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What Benefits Does Occupational Therapy Offer to Children?
When it comes to occupational therapy for kids, many people have misconceptions. It mainly comes from people who don’t fully understand the purpose of Occupational Therapy Adelaide by Kid Sense. Occupational therapy helps in enhancing skills and development, which children can knowingly benefit from. This type of therapy aims to help children develop to where a healthy life becomes possible. Plus, with occupational therapy, every child’s specific needs will be met as each technique is tailored personally.
Getting occupational therapy is hugely beneficial for many children. They don’t have to be behind on anything to benefit from this therapy. But, if your child is behind from any development, enrolling them in a customised occupational therapy is of great help.
Occupational Therapy AdelaideTake note that your children will never see occupational therapy as work but instead a game they play. While mastering new skills, they get to have fun. The more games they involve their self into, the more skills they learn, and they will get further ahead. Your children will never get caught up but instead, move forward of their peers as occupational therapy covers all types of skills.
Helping in accomplishing a common daily task is what some occupational therapy is meant to help. Take note that there is a huge advantage in seeking help even if you think that you can manage to teach your kids to perform usual task regularly. Getting dressed, hygiene practices, writing, and processing information are some of the tasks that your child must do alone.
Moreover, some occupational therapy is there to help your children process their senses. Handling what they feel, smell, see, touch and taste are part of the therapy. It is significantly common for children on the Autism spectrum as making daily task are more difficult for them to handle. Also, they need to undergo occupational therapy as their senses are overly sensitive as well.
Additionally, occupational therapy as well, is dedicated to helping children confine in a wheelchair. The therapy will help them know how to utilise their wheelchair more, allowing them to learn what their independence limitations may be. In most occupational therapy sessions, motor skills play a big part in it. It includes gross motor skills like kicking a ball and fine motor skills such as using hands to write. The therapy also helps the children confined in wheelchairs to build strong confidence in themselves apart from improving motor skills.
You must not hesitate to work with an experienced professional in Occupational Therapy Adelaide by Kid Sense if your child needs help in accomplishing daily tasks. Rest assured that they are an organisation committed to render aid for your child to acquire a better grasp of basic daily skills. By doing so, you are making your child’s life much easier and more fulfilling. |
“Consciousness: What does it mean?”
When we say consciousness, what do you mean? What is ‘conscious’? That means to be aware of the world, to be aware of all that you see, to be aware of you seeing the world; all these things together constitute consciousness. So, consciousness naturally means also awareness. If you are conscious you cannot be not aware of something, especially if you put your mind to it.
Most of the people say to be conscious you need to have the brain or rather that consciousness is a product of the brain. This is the usual understanding but some of us beg to differ.
Anything that is aware, alive and is moving towards happiness, completeness and satisfaction has to be conscious. We human beings have a developed brain, perhaps the consciousness is associated with the brain, it cannot express itself in the human being without the brain but we are saying that this consciousness is not a product of the brain.
The brain is an advanced computer and the person who operates the computer is different from the computer. To get the complex reactions and exchanges and the growth of the human being, you need an advanced computer; you need a good brain, but the human being who is operating the computer is not a product of the computer. Yes we need the brain, without the brain you cannot function; you cannot even think higher things or lower things. Because the brain is so well developed in us that the consciousness can operate through it in a most complex way, which is why the human being has become superior to others. Okay now without that kind of brain, is there consciousness?
In a single cell in the human body or any other single unicellular organism, you don’t see the consciousness as we see because we have a complex brain but even that little thing has its own intelligence. It divides, it multiplies – binary fission, if it is threatened it moves away. Each cell has its own intelligence; we are made of thousands of cells.
So, what I’m trying to say that every little cell has an intelligence and therefore it is conscious. Okay…even after death; we don’t know what happens after death, the brain is not functioning but that doesn’t mean the cells are not functioning. Cells function for a long time before they die out.
Okay, now take nature as a whole, every living thing has intelligence; the plant does not have a brain, anywhere you can’t find a particular neural cell gathering anywhere but it is intelligent. It knows where the sun is coming, it’ll go that way. How is it going? There’s no brain! I’m trying to say that in every cell there is intelligence, in every living being there is intelligence therefore there is consciousness. If there is water the root will grow that side, see this! And if a disease attacks they develop their own defence.
Okay we’ve done plants let’s come to animals. Do you suppose that animals are not conscious? They are very conscious! In fact, some of them are more intelligent, more loving, more compassionate than even human beings — developed human beings. They are conscious, they have brains. From the plant where consciousness operates without the brain, as a universal consciousness which probably cannot recognise itself, Then come to the animal which has a brain, it has a small brain, even the smallest creatures have a tiny brain So, intelligence and consciousness therefore begins to operate in a slightly different way through the brain, when the evolution comes to the animal but the human brain has an additional factor and that…actually two: one is it has the capacity to visualise. So many neural cells which are important for visualisation have been operated — have been-have been produced in the brain, I mean are there in the brain and that is not — animals are intelligent but they don’t have the imagination; sankalpa is not there, which is a great gift that we have. I would go a step further and say in a low voice that that sankalpa is not part of the brain but sankalpa is part of that consciousness and specialised cells in the brain have been trained to operate with the sankalpa to create things.
Now, even in the smallest brick, which is responsible for this universe that we see, even starting from something smaller than the atom, subatomic and even smaller than that – quarks or even quantum – none can be seen through even the most powerful electron microscope.
The scientists have observed that when you say it’s a particle and you’re watching its reactions and see it reacts like a particle, suddenly it shifts and begins to react like a wave. Then you think it’s a wave and you’re watching, it shifted into a particle movement. So, nobody even knows whether these smallest quantum thing is a particle or a wave because it keeps moving between the two. In fact, some people have gone to the extent of saying that it depends on the observer; the conscious observer, maybe when you observe it begins to change. Now what does it indicate, that when you observe it begins to change means what? Means it is also in its own way aware and conscious, not in the way that we are with brain consciousness; in its own way it has its own consciousness, it changes.
I’m sure at some point physicists will come to understand this more clearly, we are saying out of our own understanding and experience that from the quark, from the quantum to the material objects to the cells, single cells, to the trees, to the animals, to the human beings there is consciousness; as a whole there is consciousness. Now, except that in the human being or in others it works through a certain centre and in the human being this consciousness works through the brain and it works better than other living beings at least because it is a much more developed and evolved brain.
So, we are saying that the true essence of consciousness is beyond the brain but functions through the brain and if you have to touch that consciousness which is not part of the brain — with its activities and so on, with its memories, with its activities, with emotions, with its reactions then perhaps when that becomes still and quiet then you experience that consciousness, which is other than merely brain consciousness. Now Vedanta…the Upanishads have described that consciousness as ‘Satchitananda’ for a reason because; ‘sat’ meaning free from the conditionings of the brain and some such other instruments through which it functions generally, if it can be freed from that, in it’s pure state it is sat- the real state of the consciousness; it is ‘chit’ because it is conscious even without this and it is ‘ananda’ because it is in it’s true essence intrinsically happiness and it is because the source of all living beings including human beings is this happiness that the human being also using the brain tries to find happiness, some kind of happiness. It is a built-in system; everybody wants happiness in some way or the other.
So, this movement towards fulfillment, happiness, this is the whole centre of civilisation. All civilisation has come because we want to expand, because we want to improve, we want to become more refined, we want to experience more happiness. We are saying that quality is actually the quality of pure consciousness which in our case operates through the brain and operates in a brilliant way because different brains are made in different ways although the cells are the same.
So, what I’m trying to say again today is that consciousness is an all pervading something which we cannot define and brain is a product of evolution which has become so refined and functional that the consciousness is able to function through it in a beautiful way, in a great way like a man operating a very advanced computer, similarly. My only argument is that when this brain is dead, consciousness is not dead, that’s all I’m-I’m trying to say.
So, lot of research needs to be done but we are saying from the research done by the ancient sages they have come to this understanding that consciousness is all pervading; consciousness is purna – complete. It operates through the brain, but the brain is not consciousness; but for us to live a life and operate we cannot operate without the brain. When we understand that perhaps the consciousness is there even when the brain is not functioning then probably we are touching that essence of consciousness and once that is touched you probably can operate even without the brain for some things, not for everything. So, it’s merely food for thought, give it some thought and try to figure out for yourself what I am trying to convey.
Thank you very much.
– Sri M
About The Satsang Foundation
The Satsang Foundation, founded by Sri M, is a meeting point for spiritual seekers of all persuasions. The Satsang Foundation also extends a helping hand to the less privileged of society. |
Question: What Test Shows Nerve Damage?
Can you see nerve damage in an MRI?
MRI is sensitive to changes in cartilage and bone structure resulting from injury, disease, or aging.
It can detect herniated discs, pinched nerves, spinal tumors, spinal cord compression, and fractures..
Can you see nerve damage on a CT scan?
A CT scan will highlight any problems with bone and tissue, but they won’t help much in determining nerve damage. X-rays, also, are not very effective in picking up neural subtleties, but they will show if there is a break, fracture, or if something is out of place in the musculoskeletal system.
Will a nerve conduction test show neuropathy?
Confirming if you have a neuropathy These may include: a nerve conduction test (NCS), where small metal wires called electrodes are placed on your skin that release tiny electric shocks to stimulate your nerves; the speed and strength of the nerve signal is measured.
How does nerve damage feel?
Nerve damage may cause loss of sensation or numbness in the fingertips, making it harder to do things with your hands. Knitting, typing, and tying your shoes may become difficult. Many people with nerve damage say that their sense of touch feels dulled, as if they are always wearing gloves.
What is the best vitamin for nerve damage?
How does a neurologist check for nerve damage?
What happens if you have nerve damage?
How do you test for nerve damage?
Electromyography (EMG) records electrical activity in your muscles to detect nerve damage. A thin needle (electrode) is inserted into the muscle to measure electrical activity as you contract the muscle. At the same time as an electromyogram, your doctor or an EMG technician typically performs a nerve conduction study.
How do you treat nerve damage?
How Are Nerve Pain and Nerve Damage Treated?Regulating blood sugar levels for people with diabetes.Correcting nutritional deficiencies.Changing medications when drugs are causing nerve damage.Physical therapy or surgery to address compression or trauma to nerves.Medications to treat autoimmune conditions.
What are the stages of neuropathy?
Stages of NeuropathyStage One: Numbness & Pain.Stage Two: Constant Pain.Stage Three: Intense Pain.Stage Four: Complete Numbness/ Loss of Sensation.
Do damaged nerves ever heal?
If a nerve is injured but not cut, your injury is more likely to heal. Injuries in which the nerve has been completely severed are very difficult to treat and recovery may not be possible. Your doctor will determine your treatment based on the extent and cause of your injury and how well the nerve is healing.
What are the signs of nerve damage?
The signs of nerve damage include the following:Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.Feeling like you’re wearing a tight glove or sock.Muscle weakness, especially in your arms or legs.Regularly dropping objects that you’re holding.Sharp pains in your hands, arms, legs, or feet.More items… |
February 25, 2014
The Mechanics’ Institute: a subscription library model from the past and for the future
The famous spiral staircase at the Mechanics' Institute in San Francisco.
The famous spiral staircase at the Mechanics’ Institute in San Francisco.
It was Benjamin Franklin’s idea. In 1731 in Philadelphia, he organized a group of his fellow inventors, mechanics, and free-spirited friends—all with limited means—in order to pool their resources and start a private library of their own. At that time, only wealthy book collectors had access to reference books, and literature, history and philosophy texts.
The Library Company of Philadelphia that Franklin eventually started—a subscription library where members paid ten shillings a year to maintain and grow the collection—still exists to this day on Locust Street in Philadelphia (today it’s non-circulating, but free and open to the public).
A century later, a group of skilled machinists, carpenters, builders, and manufacturers hoped to stimulate the growth of the brand new city of San Francisco, that had just experienced a surge in population due to the gold rush. Borrowing from Franklin’s subscription model and the principles of George Birkbeck’s mechanics institute of London, they wanted to create a library with open stacks with free access for all members.
Unfortunately the original building was destroyed in a fire after the 1906 earthquake, and so it ended up merging with the Mercantile Library Association, and dropped its technical focus. Today, the Mechanics’ Institute collection covers all subjects, with special strengths in literature, arts, history, philosophy, business, finance, and hard-to-find periodicals. It also has a rapidly growing audio-book, e-book, and music collection. Membership is required to check out books, and to join, students pay $35 per year, individuals pay $95, and families pay $150.
Members who work in downtown San Francisco can come to the library on their lunch break to read and enjoy the beauty of the stacks. Special programming includes the San Francisco Noir Literary Night, World Poetry Reading, Bloomsday, the CinemaLit Film Series and a Bastille Day Celebration.
While the subscription model was originally created to allow the common workers have same access to the elites, today, as funding for libraries is in jeopardy, perhaps subscription models make sense as a way to provide funding for collection development and to ensure that patrons are committed to the mission of the library. As writer Alex Almeida has suggested, to ensure access for all, perhaps members who are able to pay could subsidize subscriptions for others in the community.
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What is a sound level meter?
A sound level meter is handy equipment used to display sound levels. There are wide ranges of these devices; some show a digital numerical output of how many decibels of sound are created while some other shows a bar graph indicator (the decibel meter you see in mission impossible 1 movie). Here in this project, we are going to construct a sound level meter that displays a bar graph using 10 LEDs.
This is a one-chip sound level meter that can be used for displaying the sound level of an amplifier or simply the sound level from a microphone. The heart of the circuit is IC LM 3915 Audio level IC. Even though it is a stand-alone IC, a peak detector based on Transistor BC 558 and diode 1N4001 is also included for better performance.
The supply voltage can be from 3V to 20V. The input is set for audio line voltage (1V peak to peak) and has a max input voltage of 1.3V. To make the circuit use a moving dot display instead of the bar graph display, Pin 9 can be should be disconnected from +V.
If you are interested in building more audio circuits, try your hand in our USB sound card circuit application. You can also try our low-cost mike mixer and the baxendall tone control circuit.
Parts List – Sound Level Meter Circuit
C1 2.2uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2, C3 0.1uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor
R1, R3 1K 1/4W Resistor
R2 10K 1/4W Resistor
R4 100K 1/4W Resistor
R5 1M 1/4W Resistor
D1 1N4001 Silicon Diode
Q1 BC 558 PNP Transistor
LED1-LED10 Standard LED or LED Array
U1 LM3915 Audio Level IC
MISC Board, Wire, Socket For U1
Sound Level Meter Circuit Diagram.
Sound Level Meter Circuit/Acoustic Level Meter
If you are learning to be a communication engineer, playing with audio circuits is very important. This sound level meter is a simple hobby circuit to start with. You should build amplifier circuits and filter circuits to get a good grip on the subject.
1. Carlos Senna
I need to build a current level indicator with colors leds showing the current level. Seeing your circuit above I guess that maybe it could be adapted to my needs. So I ask you if you have a specific circuit to meet my needs or if you can give me directions to change this one to my needs.
Thnks a lot
2. Does it work with a PC. And if not, how sould I change it?
3. Hi Howre
Try to connect 2 9v bateries in series. This IC needs more power to work fine.
This circuit will work just for one channel. Chose left or right and connect it at the “input”. The ground must be connected to the ground of the circuit.
Hope it is clear.
4. hey there, ive tried your way, but i have a huge problem!!! as i connect the “project” to 9v, only 7 of my leds work(which is stupid cause they are working great!) other thing is it does not react to sound!!! what could be the problem?
and in this circuit, input ? what does it mean? cause in the input there is 3 ,ground left and right… what is the right way to connect them? |
10 Tips To Prepare You For A Healthy Pregnancy
Source: www.healthychild.org
During the first few weeks of pregnancy a baby’s body undergoes rapid growth and each development relies on precise, successful development in the previous stage. Because so much is happening so quickly, these first weeks are a particularly vulnerable period. Since nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended, living an eco-conscious, healthy lifestyle may be the best thing you can do to prepare your body for having children, planned or not.
This goes for the gentlemen too - toxins are known to affect the health and mobility of sperm. To prevent birth defects or other unintended health impacts, get started now.
Here are 10 tips to prepare for your pregnancy:
1. Avoid produce with pesticides. According to the Environmental Working Group, you can lower your pesticide exposure by 90 per cent simply by avoiding the most contaminated conventionally grown produce: peaches, apples, sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, carrots, and pears. If you’re really craving one of these foods, opt for organic. Conventionally grown fruits and vegetables that have the lowest levels of pesticide residue include: onion, avocado, sweet corn, pineapple, mango, asparagus, sweet peas, kiwi, cabbage, eggplant, papaya, watermelon, broccoli, tomato, and sweet potato.
2. Feast on folic acid before conceiving and while pregnant. Sources include dried beans and peas, citrus fruit, spinach and broccoli. Adequate folic acid early in a baby's development helps prevent neurological defects, such as spina bifida. Note: too much folic acid may pose it's own risks, so talk with your doctor about how much you need.
3. Reduce consumption of alcohol and caffeine, and quit smoking. Women who smoke during pregnancy (or are exposed to secondhand smoke) are more likely to give birth to small babies with low birth weight. Alcohol and caffeine lower overall health and can negatively impact a fetus.
4. Ease up on animal fats. Animal products can contain synthetic hormones, antibiotics and organochlorine chemicals, such as dioxin, DDT and other pesticides, which concentrate in animal fat. The same chemicals that accumulate in animal fats are transferred to our own when we eat them. Then they linger there for years quietly causing damage. When you buy meat, poultry or dairy, look for low fat options (get the unsaturated fats your body needs from plant sources like walnuts, flax seeds, and avocadoes). Trim all fats and skins and broil meats and fish so that the fats drain away. Avoid frying, which will lock in the contaminants. You can also do your body a favor by reducing how much meat you eat. Making even one vegetarian meal a week can make a big difference.
5. Select safer seafood. Eating seafood is the primary way we are exposed to methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin. Fish can also be contaminated with PCBs, which are a probable carcinogen. Still, fish are an important source of good fats known as Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Eat seafood in moderation and choose types with lower levels of contamination like Herring, Mackerel, Anchovies, Clams, Wild Alaskan Salmon, Shrimp, Tilapia, and Black Sea Bass
6. Get smart about plastics. Some plastics cause dangerous pollution during manufacturing and some contain chemicals suspected of causing harm - especially to developing fetuses. Avoid those numbered 1, 3, 6, or 7 (PC). These resin codes are typically on the bottom of an item in a triangle of arrows. When using any plastic, be safer by not using in the microwave or with hot food (the heat promotes leaching). Discard or stop using for food and beverages when the product begins to have signs of wear and tear. Also, ban the can. Canned foods and beverages are lined with a plastic resin that contains bisphenol-A, a hormone-disrupting chemical. Many manufacturers are beginning to explore safer alternatives, but in the meantime you should choose foods that are fresh, dried or frozen or packaged in glass jars.
7. Wet your whistle with water. Americans drink an overwhelming amount of sodas, sports drinks, energy boosters, juices (that often contain little juice), and other bottled beverages. The first problem with this is that most of these drinks are loaded with sweeteners and artificial flavors and colors. The second is that they’re bottled in plastic, which can leach additional chemicals into the drink. Your body is roughly 70% water, so hydrate it with water! Skip the single-use bottled water which can be contaminated by the plastic bottle (it’s also less regulated than tap water.) Make an investment in a water filter and reusable stainless steel water bottles. They quickly pay for themselves.
8. Test for lead while planning your pregnancy. Lead is a potent neurotoxicant that is stored in the bones and can be passed to a developing baby through the placenta. Test your paint if your home was built before 1978. The US Environmental Protection Agency maintains a list of certified labs where you can send paint samples. Removal of lead paint must only be done by a professional and pregnant women should stay away from the area until it is thoroughly cleaned. Test your tap water for lead and talk to your doctor about having your blood tested for lead.
9. Use fewer personal care products. Many personal care products contain chemicals that disrupt hormones your baby will rely on for proper development. And others contain carcinogens and neurotoxicants, among other things. The best thing for you and baby is to reduce how much you use and to choose the safest products. Look for products with fewer ingredients – ideally those with the USDA Certified Organic Seal. Avoid products with Parabens, Phthalates (DEHP, BBP, DBP, DMP, DEP), DMDM Hydantoin, Fragrance, Triclosan, Sodium Lauryl/Laureth Sulfate, DEA (diethanolamine) and TEA (triethanolamine), Formaldehyde, PEGs (polyethylene glycol), and anything with "glycol" or "methyl."
10. Clean without toxic chemicals.
You don't need a chemical arsenal to keep your home clean. Basic ingredients like baking soda and vinegar can tackle most household chores. Or, you can look for natural products at the store (don't be fooled by marketing, though. Check the label for ingredients.) Avoid products that say poison, warning, or danger and products with unidentified "fragrance." You should also avoid the top toxics: nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), triclosan, ammonia, chlorine bleach, DEA, TEA, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Christopher Gavigan is Chief Executive Officer of Healthy Child Healthy World. For more than a decade, he has dedicated himself to improving the lives of children and families. He holds degrees in environmental science and geography from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has extensive graduate training in child psychology and education. He has worked as an ecology and sciences teacher in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay area, and as a child and family specialist. He is the founder of Pinnacle Expeditions, an outdoor leadership program for teenagers.
Source: www.healthychild.org |
What is Terrorism? History/Background – Sociology Essay
What is Terrorism? History/Background – Sociology Essay
There is no single definition of “terrorism.” International opinion has deplored terrorism in all forms, regardless of political motives, yet the international
community has never agreed on what exactly constitutes terrorism. As a result, international law has instead chosen to address specific forms of terrorism, such as hijackings and abduction of foreign dignitaries, and to introduce measures to ensure international cooperation to combat and investigate terrorist incidents. For example, four UN conventions address aircraft and airport seizure or sabotage (1963; 1970; 1971; 1988), and a recent resolution issued by the UN Security Council requests UN-member states to report on their counterterrorism measures within 90 days (Resolution 1373, issued September 28, 2001).
Many in the international community would like to see one definition and law supplant the dozen-odd conventions and protocols governing hijackings, use of nuclear materials, hostage seizure, and other manifestations of terrorism. Without a law defining terrorism, there can be no enforcement of the would-be law. Terrorism has gained mention with respect to international laws on war crime-hostage taking, civilian attacks, and so forth. In this vein, terrorism specialist Alex P. Schmid in 1992 proposed to the UN Crime Branch a simple definition of terrorism: a peacetime equivalent of war crime. To a country engaged in revolution or conflict, however, this definition might turn a respected
“freedom fighter” into a wanted international criminal. Developing countries have similarly held that criminalizing terrorism protects the incumbent, the colonizer, the imperialist-the developed countries.
What is a terrorist?
A terrorist is a radical who employs terror as a political weapon. They usually organize with other terrorists in small cells, and often use religion as a cover for terrorist activities. A terrorist today is more than likely going to be a Muslim of Islamic religion. The term Muslim refers to one who believes in the Shahadah (the declaration of faith containing the basic creed of Islam) and embraces a lifestyle in accord with Islamic principles and values. The leader of the terrorist group usually tells his followers that they will be rewarded in heaven for their acts of courage, whether it is a suicide bombing or just a simple protest. The followers believe this because that is how their religion forces them to act.
Recent terrorist attacks
Over the past couple of years, there has been an uprising in terrorist attacks. The main incident that triggered these attacks was the 9/11 attacks. The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of suicide attacks against the United States conducted on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. According to the official 9/11 Commission Report, nineteen men affiliated with Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, a loose network of Sunni Islamist terrorists, simultaneously hijacked four U.S. domestic commercial airliners. Two were crashed into the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City — one into each of the two tallest towers, about 18 minutes apart — shortly after which both towers
collapsed. The third aircraft was crashed into the U.S. Department of Defense headquarters, the Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane was crashed into a rural field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, 80 miles (129 km) east of Pittsburgh, following passenger resistance. The official count records 2,986 deaths in the attacks. The 9/11 Commission reported that these attackers turned the hijacked planes into the largest suicide bombs in history in one of the most lethal acts ever carried out in the United States. The September 11th attacks are among the most significant events to have occurred so far in the 21st century in terms of the profound economic, social, political, cultural and military effects that followed in the United States and many other parts of the world.
Osama Bin Laden: Terrorism
Very shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, suspicion fell on Saudi dissident, Osama bin Laden, as the mastermind behind the operation. Bin Laden today tops the CIA’s most wanted list. Just as he is undoubtedly one of the most hated men on earth, at the same time, he is seen as a leader and a hero to many others in the world. Topping his agenda is the return of Mecca, Median and Jerusalem to Muslim control. He has also declared war on the United States and its allies. Bin Laden has been implicated in a number of terrorist attacks, such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing; the 1996 killing of 19 U.S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia; the American Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998; as well as an attack on the USS Cole in Yemen. It was during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that Bin Laden gained a real following. Bin Laden was drawn to fight against communist
ideologies that spurned religious teachings. He worked for the resistance movement first in Pakistan, then Afghanistan itself. Bin Laden–who comes from a very wealthy family–
helped recruit for the resistance (mujahideen), and also provided them with financial and military support (as did the US and Saudi governments). It was around this time that Bin Laden founded the al-Qaeda, literally “the base” in Pakistan. The al-Qaeda’s original purpose was to provide a stopping point for weary fighters, but over time it became known as guerrilla training camps. Al-Qaeda today is an umbrella term for his organization. After the Soviet withdrawal, Bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia where in the late 1980s, he offered the Saudi government his mujahideen army to protect his homeland from the Iraqis. In what he considered an enormous betrayal, the Saudi government invited American protection instead. He was ultimately expelled from Saudi soil after repeatedly having lashed out at the United States and its allies in the Middle East. From 1991-1996, Bin Laden led efforts from Sudan to support the Islamist government in Khartoum, Africa. It was in the mid-1990s that Bin Laden called for war against Americans and Jews. The Saudi government, not satisfied with bin Laden’s reconciliatory efforts, froze his assets and stripped him of his citizenship. He has been in Afghanistan since 1996, when the Sudanese government asked him to leave (under pressure from the US and Saudi governments) and the Taliban agreed to take him in. Since January 2002, the search for Bin Laden in Afghanistan is fruitless and it is unclear whether he is dead or alive. In 1998, he issued a fatwa, declaring war on the United States. American intelligence officers believe that Bin Laden’s terrorist family exists all over the world in small, discreet, but highly organized cells.
Prevention of Terrorism
Despite having passed permanent counter-terrorism legislation only a year earlier, in the shape of the Terrorism Act 2000, the British government’s response to the September 11, 2001 attacks was to rush through emergency legislation to increase powers to deal with individuals suspected of planning or assisting terrorist attacks within the UK.
A key feature of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 was that resident foreigners suspected of terrorism could be interned without trial, if they could not be deported to another country without breaching British human rights legislation (for example, if they might be subject to torture or the death penalty in their native country). Several individuals were interned, mainly in Belmarsh gaol, under these powers; they were free to leave, but only if they left the country, which some did. The Government claims that it has evidence against these individuals that is inadmissible in court — or unusable in open court due to security concerns — and is reluctant to allow this evidence to be used. However, the House of Lords ruled that the internment of these people, without trial, to be contrary to the Human Rights Act 1998, mainly because the powers only extended to foreign nationals; the new act allows control orders to be issued against British citizens as well as foreign nationals. These acts have been set up to try to prevent terrorism and the people behind it. |
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An algorithm competition for automatic species identification from herbarium specimens
Plant biodiversity is threatened, yet many species remain undescribed. It is estimated that >50% of undescribed species have already been collected and are awaiting discovery in herbaria. Robust automatic species identification algorithms using machine learning could accelerate species discovery. |
Tips for Coping With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Tips for Coping With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
If you’ve been through a traumatic experience, a normal side-effect of this is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
PTSD is often associated with war veterans, which is a common occurrence, but it can affect anyone who experiences something awful. An excellent illustration of this is the fact that more than 39% of car accident victims develop PTSD
Being in an accident can cause a driver to avoid or fear driving. Should they get behind the wheel, it will impact their judgment and can lead to hesitation.
This speaks to just a small portion of how frustrating it can be to deal with PTSD. Fortunately, many effective strategies can improve your quality of life and help you cope with the symptoms of PTSD.
We’ll take a look at a few excellent techniques for managing PTSD below.
Regain Purpose
A great starting point is to regain purpose in your life.
After experiencing a traumatic event, you may lose your sense of reality. Before the incident, you may have had things you were working toward and an idea of who you wanted to be.
A highly traumatic event that causes PTSD can dramatically shift this. It will rock your world and make you question everything else in life. You may have no desire or interest in working toward your previous aspirations.
PTSD can take away your purpose in life. This is extremely challenging because a purpose gives you a reason to wake up and something to make progress on and feel accomplishment from.
That said, you can find a new purpose. It can be the same purpose as before, but it may be easier to focus on something new with no ill feelings attached to it.
Consider helping out others, creating artwork, pursuing a hobby, or trying something new. If you feel more excited about life, you’ll have something positive to focus on and this can greatly reduce the symptoms of PTSD.
Practice Mindfulness
Next, you should practice mindfulness to better understand yourself
Mindfulness entails being aware and understanding what is happening without making judgments. The key focus of mindfulness is the present moment.
This is helpful for those with PTSD because PTSD involves trauma from the past. When you’re experiencing a flashback or suffering from anxiety, it’s usually because of previous trauma. Something in the present moment may trigger you, but it isn’t the root cause of your feelings.
Mindfulness can help redirect your attention to this fact. When you tune into what’s going on in the moment without attaching judgments or emotions, you can better process the situation.
With a clarified understanding of what’s going on, you can realize that you aren’t in danger and calm yourself down.
Practicing mindfulness entails shutting off your thoughts and simply focusing on observation. Start with slowing your breathing and looking at your surroundings. Force thoughts out of your head and just be present in the moment.
Prioritize Physical Wellbeing
Another vital tip is to prioritize your physical wellbeing.
While PTSD is primarily a mental struggle, your physical condition can make a difference. As your mind and body are interconnected, the health of one impacts the other.
When your body is in good shape, it provides a solid foundation to put your mind in high spirits. Neglecting your physical health only further worsens your mental state and makes it harder to take action, although it can be very difficult to act.
Despite this, you must give your best effort to be as healthy as possible. This primarily entails eating a balanced diet, getting plenty of sleep, avoiding intoxicating substances, and regular exercise.
A good diet is essential for providing your body with energy and nutrients. Sleep does the same while also healing wounds. Exercise promotes good blood flow, meaning that your body gets better access to oxygen and nutrients.
Intoxicating substances are particularly important to avoid for PTSD victims because they are often used as a coping mechanism. While they can distract you from the pain, they cause more harm than good and do not fix the situation.
Better distractions include engaging and stimulating activities like video games, movies, playing sports, and artwork.
Putting this all together, your physical health impacts your ability to mentally preserve through the symptoms of PTSD. Improving your physical health will make your days easier.
Seek Support
A final suggestion is to seek the support of others.
One of the most complicated problems with PTSD victims is their tendency to isolate. Often, it is not because you want to be alone, but rather that you fear how others will react or how you will behave toward others.
Facing the struggles of PTSD paired with being alone can be too much for anyone. Your challenges are a lot to manage, but you do not need to do it alone.
You’re much better off with a dependable support group around you. The right people will be understanding and sympathetic to your suffering. This reminds you that there is good in the world and people genuinely care about you.
Look to close friends, family members, and other PTSD victims. The more connected you are, the more motivation you’ll have to push through your struggles.
Closing Thoughts
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a complicated condition that affects survivors of trauma. Any type of trauma can cause PTSD and everyone is affected a little differently.
While PTSD is not the same for everyone, a few coping mechanisms can help anyone that is suffering from it. This includes regaining purpose in your life, practicing mindfulness, prioritizing your physical wellbeing, and seeking the support of others.
As defeating as PTSD may feel, you can get through it. Use the resources around you and remember that you can do whatever you send your mind to.
Photo by Allef Vinicius on Unsplash |
Beta quartz
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Quartz formed at a temperature between 573 degrees C and 870 degrees C. The commonest examples are the bipyramidal quartz crystals found as phenocrysts in quartz porphyries. Hess
Source: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms
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The Europeans, on arrival at the shores of India discovered the country had no history of its own except the Muslims who had maintained their elaborate chronicles. Vincent Smith therefore, aptly called the Herodotus of India, published in 1919 his magnum opus, The Oxford History of India, covering the period from pre-historic age to British Colonial era, in one massive volume. It was a monumental work considering there was no historical tradition in Hindu India, Vincent Smith had to depend entirely upon his own scholastic prowess to research and validate hitherto unknown history of the sub-continent.
Be that as it may, however, Vincent Smith failed to record arbitrarily or for whatever the reason he did not mention, the accounts of the Mongolian people of the Sub-Continent. Following the precedence set by him no historian has ever attempted to write and the void remains unfilled till this very day. The entire population of the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the North-Eastern region of India are ethnic Mongolians and to identify them as a distinct branch of Mongolians, I have addressed them here as Kirati-Mongolians. Smith knew very well the Mongolian people but decided to say no more than a brief statement that the Buddha was a hillman like a Gurkha.
We hold Vincent Smith guilty to have excluded the Kirati-Mongolians from his Oxford History of India but we forgive him for he lived and worked in another time under different circumstances. It rests upon the shoulders of Kirati-Mongolians themselves now to begin writing their history and this is the beginning.
No authentic book has yet been written on the people of Nepal who bear Mongolian features and who inhabit the southern slopes of the Himalayas; they are addressed here as Kirati-Mongolians to give them a separate identity from Mongolians elsewhere. Broadly speaking they are identified as the Gurkhas and the books, written mostly by the British Gurkha officers romanticize the subject for the sake of publicity.
There have been distinguished historians like Vincent Smith, Percival Spear and Brian Hodgson, to name just a few, who had time and opportunity to introduce ab initio the Kirati Mongolians as a subject but none did and the intelligentsia remains ignorant for their lapse.
G.L.Rai-Zimmdar has therefore, taken a bold step to break the status quo ante and decided to write and hopes the readers, both the Gurkhas and those who wish them well, will find the image of the Kirati Mongolians under a clearer and brighter light.
You want to read the ebooks “Anglo-Gurkha Relations” and “The Glory of Kirat History” for one good reason and that is, the author is himself a Kirati-Mongolian Gurkha and being so, most imminently qualified to write these books drawing from the vast reservoir of tradition and folklore that only a true Kirati Mongolian Gurkha can.
Rai-Zimmdar, pictured above, is a retired Colonel of the Gurkhas who now lives with his family in suburban Atlanta, Georgia USA. |
Home > News > New electronic chip delivers smarter, light-powered AI
New electronic chip delivers smarter, light-powered AI
wallpapers News 2020-11-28
Researchers have developed artificial intelligence technology that brings together imaging, processing, machine learning and memory in one electronic chip, powered by light. The prototype shrinks artificial intelligence technology by imitating the way that the human brain processes visual information. The nanoscale advance combines the core software needed to drive artificial intelligence with image-capturing hardware in a single electronic device. With further development, the light-driven prototype could enable smarter and smaller autonomous technologies like drones and robotics, plus smart wearables and bionic implants like artificial retinas. The study, from an international team of Australian, American and Chinese researchers led by RMIT University, is published in the journal Advanced Materials "Fully Light-Controlled Memory and Neuromorphic Computation in Layered Black Phosphorus". The light-powered AI chip - prototype technology that brings together imaging, processing, machine learning and memory. Image: RMIT University Lead researcher Associate Professor Sumeet Walia, from RMIT, said the prototype delivered brain-like functionality in one powerful device. "Our new technology radically boosts efficiency and accuracy by bringing multiple components and functionalities into a single platform," Walia who also co-leads the Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group said. "It's getting us closer to an all-in-one AI device inspired by nature's greatest computing innovation - the human brain. "Our aim is to replicate a core feature of how the brain learns, through imprinting vision as memory. "The prototype we've developed is a major leap forward towards neurorobotics, better technologies for human-machine interaction and scalable bionic systems."
Total package: advancing AI
Typically artificial intelligence relies heavily on software and off-site data processing. The new prototype aims to integrate electronic hardware and intelligence together, for fast on-site decisions. "Imagine a dash cam in a car that's integrated with such neuro-inspired hardware - it can recognise lights, signs, objects and make instant decisions, without having to connect to the internet," Walia said. "By bringing it all together into one chip, we can deliver unprecedented levels of efficiency and speed in autonomous and AI-driven decision-making." The technology builds on an earlier prototype chip from the RMIT team, which used light to create and modify memories. New built-in features mean the chip can now capture and automatically enhance images, classify numbers, and be trained to recognise patterns and images with an accuracy rate of over 90%. The device is also readily compatible with existing electronics and silicon technologies, for effortless future integration.
Seeing the light: how the tech works
The prototype is inspired by optogenetics, an emerging tool in biotechnology that allows scientists to delve into the body's electrical system with great precision and use light to manipulate neurons. The AI chip is based on an ultra-thin material - black phosphorous - that changes electrical resistance in response to different wavelengths of light. The different functionalities such as imaging or memory storage are achieved by shining different colours of light on the chip. Study lead author Dr Taimur Ahmed, from RMIT, said light-based computing was faster, more accurate and required far less energy than existing technologies. "By packing so much core functionality into one compact nanoscale device, we can broaden the horizons for machine learning and AI to be integrated into smaller applications," Ahmed said. "Using our chip with artificial retinas, for example, would enable scientists to miniaturise that emerging technology and improve accuracy of the bionic eye. "Our prototype is a significant advance towards the ultimate in electronics: a brain-on-a-chip that can learn from its environment just like we do."
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Making Close Reference to Language, Imagery and Verse Form, Consider the Ways in which the Horror of War is Presented in Exposure.
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Making Close Reference to Language, Imagery and Verse Form, Consider the Ways in which the Horror of War is Presented in Exposure. Does Owen Present this More or Less Effectively Here or in Other Poems From the Selection? In 'The Exposure', Owen presents the theme of the Horror of War mainly through the imagery of the nature; Owen uses the nature to describe the feelings of the soldiers, as well as help to expand their fear and helplessness throughout the poem. Although not as noticed, the use of senses helps illustrate the horror and futility of war, by showing the suffering in detail of what the soldiers are put through, but not explaining as to why they are having to wait, whilst surrounded by destruction. In the first line, Owen states that the physical atmosphere is attacking them like the enemy would: "Our brains ache, in the merciless iced east winds that attack us..." ...read more.
In 'The Exposure', the endings of the stanzas are different to the rest of the structure: "But nothing happens." The short, brief sentences at the end of each verse create immense tension inside both the soldiers and the reader, adding to the climax of the war. The words also show the war is dull, and slowly the emptiness eats away at the soldiers, creating more fear and horror left in them. The second half of 'The Exposure' describes that the soldiers appear to enter a dream-like state: "We cringe in holes, back on forgotten dreams, and stare, snow-dazed," Here Owen shows through the imagery and language that the soldiers are suffering so much that the negative atmosphere engulfs them, causing the horrors of war to create a wild sense of insanity in the soldiers. The use of the words 'we cringe in holes' shows that the exposure of the war is adding to the horrors, and killing them more quickly than the weapons. ...read more.
In the fourth verse, Owen states that the bullets fired by the enemy are less deadly than the air surrounding them: "Sudden successive flights of bullets streak the silence. Less deadly than the air that shudders black with snow," The language in the quote states that the eerie silence and the atmosphere creates a deeper sense of fear than the thought of being hit by the bullet. For the atmosphere to bring to soldiers closer to death than the bullets, the horrors of war must cause the soldiers the feel trapped and constantly worried. Overall, because of the overuse of imagery and the attitudes of suffering shown in the language of the soldiers, Owen shows the horrors of war more effectively in The Exposure to the other of his poems. By showing that the weather and atmosphere are eating away at them, and their passive response reflects their vulnerability and innocence, we see the suffering of the young men in its full form in the war. ...read more.
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There are some good points made here and paragraphs are generally clearly written, using a Point, Evidence, Explain structure. The first part of the question is adhered to throughout. However, much of the analysis is not really developed and there is not enough detailed exploration of poetic devices used and their effects. Owen is particularly experimental with use of sounds in his poems, and this is not considered. Neither is the rhyme scheme (consider use of para-rhyme) and rhythm. The second part of the question is ignored until a brief mention in the final paragraph. It would be best not to include this in the question at all. It is also important to be accurate with poetry titles. 'Exposure', not 'The Exposure'.
Marked by teacher Lucy Snell 25/03/2012
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See related essaysSee related essays
Related GCSE Wilfred Owen essays
1. Marked by a teacher
Wilfred Owen Poetry Comparison.
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Take 'Dulce et Decorum Est' for example. Immediately, in the first stanza, Owen uses similes to introduce an intense atmospheric feel to the poem, with onomatopoeic words like 'trudge' and 'sludge' making it an arresting read. "Bent double like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through
"And no fears of fear came yet." This tells us that he was ignorant towards the horrors of the war, he had no fear of committing a murder and shooting people, or getting shot. All he cared at that time was "jeweled hilts for daggers in plaid socks" and how
1. How does Owen use language to explore the harsh realities of war in Exposure?
Then the word "knive" is the final emotional blow that again explains the harshness of the wind. In conjunction with the word "iced" it is implicit that the men experienced frostbite which was a common ailment in the snow-laden trenches of the bitter winter of 1917, in which the poem is set.
2. The Sentry; By Wilfred Owen
Words such as "thumping" "hammered" and "pummelled" help us imagine just how bad their surroundings were.
1. Wilfred Owen: Powerful Emotions Need Powerful Language
The first line uses a simile, comparing the men with "old beggars under sacks", and continues in the second line, "coughing like hags". Along with the sensual imagery, "Bent double", "knock-kneed" and "we cursed through sludge", a feeling of the men's' fragile agony is conjured.
2. How does Wilfred Owen present the horror and reality of war in his poems?
The soldiers worried by the silence 'wearied we keep awake because the night is silent'. 'Worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious, nervous, but nothing happens' this quotation suggests that they are waiting on an attack and they are scared and nervous because of it ' but nothing happens' associates war
Gas makes a hissing sound and snakes hiss makes the gas sound like an evil weapon. Owens choice of language shows his attitude to WW1 and shows what he thinks about it. Thirdly, Owen?s choice of structure in the poem is very unique and conveys his experiences of WW1.
2. An Analysis of "Exposure" by Wilfred Owen
Stating that something is ?like twitching agonies of men? is troubling as we do not expect soldiers to be ?twitching? in agony. We expect them to be fighting valiantly, which makes it even more disturbing. Owen also describes bullets in the distance as ?like a dull roar of some other
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How do I know and what should I do when my female chihuahua is hot?
When an adult Chihuahua is not made sterile, she will certainly have regular warmth cycles yearly. It can be confusing to establish exactly when your little Chihuahua is in the heat if you’re new Chihuahua moms and dad that’s never experienced a dog in warm in the past.
What Does it Mean When a Chihuahua Goes Into Heat?
A “heat” is referring to a stage in the female pet reproductive cycle. This is the stage in which the pet is ready to be bred.
There are numerous indications to expect to establish if your Chihuahua is warm.
Your Chihuahua might not experience every one of these, or they may not be evident to detect, however she will likely experience a lot of them.
Indicators your Chihuahua is in warm consist of:
1. A puffy vulva
2. Genital bloody discharge
3. Much more regular peeing
4. Modifications in habits (even more friendly, a lot more reactive/aggressive, etc).
5. ” Flagging”– a sidewards lift of the tail.
6. Other pet dogs may have habits changes around your female.
7. Changes in appetite.
How Often Does a Chihuahua Have a Heat Cycle?
Like individuals, every Chihuahua is various. A lot of Chihuahuas experience a warm cycle every 6 months or every 9 months. The majority of warmth cycles in pets last regarding a month– 21 to 28 days to be exact.
Chihuahuas have been reported to have had their initial warmth cycle as young as 6 months old, and also as late as one and a half years old. Usually, you can predict when your Chihuahua’s very first heat cycle will occur by loved ones (when did littermates, their mom, as well as various other relatives have their initial warm?).
Stages of a Chihuahua’s Heat Cycle.
There are three stages in a pet’s warm cycle. Regardless of the breed of dog … all canines experience these same 3 phases.
Stage one:
During the initial stage of your Chihuahua’s heat cycle, her vulva will swell and look larger than typical.
In this stage, your Chihuahua might urinate more frequently, as well as there will be a bloody genital discharge.
Generally, throughout this first stage, she will still hold her tail near her body as an indication that she’s unenthusiastic in reproducing.
You likewise may see a boost in brushing habits. This boost in grooming actions can frequently be why people miss the early indications of their pet dog’s heat cycle as the dog is cleaning up any type of evident discharge.
Stage two:
This phase is when your Chihuahua prepares to reproduce.
Her vaginal discharge will turn from bloody to brown or clear discharge.
She might also start “flagging” her tail, which means she’s holding it at a weird angle to the side.
If you want to breed your pet dog *, currently is the time to consult your veterinarian. Your vet needs to have the ability to provide blood screening that will help you figure out the right timing.
* NOTE: reproducing tiny canines can be extremely unsafe. Maternities, in basic, come with a whole lot of dangers, yet small pet dogs, in particular, have been known to have made complex maternities and also distributions due to the size of the pups compared to the dimension of the mother.
During this second phase, your Chihuahua will be producing pheromones that male pet dogs will have the ability to scent miles away. You must maintain your dog secure to protect against unexpected maternities, as unchanged male dogs have been recognized to scale fences or sneak into homes in an initiative to get to the in-heat lady.
Third as well as the final stage:
The last stage of your Chihuahua’s heat cycle is called diestrus.
During this stage, your Chihuahua will no more be interested in reproducing.
The genital discharge will certainly stop, as well as her vulva will return to its normal size.
Even if you did not reproduce your Chihuahua, she might show indicators of “false pregnancy” during this time around, as well as even long after the entire warm cycle finishes.
What is a False Pregnancy?
After your Chihuahua finishes her full heat cycle, her brain may tell her body that she is expecting, even though she’s not. This is a lot more common if you have various other pets in your house … even if the various other canines are made sterile or sterilized.
Signs of false pregnancy can consist of:
1. Nesting.
2. Uneasiness.
3. Clinical depression.
4. Sleepiness or very reduced power.
5. Reduced cravings.
6. Inflamed breasts.
7. Mammary gland secretions.
A lot of false pregnancies are moderate and symptoms diminish within a month. Nevertheless, if your pet dog appears behavior or ill adjustments are concerning, do not be reluctant to call your veterinarian. There are problems related to un-spayed females that can be lethal (we go more thorough on this later on in this short article).
Just how to Manage Your Chihuahua’s Heat.
There are numerous points to keep in mind when your Chihuahua is in heat. Below are a few of the crucial ones:
-You’ll likely need to maintain your Chihuahua far from other canines when she’s in heat. Women on women’s hostility prevail, but it’s crucial to make certain that males (especially intact ones) can not get to her. Do not leave your Chihuahua in the lawn ignored, as well as ensure she can not run away. The majority of pet dog parks restrict women canines in heat from seeing however it’s a bad concept to attempt and also take your no matter because the hormonal agents and scent from your female can create behavioral issues in various other canines even if they are repaired.
-Given that there will certainly be vaginal discharge when your Chihuahua is warm, you might want to take into consideration doggie baby diapers. Maintain in mind, however, that diapers might not always be the ideal choice because it may be hard to locate baby diapers that fit correctly, stay on, as well as your Chihuahua won’t be able to clean herself or go potty while using them. If you opt not to use baby diapers, you can use old coverings to cover your bed as well as furniture to protect them from your Chihuahua’s vaginal discharge.
-If your Chihuahua has lost her hunger, attempt including some hen or child food to her dishes. These will certainly help tempt her to consume while not adding a ton of calories to her correct diet plan.
A Warning If Choose to Keep Your Chihuahua Intact:
Even if you never reproduce your Chihuahua, there is a deadly condition that can occur throughout or after a canine’s warmth called pyometra. When the womb becomes infected, this is. There are 2 kinds of pyometra. Open up Pyometra, in which instance there will be a puss-like discharge from the vulva, and Closed Pyometra, in which instance there will certainly not be any discharge as it is being included within the uterus. In any case, pyometra is lethal as well as you’ll need to rush your Chihuahua to the vet quickly.
Once more, this is an emergency circumstance that can inevitably cause death so always be on the lookout for symptoms and signs of pyometra.
As you can see, it’s crucial to maintain a close eye on your Chihuahua when she’s warm for numerous factors.
Some people find a woman pet’s warmth cycle to be a turbulent as well as stressful time in the home.
Lots of people most definitely do not intend to handle the stress and anxiety and needed lifestyle adjustments, of a woman pet dog in warm.
They additionally may also not such as needing to keep their dog in your home for an entire month twice a year or the extra safety measures needed if venturing out into public with a female pet dog that remains in warmth.
If you feel that you prefer to not have to bother with all the aforementioned obstacles of your Chihuahua in warmth, there are choices for you (maintain reading).
Exactly how to avoid a Chihuahua From Going Into Heat.
The only way to eliminate a female canine’s warm cycles is to obtain them spayed.
