no detail.
Now click the Detail layer in the Layers window and select “Image | Apply Image…” in the menu. This will display the “Apply Image” dialog as shown below.
Using Photoshop Apply Image feature to create a Frequency separation
In the Apply Image dialog select the Layer to be the Colour layer that you have previously blurred.
Set the blending mode to be “Add” and the Scale and offset to be 2 and 0 respectively, as shown in the illustration. At this point, the image will probably look a little strange, but when you click the “Invert” option you will see it change to grey.
You now have your two frequency separation layers which separate the image colour and detail. The Colour layer should be below the Detail layer in the Layers window. To make the two blend and create a normal looking image, set the Blending Mode for the Detail layer to be “Linear Light”. As soon as you do this the grey layer will seem to vanish and you’re left with what looks like the original image. But if you hide the Detail layer, the image will appear blurred.
You have now created a simple Frequency Separation in Photoshop.
Frequency Separation to Sharpen a Landscape Image
There are two ways you can create a sharpening effect with the Frequency Separation. You can apply these techniques separately or combine them.
1. Apply sharpening to the Detail layer using a sharpening filter like Smart Sharpen or Unsharp Mask. This is a traditional approach but has the advantage that you’re only sharpening genuine detail in the image.
2. Gradually reduce the Opacity of the Colour layer in the Layers Window. As you reduce the opacity, the Detail layer starts to blend with the Background layer to create a sharpening effect. Take care not to reduce the Opacity of the Colour layer too much though as it can start to look unnaturally sharp.
My own personal preference is to combine the two methods together. Start by reducing the Colour layer Opacity, after which you can sharpen the Detail layer. If the effect appears too strong, you can further adjust the Opacity of the Colour layer.
Orton Effect Using Frequency Separation
The Orton effect was created by Michael Orton in the ’90s, working with slide film. Today, photographers the world over continue to use the technique. Now though, rather than working with slide film, we have digital tools that make the task somewhat easier.
To create the Orton effect with your Frequency Separation, start by using a larger blur radius to create the separation.
In the Layers Window, reduce the Opacity of the Detail layer. As you do this, you start to see the blurred Colour layer become visible.
Create a second Colour layer by duplicating the first. Rename this to be “Soft Glow” and place it above the Colour layer in the Layers Window.
Change the Blending Mode of the new layer to be “Soft Light”. This will create a strong contrast and colour adjustment and a glowing effect.
Adjust the Opacity of the new Soft Glow layer to control the strength of the contrast adjustment and effect.
Get Essential Adobe Photoshop CC
The fastest way to learn Adobe Photoshop CC.
30 day, no questions money back guarantee
Buy now or learn more...
In this tutorial, we have looked at a simple way to create a Photoshop Frequency Separation. We have also examined two ways you can use this to apply effects to your Landscape Photography. If you haven’t done so already, be sure to watch the video above. It contains further information you might find useful in creating your Frequency Separation.
If you watched the video, you will have seen I used masks to better control the Frequency Separation. Try the following tutorial if you’re not familiar or comfortable using Photoshop masks.
Please Share
More Photoshop Tutorials
Subscriber Book Offer
Subscribe Here
• Follow the instruction in my email to confirm your subscription.
Pin It on Pinterest
Share This |
Quick Answer: What Are The Four Factors Of Self Esteem?
How self esteem affects your life?
What causes low self esteem?
How do you gain confidence?
Here are 1o ways you can begin building your confidence:Get Things Done. Confidence is built on accomplishment. … Monitor Your Progress. … Do The Right Thing. … Exercise. … Be Fearless. … Stand-up For Yourself. … Follow Through. … Think Long-term.More items…•
What are two factors that influence your self esteem?
Factors that can influence self-esteem include:Your thoughts and perceptions.How other people react to you.Experiences at home, school, work and in the community.Illness, disability or injury.Age.Role and status in society.Media messages.
Why self esteem is so important?
What are the factors of self esteem?
Various factors believed to influence our self-esteem include:Genetics.Personality.Life experiences.Age.Health.Thoughts.Social circumstances.The reactions of others.More items…•
What are the four elements of self esteem?
There are 4 components that define the esteem you might feel for yourself: self-confidence, identity, feeling of belonging, and feeling of competence.
What are factors that affect self esteem and body image?
Many research studies have shown that negative body image is strongly linked to eating disorders, eating disorder behaviors, depression, and low self-esteem [1]. One’s body image can be influenced many factors, including one’s parents, peers, culture/media, or one’s past experiences.
What are some environmental factors that affect your self esteem?
A sample response follows: Family, school, friends, and media are all environmental factors that affect someone’s self-esteem. An environmental factor is an external factor from a person’s surroundings.
What are the 3 types of self esteem?
Do You Know the 3 Types of Self-Esteem?Inflated self-esteem. People with inflated self-esteem think they are better than others and have no doubts about underestimating everyone else. … High self-esteem. People with this type of self-esteem accept and value themselves. … Low self-esteem.
How can I improve my self esteem and body image?
10 Steps to Positive Body ImageAppreciate all that your body can do. … Keep a top-ten list of things you like about yourself—things that aren’t related to how much you weigh or what you look like. … Remind yourself that “true beauty” is not simply skin-deep. … Look at yourself as a whole person. … Surround yourself with positive people.More items…
How can I rebuild my self esteem?
What are the signs of confidence?