Purifying a pet involves getting rid of a female dog’s womb as well as ovaries *, hence getting rid of warmth cycles completely.
* Note: there is a procedure called OSS (Ovary Sparing Spay), which removes the ability to recreate yet leaves one or both ovaries undamaged. This would certainly be something to go over better with your vet if you are worried about hormone loss for your Chihuahua. Additionally, not all veterinarians perform the OSS surgical procedure.
Many clinical types of research advise maintaining your female pet undamaged up until their development plates are shut. The research studies mention that it permits them to profit from the hormonal agents they were born with as well as can help them be much healthier throughout their lifetime.
Nonetheless, if you are not able to maintain your dog intact through their initial warm that’s fine. There are far fewer threats with an early (pre-six-month-old spay) that with an unexpected or even with a planned pregnancy for Chihuahuas.
Your veterinarian (and dog breeder, if you acquired your Chihuahua), will assist you to come up with the best time to spay your Chihuahua.
If you choose to wait till your Chihuahua’s growth plates are shut, that most likely means that you will likely experience at the very least one warmth with your female Chihuahua before they are made sterile. Keep in mind, that it takes about three months for your Chihuahua’s hormones to go back to a normal state adhering to a warm cycle. Therefore, we suggest you do not spay your Chihuahua to a minimum of 3 months after her cycle.
Trick Things to bear in mind about Your Chihuahua’s Heat Cycle.
Your Chihuahua will certainly have warm cycles unless she is made sterile.
While an inflamed vulva and discharge are one of the most apparent symptoms, there are numerous various other indications to take into consideration.
Your Chihuahua’s security and also wellness is a priority, so make sure to consult your vet with details questions and concerns connected to your furry buddy’s warm cycle.
A lot of Chihuahuas experience a warm cycle every 6 months or every 9 months. You’ll likely need to maintain your Chihuahua away from other canines when she’s warm. Also if you never breed your Chihuahua, there is a deadly condition that can occur during or after a pet’s warmth called pyometra. If you pick to wait up until your Chihuahua’s growth plates are closed, that most likely ways that you will likely experience at the very least one heat with your female Chihuahua before they are made sterile. Maintain in mind, that it takes about 3 months for your Chihuahua’s hormones to return to a normal state complying with a warm cycle. |
Why Soil Grows Mushrooms and How to Get Rid of Them
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Mushrooms in Soil
When individuals who are new to gardening start to see a few mushrooms make an appearance in the garden, it can be quite shocking. They may wonder if it means something is wrong with the soil. Whether this gardener is planting in pots for a lovely indoor decoration or growing a magnificent flower garden in the backyard, mushrooms can arrive – and the good news is, they aren’t something to fear.
So, why does soil grow mushrooms, and how can gardeners get rid of them? Mushrooms are fungi that are not harmful to plants. Most of the time, they grow in healthy soil. However, they could be growing because the soil contained spores, the environment is allowing for their growth or the plants are being overwatered.
To get rid of the mushrooms in the garden (and lawn), try the following tips.
Removal from Indoor PlantsRemoval from Outdoor Plants
Remove the caps of the mushrooms immediately.
Replace the top two inches of soil.
Change the soil completely.
Add fungicide to the soil.
Change the environment where the plants are growing.
Water plants less.
Pick the mushrooms directly from the soil.
Dispose of them properly.
Add a nitrogen fertilizer to soil.
Use soap and water.
Make homemade soil and compost.
Ensure there is proper drainage.
Keep the area clear of decomposing materials.
While seeing a mushroom in the garden may seem like a cause for alarm, take joy in the fact that they aren’t much to worry about. However, since they can be quite unsightly, most gardeners want to get rid of them. This article will discuss why mushrooms are growing in the garden and what can be done to stop them.
What Are Mushrooms and How do They Grow?
When most people hear the word mushroom, they likely think of some poisonous, hideous fungus that they don’t want to touch. For new gardeners who have not dealt with mushrooms before, they may seem like an indicator that something has gone wrong in their garden. Luckily, it is quite the opposite!
Mushrooms are a sign of a very healthy garden. But how can that be? They are, after all, a fungus, right? However, mushrooms are not the type of fungi that will cause plants to suffer. Fungi that are detrimental to plants are considered mold, and mushrooms are not a type of mold.
The reason why mushrooms will only thrive in a healthy garden is that they rely on a nutrient source to grow. Unlike a regular plant, mushrooms rely on their spores to attach to a nutrient source rather than planting a seed in the ground and waiting for the germination process. A healthy garden will provide plenty of nutrients for a spore to find life.
Once the spore has attached to its nutrient source, it will begin to rely on the source for all of its needs. But don’t worry – as explained in “Mushrooms: Why They’re a Sign of Healthy Soil” by Devin Martinez – mushrooms and plants have a symbiotic relationship, which means they help each other grow.
How Mushrooms Can Benefit a Garden
This symbiotic relationship suggests that mushrooms are beneficial to plants in a variety of ways. In “Mushrooms – Friends or Foes to Lawn and Garden” by Ken Lain, it is explained that four significant benefits of mushrooms growing in a garden exist.
These four helpful benefits are:
• Mushrooms increase the number of nutrients plants absorb.
Remember that the mushroom is feeding off of the plant, to an extent. The mushroom allows the roots to be more susceptible to absorbing nutrients in the soil. This leads to a more robust, healthy, and overall nutritious plant that is sure to thrive.
• They enhance disease-resistance.
All of those added nutrients are going to help plants become healthy and strong, which will also lessen the chances of plants becoming diseased. Mushrooms are also great for killing off unwanted moldy bacteria, so it’s not necessary to worry as much about powdery or gray molds growing in the garden.
• They allow for better water absorption.
Mushrooms can also help plants to absorb much-needed water at a more steady rate. This is a major benefit since plants need water to thrive.
• They accelerate plants’ growth rate.
Who doesn’t want that? If mushrooms are present in the garden, especially when they are new, then plants will have an accelerated growth rate thanks to the appearance of mushrooms in the garden.
Another benefit of mushrooms is that they can perform what is known as saprophytism. When this occurs, a single mushroom or a group of mushrooms work to decompose something – such as dead plants or animals – and place it back into the soil, adding more nutrient content. This means that if mushrooms find anything dead in a yard, they can add countless nutrients without the gardener having ever to do a thing.
As you can see, mushrooms are nothing to be worried about. They are a sign of a healthy garden, which means you are doing your job as a gardener exquisitely. Unfortunately, knowing that the garden is healthy is only half the information. There are still other reasons why mushrooms are beginning to sprout in the soil.
Why Soil is Growing Mushrooms
Mushrooms in Garden
Knowing that mushrooms equate to healthy soil is undoubtedly a relief for any gardener, but that is not the only reason why mushrooms might be making an appearance. Sometimes, mushrooms are the sign of the balance being disturbed within the soil.
1. The Soil is Contaminated
Do not jump to extreme conclusions when seeing the word contaminated. If the soil is contaminated, in this instance, it means that the soil itself had mushroom spores inside of it whenever it was placed in the garden.
This can happen with both indoor and outdoor plants. It is most common when someone opts for pre-bought soil combinations or tries to grow their garden using a soilless mix. Pre-bought soil mixes have a lot of random ingredients inside, and it is never really clear exactly what is inside the soil mix or where it came from. It could easily have spores somewhere inside.
Furthermore, using a soilless mix such as perlite, vermiculite, or coarse sand can also leave gardeners susceptible to contamination. While there won’t be any actual soil present to bring about a variety of soil-driven diseases, there is still a chance that mushroom spores have contaminated the medium being used.
2. The Environment is Right
The environment mushrooms thrive in differs for indoor and outdoor plants. So, it is crucial to pay close attention to make sure the stage is not being set for mushrooms in the indoor or outdoor garden.
• Mushrooms found in indoor gardens prefer air that is warm, moist and humid.
If a plant is located on a windowsill that contains plenty of light and the houseplant is watered more than necessary, the way is likely being paved for mushrooms to grow. They prefer their environment to be nice and warm with the right amount of moisture to keep them satisfied.
• Mushrooms found in outdoor gardens prefer air that is cool and moist.
It’s not uncommon to find mushrooms outside when the temperature drops a little bit. However, outdoor mushrooms may also fancy a more humid temperature as well. A double whammy is being risked with mushrooms when plants are planted outside because temperatures don’t have too much of an influence on mushroom growth.
Getting Rid of Mushrooms Growing in Houseplant Soil” by Heather Rhoades explains that the environment is probably the most significant factor when it comes to mushrooms growing in a garden. Gardeners should take great care when choosing where to plant or place their gardens to help reduce the chances of spores growing.
3. Plants are Being Overwatered
For the most part, everyone knows that fungi love damp areas. This is true for both mushrooms and other types of fungus that can be found in a garden. Thankfully, mushrooms are not a mold that can harm a garden in any way. However, that does not change the fact that they can still grow when the watering is too excessive.
Genesis 9:3
Getting Rid of Mushrooms
Mushrooms in dirt
Just because mushrooms are not harmful to plants and are incredibly beneficial doesn’t mean that they are wanted. Unfortunately, just because they are helpful to the soil and plants doesn’t mean that they are appealing to everyone. A group of mushrooms can completely change the look of the garden from fab to drab.
There is also the risk of a pet eating the mushrooms and becoming ill. While the fungi can act as a natural pesticide that rids unwanted insects from the garden, they can also cause some severe health problems if ingested by your beloved dog or cat. This is one incredibly important reason why mushrooms should be removed from the garden as soon as possible.
When getting rid of mushrooms, there are different steps to take for those who are dealing with an outdoor garden or an indoor houseplant. Read on for a breakdown of the two separate methods for removing mushrooms in indoor and outdoor environments.
Getting Rid of Mushrooms in Houseplants
If your favorite houseplant is beginning to spawn mushrooms, you probably aren’t too happy. Now, the colorful, beautiful flower you once loved in the windowsill has become an unsightly mess. Well, lucky for you and your houseplants, here are a few simple steps to help get rid of those pesky mushrooms:
1. Start by removing the caps of the mushrooms.
The first thing to do when mushrooms are growing in a houseplant is to take the caps off right away. The caps are known to be the source of spores, and removing them essentially helps to kill off the mushroom immediately. This will help to stop the spread of mushrooms to any nearby houseplants, as well.
1. Try replacing the top two inches of soil.
If repotting the plant is out of the questions completely, it may be possible to get by with merely scraping off the first two inches of soil from the pot. Discard the soil and replace it with fresh, healthy soil. While this can work in many instances, there is still a risk that there are spores closer to the roots, and mushrooms may spawn again.
1. Change the soil completely.
If mushrooms beginning to appear after changing the top two inches of soil, or a fool-proof removal method from the start is desired, then consider changing the soil entirely. However, keep in mind that this can be a little bit dangerous and unhealthy for the plant. It is pertinent to wash off the roots of the plant to ensure there are no leftover spores, which can damage the plant.
1. Add fungicide to the soil.
Perhaps the best way to make sure that soil is free of mushrooms is to drench it thoroughly with fungicide. The fungicide will kill the mushrooms and their spores, so mushrooms growing in the future should not be a worry. It may be necessary to apply fungicide a few times before all of the spores are killed, as some soil may contain plenty of spores ready to regrow at any time.
1. Consider changing the houseplant’s environment.
Remember – mushrooms thrive in humid, warm temperatures. Unfortunately, so do plants. Try to lessen the humidity of the area in which the houseplant is seated and lower the temperature just a bit. If the plant is noticeably beginning to fail from lack of heat, then consider placing a fan by the plant to lessen humidity levels and increase air circulation.
1. Don’t drench the houseplant in water.
Mushrooms are lovers of moist conditions. When plants are watered too often, a breeding ground for fungi is being created. This doesn’t mean gardeners shouldn’t water plants, but they should only water it enough for it to survive. There should also be proper drainage in the pot to ensure that the water doesn’t sit around for too long.
All in all, preventing mushroom growth comes down to having healthy, spore-free soil. This can be challenging when dealing with houseplants, and it seems that adding fungicide is the best removal and prevention method.
The Best Fungicides for Plants
One excellent fungicide that can be used is Captan 50. It comes in a powder form that readily mixes with water to become an efficient, fungi-killing product that will help your plants in no time.
Some of the advantages of Captan 50 are:
• It is a 5-pound bag of wettable, fungicidal powder that provides more than enough fungicide to take care of the garden and lawn.
• It can be used to destroy all types of fungi and plant-related diseases, not just mushrooms.
• It can even treat seed rot.
• It can be combined with other fungicides for more effective removal of severe mushroom infestations.
• It is safe for use around pets.
Captan 50 allows any gardener to feel confident that their mushroom issue is resolved. Spray the fungicide on the garden liberally and sit back and watch the mushrooms disappear. What more could a gardener want?
Another highly rated fungicide is Bonide Mancozeb Flowable with Zinc. This fungicide comes in a concentrated formula that can simply be mixed with water and sprayed onto plants.
Some of the benefits of Bonide include:
• It provides terrific fungus and disease control and works as a preventative for plants when sprayed regularly.
• The inclusion of zinc supplies plants with a specific enzyme activation that is vital for the production of plant proteins.
• It can be used on a variety of different vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops.
This fungicide is perfect for gardeners who love to grow their own produce. Since it serves as fungus removal spray and a preventative, gardeners can be confident that they won’t be bothered with mushrooms any time soon!
Getting Rid of Mushrooms in Outdoor Spaces
Seeing mushrooms in an outdoor garden or lawn can be just as agonizing as finding them in houseplants! Even if they are beneficial, there is something so rude about them sprouting next to beautiful plants. The following tips can help gardeners remove the mushrooms for good.
Remove the Mushrooms Entirely
The first step in ridding the garden of backyard mushrooms is to remove the mushrooms entirely. Follow these easy steps to ensure the garden becomes mushroom and spore-free in no time.
1. Pick the mushrooms out from the ground.
Whenever a mushroom appears, remove it from the ground immediately – just like with a houseplant. This lessens the chance of the mushroom releasing more spores into the soil, which will only create a more challenging problem.
However, it is essential not to try and rake or mow the mushrooms to destroy them. Doing so will only make the mushrooms release more spores into the soil, which is the exact opposite of what we are trying to accomplish. Stick to pulling them out by hand.
1. Dispose of the mushrooms properly.
As explained in “How to Kill Your Mushrooms” by Andrew Carberry, MPH, disposing of mushrooms correctly is extremely important. Always place the mushrooms into a bag as they are removed from the soil. When picking is complete, tie the bag tightly and toss it directly into the trash bin.
Note: Do not try to add mushrooms to compost. While it may seem like anything can be beneficial to compost, from dead leaves to eggshells, leave the mushrooms out of it. Adding mushrooms will only add spores to compost, which will eventually turn into mushrooms.
1. Consider adding nitrogen fertilizer to the area.
Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the area will act as a mushroom repellent. As the nitrogen fertilizer works to decompose organic matter at a fast rate, the mushrooms won’t have the time to find something to feed on. Just remember that the nitrogen fertilizer chosen should not be slow-release or water-soluble.
When it comes to nitrogen fertilizers, Blood Meal 13-0-0 Nitrogen Fertilizer is an excellent choice. This easy-to-use nitrogen fertilizer has a whopping 13% of nitrogen to get the job done quickly. It’s safe for use on all flowers, fruits, and vegetables and is entirely organic.
1. Consider killing the mushrooms with soap and water.
Did you know that a handy mix of soap and water can destroy mushrooms? All that is needed is to mix three tablespoons of dish soap with two gallons of water. Once thoroughly mixed, poke holes into the soil where the mushrooms are growing, pour the mixture inside, and watch the mushrooms disappear.
1. Make homemade compost and soil.
When buying premade soil and compost from the store, we never know what we are getting. Most of the time, these premixes have unwanted mushroom spores in them. Once they reach a garden, they can find a food source and grow.
Therefore, it’s recommended to make soil and compost at home. That way, gardeners know exactly what is going into them, and there will be less of a chance of spores finding their way into the soil.
Those who are interested in making soil at home should watch this video for some great how-to instructions. It’s much easier than it seems and will save money in the long-run.
Change the Environment
The next most important thing to do when it comes to getting rid of mushrooms in the lawn and garden is to change the environment. After all, the environment is one of the most notable reasons that mushrooms grow in soil, so altering it will have a substantial impact.
1. Always make sure there is enough drainage.
All fungi love damp, wet areas. If the garden and lawn don’t have proper drainage, it can result in a moist breeding ground for mushrooms and potentially other more severe and harmful fungi in the process. If more drainage needs to be added to the yard, then build a creek bed that brings water away from the garden and lawn. One drainage solution can be as simple as extending the home’s downspouts.
1. Add some drainage to the soil.
Did you know that some types of soil don’t drain well, such as clay-based soils? Those who are dealing with soil that doesn’t allow for proper drainage needn’t worry – just mix some sand into the soil and the drainage problem will lessen.
1. Water the yard and garden in the morning.
When gardeners water first thing in the morning, the water will evaporate throughout the day. This means less water will be sitting stagnantly in the yard, just waiting for mushrooms to come and breed. Try to water the yard and garden as early as possible to allow for optimal evaporation.
1. Trim trees and plants regularly.
Trees that are too long can cause shady areas, which makes for an excellent spot for fungus like mushrooms to start growing. Furthermore, dead tree branches and tree leaves can fall off and provide a tasty, nutritious treat for a spore.
It is essential always to make sure that trees and plants are being trimmed regularly. This is done to remove shady areas, get rid of dead leaves and branches, and make sure that all foliage is in tip-top shape in general.
1. Rake the lawn regularly.
Leaving any decomposing materials on your lawn will make it easier for mushrooms to pop up. Remember, mushrooms don’t only use living things to get their nutrients. They can also thrive off of dead, decomposing things, and they work to rejuvenate the soil with these dead products.
Raking the lawn regularly will free the area from the types of materials that mushrooms love. As a bonus, the yard will look fantastic and all eyes will be directed to the beautiful, green lawn that’s free of debris. Also, consider using an aerator regularly to keep the lawn well-ventilated and free of buildup.
Those who do not have an aerator should consider purchasing this Yard Butler Lawn Coring Aerator to make aerating the yard incredibly easy. It’s made with a foot bar to help simplify the process and is highly recommended for small yards, and it can even be used for outdoor gardens! Additionally, it is easy to be sure that that investment doesn’t go to waste because of this aerator’s durable steel construction.
Mushrooms are not harmful to a garden. They are highly beneficial to plants and the lawn. However, they can be unsightly and are dangerous for pets. Remember that the first thing to do when mushrooms are growing in the lawn or garden is to check the environment.
Reduce the chances of mushrooms growing by ensuring the area is not humid or damp and removing the first sign of mushrooms immediately. Also, consider adding nitrogen fertilizer to outdoor spaces and fungicide to indoor houseplants.
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Corey Leichty
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Appalachian Culture
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by sheree0937
Last updated 5 years ago
Social Studies
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Appalachian Culture
The Appalachian Region includes parts of thirteen different states. The only state located entirely in the Appalachian Region is West Virginia. Appalachian people are known for their values. and religious beliefs. Diversity plays a strong role in Appalachian culture . Appalachian people were very isolated due to the mountainious region. They were isolated physically, socially, and culturally.
Traditional Appalachian music comes from the anglo-celtic folk ballads and instrumental dance tunes. Appalachian music can be found in many types of music including: bluegrass, ballad singing, blues, early country music, gospel, mountain swing, and old time. Doc Watson was a famous musician known for developing Appalachian music. Others include: Etta Baker, Charlie Poole, and Earl Scruggs.
Appalachian Life
The Napier Family
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January 2021
Junior Achievement Education Center Edison NJ
Introduction to Python
This is a beginner’s workshop for students who may have limited but some knowledge about the basics of coding. We will be going through the basics of python, its use cases, and practice exercises along the way.
Introduction to Java
Java is one of the most popular programming languages in the world, currently running on over 7 billion devices and with a huge variety of use cases ranging from Android app development to self-driving cars. This workshop offers a wide range of beginner to intermediate Java concepts, from printing “Hello World!” to understanding classes and access modifiers.
Introduction to C++
This workshop will give beginners insight into C++ programming and programming in general. The workshop contains several small practice problems and explanations of various basic programming skills. It covers topics from input and output all the way to classes and structs to give students a full overview of C++ so they can begin using it in small applications.
Introduction to HTML
This is a beginner workshop for students who have limited coding knowledge. Students will explore HTML and learn how to create a basic website. |
Phnom Penh: Inside Cambodia’s Dark Past.
7 Min. Read
In Phnom Penh,
the capital of Cambodia,
there exists a place called Tuol Sleng.
A security prison used by the Khmer Rouge regime between 1975-1979.
During these years, an estimated 20,000 people were imprisioned here and subjected to brutal interrogation, torture and execution by their captors.
By 1979, only 7 had survived the horrors of Tuol Sleng.
This is the story.
One of the young prisoners at Tuol Sleng
Tuol Sleng
Before Tuol Sleng became the murderous torture center it would become to be known as, the site was actually a secondary school for kids, which was then converted into a prison by the regime. The main objective at Tuol Sleng, also known as S-21, was to obtain confessions from what the prisoners were criminally charged with by the state.
The other goal was to extract information on other opponents of the state through torture, with the prisoners giving a list of the names of close friends, family and colleagues. The people on these lists would then be brought in for interrogation, where the vicious cycle would start again.
The main opponents of the Khmer Rouge were firstly, any previous military or political leaders and anybody else suspected of having any kind of connection with the former government or any other foreign government. Along with these victims, other groups that were targeted included, business leaders, professionals and intellectuals of any kind.
This included doctors, lawyers, journalists and students.
In fact, just by wearing glasses alone or speaking French, was enough to get sent to prison.
Ethnic Thai, ethnic Chinese, ethnic Chams, Christians and Buddhist monks were also rounded up and sent to labor camps or prisons to be tortured and killed.
The Cells of Tuol Sleng
motto of the Khmer Rouge
Upon arrival at the prison, all of the prisioners would be photographed and had to give a detailed autobiography to their captors. They would then be stripped down to their underwear and have all of their personal items confiscated.
They were then taken to their cells where they were either shackled against the wall or to the floor. Those that were escorted to the larger cells were shackled together with long iron bars. There, they slept on the floor with with no mats, no mosquito nets nor blankets.
During the day they were only fed some spoonfuls of rice porridge and a watery leaf soup and they would be given only the smallest amounts of water to drink. If they were caught drinking water without the guards permission they were then subjected to beatings.
Bed in Torture Room
Most prisoners of the state were brought in for interrogation after 2 or 3 days after their arrival and the majority of prisioners spent about 2 to 3 months at the prison. To extract confessions from the prisoners, along with additional information of “conspirators” against the regime, the staff at Tuol Sleng used many different forms of barbaric torture.
Along with the severe beatings and deplorable living conditions which caused many skin diseases, lice, rahes and ring worms, they were also subjected to electrical shocks, being cut with knives and searing hot metal instruments. Many were hung upside down and suffocated with plastic bags and others endured torture by waterboarding.
The Harsh Rules at S-21
Sometimes the prisioners were forced to eat feces and drink urine. Fingernails were pulled out and women prisioners endured sexual abuse and rape. Sleep deprivation and outright neglect was combined with the horrendous physical torture and live surgical operations with no anesthetic were also being performed.
All of this was being done by the state…
to it’s own people.
The iron shackles used to lock up the prisoners side by side
And here’s another terrifying fact…
Tuol Sleng was just 1 out of at LEAST 150 torture and execution centers throughout Cambodia and by January 1979 an estimated 1.5 to 2 million people had been executed by the ruthless regime.
A genocide was being carried out by the Khmer Rouge and this included, not only ethnic Cambodians, but also Chinese-Cambodians, Muslims and Vietnamese-Cambodians. Nearly a quarter of the nation’s population was exterminated.
Only after when the prisioners confessed to their alleged crime, were they routinely executed and buried on site at S-21. However, after only a year, when there was no more space to bury the victims, did the staff at S-21 decide to move their executions to spot near a pond called Choeung Ek, about 11 miles south from the capital.
Who were the Khmer Rouge?
The Khmer Rouge was the name given to the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), Kampuchea being the name of Cambodia in the East, and in the 1960’s the Khmer Rouge army slowly built up in the jungles in eastern Cambodia. And with much support from North Vietnam, Pathet Lao and Communist China especially, the Khmer Rouge Army was able to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975 and captured Phnom Penh.
The Khmer Rouge was led by Pol Pot. A Cambodian revolutionary and politician. And in 1975, with much aid from Mao’s Communist China, he would begin to radically change Cambodia into a Socialist Agrarian Republic. Under his leadership, entire cities, most notably, Phnom Penh, were emptied out under the pretext that the United States was planning to bomb the city.
Pol Pot
Instead, entire familes were sent to the countryside, had to wear identical black garbs and forced to work in labor camps to produce rice for the nation. They had to build their own huts and were provided very little food and water. The prisoners were subjected to brutal slave labor, working 12 or more hours a day and when they could no longer work from weakness or sickness, they were exterminated without hesitation, many times having to dig their own graves. Many others died from diseases and starvation.
motto of the Khmer Rouge.
Everything was for the state and the people were “Reeducated” by the party, also known at the time as “Angkar” or “The Organization.” The party’s ideology was the complete rejection of capitalism and to create a classless, self-sustaining communist state maintained by a rural agrarian economy.
The party abolished the use of money, free markets, religious practices, foreign clothing and traditional culture. All schools, universities, churches, mosques, temples, shops and government buildings were effectively shut down, with some of them turning into prisons like Tuol Sleng. There was no private or public transportation and absolutely no entertainment.
Cambodia would then become to be known as, Democratic Kampuchea.
A completely totalitarian and genocidal regime.
Choeung Ek
Choeung Ek was a killing field.
It was 1 out of the 20,000 mass graves sites that dotted Cambodia and in the following years, many adults, children and entire families would meet their horrible deaths here.
Due to the scarcity and cost of ammunition, the regime at Choeung Ek would execute the prisoners in other savage ways…
In order to save bullets, they resorted to beating and butchering the prisoners with pick axes, machetes and other iron tools. Small children and babies would be beaten to death against the trees, with the captors laughing, as they couldn’t show any sign of sympathy.
Not doing so would raise questions about the comrades loyalty and risk being thrown into prison himself.
Execution Tree at Choeung Ek
Toady, Choeung Ek is a collection of mass graves where almost 9,000 bodies were discovered after the fall of the Khmer Rouge and it is open to visitors that want to learn about Cambodia’s terrible past. In the center is a Buddhist stupa filled with 5,000 human skulls, which serves as a memorial to the people that had lost their lives during the brutal regime.
The Khmer Rouge genocide against it’s own people finally ended several years later in 1979, when Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia and effectively dismantled the brutal government.
Pol Pot fled and died in 1998.
A Reflection
July 5th, 2019
As I walked through Tuol Sleng and explored the Killing Fields at Choeung Ek, I learned in detail how the killings were carried out.
Learning about the atrocities that were inflicted to the Cambodian people horrified me and made me think of the other genocides committed by other countries in the past. It made me wonder why those nations took those steps. Why was it a solution?
And why do we, as human beings, keep committing genocide?
Being there at Tuol Sleng and walking through Choeung Ek made me shudder. It made me emotional and it even made me sick.
And it made me question human nature.
We all learned about horrific genocides in school.
Yet, here I was, physically learning about the barbaric crimes committed by the Khmer Rouge.
Peering into cells where people were locked up, beaten and starved to death.
I was standing in places where thousands of men, women and children were murdered…
It was something I had never experienced.
It was hard to fathom that, a nation had turned against it’s own people and they were not safe in the one country they were supposed to be safe in.
And to think…
That the genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge ended only 40 years ago.
In memory to those who lost their lives during the Regime.
If you would like to learn more about Cambodia’s dark past and more about genocide in general, I encourage you to check out these resources down below.
End Genocide
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
First they Killed My Father by Loung Ung
Brother Number 1 by David P. Chandler
The Killing Fields directed by Roland Joffe.
First they Killed My Father directed by Angelina Jolie.
Tuol Sleng
Visiting Hours: 8 am to 5 pm.
Entry: Khmer – Free
Foreigner – $3 (10 years to 18) and $5 (18 years and over)
Choeung Ek
Visiting Hours: 8 am to 5:30pm
Entry: $3
Audio Guide: $3 |
It is well known that chronic migraine, tension headaches and temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) can be associated. This is not unexpected as these diseases involve the same painful stimuli system, via the Trigeminal Nerve. The name ‘trigeminal’ is derived from the fact that each nerve has 3 major branches.
The TMD headache co-morbidity is bidirectional. The presence of headache increases the prevalence of TMD. Clenching the jaw or grinding the teeth, especially whilst asleep, can trigger migraine attacks.
Diagnosis of TMD can be difficult, however the pain is usually most prominent in the areas of face in front of the ear, angle of the jaw (masseter muscles), and or temple. The pain can be on one or both sides, and referral to the face is common. At times it can have migraine like or tension type headache characteristics. Patients often have a limited range of the motion of the jaw, joint noise, and tenderness to joint palpation.
Treatment of TMD typically involves moist heat or cold packs, a soft diet, over the counter pain medications, a splint or night guard as well as physical therapy or massage. Should these fail, other medications, and or injection therapy, as can be used for chronic migraines, though in this case to the temporalis and masseter muscles, may be trialled.
Studies have shown that the treatment of TMD reduces the frequency of coexisting headaches, use of painkillers and improves the quality of life.
Given this, a simultaneous approach to the treatment of the 2 diseases should be considered, and appears to be more effective than the separate treatment of each.
References: Temporomandibular dysfunction and headache disorder, Speciali JG et al, Headache 2015 Feb;55 Suppl 1:72-83Migraine and the Trigeminal nerve, Migraine Action, |
What developmental milestones should parents usually notice?
Published: 06-16-2009
Views: 24,213
Autism expert Peggy Halliday discusses some of the developmental milestones parents should be on the lookout for.
Peggy Halliday
Host: What are some of the milestones parents should be on the lookout for?
Peggy Halliday: A couple of years ago the Center for Disease Control started a campaign to make parents, caregivers and health care professionals more aware of developmental milestones as they tend to be aware of physical milestones for babies and toddlers and the idea is, the more people are aware of the milestones children should be reaching in social skills and language as well as the physical milestones, the more apt they are to notice when there is a delay. Some of the things that they mention in their campaign or age by age what you should expect children to be doing. Now, this is only a guideline and they very carefully state that they want children that children develop at different rates. But as a rule, by about six months of age, babies turn their head in response to their name being called. They smile when they are smiled at, they initiate smile, they orient their whole body when they hear the voice of somebody that they know and is a familiar person, they orient their whole body toward that person and they may start doing some imitation.
By 12 months of age, children should be babbling even if they do not have any individual words, there is usually babbling going on and the baby seem just -- the babies look like they know what they are saying even if nobody else does. There maybe some individual words or start the beginning of words like ma and da . At 12 months of age there will be the beginnings of imitation, there will be a real interest in -- starting to be interested in toys. Then by 18 months, we see babies having a couple of words at least. Some babies have a large number of words by 18 months and some just have a few but they are using those words with purpose, they understand what those words mean. Also, by 18 months if not sooner, we will see that joint shared attention that is so important. Babies will point to something that they are interested in and they will look back at you and then they will look back at the object to make sure you are looking at the object and sharing that excitement with them. Then conversely, if you look at an item and point and say, Look! Then the child will follow your point or your eye gaze and then they will look back at the object and back at you and they will shift their eye gaze between the object of interest and the person and that all happens -- should be happening by 18 months of age if not sooner. By 24 months, children generally have two to four word phrases that they use, they start to have an interest in other children and then by three years of age or 36 months they are really getting some emotional connectedness with their peers. They have playmates that they enjoy playing with, they have a high level of imaginary and pretend place and they speak in four to five word sentences and then by four years of age children understand just about everything that you say to them, they speak in five to six word sentences. |
Print Media
The Politics of Protection
The battles over the Endangered Species Act are all too human.
The difficulty of getting off the list of endangered species ranks right up there with unsubscribing from the Pottery Barn catalog. In the past four decades only 22 species—out of nearly 2,000 on the list—have been declared recovered, with several of the recoveries (including the bald eagle's) chalked up to the federal ban on DDT. Although more than half the listed populations have remained stable or improved, once you're on the list you're usually on it for good—and enjoying protections that include bans on trafficking and on "taking"—harming, wounding or killing—as well as protection from any action by a federal agency that might mess up your home turf.
Wolves are the exception: Yesterday, President Barack Obama swiftly and unceremoniously booted the wolves of the Northern Rockies and Great Lakes off the list. Humans have strong feelings about wolves—probably because, as predators, they have been one of our major rivals for ungulate calories over the millennia—and government officials are no exception.
But the book takes an abrupt turn in its final pages. Mr. Roman offers a plan "to make extinction as unacceptable as slavery and child labor" and lists nine steps—he says he drew them up with biologist Paul R. Ehrlich and others. Mr. Ehrlich is most famous for predicting, in The Population Bomb (1968), that overpopulation would cause mass starvation. It is his cold voice, not Mr. Roman's friendly one, that leaps off the page: "Stabilizing the human population, even humanely reducing it, will improve the lives of people and wildlife." How the world's population will be "humanely" reduced isn't explained. Suddenly it's man vs. beast all over again—with man defecting to the other side.
Katherine Mangu-Ward is a senior editor at Reason magazine. This article originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal on May 5, 2011.
NEXT: Teaching Manners
1. “Stabilizing the human population, even humanely reducing it, will improve the lives of people and wildlife.” How the world’s population will be “humanely” reduced isn’t explained. Suddenly it’s man vs. beast all over again?with man defecting to the other side.”
Oh I can think of someone who had some ideas about how to “humanly reduce human population”. He and his followers did a lot of ground breaking work humanly reducing the Semitic population of Europe to a more sustainable level.
That an otherwise serious thinker could right such a line in a book without a hint of shame, irony or worry of public condemnation shows just how sick and anti-human the environmental movement has become.
1. Who wants to volunteer to be humanly reduced?
1. John, are the multiple personalities acting up again?
1. Consider it a footnote.
1. It would have been easier to blame the server squirrels.
2. Is that like dieting? Hope not.
3. Maybe “humanely reducing the population” is these clowns hector you into killing yourself because you can’t stand to listen to them whine anymore.
1. What if I go on a–humane!–rampage amongst them because I can’t stand to listen to them whinge anymore, instead?
Will that still count?
2. Well, humanely reducing the population doesn’t have to be through the result of deaths, but more rationally through the reduction of birth.
Not saying whether I agree or disagree with his statement, but comparing that to the deaths of millions of jews and other people around the world is just wrong.
I suppose at some absolute level, the government having complete control over people’s family and sex lives and forcing them to use contraception or when that fails have abortions is not quite as bad as outright killing people. But it is still a moral abomination and well beyond the pale in anything resembling a free society. So I really don’t see where the defense of “it is not as bad as murder” really gets you anywhere.
1. Covered under the Commerce Clause: If you have too many babies, there’s a potential, substantial effect on interstate commerce, namely those who decided not to have too many babies, don’t you see?
2. He may not be arguing that. If we enact reforms that increase wealth and prosperity for everyone (increasing freedom, trade, etc) people will likely respond by having few kids, and having them later in life. That is not really government control.
Of course, you have to frame it that way for lovers of government control to buy into it.
1. Thank you for being able to see that their are other options besides forced sterilization or mass killings to aid in this. Unfortunately it seems like you’re one of the few in the comments that realizes it doesnt have to be taken to extremes and that increased quality of life, increased education, and increased womans rights will likely more adequately address this issue than anything else
1. While increased prosperity and womens rights have been the most consistent way to decrease birth rates, I have never met an environmentalist that would admit this to be a solution to population growth. (womens rights are usually defended by them as a prima facia good and not a utilitarian one). As soon as you make the above argument the environmentalist will most likely shift the goalposts and start talking about carrying capacity and per capita energy use in affluent countries.
2. I suggest you investigate the contents of the book Erhlich wrote (The Population Bomb). He was no advocate of greater freedom or trade.
He was an advocate of, for instance, elimination of food aid to India, and forced sterilization of a billion or so people in the third world.
There’s a page on Wikipedia that may enlighten you.
3. Also global intervention on behalf of any separatist movements that would be willing to enact population-limiting policies, or even just policies that were more in line with his book’s recommendations.
2. Aren’t we ‘moral’ this morning. Did your mommy beat you last night with a abag of dreidels?
1. lol wut? I’m def not jewish. I’ve been inside of more than a few JAPS but i don;t think that counts me as a jew yet.
3. If the “reduction of birth” is involuntary, the comparison is quite fair. Involuntary “reduction of birth” is evil, to put it bluntly.
Another thing we can learn from the ChiComs.
1. As above, If you have too many babies, there’s a potential, substantial effect on interstate commerce.
5. Actually, it does. Without death, even if you reduce the birth rate to zero, the population would remain constant.
1. Aren’t we being pedantic? I think it’s pretty obvious that there’s a substantial difference between the two types of deaths being talked about. One is death in response to forced starvation or whatever. The other is natural old age death. There seems to be an obvious moral high ground here.
He and his followers were also environmentalists.
2. The flu pandemic of 1918 did a pretty good job of thinning out the population. No need for humans to intervene. It’s just a matter of time before Mother Nature unleashes her wrath on the human species, again.
1. Yeah but environmentalists want the reduction to be “humane” meaning none of them get reduced. The problem with a pandemic is you can’t manage it properly, unless of course you design the pandemic and give the right people the antidote.
1. Or folks could just have fewer kids. “Humanely reducing” the population doesn’t imply early deaths.
1. And how do you plan to get people to have less children? Forced population control (i.e. forced abortion and such) doesn’t sound much better than putting people in ovens.
1. A licensing requirement will do. That will bring the population down, for sure. It worked for reducing the number of businesses.
1. And the penalty for having “unlicensed children”? And what will you do with such children? Fine the parents thus punishing the children?
1. “Because of the shortage of food, people are only allowed to have two children.”
Oh the horror? Only 2?? But how will I be able to be a good christian and produce plenty of offspring to support the church?
Or a good radical muslim and produce plenty of offspring for walking bombs?
1. Oh the horror of having the government control your sex and family life. What is their to worry about as long as you only want to have two kids?
1. You can have all the sex you want, probably more of it cuz your wife wont be knocked up. Just don’t pop out extras.
Also, although I’m not for govt telling me how many kids to have, why do you need more than 2 these days? It’s not like old times or third world contries where where you needed them as a form of social security
2. It is my business why I need more than two kids. It is called being a free man.
3. Well if its your natural right to put competitors into the population its just as much my right to take them out.
4. “Well if its your natural right to put competitors into the population its just as much my right to take them out.”
And it comes down in the end to killing people, just like I said above.
5. “And it comes down in the end to killing people, just like I said above”
Doesn’t everything?? I mean that is the end destination for us all.
You barely have to scratch their surface to see what’s underneath. I always feel a little embarrassed for them.
7. You also don’t need more than 2 kids, you may want more than 2 kids but dont confuse the two. You don’t NEED any kids. You likely survived a significant portion of your life with out having any.
8. Doc S, you don’t “need” more than a few hundred calories a day and some water.
Not surprised you profess to know so much about what other people want and need, however.
9. Umm have you seen the economy lately? It would actually help a lot in fixing our economic issues if the elderly could rely on their children for social security rather than the government. Not to mention the additional economic problems that are created by having a declining population. You pretty much have to maintain a growing population to have any kind of economic growth.
Not to mention the fact that there is an almost infinite universe to colonize. If we get our act together and behave intelligently we can continue to grow our population and maintain natural wildlife at the same time.
10. I thought was a bastion of libertarian thought. Thanks for the bracing dose of totalitarianism Doc. How many kids someone has is none of anyone else’s business. Nor is their choice of birth control. Nor is their choice of career or entertainment.
11. What if you’re good atheists like us? I pat her on the butt and another kid pops out 40 weeks later. Sometimes I swear my little swimmers have wings instead of tails.
2. So the only folks who have more than two couch maggots are christians or radical muslims? Nice view of the world and I bet if you lift your skirt we will find a smiling Toni.
BTW, because of my constant intake of beer, I ended up with four squids and not a one of them has seen a church.
1. Obviously if you read my other posts you know that it really isn’t my view of the world.
It was just a comment to show the stupidity of the situation. But if you do look at birth rates I would bet you would find there is verrrry strong correlation with religion, and especially with muslims. Granted this isn’t just because of religion, but limiting womens rights and education as well as the use of contraceptives sure doesn’t help keep the rate low.
2. I remember reading that as a kid. That and the giver turned me on to dystopian fiction, which in turn turned me on to the ideas of libertarianism, so… go Haddix.
Christ, I did not realize she had written 7 of them. I was already too old when I tried reading the first sequel… it wasn’t as good.
1. I already have a copy ready for my kids when they are old enough to read and comprehend the themes.
I remember my first dystopian book, A Wrinkle In Time, and the rest of the series, having a big effect on me in the fourth grade. A year later I read another, though I can’t remember the title. It was about a girl who lived in a world where no one was allowed to speak, so much so that over generations the vocal cords became shriveled and useless. People had to sit in cones of silence and meditate whenever difficulties arose; the main character was a girl who wanted to speak and rebel, hence she was constantly in her cone. One day she releases a singer from his tower and learns of the beauty of voice and song and emotion, until her parents and the government imprison him again and send her away to be properly inducted into the world of silence.
Freaked me a little. In sixth grade I read Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 on my dad’s recommendation. I think that was when my healthy mistrust of government/establishment/law/police/whatever really solidified in me. Made me a bit outcast among my peers, though.
1. Well, I guess, looking back on it, Wrinkle was my first dystopian book. I just didn’t realize it at the time.
Never could get into her other work, though. As big a fan of sci-fi and fantasy as I am, I just couldn’t get into it. Too werid.
Fahrenheit 451 ranks as maybe my favorite book ever, and Bradbury my favorite author of all time. If I could write half as pretty as that man…
Seriously, when Bradbury dies, I’m entering a period of mourning.
2. Geese, I was joking.
1. I was gonna tell them but I wanted to see it play out first.
3. Censored! Quick, look busy!
Don’t want to have to go on another mother hunt.
2. And that doesn’t even mention the demographic problems of a low birth rate.
1. Is this referring to the china problem or the japan problem?
2. Yeah but environmentalists want the reduction to be “humane”…
That’s one of the differences between environmentalists and conservationists.
2. The Spanish flu killed ~50M people, or 3% of the world’s population at the time. That’s not all that much thinning out. Even if 50M people died now, it would still only come out to
3. The Mark of Gideon?
4. So, how long until the environmentalists take over a country and start murdering folks?
1. Twenty years and it will be in Europe where it happens.
1. Eh, I would think that Africa is more likely. A bunch of wealthy enviros support some tinpot crackpot, and then, college kids can flock there for spring break, coming back with stories of how, like, without capitalism destroying it, nature has totally found a balance with humanity man.
See, the EU might intervene if a country tried the whole genocide thing again. The AU would send cash.
1. That is an interesting point. I could definitely see that happening. They wouldn’t put people in ovens, they would just exile them and put them in camps to create “nature reserves”.
1. Wasn’t there an African dictator who tried to return his country to nature or some such bullshit? Am I being crazy here?
1. Bolivia is doing it right now. Granting mother nature rights equal to those of a person. They’re establishing like a cou8rt of mother earth and givign her a legal representative.
All I can say is this should turn out… interestingly???
2. The new “noble experiment” in Africa? I can see it. I could also see a large chunk of Americans praising it and lusting to bring the model home even as millions are dying over there. Just like the last noble experiment.
5. Well humanely reducing the population is pretty easy in theory. Just keep births below the replacement rate.
It’s unfortunate that it’s usually the less intelligent people that have the most kids for it continually dilutes the gene pool.
1. “Well humanely reducing the population is pretty easy in theory. Just keep births below the replacement rate.”
Yeah and doing that consistent with having a free society is just so simple. If the government can tell you when and if and how many children you have, you are not a free person. The right to procreate is about as basic and most personal right as you can get.
1. Reproductive rights? Isn’t that supposedly the point of Roe v Wade? Or does that only apply to yanking ’em out early?
1. Actually RvW is about privacy.
2. been around the world and found that only stupid people are breeding
the cretins cloning and feeding
and I don’t even own a TV
6. even humanely reducing it
Empower a panel.
Build a camp.
High-speed Sonderzuge
7. It remains a shock to me how many people are more than happy to decide how many children I am going to have. What if it was the other way? And the government decided to ban abortion and contraception because they wanted to grow the population? Would you still feel the same way? Or do you have such deep seated cognitive dissonance that you can’t see how the two are similar?
1. I can see how the two are related, but once again you would still be able to not have kids if these were the methods of implementation. and there are also 2 other holes that I can use that wont result in babies.
1. So because I can have a couple kids, it is okay. That really doesn’t make any sense. What if the government told you to have ten kids, regardless of how many you want? Are you still okay with the government deciding how many kids you have? After all, you can stop after ten and then use the “two other holes” you discuss.
From what I gather, you are okay with (maybe not support, since you want to walk the fence on this) government intervention as long as it meets with your worldview, but you oppose government intervention if it doesn’t? The problem with people with your take on government intervention is you forget that the government you are under may not support your worldview. So you push for your worldview to be implemented forgetting that the winds of change might come and all of the sudden what you used to support has become a tool to allow what you abhor to be forced on the masses.
1. I wouldn’t say that I support government intervention as long as it supports my views, but rather, I support good well thought out policies that actually are better for the population as a whole.
I’m not incredibly concerned with my individual rights and am willing to give up a few personal liberties if the results truly are better for the population as a whole. Obvioulsy I’m leaving my self open for some people to take this comment to ridiculous extremes but you can see the point that I’m making.
Unfortunately there really aren’t very many good examples of well thought out policy that can achieve this. I would like to believe that there would some day be a government that actually can think for the best as a whole and not just a select few. And clearly policies removing birth control and requiring 10 kids per child bearing woman wouldn’t truly be the best for the whole.
I guess I’m not as much of an extremeist as most people on these boards, and I truly do believe that the majority of people would rather do whats good for everyone than just themselves.
1. The very problem with your thinking, and I do appreciate your honesty, especially here, is that you simply don’t know when a government will go from your ideal to your nightmare. The very reason we were given freedoms and a limited government was to protect against this very phenomenon. So how would your ideal government guard against a nightmare government that would use the powers you granted to take away some freedoms for the greater good to then take away all freedoms for the greater good? Who decides what is the greater good? How would you know it is the greater good? Is it majority rule? Dictator rule?
So how would limiting children in this country be good for the whole? Our population growth is almost entirely drawn by immigration as our birthrate is only at replacement numbers. Are you willing to forcibly implement a lower birth rate on third world countries to slow our population growth? Or simply close the borders altogether? The problem with well intentioned policies is that they always come with second hand consequences that greatly increase the power of the state over you.
Let me give you an example. Let’s say you get married, you have your two kid limit, then you get divorced and get remarried. Your new partner doesn’t have any children but now you are sterilized and can’t have any more children. You are going to create a whole culture that is perverted. We don’t even need to imagine what would happen, we can look at China to see what unintended consequences look like. So how would you guard against these kinds of issues? Have you thought this whole thing through or are you simply viewing this through your own intentions?
1. Forcible policy measures like that aren’t the solution. I believe that the true solution relies in increasing education and womens rights. The statistics and numbers speak for themselves that the more educated (literacy rates) the population (especially women) the lower the birth rate. So the key is to improve the education in those countries where population growth is an issue.
Policies shouldn’t be the “you can only have 2 children type” Like I said, I support good policy that truly results in the better for the population, and improving education is the best policy out there.
I’ve never said that the 2 kid thing is good policy, only that you dont really NEED any kids at all, its about what you want.
1. But have any of our attempts truly worked when it comes to either educating the world or women’s rights? NOW is almost completely silent on the abuses of women in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. The aid money we give almost always funds the corrupt government to whom we give it. So what are you really advocating here?
Have you ever read Aristotle? If you haven’t, you should.
1. Well, clearly if current methods aren’t working then things need to be done to change that. I’m advocating finding effective efficient solutions rather than just throwing money into NGO black holes. I don’t propose to have the solution to every one of the world’s problems, nor do I propose to have the best method for implementation. Those are outside of my field of expertise.
I do however have the knowledge to know when a system isn’t working efficiently and there are needs for change. Just because something has been done poorly in the past doesn’t mean that it will be done poorly in the future. Use those lessons learned form the failure to find a system or method that works.
Obviously its easier said than done with corrupt govtments, different religious beliefs, and current conditions. But once again it doesn’t mean it shouldn’t be.
I have read some of Aristotle but not since college philosophy classes 10+ years ago, and would be open to suggestions to add to my always increasing pile of things to read. Have you read any environmental economics books? Teitenberg and Lewis have a good one out.
1. Also, then what do you propose? You seem to have many questions but offer very few answers, a common problem with philosophy.
1. I advocate a limited government who doesn’t meddle in the affairs of other sovereign governments and who doesn’t meddle in the personal affairs of the people. A government that allows people to govern themselves when it comes to reproductive rights, whether that means abortion or having fifteen children. I advocate free association with whomever I choose without government interference.
2. You are assuming that the government is the only means to accomplish this, or maybe you aren’t and you just aren’t articulating it well. The government has over and over again demonstrated that it is inefficient and corrupt, both here and abroad. How can an institution that has all the power be truly used for a force of good?
You ask why I ask a lot of questions, I ask because I am not certain that you have really considered what you are suggesting and that if you followed your suggestions to their logical conclusions you would probably be disappointed in the results. Feelings and intentions are simply not good enough. You don’t have to have all the answers but ignoring the problems of the past and wishing for some more efficient solution will never happen through government, they have no incentive to do anything but increase their own power.
I have a political philosophy book that had most of Plato and Aristotle’s writings in it, so I am not sure of the exact individual book, but if you focus on his political philosophy, you will find a lot of good nuggets of information in there.
2. Who decides “what is good for everyone”?
Go to any site and read people’s posts and you have a huge variety of opinions and several major camps on almost any issue. So then it is back to a political process where an elite makes the ultimate decision, even if they get voted in democratically by 23.5% of the voting age populace.
Another argument against “humanely REDUCING population” is that it is the third world countries where population is growing the fastest, so it will be enlightened “progressives” and failed visionaries like Erhlich that propose solutions for other countries populations.
Two children does not allow for replacement since not everyone can or wants to have children. You would end up with a shrinking, aging population. And my take on a growing population (not sure why I think this except maybe some points Friedman made) is that in a market economy, it leads to growth in the economy.
1. Yeah, the replacement rate is about 2.1, once again didn’t say that 2 kids should be mandated. We just have to make sure that really really smart or really really athletic couple has that 3rd kid to make it 2.1 (obvioulsy joking)
And we always used to have discussions about this back when I was in grad school about the best kind of government for these kind of policies and reform. And eventually it would always lead to the same conclusion.
The only type of government where it would actually be able to work out is a complete global dictatorship where you (some enlightened individual) ran the world lol. So I agree it’s far from an easy solution, put that doesn’t mean the problem shouldn’t be addressed.
1. Be careful what you advocate, there are people who would be happy to see a one world government.
When you say the problem should be addressed, what do you really mean? Are we the right people to address it? Nation building hasn’t exactly worked out for us. Are you willing to go live among the poor of the world and bring them this education? To encourage them to take their rights? Or are you waiting for our military to come in and enforce our rights? Has this worked so far in the Middle East?
1. I am willing to live among the poor and help them bring them this education, and have in fact done that as part of a fullbright. I would however rather that there educators were better educated since they are the ones that will ultimately have the biggest effects on the pupils and future students.
They don’t need me to encourage them to take their rights, their recent demonstrations in the middle east and Africa have demonstrated that they want their rights.
Nation building and improving education aren’t the same thing. And we could stand to do the same thing with the poor/undereducated in our country.
And the one world govt is inevitable, I can’t wait til we’re renamed New China. (sarcasm)
8. KMW is the Pete Best of
Also acceptable: the Curly Joe Howard.
1. You leave KMW alone. She is the Mary Ann of Reason.
9. One humane way of reducing population is to enact reforms that lead to everyone being so wealthy that couples have fewer than 2 kids on average.
Of course the best way of doing that is increasing freedom and trade, which those types tend to be against.
1. Good point. But surprisingly, More people tends to be a good thing for everyone in a free country. Check out Julian Simon.
10. I thought me wife’s “kitty” was an endangered species, but I came home early yesterday and it looks like the pool boy found it.
11. Ooohhh don’t worry, with dumb fucks like John and many others, the human population will decrease.
12. Yeah, getting to a reduced birth rate by increasing wealth is pretty self-defeating for an enviro-nutter, since they see increasing wealth as necessarily requiring environmental damage.
1. Don’t forget stealing. Increased wealth is a combination of raping the earth and stealing somebody’s slice of pie. The extent to which your success wasn’t stolen from others is the extent to which stole your success from the environment. If you can prove that nobody lost pie because you made your own, then mother earth must have sustained an injury when you mugged her for the raw materials because loss and suffering is the raw material of success.
13. To be fair nature is always right. Nature will survive the worst of human decimation and revive without wolves, humans, water or air.
Nature will destroy and regenerate without the consent or interference of a puny species unable to control its destiny as a species in its race to overpopulate the Earth.
14. what I particularly enjoy about reading these comments is how quickly you all assume that the *only* method for curtailing population growth is through government intervention.
do not assume that people cannot be convinced that an idea has merit through non-governmental methods. in fact, though I’ve yet to read the book, I’d imagine that the book in question was written with the explicit purpose to compel individuals to embrace the mindset espoused in those final, ‘abrupt’ passages. that is to say, to make a strong case for the reduction of the human population through self-directed means.
15. “Suddenly it’s man vs. beast all over again?with man defecting to the other side”
The most brilliantly true thing I’ve ever heard from KMW.
16. Look out, guys, you’re all going to be killed by polar bears falling from the sky carried into the lower atmosphere by extreme tornadoes caused by the subsequent stages of anthropomorphic global warming.
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1. QUESTION 1 (25 points)
A single phase 600 V, 60 Hz feeder supplies 2 loads in parallel: (a) a heating load with a
10 Ω resistance; (b) a 70 kVA motor load, with a power factor of 0.70 (lagging). Compute
the total current, power, reactive power and power factor. Draw the V-I vector diagram. A
capacitor is connected in parallel with the loads to increase the power factor to 0.95.
Compute the reactive power supplied by the capacitor and the value of the capacitor
bank in µF.
2. QUESTION 3 (25 points)
Three identical single-phase 69 kV/6.9 kV, 60 Hz, 33 MVA distribution transformers, with
a leakage reactance of 0.10 on the transformer base, are fed from the 69 kV bus. They
supply two three phase 12 kV loads connected in parallel: a 60 MW, 0.8 power factor
(lagging) load (assume a Y connection) and a capacitor bank of three elements (-j15 Ω)
connected in ∆ (hint: convert into Y). Compute: (a) total line current; (b) the total power
and total reactive power drawn from the feeder; (c) the resulting power factor. Draw the
single line pu circuit, using a 100 MVA, 12 kV base.
3- A 300 MVA, 20 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%.
The generator supplies a number of synchronous motors over 64-km
transmission line having transformers at both ends, as shown in Fig. 1.11. The
motors, all rated 13.2 kV, are represented by just two equivalent motors. Rated
inputs to the motors are 200 MVA and 100 MVA for M1 and M2, respectively.
For both motors X” = 20%. The three phase transformer T1 is rated 350 MVA,
230/20 kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of three
single-phase transformers each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA with leakage
reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 Ω/km. Draw
the impedance diagram, with all impedances marked in per-unit. Select the
generator rating as base in the generator circuit.
4- A 120 MVA, 19.5 kV generator has Xs = 0.15 per unit and is connected to a
transmission line by a transformer rated 150 MVA, 230 Y/18Δ kV with X = 0.1 per unit. If
the base to be used in the calculation is 100 MVA, 230 kV for the transmission line, find the
per unit values to be used for the transformer and the generator reactances.
5- A three-phase transmission line is mounted on the tower as shown below.
The radius of each conductor is r meters. Assume that d is much smaller than D. The three line
currents are defined as positive into the paper and they sum to zero.
(a) Find the distributed flux (per meter) linking conductor A in terms of IA, IC, d, D, and r.
(b) Find the distributed flux (per meter) linking conductor B in terms of IB, d, D, and r.
(c) Find the distributed flux (per meter) linking conductor C in terms of IA, IC, d, D, and r. |
HS3 mission identifies area of strong winds, rain in Hurricane Ingrid
One of the instruments that flew aboard one of two unmanned Global Hawk aircraft during NASA’s HS3 mission was the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer known as HIRAD. HIRAD identified an area of heavy rains and and likely strong winds in Hurricane Ingrid by measuring surface wind speeds and rain rates using its rectangular antenna to track activity on the ocean’s surface.
Fuente : http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-09/nsf…
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Question: What Insect Symbolizes Both Death And Rebirth In Egypt?
What insect symbolizes death?
Death is symbolized by many aspects of lepidoptera.
In Maryland, if a white butterfly enters your house and flies around you, it foretells death..
Which God did crocodiles represent?
Which God did ancient Egypt fear most?
Let’s take a look at the top 10 most worshiped gods of ancient Egypt:OSIRIS: The King of the Living. … ANUBIS: The Divine Embalmer. … RA: God of the Sun and Radiance. … HORUS: God of Vengeance. … THOTH: God of Knowledge and Wisdom. … HATHOR: Goddess of Motherhood. … SEKHMET: Goddess of War and Healing. … GEB: God of Earth.More items…•
Why did Seth kill Anubis?
What is the color of happiness?
What god is associated with bugs?
TITHONUSTITHONUS – the Greek God of Insects (Greek mythology)
What is the color of good luck?
Which Egyptian god symbolized death and rebirth?
Why was the hippo hunted in ancient Egypt?
The ancient Egyptians hunted hippos for three main reasons: resources, to show their courage, and because hippos were w nuisance.
What insect symbolizes death and birth?
What color means death?
Did King Tut get bitten by a hippo?
The hippo charges and Tut manages to get up and run. But his clubfoot, broken leg and malaria slow him down. The hippo practically bites him in half and then Tut spontaneously combusts.
Why is King Tut’s heart missing?
What color means hate?
Related Colors Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy. Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy. Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection. Olive green is the traditional color of peace and ironically a color common in military uniforms.
Why is the scarab sacred?
The scarab-beetle was the symbol of the Sun-god and as such could stimulate the deceased’s heart to life. The scarab-beetle was the symbol of “transformations,” whereby the deceased could make any “changes” into whatever his heart desired.
Are flies a symbol of death?
The exact meaning of the fly varies among different cultures, but the fly is often symbolic with death, rotting, pestilence and upcoming change. In nature, flies are decomposers and feed on dead, decaying animals, fecal matter and trash. This is one of the reason that flies are often associated with death or sickness.
Was Anubis evil?
What did the scarab bug symbolize in ancient Egypt?
The scarab (kheper) beetle was one of the most popular amulets in ancient Egypt because the insect was a symbol of the sun god Re. This association evolved from the Egyptians’ misunderstanding of the scarab’s life cycle. An adult beetle lays its eggs inside a ball of dung, which is then buried underground.
Are The Beatles from The Mummy real?
What does Scarab mean?
Are moths a symbol of death?
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Treasure Island
by Cathy Johnson
Forget the two-headed Tasmanian jokes. Far from being a genetic 'dead end', the little triangle of land off the bottom of Australia is emerging as a valuable resource for sleuths seeking out the roots of disease.
Published 03/07/2003
Treasure islandiStockphoto
It was the setting for one of Australia's most famous environmental battles, and the nation's worst mass murder. Fiction writers have put it on the world literary map. And it's a magnet for heritage buffs and wilderness lovers. But Tasmania is rapidly gaining notoriety of a different kind: as one of the best locations in the world to probe the genetic causes of human diseases.
"What we've got down here is special," says a leading expert, Hobart-based Professor Terry Dwyer.
What sets the island apart is the low genetic variability among its 470,000 inhabitants. This, coupled with excellent family tree records, makes it a haven for gene discovery research – one of the hottest areas of medical investigation. There are potential billion-dollar spin-offs for investors because genetic insights into disease can lead to screening tests, better treatments and ultimately, cures.
Already, studies on Tasmanians have successfully pinpointed genes for a number of debilitating, if rare, conditions. More common ones being investigated include bipolar disorder, melanoma, prostate cancer and multiple sclerosis.
"Australia should be looking at Tasmania and saying 'this is an asset' in terms of medical research," says Terry Dwyer.
Founder families
Professor Dwyer heads the Menzies Research Institute, one of the key players in the gene discovery field. And he's keen to get one thing straight. Tasmanians are descended from a smaller number of families than populations in the large cities of Australia. But the notion that they are 'inbred' is ill-informed nonsense.
Inbreeding refers to the inheritance of two gene copies from the same ancestor in two different ways – through each parent. The chance of this happening can be measured statistically and Tasmanians are no more inbred than anyone from mainland Australia. In any case, the island has the lowest reported incidence of congenital malformations of any of the states.
"People have to be very closely related for that to be an issue," stresses Professor Dwyer.
What's true, however, is that Tasmania has an unusually large proportion of so-called 'founder families'. Settled by the British as a penal colony in 1803, migration by convicts and free settlers effectively stopped around the 1850s. From then on, more people left the island than arrived. And of those left behind, there were at most 10,000 couples of childbearing age. With only modest inward migration since, these 10,000 founder families gave rise to around 65 per cent of current residents.
This unusual population structure has led to some remarkable findings. One large group of related individuals affected by Huntington's disease, for example, was traced back nine generations to a single man. He was the father of a female migrant who came to Tasmania in 1842 and gave rise to 765 living descendants.
"If you want to find a gene, it's easier to find if you look among families because they share a lot of genes," Professor Dwyer explains. "So you can hone in more readily on the ones that separate a diseased person within a family from the non-diseased ones."
Pedigree power
But the inherent advantage of gene hunting among related individuals is enhanced considerably by Tasmania's excellent family tree records. Baptisms, marriages and burials were once recorded primarily by churches, resulting in underestimates of the actual numbers. But Tasmania brought in laws requiring the civil registration of births, deaths and marriages at a relatively early date – in 1837. This gave genealogists a massive head start when they began compiling networks. They now have complete links for the majority of families that settled in the state in the 19th century.
Known as the Colonial Tasmanian Family Links Database, these family connections are currently being extended into the present day, with comprehensive information available for some 80,000 living individuals.
Combined with information from medical records and oral histories, the family trees offer an invaluable insight – they allow patterns of disease inheritance to become clear. This means researchers can make much stronger predictions about which family members alive today should test positive for a possible gene, and which shouldn't – dramatically fast-tracking the gene discovery process.
It's a benefit known in the jargon of statistics as 'increased power'. It might seem an obscure concept, but it has practical implications for all of us, because it means a project that would otherwise have involved testing on an unfeasibly large scale becomes productive on a smaller scale. Given the stiff competition for limited research funds, this can make the difference between a disease being investigated – with potentially significant spin-offs for sufferers – or lingering for years in the 'too hard' basket.
Remarkably few places in the world have both large family pedigrees and access to sophisticated medical technology.
Says Professor Dwyer: "If you got to isolated mountain areas of Pakistan, you can find deep family pedigrees. But if you want to work in the developed world, where you can collect medical data, or where medical data already exists – as it does for say, prostate cancer or multiple sclerosis – there are very few places not affected by substantial inward and outward migration."
The Viking heirs
The most prominent example outside Tasmania is Iceland, where 10 centuries ago, a group of possibly 5,000 to 10,000 founded a population which has now expanded to 270,000. There, scientists have been hot on the gene trail for conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, psoriasis and schizophrenia. Sardinia is also a favoured location for this kind of work.
One advantage Tasmania's population offers is that it is essentially Anglo-Celtic. This makes it closer to the bulk of the people of north America and northern Europe than either the Icelandic or Sardinian populations.
"What's being found here is possibly of greater relevance," says Professor Dwyer.
"The theory is good, and it may well be just a matter of time, but the outcomes have not been extensive so far, to say the least."
Progress in identifying the causes of common illnesses in general has gone "very, very slowly," he points out, as there are a multitude of genetic and environmental influences to unravel.
Terry Dwyer concedes things have moved more slowly than initially hoped in Tasmania. But some promising early results are emerging for multiple sclerosis – a condition affecting 15,000 Australians, in which the immune cells attack the lining of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
This baffling disease has no known cause, no cure, and no predictable path of progression. The body functions affected, along with the degree of symptoms, can vary. And while it typically comes in remissions and relapses, it can also lead to progressive disability.
In a collaboration between the Menzies Research Insitute and Melbourne's Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, a cluster of genes associated with multiple sclerosis has recently been identified. Further work should narrow the cluster down to one gene.
In this instance, the pattern of inheritance was too sporadic for the pedigrees to be of use. Instead, a different approach was taken, which nonetheless relies heavily on Tasmania's founder family advantage for increased statistical power.
While the work so far is a considerable advance, a single gene is unlikely to provide all the answers. The fact that the prevalence of the disease in Queensland is seven times lower than in Tasmania – with a marked gradient according to latitude in between – is also very significant.
"We know that people in these two parts of Australia are genetically similar," Professor Dwyer says. "So, this suggests environmental factors are very important."
A paper outlining new insights into environmental influences is soon to be published in the British Medical Journal. The next step is to see if the genes and environment interact or work independently.
"Once we know that, it will add quite a bit to our ability to predict who will get the disease and then in turn, think of measures to prevent it."
Commercial potential
One factor that has limited the range of genetic investigations in Tasmania is finance. In Iceland, the private company deCODE is undertaking most of the research. The company was initially given US$200 million by a pharmaceutical company to study 10 diseases, but later launched on the New York stock exchange for US$980 million.
Tasmania is almost twice the size of Iceland, with bigger pedigrees, Professor Dwyer points out. Yet its assets have not been developed commercially to anything like the same extent.
"We've gone principally down an Australian commercialising route and the sorts of resources in the Australian sector to do these sorts of things are much less than Iceland accessed through American fundraising."
The more modest Australian funding came initially from biotechnology companies AMRAD (which later transferred its interest to Cerylid) and AutoGen. International investors, as well as other Australian ones, are likely to be sought at some time in future. But if and when that occurs, it will be in the knowledge that some of the wild early enthusiasm for genetic investment has waned.
"For us to be looking at tens of millions of dollars in the commercial sector is ultimately, I think, quite realistic. But even if we were to pursue solely public funds, there is still a large amount of money available from international sources to study the role of genes in health. We're just scratching the surface with what we know now," says Professor Dwyer.
The remote little island at the bottom of the world may be yet to reveal just how uncharted its territory really is.
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Filter Base Class
Base class for filters. Predefined filters are stored in the dictionary mlr_filters. A Filter calculates a score for each feature of a task. Important features get a large value and unimportant features get a small value. Note that filter scores may also be negative.
R6::R6Class object.
f = Filter$new(id, task_type, param_set, param_vals, feature_types, packages)
• id :: character(1) Identifier for the filter.
• task_type :: character() Types of the task the filter can operator on. E.g., "classif" or "regr".
• param_set :: paradox::ParamSet Set of hyperparameters.
• param_vals :: named list() Named list of hyperparameter settings.
• feature_types :: character() Feature types the filter operates on. Must be a subset of mlr_reflections$task_feature_types.
• task_properties :: character() Required task properties, see mlr3::Task. Must be a subset of mlr_reflections$task_properties.
• packages :: character() Set of required packages. Note that these packages will be loaded via requireNamespace(), and are not attached.
All arguments passed to the constructor are available as fields, and additionally:
• scores :: named numeric() Stores the calculated filter score values as named numeric vector. The vector is sorted in decreasing order with possible NA values last. Tied values (this includes NA values) appear in a random, non-deterministic order.
• calculate(task, nfeat = NULL) (mlr3::Task, integer(1)) -> self Calculates the filter score values for the provided mlr3::Task and stores them in field scores. nfeat determines the minimum number of features to score (see "Partial Scoring"), and defaults to the number of features in task. Loads required packages and then calls $calculate_internal(). If the task has no rows, each feature gets the score NA.
• calculate_internal(task, nfeat) (mlr3::Task, integer(1)) -> named numeric() Internal worker function. Each child class muss implement this method. Takes a task and the minimum number of features to score, and must return a named numeric with scores. The higher the score, the more important the feature. The calling function (calculate()) ensures that the returned vector gets sorted and that missing feature scores get a score value of NA.
Partial Scoring
Some features support partial scoring of the feature set: If nfeat is not NULL, only the best nfeat features are guaranteed to get a score. Additional features may be ignored for computational reasons, and then get a score value of NA.
See Also
Other Filter: FilterAUC, FilterAnova, FilterCMIM, FilterCarScore, FilterCorrelation, FilterDISR, FilterImportance, FilterInformationGain, FilterJMIM, FilterJMI, FilterKruskalTest, FilterMIM, FilterMRMR, FilterNJMIM, FilterPerformance, FilterVariance, mlr_filters
• Filter
Documentation reproduced from package mlr3filters, version 0.1.0, License: LGPL-3
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An Introduction to the Financial Markets
Make Financial Markets Work for You
a couple that understands financial markets
••• Photo: Blend Images/Moxie Productions
What are the financial markets? It can be confusing because they go by many terms. They include capital markets, Wall Street, and even simply "the markets.” Whatever you call them, financial markets are where traders buy and sell assets. These include stocks, bonds, derivatives, foreign exchange, and commodities. The markets are where businesses go to raise cash to grow. It’s where companies reduce risks and investors make money.
• Financial markets create liquidity that allows businesses to grow and entrepreneurs to raise money for their ventures.
• They reduce risk by having information publicly available to investors and traders.
• These markets calm the economy by instilling confidence in investors.
• Investor confidence stabilizes the economy.
Types of Financial Markets
Most people think about the stock market when talking about financial markets. They don't realize there are many kinds that accomplish different goals. Markets exchange a variety of products to help raise liquidity. Each market relies on each other to create confidence in investors. The interconnectedness of these markets means when one suffers, other markets will react accordingly.
The Stock Market
This market is a series of exchanges where successful corporations go to raise large amounts of cash to expand. Stocks are shares of ownership of a public corporation that are sold to investors through broker-dealers. The investors profit when companies increase their earnings. This keeps the U.S. economy growing. It's easy to buy stocks, but it takes a lot of knowledge to buy stocks in the right company.
To a lot of people, the Dow is the stock market. The Dow is the nickname for the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The DJIA is just one way of tracking the performance of a group of stocks. There is also the Dow Jones Transportation Average and the Dow Jones Utilities Average. Many investors ignore the Dow and instead focus on the Standard & Poor's 500 index or other indices to track the progress of the stock market. The stocks that make up these averages are traded on the world's stock exchanges, two of which include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq.
The market depends on the perceptions, actions, and decisions of both buyers and sellers concerning the profitabilities of the companies being traded.
Mutual funds give you the ability to buy a lot of stocks at once. In a way, this makes them an easier tool to invest in than individual stocks. By reducing stock market volatility, they have also had a calming effect on the U.S. economy. Despite their benefits, you still need to learn how to select a good mutual fund.
The Bond Market
When organizations need to obtain very large loans, they go to the bond market. When stock prices go up, bond prices go down. There are many different types of bonds, including Treasury Bondscorporate bonds, and municipal bonds. Bonds also provide some of the liquidity that keeps the U.S. economy functioning smoothly.
It's important to understand the relationship between Treasury bonds and Treasury bond yields. When Treasury bond values go down, the yields go up to compensate. When Treasury yields rise, so do mortgage interest rates. Even worse, when Treasury values decline, so does the value of the dollar. This makes import prices rise, which can trigger inflation.
Treasury yields can also predict the future. For example, an inverted yield curve heralds a recession.
The Commodities Market
A commodity market is where companies offset their futures risks when buying or selling natural resources. Since the prices of things like oil, corn, and gold are so volatile, companies can lock in a known price today. Since these exchanges are public, many investors also trade in commodities for profit only. For example, most investors have no intention of taking shipment of large quantities of pork bellies.
Oil is the most important commodity in the U.S. economy. It is used for transportation, industrial products, plastics, heating, and electricity generation. When oil prices rise, you'll see the effect in gas prices about a week later. If oil and gas prices stay high, you'll see the impact on food prices in about six weeks. The commodities futures market determines the price of oil.
Futures are a way to pay for something today that is delivered tomorrow. They increase a trader's leverage by allowing him or her to borrow the money to purchase the commodity.
The futures market removes some of the volatility in the U.S. economy. It allows businesses to control the future costs of the critical commodities they use every day.
Leverage can create outsize gains if traders guess right. It also magnifies the losses if traders guess wrong. If enough traders guess wrong, it can have a huge impact on the U.S. economy, actually increasing overall volatility.
Another important commodity is gold. It's bought as a hedge against inflation. Gold prices also go up when there is a lot of economic uncertainty in the world. In the past, every dollar could be traded in for its value in gold. When the U.S. went off the gold standard, it lost this relationship to money. Still, many people look at gold as a safer alternative to cash or currency.
Derivatives are complicated financial products that base their value on underlying assets. Sophisticated investors and hedge funds use them to magnify their potential gains. In 2007, hedge funds increased in popularity due to their supposed higher returns for high-end investors. Since hedge funds invest heavily in futures, some argued they decreased the volatility of the stock market and, therefore, the U.S. economy. The hedge fund investments in subprime mortgages and other derivatives caused the 2008 global financial crisis.
Even before this, hedge funds had demonstrated their risky nature. In 1997, the world's largest hedge fund at the time, Long Term Capital Management, practically brought down the U.S. economy.
Forex Trading
Forex trading is a decentralized global market in which currencies are bought and sold. About $6.6 trillion were traded per day in April 2019, and 88% involved the U.S. dollar. Almost one-fourth of the trades are done by banks for their customers to reduce the volatility of doing business overseas. Hedge funds are responsible for another 11%, and some of it is speculative.
This market affects exchange rates and, thus, the value of the dollar and other currencies. Exchange rates work on the basis of demand and supply of a nation’s currency, as well as of that nation’s economic and financial stability.
Functions of Financial Markets
Financial markets create an open and regulated system for companies to acquire large amounts of capital. This is done through the stock and bond markets. Markets also allow these businesses to offset risk. They do this with commodities, foreign exchange futures contracts, and other derivatives.
Since the markets are public, they provide an open and transparent way to set prices on everything traded. They reflect all available knowledge about everything traded. This reduces the cost of obtaining information because it's already incorporated into the price.
The sheer size of the financial markets provides liquidity. In other words, sellers can unload assets whenever they need to raise cash. The size also reduces the cost of doing business. Companies don't have to go far to find a buyer or someone willing to sell.
Article Table of Contents Skip to section
Article Sources
1. "Bonds." Accessed March 21, 2020.
2. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "Interest Rate Risk: When Interest Rates Go Up, Prices of Fixed-rate Bonds Fall." Accessed March 21, 2020.
3. "Commodities." Accessed March 21, 2020.
4. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Do Rises in Oil Prices Mean Rises in Food Prices?" Accessed March 21, 2020.
5. "Glossary: Derivatives." Accessed March 21, 2020.
6. BIS. "Turnover of OTC Foreign Exchange Instruments." Accessed March 22, 2020.
7. Iowa State University. "Introductory Notes on Financial Markets," Accessed March 21, 2020. |
Magnets come in a variety of sizes and unique forms like a bar, block, disc, sphere, pot, U shape and cylindrical, among others. The shape of a magnet, usually, has an influence on how it is used as well as the strength of its pull.
If you’re looking for magnets with a high level of magnetism and a large pull force from a relatively small surface pole area, cylindrical magnets are the best to go for. Cylindrical magnets have a thickness that is equal to or larger than the diameter, resulting in high Gauss values and a deep depth of field.
Applications of cylindrical magnets
The cylindrical shape comes in handy in various applications ranging from industrial to research to experimental uses. Let us take a look at a few applications of cylindrical magnets.
Find metal studs or nails inside a wall
Cylindrical magnets can be used to attract studs or nails behind a wall. These magnets, though small, are powerful enough to find metal objects lodged inside a drywall by merely dragging them across the wall. You can also tie a string around a cylindrical magnet and sway the string across the wall. The magnet will find its way to any ferromagnetic object inside the wall. Do not forget to stick a duct tape onto the magnet to avoid spoiling or scratching your walls or chipping your magnet.
Identifying counterfeit gold and silver coins
You can use a cylindrical magnet to identify counterfeit coins. Both silver and gold are non-magnetic metals. So when you keep a cylindrical magnet near a coin, it will not be attracted. However, counterfeit coins that have iron or steel content will stick to the magnets.
You can also spot counterfeit silver using a magnetic slide experiment. Silver is diamagnetic which means when a magnet comes in contact with silver, it repels or slides down.
To magnetise other objects and retaining magnetism for magnets
Cylindrical magnets are used to magnetise temporary magnets like paper clips, scissors, and staples, and for retaining magnetism for other magnets.
Easy to demonstrate axial and diametric magnetism
Cylindrical magnets are apt to exhibit the axial and diametric magnetism phenomenon. If you keep two cylindrical magnets with axial magnetism, the magnets are attracted on their largest flat surfaces. On the other hand, diametric magnets are attracted on their rounded edge.
Remove metallic impurities from various products
Several industries use cylindrical magnets to remove metallic impurities. Magnets are used to remove scrap metal from airport runways that might damage the tyres. Likewise, the food and pharmaceutical industries use cylindrical magnets to remove excess iron from their products. With the help of cylindrical magnets, you can also remove any impurities when manufacturing plastic, glass as well as ceramic products.
Separating the ore from metal
Magnets are also used in the mining industry for separating the ore from metal.
Applications in medical procedures and magnetic experiments
Cylindrical magnets are used as stirrers in the laboratory for magnetic experiments. They are also widely used in medical procedures. |
This food that they forage is carried in their pollen pouch. Well almost never - in the winter, about 5% of colonies may expire. bee life cycle. i have a bee hive in the roof of my house they dont bother me and i dont want to destroy them so should i wait till the end of the year to seal the hole in the brickwork to stop them coming back next year. Honey bee Apis mellifera on knapweed. Do not produce wax to construct the cells inside the nest instead different species use different materials to construct their cells and nests. Out in nature, orchard mason bees live in tunnels left behind by wood boring insects. Eggs are laid late spring to early summer in nests drilled out in dead wood. Queen bees live an average of three years, and drones live until they mate or for 90 days. The bees keep warm by consuming honey and bee bread. Nests may contain several eggs. Different bees have different functions, which means one’s lifespan might differ from another’s depending upon what the bee does. However, it is also possible they may live up to 90 days(3). To read more, see may page about the How long do carpenter bees live? In order to rob the nectar from the flowers, the carpenter bees end up using deep corollae to slit the side of the flowers. © 2020 How to get rid of bees | All rights reserved. This is when the colony is at its most productive, with workers busy collecting nectar and pollen for feeding the colony. Once the queen bee has mated, she will go into hibernation for the winter months. The bee life process has 4 major phases, but also the overall length of the period of time in between those stages can vary, depending upon species and functions inside the colony. How Long Do Bees Live? 4 Answers. varies, depending on the role of an individual bee within the colony. Like other invertebrates, bees are part of the whole interconnected web of life that makes up the ecosystem, each living organism playing its own part. A special enzyme in the pollen pouch mixed with the food and nectar that the bees forage. Within the short lifespan of 6 weeks, the worker bees manage to put in all efforts to make sure that the tasks they perform enhance and prolong the survival of the bee colony. how long do bees live? Accounts of how long bumble bees live, do vary between species and studies. In some cases, they live up to 20 times more than the worker bees. This is called âsupersedureâ. They don’t need to be provoked at all. 8 months ago. The life cycle of a honey bee is made up of four important stages. Go back from How Long Do Bees Live ? Read More Why Do Bees Build Hexagonal Honeycomb? Male bumble bees, like the worker bees live for a few weeks. The autumn-winter worker bees play an important role in keeping the queen bee warm during the cold winter months by huddling around the queen bee. the different solitary bees, where their lifecycles are explained: Explore bees' lifecycle and their average lifespan … Sterile worker bees tend to live for up to six weeks during summer and five months or more during winter. On the other hand unfertilised eggs laid by the queen bee are only laid in drones sized cells and they eventually hatch into the drone bees. Western honey bee, workers live up to 2 months, drones die just after mating, and queens known to live up to 15 years. At the time he was living in Bedford Park in the West of London. The colony life of bees is almost like what life would be living in a palace of a kingdom. Bee Facts December 2, 2019 December 18, 2019. Answer: Absolutely not! Below is a general comparison of species. The queen bee's abdomen is longer than the worker bees surrounding her and also longer than a male bee's. England. Honey bees live in sophisticated, well organised colonies - they are. Do You Know That Sweat Bees Sting And How To Get Rid Of Them Naturally, Killer Bees – How To Identify and Get Rid of Africanized Honey Bees, Differences Between Bees, Wasps, Yellow Jackets & Hornets, 14 Ways to Safely Control and Get Rid of Wasps and Signs of Wasp Nests Naturally, 15 Natural Ways to Get Rid of Bumble Bees, 18 Ways to Get Rid of Carpenter Bees (Wood Bees) Without Killing Them, How to Differentiate among Bees, Hornets, Yellow Jackets And Wasps, 7 Useful Homemade Wasp And Bee Spray – Kill Them Safely. Each cell of the hive has a single egg laid in it. If the colony runs short of honey, it will freeze to death before spring. colony could comprise between 50,000 and 60,000 bees, performing In some cases the maximum period that a drone bee lives up to is around 4 months. Depending on the kind of climatic conditions that the bumble bees are present in, their life expectancy may vary. These bumble bees are of course more prone to predator attack, and are also exposed to varying weather conditions. Even though solitary bees live fleeting lives, they work a hundred times harder. Honeybees. There are countless bee farms prevalent across the globe. Bumble bees also comprise of three different kinds. It might seem like a simple question, but it’s not as straightforward as you might think! Queen honey bees can sting multiple human beings and animals without dying. Because honey bees live in large, social colonies, the group can afford to sacrifice a few members in defense of their hive. Workers raised in the autumn have no brood to care for, since the queen stops producing eggs. On an average, the development of a queen bee takes place over a period of 16 days, while the full development cycles of the worker bees and drones bees are 21 and 24 days respectively. However, the book also points out that some will remain in the nest, but delay emergence for 7 or even 10 years! Generally speaking, the queen bee lives longer than any other type of bee. A honeybee hive is like a busy city, ruled by the queen. How Long Do Bees Live – Life Span of Different Types of Bees, Honey Bee Find out how long do bees live by each type of bees depending on the niche they play in the colony. One an average a worker bumble bee lives for 2 to 6 weeks. These include the queen bumble bees, the male bumble bees and the worker bumble bees. Honey bees live in sophisticated, well organised colonies - they are 'superorganisms'. Note, that upon mating with the queen, drones die The worker bees force the now useless drone bees from the hive, letting them starve. Carolyn March 27, 2020 at 4:41 pm - Reply. 0 0. What to Do for a Honey Bee Sting . Given the many species of solitary bees, it's difficult to provide a single summary. Each bee type has a specific role in the bee colony. Once the cycle of seasons has changed and it nears early summer again, many new queen bumble bees will be born in the colony. Here is the “expected” life cycle from start to finish. The average life expectancy of a worker bee is slightly different from that of the queen honey bee. Drones may live for just a few short weeks with drones that mate with queens having shorter lives since they die after mating. immediately. Lv 4. Bumble bees also comprise of three different kinds. What's the difference between honey, bumble and solitary bees? It's a harsh sentence, but one that's necessary for the colony's survival. How Long Do Queen Bees Live? The bumblebee is an important part of the environment. bee life cycle has 4 key stages, but even the length of time between In such a case, a new queen will be produced, and the old queen replaced. bee life cycle has 4 key stages, but even the length of time between They can be a real nuisance as they make nests in any nook and corner. Bee sting treatments and bee control methods, we’ve covered are based on our personal experiences and the shared wisdom of our team. Is it okay to kill bees to test insecticides? may thrive for longer, the lifecycles and lifespan of colony members may be quite different. The life span of a bee varies a lot depending on several factors. During the active season, the lifetime of a worker is five to six weeks. Bumble bees that live in tropical climatic conditions live longer lives than those bumble bees that live in cold weather conditions. The Worker bees are the smallest members of the colony, but have the largest number of individuals: a hive can contain 20,000 to 80,000 workers. |
Xuan Zang in Kathmandu
Petra Cave Monastery lay on the main Silk Road Highway where Chinese caravans on their way to or returning from the main markets of the day would spend their time on and off. The message the monk missionaries were giving out at the Petra Monastery greatly appealed to them and they in turn encouraged some of the monks to make the long journey back to mainland China accompanying them.
Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) (602 – 664) was born at the right time and at the right place. He was already an ordained monk, youthful and full of enthusiasm and had studied Taoist literature that was then available in China. He was very much attracted by what the visiting Kirati Mongolian monks had to offer and decided to follow them to the place where the Great Teacher was born and where he had turned the Wheel of Life.
During the years he spent in his quest, he had arrived in Kathmandu in 637 A.D. but was greatly disappointed at what he saw, that Deo (Hindu gods) being worshiped in Buddhist temples. (Please note, he uses Deo Worshiping instead of Hinduism and Western World for India because the words Hinduism and India were not yet invented.) After fifteen years travelling and learning through many parts of India and Nepal, Xuan Zang returned to China in 645 A.D. with 657 manuscript copies of Buddhist theology.
Xuan Zang had observed there was a lake in Kathmandu whose surface would catch fire if a burning stick was thrown into it. Fourteen centuries later, modern Chinese geologists have identified it to be source of natural gas, methane and are scientifically harvesting the gas for domestic consumption.
Yet another Chinese monk named Wang Hsuan Tse had been to Kathmandu at least three times between 643 and 664 A.D. and he too had collected manuscript copies of Mahayana Buddhism from Nepal.
It is relevant to note that those manuscripts are safely deposited in Chinese Archives and the ones from Nepal are bi-lingually written in Sanskrit and Newari. These manuscripts provide us with a vital clue that they were authored by Nepalese scholars and that they were written before the arrival of the Brahmins in Nepal because Brahmins do not read Newari.
Another Chinese monk Fa Hsien, in 441 A.D, on his return voyage from Sri Lanka, his ship was driven off course by cyclone and he force landed in an obscure island and he has recorded in his journal that the native population to be Deo Worshippers.
Photo: Courtesy Wikipedia
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Meaning Christmas Of
Meaning Christmas Of
REPLENISH Meaning: "to fill up," from re- here probably an intensive prefix, + -plenir, from Latin plenus "full" (from PIE See definitions of replenish. · Replenish definition: If you replenish something, you make it full or complete again.
| Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples. · Christmas, Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. The English term Christmas (“mass on Christ’s day”) is of fairly recent origin. The earlier term Yule may have derived from the Germanic jōl or the Anglo-Saxon geōl, which referred to the feast of the winter solstice. Replenish definition, to make full or complete again, as by supplying what is lacking, used up, etc.: to replenish one's stock of food.
See more. Replenish definition is - to fill or build up again. How to use replenish in a sentence. Etymology "Christmas" is a shortened form of "Christ's mass".The word is recorded as Crīstesmæsse in and Cristes-messe in Crīst (genitive Crīstes) is from Greek Khrīstos (Χριστός), a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ (מָשִׁיחַ), "Messiah", meaning "anointed"; and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist.
· These had their origins both in pagan beliefs and the beliefs of Christianity: Green: The colour of the tree and the holly branch, green was used to remind people that new life would return to the Red: The colour of cranberries, holly berries, Santa's suit and the robin's breast, red is believed.
10 Symbols of Christmas and What They Mean 1. Angels. The angels proclaimed the news of the Savior’s birth. They sang, “Glory to God in the highest” and proclaimed 2. Bells. Bells ring out to guide lost sheep back to the fold. The Christmas bell signifies that all are precious in His 3. · Most of us would assume it originates from the word Christ, as the whole idea of Christmas is to celebrate the birth of Jesus (no, it's not just about the presents).
To a point that is. It is the purpose of this tract to take the words, "Merry Christmas" and examine the true meaning and essence of those words. A true Christian would want to examine everything they say, because Jesus said in Matthew"But I say unto you, that every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgement. KJV Dictionary Definition: replenish replenish. REPLEN'ISH, v.t. L. re and plenus, full. 1. To fill; to stock with numbers or abundance. The magazines are replenished with corn.
The springs are replenished with water. Multiply and replenish the earth. Gen. 1. 2. To finish; to complete. Not in use. REPLEN'ISH, v.i. To recover former fullness. · Christmas (or “the Mass of Christ”) has long been known as the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, and the celebration first began to be observed in the early fourth century. However, some traditions associated with Christmas actually began as a part of pagan culture; these were “Christianized” and given new meaning by the church.
The word Christmas comes from Middle English Cristemasse, which in turn comes from Old English Cristes-messe, literally meaning Christ’s Mass.
Of course, we are not talking about the physical mass of Christ’s body. The origin of mass, in the Christian sense of the word, is not entirely clear. · The Origin and Meaning of the Christmas Tree. Do you think we should get a Christmas tree? Christmas has always been a warm and wonderful time of year for our family.
We love all of the traditions. Our kids get very excited when, on the first Sunday of Advent, we pull out the decorations and put up the tree. This year, however, I'm having doubts. Origin of the Christmas Tree.
No article about Christmas is complete without some explanation of the “Christmas tree.” We have touched on it without directly focusing on it. The modern Christmas tree originated in Germany. But the Germans got it from the Romans, who got. · History of Christmas lights. The idea of using lights as decoration at Christmas was something that had been taking place for some time.
The first illuminated Christmas trees were lit with candles, but even before the age of Christmas, light played an important part in ancient festivities that took place around this time of the year. What does ‘replenish the earth’ mean? by Charles V. Taylor. Question: Genesis in the King James Version (KJV) contains the expression ‘replenish the earth’. Some have used this translation to support the ‘gap theory’, also known as the ‘Ruin-Reconstruction theory’, which involves the necessity for God to re-fill the earth after a pre-Adamic race had perished as a result of.
· The history of Christmas trees goes back to the symbolic use of evergreens in ancient Egypt and Rome and continues with the German tradition of candlelit. Definition: Replenish refers to the action of refilling petty cash funds. In other words, it means reimbursing expenses made with petty cash. What Does Replenish Mean?
The concept of replenishing is associated with petty cash funds, mostly managed through petty cash boxes. These funds are used for small day-to-day operations and expenses. As these funds. The True Origin of "Christmas" It is indeed strange that a day never mentioned or sanctioned in the Bible should become the chief so-called "Christian" holiday of the entire year -- a day never celebrated by Yeshua the Messiah, or his apostles, or the early New Testament Ecclesia of YEHOVAH God!
· "The meaning of Christmas, you see, my dear son, Is not about presents and just having fun. But the gift of a Father—His own precious Son— So the world would be saved when His work was all done." Now the little boy smiled with a tear in his eye, As snowflakes kept falling from out of the sky— Rang louder the bell as the people walked by. Origin of the Christmas Tree QUESTION: What is the origin of the Christmas tree? ANSWER: The Christmas tree today is a common custom to most of us.
There are many interesting connections to ancient traditions such as Egyptian and Roman customs, early Christian practices, and Victorian nostalgia. However, most scholars point to Germany as being. But there is no need. Once you know that “replenish” means “fill,” you will never again be mistaken about its meaning. And is the word really archaic? Not at all! Just look at all these “modern” Bible versions that still use the word “replenish:” / Darby Roman Catholic Douay-Rheims American Standard Version (ASV).
· Replenishment definition: Replenishment is the process by which something is made full or complete again. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples. The origin of the adjective spruce, meaning "neat" or "trim," is less clear. It may come from spruce leather, of which fine jerkins (a tight vest-like garment in style at the time) were once made.
English author Thomas Nashe in wrote of "a Broker, in a spruce leather jerkin with a great number of golde Rings on his fingers.".
True, the commission proposed and the Chamber adopted a vote of censure upon Crispis conduct inwhen, as premier and minister of the interior, he had borrowed ~1 2, from Favilla to replenish the secret service fund, and had subsequently repaid the money as instalments for secret service were in due course furnished by the treasury.
Need translations for replenish? Here's how you say it in ${totalLanguages} languages. HUMILIATE Meaning: "to humble," from humilis "lowly, humble," literally "on the ground," from humus "earth," from PIE root See definitions of humiliate. Mincemeat, in its original incarnation of a mixture of chopped meat mixed with dried fruits, sugar, and spices was a way to stretch a meat supply and use up leftovers. Over time, less and less meat was included in the recipe, so that the mincemeat we know today is made entirely from fruits, sugar, alcohol, and sometimes, in a nod to its origins.
· Bible Says Christmas Is Time of Blessing. In the mad rush of the holiday season, the true meaning of giving is often forgotten. What is meant to be a time of blessing and joy becomes instead, a time of stress and depression.
Recently, as I was praying for the church and the nations of the world, a great sorrow began to rise up inside of me. The 'replenish' aspect would make no sense if there were no need to replenish 'from'. I will stand corrected if it is not accusative, but I believe it is the best way to explain why the KJV chose 'replenish', rather than full, or fullness, which doesn't make contextual sense(IMO).
Christmas is the season of greatest spiritual light. During this age of alternating cycles there is an ebb and flow of the spiritual light as well as of the waters in the ocean. The early Christian church marked the conception in the fall of the year, and to this day the event is. · To me, above all, Christmas is a condition of the heart. Until one feels the spirit of Christmas, there is no Christmas. We must, therefore, appreciate the real meaning and embrace its true spirit: Giving In order to embrace the true meaning of Christmas, we need to reach down within ourselves and be willing to give ourselves and others our love.
replenish translations: 補充；把 再備足；重新裝滿. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Chinese traditional Dictionary. But I am sure I have always thought of Christmas time, when it has come round—apart from the veneration due to its sacred name and origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that—as a good time; a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time; the only time I know of, in the long calendar of the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely, and.
Christmas is not about the Savior's infancy; it is about His deity. The humble birth of Jesus Christ was never intended to conceal the reality that God was being born into the world. But the modern world's version of Christmas does just that.
And consequently for the greater part of humanity, Christmas has no legitimate meaning at all. "Replenish" was not "just the old word for fill" as some assert, because WycliffeCoverdale and the Geneva Bible all read "FILL the earth".
So the King James Bible translators made a conscious and deliberate choice to use the word "replenish". The word "replenish" in the King James Bible is an exact synonym of the word "fill". Originally a poem written by Catholic clerics, the 12 Days of Christmas was transformed into a carol at a time when celebrating the twelve days of Christmas was one of the most important holiday. · Thus, the most traditional option is to decorate the tree on Christmas Eve, although many people prefer to do it earlier, such as the beginning of Advent, the period of preparation for Christmas.
We do not have to revise the meaning of the Bible every time science. The name Christmas is of English origin, and is used mostly in English speaking countries but also in a few other countries and languages of the world.
If you consider naming your baby Christmas we recommend you take note of the special meaning and history of the name as your baby’s name will play a big role in its life and your baby will. 20 hours ago · Why is it called Christmas? The origin and meaning of the name explained. Novem 4 min read SFH Admin. Generic selectors. Exact matches only. Exact matches only. Search in title. Search in title. Search in content.
Search in content. Search in excerpt. · For generations, Christmas carols were sung by the world everywhere during the holiday season, but the evolution of the familiar songs may be much different from popular perception.
The very first recorded vestiges of what became Christmas songs came way before the commercialized holiday, in ancient, second-century Rome. The word "Christmas"itself reveals who married paganism to Christianity. The word "Christmas" is a combination of the words "Christ" and "Mass.
The word "Mass" means death and was coined originally by the Roman Catholic Church, and belongs exclusively to the church of Rome. Founder and Pastor General of The Restored Church of God, Editor-in-Chief of The Real Truth magazine, and voice of The World to Come program, David C. Pack has reached many millions around the globe with the most powerful truths of the Bible—unknown to almost all.
He has authored 80 books and booklets, personally established over 50 congregations, and appeared as a guest on The History. The ‘modern’ Christmas tree tradition is thought to have originated in 16th century Germany, where small evergreen trees were decorated with the likes of candles, apples, nuts, and berries as “Paradise trees” in church plays. Over time, devout Christians integrated these decorated trees into their homes during the holiday season.
The tradition, which became a Christian ritual, began to. © 2014-2021 |
Green Gold
We at Sequoyah believe in beautiful results without compromise. All Sequoyah gold is eco-friendly Green Gold, sourced 100% from reclaimed and recycled gold rather than from toxic mining processes.
Environmental Impact of Mining Gold
When we think of gold, we tend to think of gold rushes and romantic movies about the past. But gold is no longer mined by individual miners with pick axes, or prospectors using panning for flakes in running streams.
Gold today is found almost exclusively in very low concentrations – less than 10 grams per ton of ore—which can be imagined as 10 paperclips' worth of gold to one small car's worth of rock. To extract this minute amount of gold requires the creation of huge open-pit mines, where ore is blasted and pulverized into a fine powder, and then chemicals used to leach the gold from the rest of the matter. Cyanide is one chemical that is often used to dissolve and extract gold, and can be harmful to humans and wildlife even with little exposure.
Cyanide used in gold mining can leach into the soil and groundwater surrounding a mine. In Romania in 2000, a cyanide groundwater contamination affected drinking water supplies for over 2.5 million people—and countless fish, birds and other animals perished.
In addition to groundwater contamination, there is the ecological issue of how to dispose the unwanted ore "slurry" left over after extraction.
Metals mining produces more toxic pollution than any other industry. In the US, metal mining is responsible for 96% of arsenic emissions and 76% of lead emissions. Every year, US mines generate an amount of waste equivalent in weight to almost nine times the trash produced by all US cities and towns combined.
To understand the size of the problem, the gold needed to create an average 18-karat gold ring results in 20 tons of mining waste and pollution.
In additional to the environmental impact gold mining has on miners and people living near the mines, gold mining operations are sometimes a source of human rights abuses.