9 Signs You Are Genuinely Confident, Without Seeming Cocky at All. … You listen 10 times more than you speak. … You take a stand not because you think you are always right, but because you are not afraid to be wrong. … You duck the spotlight so it shines on others. … You freely ask for help. … You think, “Why not me?”More items…•
How does self esteem affect the way you behave?
|
In Brief
In Lotus Eaters Bloom rounds the corner of Westland Row and Great Brunswick Street and passes by "the drooping nags of the hazard" on the big thoroughfare. In Hades, coming up Great Brunswick in the funeral carriage, he sees "The hazard" once more and thinks, "Only two there now. Nodding. Full as a tick. Too much bone in their skulls. The other trotting round with a fare. An hour ago I was passing there." Hazard was the Dublin term for a cabstand or cab rank, and the horses hitched to these vehicles prompt Bloom's sympathetic reveries.
Read More
§ Although there is no doubt about the word's denotation in this context, its origins and connotations are mysterious. The OED defines hazard as "A cab-stand (in Ireland)," citing no example before 1882. It seems possible that the usage arose from the threats posed by cabs constantly pulling out of street traffic and into it, attracting passengers from all directions, and disgorging passengers from both sides. The sense of peril carried by normal uses of the word appears to be picked up in Hades, where Joyce contrives to associate it with Fenian violence by placing it just after "Meade's yard." In a section of town where Fenians seem to be lurking everywhere, simply using the sidewalks may feel hazardous.
Another, more etymological explanation has to do with chance. The word came into English from the Spanish azar, an unlucky throw of the dice, which itself came from Arabic words for dice games. This root meaning appears to have had some currency in Ireland, perhaps because of its geographical and historical closeness to Spain. In Ithaca, Bloom thinks of children playing "games of hazard." Might this meaning have been adapted to the crapshoot chances of finding an unengaged cab? The other use cited in the OED, in the 5 December 1884 issue of the Freeman's Journal, lends some support: "What about providing a hazard at each arrival platform? . . . the public would then know that it was beyond the power of a cab or cabman to refuse the first call." In his Dictionary of Hiberno-English, Terence Dolan opts for this explanation, albeit with the difference that he sees the uncertainty lying with the cabmen eager for employment: the usage, he writes, "owes its name, doubtless, to the element of luck in the prospects of obtaining a fare."
The polyglot nature of Hiberno-English may suggest still other possibilities. In a personal communication, Senan Molony wonders whether the Irish word for donkey—asal, pronounced "azzal" and aspirated in the plural to na hasail—might have slipped over into English at a time when many cabs were still being pulled by donkeys. Searching for the nearest English sound, might Irish speakers accustomed to carrying on their business in the dominant colonial language have taken "hazard" as an acceptable substitute for "hazzal," the place where the donkeys meet?
JH 2021
"The hazard" on Great Brunswick (now Pearse) Street, still operating across the street from parked automobiles in the 1950s. Source: Tindall, The Joyce Country. |
An electronic vaporizer can be an electronic apparatus that mimics the action of smoking tobacco. It typically consists of a tank, a battery, an atomizer, and a plastic mouthpiece just like a cigar band or plug. Rather than smoke, the buyer inhales only vapor. Like with smoking, utilizing an electronic vaporizer is commonly known as “vaping.” Some vapers replace the cigarettes in their mouths with the e-cigs, while some utilize the same devices to take their nicotine pills.
A typical electronic cigarette looks like a cigarette, but does not have an ashtray or a light. Instead, you place your liquid in the tank that is similar to the storage tank for batteries in a vaporizer. Electric cigarettes are usually equipped with a touch screen that allows you to change your level of vapor and add more liquid. Typically, they have a button on underneath that clicks the button to turn it on. However, many new models enable you to simply press a button and inhale the vapor rather than inserting a needle or pulling out a pin.
Electric cigarettes usually do not contain any tobacco, so are there no known side effects connected with their use. However, electronic cigarettes aren’t completely safe from secondhand smoke. The vapor from these products contains certain chemicals which are similar to those within secondhand smoke. Many people find that the chemicals can irritate their throat or nasal passages.
It is not known if electric cigarettes cause any of the health issues associated with regular cigarettes. E-Cigarettes usually do not contain tar or other harmful chemicals. But, there is also none of the nice qualities that most people love in regards to a good cigarette. The lack of nicotine eliminates the sensation of a normal cigarette. So, does eCigarette really cause you to stop smoking?
According to a report conducted by the European Agency for Research on Cancer, vapors produced by eCigs seem to have an increased concentration of some toxins than cigarettes. One particular toxin is propylene glycol, also referred to as propylene oxide. This ingredient has been found in all electronic cigarettes which have been tested. Other toxic chemicals which were detected in vapor from eCigs include ammonia, formaldehyde, benzene, acetone and diethylene glycol, also referred to as NAP. NAP is really a no go substance in most Europe.
Although the E-Cigarette is a healthier option to regular cigarettes, it may not be healthy for long-term use. For high school students, it is important they understand that vapors are simply as harmful as smoking. High school students who use eCigs also experience physical effects such as headaches, dry mouth, coughing and nasal irritation. These same physical symptoms occur whenever a smoker smoked, although much less often.
There is no doubt that quitting smoking could be difficult. However, studies show that if an individual employs their electronic cigarettes with their regular cigarettes, quitting smoking becomes easier. Not only will they reduce the number of cigarettes consumed, they’ll help reduce the associated physical cravings. The eCigarette can be utilized being an aid to quitting; however it should only be used along with quitting smoking.
It may be difficult to give up smoking, but it’s even harder to quit using eCigs. When you are interested in attempting to quit, you should take advantage of both methods whenever you can. Not only is this better for the body, it will be healthier for you. Nicotine, and also other toxins, is harmful to the lungs. Not merely does it cause cancer, it could cause serious lung damage. It really is definitely not healthy to smoke while you are attempting to quit. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.