Sequoyah Green Gold
Our rule at Sequoyah is "Uncompromising Performance." We refuse to compromise on the quality of our products, the excellence of our customer service—and we also refuse to compromise on our responsibility to our world and its people. We believe that beauty is only one part of the equation.
All of our gold jewelry is eco-friendly. Sequoyah sells only Green Gold, gold that has been recycled to eliminate the waste, pollution and human rights abuses related to mining.
If you purchase gold from Sequoyah, you can be comfortable in knowing it is produced responsibly. |
Ground Source Heating
Ground Source Heating
Ground source heat pumps work by using heat stored in the ground from the sun’s solar radiation to supply all of the energy required for a home’s heating and hot water system.
The efficiency of a ground source heat pump is measured in Coefficient of Performance (CoP). This is the ratio of units of heat output for each unit of electricity used to drive the compressor and pump for the ground loop. A CoP of 4 means that for every kilowatt of electricity put in, you get 4 kilowatts of energy in the form of warm water. The flow temperature of the warm water is typically between 35 degrees Centigrade and 45 degrees Centigrade; much lower than achieved by a domestic boiler. The units can reach higher temperatures, but the CoP is then compromised. Keeping the temperature at the lower end of the scale ensures the system operates efficiently.
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Childcare is a term that suggests children are simply being cared for. Early learning is more than that. It is care plus education.
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Iron supplements are widely available, particularly in homes with small children and young women. Women of childbearing age with iron available at home are at risk of intentional iron overdose due to the impact of maternal stress. The attractiveness of the brightly colored sugar-coated tablets and improper storage of iron make children susceptible to ingestion, serious toxicity, and death.1 The 1997 federal requirement that all preparations containing >30 milligrams of elemental iron be distributed only in blister packs and the implementation of mandated warning labels from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration coincided with the reduction of pediatric iron poisonings and deaths.2,3 Despite the rescindment of the blister pack requirement in 2003, serious iron poisonings in children have remained low.4
Excess iron in overdose may saturate the body’s mechanisms for iron homeostatis, allowing for unbound (“free”) iron to cause organ toxicity. Due to its reactivity with oxygen, iron is always bound to a carrier molecule under normal circumstances. Carrier molecules include transferrin (serum protein), ferritin (intracellular storage), and iron-containing proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and other enzymes and cofactors). The body cannot directly excrete iron, so regulation of GI iron uptake and limitation of absorption by sloughing of mucosal cells containing surplus iron are the principal mechanisms for maintaining physiologic iron concentrations.
The oral bioavailability of iron depends on the formulation ingested (Table 198-1) along with body iron stores (increased with iron deficiency anemia) and ingestion with food or fasting (increased in fasting state). The bioavailability of ionic iron preparations is low, about 10% to 15% for ferrous (Fe2+) salts and about 5% for ferric (Fe3+) salts. Most dietary iron is in the ferric form chelated to a heme moiety. Following ingestion, the ferric ion is separated from heme and reduced to ferrous iron by a brush border ferrireductase. Iron chelated with heme, such as that found in meat, is more readily absorbed than tablets of ionic iron or nonheme iron in plants. Commercially available formulations of iron chelated with amino acids (e.g., glycinate) mimic dietary meat, with bioavailability about twice that of ferrous sulfate.
TABLE 198-1Iron Formulations and Elemental Iron Composition
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also has fixed accent.[75]. In the papyri, at first the accents were used only sporadically, specifically for helping readers to pronounce Greek poetry correctly, and the grave accent could be used on any non-accented syllable. But the word δεσπότης despótēs 'master' has a vocative accented on the first syllable: The majority of 2nd declension nouns have recessive accent, but there are a few oxytones, and a very few with an accent in between (neither recessive nor oxytone) or contracted: Words of the 'Attic' declension ending in -ως -ōs can also be either recessive or oxytone:[68]. Here the whole sentence rises up to the emphatic word δράκων drákōn 'serpent': In English before a comma, the voice tends to remain raised, to indicate that the sentence is not finished, and this appears to be true of Greek also. In the indicative of most verbs, other than contracting verbs, the accent is recessive, meaning it moves as far back towards the beginning of the word as allowed by the length of the last vowel. Devine and Stephens, citing a similar phenomenon in the music of the Nigerian language Hausa, comment: 'This is not a mismatch but reflects a feature of phrase intonation in fluent speech.'[36]. But some -ιον -ion words are recessive, especially those with a short antepenultimate: As with the first declension, the accent on 2nd declension oxytone nouns such as θεός theós 'god' changes to a circumflex in the genitive and dative (singular, dual, and plural):[70], But those in the Attic declension retain their acute:[71]. [109] When it follows an elision, ἐστίν estín is also accented on the final: However, the 3rd person singular ἐστί estí also has a strong form, ἔστι ésti, which is used 'when the word expresses existence or possibility (i.e. The acute also remains before an enclitic word such as ἐστί estí 'is': In the words τίς; tís? Place the tread of your shoe lightly, don't make a noise! I'm 1st generation to be born in the UK and so I went to greek school. It differs from the classical pronunciation in that 'γ' is like a 'y' preceeding 'ε', 'η', 'ι'. Click on the flag to see a drop down menu with a Greek flag. Thus: The following are exceptions and have the accent on a different syllable in the plural or the accusative singular: Words ending in -ευς -eus are all oxytone, but only in the nominative singular. However, if plural or prefixed, these imperatives are recessive: The strong aorist imperative middle of all verbs (2nd person singular only) is perispomenon:[107]. Switch to a Greek keyboard layout, and hit « ; » before the vowel, that should place an acute accent above. These three marks are called acute (τόν), grave (τὸ), and circumflex (τῶν). Exception 1: The following words have the accent on a different syllable in the plural: The accusative singular and plural has the same accent as the nominative plural given above. Several examples in the music illustrate this rise in pitch before a comma, for example Καλλιόπεια σοφά Kalliópeia sophá 'wise Calliope' illustrated above, or in the first line of the Hymn to Nemesis ('Nemesis, winged tilter of the scales of life'): There are almost no examples in the music of an oxytone word at the end of a sentence except the following, where the same phrase is repeated at the end of a stanza. Some examples are: The circumflex, which represented a falling tone, is found only on long vowels or on diphthongs, and only on the final or penultimate syllable of the word: The grave is found, as an alternative to an acute, only on the last syllable of a word. 102 et seq. The accent in the nominative plural and in the accusative singular and plural is usually on the same syllable as the nominative singular, unless this would break the three-syllable rule. Here the pitch drops and the accent appears to be retracted to the penultimate syllable: This, however, contradicts the description of the ancient grammarians, according to whom a grave became an acute (implying that there was a rise in pitch) at the end of a sentence just as it does before a comma.[47]. Su… You do not have to know why they occur where they do, but pay attention to them as you pronounce the word. The words (mólete sunómaimon hína Phoîbon ōidaîsi mélpsēte khruseokóman) mean: 'Come, so that you may hymn with songs your brother Phoebus, the Golden-Haired': However, not all sentences follow this rule, but some have an upwards trend, as in the clause below from the first Delphic hymn, which when restored reads τρίποδα μαντεῖον ὡς εἷλ[ες ὃν μέγας ἐ]φρούρει δράκων trípoda manteîon hōs heîl[es hòn mégas e]phroúrei drákōn 'how you seized the prophetic tripod which the great snake was guarding'. For example, in one papyrus, the word ὸρὲιχάλκωι òrèikhálkōi 'to brass' is written with grave accents on the first two syllables, in case any reader should mistakenly read the first part of the word as ὄρει órei 'to a mountain'.[6]. In the following centuries many other grammarians wrote about Greek accentuation. Another place where a circumflex sometimes has a level note in the music is when it occurs in a penultimate syllable of a word, with the fall only coming in the following syllable. The “when” in this section refers to which words show their stress explicitly with an accent mark in Modern Greek. In Ancient Greek they denoted a pitch accent related to the length of vowels, but in Modern Greek they serve as a stress accent. MODERN GREEK DIACRITIC MARKS: STRESS MARK ↑ All you have read above, all this complicated polytonic system with its little marks and gadgets is obsolete now. Exception 5: Some adjectives, but not all, move the accent to the antepenultimate when neuter: Exception 6: The following adjective has an accent on the second syllable in the forms containing -αλ- -al-: Oxytone words, that is, words with an acute on the final syllable, have their own rules. Rhythmically these always correspond exactly but the word accents in the antistrophe generally do not match those in the strophe. When the accent is a circumflex, the music often shows a fall from a higher note to a lower one within the syllable itself, exactly as described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus; examples are the words Μουσῶν Mousôn 'of the Muses' and εὐμενεῖς eumeneîs 'favourable' in the prayer illustrated above. Mycenaean Greek includes all words written in Linear B, an earli… In polytonic Greek, tonos is a generic name for any accent mark Accent mark on Wikipedia In performance the pitch would have been at least a minor third lower.[27]. When a word such as ἀγαθός agathós 'good' with final accent is followed by a pause (that is, whenever it comes at the end of a clause, sentence, or line of verse),[1] or by an enclitic word such as the weak form of ἐστίν estín 'is' (see below), the accent is written as an acute: However, when the word does not come before a pause or an enclitic, the acute accent is replaced by a grave: It is generally assumed that when a word was written with a grave it indicates that there was no rise in pitch, or only a small one. He introduced punctuation and accent marks for Greek for the teaching of Homer. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st century BC), the melody of speech is confined to an interval 'of about a 5th'. Dionysius of Halicarnassus gives an example from the music written by Euripides for his play Orestes. But in the aorist passive, in the compounded aorist active of βαίνω baínō 'I go', and in all tenses of other athematic verbs, it is non-recessive: The optative similarly is recessive in regular verbs in the same tenses. Mercerus, Paris, 1565) deals with the subject at greater length (the same treatise in Arabic may be found in Wickes, Poetical Accentuation, pp. The genitive and dative of all these personal pronouns has a circumflex, except for the datives ἐμοί emoí, σοί soí, and σφίσι sphísi: The oblique cases of ἐγώ egṓ, σύ sú 'you (sg. In a retrenching effort, Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark. [13], The ancient Greek accent, at least in nouns, appears to have been inherited to a large extent from the original parent language from which Greek and many other European and Indian languages derive, Proto-Indo-European. what?' Do not grieve at all': A higher pitch is also used for proper names and for emphatic words, especially in situations where a non-basic word-order indicates emphasis or focus. Normally in a sentence, whenever an oxytone word is followed by a non-enclitic word, the acute is changed to a grave; but before a pause (such as a comma, colon, full stop, or verse end), it remains an acute: (Not all editors follow the rule about verse end.)[1]. The genitive plural has a circumflex: The following are irregular in formation, but the accent moves in the same way: γυνή gunḗ 'woman' and κύων kúōn 'dog' follow the same pattern: The words πατήρ patḗr 'father', μήτηρ mḗtēr 'mother', θυγάτηρ thugátēr 'daughter', γαστήρ gastḗr 'stomach', ἀνήρ anḗr 'man' are similar, but vary in some details: There are some irregularities. ψυχοπομπός psukhopompós 'soul-escorting'. Ancient Greek had a tonal or pitch accent, not a stress accent such as is found in Latin, English, and many European languages. However, sometimes there is no fall within the accented syllable, but the circumflex is set to a single note, as in τερπνῶν terpnôn 'delightful' or Λατοῦς Latoûs 'of Leto' above. The distinction in Greek between circumflex and acute accent appears to be a Greek development, and does not go back to Proto-Indo-European. The three marks used to indicate accent in ancient Greek, the acute (´), circumflex (῀), and grave (`) are said to have been invented by the scholar Aristophanes of Byzantium, who was head of the famous library of Alexandria in Egypt in the early 2nd century BC. But a two-syllabled enclitic has one after a paroxytone word (otherwise the accent would come more than three syllables from the end of the combined word). One difference between Greek and Vedic, however, is that in Greek words the accent is always found in one of the last three syllables, whereas in Vedic (and presumably in Proto-Indo-European) it could come anywhere in the word. Example: typing u produces θ. David Holton, Peter Mackridge, Vassilios Spyropoulos (2012). why? Listen to your teacher pronounce the words and it will quickly become automatic. 2. But the following is usually printed with an acute: As with the active imperative, the plurals always have a recessive accent: The subjunctive of regular thematic verbs in the present tense or the weak or strong aorist tense is recessive, except for the aorist passive: It is also recessive in the verb εἶμι eîmi 'I go' and verbs ending in -υμι -umi:[108]. When negative, ἔστι ésti is customarily written with its strong form, but φησί phēsí is enclitic: The strong form ἔστι ésti is also written after εἰ ei 'if', ὡς hōs 'since', ἀλλ᾽ all᾽ 'but', τοῦτ᾽ toût᾽ 'this', according to Herodian.[94]. [50] Thus there is no downtrend in phrases such as τόνδε πάγον tónde págon 'this crag' or ἵνα Φοῖβον hína Phoîbon 'so that Phoebus', where in each case the second word is more important than the first: Phrases containing a genitive, such as Λατοῦς γόνε Latoûs góne 'Leto's son' quoted above, or μῆρα ταύρων mêra taúrōn 'thighs of bulls' in the illustration below from the first Delphic hymn, also have no downdrift, but in both of these the second word is slightly higher than the first: One problem which has been discussed concerning the relationship between music and word accent is what may have happened in choral music which was written in pairs of corresponding stanzas known as strophe and antistrophe. My standard layout also has polytonic accents, and a bunch of other greek symbols with the altGr modifier, but I don't know if windows is alike. ; But remember that an accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short. If the gamma is followed by a second g (gamma), or followed by k (kappa), x (xsi), or c (chi), then the gamma is pronounced with an "n" sound, called a gamma nasal. )', ἕ hé, and σφεῖς spheîs can also be used enclitically when they are unemphatic (see below under Enclitics), in which case they are written without accents. Devine and Stephens also note that it is also possible from the Delphic hymns to get some indication of the intonation of Ancient Greek. harvp error: no target: CITEREFProbert2004 (, harvp error: no target: CITEREFFaulkner2017 (, "Tone-to-stress and stress-to-tone: Ancient Greek accent revisited", "La loi de Bartoli: Une loi de rétraction iambique de l'accent en grec ancien? When the signs for the notes in Greek music are transcribed into modern musical notation, it can be seen that an acute accent is generally followed by a fall, sometimes extending over two syllables. including Modern Greek. This rule also applies to verbs and nouns: But it does not apply to minor words such as prepositions or ἀλλά allá 'but': The retracted accent was always an acute. Examples are ἔχεις τρίποδα ékheis trípoda 'you have a tripod' or μέλπετε δὲ Πύθιον mélpete dè Púthion 'sing the Pythian' in the 2nd Delphic hymn. When it means 'someone' or 'a certain', it is enclitic (see below under Enclitics): The accent on τίς tís is fixed and does not move to the ending in the genitive or dative. Therefore there are 2 vowel sounds. Greek Pronunciation Guide: Gamma Nasal, Accent Marks Gamma Nasal A standalone g (gamma) is usually pronounced with a hard G sound, like the "G" sound in God. [12] The Greek terms for the diacritics are nominalized feminine adjectives that originally modified the feminine noun προσῳδία and agreed with it in gender. On Wiktionary, the word “Greek” is shorthand for Modern Greek. In the 1st and 2nd declension, oxytone words change the accent to a circumflex in the genitive and dative. The vocative of 1st declension nouns usually has the accent on the same syllable as the nominative. Switch to a Greek keyboard layout, and hit « ; » before the vowel, that should place an acute accent above. Example: typing c produces ψ. However, there are some exceptions. Cookies help us deliver our Services. Click on the keyboard viewer to see which keys produce which letters and accents (Pressing shift changes the contents of the viewer). The law affected words like the following: The accent shift described by Vendryes's Law seems to have affected mainly adjectives. Exception 2: In locative expressions and verbs in the optative mood a final -οι -oi or -αι -ai counts as a long vowel: The third principle of Greek accentuation is that, after taking into account the Law of Limitation and the σωτῆρα (sōtêra) Law, the accent in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns remains as far as possible on the same syllable (counting from the beginning of the word) in all the cases, numbers, and genders. By the time of the New Testament, though, these pitch variations had begun to be replaced by simple stress accent. Almost all Greek words are written with one and only one accent mark. [112], The future of the verb 'to be' has its accent on the verb itself even when prefixed:[107]. One was that (some) properispomenon words were pronounced paroxytone. [25], However, although the fragments of earlier music sometimes show a mismatch, the Delphic hymns in particular appear to show a very close relationship between the music and the word accents, with all but three of the 180 analysable words matching. The last syllable counts as light if it ends in a short vowel, or if it ends in a short vowel followed by no more than one consonant, or if the word ends in -οι -oi or -αι -ai, as in the above examples. "Serbo-Croatian pitch accent". The marks for each question are shown in brackets • – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. It would not be surprising therefore to find that it was a feature of Greek speech also. One place where a circumflex can be a single note is in phrases where a noun is joined with a genitive or an adjective. The written accents were used only sporadically at first, and did not come into common use until after 600 AD. Also, this is probably really vague so ask anything you need to. [22] It was not until the 4th century AD that poems began to be written in which the accent played a role (see below). The following are accented on the second syllable: But the following are accented on the first: Enclitics are words which have no accent themselves, but place an accent on the word they follow. As the Greek language became a world language, spreading to lands where it was not indigenous, the subtleties of pitch were being lost. ', however, the accent always remains acute, even if another word follows: When a noun or adjective is used in different cases, a final acute often changes to a circumflex. In the classical period (5th–4th century BC) word accents were not indicated in writing, but from the 2nd century BC onwards various diacritic marks were invented, including an acute, circumflex, and grave accent, which indicated a high pitch, a falling pitch, and a low or semi-low pitch respectively. Before broaching the real issue - that of Greeks’ attitude - I’ll give a personal perspective on the reconstructed pronunciation itself. There are apparently some, however, who mention a 'reversed circumflex', presumably referring to this rising accent. Nonetheless, you should be able to recognize these editorial marks because they can be important for philological reasons. It appears that with certain long-voweled enclitics, such as που, πως, πῃ, πω pou, pōs, pēi, pō, Herodian recommended that they should be left unaccented when another enclitic followed. 2. paroxytone = a word which has an acute on the penult, e.g., λόγος. [7] Another important authority was Apollonius Dyscolus,[8] the father of Herodian. This law is used to explain the paroxytone accent in words such as the following: Similar words and endings in Sanskrit are regularly accented on the final syllable, and active compounds which do not have a dactylic rhythm often have final accent, e.g. The acute was the most commonly used of these; it could be found on any of the last three syllables of a word. The name Δημήτηρ Dēmḗtēr 'Demeter' changes its accent to accusative Δήμητρα Dḗmētra, genitive Δήμητρος Dḗmētros, dative Δήμητρι Dḗmētri. ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ ho, hē, hoi, hai are written ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ when the meaning is 'who, which'; and οὐ ou is written οὔ if it ends a sentence. In the second sentence, where the order is object – subject – verb, the word χρόνος khrónos 'time' has the highest pitch, as if emphasised: Another circumstance in which no downtrend is evident is when a non-lexical word is involved, such as ἵνα hína 'so that' or τόνδε tónde 'this'. It also has mobile accent in the genitive and dative: Ordinals all have recessive accent, except those ending in -στός -stós: The personal pronouns are the following:[87]. In the music, a word with a grave frequently has no accent at all, and is set to a single level note, as in these examples from the 2nd Delphic hymn, ὃν ἔτικτε Λατὼ μάκαιρα hòn étikte Latṑ mákaira 'whom blessed Leto bore' and τότε λιπὼν Κυνθίαν νᾶσον tóte lipṑn Kunthían nâson 'then, leaving the Cynthian island', in which the words Λατὼ Latṑ 'Leto' and λιπὼν lipṑn 'having left' have no raised syllables: However, occasionally the syllable with the grave can be slightly higher than the rest of the word. This can be seen by comparing the accent of Greek words with the accent of words in the Vedic hymns (the most ancient form of the Sanskrit language of India). It is believed that this change took place around 2nd–4th century AD, at around the same time that the distinction between long and short vowels was also lost. The story was told of an actor who, in a performance of Euripides' play Orestes, instead of pronouncing γαλήν᾽ ὁρῶ galḗn᾽ horô 'I see a calm sea', accidentally said γαλῆν ὁρῶ galên horô 'I see a weasel', provoking laughter in the audience and mockery the following year in Aristophanes' Frogs.[83]. When an accent is combined with a diaeresis mark, as in νηΐ nēḯ, the accent is written on top. In all other cases the accent is on the ε e or η ē: In the genitive and dative singular, dual and plural, monosyllables usually move the accent to the final syllable. This also applies to the dual and plural, and to the definite article: However, oxytone words in the 'Attic' declension keep their acute in the genitive and dative:[61], 3rd declension nouns like βασιλεύς basileús 'king' change the acute to a circumflex in the vocative and dative singular and nominative plural:[62], Adjectives of the type ἀληθής alēthḗs 'true' change the acute to a circumflex in all the cases which have a long vowel ending:[63], Adjectives of the type ἡδύς hēdús 'pleasant' change the acute to a circumflex in the dative singular and nominative and accusative plural:[64], The following words have no accent, only a breathing:[59]. If a name starts with a diphthong, the accent is written above the second letter. When enclitic, ἐμέ emé, ἐμοῦ emoû, and ἐμοί emoí are shortened to με me, μου mou, and μοι moi: The accented form is usually used after a preposition: The pronouns αὐτός autós 'he himself', ἑαυτόν heautón 'himself (reflexive)', and ὅς hós 'who, which' change the accent to a circumflex in the genitive and dative: Pronouns compounded with -δε -de 'this' and -τις -tis are accented as if the second part was an enclitic word. [18] Thus in a word like ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos 'man', the first syllable was pronounced on a higher pitch than the others, but not necessarily any louder. The definite article in the nominative singular and plural masculine and feminine just has a rough breathing, and no accent: Otherwise the nominative and accusative have an acute accent, which in the context of a sentence, is written as a grave: The genitive and dative (singular, plural and dual), however, are accented with a circumflex: 1st and 2nd declension oxytones, such as θεός theós, are accented the same way as the article, with a circumflex in the genitive and dative. tonos (Modern Greek) – the single accent used in monotonic Greek spelling; officially it is identical to an acute accent, but it may have other appeareances in different fonts. ὁρά-ω horá-ō 'I see' is contracted to ὁρῶ horô with a circumflex, combining the high and low pitches of the previous vowels. Every Greek word of at least two syllables gets one accent indicating which syllable has primary stress. (This also applies to the adjective πᾶς pâs 'all' but only in the singular.) 3. [5], Some scholars, such as the Russian linguist Nikolai Trubetzkoy, have suggested that because there is usually no fall after a grave accent, the rise in pitch which was heard at the end of a clause was phonologically not a true accent, but merely a default phrasal tone, such as is heard in languages like Luganda. -- … The Ancient Greek accent is believed to have been a melodic or pitch accent. However, most modern editors ignore this second rule, and print εἴ πού τις eí poú tis 'if anyone anywhere' rather than εἴ που τις eí pou tis. Although Herodian's book does not survive in full, an epitome (abridgement) was made of it around AD 400 which still survives. Select the Greek flag to switch your keyboard to a Greek Unicode keyboard. 3. proparoxytone = a word which has an acute on the antepenult, e.g.… When this happens they put an accent on the word before them and lose their own accent: But both verbs can also begin a sentence, or follow a comma, or an elision, in which case they are not enclitic. When a verb is preceded by an augment, the accent goes no further back than the augment itself: Contracting verbs are underlyingly recessive, that is, the accent is in the same place it had been before the vowels contracted. [122], The Doric dialect also had certain peculiarities. But τινές tinés can also sometimes begin a sentence, in which case it is non-enclitic and has an accent on the final. One situation where this can happen is when two words are joined in a plateau or near-plateau, as in the phrases ἵνα Φοῖβον hína Phoîbon 'so that Phoebus' (1st Hymn) and πόλει Κεκροπίᾳ pólei Kekropíāi 'in the city of Cecrops' in the 2nd Delphic Hymn: Tonal assimilation or tone sandhi between neighbouring tones is commonly found in tonal languages. Θὲὸδὼρὸς. History of Greek on Wikipedia.Wikipedia There are currently three temporal divisions of the Greek language on Wiktionary: (1) Greek, (2) Ancient Greek, and (3) Mycenaean Greek. At the time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation. • • The total mark for this paper is 100. Final sigma (ς) is not automatic. The third accentual mark used in ancient Greek was the grave accent, which is only found on the last syllable of words e.g. Sft+; will give you the diaeresis, and sft+;+; will give you both (like: ΐ). Other examples are κλυτᾷ klutâi 'famous', ἰοῖς ioîs 'with arrows' in 2nd Delphic hymn, ζῇς zêis 'you live' in the Seikilos epitaph, and θνατῶν thnatôn, ἀστιβῆ astibê and μετρεῖς metreîs in Mesomedes' Hymn to Nemesis.[41].
modern greek accent marks
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How Dangerous Is A Whale?
Why do Orcas not eat humans?
What eats a killer whale?
What animals eat humans?
Why do whales beach themselves to die?
Do whales harm humans?
Why are whales so dangerous?
Gas builds up inside the whale as its stomach contents decompose — but due to its thick, tough blubber and skin, it can’t be released. A combination of heat and the whale’s own body weight can cause orifices to close up, intensifying the problem.
Which is the dangerous whale in the world?
Orcas, also known as killer whales, are known to prey on other marine mammals, including dolphins and seals. But even these fearsome predators don’t stand much of a chance against a mature blue whale: The largest animal on the planet, an adult blue whale can reach up to a hundred feet long and weigh close to 200 tons.
Can you swim with a blue whale?
The peace you feel whilst swimming with the blue whales is unfathomable and you feel totally safe, despite swimming alongside an animal that is about the same size as a bus!
Will an orca eat a human?
However, in the wild, orcas – although they are capable of taking down much larger and stronger prey than humans – have never been known to kill a human; the extremely rare attacks that have taken place could have potentially been because an orca mistook a human for a seal.
Can a killer whale kill a great white shark?
In October 1997, tourists in a whale-watching boat off the Farallon Islands, near San Francisco, witnessed two killer whales attack a great white shark and consume its liver. It was, at that time, the first documented sighting of killer whales eating white sharks.
Do whales really explode?
Whales have a tendency to explode after they die. As their innards rot, methane builds up in air pockets, and it can reach surprisingly high pressures. Eventually, without warning – kaboom. … However, no whale explosion is an infamous as that which occurred in November 1970, near Florence, Oregon.
Is Whale a dangerous animal?
No, whales aren’t typically dangerous. Actually for the most part whales are generally curious and friendly oceanic creatures. In some cases they can even be seen approaching boats in an attempt to understand what’s going on.
Has anyone been swallowed by a whale?
Has anyone survived inside a whale?
Has a Great White ever killed an orca?
Uncommon occurrence. While the grisly False Bay deaths aren’t the first recorded case of orcas predating on white sharks, it’s not a usual practice. In fact, 1997 was the first time anyone witnessed (and documented) orcas killing and eating the liver of a white shark.
Do whales explode after death?
There have been several cases of whale carcasses bursting due to a buildup of gas in the decomposition process. Actual explosives have also been used to assist in disposing of whale carcasses, ordinarily after towing the carcass out to sea. … The explosion threw whale flesh over 800 feet (240 metres) away.
What happens if you touch a dead whale?
As the gasses expand in the deceased whale’s body, the only barrier between it and the outside world becomes the whale’s skin, and at some point, the skin will give. Beachgoers are always advised to stay far away from, and not touch, a deceased beached whale.
Has anyone survived in a whale?
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Edge City
Edge City is a term used to describe a concentration of shopping, business, and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had been a residential suburb or semi-rural community.
Infrastructure. Substructure or underlying foundation; those facilities upon which a system or society depends; for example, roads, schools, power plants, communication networks, and transportation systems.
Wastewater is a term used to describe the spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter.
Optimal lifetimes
New urbanism movement
New urbanism movement, begun in the USA, that opposes suburban sprawl, advocating the reintroduction of the concept of community in urban planning instead. |
George Thomas was ‘regular army’ and strongly believed in army protocol. And although he had as much professional ambition as the rest of the General Officer corps, his strict sense of ethics did not allow for the playing of ‘politics’ for promotion. He believed that the only allowance for an officer to be promoted over his senior was when that officer recently performed with great distinction on the battlefield.
His sense of loyalty to his commanding officer and the army twice made him turn down promotions when he thought it was not justified under army protocol. It also made him protest an appointment of a superior in command to someone who was less senior to him.
Unfortunately, Thomas had a hard time believing that other regular army officers might not have the same strict code of ethics as himself. Or that a superior in command might not give give him the credit he earned on the battlefield.
The following web pages will explore Thomas’ relationship with three generals: Grant, Sherman and Schofield – all these men would become head of the Army and played their part during the war and afterwards in minimizing the accomplishments of General Thomas in the eyes of the general public to the point that, after the Civil War veterans passed away, Thomas was lost to history.
Note that this is my opinion and currently not the popular one. You are invited to research this further and form your own opinion.
1. Grant and Thomas: A Classic Case of Micro-Management – Bad for Business; Worse for Armies
2. Sherman and Thomas: What Happened to Thomas’ Plan for Snake Creek Gap?
3. Schofield and Thomas: Blind Ambition at Nashville |
Q. 23
If an angle of measure 80° is reflected in a line of symmetry, then the reflection is an _____ of measure_____.
Answer :
angle, 80°
The reflection of any figure will be equal to the given figure.
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Discovering Summer through the Eyes of Composers
Discovering Summer through the Eyes of Composers
This series of activities is designed for kids ages 7–11 to have a personal experience with two works of classical music. The first four activities can each take anywhere from five to 15 minutes (or more), depending on your child’s interest. Activities 1 and 3 can be paired together for a 15-minute activity.
How do you experience summer?
One thing all humans have in common is that we experience four seasons each year—spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Depending on where you live and what your surroundings are, however, the seasons can be different for everyone. We may even have similar surroundings as somebody else, but specific ideas, sights, sounds, or feelings stick out to give us our own unique interpretation of each season.
Since we’re in the middle of summertime, let’s explore what makes summer unique for each of us! There were two composers we’ll hear from later in this blog who both wrote music about summer. Before we hear how the composers expressed their experience of summer through music, we should do a few activities to figure out how we individually interpret or experience summer in a way that’s unique to each of us.
Activity 1: Discovering summer with our five senses
For this first activity, we’ll need to use all five of our senses: vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. You can take as long as you want to explore the things you notice for each of the five senses, but take at least one minute for each.
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Activity 2: Discovering summer with our words
The things you discovered about summer using your five senses are unique to you and your experiences during the season. Try making a poem out of some of the ideas that stuck out to you about summer. Your poem doesn’t have to rhyme, but it can if you’d like! It could be as short as three lines (like a haiku) or as long as 14 lines (like a sonnet), or even longer! It’s up to you and your creativity to share your thoughts about summer through words.
If writing a poem seems overwhelming, start out by writing three words that you think best describe summer. After you have those, make a sentence to describe each word!
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Activity 3: Discovering summer through music
Listen to two pieces of music below, both written to depict the composer’s experience of summer. Remember that everyone uses their senses differently to experience their surroundings. Based on the music you hear, imagine the types of experiences a composer might have been trying to share through their music. You can scroll through photos of different landscapes to spur these ideas.
Share your thoughts about what images of summer (whether below or otherwise) with a family member and compare with their ideas. See if you heard different kinds of summer sounds in the music!
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Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons—Presto from Summer
This is one of three sections from the Summer concerto that Vivaldi wrote.
William Grant Still’s “Summerland” from Three Visions
This work was originally written for piano, but it was later arranged for many combinations of instruments.
Activity 4: Learn about the composers
A composer is a person who writes music. Composers draw inspiration from everyday things or people—just like you did when you wrote your poem about summer. The two composers, whose music you just heard, lived more than 200 years apart, lived on different sides of the world, and spoke different languages. But they both had a gift for expressing their ideas through music.
Both composers also drew inspiration from composers or other types of artists who came before them. Does anything about these composers and their lives inspire you to do something (music, art, writing, cooking, dance, etc.)?
William Grant Still
William Grant Still’s “Summerland” from Three Visions was originally written for piano (the version you just heard in Activity 3), but Still’s arrangement of this work for flute, violin, viola, cello, and harp will be performed by the Houston Symphony on Saturday!
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Antonio Vivaldi
You’ll hear Vivaldi’s musical representation of all four seasons played on Saturday night. Summer is the second season that will be played.
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Did you know? Vivaldi wrote poems about all four of the seasons before writing music about each of the seasons! Vivaldi imagined the following story when he wrote the music for Summer:
Beneath the blazing sun’s relentless heat, men and flocks are sweltering, pines are scorched. We hear the cuckoo’s voice; then sweet songs of the turtle dove and finch are heard. Soft breezes stir the air, but threatening north wind sweeps them suddenly aside. The shepherd trembles, fearful of violent storm and what may lie ahead. His limbs are now awakened from their repose by fear of lightning’s flash and thunder’s roar, as gnats and flies buzz furiously around. Alas, his worst fears were justified, as the heavens roar and great hailstones beat down upon the proudly standing corn.
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Regular Dodecahedron
(Click here for rotating model)
Type Platonic solid
Elements F = 12, E = 30
V = 20 (χ = 2)
Faces by sides 12{5}
Schläfli symbol {5,3}
Wythoff symbol 3 | 2 5
Coxeter-Dynkin CDW ring.pngCDW 5.pngCDW dot.pngCDW 3.pngCDW dot.png
Symmetry Ih
or (*532)
References U23, C26, W5
Properties Regular convex
Dihedral angle 116.56505° = arccos(-1/√5)
(Vertex figure)
(dual polyhedron)
A dodecahedron (Greek δωδεκάεδρον, from δώδεκα 'twelve' + εδρον 'base', 'seat' or 'face') is any polyhedron with twelve faces, but usually a regular dodecahedron is meant: a Platonic solid composed of twelve regular pentagonal faces, with three meeting at each vertex. It has twenty (20) vertices and thirty (30) edges. Its dual polyhedron is the icosahedron. If one were to make every one of the Platonic solids with edges of the same length, the dodecahedron would be the largest.
Area and volume
The surface area A and the volume V of a regular dodecahedron with edge length a are:
Cartesian coordinates
The following Cartesian coordinates define the vertices of a dodecahedron centered at the origin:
(±1, ±1, ±1)
(0, ±1/φ, ±φ)
(±1/φ, ±φ, 0)
(±φ, 0, ±1/φ)
where φ = is the golden ratio (also written τ). The edge length is 2/φ = √5−1. The containing sphere has a radius of √3.
The dihedral angle of a dodecahedron is 2arctan(φ) or approximately 116.565 degrees.
Geometric relations
The regular dodecahedron is the third in an infinite set of truncated trapezohedra which can be constructed by truncating the two axial vertices of a pentagonal trapezohedron.
The stellations of the dodecahedron make up three of the four Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
A rectified dodecahedron forms an icosidodecahedron.
The regular dodecahedron has 120 symmetries, forming the group .
Vertex arrangement
The dodecahedron shares its vertex arrangement with four nonconvex uniform polyhedrons and three uniform compounds.
Five cubes fit within, with their edges as diagonals of the dodecahedron's faces, and together these make up the regular polyhedral compound of five cubes. Since two tetrahedra can fit on alternate cube vertices, five and ten tetrahedra can also fit in a dodecahedron.
Great stellated dodecahedron.png
Great stellated dodecahedron
Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron.png
Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron
Ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron.png
Ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron
Great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron.png
Great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron
Compound of five cubes.png
Compound of five cubes
Compound of five tetrahedra.png
Compound of five tetrahedra
Compound of ten tetrahedra.png
Compound of ten tetrahedra
Icosahedron vs dodecahedron
When a dodecahedron is inscribed in a sphere, it occupies more of the sphere's volume (66.49%) than an icosahedron inscribed in the same sphere (60.54%).
A regular dodecahedron with edge length 1 has more than three and a half times the volume of an icosahedron with the same length edges (7.663... compared with 2.181...).
Also, as these are duals, it is possible to transform one into the other.(See below)
Uniform polyhedron-53-t0.png
Uniform polyhedron-53-t01.png
Truncated dodecahedron
Uniform polyhedron-53-t1.png
Uniform polyhedron-53-t12.png
Truncated icosahedron
Uniform polyhedron-53-t2.png
The 3 stellations of the dodecahedron are all regular (nonconvex) polyhedra: (Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra)
0 1 2 3
Stellation Dodecahedron.png
Small stellated dodecahedron.png
Small stellated dodecahedron
Great dodecahedron.png
Great dodecahedron
Great stellated dodecahedron.png
Great stellated dodecahedron
Facet diagram Zeroth stellation of dodecahedron facets.png First stellation of dodecahedron facets.png Second stellation of dodecahedron facets.png Third stellation of dodecahedron facets.svg
More dodecahedra
The term dodecahedron is also used for other polyhedra with twelve faces, most notably the rhombic dodecahedron which is dual to the cuboctahedron (an Archimedean solid) and occurs in nature as a crystal form. The Platonic solid dodecahedron can be called a pentagonal dodecahedron or a regular dodecahedron to distinguish it. The pyritohedron is an irregular pentagonal dodecahedron.
Other dodecahedra include:
In all there are 6,384,634 topologically distinct dodecahedra.[1]
History and uses
Roman dodecahedron
Dodecahedral objects have found some practical applications, and have also played a role in the visual arts and in philosophy.
Plato's dialogue Timaeus (c. 360 B.C.) associates the other four platonic solids with the four classical elements; Aristotle postulated that the heavens were made of a fifth element, aithêr (aether in Latin, ether in American English), but he had no interest in matching it with Plato's fifth solid.
A few centuries later, small, hollow bronze Roman dodecahedra were made and have been found in various Roman ruins in Europe. Their purpose is not certain.
In twentieth century art, dodecahedra appear in the work of M. C. Escher, such as his lithograph Reptiles (1943), and in his Gravitation. In Salvador Dalí's painting The Sacrament of the Last Supper (1955), the room is a hollow dodecahedron.
In modern role-playing games, the dodecahedron is often used as a twelve-sided die, one of the more common polyhedral dice.
See also
External links
az:Dodekaedr ca:Dodecàedre cs:Dvanáctistěn cy:Dodecahedron da:Dodekaeder et:Korrapärane dodekaeeder eo:Dekduedro it:Dodecaedro he:דודקהדרון ht:Dodekayèd lv:Dodekaedrs hu:Dodekaéder nl:Dodecaëder no:Dodekaeder pl:Dwunastościan foremny pt:Dodecaedro qu:Chunka iskayniyuq uya sr:Додекаедар sq:Dodekaedri i rregullt sv:Dodekaeder ta:பன்னிரண்டுமுக ஐங்கோணகம் th:ทรงสิบสองหน้า uk:Додекаедр
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Why does my child need glasses?
Home / / Why does my child need glasses?
If your child is prescribed glasses it may be for a variety of reasons. They may have poor vision, eyestrain symptoms, a squint that can be improved by glasses or a difference in prescription between the eyes which will lead to lazy eye (amblyopia) if not treated. If your child already wears glasses please bring them to the appointment so that vision can be checked with them on. We will be able to advise you whether a change is required. Children learn to see from birth until about 8 years of age. When young children are given glasses it is to promote normal visual development and so they should wear them as much of the time as possible to give the brain the best chance of developing good sight in both eyes. If your child is given glasses as part of the treatment of lazy eye they will need to adapt to them for several months before starting the second stage of amblyopia treatment which is usually wearing a patch (occlusion) on the good eye to force the brain to learn to use information from the weaker eye. |
Examining cybersecurity before holiday shopping
While October is Cyber Security Awareness month, it turns out November 30 was Computer Security Day. As the holiday season now coming upon a quarantined populace, it can be useful to examine how things stand in the field of cybersecurity, since few things have such an impact on consumer shopping online.
According to a study from the University of Maryland, hackers attack users with internet access every 39 seconds on average, around 2,200 times per day, affecting one in three US citizens each year. A vast majority of these (95%) are caused by human error, claims Cybint Solutions. Honestly, though, even if it sometimes seems like a fruitless endeavor to try to sufficiently educate and prepare employees about phishing schemes, the data still maintains it as the best defense against such infiltrations. There’s really no shortcut around keeping the workforce aware and invested in the issue.
Concomitant with that, PhishMe demonstrates how in recent years around 90% of incidents begin with phishing attacks. The FBI has also reported a 300% increase in cyber attacks since the COVID pandemic forced companies to work remotely. And if the data is anything to go by, nearly 80% of organizations lack a response plan in the event of a breach. These are yet more contributing factors to the modern cyber risks we all face, and why it’s imperative to stay vigilant and take any necessary steps.
For small-to-midsize businesses (SMBs), which generally range from 100 to 1,000 employees, the costs of a data breach continue to be even more significant than for larger firms with more resources. The average cost for businesses of these sizes is around $3.9 million globally, states IBM. In the US, that average soars to about $8.6 million. When they come up against an effective phishing campaign or stumble into internal error, the price to recover data can severely damage a smaller business — especially in pandemic times, and especially without a cohesive plan in place. With 43% of cyber attacks targeting SMBs, the investment in protecting sensitive data can be a critical one. If a delay in detecting a breach occurs, it can further complicate matters.
It’s good to keep statistics like these in mind as we approach a time where, more than ever perhaps, payment card data is going to be flying through online transactions, and, if measures aren’t in place, potentially making vulnerable their owners. So watch where you shop, and as always, monitor your accounts.
By: Jonathan Weicher, post on December 2, 2020
Originally published at:
Copyright: NetLib Security |
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5 Traditional Design Styles, Explained
In the modern-day, flat-packed furniture has made acquiring household goods like chairs, tables, sofas, and more, possible for almost everyone... but this wasn't always the case.
In fact, in the days before IKEA, buying furniture was a big deal. Each piece would have to be hand-carved by a trained furniture maker, assembled on-site, then delivered, at a hefty price tag.
This was the era of traditional furniture when furniture creation was approached almost as an art, rather than a process of simple manufacturing. As a result, many of the furniture styles are full of artistic flourishes and are a beauty to behold.
Although this changed as time went on and more manufacturing processes were introduced, the traditional styles feature many elements that hark back to furniture design's earliest days.
Here are 5 of our favorite traditional furniture styles.
Chippendale (1750-1790):
These pieces are named after the English cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale, whose designs became very popular during the third quarter of the 18th century. The style brings together many of those that came before it, such as the Gothic, French, Chinese, and Queen Anne. Its defining features are cabriole legs, ball and claw feet, and broken pediment scroll.
Chippendale's designs are still popular even today, over 200 years later. They not only create an upmarket, classic feel in a home, but they're also hard-wearing and long-lasting. Though true originals are hard to come by, near-perfect modern imitations are available in abundance.
Sheraton (1780-1820):
These pieces are named after the English designer George Sheraton whose work was popular during 1785-1820. His designs have a drastic simplicity to them, with straight lines, contrasting veneers, and sometimes tapered legs.
Although he experienced only modest success during his life, his works became wildly popular after his death. Today, his works are considered some of the great achievements of England's golden age of furniture.
Surprisingly, it wasn't his furniture that initially earned him popularity, but in fact, pictures of his furniture. His 1791 book: The Cabinet-Maker and the Upholsterer's Drawing-Book, presented the designs that would become popular across England and the USA. His book became a bestseller long before his actual pieces were sold in any great quantity.
Victorian (1840-1910):
This was the furniture of Queen Victoria's reign and was the first to be manufactured. It is characterized by Romantic influences, heavy proportions, dark finishes, and elaborate ornamentation. It also brought in "exotic" elements such as Middle Eastern and Asian influences as colonialism brought more cross-cultural influences.
Often featured are leafy and floral patterns with curving lines, similar in many ways to Art Nouveau style pieces. Pieces are also frequently embellished in the form of embossing, tassels, and layered materials. Most Victorian furniture was made from woods like walnut, rosewood, and mahogany.
Art Deco (1910-1939):
Art Deco originated in France just before the First World War, before quickly spreading to the US and the rest of Europe in the early 1930s. The style celebrates design excess, incorporating bold and vibrant colors, geometric shapes, shiny metal surfaces, exotic wood, and ivory inlays.
Art Deco today is still hugely popular and influential, with many designers still using Art Deco styling for inspiration in modern-day design. With its liberal use of luxurious materials like glass chrome and plastic, Art Deco furniture feels at once modern and classic.
Scandinavian Contemporary (1930-1950):
This design became popular in the early 20th century and was named for the group of European countries where it originated. This modernist movement followed three central principles: functionality, minimalism, and simplicity, and was made with natural wood.
Scandi style isn't just about clean lines, functional furnishing, and a neutral palette (though it is that, too); it's also influenced by the Nordic region's cold, short winter days, and a desire for interiors to be cozy, yet bright.
This timeless style is still popular today. Its simple, finely crafted motifs that feature natural materials find widespread appeal in their emphasis on quality over quantity. |
Speeches that Changed the World by Simon Sebag Montefiore
Speeches that Changed the World by Simon Sebag Montefiore
KShs2,799 KShs2,660
Brief Summary
This gripping DVD pack provides genuine historical footage of 20 of the most significant speeches of the 20th century and is accompanied by a deluxe illustrated book containing the transcripts of these and over 30 other momentous orations from throughout history.
Complete with biographies of each speaker and the stories of why the world changed as a result, this is a fascinating history of humanity told through the speeches that shaped it.
Footage includes: Chamberlain: ‘Peace for our time’; Hitler: Speech to the Hitler youth; Goebbels: Book burning; Molotov: The invasion of Russia; Churchill: ‘Blood, tears, toil’, ‘Finest hour’, ‘The few’; Gandhi: ‘I have faith in the righteousness of our cause’; FDR: ‘A day that will live in infamy’; De Gaulle: Speech to World War 1 veterans; Hirohito: Surrender of Japan; MacArthur: Terms of Japanese surrender, ‘Old soldiers never die, they just fade away’; JFK: ‘Ask not what your country can do for you’, ‘Ich Bin ein Berliner’; Martin Luther King: ‘I have a dream’; Nixon: Watergate first speech, ‘No whitewash at the White House’; Reagan: ‘Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall’; Rudd: ‘To the stolen generations…I am sorry’; Obama: ‘Yes we can’.
Author:Simon Sebag Montefiore
Availability: In stock
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How to Write a Reflection Paper: Definition, Writing Tips, Examples
Studying in college, students often get assignments that require them to share their own thoughts about a particular thing, event, or person. In other words, students are asked to write a reflective essay. As far as reflective essays have a particular grading rubric to follow, it is necessary to study all the aspects of writing such essay types. Mostly, it is easier to understand what is needed to do and how it should look like by simply following a particular example. This guide is devoted to defining nature, format, and the types of reflective papers. If you struggle with choosing the most suitable topic for such an assignment, we have also prepared a list of the freshest reflective essay topics for you to write an excellent paper and impress your professor.
What is a reflective paper
Writing a reflection paper is academic writing, in which a student has to examine his or her life experiences. Then, the writer writes about such experiences and explores how those experiences affected how he or she has changed. Reflective essays can be formatted slightly differently, depending on the audience. Most often, professors ask students to prepare reading reflections, but there are several types of reflective essays.
Types of reflective papers
Among the most widespread reflective papers' types, there are reading and experiential types of reflection. The first type refers to the readings and provides personal interpretation of the quality of ideas represented in the text. The second type is mostly used when it is needed to connect theory and practice. Taking a closer look at the list of the reflective writing assignments that students receive in college, there are:
1. A journal reflection
This type of reflective essay is mostly based on course materials. It requires a student to write weekly journal entries throughout the whole semester.
2. A logbook reflection
This type of reflection is mostly used in science or any other discipline based on experimental work. Students note down everything they have done. Such a log gives them the opportunity to have a detailed record of a process. As a result, students can easily reflect on their past actions. A logbook reflection aims to help students make better decisions regarding their reflective writing in the future.
3. A learning diary reflection
A learning diary reflection is similar to a journal entry, but may this assignment may require group participation. Sometimes, the diaries may become a place for communicating with group members in writing.
4. A reflective note
A reflective note assignment is often required in law. Such paper encourages students to think about your personal reaction to a legal issue raised in a course.
5. An essay diary
Sometimes, a reflective paper can require to examine sources and, therefore, take the form of an annotated bibliography or a critique. An essay diary usually is devoted to the reflection on a student's own writing or research processes.
6. A peer review
A reflective paper in the form of a peer review in most common ways involves showing personal work to peers for getting objective feedback.
7. A self-assessment paper
Sometimes, professors ask students to make self-assessments, which is another form of a reflective essay that requires students to comment on their own works.
Reflective paper format
Reflective paper format greatly differs from such essays as a research paper, problem-solution, or argumentative papers. Concerning the format of a reflective essay, students may consider it as a diary entry or a well-structured personal story that is based on personal insight and reflection. Some professors ask to arrange the paper using the APA style while others prefer to use the MLA format. The length of the typical reflective paper varies between 250 and 600 words. Anyway, students should pay attention to the assignment instruction to strictly follow the professor's requirements and get a high grade. Although this type of academic writing is rather personal, students should avoid the overuse of informal language. If the requirements ask the writer to follow APA or MLA formatting style, you can use shortcuts about each of the formatting styles illustrated below.
Writing a Reflective Paper in APA Formatting
• Times New Roman 12 pt font;
• Double spaced indent;
• 1" margins;
• Page header on the top of each page;
• Page numbers on the right;
• Structural parts:
1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Main Body
4. References.
Writing a Reflective Paper in MLA Formatting
• Times New Roman 12 pt font;
• Double spaced indent;
• 1" margins;
• Last name and page number on the top right corner of every page;
• Centered titles;
• Your name, your professor's name, course, the date on the header;
• Works Cited page for references.
How to write a good reflective paper
If you struggle to answer the question of how to write a reflective essay, you should remember that good reflective essays always follow the basic essay structure with its core elements like introduction, main body paragraphs, and conclusion.
How to start a reflective paper
Before the entire writing process of the reflection paper, a student should decide what he/she wants to write about. Also, it is necessary to understand how many paragraphs the whole paper will be. Then, the best way to plan the paper is to create a detailed outline. The first paragraph of the reflection paper is an introduction, which should involve:
• hook sentence
• an informative statement
• the opening statement
• thesis statement.
How to organize the main body in a reflective essay
As far as the reflection paper is centered around the student's personal experience, it is highly important to make these experiences a key component of the entire reflection. The writer should describe the experience in detail to make the reader follow the analysis. Usually, it is helpful to explore one theme or learning outcome per paragraph in the main body section.
Each paragraph should cover:
• highlights and exploration of the experience introduced in the opening paragraph
• answers to a reflective prompt
• each relevant experience exploration.
How to conclude a reflective essay
The effective conclusion should follow the points listed below:
• Restate/state learning/experience/question
• Make a sum-up of the analysis and synthesis
• Restate themes of reflection
• Outline key plans for the future
• Discuss the role of new-found learnings in future practice
• Answer the prompt
• Restate the thesis statement.
How to choose a good topic for a reflective paper
Since in the reflective type of essay, students are mostly talking about their own experiences, the best topics for such papers should be formed on the basis of certain personal experiences. Therefore, to choose a good topic, students should remember to:
a hand holding and writing
• choose the most specific subject/ moment/ story
• explore the topic in more depth
• do not run out of space
• omit too broad topics
• omit skimming the surface of the topic.
Great reflective paper topic ideas
Choosing a good topic is not the easiest part of essay writing, especially in terms of reflective assignments. To brainstorm the best topic, you may check the list of the freshest and useful topic ideas represented below.
Reflections on personal memories
1. My favorite mall in the city
2. My hometown - the place where I grew up
3. The best coffee shop nearby
4. My former workplace
5. The value of my grandparents' house
6. Sweet memories about my school bus
7. My favorite eating place in college
8. The most impressive place for vacation based on personal experience
9. Memories about the football field near school/home
10. Online personal spaces
Reflections on significant events
1. The last Valentine's Day
2. My museum visiting experience
3. A dinner prepared by me for the first time
4. Total house renovation experience
5. Neighborhood party memories
6. The latest jazz concert that I have visited
7. Going to another school experience
8. Memories about being lost in childhood
9. Everything that made me proud
10. An exceptional date for me
Reflections on human relationships
1. The last time I was angry because of the contradictory conversation
2. The biggest disappointment in my life
3. The moment of falling in love for the first time
4. The moment when I was extremely embarrassed
5. The last time of lying to myself
6. The biggest dispute on work
7. Times of big family reunion
8. A memorable trip with a friend
9. Uncontrolled laughing experience
10. Experience in public speaking
Reflective Essay Examples
The reflective essay examples will help you get a clearer idea of how to correctly structure your paper and what is the most appropriate content of such essays.
Example one: "Sample Journal Entry."
Example two: "Sample Reflection Paper."
Tips for a compelling reflection essay
If you are interested in getting the highest grade spending the least time on writing, these tips on how to write a reflection paper are for you.
1. Stay professional
2. Follow the outline
3. Include your feelings and opinions
4. Always check twice
5. Introduce specific details
6. Make a mind-map before writing
7. Illustrate a clear idea
8. Give someone to read before submitting
Although some students are afraid of getting the assignment to write a reflective paper, there is no need for panic, as it is close to basic essay writing. These papers should follow a basic essay structure with an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion; the only difference is in expressing their own experiences, goals, and feelings instead of facts. Anyway, if you have any problems or questions about how to write a reflective essay, feel free to ask for some academic assistance at any time you like. Our academic experts are always happy to answer all your questions about writing a reflection paper. |
Why did arthur miller wrote the crucible essay
‘the crucible’ was obviously based on the salem witch why did arthur miller wrote the crucible essay trials and was written in 1953. in 1953 arthur miller wrote how to write report writing “the crucible”, a play about the salem witch trials. these papers pop culture comparison essay were written primarily different types of essay by students and provide critical analysis of the crucible by arthur miller. why did arthur miller write the crucible? 9. because the play addresses the write my essay witch trials and the trials hero essay conclusion example the accused suffered through, the title of ” the crucible ” is a …. share on why did arthur miller wrote the crucible essay linkedin. the characters in the play are faced with …. general. senator joseph mccarthy, provoked by the cold war, became fearfully convinced that communists, or “reds,” websites for homework answers were polluting american government why i the essay pdf wrote the crucible essay sample.
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At the peak of a thunderstorm, the strategies of cell towers, phone poles, and other tall, electrically conductive structures can spontaneously emit a flash of blue gentle. This electrical glow, identified as a corona discharge, is made when the air encompassing a conductive item is briefly ionized by an electrically billed natural environment.
For generations, sailors noticed corona discharges at the recommendations of ship masts through storms at sea. They coined the phenomenon St. Elmo’s hearth, right after the patron saint of sailors.
Scientists have discovered that a corona discharge can bolster in windy disorders, glowing additional brightly as the wind more electrifies the air. This wind-induced intensification has been observed mainly in electrically grounded structures, these as trees and towers. Now aerospace engineers at MIT have found that wind has an reverse effect on ungrounded objects, these kinds of as airplanes and some wind turbine blades.
In some of the previous experiments done in MIT’s Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel ahead of it was dismantled in 2019, the researchers uncovered an electrically ungrounded product of an airplane wing to ever more solid wind gusts. They found that the more powerful the wind, the weaker the corona discharge, and the dimmer the glow that was produced.
The team’s results seem in the Journal of Geophysical Investigation: Atmospheres. The study’s lead creator is Carmen Guerra-Garcia, an assistant professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. Her co-authors at MIT are Ngoc Cuong Nguyen, a senior investigation scientist Theodore Mouratidis, a graduate college student and Manuel Martinez-Sanchez, a post-tenure professor of aeronautics and astronautics.
Electric powered friction
Within just a storm cloud, friction can create up to produce extra electrons, producing an electric powered industry that can reach all the way to the floor. If that field is strong enough, it can crack aside bordering air molecules, turning neutral air into a charged gas, or plasma. This process most frequently takes place all around sharp, conductive objects these as cell towers and wing suggestions, as these pointed buildings are inclined to focus the electric subject in a way that electrons are pulled from surrounding air molecules toward the pointed structures, leaving at the rear of a veil of positively billed plasma right away close to the sharp item.
As soon as a plasma has formed, the molecules inside it can start off to glow by means of the system of corona discharge, where surplus electrons in the electric industry ping-pong against the molecules, knocking them into fired up states. In order to occur down from individuals fired up states, the molecules emit a photon of electricity, at a wavelength that, for oxygen and nitrogen, corresponds to the characteristic blueish glow of St. Elmo’s fireplace.
In earlier laboratory experiments, experts identified that this glow, and the electrical power of a corona discharge, can improve in the presence of wind. A potent gust can in essence blow absent the positively charged ions, that ended up locally shielding the electrical area and minimizing its result — earning it simpler for electrons to induce a stronger, brighter glow.
These experiments were mostly carried out with electrically grounded structures, and the MIT crew questioned irrespective of whether wind would have the exact same strengthening outcome on a corona discharge that was generated around a sharp, ungrounded object, these types of as an plane wing.
To take a look at this notion, they fabricated a straightforward wing composition out of wood and wrapped the wing in foil to make it electrically conductive. Alternatively than test to generate an ambient electric powered area identical to what would be generated in a thunderstorm, the staff studied an alternative configuration in which the corona discharge was generated in a metal wire managing parallel to the length of the wing, and connecting a little substantial-voltage ability resource amongst wire and wing. They fastened the wing to a pedestal produced from an insulating material that, simply because of its nonconductive mother nature, primarily manufactured the wing alone electrically suspended, or ungrounded.
The team positioned the full setup in MIT’s Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel, and subjected it to increasingly greater velocities of wind, up to 50 meters for each 2nd, as they also varied the amount of voltage that they applied to the wire. In the course of these tests, they calculated the quantity of electrical charge making up in the wing, the present of the corona and also utilised an ultraviolet-sensitive digital camera to notice the brightness of the corona discharge on the wire.
Experts notice the ion “glow” of corona discharge in an electrically ungrounded item (remaining) compared to a grounded object (suitable). Courtesy of the researchers
In the close, they identified that the energy of the corona discharge and its ensuing brightness decreased as the wind improved — a surprising and opposite effect from what experts have found for wind performing on grounded constructions.
Pulled in opposition to the wind
The workforce formulated numerical simulations to attempt and explain the effect, and identified that, for ungrounded buildings, the process is largely equivalent to what transpires with grounded objects — but with one thing excess.
In both scenarios, the wind is blowing absent the favourable ions produced by the corona, leaving at the rear of a more robust area in the surrounding air. For ungrounded structures, on the other hand, due to the fact they are electrically isolated, they turn into extra negatively billed. This benefits in a weakening of the good corona discharge. The amount of destructive cost that the wing retains is established by the competing results of positive ions blown by the wind and people captivated and pulled back again as a result of the negative tour. This secondary impact, the scientists discovered, functions to weaken the community electric powered area, as perfectly as the corona discharge’s electric powered glow.
“The corona discharge is the very first phase of lightning in general,” Guerra-Garcia claims. “How corona discharge behaves is critical and form of sets the phase for what could occur following in phrases of electrification.”
In flight, aircraft this kind of as planes and helicopters inherently make wind, and a glow corona method like the one tested in the wind tunnel could really be applied to command the electrical demand of the motor vehicle. Connecting to some prior work by the team, she and her colleagues formerly showed that if a plane could be negatively charged, in a controlled style, the plane’s possibility of currently being struck by lightning could be lowered. The new results present that charging of an aircraft in flight to detrimental values can be attained employing a managed favourable corona discharge.
‘’The thrilling thing about this research is that, while attempting to reveal that the electrical demand of an aircraft can be managed making use of a corona discharge, we actually found that classical theories of corona discharge in wind do not utilize for airborne platforms, that are electrically isolated from their natural environment,” Guerra-Garcia claims. “Electrical breakdown transpiring in plane really presents some unique capabilities that do not enable the immediate extrapolation from ground studies.”
This investigate was funded, in portion, by The Boeing Organization, by the Strategic Universities for Boeing Investigate and Know-how Program. |
The Tell-Tale Heart Part 1
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
Poe was born at Boston in 1809, and left an orphan while still in his infancy. He was adopted by a tobacco merchant and taken to Virginia. As a child he was sent to England for his early education, returning to Richmond in 1820. He attended the University of Virginia, but was forced to leave because of his weakness for drink and gambling. He engaged in editorial work for some time, wrote verses, criticism, and short stories.
The stories of Poe are justly regarded as among the world`s very finest examples of the form. He was influenced to a certain extent by the fantastic tales of the German, Hoffmann, and in turn he influenced nearly every writer, especially the Europeans, since his day. He brought the short story to a point of technical perfection which has never been surpassed.
The Tell-Tale Heart first appeared in a magazine in 1843, and is reprinted from the Collected Works.
The Tell-Tale Heart
True! nervous very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am! but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharp- rued my senses not destroyed not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily how calmly I can tell you the whole story.
It is impossible to tell how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none.
I passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me.
Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. Hut you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded—with what caution—with what foresight—with what dissimulation I went to work!
I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it—oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly very, very slowly, so that I might-not disturb the old man`s sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha!—would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously oh, so cautiously cautiously (for the hinges creaked) I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights every night jSst at midnight—but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and spoke courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring how he had passed the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept.
Read More about A Wagner Matinee part 1 |
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58 Cards in this Set
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What is the KWL Method?
A learning Strategy that begins by identifying what the learner knows about a topic and what the learner wants to know about the topic. A Teaching and or learning experience then takes place and the activity concludes with the learner identifying what they have learned about the Topic.
What is the cooperative learning Method?
A teaching strategy in which students work together in a small group (3-5 students) to complete a project or assignment. Typically each group member has a specific role or assignment and every member must contribute in order for the group to successfully complete the assigned task. Common student roles include captain, materials manger, recorder, procedure director and clean up supervisor.
What is the Brainstorming Method?
teaching strategy to generate a lot of ideas in a short period of time. A prompt or topic is provided p, then ideas are expressed freely and recorded within a given time limit. Evaluation of ideas is not a part of the brainstorming process. This strategy is often used as a springboard or starting point for other activities.
What is the venn diagram Method?
a graphic organizer that allows learners to compare and contrast two ideas.
What is the Concept Mapping Method?
A teaching strategy for organizing information about a central topic or theme. Key words and brief phrases are written down, circled, and connected to the main topic and each other by lines. Concept mapping can be used to introduce a topic, take notes, or summarize what students have learned. "Webbing" is another name for this strategy.
What is the minimum you praise a student? and what is an example?
Praise every student (verbal or non-verbal) once a day at minimum. Example- Good Job!
What is Wait Time?
Ask the students a question, Wait 3 seconds, call on a student, wait 3 seconds for an answer.
What is the # 1 responsibility of a teacher?
Safety of your kids
What is the # 2 responsibility of a teacher?
to have ever student reach their full potential
What does ESE stand for?
Exceptional Student Education
What does ESL stand for?
English as a Second Language
Will your students ever ALL be on the same level? If No, what do you need to do?
No, no student will ever be at the same level you will learn to create individual lesson plans.
Alternative to Corporal Punishment in Dade County Public Schools?
In-school suspension
(Miami Dade does not believe in Corporal Punishment)
When do you physically touch a kid?
Whats the best way to control a class?
Moving around the class, never stay seated at desk
Two types of off- task behaviors
1. Non-Disruptive (tapping pen on desk)
2. Distruptive behavior- student hits student
How many rules should a class room have?
a classroom should have no more than 5 rules that are age appropriate
What are the 5 consequences of breaking the rules?
2. I am going to take X away from you
3. Take away free play
4. Call Parents
5. Principals Office
what is a severity clause?
if a student does something that is so bad (EX: hits another student) the teacher will go directly to the worst consequence ( Principals office)
What are two awards that you should never give to students?
Money & Candy
what do you do if a student runs out of the class room?
Call security/ main office you are to NEVER run after them
what should you do if a student ask to go to the bathroom multiple times during a class period?
Ask the student if they are ok and if they want to go see the school nurse
as a substitute teacher, what should you know about the schools bathroom policy
if there is a bathroom signal within the classroom and if there is a buddy system in place within the school or classroom
How long should you teach for (lecture the class?)
No longer than 20 minutes or if you see non-distruptive behavior starting to occur (day dreaming)
should you ask a student to write on the board?
No, you should never ask a student to write on the board
What is probing?
when a student gives an answer and you ask the student follow up questions to get a more detailed answer out of them
What is proximity praise?
when you praise around the person you are trying to influence
what is the goal of ESE?
to get the students out of ESE
can a child who is labeled gifted, ever not be labeled gifted?
No, a gifted student will always be gifted
what does the CST (child study team) do?
Test the student for a learning disability (IQ Test)
when is a child classified as learning disabled?
when the age of the student and IQ level do not match up.
What is inclusion?
The process of involving students with disabilities as active participants in general education classroom activities.
Students are usually with an inclusion teacher
what is a Resource class?
at some point during the day the student will leave the class to go to see a trained ESE teacher.
what is self contained ESE?
Students grade level and performance do not match- up
What do you do if a parent ask you to administer their child's medication?
You say No and send the parents to see the nurse.
What do you do if you see a child with an injury?
send them to the nurses office, never provide first aid
what d you do if you suspect a child being abused / neglected?
Report suspected abuse to the principal and then the department of children and family services. (also, follow up the the case)
As a sub. teacher what should you be aware of incase of a fire / what should you bring with you?
you should be aware of the fire escape map ( know where to go) and take attendance once in a safe location
what should you do if money is handed to you for an upcoming field trip?
As soon as possible bring the money to the office and collect a receipt. NEVER PUT MONEY IN YOUR POCKET OR WALLET
If you are substituting on a field trip day what are your responsibilities?
1. getting everyones signed permission slips
2. having adequate chaperones
3. telling the cafeteria if you either need or don't need lunch.
what are your responsibilities at the end of the school day
Finding out where you need to be at time of dismissal and being aware of the students safety
Do you ever keep a student after school?
should a student ever be alone in a classroom with you?
No, for liability reasons
should you ever offer to take a student home?
No, a student should never been in your car
Ethical conduct in regards to confidentiality includes not sharing?
Students confidential records
What is dade county school system policy on drugs and alcohol?
Dade County Public school system is a drug free work place. Employees on duty or on Board property shall not be under the influence of alcohol. Employees shall not manufacture or use alcoholic beverages while on Board property or on duty.
How often does dade county drug test?
The District shall require pre-employment drug screening of applicants according to the Drug-Free Workplace Technical Guide. The validity period for pre-employment drug screening is one (1) year.
What happens if you fail the drug test?
Applicants will be informed in advance of the requirement of a negative drug screen as a condition of employment. Applicants testing positive will not be eligible for employment for three (3) years from the date of the test.
What is Dade County Policy on Tobacco?
The School Board shall provide a tobacco-free environment to students, staff, and visitors. "Use of tobacco" shall mean all uses of tobacco, including cigars, cigarettes, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff, or any other matter or substances that contain tobacco, and the possession of papers used to roll cigarettes.
What is Dade County Policy on Internet use?
Use of the internet by students and employees must be in support of and consistent with the educational objectives of the district
What is the policy on threats (bullying)?
The School Board is committed to providing a safe learning environment for all students and shall strive to eradicate bullying and harassment in its schools by providing awareness, prevention, and education in promoting a school atmosphere in which bullying, harassment, and intimidation will not be tolerated by students, Board employees, visitors, or volunteers.
The Board has adopted the Policy Against Bullying and Harassment for Miami-Dade County Public Schools, incorporated by reference. Included in this State mandated policy is a comprehensive bullying prevention curriculum for all students in grades Pre-K through 12.
What is the policy on student / Teacher Relationships?
Student / Teacher relationship shall remain professional at all time
What is Dade County Policy on firearms?
Except for School Police, employees are prohibited from possessing, storing, making, or using a weapon, including a concealed weapon, in a school safety zone and any setting that is under the control and supervision of the Board for the purpose of school activities including, but not limited to, property leased, owned, or contracted for by the Board, a school-sponsored event, or in a Board-owned vehicle.
Weapons and firearms are defined in F.S. 790.001 and include, but are not limited to, firearms, guns of any type, knives, razors, clubs, electric weapons, metallic knuckles, martial arts weapons, ammunition, and explosives. The term "weapon" also means any object which, in the manner in which it is used, intended or represented to be used, is capable of inflicting serious bodily harm or property damage, as well as endangering the health and safety of persons.
What is the policy on self-reporting? what do you have to report and how long do you have to report it?
An instructional employee is required to self-report within forty-eight (48) hours any arrests/charges involving the abuse of a child or the sale and/or possession of a controlled substance. The notice shall not be considered an admission of guilt nor be admissible for any purpose in any proceeding, civil or criminal, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory. Self-reporting shall also be required for any conviction, finding of guilt, withholding of adjudication, commitment to a pretrial diversion program, or entering a plea of guilty or nolo contendere for any criminal offense other than a minor traffic violation within forty-eight (48) hours after the final judgement. When handling sealed and expunged records disclosed under this policy, the District shall comply with the confidentiality provisions in Florida statutes.
What is the policy on receiving gifts in Dade County? and if yes, what is the limitation.
Employees are prohibited from soliciting or accepting anything of value, such as a gift, loan, reward, promise of future employment, favor, or service that is based on an understanding that their official action or judgment would be influenced by such gift.
The Limitation for a gift is $25.00 dollars
Florida Code of Ethics- what is your primary responsibility?
teach efficiently and faithfully, using the books and materials required, following the prescribed courses of study, and employing approved methods of instruction as provided by law and by the rules of the State Department of Education.
making the well-being of the students and the honest performance of professional duties core guiding principles
Dade County Policy on Harassment (sexual or racial)?
The School Board shall comply with all Federal laws and regulations prohibiting discrimination and with all requirements and regulations of the U.S. Department of Education. The Board shall maintain an educational and work environment which is free from all forms of discrimination/harassment, including sexual harassment.
Policy in regards to working outside the school
(full time teachers)
Instructional staff members should avoid situations in which their personal interests, activities, and associations conflict with the interests of the District. If these situations threaten a staff member's effectiveness within the school system, the Superintendent and/or School Board shall evaluate the impact of the interest, activity, or association upon the instructional staff member's responsibilities. |
How to keep kids interested in gardening
Keeping children interested in garden and greenhouse tasks can be more difficult in summer and autumn, it has been claimed.
According to Kansas State University horticulturalist Evylin Neier, kids often get frustrated as temperatures rise and growing becomes more about weeding and watering than frolicking in the mud.
The Junior Master Gardener programme coordinator told Kansas City Infozine that youngsters rarely want to push through the less exciting stages of the year.
She explained that kids might be more open to helping with the gardening if parents allow them to stay up a little later to do it.
Watering in the cooler evening hours is better for plants as it allows them to absorb the fluid properly.
Allowing kids to keep an eye on vine crops, such as cucumbers, baby melons and squash, should encourage them to take more of an interest in fruit and vegetables, Ms Neier added.
This is because they can see the progress and the end result.
In other news, the Dallas News has highlighted a number of garden and greenhouse events occurring in the city over the coming weeks. |
Tis the season for gratefulness.
Throughout the holiday season, it seems the word “gratefulness” is on display everywhere. We see it on Facebook, quotes on signs, T-shirts and coffee mugs. You can google the word and a whole host of websites will appear.
Webster defines gratefulness as appreciative; expressing gratitude; grateful thanks. Another defines gratefulness as an appreciation for something that is valuable to you, which has nothing to do with its monetary worth.
During the holiday season, we are surrounded by loved ones and are visibly reminded of all that we have to be grateful for. In the holiday spirit, we are a people who spread goodwill and well wishes to everyone.
But what happens During COVID holidays? Is it possible to live a life of gratefulness when we may not be able to have our traditional holiday? What if we must quarantine or stay away from at risk family and friends?
According to Br. David Steindl-Rast, “Gratefulness is the key to a happy life that we hold in our hands, because if we are not grateful, then no matter how much we have we will not be happy, always wanting something more.”
But how do we obtain a life of gratefulness especially during a pandemic?
Grateful living is a way of life that takes nothing for granted. It means you choose to focus your time and attention on what you appreciate. Difficulties will still come, but living gratefully will give you a different perspective.
We begin to realize that nothing is too small to be grateful for. It can be as small as being grateful that you can feel the sun’s warmth or as big as having another day with a friend who’s life is coming to an end. It can even mean meeting by Facetime or Zoom with at risk family members.
Living a life of gratefulness takes practice. In the famous words of Ferris Bueller, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.”
And as my grandmother would say you have to “Stop and smell the roses.”
Give yourself a gift this holiday, a gift that will lead to true happiness.
Try the following to increase the gratitude in your life:
1. Keep a gratitude journal
2. Use reminder Post-It Notes
List what you’re grateful for and put them in the kitchen, the bathroom, in your car.
3. Say “Thank you” to others often
Sounds simple enough.
Benefits of gratitude
According to Psychology Today there are 7 Scientifically Proven Benefits of Gratitude:
• Gratitude opens the door to more relationships
• Gratitude improves us psychologically. Robert Emmons, a leading gratitude researcher, confirms that gratitude effectively increases happiness and reduces depression.
• Gratitude enhances empathy and reduces aggression. People experience more sensitivity and empathy toward other people.
• Grateful people sleep better.
• Gratitude improves self-esteem. Studies have shown that gratitude reduces social comparisons.
• Gratitude increases mental strength. Research has shown gratitude not only reduces stress, but it may also plays a major role in overcoming trauma.
Building Healthy Lifestyle Habits is a weekly column by Barbara B. Jordan YMCA and IU Health Morgan along with healthy lifestyle programming funded through a Kendrick Foundation grant. |
From the Archives: A Brief History of Easter
Though we currently find ourselves in a truly unprecedented time in history, the Jesuits in Britain Archives wishes to celebrate Easter as much as is safely possible to do. This article therefore, aims to take a deeper look into the origins of the festival and its customs. As part of my research I explored, once again, the pages of the Blandyke Papers - a journal created and maintained by philosophers at St Mary’s Hall, which contain a fascinating range of articles, illustrations and poems.
First, let’s focus on the term ‘Easter’. During 1893, in Blandyke Papers volume 51, Fr Alban Goodier SJ (1869-1939) investigated the origins and meaning of the festival’s English name. While researching he finds an answer in Isaac Taylor’s Words and Places. Taylor mentions a view, first put forward by the Venerable Bede in the eighth century, that the name of the festival is derived from the pagan name Eastre, or Ostȃra, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring, to whom the month of April was sacred. This line of thought follows the theory that early Christians appropriated pagan names and holidays for their own important festivals, much like Christmas. The most widely supported theory today however, is that the term ‘Easter’ derives from the Christian designation of Easter week as the Latin phrase ‘in albis’, meaning dawns. ‘In albis’ became ‘eostarum’ in Old High German, and the direct precursor to both the modern German English term.
Extract from Fr Alban Goodier SJ’s investigation of the origins of Easter (Blandyke Papers, vol. 51, p.226)
No festival would be complete without its fair share of peculiar customs, and Easter is no exception. These days, many of us (especially children), associate Easter with the custom of receiving an indulgent chocolate Easter egg. This curious folk custom, described by both Fr Goodier SJ and an anonymous contributor in Blandyke Papers volume 44, finds its origins (in England at least), surprisingly, in Lancashire. According to Fr Goodier, during Shrove-tide and Easter children in Lancashire would go from house to house begging for ‘Pace-eggs’. Their request would go like so: “If you please a Pace-egg” and would finish with “Owd Mother Rotten-egg!” if the occupant of the house did not answer with a gift of sweet meat, eggs or similar.
The author of this article seems as clueless as to what a ‘pace-egg’ is as the author of this blog-post (Blandyke Papers vol.44 p.290)
The earliest association between Easter and the Easter egg goes as far back as the early Egyptians, and was already a well-known custom during the early days of Christianity. During this time, eggs appear to have been ceremonially blessed at Easter to remind people that eggs could once again be added to staple food. Unsurprisingly the egg also became a symbol of the Resurrection. Similarly, the use of decoratively painted eggs (not of the chocolate variety) was first recorded in the thirteenth century. This tradition appears to have come about due to the fact that, hundreds of years ago, many abstained from eating eggs during Holy Week. Any eggs laid by chickens during this were specially identified as Holy Week eggs and decorated accordingly.
1892 Easter poem, likely by Fr Alban Goodier SJ (Blandyke Papers vol. 43 pp. 115-116)
Another popular Easter tradition, and one that has a similarly tenuous association with the resurrection of Jesus Christ, is the Easter bunny. The origins of this symbol of Easter are however, surprisingly Christian in origin. During the medieval period, rabbits became associated with the Virgin Mary due to the ancient belief that rabbits could reproduce as virgins. More generally, rabbits, known for their remarkable ability to multiply, have always been associated with fertility. German Protestants were the first to adopt the Easter bunny as a symbol of the season, as first recorded in the 16th century. In their version the bunny came as a judge, hiding decorated eggs for well-behaved children. An opposing theory, first suggested in 1835 by Jacob Grimm, is that the symbol originated from German pagan traditions.
1890 Easter poem by Fr David Bearne SJ (1856-1920) in Blandyle Papers vol. 25 pp. 13-14
If you are interested in the Blandyke Papers, would like to make an enquiry or an appointment, please contact us.
The Jesuits in Britain Archives wishes you and all your families a happy Easter!
Alex van Goethem, Cataloguing Archivist |
Flight Movement: Fitness in a Seat
The Linked Fit team has put in a lot of SkyMiles, so we thought this article would be fitting!
Traveling in an airplane can stress the body by means of long travels, night flights, multiple flights per day, and even crossing different time zones (Drongelen et al, 2015). This can heavily disrupt the circadian rhythm which can impact sleep quality and overall negative consequences in wellness (Drongelen et al, 2015). Ikonen et al (2018) report that the continuous growth in air travel is likely to increase the spread of diseases between countries and continents. As you travel, be aware that maintaining good health will need some special considerations.
Depending on the flight, it can be a short flight (ex. 45 minutes) or long flight (ex. 17 hours) in a seated or semi-lying position. It has been suggested that greater occupational edema is more common in individuals that work for longer periods in the seated position (Belczak et al, 2018). Edema is known to cause discomfort which can result in the feeling of heaviness and tiredness (Belczak et al, 2018). These feelings may lead to experiences of reduced productivity and quality of life (Belczak et al, 2018).
Although it is important to take care of your body while you travel, this article is focused on the movements that can be done while sitting at your seat on a long flight. Also, what other preventative measures can be done to help prevent blood clotting or edema of the lower extremities.
Ankle Rotations
20 repetitions - each side
Ankle Pumps
20 repetitions - each side
Hip Flexion
10 repetitions - each side
Knee Hugs
20 to 30 seconds - each side
Overhead Reach with Lateral Flexion
20 to 30 seconds - each side
We recommend completing these movements with the guided repetitions at least once every hour on a flight. Of course, the repetitions can be modified accordingly. A big focus is to implement movement while you're nearly glued to your seat for the range of the flight.
Compression stockings have been shown to reduce edema with individuals that experience prolonged sitting (Belczak et al, 2018). The immobility of the lower body while in the prolonged seated position may result in phlebologic conditions because of the lack of movement. Compression sleeves like Nu Bandage can help provide positive pressure for the lower legs while traveling. Compressions sleeves that are higher in positive compressions values (ex. 20 to 30 mmHg) may have a greater effect on volumetric measurements of the lower limbs (Belczak et al, 2018). Nu Bandage has three compression sleeves (Low = 6.2 to 9.9 mmHg; Medium = 12.1 to 14.5 mmHg; and High = 27.1 to 37.9 mmHg) which can help reduce the symptoms of moderate to severe edema.
When do I wear the compression sleeves?
The compression sleeves can be worn during the time-frame of the flight. The Nu Bandage products can be easily stored in your carry-on luggage or backpack. When flight in boarding, the sleeves can easily be put on in the bathroom or if you have shorts on. The recommended area is the lower limbs of the legs (pictures to the right). If you have any discomfort during the flight because of the compression sleeves, adjust them accordingly or remove them. Check out the YouTube video below to watch how they wear them.
• Belczak, C. E. Q., Godoy, J. M. P., Seidel, A. C. Belczak, S., Ramos, R. N., & Caffaro, R. A. (2018). Comparison of 15-20 mmHg versus 20-30 mmHg compression stocking in reducing occupational edema in standing and seated healthy individuals. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, 1-6.
• Drongelen, A., Beek, A. J., Penders, G. B. S., Hlobil, H., Smid, T., & Boot, C. R. L. (2015). Sickness absence and flight type exposure in-flight crew members. Occupational Medicine, (65), 61-66.
• Ikone, N., Savolainen-Kopra, C., Enstone, J. E., Kulmala, I., Pasanen, P., Salmela, A., Salo, S., Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S., and Ruutu, P. (2018). Deposition of repiratory virus pathogens on frequency touched surfaces at airports. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18(437), 1-7.
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Democrats need name changes
Editor, The Smithfield Times:
Andrew Jackson was the founding father of the Democratic Party. In keeping with the trend of changing names of anything that had to do with slavery or native genocide, I’m not saying dismantle the Democratic Party, but the name and mascot definitely need to be changed.
The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey, or jackass. Andrew Jackson’s enemies twisted his name to “jackass” as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. Cartoonists followed and used the donkey to represent the Democrats and the elephant to represent the Republicans.
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. He is known for founding the Democratic Party and for his support of individual liberty. In his 1829 State of the Union address, Jackson called for removal; the Indian Removal Act was put in place to give to the Southern states the land that belonged to the Native Americans. Jackson viewed the Union as a federation of highly esteemed states, as was common before the American Civil War. He strongly supported — and profited from — slavery.
Jackson owned as many as 161 enslaved people, buying and selling them, using their labor to build his fortune and even bringing them to the White House to work for him.
David Wilkes Cordle |
Monday, July 13, 2015
On "On Denoting"
Bertrand Russell -- Notes on "On Denoting."
I wanted to extract and explore everything possible from this important piece. *'s denote descriptive remarks about certain sections, vaguely in the right order, which I hope show accurately my interpretation of the text. Paragraph breaks are digressions within remarks on the text, continued at length in the latter half. I found the critique of distinguishing 'denotation' from 'meaning' to be the most revealing portion in what is meant by 'meaning' and what is denoted by 'denotation.'
Remarks on specific aspects of text:
*names are of objects, and when they appear in sentences, the sentences are about the named objects.
*names are properties of objects, which can be predicated of them: they are part of the meaning of sentences about objects. They are not separate from meaning, but are subsumed by it, involved in it, mentioned by mention of meaning. Russell's restriction on names themselves from having inherent meaning cuts us off from the possibility of stating that there is meaning over and above the meaning of a sentence based on arbitrary label changes. I believe the priciple he's working off of is this: We can't add information simply by changing the shorthand associated with it.
*Different names refer to the same object by the following general formalism:
x = A and x = B <=> A = B = x. A and B stand for definite names, and x is an ambiguous anyname. This is the typical "transitivity" property of equivalence relations in action. If this identity is known, we know P(A) and P(B) have identical meaning. Linguistically,
The (a) author was Scott = There exists precisely (at least) one x such that x was the (a) author and x was Scott.
In this case, the former 'name' can work as a name or a property, but since actual names given to objects socially is part of their hypothetical list of properties, this is no difficulty for the theory. Knowing th identity 'The author is Scott' to be true, we could succeed this with a sentence about Scott which used either 'the author' or 'Scott' or 'him' to refer to him (if we know his gender!). We can alternate sentences using different names, and there need be no confusion for any reader who knows the identity to be established (otherwise it may only be surmisabe but uncertain). The idea is that we can make any identity with new names, so long as they are not taken, and use this in later sentences to yield identical meaning. Transitivity. However he only allows for one actual object to be named by a given name. The ability to phrase descriptions differently is supposed to account for the puzzle of unknown identity by showing that the meaning of A = B depends on the meaning of a sentence involving arbitrary phrasings of A and B, not their actual identity. (For in that case, the idea is that 'A=B' would mean essentially nothing, being only a restatement of a common logic axiom - this is given that, in the language of the theory, we know there's a x such that x=A and x=B)
*No details about how names are attached to obects, except that C(x) works regarldess of the specific form of the name 'x': We are forced to interpret x 'literally' as something a sentence can be about. This only addresses the apparent interchangibility of nouns, and is not adapted to differing verbs applying to the same noun.
*one has two types of identity: A = B for one denoted thing with two denotations (names), and logical identity P(A) = P(B). These are both denoted by the words "is" and "=". Russell avoids saying that the names A and B "are" the same thing, because he can only say they are anything at all by placing them in grammatical structure.
*The theory hinges on the belief that meaning and denotation are essentially functions from the realm of objects to language, and that the former is bijective (an object maps to the class of propositions, which have unique meaning for a given object) while the latter is not: One object maps to many formally symmetric (i.e. all are of the form f(x) for some name x) propositions featuring the different names of the object. The meaning of f(x) is the same for any name x of a given object.
*I introduce some new terms to make things clear. He objects to the idea that denotation and meaning can be disjoint, because the high-order operator '*' (which operates on language * by explicitly referring to words, phrases, or sentences) and the higher-order modifier M(*) (which assigns a meaning to language) can be used to show the two are not independent. His argument appears to be: Statements S('x') which mention a name as such should be about the denotation:
M(S_d('x')) is in the category of statements about the name 'x' regardless of the statement S_d and the particular name 'x'.
Thus, M(S_m(M('x')) is in the category of statements about M('x'), the meaning of what is denoted, which may or may not exist (existence is only allowed in the case that x is the name of a bit of language) but is specific to x, the actual named thing. In other words, M(S_m(M('x'))) is in the category of statements about x (since it is a meaning involving a specific object). But since S_m(M('x') includes the higher-order name variable 'x', M(S_m(M('x'))) must be in the category of things about names. So is the meaning M(S(M('x'))) about a thing or its name? By denying that a name can be "part of" a thing, Russell must concede that all this is basically nonsense.
Essentially, this: 'C' is a denotation of C, so statements involving the meaning of 'C' should be about that denotation. But 'the meaning of 'C'' is about C, not any particular denotation 'C'. Meaning can only be said when speaking of 'C', yet using simply C yields meaningful sentence about the thing denoted by 'C' without mentioning the use of '*' explicitly, hence using C in a sentence is not simply denotation.
By predicating of one another, he shows that meaning and denotation are tangled together: "inseparable." But they are not identical, nor is one illusory. In fact, they only indistinguishable in higher-order language - 'within' language that doesn't reference one of the concepts (meaning resp. denotation), it can't be said that any sentence should be about the other (denotation resp. meaning); those meanings aren't presumed to exist. Russell's solution amounts to disallowing 'meaning' to be predicated of explicitly referenced names. But we could equally take the dual route; the topology of the logic here is symmetric, since we aren't explicitly referencing the actual differences between meaning and denotation!! (in this type of solution). So we still haven't accounted for why it seems like nouns in themselves have meaning. My name appears to be imbued with meaning historically, culturally, socially, personally. If it has no type of meaning on its own, why is my mind sparked by its sound? Its meaning may be diffuse, but its meaning is quite real. From a 3rd person point of view, an animal responds to a name without any grammatical structure given the lived structure of its life; social animals benefit by getting each others attention in specific oral ways. This is similar to the particular characters of bird calls; the meaning of the sign is understood, however diffusely, without any other spoken/shown grammatical struture.
His argument hinges on the idea that meanings of propositions go with the things they are about directly, regardless of how the object is named. We could just as well try it the other way around, however, taking the meaning of denoting phrases as given, asserting that grammatical structure has no denotation on its own, but rather acquires the ability to "point" by virtue of the specific meanings of the denotary phrases in it. This feels at least as natural, since in all discourse the meaning of sentence types changes based on the particular names in it. "I'm in your house" is different than "I'm in your wife." Since the same "category" of linguistic construct (names) can refer to different "categories" of objects, this contingency is perfectly natural. We might re-arrange a sentence from his essay as follows:
meaning is essentially part of a denotation, without which sentences make no sense. Observe how easy it is to argue: Boo is gaa unless faa Me fa soo long. u and v are w unless p q x y z. What might this sentence mean? There is no meaning to empty, skeletal structure, which waits for the flesh of reference to fill it with logos.
The validity of would-be theorems/syllogism majors "If u and v are w, then p q x y z" cannot be judged on its structure alone. It only acquires logos by putting in explicit properties, whose meanings are known to those familiar with them.
What I'm saying is that we could flip meaning and denotation in a large part of the essay (aside from the critique of Frege) and there'd be not difference. The idea is that instead of meaning created through structure of phrases, it is created from denoting particular entities.
Instead of saying things like " 'There is no bald King of France' means 'It is never true that P(f(x)) = 1,' hence it is true ", we'd be saying things like " 'King of France' denotes no entity; hence 'There is no bald King of France' is true."
I won't flesh this out in the same detail as Russell, but if you're skeptical I'd encourage you to prove me wrong.
I don't think either reductive approach is useful in this arena. We must allow the full wealth of experience to guide our thinking about the interface between grammar and knowledge. Word is given and its meaning felt; its truth is debated later. The lack of freedom in immediate perception of names should be reconciled with the relative freedom of reflection upon sentences in which they occur, at which time we find ourselves imagining would-bes, and judge the possibility or impossibility of their replacement by another name, and the logical results; these two aspects of names and their meanings are commensurate, not at odds.
*Names denote by have no meaning. Contrary to Frege, who says meanings of propositions are built from th meanings of their parts.
e.g. For Frege, f(x,y,z) has a meaning dependent on the meanings of x, y, and z, and the structure of f, but for Russell it is f which imbues x y and z with meaning, which are meaningless on their own - there are either objects such that f(x,y,z) = 1, or no objects such that f(x,y,z) = 1: in the latter case, the quantified assignment 'f(v) = 0 for all v' is made. Of course, building negation into the fundamental semantics means that if we find contradiction, we know that 'lack of existence' of an object has been negated by explicit reference in a grammatical structure (as existing). Identifying the cases in which f is untrue and which f(v) is not satisfied by any object-vector v, we identify contradiction with the class { "truth simultaneous with non-existence", "truth simultaneous with falsity")
This is a lack of distinction between adjectives that are binary, and those that are not. For instance, suppose I tell you I am 6'5". I am actually a bit of change under that height, but it will suffice for many purposes that I tell you the approximate number. There are two different ways you can contradict me, and they have to do with order of difference. If I were 4", the height would be a lie to anyone; they would all say I have uttered something false: They will positively tell you that I am of a height, and that "6 foot 5" is a height they recognize, but that these two heights do not positively coincide: Their coincidence, from a human viewpoint (i.e. on an organismic scale), is perhaps 0.
But many people would accept my answer as "essentially" true: My perceived/felt height and my stated height coincide positively, if not perfectly.
To define height explicitly, we can use the notions of gravity, tangent surface (to the planet), perpindicular, and the 'supremum' of real analysis. If I say that a measuring stick of precisely (to whatever degree we have achieved in a particular standard-embodying system) 6'5" is the smallest that will fit over my head, I have told you something wrong, because a slightly shorter one will still bound the gravitational height of (the average highest point) of my body with respect to any linear approximation of the Earth's surface. "It is not true from every perspective."
However, using the fuzzily defined perspective of "planet Earth," we might say there is not enough difference between 4' and 6'5" to change any planetary calculations. This layering of perspectives usually means that discourse is made efficient in general by referencing a single understood context at a time, implicitly.
This is different from a situation in which we do not measure height by ordered marking on sticks, but still find need to classify the sizes of things (at least "that which I can carry/hold" will be). Picture people speaking about the difficulty of transporting insects; say they want to remove two moths from a lighted enclosure. In 'solving' the 'problem,' one inevitably uses the fact that a moth can be contained in a hand, or in some artifact which may be manipulated by hand. That something is coarsely "smaller" or "larger" doesn't change as we step back, it just becomes less certain. If it is more finely "about the same" can change as we step back, in addition to becoming less certain.
All this highlights the complications that follow when we seek to lock down meaning by making its context clear.
Back to the interpretation.
*all propositions are assumed to be decidable.
*meaning is assigned
*meaning is not assigned to individual phrases, but to structured ensembles of phrases
*phrases can be written symbolically to stand for "any phrase" (in a given domain - though of course, the necessity of stating his was not recognized)
e.g. x y. Russell places no lower bound on the phrase-length that defines a 'form', though I assume he'd agree that that 2 is natural. The 'empty phase,' he'd say, clearly means nothing because it is not said; it is no form, no assignment. As for 1.... ("x")
*phrases must be coupled to mean anything. by meaning, he means valid communication, but it's hard t make sense of exactly what criteria meaning must fulfill. It is clear that he thinks propositions that are invalid forms of denoting can be refuted on those grounds alone, and I have a feeling he felt that valid forms were somehow safeguarded from this type of dismissal. I don't think we can view this theory apart from the social ramifications of refutation in the tradition of philosophy. One can't help but supect some inherent defensiveness in the approach.
*Phrase variables are used to assess the validity of a statement, supposing implicitly a common domain X over which variables are quantified by all speakers/observers. The class of quantification determine which phrases
*In the formalism, all true propositions look like "P(x) = 1".
*No mention is made of cases in which the class X is not precisely knowable -- inherently uncertain. It would be 20 years before quantum mechanics was put on a firm mathematical basis; can't help but wonder how this theory would have changed if Bertie was born 20 years later.
*Hence, *any* P can only take values 0 and 1. It would be 60 years before the conception of generalized "fuzzy" logic.
*So we have that if any statement is true, it can be written as a proposition P(x), and there is an x (in) X such that P(x)=1. The assignment is assumed to be carried out under arbitrary conditions, out of necessity, absolutely. There is no mention of any deliberative process; there is no moment in which the value of P(x) uncertain; it is not constructed in this theory, but it appears. The assignment happens "behind" or "above" the theory.
*Because of the actual fuzziness of the class X (which, at the time of writing, existed in Russell's mind and memory. We use X to stand for our our own domains of interest, which exist in our worlds and minds), statements like "(exists) x (in) X: P(x) =1" convey relatively little, because we are only saying that at least one member of the class fits into the proposition; the only distinction is between one and all, since Russell didn't take the notion of plurality as essential, but did wish to include universality.
e.g. I can say: "I met a man, I met a man, and I met a man."
Which men do I mean, exactly? It doesn't matter, so long as there are entities that satisfy this. For this statement to satisfy P(x,y,z) = 1, it is only important that there are three, not which order I refer to them in, since I have no distinguished between them. In fact this ambiguity is completely unresolved in the theory: There is no distinction between the cases in which x =/= y and x=y, for example. Russell can only hope to decompose the statement into three separate statements:
P_1: "I met a man."
P_2: "I met a man."
P_3: "I met a man."
The commas and "and" work together to make the statement coherent as a logical "AND" of the P_i. In fact, since P_1 = P_2 = P_3, all we need is one x such that any P_i(x) = 1, and we know that P_1(x) = P_2(x) = P_3(x) = 1. When we have z =/= x =/=y =/= z, the P_i actually must be resolved in different ways, even if they still turn out to be 1: They refer to actual differences in the world, though the form doesn't show it. Again, the resolution of propositions to discrete truth or falseness happens "above" the theory.
We also have that ambiguously denoted things ("a human") satisfy P(x) = 0 or 1 regardless of whether the statement is true for exactly one human, or for some general group of humans.
*Description classes are logically determined; any x such that "x is a man" necessarily satisfies "x is mortal." There is no mention of how this logic is achieved: Particularly there is no distinction between sequential and parallel processes.
e.g. Any "biological entity" and any "human" are described by "things which are mortal." "human" is a description of a specific biological entity. According to the theory we have,
If "x is a biological entity" =1 then "x is mortal" = 1
If "x is human" = 1, then "x is a biological entity" = 1.
If "x is human" = 1, then "x is mortal" = 1,
The sequence would no doubt appeal to Aristotle, but it is important to realize that they could just as truly be stated in another order: The theory does not judge their order. In truth, these phrases are not independent of one another. We know life perishes, and that we are alive, so we know we are mortal. There is nothing special about humans that make them mortal, but the logical assignments of "1" cannot indicate this. "Because" is impossible.
*Math is preserved as always possibly true under his secondary interpretation, with arbitrary shorthand denoting the relations between actual things if they exist (or lack thereof), or lack of actual things to which hypotheses apply. (This is linguistically handy if you don't know whether a proposition is true or untrue, probably a large part of the motivation for modern day platonists) If we finally proclaim that there's no entity possible to which an f(x) applies, we state that as our truth: 'f(x)' is never true. To say f(A) for any definite A is thus to speak falsehood: this is speaking in the primary sense. We can speak primary and truly only about actual things. So you never have to admit you were speaking nonsense if you use the right grammar. The rule is that we were only describing things if indeed there were things like that.
*There is no strict need for acquantaince (which seems to mean a sort of directness of experience) in forming descriptions. This allows basically for us to describe any entity imaginable (describable), and we are never incohernt, simply wrong, false, if it turns out we can't directly experience anything that satisfies the description. If we do experience a thing, we now have the possibility of speaking truly about actual things, not only the domain of descriptions (pure structure, essentially, which can be true logically regardless of their truth when applied to any particular noun, or if there is actually such an object.
*Primary grammar states names as literal interpreations, and can be wrong as that insofar as they suppose a literal interpretation. Secondary grammar states names as properties of things. It's easy to get confused because there's no distinction between 1st and 3rd person; there's a social 2nd person at work in the background. Properties of things appear to people, observers. Second order statements necessarily reference the people making them, so his examples can be flushed out more fully to reveal more of the higher order picture:
There are both acquainted with a book written by a human. We have both read who the author is. We have heard of a king who knows the book, but not it's author, though he suspects an acquaintance.
Actually, I've never heard of the book in the essay, nor about the king, so the statement's false. Replacing the literal us with the literal Bertie and his intended audience makes it true; it's true when they say it to each other. But such statements can never be made false by more literally interpreting them, only by highlighting the difference in experiences between possible subjects, which would form a higher-order class in the theory, too vague for us to quantify over because we can only know one person's knowledge. However we can always speak literally of particular subjects in the 1st and 2nd person, which is why the essay works. Indeed any shared reality can be spoken of truly, because we only reference our shared memory of these experiences. I'm not Bertie's intended audience, so I can't interpret his sentences literally; I simply don't know about the king and the book. When I say the above statement to you, whoever you are, I lie. It is the relative point of view that appears to change the proposition's truth based on who says it to who. This fact can't be formalized away; it is inherent in any meaning of communication.
It is the stipulation that names be interpreted literally in order to qualify for 'truth' that dominates the development of the theory. The theory simply re-interprets all phrases as their second order 'projection,' and determines whether the speech corresponds to anything in its knowledge bank. If not, the speaker is mistaken. If so, they will be right if their observations and inferences are valid, and wrong otherwise. This last point is pure Aristotle.
*Brief mention that 'relations' between nouns can be quantified as well as nouns. The logic is the same: Relations are entities proper, so there can either be an X such that 'a X b' is true, or no such R. This is for particular a and b. If we vary them as well, we see a three dimensional description, whose structure is completly indeterminate - we'd assume there exist x,y, and z such that 'x y z' because we have said true things (about actual things) with three phrases before.
*Final remark on the text: Russell's ending note is well heeded. Extending the theory has proved far more interesting than a simple denial; indeed, though I object to the character of the theory, I have no wish to proclaim it as "essentially" wrong. He 'chose' what the theory should do, and it does it. It also should do a lot of other things he'd find strange, but none that I interpret is inherent contradiction. It is a valid theory *if* it's stated that it preserves only literally intended statements. Otherwise, it is false.
Explorations and general impressions of the text:
I have tried to show briefly in above digressions that substantial fundamental changes can be made to the theory without changing a defining quality of it. I believe can say this thus: There is a class (in the supposed universe of all language) of statements whose truth does not change under the transformations of the theory : specifically, the class of statements intended to be taken literally. Modern parlance gives the term 'invariance' for the essential meanings of language of this class. Likewise, this feature of the theory can be seen to be invariant
We can probably choose a theory that preserves any clearly enough understood textual intention. e.g., we could make a theory that would preserve the eroticism of erotic writing, the comedy of comic writing, etc. It simply appears easier to make a theory that preserves statements we believe to be objectively true, rather than subjectvely apprehended. (I say this is appearance because I'm not sure we've fully understood wholly what is meant by 'literal interpretations,' regardless of my frequent use of that phrase; perhaps it is "actually" the case that eros and laughter are easier aspects of ourselves to understand.)
The importance of tihs point can't be over-emphasized - there is no way to tell simply by looking at a sentence whether the author means it literally or not. Since I am unfamiliar with what Russell takes as fact, I cannot distinguish between his fact and his fiction. If I may go one step further, I'd venture that the situation for Bertie was essentially the same -- unless he was personally acquainted with the king and the writer, then he takes this as fact from someone else, who communicated it to him. It is in this way that all of Bertie's 'true' statements fail to be true when interpreted literally - which is certainly not what he intended. To be literally true, his statements must include the fact that he heard the information secondhand, and trusts it to be fact, and furthermore. The correct statement for me is that I read an essay which bore the name "Bertrand Russell", who related a story about a King and a writer which he mentions as if it were fact, and I believe that he thought it was fact; I do not know if he story was fact. This is not merely more explicit, but actually literally true, whereas his account is lacking in this quality - by the theory, I am forced to conclude that Russell is either psychic or speaking falsehood. (Making a statement more explicit doesn't change its logic under the theory of literal propositions - 'I read' is just as true as 'I read it on July 28th', which is just as true as 'I read it on a web browser application on an electron/semi-conductor based computer on July 28th . I do not remember exactly how long it took to read it. I reread many sections many times over.' --- the logical algebra of such phrases is identical, because they are literally true.)
Note: The theories transformations actually change what I think of as their 'meaning.' We don't merely re-write the sentence with synonyms, but we alter its effective grammar. Without any artifically adhered-to theory, sentences are interpreted by each differently; we can say their effective grammar is the structure of the statement as apprehended by the listener/reader. Adhering to the theory would mean we re-interpret every statement we see, changing its grammar appropriately as prescribed by the theory.
I can't help but feel he'd find this unsatisfying. It means that, so long as we use this literal social interpretation, different "objects" can have the same name (hence "non-identity," A =/= A), such that indeed, this can be that and not be that. Despite Bertie's repeated claim that this leads to contradiction, the extension of his theory deals with it surprisingly easy: "There are two non-identical things x and y, such that I call x 'this' and y 'that', and you call x 'that' and y 'this." It is our belief in the non-identity of x and y which makes the contradiction appear when we speak in our 'own languages' to one another, not bothering to translate. If we translate, we both know that "this -> that" and "that -> this" is the translation mapping that preserves the literal logos, though a third party without knowledge of the correct translations will perceive contradictions (and if he's a logician, likely become quite flustered).
Of course Russell didn't want his theory to be about beliefs about things, he wanted them to be about things themselves. The assumption there should be glaring by now: 'things have one reality arbitrary of how they are perceived, defined, described, and no account of observation is necessary to speak truly of objects themselves.'
This is where I essentially can never agree with him. A century and 10 can do wonders for metaphysical insight.
Grammar can't reveal a distinction between fiction and non-fiction, if there is enough truth in the fiction. Consider any story from your memory. Now suppose you told it with the names re-arranged (going to the 'wrong' people). Have you told a lie? Russell says yes. But I say you've said far more which is true than what is false (if the story is long or detailed), though how much differs on context. There are fascinating practical instances of this difference; the modern archetype is a false accusation in court. These are cases in which there is no doubt of victimhood, but the transgressor is unknown. A false accusation story will truly state particular details . This is extremely
The other end is "true story" television series about crimes - names are changed and faces obscured to 'protect the innocent'. Though Bert's theory says the whole thing references no-thing, by insisting that the language of the program must be of the form "There exist x, y, ... z such that ... [logical conjunction of many true propsitions about actual people], AND that x's names are {list of false names used in program}, AND that y's names are ... ", he would almost certainly agree with me that the story is essentially true.
In both the above cases, there's a problem if we simply say that there is such thing as an 'almost-truth' which can be transformed by a class of basic substitution-transformations into actual-truths. This: unless one assumes that one will someday discover all the true identities of the people in the program, one is forced to admit that it may not necessarily be possible to ever transform (via name substitutions) the statement into a true one.
You get the idea. In fact there is no topological differences between these two falsities, and yet the consequences are judged to be very different in polite society - one good, one bad: persecution of the innocent is wrong, we say. That is not a grammatical difference between the propositions, but should certainly weight in on how worried we are that the exact-truth was stated. In the former case, we see that Bert's mock-algorithm arrives at the 'right' conclusion - the person is lying about something very important, the identity of someone who will suffer consequences for a law they haven't broken. (Again, note my implicit acknowledgement of priors' factuality: How can you tell whether a sentence is intended to be first-order or second-order? A major problem for such theories. We both understand that these are hypothetical scenarios, but we are both fairly certain that they've actually been played out; they are true fiction, hypothetical reality.
We both know what courts are, about law. The nature of common shorthand must be acknowledged, though in common situations, we will simply take it as a given, which can lead to awkward conversations. It is like stating "Scott wrote Waverley" and then proceeding to use 'Scott' and 'the author' interchangably in a piece about the book. Statements we trust as true will often be false in their 'primary' sense;
We can see in the case of the false accusation why the theory can be thought to "work"... It rightly judges an important falsehood as importantly a falsehood.
But as a generalized theory of meaning, it is useless, simply judging all that which was not known prior to sentence to be either false or true only under higher-order interpretation. In the TV program case, it judges an unimportant falsehood as importantly a falsehood (according to my judgment! Switching names doesn't change the meaning of a story about people you don't know).
It is clear that the theory fails grossly in many forms of writing because an insistence that one name stand for only one object. Multi-layered meanings of names is one of the fundamental principles of poetry (in my opinion), so all poems are simply "false," in the theory; it says nothing about their true figurative meaning.
Haikus are an interesting case. The tradition is to make these essentially non-fictional, little portraits. Yet while the theory can simply say that perhaps a haiku is true, it conveys absolutely nothing about the more profound aspects of its subject that even little windows can show. Any literary interpretation is gramatically transformed into falsity unless it is filled to the brim with second-order caveats, ruining the essence of the interpretation: It means to say something true speculatively, not with any certainty. Art is often made without perfect clarity of intent; if some subtle connection is found by a viewer, the artist may even judge this 'correct' regardless of any feeling of explicit intention.
There are certainly ways for literary critiques to be truer and falser, but it is not due to the fact that they refer to fictional characters and events as if they were literal beings.
I just used a poetic bit of speech, in fact, and for a reason. I mean to speak vaguely because my meaning is vague; if you don't understand, I advise you to read a good collection of haiku. The theory has no transformations to make "profound aspects that little windows show" into a definite, literally embodiable phrase. Haikus are *like* windows in a way that I can't describe fully, because it involves my mind and the author's; it does no good to simply say that "Haikus are windows" is false. DUH!
It is in this way, by emphasizing that literal statements are the 'ultimately true,' which tends to grow a theory which keeps their meaning invariant under its allowed grammatical transformations.
Happy logic-ing.
Wednesday, July 8, 2015
The Axiom of Choice
The story goes like this:
Any choice could be made, whether or not we actually make it. Thus we can speak as if it had been made. There should be nothing surprising about statements that a desired order can be imposed if enough choices can be made. There is an assumption we can make that would make such a thing possible if affirmed (by...?). But that doesn't mean there is such a sequence of decisions made. It should also be unsurprising that an assumption like that would seem to allow orders higher than can be undone by relatively constrained manipulations - puttings together which we have conceived of as fundamentally constrained. This is, after all, the difference we picture between a human's ability to choose, specify determine, and that which is naturally, materially given. The story goes: Nature must obey Laws. Man makes his own Law.
There is a famous paradox that arises as a natural consequence of this assumed difference, named to honor S. Banach and A. Tarski. Pretend you are a number, who, like any upstanding member of society, chooses his friends wisely (one always has the power to choose one's destiny, am I right?). As a rational being, you wish the differences between you and your friends be only rational (that's only rational, right?), and you choose them accordingly. Let's complete our society of rational friend networks by supposing every member of society can choose their friends in this way. Then no matter who you run into, you're either friends with them for rational reasons, or you're not friends with them because the differences between the two of you cannot be resolved by rational means. (What could make more sense?)
When the Senate convenes, (each person represented by a friendly senator), they always find things don't measure up. Just how many of us are there? There are more than none; why do I keep coming up with 1+1+1+1... < 3 ? And before you suggest the obvious, there are too many senators to count!
But we designed it so perfectly... everything made sense.
The divide between the rational and the irrational has been drawn for millenia as straight and narrow. If we seek to verify if a given individual is rational or not, we must find a ratio of whole numbers that is identical to them. What could be simpler? If we try but find we can only get close, we must admit that they are not rational.
But how far do we look? How long do we look for patterns until we admit defeat and declare the sequence lost to chaos? Is it truly their rationality that we have sought to question, or the patience and understanding of those who have power of them? Who exactly has defined which ellipsis means "harmonious" and which means "discordant?" How does one trail off to suggest that all is in order...?
Choice is the last chapter in the Saga of the Transcendant Individual, written in blood, oil spills, and eutrophied lakewater. God has died and with Him, the heroic demideitic status of the king, now a Mr. (master) but with no Majesty. Listen to His story.
Now he is simply another man who makes his way in the world, choosing among options as best as can rationally be done. He chooses the things that are good for himself; everyone does, otherwise bad things happen to them.
This is the right way. How else can you teach people to make good decisions, other than to punish the wrong ones?
Choice defines right and wrong. You either choose the good or choose he bad; you're good if you choose the good, bad if you choose the bad.
If something bad happens to someone, it must have been because they made a wrong choice somewhere along the way. I always make the right choices, of course; I'm just rational like that. I only do what I choose; therefore I can have no responsibility for what I didn't wholly choose. We are all presented choices in the world, and forced to choose among them. If some other man made a choice which hurt someone, who am I to stop him? Rather than denying his freedom, I should only exercise mine, to take advantage of the opportunity he has created. I didn't make America this way, I just take advantage of it and invest in its security and stability.
And if someone makes a choice based on a lie and gets burned... hey, buyer beware, right?
What do you want out of a relationship? Choose the one that best suits you, you transcendant chooser, you!
You see, it's all out of our hands. Someone else is making the big decisions, I just cope with them the best I can. And if I make the right choices, things go well. You just gotta be smart, and you can win, buddy!
We can fix the evils of the world with our choices, too! All there is to it is making different decisions. Produers produce, freighters freight, sellers sell, and choosers choose! We have complete freedom in every aspect of our lives, becase every aspect of our lives is part of the consumer network, which is governed wholly by rational choices.
If corporations hurt the land and dishonor our spirits, we should simply not buy their products. You may have to choose a job with more pay (perhaps a corporate job, I hear there's just tons of money in that), but that's your decision. It's your life, right? So you choose how righteous you want to be. And if I choose decadence over the safety of my neighbours, well, I suppose they have the right to move somewhere else, don't they?
But I must be able to choose which countries I do business in, too! We will move here and employ your people, and if they choose to move off the land instead, well that's their right! But spare me your petty pleas about "forcing you off your land," when you could have chosen to develop it yourself. Why didn't you just choose the right lawyers, who choose to say the right things, find the right loopholes?
There's big money in this, we're turning the whole place into beautiful houses, so people can choose to live here! We've chosen the most economic plan, obviously: we've decided to make the houses identical. But who cares, when you can choose which Ikea products to place in it, and which television channels to tune into! You even get to choose the color of your tooth brush! We've got blue, green, red... oh wait, we're out of red.
You can save the environment! Don't like oil? Just choose a bike! If you need to take 2 hours to get to and from your job, hey, that's your choice! (Otherwise, shut up and drive like the rest of us rational folks... Why should we be penalized for your decision? God, stop acting so stuck up and entitled, like you're saving the goddamn planet).
Don't like plastic? Choose to not use hygiene products, or electronics, or conventionally packaged food! [Actually I'm not sure you can live in a city and not use plastic.. I'm fairly certain it's impossible]
Don't like factory farms? Just choose organic and free range. (Don't choose vegan, those people are irrational). Never mind that it's more expensive... after all, it's the farmer's choice to honor their land instead of overloading it with nutrients and disinfectants to make up for rapacious technique! We don't choose the economy, but we choose our place in it!
And after all this, you can look down your nose because you've chosen it, and they haven't! You were the stronger, you overcame your selfish desires, and hasn't that been fulfilling? Yes, they should all be grateful that you're saving their planet.
Don't like your job? Choose another! Don't have the skills? Choose education! Still dont' have the experiecne? Choose working your way up the ladder. Don't like your career? Choose another one! Don't like any occupation? Choose, um... liking an occupation!
Don't like the entertainment culture? Just choose a different channel! Don't like any of them? Just choose something else to entertain you. Can't escape the constant media, which is slowly bringing you to a state of psychosis? Choose to ignore it! Or choose to be a hermit, or suicide! Just leave me the fuck alone, I've been nothing but helpful!
Bored? Choose entertainment!
Unhappy, disrespected, feeling like the world's against you, never really listens? Hey, just choose happiness! It only takes two muscles to smile! Remember, you choose your reality, don't you? You're rational, right? Happiness makes sense, because it feels good! Always choose what feels good! Always choose what feels good!
You can always make more money if you're feeling down about consuming too much. You might need to produce a bit more for the guys upstairs, but once you can afford that vacation, it'll all be worth it, right?
Don't like the world? Just choose to ignore it! The obvious solution!
No wonder our people are so stuck up their own ass. They've got nowhere else to go.
When I exaggerate the story a little bit, in order to tease out the creaks in its hinges, you can hopefully see that it lines up perfectly with the gist of popular pseudo-spiritual notions which become the stuff of 12 step devotional algorithms. It's thus perhaps not too surprising that, like modern industrial-capitalist apologist narratives, there is never explication of such principles as "live in the moment" beyond the sentence itself. They appear like slogans in shop windows, "WORK MAKES YOU FREE," iconic and authoritative (even if written in cursive over a backdrop of flower petals and heart icons).
It almost seems necessary then that young people following such advice tend around a bend into solipsism, which perhaps explain why there's so much doubt among the comfortable that many people actually do live a troubled existence. Their "most people"s inevitably are like them: horny yet timid, prying yet unquestioning, basically bored yet perpetually comfortable (despite the occasional breakup! "Aww girl you're the beautifullest, and he was just a lying meanie! Come, let us buy and drink!").
If our people are to stand up, and not just tweet "standing" emojis from the couch, the stability of those identities must be abolished; they must be capsized.
That's not a moral judgment, but a mechanical one. The choice is ours, of course.
Tuesday, July 7, 2015
My Defeat
I locked eyes with the great behemoth, now looming as if over even the darkness itself. Great orange eyes full of contempt for my puny form . The flame of a thousand iron engines lashing at my cheeks, I allowed a smirk to cross my lips.
"I know how you win, every time. You won't get me like them."
"Oh? And how is that."
"Reverse medusa. You scare them so bad they look away... and then you've got them right where you want them, haven't you?"
"Well, look at Mr. Theoretical over here." I sensed some shift in the shadows, winding back, back into the infinite gloom.
"I'm not scared of you."
And I stared at the monster, unmoving, unflinching. And he stared at me, offering no relief from the eyes of fire. "Don't bother looking for your friends. You have none here. They work for me, here."
My head grew light, soft now in the mounting heat, my stance melting. "That's... not... true... Nobody's... on... your... side... you monster!"
"No? Then why are they stoking these flames...?"
And I looked at the pile of coal upon which the serpent sat, and saw billions with shovels, in two lines, back and forth, piling load after load of coal into the gaping mouth of the monster.
"Don't look now, buddy, but what's that in your hands...?"
I tried... I promise, I tried to keep the stare... I couldn't, that heat, those eyes, accusing and knowing my impotency. I looked down and saw my own sooty hands, wielding a shovel. I held it over my head threateningly, and two thousand hands pulled it back down to the ground.
"Now get back in line, bitch."
I frowned defiantly, my gaze at the ground. "You haven't won, you monster! I'll be back!"
A sly and condescending smile crept into those enormous, pointed teeth. "Now thaaaat's what I like to see!"
Saturday, July 4, 2015
Foundations for a General Theory of System Mechanics
Wrote a thing. I meant to summarize the principles, but it ended up 45 pages.
Enjoy and comment here for clarification; alternatively e-mail me.
Friday, July 3, 2015
On Engines
It's all a-headed for naught, I hear. The singularity was a metastability. Now that the big cat's out the bag, the probability of it returning vanishes. They thought he was a goner. The cosmic Carnot engine's efficiency has a non-positive derivative everywhere. At least globally, I hear.
Then there's the dark stuff. You wouldn't notice it, of course. But it's here. Well maybe not *here* here, but somewhere within a parsec or so.
You know. The distance traced out by (hence the par) a second's turn at a radius of a lightyear.
"Second's turn of what"..? Of like, a rod that's a lightyear long. No I haven't got one. Just picture it. Well then, pretend you can picture it.
No, no, no, it's not moving at any speed! A 'second' is a distance! An angle, really. Comes from the old sexigesimal systems that we use in clocks and planetmaps. Its a way of using numbers that fit into each other well. Babylon, I hear, but now I really shouldn't...
I was talking about death. One way or another, all the work that can be done will be done. The whole thing's relaxing down nice and easy as sure as I breathe. It all rides the time arrow right down to dispersal. It all just becomes too heavy to hold itself up anymore. Whole kit-n-caboodle. All that curvature just starts wrapping everything up.
Now there's the mystery of mysteries. The direction of time.
Ah, are you feeling all right, then? You look, hmm...
I haven't drawn any points. There are no points. What point? What do you mean, "what's the point"?
Existence! Existence is not a point! And it certainly doesn't have them. Well if does, we can't touch them. Subquantum and whatnot. Supernatural.
Well, you can always try Taoism on for size. It's a serene perspective.
Maybe all that dark stuff just cycles out from the light stuff, and all our unuseable energy becomes useable dark energy. And then there's a dark universe for a cycle, which then concentrates matter back here..
I don't know. You don't know. Sure, why not?
Ah, POINT! I see. The point is, who cares? We already knew we were gonna die our little deaths anyway! Oh, now I've upset you. I'm sorry. Yes, we're good people and we don't deserve to die. That's true.
No, no, no, you see the point is not that the cosmic engine is winding DOWN, it's that its WINDING down! If what I hear is so, then all we know and love is in... is *from* the relaxation of higher potential to lower.
But it's in the relaxations
*But it's in the relaxations*
Where all the neat stuff happens!
Look around you now, at this forest! All this neat stuff. Plants grow and are digested, give medicine, recycle back into the Earth, a positive feedback loop of fertility and health! This is the heat death, us, this! The perpetual winding of a spring which releases in all directions as bursts of color! A fire that does not go out...! Wouldn't it be much more dull if the universe were to simply fall into its death as quickly as one's feet to the ground?
They used to think this was a mystery... How could meaning arise from what would ultimately be nothing...? But any geometer would tell you that all the volume is in the "middle," not on the edges.
Of course, the old linear engineering techniques used to ignore it... 'When perturbed, the system will exhibit a restoring force proportional to the perturbation's effect, and as time goes on, it will eventually return back to normal.'
Relaxations were to be achieved as quickly as possible, the perturbations stifled, their sources identified and neutralized. Linearly extrapolating the technique indicates that the universe's history is not substantial to its final outcome... But of course lines can't go that far without curving, bending, breaking!
And the ol' chemists' equations, so neatly displaying the mad Brownian dash of molecules as tidy, straight arrows of eventual equilibrium. Time was, folks thought this was the 'normal' version of reality, and all else was 'instability.' And all kinds of other dirty words: Chaos, disorder, unpredictability, uncontrollability, irrationality, nonsense, noise. They saw it as an encroachment upon what was theirs, the life that they'd chosen. Some unbidden, malicious force that was outside of all human life, trying to get in and disorganize it... Their identities were against it: stable in the face of all odds.
But ya see, they'd defined themselves as 'good' on the basis of their control, which was only over the boring systems they'd managed to turn into machines. After modest success, they began to think of everything as a machine that could be controlled. They'd built their lives around the promise of devices designed to be stable, in the hopes that it would mean their lives, their communities, their choices would remain stable, anchored by iron and steam.
Now let me tell you, that like this, growth did not just occur.. It had to be won at length, working against the forces of security and management just to sprout a single leaf above the ground. Battles were fought on all imaginable fronts. Growers were exhausted, and managers, at least, went to sleep feeling that they had managed.
But there were still gross instabilities. Having fought this hard to keep springs wound, the clock-controllers would surely have felt a little bit silly giving up. So again and again and again they put on their grave faces and admitted that more work needed to be done before 100% stability was achieved. And the wealthful folks who mattered felt a pang of sympathy and worry, touched by the knowledge that men worked so hard to secure their achievements over the world.
In all this, "Man," (which was the way of referring to human organization -- yeah, I now, right? Those were the times, though) yes, "Man" was the worst actor. He was always getting into trouble, having too much sex, drinking too much, stealing and killing other Mans, trading goods illegally, and all that insidiously unstable stuff.
And the High Men, well, they had a dilemma. On one hand, these instabilities probably had something to do with the appalling poverty in which their workers lived. On the other hand, the upward current of aspiration and necessity that the poverty provided drove the engines of petty industry reliably and efficiently.
No, their solution wasn't to look elsewhere in the hope of goodness, but rather drive their engines harder in efforts to control Man himself. If they could force him to be stable, everything would fall into place. But it was not those who sought control for themselves who had conceived of such schemes. Rather, the thoughts grew up darkly from the minds of the learned men of Europa and America. Those who believed themselves concerned with the good of their people, you see, their intent was not malicious.... No, that would be difficult to say... The towns were divided then, between those who had, and those who had not. Those who had, in the darker corners of their minds, found it satisfying to pretend at society building. They were as children playing, with the same earnesty and focus. They considered the problem of the inherent nonstability of organic form very seriously. I suppose I must mention that they had all grown up taught that humans were essentially bad, left to themselves. Great energy had been invested into this train of thought.
But that's a long story. The playing-men wondered: How to stop man from being bad?
The obvious choice is to mechanize Man. The first consideration is labor: His position in the factory was to be replaced by machine. Much more reliable that way. The second consideration was selling the stuff made in the factory -- Mans should make the right choices, right? The third consideration is war: Conquering machines are to be made robotic when necessary, and soldiers are preferably as machine-like as possible. Plus, winked the controllers, it'd make war so much more humane -- machines destroying machines, that's all! Made in factories made by machines! And everything is linked up to the father-brain, which makes perfect decisions based on superior reasoning capabilities! Perfectly raional war. Even more reasonable than man himself. Wars that fight themselves! Maybe we should make the politicians machines, joke the scientist, laughing with a full room of good-natured reasonable people.
If you haven't noticed by now, Man had put himself in a bit of a corner. He'd long vanquished his own father, of course, who no longer had control over him. But now, what was he to do with such an efficient society, which could be started and stopped with a button? What to do with the perfect engine? He couldn't do anything but control it, of course, run it. So he kept it the same for as long as he could. And he made sure to oil it where it got sticky, clean off the oil stains when it got dirty, replace parts eroded by cleaning fluid.
Quite stable in theory. Except machines always end up breaking down. It's a little bit of a problem to try to fix that by making machines to repair the broken down machines, because they also break down. Meanwhile, Man started to forget what it was that the machines were actually doing... He didn't need to worry about it, wasn't that the point?
The body was the final enemy of Man, the engine's ultimate saboteur. He could control the skies and set fire to the world, but he couldn't stop his body from its strange and disturbing yearnings and motions. To abolish it would suit his society perfectly.
It's all true, I am sure you have heard some of it before...
These people, who were they? I have tried to imagine myself as one of them. They were scared of things they couldn't predict, because they couldn't be sure of what would happen. The moment a corner of their empire began to crumble, they screamed that the sky was falling in on them, and the positive feedback echo chamber of ecopolitical insulation drove them wild in their caves. They thought of the whole world as we think of a dark forest on a winter night. In their tiny little corner of it, they had worked to establish a tidy little bit of unchange. A rock on which they could perch when the floods came -- in must always be there in case the time arose!
But the time didn't arise, and their ordered little kingdoms grew stale and as time went by patches, new parts, a nail here, a plank there, also grew. In old age, they grew too weary to maintain these kingdom engines, hoping only that their children would have the sense to take the steersman's throne. A fleeting wish to create a machine that created order, to find the nearly forgotten but sorely missed father's image looking over again amiably... A desire to father a father.
When angels did not appear in machine form, their children did take the throne, in their exuberant and imperfect ways. Sometimes they loved their parents, sometimes they hated them. But they always kept the machines.
With the passage of generations, and machines themselves the stuff of nostalgic stability-fantasy, honestly folks were done in. They had finally completed what those silly old superstitious farmers of old had started, severed the link of their identity to that wild outside world: Nature. The World. Their picture of it had grown so dark and cold that they now enjoyed the thought of remaining separate from it; gentle insects stirred up thoughts just as unpleasant as the cruel ones did.
But now something strange had happened. With no connection to their very breathe, people had lost control of their own actions. They acted on impulses, whims, passing desires, to seek some connection they felt had somehow gone missing. They jacked themselves into the machines, as their grandparents had imagined for them, hoping a direct connection in cyberspace would bring release. Social life had become, with the machines, a buzz of disconnected noises, indistinct sentences misheard, machine fan whirs and solid state storage clicks. Unreadably vague. Fast-paced, hard to make sense of, yet ever-present, overpowering at times, always inexorably flowing. And then cyberspace murderers arose, and thieves, and all those unstable forces of Man that had so long threatened the stability of the townspeople. The machine men tried to pin it down, of course, they tried to watch every bit of it all the time. But there were so few of them, and so much cyberspace to stabilize and their daddy-brain machine was still incomplete. The old men of the machines started to get the feeling that something was crumbling beneath their feet, as if the rising tide of discontent was sand slipping through their fingers.
If you ask me, of course, they were scared of chaos because they didn't know it... Folks are always so untrusting. Worst thing is, that's a good strategy if you want to live... Was then, is now. But let me tell you that our peoples, we have a mistrust which is an illness among us. It claims young lives each day, still. Our people are travelers by nature, who have always been at odds with those who stay put. They are suspicious of us. And we of them; some of them perhaps still seek the machine-stability...
I tell you, they did not know chaos because they did not look at it. Our people live among it, we are not strangers. But they did not try to know it. Oh, there were a few who sought to contain it in letters and equations in the same way that they had controlled the steam engine and the split atom engine. They sought engines that ran on pure chaos.
Don't you see the error? THIS is the engine that runs on chaos, all around us! Chaos is just a scared person's word for the world's mysteries. Because there will always be mysteries, the word always seems to mean something. Who can tell me the difference between randomness and magic?
"Then what happened, uncle? The GreatWar?"
Well, yes, in time. But it was really much more than just the War. In seeking the perfect stability, the would be controllers had been incredibly stupid but too stuck up to realize it. Putting themselves at the center of the universe, they ignored the animals and plants of the world. The smoke from their machines made the world hot, and they had no way to cool it down. Like those old steam engines, the air of the world had became powerful with the fury of storms. The men did not heed these warnings.
The weather everywhere is different now. Before Man, plants like these didn't grow here! And all the animals were forced to migrate, simply because they were not considered important. The World cried but Man protested: "I don't care." But it didn't matter if He cared; He wrought havoc on his own plans of control.
Yes, you know, and I know, that the biofilm is our sustenance. Like I say, it was a strange time. The masters convinced those who would listen that they could all be the centers of universes, and this idea was so seductive that others also forsook their sustenance. This was a bald-faced lie, of course... Or maybe they actually believed it?
Anyway, they were all killing off the plants and animals of the world in their vanity and confusion, killing off the very land which birthed them. Wounds appeared in the ancient life systems; The biofilm simply couldn't support its infection anymore, and it succumbed to degenerative illness. Even cyberspace, that hopeful matrix of stability mechanics, rose to engulf the old men, their old hidden cameras turned back on them, exposing the completeness of their nudity. Everyone saw now that the masters were not in control. They had tried for so long to believe it, but then the world snapped. They lusted after the blood of those who had betrayed them. Panicking, the old men swallowed up cyberspace and for a second time, engulfed one another's empires in atomic flame.
Not too many bombs fell before the planes stopped flying. Their controllers were all dead, now. The machines had no fuel, and they decayed. Even the memory of fuel itself began to evaporate. All those engines, with no engineers, finally still, finally stable. Quiet.
Women and men and children grew frantic when their harvests failed year after year, or were to meager, and they ran to and fro, trying to get whatever they could however they had to. But with little cropland left, the children's bellies ate themselves instead, and bodies grew too weak to protest. Men tried to enslave the world, they told the slaves it was for their own sake, but the masters were feeble minded and decadent. The slaves revolted each time. Of course, they killed one another more than they killed their old masters. There was not much for anybody, you see, and their seeds would not germinate in the new soil. Fish did not come to lures. Bison did not roam the plains.
In the dark period, all people lived like the scavengers who now follow our people. Kings rose, but they did not have much; mainly they killed and sought to follow the errors of the old masters. The memory had not faded, but had merely twisted. Now the old men were gods to the new men. But that dream's ship had sailed and sunk. The men tried to stabilize a kingdom. And it failed. And they tried again. But there was not enough surplus to make the people feel safe in the new towns. They wandered off into deserts which used to be forests.
And the rest... well, the rest is history! Slowly we found the ways of the desert; over the centuries from our ancestors' time, new forests grew. Here we are now. And I tell you as many years have passed as there are humans who travel as our people, young one: Six sixties.
Don't believe me? But no, no, you're much too old for scary stories. But too young to see the old cities, which still stand, child! Time will prove my words to you. When I see you walk upon the head of the Old Woman, I will know you are ready. But for now the mountain must wait -- and so must you, beloved.
You will find all the old recordings in their towns, too. There are men there in places called libraries, who yet preserve memories and write about the old ways. Our people have traded with them for almost a century; they are wise, but foolish as well.
Why I tell you this now, is because you must know. Many young women and men have heard the ancient call to ancient ways... The strange, seductive, separated ways of the machine men. They have lost themselves, left our people, searching the planet for engines of old, forsaking the Grand Engine for one whose grandeur does not make a dwarf of a man's. This I tell you has been our greatest mistake: To underestimate the past's grip on us.
So now I tell you these things. But I only tell you that you may decide for yourself, when the time comes. To know our people and our ways, you must know this dark past. And then it is your decision: To move with us, or cast our family once more into the half-light, to go back and stay put.
Look around you now. Does this forest look like a machine with buttons? Who is doing the controlling? The seed finds it way to the ground through the bird, grows into a tree which the beetle eats, which the bird pecks. Who is in control of our society? We are, you and me, right here. We are society. And all of our loved ones, the near ones and the far ones. And the thieves, who sometimes come in the night, they too are in control of us. But our goods control their action as well: If you set a trap, you might just catch a thief. It's all part of the unwinding. Our people do not know war. We can not; we make no claims to land except to pass over it. This is the rock of our people, but you see that it is precisely no rock.
Of course we have machines once more. Why, you ask, after all the trouble? But there is no danger in a box of bolts! Danger is always in here. It is the hard metallic promises that corrupt minds, not mere cold metal itself! Machines are just clever ways to get things done. (Again and again and again). But is the things which get done that make all the difference!
Do not fear mechanical knowledge; do not abolish this aspect of ourselves.
It is the thought that machines can only be controlled by us, the ignorance of machine's power of Man. There is the danger.
No, our people do not think of such control. Yet we go in power with one another, steering somehow a course through the lands.
I still wonder about those old folks. How scared they were, the cost of hiding it. They were scared of The Uncontrolled, but they were far more scared of appearing scared to their people; they were scared of looking like they weren't in control.
I don't think they were quite like us. The old stories are so strange, so filled with cruelty. They thought it right to hate one another, yes, their own people! Silly, if you ask me. Bad strategy. That is the one part which I've never understood, never been able to imagine of myself. The peoples of the world bicker and disagree, but they do not hate, as they did then.
I guess we can't, anymore. All people have too much to lose now.
YAAAWWWN. Oh, young one. Your uncle has seen the sun set too long ago.
But I've been terrible, haven't I! You came to me to hear of great mysteries, not to hear what is known!
Hmm, well now, that's true. It is indeed a great mystery how those with such knowledge could forget about food. Perhaps you can ponder that, young one, and when you figure it right, you can tell me!
Bid your father due patience in the hunt tomorrow; I rise early for the lake. The fish are moving through the streams strongly enough to pull you along with them! Tomorrow we will have a feast of fish! |
How do languages work in our brains?
VeryCoolSpouse and I (and the 3 little ones) visited some Chinese friends over the weekend. We are both native English speakers, they both speak English very well but Chinese is their birth language. There happened to be a trivet on the table, and I asked if there is a Chinese word for “trivet.” Neither of them had heard the word; both VeryCoolSpouse and I knew it.
I’ve probably heard the word 5 times in my life (I’m 55 years old), but had no problem bringing it to mind. When I’m studying Chinese, I have to repeat a word many more times than that before I can remember it, and even then it disappears from my brain if I don’t refresh it once a week or so. Why is that? How can I remember obscure English words that I haven’t used for years, but Chinese words evaporate in moments?
Before this question gets pushed past page one, I just wanted to reassure you there is an answer to your question, and it is: No one has a clue.
It is acknowledged that in general, things are as you have experienced them. And they know that different parts of the brain activate when learning one’s first language as opposed to learning a second one later in life, and when speaking in one’s first language and when speaking a second language. They also know that up to a certain age (around 11, IIRC) you can learn any number of languages as a “first” language, whether simultaneously or “in series.” And they know that successful second-language learning requires very different methods compared to successful first-language learning. (First language learning works like this: Hang out with people who speak that language for a year or two, and you’ve got it. Second-language learning generally takes study and rote practice. Language immersion helps a little, but won’t get you there like it will for first-language learning.)
As to “how” it all works, nobody knows.
I remember reading a statement from someone (Peg Bracken?) that it’s a pity no matter how well you learn a second lanugage, you’ll never learn the words for things like bowling balls and diaper pins.
I was pretty sure that it’s not well understood, but I was HOPING :slight_smile: for “the current state of the art” or “most scientists believe” or something similar.
I’m quite aware of the “learn it before you’re 11 or you won’t speak it like a native” bit. The dendrites in our brains harden up around the 10-12 year range and there are lots of things that you can’t learn (or not well) after that. My 7-year-old has “lazy eye”* and the eye doc says she must learn to use it before she turns 10 or she won’t EVERY be able to see out of that eye.
• Vision was so bad in that eye that the brain stopped using it. Now that she has glasses, her brain still isn’t using it. Solution: patch over the strong eye 3 hours per day forces use of the “bad” (now corrected) eye so that the nerves regrow–it’s working great sez the doc.
Dang it, I DID preview.
“EVERY be able to see” should be “EVER be able to see”
Very good and interesting question, for which probably there is indeed no known answer now.
What is surprising to me is the difference people have in being able to master foreign languages. I took Latin in HS, German in college, learned some Japanese when I lived there, tried Spanish a few times, all with limited success.
I have no ability for learning a second language and struggled greatly to try to learn any of the above, with not much success. Yet my English is probably above par and have a good command of vocabulary, even in my dotage.
Yet there are linguists who can master a large number of disparate languages with ease. Obviously the brains of those do so and mine differ, and it would indeed be interesting to know the function that permits mastering many languages.
I have a theory, constructed out of whole cloth, that it is possibly linked to ability to master music. I know a few professional musicians who seem quite adept at learning other languages. Who knows?
You might interested in this book by Steven Mithen: The Singing Neanderthals : The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. I read it a few weeks ago, and although I don’t necessarily buy into his thesis, he does present some very interesting ideas.
Thanks, read the reviews and it sounds fascinating and probably fun. Think I’ll get a copy.
I’m generalizing from one example here–namely, myself–but I find that being able to keep using it is really the key with 2nd languages. On a serious level, I took three years of Spanish in high school and one year of ancient Greek in college. In both cases, I picked it up quite easily, then promptly forgot it all when I was done because I wasn’t using/thinking about it on a day to day basis.
Since then I’ve thought about trying to pick up Spanish again, or German, or Japanese, or Russian–I’m nothing if not ambitious!–but without a) the discipline of a class and b) the chance to use the language regularly, I know I’d lose it as quick as I got it.
I began with French as my mother tongue, but then English followed very closely after. So I guess I learned both languages well before the age of 11.
When I speak French or English, I speak them without any accent (other than a Canadian accent) so that epople are often surprised to learn English is not my first language.
But today, I earn nice money working as a simultaneous interpreter (English-French, French-English). This consists of sitting in a booth at a meeting or conference, listening to a speaker, and speaking the other language at the same time. You have to keep up with what is being said and not allow for more than a few seconds of lapse time.
I have no idea at all how my brain does it. It is like riding a bicycle or touch-typing. The minute you start to think about what you are doing you will screw up. With typing you just let the fingers and some mysterious part of your brain work together.
For some reason I do it much better if I close my eyes. And believe it or not, I have never received any formal training to become an interpreter, nor do I have a degree in translation.
At the age of 42, I decided to see how hard it was to learn a language since I had sort of fallen naturally into English and French. And I did not want anything easy like Spanish. So I took German.
Oh ja, Deutsch!!! They do not have their nouns divided up into masculine and feminine, nosiree Fritz! They have masculine feminine and neuter!
As you may know, the adjectives and the articles in French vary according to the gender of the noun. You say, “*Un * beau chien” but “une belle maison”.
Now then, nothing so simple for German, folks (or Volk). In the language of Schiller and Mozart, the article and the adjective vary not only according to gender but also according to the function of the noun in the sentence. It is a bit like the way English says “who” when it is the subject, but “whom” when it is the object.
However, German does this for every adjective and article.
A good man was there = **Ein guter ** Mann war dort
I saw a good man = Ich sah **einen guten ** Mann
I gave it to a good man = Ich habe es **einem gutem ** Mann gegeben.
Note how the article and the adjective change their endings in each case. And you thought French and Spanish were complicated!
So how did my adventure learning German work out? The answer is, surprisingly well. I have a theory as to why. I have heard it is much easier to learn a third or even fourth language than the second. I think I know why.
Our brains are programmed to assign the correct meaning to a word and keep it there. You were taught that that thing on hinges is a “door”. By keeping meanings and sounds clearly in order, you can speak and understand your native tongue.
But then, you try for a second language. Suddenly, you want your brain to understand that that thing is a “porte” or a “Tur”. Your brain immediately says, “Are you trying to screw me over? That there thing has been a “door” for the past 30 or 40 years, and now you tell me it isn’t?”
Once you speak a second language, though, your brain accepts that there are two different “sets” of sounds to convey reality. So if you now want it to accept that there is a third set, what the heck, why not, sez your brain. Anyhow, that is my theory.
Opinions or comments?
Just to clarify in case there are any budding linguists out there that may be scared by the thought of having to master many languages; many linguists only speak their native language and that’s it, or maybe just one other language. (I’m not suggesting that you don’t know the difference, I just don’t want anyone to get confused since it’s a common misconception that linguists know lots of languages.)
As for the OP, I don’t have an answer either. I did find that after studying language (in general) in college, my ability to pick up language increased a bit, but it’s still pretty shoddy.
This is indeed a fascinating phenomenon, and it’s one of several ways we can be sure that second language acquisition is, at least in part, a separate thing from acquiring one’s native language. All people - barring cases of particular neurological deficits - acquire their first language within a few years and by the end of their youth, people all have mastery similar to each other’s. Certainly there is some variation in verbal skills - some people are, for instance, more apt to speak in longer, more linguistically complex sentences, and some people are obviously more “articulate” than others (though I’m unaware of any rigorous definition of the term, hence the scare quotes). But still, the variation in ability with a first language is fairly small.
In contrast, people’s ability to acquire second languages varies enormously. Some people simply don’t seem to have much aptitude for it and never achieve real mastery - and there’s no correlation that I know of or have ever observed to either general intelligence or other linguistic abilities. On the other end, some people acquire perfect abilities with a second language. I used to know a woman, Alisa, who moved to the United States from Latvia in her early teens - well after the apparent period for first language acquisition. At home, she spoke Russian and (if memory serves) at least some Latvian; however, by the time I knew her several years later, she really had no discernible accent at all. Very, very occasionally I could hear a trace of something that might have been an accent when she was extremely tired, but even assuming that it was indeed an accent and not simply my own imagination, it was the sort of thing that I could only faintly hear and only if I listened for it. Everyone who met her - myself included - was shocked to learn her first language wasn’t English.
I myself have a bit of that, though I doubt I compare to Alisa; I had a class in Spanish phonetics (which was actually a mixture of the linguistic fields of phonetics and phonology and also a concerted effort to teach a proper accent to Spanish students) and my professor told me that I sounded like a native in a recording made as part of a project to improve our accents. Even though I’m sure he exaggerated a little, it’s true that I have considerably more ease at learning good foreign accents than other foreign language students I’ve known. A peculiar thing is that the ability doesn’t seem to extend at all into the area of doing accents in my own language, for which I have no particular talent. Learning a good accent in a foreign language doesn’t even seem to correlate in any particular way with general skill in it, as we’ve all met foreigners who are quite fluent in English but have heavy accents. What I’ve read about second language acquisition suggests that many people can achieve native-level abilities in a second language except in regard to accent, but that mastering a foreign accent perfectly, even given time and practice, is quite rare. Clearly, there are lots of language abilities that are not coupled very closely with one another, something that suggests a degree of separation within the brain between various language-related abilities.
And another thing I’ve observed is that many linguists seem to have a certain “linguist’s grasp” of quite a few foreign languages, but no real fluency in them. (Though as you say, not a few only speak their native language; an entire career can easily be made working within one language.) This sort of linguist’s ability comes from having studied the grammar of a language fairly closely without ever acquiring any significant amount of vocabulary or any fluency at speaking it. One might easily very thoroughly learn, say, all of the verb endings of regular and irregular verbs in Italian without ever practicing the language enough to come up with them in speech - particularly if one can’t think of a verb to attach them to! If you know a lot about grammar, and particularly if you know a related language whose grammar is similar, it’s easy to acquire those things but not have much ability at all to speak or understand a language.
Hmm. It won’t let me post this because it says I’ve posted a duplicate. Yet it doesn’t seem to be showing up, and an error popped up when I tried. So I’m adding some irrelevant, generally useless text to convince it that this one is different. Apologies in advance if I somehow manage to post this several times.
While I don’t have a wondrous talent for music, I am a fair guitar player, a decent singer and was a professional musician for 10 years. I suck at languages. The ability to correlate pitch with a syllable has been useful in my attempts to learn Chinese, but remembering the words, for instance, is blindingly difficult for me.
I’ve seen studies that suggest that learning multiple “birth” languages (before that all-important 10-12 birthday) makes it easier to learn others later. There was a young man in my Chinese class at college who was miles ahead of the rest of us. He was raised in Brazil–learned German, Portugese and Spanish from birth, learned English when he was 10 (had no accent). He said “Languages are just easy for me.” I wanted to strangle him. :slight_smile:
Unfortunately, there doesn’t seem to be anything the rest of us can do to gain this advantage now that we’ve progressed into adulthood. :frowning: |
Alter your environment to improve your body and mind
Genes contain information that determine everything from appearance to intelligence.
A person inherits genes from their parents, and how parents live affects their children’s genes.
However, it’s a mistaken assumption that everything you inherited in your genes is permanent. Your lifestyle and circumstances can awaken individual genes and/or suppress others. Here are four ways you can alter your environment and lifestyle to improve your body and mind.
1. YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT. Food and nutrition are important. If you regularly consume healthy and nutritious food, your genes will respond accordingly. Healthy nutrition awakens essential genes that have a positive impact on your mind and body. It’s critical to have a consistently healthy diet for the good genes to remain active.
2. STRESS CAN ACTIVATE CHANGE. Everyone deals with stress, which can have an impact on our health and genes. Becoming stressed-out on a consistent basis can cause the good genes to become suppressed impacting your productivity and health. Destressing exercises can activate these genes to help you cope.
3. AN ACTIVE LIFESTYLE WILL AWAKEN THE BEST GENES. An active lifestyle influences change. You don’t need to become an exercise junkie for good results. you only need to take part in a physical activity such as dancing or running on a regular basis. Your body will activate genes needed to support those activities over time. The impact has a net positive on your health, mind and productivity.
4. CHANGE YOUR ENVIRONMENT. Sometimes changing your environment isn’t all that easy, but it can be controlled it in small ways. Regular exposure to morning sunlight, a clean home environment and living near a wooded area can influence your active genes, mind, body and even your mood.
In addition to making these four changes, regular visits with your general healthcare provider can make sure you live a long, healthy life.
Today is a good day to start!
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Top 10 Stress Management Techniques for Students
Top 10 Stress Management Techniques for Students
Stress is “a normal physical response to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance in some way.” Most students experience significant amounts of stress, and this stress can take a significant toll on health, happiness, and grades.
That means teens are experiencing significant levels of chronic stress, and that they feel their levels of stress generally exceed their ability to cope effectively.
Stress occurs naturally in college students, who are overwhelmed balancing multiple classes with work schedules and extra activities.
Stress can affect health-related behaviours like sleep patterns, diet, and exercise as well, taking a larger toll. Many students feel a sense of needing to relieve stress, but with all of the activities and responsibilities that fill a student’s schedule, it’s sometimes difficult to find the time to try new stress relievers to help dissipate that stress.
These options are relatively easy, quick, and relevant to a student’s life:
1. Get Enough Sleep
Long Sleeping⎹ American Sleep Association
Students, with their packed schedules, are notorious for missing sleep. Unfortunately, operating in a sleep-deprived state puts you at a distinct disadvantage. You’re less productive, you may find it more difficult to learn, and you may even be a hazard behind the wheel.
2. Eat a Healthy Diet
Get healthy people! It's time! No more excuses! | Geelongs Gym
You may not realize it, but your diet can either boost your brainpower or sap you of mental energy. A healthy diet can function as both a stress management technique and a study aid. Improving your diet can keep you from experiencing diet-related mood swings, light-headedness, and more.
3. Engage in a Physical Activity
Physical activity and depression | Nature Human Behaviour
Adding a daily physical activity into your schedule can help you to beat stress before it comes on. However, there are ways to get rid of stress as you are studying, too.
One of the greatest ways to relieve stress is through physical activity. Whether this is through a vigorous workout or by participating in sports, you will find that getting your body moving helps you to literally sweat off tension.
Relieve some stress with either a few minutes or hours of physical activity by doing yoga in the morning, walking or biking to campus, or reviewing for tests with a friend while walking on a treadmill at the gym, to get your blood pumping, and then go back to hitting the books.
4. Take Calming Breaths
8 Breathing Exercises for Anxiety You Can Try Right Now
ReadMust Try: Deep Breathing technique to relieve stress
When your body is experiencing a stress response, you’re often not thinking as clearly as you could be. A quick way to calm down is to practice breathing exercises. These can be done virtually anywhere to relieve stress in minutes, and are especially effective for reducing anxiety before or even during tests, as well as during other times when stress feels overwhelming.
5. Do something you Enjoy
How to Find a Hobby - Smarter Living Guides - The New York Times
Hobbies can help you relax. Put aside the books and take a few minutes or up to an hour to put your stress towards an activity you enjoy.
Get physical, watch half an hour of your favorite television show or YouTube channel or just listen to a few of your favorite songs; breaking up your study sessions with activities or hobbies you enjoy will help relieve some test tension and studying monotony.
6. Write
Sharpen your writing skills with this comprehensive creative ...
Writing when you are stressed out can help you figure out the things that are bothering you. While it may seem obvious that the act of studying itself is stressful, take a few minutes to write down a list of what aspects of your situation are causing you the most grief. Are you trying to study a lot of material in a small amount of time? Is there certain material that you don’t understand? Did you procrastinate? Once you figure out why you are stressed you can better address how to alleviate your woes.
You could also take some time away from studying and do some creative writing. Jot down a quick poem or short story to get your creative juices flowing; even if you don’t consider yourself a “writer” this will at least give you a much-needed break from studying.
7. Get your study snacks right
Know your nuts: Healthy Snacks For On The Go - SPA… | SPAR
Studies have proven without a doubt that certain foods can help relieve stress and anxiety. If you are feeling overwhelmed while staring at your revision notes, consuming food and drinks that are high in sugar or caffeine will only heighten your stress. Instead, make sure you are putting healthy food into your body, which will help you stay calm and hopefully boost your brainpower, too.
Some of the best (and tastiest) mood-boosting snacks include blueberries, dark chocolate and pistachio nuts. Pumpkin and sunflower seeds contain high levels of magnesium, which is known to regulate emotions. Of course eating too much of anything will make you feel lethargic and off-form – so eat in moderation. Those who drink black and green tea have also been shown to produce lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol after performing a stressful task, so put the kettle on when it all gets too much!
8. Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
Progressive Muscle Relaxation: How it Works | Women's Alphabet
Another great stress reliever that can be used during tests, before bed, or at other times when stress has you physically wound up is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). This technique involves tensing and relaxing all muscles until the body is completely relaxed.
With practice, you can learn to release stress from your body in seconds. This can be particularly helpful for students because it can be adapted to help relaxation efforts before sleep for deeper sleep, something students can always use, or even to relax and reverse test-induced panic before or during a test.
9. Listen to Music
LISTEN TO MUSIC - Voice of Nigeria
A convenient stress reliever that has also shown many cognitive benefits, music can help you to relieve stress and either calm yourself down or stimulate your mind as your situation warrants. Students can harness the benefits of music by playing classical music while studying, playing upbeat music to “wake up” mentally, or relaxing with the help of their favourite slow melodies.
10. Use Positive Thinking and Affirmations
10 Activities to Help Children Develop a Positive Attitude | What ...
Did you know that optimists actually experience better circumstances, in part, because their way of thinking helps to create better circumstances in their lives? It’s true! The habit of optimism and positive thinking can bring better health, better relationships, and, yes, better grades.
Learn how to train your brain for more positive self-talk and a brighter future with affirmations and other tools for optimism. You can also learn the limitations to affirmations and the caveats of positive thinking so you aren’t working against yourself. |
Today’s technology offers a possibility to use environmental friendly formic acid in a fuel cell. So far they haven’t worked very well. But, physicist Florian Nitze working at Umeå University in Sweden on his thesis has developed new catalysts to improve the capacity of formic acid fuel cells.
Formic acid is a naturally occurring product and is comparatively safe in low a concentration that’s even used in foods. The HCO2H molecule is also a precursor for some fuel production processes. Rich in hydrogen and a bit of carbon it’s a liquid in atmospheric temperatures so it would be a fine fuel product. The formic acid molecule also comes apart or decomposes with a little heat into simple carbon dioxide and water. That’s where the chemistry gets interesting.
Its long been known that formic acid with platinum decomposes releasing hydrogen and carbon dioxide. That fact has kept formic acid on the list for hydrogen storage ideas.
This is where Nitze comes in, his thesis explores developments of new catalysts that very well could lead to fuel cells with the power necessary for cell phones and laptops.
Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen to operate instead of an electrical charging.
Carbon Fiber Palladium Catalyst Holder. Image Credit: Florian Nitze, Umeå University. Click image for the largest view.
For his thesis Nitze has developed new catalysts based on a combination of material science and nanotechnology, engineering close to the atom level with the goal to reduce the energy loss and to increase the rate of the chemical reactions, which leads to a higher efficiency in the fuel cell.
Nitze explains his approach, “Especially catalysts of palladium-nanoparticles attached to a unique helical formed carbon nanofiber proved to have a long lifetime and a very high potential to be used in formic acid fuel cells. The helical formed carbon nanofiber has a high electrical conductivity and a surface that is very easy to decorate with nanoparticles.”
Several of the new catalysts that Nitze have developed are based on palladium. It is a noble metal such as gold or platinum, but it is half as expensive as of now.
Nitze knows he’s on to something saying, “One of the major advantages over Li-ion batteries, which are dominating the battery market, is that the charging (the fuel cell) only takes seconds by simple refueling with formic acid.”
In a quick fuel cell refresher note that the most common fuel, hydrogen, matched up to oxygen (but equally valid for formic acid and oxygen) get in contact, they can react and release a lot of energy. In the process hydrogen gives electrons to oxygen as it is oxidized. The other side is the oxygen takes electrons from the hydrogen thus being reduced. The energy in the transfer of the electrons is what the fuel cell captures flowing the power out for use.
The most successful fuel cells separate these two reactions spatially into the two separate oxidation and reduction reactions and the electric power of the two separated reactions are connected electrically. But not all energy can be used; some energy is needed to keep the reaction running.
Catalysts can lower this energy loss and speed up the reactions resulting in a higher efficiency of the fuel cell. The better the catalyst the less loss and less heat a fuel cell will need.
Formic acid might sound a bit threatening, but as a portable pocket fuel it’s much less worrisome than say the butane in a pocket lighter. Lets hope Nitze’s thesis gets a wide reading and more progress is made. Dropping the battery for portable electronics power for a fuel cell and a few drops of liquid sounds like a fine idea indeed.
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X (Camp X)
A secret training camp near Oshawa, Ontario1 for Canadian and British commandos and spies during World War II. It is symbolic of the central role played by Canada during WWII, despite its relatively small population of less than 20 million of the time.
Camp X was legendary among British and American intelligence services. It ceased operations shortly after the war.
Image Source: Wikimedia Commons
1. Camp X. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
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Sales Taxes
Of all the taxes Americans are subjected to, sales tax is the more often than not considered the least controversial. Rarely does it inspire the debate of the income tax or property tax. Thus, a useful tax for funding everything from schools to ballparks.
The general sales tax has only been in effect since 1932, when it was imposed on the state of Mississippi and the municipalities of New York City and New Orleans. Special sales taxes, or excise taxes, have been used for much longer: the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 was held as a protest over such a tax on tea, and the United States first imposed an excise tax on whiskey in 1790.
Within the context of tax revenues, the state sales tax is an important tax. In fact, it is currently the largest source of total state revenues in the country—45 states and the District of Columbia now impose a sales tax, and hundreds of municipalities and local government entities across the United States impose their own sales taxes. Cuts in income taxes and property taxes over the past 10 years have made states and local governments even more dependent on the sales tax.
Inside Sales Taxes |
The most critical component for reuse of C&D waste is the identification of a market for the waste material. Once a market is found to exist, the material becomes a commodity not a waste. For reuse of materials to be economically successful, there must be a stable, profitable market. The Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) suggests that, to have a market for the C&D waste, there are five requirements that must be met and agreed upon by both the buyer and the seller: (1) specifications, (2) quantity, (3) delivery conditions, (4) price, and (5) commitment (Dolan et al. 1999). For most Army facilities, an extensive C&D waste reuse operation will require a large investment of both time and money. Denison and Ruston (1990) listed factors that should be considered by solid waste and project managers before beginning any type of a reuse operation to ensure that the reuse project is both financially and technically feasible: 1. quantity of waste generated 2. composition of the waste 3. materials targeted for recycling and the methods of recovery 4. expected value 5. necessary additional processing required to prepare the recovered materials for the market 6. costs of recycling, handling, collecting, and processing 7. financial and logistical risks and uncertainties 8. availability of markets for recovered materials, current market prices, price instability, and the potential effect of market development programs (Dolan et al. 1999). |
Question: Can ADHD Cause Racing Thoughts?
Can ADHD look like bipolar?
Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.
What mental illness causes racing?
The conditions most commonly linked to racing thoughts are bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep deprivation, amphetamine dependence, and hyperthyroidism.
What are bipolar racing thoughts like?
Racing thoughts are often one of the first symptoms to develop when someone with bipolar disorder is entering a hypomanic or manic episode. 4 It can be—but is not always—a debilitating experience. Some people describe it as having excessive thoughts that move quickly, but with a sense of fluidity and pleasantness.
Is ADHD a form of autism?
Can a brain scan show ADHD?
Can ADHD cause negative thoughts?
Negative Thinking, Negative Outcome Many children with attention deficit disorder (ADHD or ADD) carry these negative thought patterns into adulthood, which can lead to problems with mood, behavior, or anxiety.
Can ADHD turn into bipolar?
Why is ADHD misdiagnosed with bipolar?
Bipolar disorder is characterized by high, euphoric, or irritable periods called mania and low periods of depression. The mania stage is sometimes mistaken for hyperactivity and the low states manifest themselves as inattention and lack of motivation, which are common in individuals with ADHD.
Does ADHD get worse with age?
How do you calm an overactive mind?
A psychologist on 5 ways to calm an overactive mind before bedWrite it down. Before you go to bed, write down your worries and separate them into two spheres: things that are in your control and things that aren’t. … Try 4-7-8 breathing. … Listen to audiobooks for a relaxing bedtime story. … Protect yourself from second-hand stress during the day. … Get out of bed.
Can ADHD go away?
Are racing thoughts a symptom of ADHD?
There are some similarities and overlap in the symptoms of ADD/ADHD and bipolar disorder. 1 Both may include hyperactive or restless behaviors, distractibility, poor concentration, impulsivity, and racing thoughts.
What are racing thoughts a symptom of?
Anxiety. Anxiety is a common cause of racing thoughts. While racing thoughts are extremely common during an anxiety attack, they can also occur at any time. They may also precede or follow an anxiety attack.
How does ADHD affect your thinking?
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterized by an inability to control one’s attention span so as to effectively complete one activity or cognitive process before proceeding to another. This leads to impulsive decision-making and actions, and typically a hyperkinetic mode of life.
Can ADHD cause anxiety?
Sometimes, anxiety can occur independently of ADHD. Other times, it can be as a result of living with ADHD. A person who has ADHD and misses a work deadline or forgets to study for an important exam can become stressed and worried. Even the fear of forgetting to do such important tasks may cause them anxiety. |
Literature and Language
What is another form of plead?
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Answered 2010-12-19 23:43:51
pleaded (past tense), pleading (present tense)
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An attorney can plead on behalf of another person.
The noun form for the verb to plea is a plea.
To plead means to beg. If you plead for someone, you could also be leading a legal case. Another term for that would be to argue a case. You could also say cajole instead of beg.
"You are not pleading pleasingly!" "You can plead better than THAT!" "Please plead your case."
Most dictionaries will give you a selection, such as plead, ask, importune, solicit,
"My lawyer advised me to plead not guilty." "Mary will plead with her father and hope that he gives her the money."
Plead has only one syllable.
Plead is an infinitive verb (and past participle verb). Thus it can be used in the following sentences:I tried to plead with her but she wouldn't listen.I'm going to plead my case to the supreme court.He is the first person to plead guilty to this offence.
Plead is the verb, plea is a noun.
He will plead with you until he gets his way.
He pleads for her to stay I plead with him to go
"No Contest" is just another way to plead guilty without actually saying it. It is a plea given in court that means that although you do not plead Guilty to the crime, you concede that the prosecution has enough evidence to convict you.
To plead is to make a claim or statement. For example: "how do you plead?" "Not guilty."
ask for request plead solicit implore these are all synonyms of beg supplicate beseech entreat
You don't plead at that. Pleading only occurs when charges are addressed at a hearing.
Synonyms are words that are like the original, in this case plead. Some synonyms for the word plead include ask, beseech, implore, petition and appeal.
Plead: past tense of pleaPled: used as a past tense of plead in some contexts, used only rarelyPleaded: the common past tense of plead, used in everyday context
The lawyer plead for time before the case so he can get some information.
to say or plead in protest, objection, or disapproval to show to present reasons in complaint; plead in protest
Not exactly. Both imply oral communication, but "plead" conveys more urgency.
Plead the Fifth - album - was created on 2010-05-11.
Never. Your right to plead the 5th and remain silent is a constant right which no authority has the right to snuff out.
There are many famous gospel songs in the world. The one with these lyrics is a country gospel song called I Plead the Blood which is sung by The Lesters.
No, it might form from another planet but definitely not on another planet.
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In order to assess soil fertility appropriately and to deduce proper amelioration measures, our partner laboratory analyses up to 118 single parameters according to the method of “Fractional Analysis” (certified according to ÖNORM S2122-1). The following chart represents the parameters and the methods of analysis.
Summarized description sheet of the “Fractional Analysis”
Water-soluble Elements
Water-soluble elements of a soil determine the concentration of substances within the soil solution. The soil solution is the most important medium for plant nutrition. It should hold an ideal composition of nutrients because plants just have a minor ability in selecting designated nutrients.
Information Sheet Water-soluble Elements
Exchangeable Elements
Organic and mineral parts possess generally negative loaded surfaces (sorption surface areas). Positively loaded particles, so-called cations like Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+, and H+ become attached to these negative surfaces. By increasing the concentration of substances in the soil solution (e.g. fertilizing, root excretions), attached particles are suppressed from the sorption surface and become available for the plant roots (=elements are exchanged).
Information Sheet Exchangeable Elements
Plant-available Elements
Plant-available elements are those elements which are provided in an accessible form for plant nutrition during the growing period. They are the sum of water-soluble and exchangeable elements.
Information Sheet Plant-available Elements
Subsequently deliverable Elements (Reserve Fraction)
Elements in the reserve fraction / subsequently deliverable elements become accessible to plants by natural weathering processes within 10 to 15 years. For ecological and economic reasons, it may be reasonable to mobilize the existing reserve pools instead of adding fertilizers.
Information Sheet Subsequent deliverable Elements
Analysis of the Phosphorus (P) Pools
Studies (e.g. Köster und Nieder 2007) as well as our own research shows that most of the agriculturally used soils contain enormous phosphorus reserves (up to 3000 kg/ha in 30 cm of depth). These reserves are only partly immediately available to plants. Knowing the different chemical bond types of phosphorus empowers to recommend specific activities to mobilize P and integrate P into the biologic cycle again. In this respect, we are analysing and assessing the following 5 phosphorus pools:
1. Water-soluble phosphorus
2. Exchangeable phosphorus
3. Mineral phosphorus reserve
4. Organic phosphorus reserve
5. Total contents of phosphorus
Information Sheet Analysis of the Phosphorus
Köster W., R. Nieder (2007). Wann ist eine Grunddüngung mit Phosphor, Kalium und Magnesium wirtschaftlich vertretbar?
ÖNORM S 2122-1 (2013). Erden aus Abfällen. Teil 1: Fraktionierte Analyse – Untersuchungsmethoden.
Would you like to request a soil analysis? |
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Home / Blog / Are medical masks OK for industrial users?
Are medical masks OK for industrial users?
With certified masks hard to find currently, some tradespeople have turned to using medical masks as a substitute.
Is this a safe practice?
It’s important to understand that medical masks are largely designed for a different purpose to industrial disposable masks. Essentially, one is designed to filter what you breathe out, the other is designed to filter what you breathe in.
In medical situations, especially in an operating theatre, it is vital to ensure that the patient is not accidentally contaminated. That’s the main purpose of medical masks—to avoid any risk of exhaled droplets causing infection during a surgical procedure or to a patient with low immunity; or to control contamination if a sick person coughs or sneezes.
Unlike industrial masks, medical masks are looser fitting. They do not effectively filter small particles from the air and do not prevent leakage around the edge of the mask when the user inhales. They provide barrier protection against droplets including large respiratory particles.
The P2 or N95 rated masks that are generally used in industry, are designed to be close fitting to the wearer’s face and filter out 95% of very small (less than 0.3 micron) particles from the air that the wearer breathes in.
Obviously it’s better to use a medical mask than no mask at all—but this should be avoided, and definitely not with dangerous dusts like silica. Even in the current shortage industrial quality masks are still available, though sometimes not easy to find. Esko can point you to sources who will have stock.
Because of the current demand, AS/NZS certified P2 masks are hard to find but American NIOSH N95 and Chinese equivalent KN95 rated masks provide an almost identical (arguably slightly higher) level of protection. See this chart for a detailed comparison of the various international standards.
Prices are likely to be higher than previously—this is not profiteering by your supplier but reflects the fact that international supply chains have been disrupted, demand has surged to unheard of levels both for the base nonwoven fabric and for the finished product, governments have commandeered supplies, and most currently available stock will have air freight costing included in the price.
In these unusual times, having the right PPE is more essential than ever. |
Learn Spanish as a Second Language
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Learn Spanish as a Second Language
There are many good reasons to learn Spanish as a second language, but one of the most convincing may be its global importance. In fact, with an estimated 427 million native speakers, it is the second most commonly spoken native language in the world, ranking ahead of English and behind only Mandarin.
In addition, it is believed that around 470 million people speak Spanish with native competence, while a total of more than 560 million people speak it as either a first or second language. It is the most popular second language taught in the United States and one of the top five second languages taught in the European Union.
At present, Spanish is recognised as an official language in 20 different countries, with some of the most notable being Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Colombia, Uruguay and Paraguay. Furthermore, despite not being an official language there, the United States has in excess of 50 million Spanish speakers, making it the second largest Spanish speaking nation on the planet, with only Mexico having more Spanish speakers.
However, more than simply being a widely spoken language with a large geographical spread, Spanish is also extremely influential and important in the modern world. It is recognised as one of only six official languages used by the United Nations and is an official language of both the European Union and the World Trade Organization.
Potential Difficulties in Learning Spanish
Although time and effort is required, Spanish is generally considered to be a fairly easy language for English speakers to learn. With that said, there are some common difficulties that students encounter along the way and the best way to contend with these is to become familiar with them in advance.
One problem Spanish language students encounter is the range of different Spanish dialects, which each have distinct phonological and grammatical features. While they are generally considered to be mutually intelligible, the Spanish spoken in Northern Spain differs from the Spanish spoken in Madrid, which differs again from the variety of Spanish spoken by people living in Mexico. The ‘s’ sound, in particular, differs from one dialect to another.
Another common problem English-speaking students of the Spanish language encounter is confusion over the pronoun for “you”. This is because Spanish has a formal and familiar registers, with different words depending on the register being used. To make things even more confusing, while the formal word for you is “usted”, the word used in the familiar register varies between “tú” and “vos”, depending on the dialect of Spanish being spoken.
Finally, vocabulary can differ quite significantly from one Spanish speaking region to the next. Again, most Spanish speakers will generally understand other regions’ vocabulary, but this can be tricky for those learning it as a second language, and even among native speakers, some Spaniards struggle with certain American Spanish words.
Advantages of Learning Spanish as a Second Language
The high number of speakers, wide global distribution and importance in the worlds of politics, business, music and the internet all make Spanish an extremely useful language to learn. Indeed, it can significantly enhance your employment prospects and improve your ability to communicate when speaking to one of the many Spanish speaking countries in the world. Here are some of the benefits of learning Spanish as a second language:
• It is the second most commonly spoken language in the world, ahead of English;
• A total of 15 percent of all EU citizens speak it as either a first or second language;
• Great job prospects in terms of teaching Spanish to English speakers, or English to Spanish speakers;
• The ability to earn Spanish language certificates, which are often a condition of immigration;
• Spanish is one of the top five most utilised languages on the internet;
Due to its popularity as a second language, students learning Spanish will find no shortage of other learners, with differing levels of competency. This means that, throughout the process of acquiring the language, it will be relatively easy to find people to practice with and ask for help. |
What Are The Disadvantages Of International Trade Agreements
As barriers to trade are removed, some products may be cheaper to purchase abroad than domestically. This is why job losses are likely, as less competitive sectors are neglected. While most economists say that this workforce can be attributed to more efficient industries, in which the United States has a comparative advantage and this benefits the country as a whole, it is not always likely or practical. In addition, these adjustments are easier to make in the long term than in the short term. It is not always easy for someone who has worked all his life in a factory to start a new career as an IT specialist. International trade can have adverse effects on a country`s consumption behaviour due to the importation of cheap and sometimes harmful goods. Indian handicrafts have suffered a serious relapse due to free trade and the unrestricted importation of English textiles. 6. Free trade is not just about consumer goods. At least 50% of U.S.
imports per year are not consumer products. These are inputs for U.S.-based producers to reduce domestic production costs. This advantage also promotes economic growth by diversifying the supply chain for an organization of all sizes. Even micro-enterprises, freelancers and entertainment specialists can benefit from this advantage, as the internet offers immediate access to cheaper goods, new research and an extension of service. International trade leads to fundamental changes in the quality of work and capital in trading countries. Trade changes the quality of people teaches them to consume new things, even using old things in a new way, changing technical knowledge leads to specialization, etc. International trade has a negative impact on the development of domestic industry. It is a threat to the survival of local child industries.
Due to foreign competition and unlimited imports, future industries could collapse in the country. When underdeveloped countries take their sustainability into account in foreign imports, they decline rapidly when shipments decline or prices rise. This can also happen in rich countries, which feed the economies of information and skilled labour, not trade in goods. Bieler, A., Morton, A. D. (2014). Unequal and combined development and unequal exchanges: the second wind of neoliberal “free trade”? Globalizations, 11 (1), 35-45. Foreign trade leads to specialization and promotes the production of various products in different countries. Products can be manufactured at a relatively low cost due to the benefits of the division of labour.
The impact of the global operational enterprise and modern business practices were discussed on this subject. It is therefore possible to conclude that it is necessary to effectively identify the risks encountered both nationally and internationally. |
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Model Design of Simple Molecules
Model Design of Simple Molecules
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Designing Simple Molecules
1. Watch this quick review on atoms and molecules.
2. Obtain the chemical formula (found here) for the following simple molecules.
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Water
c. Oxygen we breathe into our lungs
d. Sugar
e. Glucose
f. Nitrous oxide
g. Acetic acid
3. Create visual representations of the chemical formula for the 7 simple molecules using this 'build your own molecule' tool online. (The may be 2D or 3D models)
4. After creating each molecule, save the image to a folder on the computers hard drive.
5. Create a folder on google drive and title the folder 'Last Name, First Name - Simple Molecules'
6. Upload all 7 models of simple molecules that you have saved into the google drive folder you have just created.
7. Share the google drive folder with
8. Answer the following questions regarding atoms and molecules here. |
A Brief History of Darts: From Weapon to International Sport
by : Andrew Regan
We know that dart-like items have been used for hunting and warfare by early man, and indeed even today some tribes in South America, Africa and Asia continue to use blow darts for hunting purposes. However, in terms of the modern game of darts, the early history seems to have evolved from a game called "Puff and Dart", where players took turns to fire a small sharpened dart at a paper or cork target.
Puff and Dart became a popular game in English inns, through history records an unfortunate incident of a man who sucked rather than blew - inhaling the dart into his body, and then dying a few days later. It's not known whether this affected the popularity of Puff and Dart, but we do know that the game is no longer around today.
The next chapter in the history of Darts begins in the late 1870s, when the game "Dart and Target" (also known as Dartelle) appeared. Here, crude darts fashioned from dowel, with a pin stuck to one end and paper flights to the other, where thrown by hand into a piece of softwood board. In 1904, Dart and Target became one of several "Lawful Games on Licensed Premises", and around 1925, brewers noticed the popularity of the game; and in response, they started to organise Dart and Target leagues.
The game received a huge publicity boost when the King and Queen of England visited a social club in Slough and casually took part in ad-hoc darts game, and in doing so "made the women of Britain darts-conscious" according to The Sunday Chronicle. The number of darts playing pubs went on to triple in the next two years.
Darts' appeal to the general public piqued in the 80s and early 90s when the UK TV show 'Bullseye' aired. 'Bullseye' was a game show based around darts where contestants were paired with professional darts players, and also had to answer general knowledge questions themselves. The prizes ranged from kitchen appliances to holidays, cars, caravans and speedboats.
Since then, darts has spread across the UK and the rest of the world. It is even said that there are more pubs with dart boards in the centre of New York than there are in the centre of London. The popularity of darts has led to big international competitions and big prize money. The 2008 World Darts Championship will be held in Alexandra Palace in London, and fans wanting to see the top names in darts will find hotels in Kings Cross and Finsbury Park are conveniently located close to the event.
Though there have been some questions raised in Britain as to whether the presence of offensive weapons in a place full of drunk people is really a sensible idea, darts remains a popular game in pubs all around the world, and international competition continues to attract thousands of fans. |
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Mesoscale vortices play a primary role in the redistribution and transport of heat and water properties around the oceans. For example, they are one of the mechanisms for transporting the upper ocean equatorial and South Atlantic water into the North Atlantic as part of the Meridional Overturning Cell. Therefore they are an important element of the global thermohaline circulation and a fundamental component of the global climate system.
The interaction of vortices with seamounts, submerged ridges, or islands might result in an enhanced and localized transfer of water properties. For example, most Meddies (Mediterranean water eddies) collide with major seamounts and North Brazilian Current rings interact with the Lesser Antilles island chain. An important result, obtained when I was a postdoc, indicated that a vortex interacting with an island can split into two vortices (Cenedese 2002). In a collaboration with Claudia Adduce (Undergraduate Guest Student), we showed that such interaction is influenced by the details of the island/seamount geometry (Adduce & Cenedese 2004), and that, in the presence of two islands a dipole can form on the leeside of the gap between the islands (Cenedese et al. 2005). The latter result and previous studies suggest that an eddy interacting with an island chain can split into multiple eddies and/or generate multiple dipoles. However, the results of a laboratory study in collaboration with Aya Tanabe (GFD Summer Student Fellow) showed that only one dipole can form when an eddy interacts with an island chain, regardless of the number of gaps (Tanabe & Cenedese 2008). Furthermore, when the gap width is smaller than the horizontal boundary layer thickness, no vortex or dipole was observed to form downstream of the gap between the islands.
Dipole formation downstream of two islands in an experiment in which the original vortex was dyed. (Cenedese et al., 2005)
Velocity (arrows) and vorticity (color, s-1) fields for an experiment in which dipole formation was observed. (Cenedese et al., 2005)
Adduce, C., and Cenedese C., 2004. Laboratory experiments on a mesoscale vortex colliding with topography of varying geometry. J. Mar. Res., 62, 611-638.
Cenedese, C., 2002. Laboratory Experiments on Mesoscale Vortices Colliding with a Seamount. J. Geophys. Res., 107, C6, 10.1029/2000JC000599.
Cenedese, C., Adduce C., and Fratantoni D.M., 2005. Laboratory experiments on mesoscale vortices interacting with two islands. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09023, 10.1029/2004JC002734.
Tanabe, A., and Cenedese C., 2008. Laboratory experiments on mesoscale vortices colliding with multiple islands. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04022, doi:10.1029/2007JC004322. |
Creating a Healthy Gut with Probiotics and Prebiotic Foods
What are probiotics and prebiotics?
Probiotic and Prebiotic Foods
What about supplements?
Let’s take a look at green vegetables….
First off….where do they get their green color
What about vitamins?
Can Massage and Diet Reduce Infertility Associated with Endometriosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress?
It’s estimated 6-10% of women of child-bearing age in the United States suffer from a condition called endometriosis. While many women are asymptomatic and do not realize they have the disease until they attempt to become pregnant, for others, it can be debilitating on daily activities.
Hormone therapy, pain relievers, and surgery are the most common treatments. However, many other evidenced-based therapies exist that are often overlooked such as a low-inflammatory diet and massage therapy. Particularly for women trying to conceive, taking oral contraceptives isn’t an option and dealing with the pelvic pain can be unbearable.
How does endometriosis occur?
The inner lining of the uterus, the endometrium, normally thickens and renews itself every month during the menstrual cycle. If conception does not take place, the lining is shed during menstruation. With endometriosis, the endometrium grows outside of the uterus in areas such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, GI tract, or bladder walls. This can cause symptoms such as pelvic inflammation, dysmenorrhea (painful periods), scarring, and infertility.
While the exact cause is unknown, it has been attributed to retrograde menstruation. This occurs when menstrual blood flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity instead of outside of the body.
There is a scientific correlation between the condition and oxidative stress. Studies have found that women with endometriosis have higher levels of oxidative stress markers than women without the disease.
What is oxidative stress?
You may be familiar with the term, as oxidative stress is most well-known in its role in cancer and aging.
It is essentially the imbalance between the natural production of free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanism. Free radicals are essentially atoms in our body with one unpaired electron. The unpaired electrons are continually trying to find a match. So they take other electrons from other atoms, such as our cells. When a free radical pairs up with our healthy cells, it causes havoc. With endometriosis the damage is done in the peritoneal environment, affecting the follicular fluid and ovaries. This could be an explanation of why infertility often occurs with endometriosis.
The Good News – Antioxidants!
Our bodies do not give up very easily. We have several defense mechanisms to stop the oxidative damage. Antioxidants are molecules that will inhibit the oxidation of the atoms in our bodies that we don’t want to be oxidized. Antioxidants are produced by the body and also found in healthy foods – especially fruits and vegetables. While taking supplements can be beneficial if you have been diagnosed with a deficiency in a particular vitamin, they can be detrimental if taken in excess. The best source of antioxidants is eating a rainbow of fruits and vegetables.
The Connection!
With higher levels of oxidative stress, those diagnosed with endometriosis should focus on reducing inflammation to minimize oxidative stress.
How? Reduce Inflammation through an Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Massage Therapy
An anti-inflammatory diet focuses on foods that reduce inflammation such as olive oil, leafy greens, fruits, nuts, and fatty fish. It cuts foods that cause inflammation such as fried foods, soda’s, refined carbohydrates, and processed meats. Check out the anti-inflammatory food pyramid.
Massage therapy is well-known to reduce inflammation. Numerous scientific studies have been conducted, and it’s widely accepted that it is an inexpensive treatment method for reducing the pain associated with endometriosis. One study (The effects of massage therapy on dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis)looked at 18 patients with endometriosis and found that pelvic pain significantly decreased in response to massage therapy before and close to menstruation and ovulation.
Another concluded massage therapy reduces uterine spasm and cervix adhesion. The same study found that massage on various points of the abdominal and pelvic soft tissues not only reduced pelvic pain but also increased fertility.
If you’re looking for evidenced based methods to combat the symptoms of endometriosis, try combining a low-inflammatory diet with regular massage visits!
5 Winter Workouts That Will Make You Look Forward to Winter!
When darkness comes early, the bitter cold and grey skies can wreak havoc on your motivation to exercise during the winter months.
We can all agree that it’s way easier to stay in bed or on the couch in a comfy sweatshirt and sweatpants, rather than changing into lightweight workout gear to exercise.
However, the cold months are a great opportunity to embark on the journey of trying new workouts or embracing exercise through other methods and making the most of the cold!
Here’s a list of the best way to burn calories during the winter:
1. Shoveling Snow
Some consider inches of snow as a hassle, but I see it as an opportunity to work some muscles that don’t typically get attention.
Harvard’s Medical School estimates you can burn 223 calories per 30 minutes of snow shoveling. If your own driveway/sidewalk doesn’t take 30 minutes, consider shoveling a neighbor’s driveway or sidewalk – bonus points with your neighbors!
In addition to being a great cardio workout, depending on the intensity that you’re working, shoveling also works muscles in the legs, back, shoulders and arms.
And the heavier the snow, the better the workout!
2. Sledding
A favorite childhood past-time, sledding is a HUGE calorie burner. You can burn approximately 480 calories per hour sledding – and an hour goes fast when you’re having so much fun!
While hills are easy going down, walking up to the top is going to do wonders for your legs and butt. Plus, the cardio effects are tremendous.
Visit your local Walmart, invest in a cheap sled or toboggan and go kill those hills. No children required, but if you have them or can borrow a few, you will make a kid’s day while getting your workout in.
Bonus calories for pulling a child up the hill!
3. Take a Peaceful Winter Wonderland Walk
Ever notice how quiet it is outside during the winter months? Especially after 8 PM when people are done with work or after work activities and are curled up inside. While you may prefer a warm and sunny walk, a winter walk can actually be quite peaceful.
The tranquilness of darkness, merged with the brightness of the moon reflecting off the snow is a fantastic time to burn some calories walking, while reflecting on the day.
Grab those snow boots, bundle up and enjoy the peace and quiet of the outdoors this time of year.
Plus, you’re burning more calories walking in the winter vs walking outside in the summer. This is due to the extra weight of clothing and the energy needed to warm the body up.
4. Ice Skating
For a large part of my adult life, I was intimidated by ice-skating. As a slightly uncoordinated person, I drove past my local outdoor rink, jealous of all the skaters having a blast.
But once I embarked on the ice, after a couple times around the rink, holding the edges, it was easy! And I was sore – especially my core and legs. So I knew it was a great workout.
This calorie burner can burn around 400 calories per hour!
Plus, ice skating can be made into a social event or go on your own!
5. Try a New Fitness Class
Winter is the absolute best time to get out and try new fitness classes at your local gym or studio.
Many of us will admit that when it gets dark at 5 PM, finding projects around the home or going out to a social gathering is pretty much not going to happen.
What better way to spend the dark nights than to get out and try a new fitness class. Especially when you may have just been watching TV on the couch, burning next to zero calories anyways!
New classes are popping up every day, so go out and try something new, like a Barre, Yoga, Cardio, Chisel, or a HIIT class.
With new year’s resolutions, classes will likely be busy with many new people, so the intimidation factor is low. Plus, you’ll probably make a few new friends!
So make this the winter that you keep up your fitness motivation. Don’t let the cold or snow ruin your plans!
Get out and embrace winter with a new activity….starting today!
Running Out of Steam Running? Try Checking Your Ferritin Levels
Nothing is more frustrating as a runner than suddenly becoming “slow” ! Especially after tons of training, building up speed and endurance.
While there are many health and environmental factors that may be attributed, one commonly overlooked reason is low ferritin levels.
What is ferritin? Basically the body’s storage tank of iron, like the gasoline in a car.
One study found that iron depletion was present in 28% of female runners!
Why? As a runner, the pounding impact of the feet hitting the ground with such a powerful force causes an abnormal breakdown of red blood cells. This often contributes to the loss of iron.
While iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common deficiencies in females, it is far more common to be iron-deficient without having anemia. Many physicians will typically run tests checking 2 levels of iron in the blood – hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. They will often not check ferritin.
Often cases, in non-professional athletes, the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are totally normal. But without the testing of ferritin, you may not know the whole picture. Ferritin storage levels are extremely important and can be causing an array of symptoms if low.
Back to the car example, low ferritin is like running your car on fumes; while it may still run, it’s slow and eventually, the car will not be able to run anymore, unless it’s gas is restored.
Having low ferritin is like constantly running on fumes!
Ferritin lab value ranges are quite large. The values can range from 20 – 500 ng/mm for men and 20-200 ng/mm for women. Tests may show a range considered normal, but teetering on the low end will not help with speed and endurance.
What should you do if your lab values show low ferritin levels? Consult with a physician. The physician most likely will recommend an iron supplement.
Take note – do not take a supplement without knowing your ferritin levels because the kidneys cannot excrete excess iron in the urine. Iron overload can be toxic to the body!
The moral of the story is get your ferritin levels tested if your running is causing you to run out of steam quickly!
Is Oatmeal Really the Healthiest Breakfast Option?
Walking through the grocery store, staring at food labels and trying to make healthy choices can be an overwhelming experience, especially when the packaging is screaming at with claims such as “all-natural”, “low-fat”, “gluten-free” and other persuasive terms. Many claims on the front of food packages are approved by the FDA and follow strict guidelines. For example, a food item labeled, “low-sodium” constitutes the item must contain < 140 mg of sodium. However, other claims such as “natural” or “pure” really are just marketing terms and have no legal definition. Basically, any food manufacture could throw those on the package.
One common FDA approved claim is the health claim in which food manufacturers can label foods that have scientifically established benefits for disease prevention.
Oatmeal is plastered with health claims such as this:
With the high fiber content in oatmeal, it has highly been deemed a health food. One cup of oatmeal typically contains about 170 calories, 30 grams of carbs, 6 grams of protein, 4 grams of fat and 4 grams of fiber. With the daily recommendation for fiber of 25 grams, eating a cup of oatmeal gets you 16% there.
And while there is no arguing that oatmeal is good for you, is it better than 2 eggs a day? You never see loads of heart-healthy health claims on eggs!
A recent study compared the effects of consuming two eggs per day for breakfast vs heart-healthy oatmeal to compare the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk and satiety measures. In the study, 50 participants were randomly selected to consume either two eggs or one packet of oatmeal for breakfast for four weeks. After the study, blood samples were collected.
The study found that participants consuming 2 eggs for breakfast:
· Felt more satisfied prior to eating dinner
· Had an increase of LDL and HDL cholesterol. HDL is considered good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol (aka artery blocking). However, looking at the LDL/HDL ratio, the good canceled out the bad.
· Had lower plasma ghrelin concentrations. Ghrelin is an appetite stimulant, meaning the more that is produced in the body, the hungrier one is.
While eggs are often not labeled with the “heart healthy” marketing claim that oatmeal often contains, it may be a healthier alternative for breakfast.
Looking to get the fiber benefits from oatmeal with your eggs? That’s easy, just add vegetables such as:
· Onions
· Spinach
· Broccoli
· Peppers
· Mushrooms
· Tomatoes
And a sliced avocado on top is the icing on the eggs!
Too Much Iodine Killing Your Thyroid?
Dry skin, weight gain, depression, constipation, tiredness, and forgetfulness are symptoms that may have several underlying causes, but for many these symptoms are due to the body’s cells not receiving enough thyroid hormone because of a condition called hypothyroidism.
Many internet blogs and posts in the United States promote ways to heal they thyroid with iodine-rich foods such as seaweed, eggs, and seafood because of the correlation between iodine and the thyroid. While these are all very healthy foods, iodine is most prevalent in something many of us consume too much-of….fortified table salt!
The question becomes, are Americans deficient enough in iodine to need to eat compensate by eating iodine-rich foods? Probably not and while Goiter, an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, is most commonly caused by iodine deficiency and was a prevalent condition in the U.S. up until the 1920’s, it is rarely seen today in developed parts of the world.
The bigger issue becomes the fact that studies have found high iodine intake is frequently associated with Autoimmune thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism. A recent study conducted in a southern Italian village, compared 1411 people from 1995 to 1148 in 2010, following the introduction of the salt iodization program. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be higher in 2010 vs. 1995 at 5.0 % vs. 2.8%, respectively. That’s almost double!
So, are there any foods that will “heal the thyroid”? Science is conflicted and not much research has been conducted, but below two healthy options to consider that won’t have negative consequences on health.
• Brazilian nuts – with the thyroid containing more of the mineral Selenium per gram of tissue than any other organ, Brazilian nuts contain over 100% of the daily recommended value. According to the National Institute of Health, Selenium is vital for reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and DNA.
• Vitamin D supplement – while a correlation between hypothyroidism and vitamin D deficiency has been found, scientists have not found a conclusion on whether hypothyroidism causes vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D deficiency causes hypothyroidism. However, with so many people deficient in Vitamin D, taking a supplement is of minimal cost with low side effects.
Another idea is limiting intake of table salt and getting iodine from healthy sources which are seaweed, eggs, and seafood rather than relying on the fortified table salt. It’s all about balance!
And are there any foods that are detrimental to the thyroid? While this may sound comical, studies have found that consuming more than 2.2lbs per day for several months of Russian/Siberian kale of the species B. Napus, some collards, and Brussel sprouts was found to have a negative effect on the thyroid. And while these foods are super healthy, it’s almost laughable to think of someone consuming what would be the equivalent of over 11 cups of Brussel sprouts every day for months! Talk about a cleanse! |
Sacristy of the “Incoronata”
Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute – Venice
Restoration of the sacristy of the “Incoronata”
The sacristy of the “Incoronata”, or small Sacristy, was a passage area inside the Basilica della Salute. Previous maintenance works on the plasters and marmorinos used poor quality materials to fill the gaps and the ruined pieces. The surfaces had been uniformed with plain whitewash, in clear contrast with the vibrant characteristics of marmorino.
The removal of the whitewash brought to light flashes of the original plasters and sketches of a wooden panelling that was supposed to embellish the location. Of the wooden panelling you can only see the sketches along all the walls of the room and most likely is was never realized.
Even more fascinating are the pencil drawings that we discovered on the wall that connects the Sacristy and the Choir. In the drawings you can see a sculptural lining very similar to what is found nowadays behind the Main Altar. Maybe this scale drawing was used by the stone masters to compare the proportions and sizes of the pieces to cut. This explains why the drawing is horizontal, as it makes the comparison easier. This old drawing, brought back to life, gave us a glimpse of the Basilica when it was still a building site.
The restoration gave back to the environment its original dignity. The marmorinos have been filled with plasters very similar to the original ones, retrieving the chromatic vibrations and the softness that are typical of marmorino. You can still see the discovered drawings on the walls that are not furnished. The same drawings are under study and comparison with the rest of the surfaces. |
Frequency distribution (%)
Favors some citizens58
Treats all equally22
OBJCOUR: Court system favors some citizens VS treats all equally
Question text: Please tell me which of the following statements do you agree with? Statement 1: The court system in Georgia favors some citizens over others. Statement 2: The court system in Georgia treats all citizens equally, rather than favoring some over others
Note: The question was recoded. Original options are as follows: 1. Court favours some citizens - Strongly agree 2. Court favours some citizens - Agree 3. Court treats everyone equally - Agree 4. Court treats everyone equally - Strongly agree 5. Agree with neither. Options 1 and 2 were grouped to Partial 3 and 4 to Impartial, 5 - DK/RA
• Favors some citizens
• Treats all equally
• DK/RA
OBJCOUR in other datasets:
Single datasets
Cross-country datasets
Time-series datasets
Caucasus Barometer 2017 Georgia
Country: Georgia
Fieldwork Dates: September 22, 2017 to October 10, 2017
Analyze responses
• Please use the following citation when citing data from ODA:
|
Reasons for liberal reforms 1906 essay writer
Liberal reforms higher history
In "Principles of Communism" we find: He died in Warrington on 18 May In many cases, "endura" was in fact a condition for receiving "consolation.
His body was seen to be preserved without corruption. Plato's enunciation of this concept in itself had an enormous influence on the subsequent history of chiliastic socialism.
Should this development, like the proclamation itself, be grounds for rejoicing. That as Emperor he would rule wants to be emphasized. All who were incurably ill or suffered from some physical defect were supposed to commit suicide. InAikin became tutor in divinity, and was succeeded in his old duties by Joseph Priestley.
In he was placed under the tuition of Samuel Shaw, rector of the parish and master of the Boteler free grammar school. Plato's entire program is founded on the denial of personality--but on the denial of egoism as well. The Pope was held to be the source of all error and priests considered sophists and pharisees.
The impact of these ideas steadily increased during the 17th century in England, culminating in the Glorious Revolution ofwhich enshrined parliamentary sovereignty and the right of revolutionand led to the establishment of what many consider the first modern, liberal state.
Among the Cathars there were many different groups. In answer to Blepyros's question as to who will do the plowing, Praxagora replies: She was again pregnant, but the two of them flew by open airplane from Switzerland to the Hungarian estate of a legitimist supporter.
The physical devastation left by the war as well as the social upheaval and poverty that follow exacerbate this situation. Its fall dated from the time of Emperor Constantine and Pope Sylvester, who had been possessed by the Devil.
Emperor Karl was informed by Franz Joseph that Rudolph was killed.
Ion Luca Caragiale
These two principles are like two opposite poles, and it is the conflict between them that determines the course of the modern world. Protect their bodies and souls, take them away rather than they should commit a mortal sin.
How many other men facing death at such an age would fail to curse their fate. The Republic may at first sight seem too narrow a title for such a work.
And accordingly applications were made at court, and a watch of each invention produced before the king and council. That is so even unto our day with the monarchy gone for now. All peasants who refuse to join the Taborites shall be destroyed together with their property.
Another factor that could set them apart is the family; therefore it is also eliminated. How could anyone foresee the assassination in Sarajevo three years later that would plunge the world into war and speed Karl and Zita to the throne two years after that?.
Laar, Mart (b. April 22,Viljandi, southern Estonian S.S.R.), prime minister of Estonia (, ). Many credit Laar for leading Estonia through lightning economic reforms that won Western praise and ultimately laid the groundwork for rapid economic growth and acceptance to.
Writing; Liberal Reforms and its Impact on the Lives of the People; Essay on Liberal Reforms of Words | 4 Pages. More about Liberal Reforms and its Impact on the Lives of the elleandrblog.combe the Social, Economic and Cultural Factors That Will Impact on the Lives of Children and Young People.
Note: Originally entitled, “Ven. Emperor Karl I of Austria and Empress Zita,” this article was written well before Pope John Paul II’s October 3, beatification of Emperor Karl. Below is an essay on "Reasons for Liberal Reforms" from Anti Essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples.
History Essay Practice over Liberals Reforms How far was concern about the rise of the Labour Party the real reason for Liberal Reforms ?”/5(1).
Blessed Emperor Karl I of Austria and Empress Zita
Free socialism papers, essays, and research papers. Socialism And Its Effects On Society - The economic structure referred to as Socialism is the system where the ownership of goods and the means of production are shared by the citizens of a society.
Reasons for liberal reforms 1906 essay writer
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American Educational History Timeline |
I need to mount a heavy panel against a wall. The panel will be first mounted on two legs which go from the top of the panel to the floor. These legs will transfer most of the panel's weight to the floor, and will also be bolted to the wall to prevent the panel falling forward. Since there are only two legs (behind the panel), there will be some force exerted on the bolts and thus on the wall as the panel tries to fall forward.
How do I calculate this horizontal force exerted on the wall?
Here's a drawing: enter image description here
• 1
$\begingroup$ Didn't see the image (it is blocked in my country), but why would the panel try to fall forwards? You say it's already weighing on the legs, so there must be negligible force on the wall, which is probably only caused by the compression of the panel or the legs.. Do you need to know the maximum force on the wall (which is the tensile strength of the bolts)? $\endgroup$ – Gürkan Çetin Oct 25 '17 at 18:48
• $\begingroup$ No, the panel only has 2 legs, which are bolted to the wall. The panel is 12 inches deep and weighs 150 lbs. Thus as it sits on the legs it will tend to pivot out and away from the wall (if it was not bolted to the wall it would fall over). This is why I included the drawing as it illustrates this clearly. $\endgroup$ – Ryan Griggs Oct 25 '17 at 21:44
• $\begingroup$ If I were trying to hold the panel upright on its legs, this would require some pulling tension to keep it from falling/pivoting forward. This is the force I'm trying to calculate. $\endgroup$ – Ryan Griggs Oct 25 '17 at 21:50
• $\begingroup$ Ok, thanks for clarifying. I had thought it was to be standing like a poster. It's clear now. $\endgroup$ – Gürkan Çetin Oct 26 '17 at 4:15
As an order of magnitude approximation, do a moment balance. Assume the weight is in the center of the box, so 6 inch from the wall. Suppose the wall force is at a single point half way up (54 inches from the floor).
force = 150lb * 6 / 54 ~= 17 lb.
In reality that force will be distributed among (I imagine) 6 or 8 fasteners. Size them for 20lb each should be no problem and give plenty of margin.
Your Answer
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高二英语教案：At the shop
所属专题：高中英语教案 来源：沪江高考资源网 要点：高二英语教案
编辑点评： 英语教学每堂课都要涉及多个知识点，让一堂课精彩饱满需要老师的惊醒准备，准备教案就是首先要做的准备之一。同时通过写教案也能够逐渐提升自身的教学水平。本文是一篇高二英语At the shop一课的教案，供老师们参考。
教学设计方案Lesson 38
Teaching Aims
1. Learn lesson 38 to get brief idea of the story.
2.The students are required to answer some questions.
Step I Revision
1）Check the homework exercises.
2）Oral practice.
1．你的手表有问题吗？ 2．我想让你去做这件事。
3．似乎看来这本书被他看完了。 4．我坚持让他把钱还我。
5．对不起，是我的错。 6．你为什么让他一直在田里工作。
1. 1s there anything wrong with your watch?
2. I’d like you to do the work.
3. It seems as if the book has been finished reading by him.
4. I insisted that he (should) give me my money back.
5. I'm sorry. It's my fault.
6. Why did you have him working in the fields?
StepⅡ Warm---up
Talk about Mark Twain.
1. What is Mark Twain?
Mark Twain is an American writer.
2. In our middle school text books. What articles were written by Mark Twain?
“Run for a Governor.” “A Million Pound Note”
Step Ⅲ Listening and talking
Today we are going to learn a dialogue, which is a part from A Million Pound Note. Listen to the tape and then talk about the pictures on P. 56 & P. 57.
Picture 1: A customer came into a tailor's shop. The shop assistant looked at him up and down. From the clothes, the assistant thought he was a poor man.
Picture 2: After the tailor knew the man had one million pound note, he was very surprised. The manager measured him by himself. They changed their attitude to the man completely.
Step ⅣReading
Read the dialogue quickly and try to answer the questions.
1. What did the customer want?
2. How did the customer Tod?
3. What did the shop assistant show the customer?
4. How did the customer want to pay?
5. What made the manager fed excited?
6. What can we learn from the story?
1.The customer wanted to buy a suit.
2.He looked poor. And his clothes were old.
3.He showed the customer the cheapest clothes
4.He wanted to pay with a large note.
5.The million pound note made the manager feel excited.
6.We should never judge a person by his clothes.
Step ⅤLanguage points
1.no matter + wh ---引导让步状语从句
2.Is anything the matter? 怎么回事？the matter = wrong
3. do sth. a favour = do a favour for do 帮某人一个忙；答应某人的要求
4.drop in on + 人/ drop in at + 地点
Step ⅥOral practise
Divide the Ss into a few groups to practise a play according to the text.
Step Ⅶ Exercise
Do Exercise 3 on Page 119
A customer went into a tailor's shop to buy a new ______. All he had in his pocket was a million - pound ______. His wearies (衣服) were so worn - wit that the shop assistant looked ______ upon him and ______ him the cheapest clothes. In his mind, that was the best ______ for such a poor man.
When the customer ______ him the million - pound note, the shop assistant felt very ______ and didn't know what to do. Just then the manager went ______ to him and asked what was happening. Seeing the note, he got so _______ that he asked the customer to do him a ______ to get those cheap clothes ______ and ______on much better ones. Then he ______the gentleman and picked out nice _____for making a suit ______this man's own measure. The man said that he couldn't ______ the clothes unless they would wait or ______ the note. The manager promised to wait ______ his life. Finally, he told the assistant to ______ down the man's address. The gentleman said it was not necessary because he would drop ______ and leave his new address ______ he found another hotel.
Keys: suit; note; down; chose; choice; showed; surprised; up; exceed; favor, off; put; measured; material; to; order; change; all; put; in; when
Step Ⅷ Homework
1. Retell the story in your own words.
2.Prepare the next text.
教师根据对话内容，可让学生设计买其它东西的场景，for example: You have just bought a recorder. But it does not work as soon as you get home. So you go back to the shop and you didn’t want it. 教师让学生自己进行复述发生的经过同时教师给学生提供部分的语句和提示：1）buy a recorder last week 2) It didn’t work 3) either change it or get money back 4)persuade you to change it for another one. |
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Dead simple TensorFlow 1.X tutorial: Training a feedforward neural network
"""Dead simple tutorial for defining and training a small feedforward neural
network (also known as a multilayer perceptron) for regression using TensorFlow 1.X.
Introduces basic TensorFlow concepts including the computational graph,
placeholder variables, and the TensorFlow Session.
Author: Ji-Sung Kim
Contact: hello (at)
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
TensorFlow is a unique computation framework: it is used for defining
computational graphs and running these graphs. TensorFlow was originally
designed for constructing and manipulating deep neural networks.
TensorFlow is special in that it does not dynamically compute the values
of the outputs of operations. This is in contrast with standard Python which
dynamically computes the outputs of operations. In TensorFlow, we have to
instead specify a static computational graph using tensors, and then explicitly
run the graph (through a `tf.Session()` object).
```typical Python
x = 5
y = x + 5
print(y) # prints 10
import tensorflow as tf
x = tf.constant(5) # a tensor
y = x + 5 # equivalent to tf.add(x, 5)
print(y) # doesn't print the actual value because graph has not been run
sess = tf.Session()
print( # prints 10
In this tutorial, we define a simple feedforward neural network with TensorFlow.
This particular neural network takes in as input a placeholder tensor called
x_placeholder of shape (batch_size, dim_input) and outputs a tensor of
shape (batch_size, dim_output). The batch_size represents the number of
instances in a single batch of samples run through the graph. We often use
placeholders which represent empty tensors through which we can pass in
arbitrary data. Of course, the actual data fed in through the placeholders
must match the shape of the placeholders.
We then compute the mean squared error between the network outputs (estimated
target) and the true target values (which we feed in through the placeholder
`y_placeholder`). We minimize this error to train the neural network; training
involves adjusting the tunable parameters within the neural network model
(here, specifically the weight and bias variables inside the `dense` layers)
using gradient descent.
dim_input = 3 # arbitrarily chosen for this example script
dim_output = 1
# define placeholders for inputs
# We specify the batch_size dimension as None which let's it be variable even
# though the `dim_input` and `dim_output` dimensions are fixed.
x_placeholder = tf.placeholder( # input features placeholder
'float', shape=[None, dim_input])
y_placeholder = tf.placeholder( # input true target placeholder
'float', shape=[None, dim_output])
# Define the neural network which consists of two dense (fully connected)
# layers (which comprise simple matrix multiplication and addition operations).
# These "layers" are all TensorFlow operations which can be explicitly run.
# The input to the first layer is the input features (given via
# `x_placeholder`).
intermediate_layer = tf.layers.dense(x_placeholder, 12) # operation
# We pass the outputs of the first layer as inputs to the second, final layer
# which outputs the estimated target.
final_layer = tf.layers.dense(intermediate_layer, dim_output) # operation
estimated_targets = final_layer # just a different name for clarity
# We define the `loss` (error) function which we minimize to train our neural
# network. The following loss operation is equivalent to calling the helper
# `tf.losses.mean_squared_error(y_placeholder, estimated_targets)` which also
# returns an operation.
loss = tf.square(tf.subtract(y_placeholder, estimated_targets)) # operation
# We use the Adam optimizer which is an object which provides functions
# to optimize (minimize) the loss using a variant of gradient descent.
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer() # object
train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss) # operation, from the AdamOptimizer object
# We also define the initialization operation which is needed to initialize
# the starting values of the variables in our computational graph.
init_op = tf.global_variables_initializer() # operation
"""Now that we've defined our graph and various operations involving the graph,
we are going to run the operations to train our neural network."""
# A Session is an abstract environment in which we run our graph and perform
# calculations. It provides a common function `run()` for running operations.
session = tf.Session() # abstract environment
# Run the initialization operation; no `feed_dict` needed as it has not
# dependencies (covered later). Generally needed for most TensorFlow scripts.
# Repeatedly train the neural network for `num_epoch` times
num_epoch = 2000
batch_size = 500
for i in range(num_epoch):
# Define input training data. `x_data` represents the training data features
# which are 0 or 1; these are the input data to the neural network.
# `y_data` represents the training data "true" targets; `y_data` is just
# the outputs of the function y = 5 * sum(x) applied to the data batch.
# We are trying to learn this function (mapping from x to y) with our
# neural network. Neural networks are general function estimators.
# generate random binary np.array with shape (batch_size, 3)
x_data = np.random.randint(2, size=(batch_size, dim_input))
# calculate targets from feature array
y_data = 5 * np.sum(x_data, axis=-1).reshape((-1, 1))
# reshape to match `y_placeholder` shape which has a last dimension of 1
y_data = y_data.reshape((-1, 1))
# We specify what values we need to feed into our placeholders via `feed_dict`.
# We need to pass values into both `x_placeholder` and `y_placeholder` which
# are dependencies for the training op: 1) compute `estimated_targets` using
# `x_placeholder`, 2) compute the error `loss` compared to the true targets
# given by `y_placeholder`.
feed_dict = {
x_placeholder: x_data,
y_placeholder: y_data,
# Run the training operation defined earlier., feed_dict=feed_dict)
"""After we finished training our neural network (NN), we are going to use it
with new test data. "Using" the neural network is just running new values
through the computational graph that the NN represents. Again, we keep in mind
a neural network is just a function which transforms some inputs to outputs."""
# We get new test data, again using the random numpy generation function.
x_data_test = np.random.randint(2, size=(5, dim_input))
# To see what estimates we get for our test data, we only need to feed in
# values for `x_placeholder`, since the operation `estimated_targets` depends
# ONLY on `x_placeholder`, and not on `y_placeholder`. We remember that
# `y_placeholder` is only used to define the error/loss term and subsequently
# in training.
feed_dict = {
x_placeholder: x_data_test
y_estimate_test =, feed_dict=feed_dict)
# Examine test data.
# Are the estimates of the target from the NN close to what we expected?
# We could also measure the error for the test_data but we would have to specify
# the true target values for the test data and then pass it through `y_placeholder`
# in the `feed_dict`. We could run the `loss` operation to compute the
# test error.
# This is left empty as an exercise to the reader.
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doctor holding a x ray
What Causes Lung Cancer?
Lung Cancer: How to be on the lookout for cancer causing chemicals that can be affecting your lungs and breathing even if you are not a smoker.
I hear all the time about people getting lung cancer and often people say “But they did not even smoke”. Everyone knows that smoking can cause Lung Cancer. We also know that cigarettes are made of tobacco leaves. What many people don’t know is that cigarettes also contain many other substances and chemicals that are added to the tobacco, and so many people don’t realize these chemicals are also found in many products that you use on a daily basis. So, is it the chemicals that are causing cancer not the cigarettes?
According to the American Lung Association “Tobacco smoke is made up of thousands of chemicals, including at least 70 known to cause cancer. These cancer-causing chemicals are referred to as carcinogens. Some of the chemicals found in tobacco smoke include:”
• Hydrogen cyanide
• Formaldehyde
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Ammonia
• Benzene
• Carbon monoxide
• Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
In my opinion it is the chemicals in the tobacco causing Cancer, but all you ever hear about is that the cigarettes are causing cancer, and rarely do we hear about the chemicals. So many of these chemicals are also found in many cleaning supplies, shampoo, conditioners, beauty products, new floors and furniture, fabrics, shower curtains, cosmetics, and many more items. Below I depict two of the above listed chemicals; Formaldehyde and Benzene. There are many ways these cancer-causing chemicals can be getting into your lungs.
When formaldehyde is present in the air some people may have health effects, such as watery eyes, breathing issues, burning sensations of the eyes, nose, and throat, coughing, skin irritation, respiratory problems, and nausea. Many homes with new products or new construction can have levels higher in new manufactured wood products such as flooring, adhesives, and furniture. Formaldehyde can also be found in some fabrics. It can also be present in fuel-burning appliances, like gas stoves or kerosene space heaters. It is used in cosmetics, nail polish, candles, air fresheners, makeup, hairspray, or styling gel. As these products sit in your cabinets, they may release the chemical in the form of gas into the air.
I recently found a stash of nail polish in a cabinet in a spare bathroom and when I opened the doors, I could instantly smell the nail polish outgassing. Needless to say, I got rid of them! These days I am not wearing nail polish but I am told this is a good one. Dazzle Dry Nail Polish
An air quality monitor can detect Formaldehyde. We use one all the time in our home. Here is one that we use: See Indoor Air Quality Monitor
An Air Purifier can also capture this harmful chemical. We sell the Austin Air Purifier that captures formaldehyde, VOC’s, and other chemicals. Please inquire about our discount on these air purifiers. See Austin Air link
People who breathe in benzene may develop the following signs and symptoms: drowsiness, dizziness, and headaches. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene has been tied to the leukemia and other cancers. Benzene is a carcinogenic substance that is present in a number of modern products and industries. Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher than those in outdoor air. The benzene in indoor air comes from products that contain it such as glues, adhesives, paints, lacquer, varnish removers, cleaning supplies, furniture wax, tobacco smoke and detergents.
Other areas of concerns:
Radon is an odorless gas that is emitted from decaying natural uranium in the soil and is very common in the Northeast United States. IAccording to the EPA, research suggests that many lung cancer deaths in the United States each year can be attributed to radon exposure in the home or workplace. There are radon detectors available to evaluate your home and here is one that we have in our home. See Air-things.
1. The best form of protection from cancer causing chemicals is prevention. The less formaldehyde brought into your home, the better. There are some products available for your home that are made without formaldehyde and looking for low-VOC products is a good idea.
2. Always use an exhaust fan when cooking—This can help dilute and disperse the formaldehyde released from a gas stove while cooking and open a window in the kitchen when you can.
3. Always wash new clothing before wearing it— Manufacturers often use chemicals like formaldehyde to reduce them from shrinking and make fabrics more wrinkle-free. One wash can remove residual chemicals before your wear them before they come in contact with your skin. The same practice should go for any bed sheets, blankets, and towels.
4. If you buy anything new allow them to outgas outside. When you buy sneakers, leave them outside for a day. If you purchase anything new, take the plastic off and let them outgas outside if possible. When you pick up dry cleaning, leave the clothes outside for a bit if you can and make sure your windows in your car are open driving home.
5. Candles and air fresheners could be releasing formaldehyde into the air. Many of these types of products could be manufactured with this chemical and others, so look for products that are eco-friendlier and more chemical free.
6. Read the labels on your Household Cleaners: A number of cleaning products contain ammonia and other chemicals, so always read the labels. Unfortunately, they are not always listed so do you research as well. Ammonia is a common ingredient in household cleaners and it will result in the emission of ammonia and its odor into your home.
No one can completely avoid coming into contact with all chemicals in their home, so please do not be discouraged. Take some steps to prevent them as best you can. Try to just be diligent and read labels and so some research. We offer one-on-one consulting if you are interested in having us guide you through the process of “Detoxing your House”. See link Your health and the health of your family is worth it!
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Help Us Stop A Connecticut Bear hunt!
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Two Connecticut State Senators are using a recent "bear attack" to promote bills that call for the hunting of Connecticut's black bears.
The Senators who are pushing these bills have jumped at the opportunity to sell this "attack" as a reason for a hunt. A limited hunt is not the answer to reducing bear populations or bear-human conflicts.
Connecticut black bear sightings are on the rise, but that does not equate to overpopulation. Bears possess a biological ability known as delayed implantation. Delayed implantation allows bears to regulate their own populations. When food is abundant, more bears will be born. When there is a lack of abundant food sources, female bears will not reproduce every two years, but alternatively every three to four years. Hunting can increase populations by inadvertently leaving more food for surviving bears. This occurrence is known as compensatory reproduction.
Deforestation is responsible for the loss of critical bear habitat. We often don’t consider the impact this has on bears and other wildlife. Land development and bear attractants such as unsecured garbage are most likely the cause of increased bear-human conflicts, not overpopulation. Education is the key to coexistence with bears. Research shows that eliminating bear attractants and securing trash in bear-proof trashcans can reduce or eliminate bear encounters by over 90%.
In reality, bears are generally shy, elusive animals whose diets consist predominantly of vegetation. Bears are not the man-eating monsters that people who wish to hunt them would like you to believe. Unprovoked bear attacks are extremely rare. According to bear expert Lynn Rogers, Ph.D. of the North American Bear Center says you are 45 times more likely to be killed by a dog, 120 times more likely to be killed by bees, and 60,000 times more likely to be murdered by another human being, than to be killed by a black bear.
Please take the poll at the link below and vote NO to a Connecticut bear hunt! |
A Computation Record for Computer Security
Changed on 17/02/2020
For more than 18 months, IT researchers drew upon the computational power of supercomputers to test encryption algorithms, setting a new cryptanalysis record. The point of this digital feat was to test the robustness of certain encryption keys. Emmanuel Thomé and Aurore Guillevic, cryptology experts at Inria Nancy, explain further.
The security of information and communication systems is one of this century’s major challenges. At the core of many exchange protocols, encryption keys ensure the security of data exchange. “The confidentiality of data exchange is based on the use of two security keys,” explains Aurore Guillevic, research scientist on the CARAMBA* team, which spans both Inria and Loria. “The first, called a public key, allows the sender to encrypt a message intended for the recipient; and the second, called a private key, allows the recipient to decrypt that message. The two keys work together. Ensuring that the protocol is secure means guaranteeing that the private key cannot be derived from the public key. “
Making encryption uncrackable
“The ability of public keys to withstand potential attack relies on encryption techniques that use mathematical problems that are extremely difficult to solve,” says Emmanuel Thomé, Inria research director and head of the CARAMBA team.
One of these problems is known as “integer factorization”. This consists of creating a key by multiplying together two very large prime numbers. Cryptanalysis, or “cracking”, consists of finding the two original prime numbers. For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7, two prime numbers. In this case, a quick calculation gives the result. For increasingly large numbers, the solution cannot be found without computers and sophisticated algorithms.
A second algorithm, known as a “discrete logarithm”, is also based on finding the solution to a complex algebraic equation.** In both cases, the longer the encryption key, the harder it is to find the solution, and the more robust the encryption.
Testing the security of keys
The CARAMBA team's research focuses primarily on developing cryptanalysis methods to quickly resolve these two problems, thereby testing the soundness of encryption procedures or enhancing their robustness. The researchers use CADO-NFS, a software package developed at Nancy in 2007. With some 300,000 lines of code, it required the work of numerous experts, three of them CARAMBA researchers (Pierrick Gaudry at CNRS, and Emmanuel Thomé and Paul Zimmermann at Inria) who have been working on it for over ten years. It is designed to use the computational power of supercomputers, like that of the Grid'5000/SILECS platform or the European consortium PRACE.***
“We are interested in 795-bit keys. You can find small keys like those in some embedded applications, for example in telecommunications, because they need less computing power,” say Emmanuel Thomé and Aurore Guillevic. “With 795 bits, we're coding 240-digit integers, which means using the factorization algorithm to find two prime numbers 120 digits long. The process involves handling a massive amount of data (more than 10 TB!).**** It takes 35 million computing hours to break a 795-bit key. “
Make security recommendations
Working with other cryptanalysis experts including Nadia Heninger at the University of California and Fabrice Boudot at the University of Limoges, the CARAMBA team has set a new computation record and assessed the efficacy of the innovation brought to cryptanalysis methods. It has accelerated the ongoing improvement of processing power (Moore's Law). The researchers have also shown that the two algorithms performed comparably, although the discrete logarithm method had previously been thought more complex than integer factorization.
The exercise is not merely theoretical. Although the computer resources allocated to it seem extravagant and the scientific expertise needed to operate them highly advanced, they are affordable for governments intent on developing extremely efficient cryptanalysis tools.
Among other benefits, this work is helping to develop cybersecurity recommendations that can be taken up by cybersecurity agencies, such as ANSSI in France.***** “Our calculations show the reliability limits of encryption keys and clearly demonstrate that 795-bit keys are not robust! To date, only longer ones, exceeding 2048 bits, offer adequate guarantees.” Until another new record demonstrates otherwise?
Emmanuel Thomé, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic et Paul Zimmermann
Photo Cécile Pierrot
From left to right: Emmanuel Thomé, Pierrick Gaudry, Aurore Guillevic and Paul Zimmermann
* CARAMBA (Cryptology, arithmetic: algebraic methods for better algorithms) is a team of some 15 researchers at Inria Nancy and the University of Lorraine.
** It involves finding the inverse of an exponential function for certain integers.
*** PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) is an international association that provides high performance computing services for the researchers and engineers of member countries.
**** 1 TB = 1012 bytes (1 million million bytes). Think of 10 TB as the equivalent of ten million 3-million-pixel photos.
***** ANSSI: The French National Cybersecurity Agency. |
"Roman Empire" Essays and Research Papers
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Roman Empire
the Roman Empire Religion in the Roman Empire was extremely diverse, due to Rome’s ability to blend in new religious beliefs from freshly conquered territory into the empire, from the Hebrew Religion in Palestine, the Classical Greek Gods of Homer in Asia Minor, the Druids in Gaul and Germania and Celt’s in Britannia, Rome’s religious tolerance was a vital hallmark which greatly attributed in its ability to successfully mend in new people and cultures into the empire. Rome’s...
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Roman Empire Views on Homosexuality
Roman Sexuality: Roman Attitudes toward Homosexuality A popular topic of discussion, when referring to historic Roman culture, is the topic of sexuality. Even more specific is the subject of Roman attitudes toward homosexuality. During the time period of 753 B.C. to 476 A.D. the Roman Empire was arguably one of the most powerful and advanced empires of its age. With such a powerful empire of citizens that were fixated on their pride and, for the males, masculinity, one must wonder what their...
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An Overview of the Greek and Roman Empire
Socratic Method Hellenistic Era Epicureanism Stoicism Romans: Geography played an important role in the development of Rome. The Apennines are less rugged than the mountain ranges of Greece and did not divide the Italian peninsula into many small, isolated communities. Italy also had more land for farming than did Greece, enabling it to support a large population. Indo-European peoples moved into Italy during the period from about 150 to 1000 B.C. Roman tradition maintains that early Rome was under the...
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Tiberius- Roman Empire
contributions to the Roman Empire during his reign… The Julio-Claudian dynasty refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero and the family to which they belonged. They ruled the Roman Empire from its formation, in the second half of the 1st century 27 BC, until AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide. The ancient historical writers, Suetonius and Tacitus, write from the point of view of the Roman senatorial aristocracy...
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Sex in the City-the Roman Empire
Sex in the times of the Roman Empire was much less taboo than it is in today's society. If you could go back in time and walk around the streets of Rome you would find sex everywhere. From graffiti on walls, to brothels in the middle of town, sex just did not have the stigma and guilt that we associate with it today. No men took advantage of this more than the men with the most power, the emperors. Although many of the Roman Emperors were perverse you only have to look at the first three to find...
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DBQ Technology in the Han and Roman empires had come a long way since earlier times. However, some of the people of these great states seemed to take this for granted. At least that was the attitude I got from three of the documents provided. But, mostly the attitude was positive. From the perspective of these government officials and philosophers, I perceived an attitude that ranged from very positive to openly negative. Two of the negative documents came from upper-class leaders. Document...
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Roman Empire and Nero
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Compare and Contrast Han and Roman Empire
Han and Roman DBQ The Han Empire and Imperial Rome had their own unique view on different aspects of life. They based their views on different things such as their culture and past experiences. Upon analyzing Han and Roman attitudes toward technology it was found that they have different levels of intellectuality when it comes to their ideas on how to solve everyday problems, they make innovative discoveries when faced with a conundrum, and these two great empires use technology to better themselves...
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire is known as one of the greatest empires of all time, blossoming politically, economically, and culturally. Rome was quickly expanding, reaching as far as North Africa. When Octavian came into power, the Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace,” began. However, this long peace may have triggered the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire. Because Rome was not distracted by conquering foreign lands, its citizens relaxed and lived in luxury. There did not seem to be any goals they did not...
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Fall of the Roman Empire
The Pax Romana was a two hundred year time period where the Romans had peace and prosperity under Augustus. The Roman empire started to decline at the end of the prevail of the last five emperors, Marcus Aurelius in 161-180 A.D. The rulers in the next century had no idea how to deal with the problems the empire was having. There was many reasons to the fall of the Roman Empire but three stood out the most. The preliminary reason was the economy begins to decline. The alternative reasoning was Rome...
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Our lovely country is famous for so much, not the least of which is her contributions to the international music scene.
Several music movements actually originated on our island, creating a global impact on musicians and music lovers worldwide.
From the mountainous regions of China to the deserts of Africa, people know who the Rolling Stones, Adele and Ed Sheeran are.
So, here's a little bit of inspiration for you, as a budding young British artist!
The British Music Scene
Genres of music that originated in Britain, or were radically influenced and developed by British musicians, include drum and bass, blues rock, ska, progressive rock, heavy rock, hard rock, punk rock, acid jazz, British folk-rock, folk punk, trip hop, shoegaze, goth rock, grime, Britpop, Industrial and dubstep. How many of these genres have you heard of and do they lend themselves to singing lessons?
Below, we take a look at some of the most common genres that our British musicians have played a part in
Early British popular music
The Beatles
Paul Mccartney, John Lennon, Ringo Starr and George Harrison, once just four lads from Liverpool, rose to fame in the sixties and had a career spanning a decade.
While ten years may not be that long in the world of music nowadays, with the likes of bands like The Eagles still performing their music more nearly fifty years on from forming the band, The Beatles achieved so much and had such a great impact during their time in the charts.
The Beatles experimented with lots of styles, sounds, and musical instruments and sometimes combined them in new ways, influencing a heap of other artists to follow suit (like international artists Nirvana, Billy Joel and The Beach Boys, for instance).
The Beatles influenced music and music history in many ways. They were willing to put it all on the line and to try things that were different to what they had released before.
What's more, The Beatles, despite their huge success, didn't have much musical training. Do you think they would have been even more phenomenal had they had some lessons??
Punk bands like the Ramones define that music era
Bands like the Ramones defined the punk era. Source: Pixabay Credit: Jo Sunshine
Punk-rock music
The Sex Pistols
Punk rock, often referred to as simply Punk, is a music genre that began in the 1970s, not only in the United Kingdom but also in the United States and Australia. However, British band, The Sex Pistols, must be one of the most famous examples of a punk rock band in the mid-seventies.
Punk bands usually produced short, loud and fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and controversial singing styles ("if you can call it singing", some would say!).
The subjects were often rebellious, discussing topics like politics or having anti-establishment lyrics. Many punk bands also self-produced records and distributed them through small independent record labels and other informal channels rather than following the normal protocol for musicians.
By 1977, punk rock had had such a major impact on culture in the United Kingdom that it led to a subculture of youths expressing rebellion and adorning distinctive styles of clothing, hairstyles, and makeup (i.e. spiky, dyed hair, piercings, deliberately offensive slogans on T-shirts, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewellery, as well as bondage and S&M clothes).
Modern British popular music
Spice Girls
Since what music historians refer to as 'Beatlemania', there have been few acts who have been able to follow the band in terms of popularity. However, in the 1990s, an all-girl band called Spice Girls entered the music scene and shook up the industry once again.
Appealing mainly to younger generations, but also to adults thanks to their tuneful melodies and outrageous fashion, the band went on to sell millions of records during their time in the limelight.
Despite ceasing to produce music back in 2000 (despite Geri Halliwell having left two years prior to that to focus on her solo career), rumour has it that the girl gang is set to get back together soon and release new music. Only time will tell if they will be back to spice up our lives once again or if it is time to finally say goodbye, my friend. They need some love like they've never needed love before!
Wikipedia, the people's encyclopedia, adds that: "Forms of popular music, including folk music, jazz, rapping/hip hop, pop and rock music, have particularly flourished in Britain since the turn of the twentieth century.
Britain has influenced popular music disproportionately to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the United States and many of its former colonies like Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and its capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music."
This trans-Atlantic relationship is plain to see with British-born artists like Ed Sheeran, Adele, One Direction and many more being as popular (if not more) across the Atlantic.
Now, let us take a look at some of our country's most musical cities; where you might find opportunities to train your voice and your ear, and why you should.
Singing in a choir is a good way to train your ear
Joining a choir is a great way to pick up singing tips Source: Pixabay Credit: Dimitri Vetsikas
Singing Lessons Manchester
Mad-chester, as this metropolis is lovingly known, derives its nickname directly from the 80s music scene.
At the time, the industry was at a low point, recovering from the disco era, and not quite sure where to turn.
Manchester is credited as the driving force behind the British Indie music scene.
Acts such as The Outfield and Simply Red drove the charts: simple lyrics sung by soaring voices set to melodious riffs.
Those artists and others from the Madchester scene, their compositions, and the success of such songs on the music charts led to today's alternative music becoming a genre unto itself, distinct from pop music.
If you wanted to learn how to sing in Manchester, there are several ways to do so. Check all the singing lessons Manchester.
Learn to Sing in a Music School
Royal Northern College of Music or RNCM, as it is affectionately called, is an internationally-renowned music conservatory that, in its current incarnation, is only a little over fifty years old.
Today, RNCM is one of the world's leading conservatories, polishing such talents as Jon Cristos, Mary Ann Kennedy, and Barry Banks.
With a teacher to student ratio of roughly 1:3, you can be sure to get the attention you need to cultivate your singing voice.
Through them, you would learn everything from breathing to performing, with a special focus on the posture vital to singing powerful notes.
Sing with a Choir in Manchester
How does singing with a choir equate to learning?
Members of this choir are all experienced performers with a vast repertoire. Neither choir members nor the director are averse to sharing singing tips and offering vocal coaching.
You could say that that group is in fact a band of singing teachers.
Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned performer, the Philharmonic Choir of Manchester welcomes you.
Perhaps the best part of their programme is that they do not require you to audition as a condition of joining them.
Nor do they demand that you purchase a choir robe!
Find a Voice Coach in Manchester
What if you are not at all confident in your singing voice?
Perhaps, rather than rehearse with a group – no matter how welcoming they are, you would rather learn to sing from a qualified music tutor in a studio.
Active in the music industry for the past twenty years, Neil Maunder now puts his name to an unrivaled experience in vocal training.
Besides helping you refine your vocal techniques, his voice coaches can teach you how to sing:
• Jazz and Blues
• Rock
• Pop
• Soul and Funk
• Country
Even if you don't have a lot of time to refine your diction and delivery, Maunder's will be there to help you hit the high notes: you can take lessons on evenings and weekends.
Provided you are not jamming with your own band or working your vocal chords at your local karaoke club.
Also on the condition that you are not attending a concert at any of Madchester's music venues.
The more tragic note of Manchester's musical landscape: We celebrate those who anticipated a fun musical evening and instead, were confronted with carnage.
Can you make a musical splash like the Fab Four?
The Beatles are only one highpoint of Liverpool's musical landscape Source: Pixabay Credit: Skeeze
Singing Lessons Liverpool
Can you name three things this fab city is known for?
The Beatles, football and the Titanic.
Besides those obvious distinctions, The Pool is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Capital City of Pop Music!
Some of the most famous music acts either originated in, or were discovered in Liverpool.
The Merseybeat, the name given to the unique fusion of Chuck Berry guitar style, with jazz and soul riffs thrown in, became the foundation for the standard rock group of today.
All over the world, pop and rock bands of today owe their format – lead, rhythm and bass guitars, drums and vocals – to the Liverpool music scene.
Would you like to join the roster of illustrious Liverpudlians who have made their mark musically?
The best place to start is with singing lessons in Liverpool!
Singing Lessons in a Music School
The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts's focus is on contemporary and commercial music, with a curriculum targeted to all aspects of songwriting and performance.
LIPA gives you a choice between a three- or four-year degree program, so you can learn everything from breath control to ear training – connecting the sounds you hear with notes on a paper.
Are you troubled with stage fright?
LIPA has a solution for you: weekly one-on-one voice training sessions with a vocal coach.
This individual attention will help you improve your technique, find your pitch and help you become a better vocalist.
Upon graduation, you would be a well-rounded professional singer, as adept at songwriting as with facing an audience.
What if you don't have time for a three-year commitment to formal vocal training?
Learn to Sing with a Choir
The Choir With No Name might be a fun bunch with whom to kick your musical ambitions into high gear!
You do not need to be an accomplished vocalist to join them; in fact, they do not require you to audition at all!
If you are at least somewhat confident in your singing voice and are looking for vocal coaching in an informal setting, this choir could be for you.
Their repertoire includes everything: from Rock and Soul to show tunes, and they even range to gospel numbers!
As a bonus, this choir hosts regular singing workshops, open to beginners and advanced singers alike.
That all sounds so good, but what if you would rather...
Take Singing Lessons with a Private Instructor
Have you ever had a music teacher that would have you start singing when your throat does not feel in tip-top shape?
Or one who would expect you to sing out of your range?
Maybe in secondary school?
You would not experience any of that at Balance Vocal Studio.
Their method of instruction is nurturing and supportive; they embrace all aspects of voice training.
For instance, they would not have you start singing if your throat feels the least bit scratchy, nor would they arrange for you to sing out of your range.
Finding a singing teacher suited to your particular vocal range and singing ambitions need not be difficult, especially if you know what you are looking for.
The ideal singing teacher for you would emphasise:
• How to breathe – each session should start with breathing exercises.
• Good posture: a stoop-shouldered stance can compromise your air intake and capacity for resonance
• speaking of which, your music teacher should explain head voice, chest voice and range
• Music theory – the methods and concepts used in creating music
• Confidence: even famous singers are sometimes plagued with bouts of self-doubt; it is up to voice teachers to help their performers feel more relaxed
• Vocal health: rest, moisture and muscle tone are the three key ingredients to healthy vocal cords
Taking care of your larynx is an important part of your development as a singer. You should avoid straining your voice at all costs!
Shouting into a microphone is unnecessary
Shouting is a good way to strain your vocal cords! Source: Pixabay Credit: Free-Photos
Singing Lessons in Nottingham
You wouldn't believe the things people in Nottingham have to sing about! For one, they are the home of Robin Hood - all of the romance and daring that elevates a thief to a champion of the downtrodden.
When one is down, singing is a great way to lift their spirits. Perhaps that is why so much musical theatre involves situations where the protagonist has suffered a terrible blow and goes on to sing about it.
We sincerely hope you are not feeling down but, if you were, wouldn't it be great to sing your way out of your blues by singing the blues or something more upbeat?
All you gotta do is discover where you can learn to sing...
Sing with a Private Tutor or Voice Coach in Nottingham
Catherine Bonello, a registered member of the Incorporated Society of Musicians, is an opera singer who gives voice lessons in her home.
She teaches musical theatre and classical styles of singing; naturally opera features heavily in her repertoire. It is her mission to impart these singing techniques to as many aspiring singers as she can but she still takes time to help students get ready for their exams by covering music rudiments as well as conducting voice exercises.
Should your walls reverberate with your young singer's vocalising, you might need Beckie Tunnicliffe to help train your little one's voice.
Beckie works with children as young as five and welcomes beginners and more advanced singers of all ages.
It sounds a bit unfair that she tailors her lessons to your singing goals; after all, if you are an inexperienced singer, how can you know what to aim for? This is where Beckie excels: she will help you find your voice and then help you aim it toward whatever style of music you would like to sing, from light opera to today's ballads.
Study Singing with a Private Tutor
Is there a difference between the teachers mentioned above and a private singing tutor?
Really, the fundamental difference is that your private tutor will come to your home or teach you how to sing online, via webcam.
Their doing so poses a bit of a conundrum: singing is a very public act - performers seldom sing in a vacuum.
On the other hand, you may want to learn how to sing a limited repertoire for a specific event, say your parents' silver or golden jubilee - in which case, it would be a good idea to learn those songs away from prying eyes.
If ever there were tutors who excel both at singing and tutoring online, Superprof music tutors love nothing more than giving singing lessons Nottingham. Go ahead! Put them to the test...
Learn Singing Technique with a Choir in Nottingham
You might think that a church choir is only for members of that church, hand-picked and scrupulously trained... but you'd be wrong!
St. Peter's church choir welcomes anyone with a yen for uplifting music and unafraid of a minimal time commitment: rehearsals on Friday and performance on Sunday, during services.
Besides that, you will be invited to sing at concerts in and around the city and you might even join them on tour!
It would be helpful if you could read music at least a little bit; failing that, if you have a really well-trained ear and can sing on-key, you stand a pretty good chance of earning a spot on those risers!
Because of the seriousness of their endeavour, you will be asked to audition, but that is a private matter, just you and the music director, so that he can properly assess your voice.
With that minor formality out of the way, you will soon be singing your heart out in one of Nottingham's best formal choirs! Yes, robes are required...
Find out where else you can learn to sing in Nottingham!
Sing with confidence in your voice training
Build your confidence by learning good vocal techniques Source: Pixabay Credit: Krimifreundin
Singing Lessons Bournemouth
Unlike other cities around the UK that are heavily associated with music, Bournemouth is better known for its tourist culture and nightlife.
Previously discussed The Pool and Madchester being two cases in point of fantastically musical cities in the UK.
Still, there is a rich musical heritage in Bournemouth, with members of internationally renown bands like Manfred Mann's Earth Band and Supertramp calling it home.
Perhaps the most notable aspect of Bournemouth's social climate is that, according to a survey conducted in 2007, it was reportedly the happiest place in the UK.
Does that mean that everyone there has a happy little tune on their lips? Singing has been proven to positively impact mental, physical and emotional well-being...
Isn't that a good reason to take singing lessons in Bournemouth?
Find Vocal Coaching in Poole/Bournemouth
Whether you want to be a classical performer or prefer performing covers of popular songs, The College offers full time or part time enrolment for music lessons.
Studying vocal techniques with their voice coaches, you would become a part of a large group of musicians learning fundamentals, who even gig on the weekends!
Another place you could take fun and engaging music lessons is...
Bournemouth School of Music, set in the trendy Pokedown area, has a solid reputation for turning out singing talent.
In their soundproofed rooms, voice teachers impart vocal techniques to beginners as well as more advanced singers.
Or, you might prefer one on one lessons with a voice teacher.
Take Private Singing Lessons
If you are looking for dynamic teaching style and passion for singing, you might want to seek out Brittany Soriano.
She gives lessons to aspiring singers of all ages and genders, individually or in small groups.
And, if Country music is your preferred genre, working with her could well lead you to singing success!
Sing with a Choir in Bournemouth
Let's say you have had a brush with singing – maybe at a party or as a part of a training exercise at work.
You have discovered that you quite enjoy singing and are not bad at all.
Where can you turn to indulge your new passion, without the formality and fees that lessons would necessarily incur?
The Funky Little Choir Co actually has three different divisions: Children, Youths, and Adults.
While not exactly professional, they have a polished sound that can only come from a tight-knit group who just wanna sing!
They will happily give you a trial session on Mondays or Thursday evenings.
Please check their web page for times and locations.
Singing Lessons Glasgow
Glasgow has been voted the world's friendliest city! Isn't that something to sing about?
So much musical genius puts Glasgow on its tour itinerary, as much for her atmosphere as her eclectic venues!
From the legendary King Tut's Wah Wah Hut, where Oasis was discovered, to The Cathouse – where Pearl Jam has been known to play, Glesga makes loving music easy.
Rather than sit in the audience, why not ply your voice to this fabulous city's musical landscape?
Take Voice Lessons with the Singing Fiddles
How very Scottish to blend voice and violin! Singing Fiddles can teach you singing, fiddling or both.
This dynamic group of voice teachers takes vocal novices all the way to a performance-ready voice, with a firm grounding in vocal health and warm up exercises.
They welcome students of all ages and genders and, never tell you what you should sing!
Any style of music; every vocal range: every voice coach will work with you to realise your best singing skill.
Sing with a Choir in Glasgow
Voicebeat is Glasgow's only multinational choir that sings music from different parts of the world, in different languages.
If you are not a native Glaswegian, this could be your chance to make friends and introduce your culture!
They will not require you to audition, and have no formalities other than rehearsals which, in themselves, are pretty informal.
The Glasgow Contemporary Choir does not require you to wear a choir robe. Nor do they demand that you read music or audition prior to joining them.
They would like it if you had a good ear for rhythm and a strong desire to have fun with music.
Check the best singing lessons Glasgow.
They sing a pop and rock repertoire and even provide opportunities to solo, if you so desire!
There is little to keep you from developing your vocal range in Glasgow, and now that you know where to turn to cultivate your singing techniques, you can find your best voice instructor and start singing in Glasgow!
Both Glasgow and Edinburgh have a strong tradition of musical excellence
Fiddling and singing: how very Scottish! Source: Pixabay Credit: Pixel2013
Singing Lessons in Edinburgh
Glasgow may be home to the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland but Edinburgh is no slouch when it comes to the performing arts in general and music in particular. To wit, this city is home to two of the world's greatest arts festivals: the Edinburgh International Festival and The Fringe, an occasion for performers of all stripes to get their show on.
Naturally, it is also home to many music schools where you could take voice lessons, as well as several fun choirs and, naturally, independent singing teachers who delight in teaching people how to sing: in their facility's studio or in aspiring singers' own homes.
Now comes a brief overview of where you could take singing lessons in this ancient city, overlooked by a marvel of a castle.
Take Singing Lessons at a Music School
Most Entertaining offers singing classes to adults and students preparing for exams. They teach both music theory and other particulars of singing, such as ear training, breathing techniques and how to hit those high notes without straining your vocal cords.
Did you know that everyone has two voices?
Most people believe those voices are singing and speaking voices but the professionals at Most Entertaining focus instead on head voice - the higher registers in one's vocal range, and chest voice, where the bass notes originate.
Wouldn't you like to discover your head voice and learn how to use it effectively?
Discover Singing is a school that has a slightly different focus.
Some people aver the best part of their church experience is feeling uplifted after the choir's performance.
If you would like to learn how to sing the same pieces as religious choristers do, Discover is the place for you. Their curriculum revolves around religious singing - not just for children's choirs but for adults as well.
Along with teaching you how to make your voice soar to the heavens, the teachers at Discover embrace the technical aspects of singing. They will teach you music theory and how to read music; you may even learn how to compose music!
Should you have a student in your household who is preparing for an exam, you may find that tuition at Discover would help them find their confidence for their ordeal as well as arm them for anything the exam board may throw at them.
Discover more music schools where you can learn to sing in Edinburgh!
Learn Singing with a Private Tutor
Naturally, there are many gifted singers in Edinburgh who would love nothing more than to share their expertise and love of music with you!
For example, Emma Divine, in her last year at Napier University, offers her services as a voice coach with emphasis on classical singing, musical theatre, choral singing and jazz vocalising. Her repertoire extends all the way to rock and pop singing!
George Rae, a voice teacher with long experience, can competently instruct you on the vocal techniques needed to sing light opera or rock and roll.
He and many voice coaches in the Edinburgh area happily take on people with no singing experience as well as people who have been singing for years who want to up their game.
And, of course, there are always Superprof singing lessons Edinburgh. Every Superprof singing tutor is keen to instruct you in your home - on your schedule, or via webcam.
Singing With a Choir
Granted, choir singing is not exactly formal lessons. However, you could learn a lot about your voice and how it works from both choristers and choir leaders; people who often have substantial experience in the fields of music and singing.
At the very least, singing with a choir can teach you how to breathe so that you can hold a note, how to maintain good posture, and you can learn vocal exercises to strengthen your larynx.
Pitchcraft choir is a bit more regimented than most volunteer choirs - but for that, better organised and well-near professional.
You will be required to audition for them prior to joining. They are looking for potential members with clear voices: no warble or scooping. You will also be asked to commit to a rigorous rehearsal schedule and to practise outside of scheduled rehearsals.
What do you get for all of that discipline? The opportunity to sing a mix of songs while being physically expressive, and the opportunity to regularly showcase your talents through their shows.
Singing Lessons Cardiff
Cardiff has been dubbed the UK's second most musical city. As though in a testament of that fact, the world's oldest record shop, Spiller's Records, is located in Cardiff. In fact, Budgie, the heavy metal band that pioneered the genre, are from Cardiff!
Of course, not every Cardiffian goes around in leather trousers, smashing guitars and engaging in pyrotechnics. There are so many styles of music pulsing on the Cardiff scene, and so many ways to learn how to sing in Cardiff!
Let us now point you in the right direction, so you can start improving your voice today in Cardiff.
Sing with a Choir in Cardiff
Canton Chorus is a choir of renown that puts on concerts at least twice a year.
This group trends more toward classical music, gospel, cantatas and opera, performing in and around Cardiff for a quarter-century.
Singing with them, you could get a lot of coaching and tips for a stronger voice from more experienced members of the group.
And, of course, their choir director would lead the group through warm ups and breathing exercises before the first note is sung.
All in all, the steps you take to start singing with a choir are not so different from those when taking formal lessons, one on one, with a voice coach.
Among other reasons, singing in with a group is fantastic ear training.
Training your ear involves recognising pitch, tone, tempo, intervals, chords and rhythms, all without your conductor signaling them or sheet music to read them from.
Cultivating your relative pitch – as the ability is called, is essential in learning how to sing because a singer must be able to hear and identify musical elements as you listen to it, or perform it.
In spite of the fun to be had in singing with a choir, perhaps you would prefer learning to sing in a more reserved, formal setting.
Find Singing Lessons in Cardiff
Angharad Kathy Davies sings opera, and also teaches singing at her studio in Cardiff city centre.
Although a soprano herself, she welcomes all ages and vocal ranges, to learn fundamental vocal techniques.
Good basic singing technique is transferable to any style of singing. - Angharad Kathy Davies
Those techniques include:
• posture
• breathing
• phonation
• registers
• resonance
• expression
Vocal pedagogy comprises of eight fundamental steps. Following them exactly leads to singing success.
With Singing Lessons Cardiff, Ms. Davis will walk you through each one.
You do not live in those cities, read more about singing lessons Brighton.
Before you pick up a microphone, better take some singing lessons!
It pays to take singing lessons before picking up a microphone, if only to ensure your vocal health Source: Pixabay Credit; PDP
Singing Lessons in Belfast
So many famous acts have sung songs about this city: U2, Elton John, Simple Minds, Boney M.
Through all of the songs about Belfast, we musn't forget that this city has a thriving music culture all her own. Feargal Sharkey and the Undertones released one of their most successful albums ever through Good Vibrations - Belfast's homegrown recording studio.
While it's true that the punk music movement is long past, there is still plenty of opportunity to make your mark on the Belfast music scene, but first, you should learn how to sing.
Learn to Sing with a Music Teacher
Mick Ferguson is a man of many talents. Qualified to teach at the secondary level, he is proficient at teaching stringed instruments such as the guitar and the banjo as well as giving voice lessons.
Whether you've had a bit of experience vocalising and want to expand your range or if you've never openly sung a note in your life, Mr Ferguson is ready to help you reach your full musical potential.
Find a Music School to Learn Singing
The Stormont School of Singing has a rather impressive pedigree: several of its alumni have gone on to perform at the Grand Opera house and in BBC films.
What is the secret to their success?
All of their teachers have postgraduate qualifications in Music and extensive experience, both in teaching and in performing. They now bring their experience to play in your development as a singer and performer, and also as a student, should you be preparing for exams.
Besides one to one lessons, Stormont offers a host of workshops ranging in topic from sight-singing to language - should you aim to sing with a choir in Latin, for instance.
Sing with a Choir in Belfast
If there are no special occasions on your horizon for which you must prepare a repertoire - a university entrance exam or an anniversary party, for example, you may consider training your voice and ear for the health benefits singing could bring you.
That being the case, perhaps singing with a choir would suit your needs. Here, Belfast has you covered as well!
Lauren Fitzgerald needs help. She is battling an aggressive cancer and needs to get to the US for treatment. To that end, the Choir Studio has released a CD; all of the sales proceeds go to Lauren's fund.
There are literally dozens of choirs in and around Belfast that routinely engage in such charitable works; while picking up tips from fellow choristers to make you a better singer, you too could be doing great deeds!
Discover more venues where you could learn singing in Belfast!
Singing Lessons London
The global city called London blends so many musical influences from so many places around the world into her own, distinct sound.
Music genres that originated in London herself include Punk and, more recently, Grime.
In fact, the style of music known as Urban Contemporary has gained such a foothold that BBC radio set up a station expressly broadcast and promote up and coming musicians like Stormzy and Bloc Party.
Still, not everyone in London raps, or pogoes to electronica.
Let us now find out where you can learn to sing in London and learn other types of music in Olde London Towne.
Take Voice Lessons in London
Voxbox would be a great place to find your voice because they offer group training sessions at no cost.
Whether a novice vocalist, intermediate or already an established singer, you can attend their workshops to glean singing tips.
They also give private lessons and teach formal classes. Naturally, there is a fee associated with them.
Once the head voice coach at London Music School, Samuel Nichol is intent on helping as many as possible to reach their full potential.
Child or adult, whether you want to sing, build your confidence or learn to use your voice more effectively, you can study everything from breathing techniques to voice projection with Mr. Nichols.
Sing with a choir in London
The City Academy choirs, based in London, offer some of the most exciting vocal ensembles in the capital city and invites you to join a choir at any time during the year. The singing groups are perfect if you want to sing with friends or get involved in a brand-new social activity that can boost your self-esteem.
The academy has six choirs to its name: two mixed-repertoire choirs (Singers and Collective), a pop and indie choir (Amplified), a musical theatre choir (Encore), a classical chamber choir (Chamber), and a ladies-only mixed-repertoire choir (Songbirds).
All choirs rehearse weekly and perform at special events throughout the year, so you will get a taste of what it's like to perform in front of audiences.
If you're interested in joining a choir, you can book a taster class. This an informal audition session where you will take part in a choir rehearsal, enabling you to meet others in the group and give the Musical Director a chance to hear your voice and assess your suitability for that particular group. Once a part of the team, you can enjoy a journey of learning and fun with other like-minded individuals!
The BBC website also has some great pages on how and where to join a choir in the capital as well as country-wide. In fact, they have a section dedicated to learning how to sing, with fantastic tips and advice for newcomers to the singing scene.
However, if you do not live in or near any of the above locales, you still have plenty of opportunities to find and develop your voice, anywhere in the country.
From anywhere in the world!
Singing Lessons Online
Is It Really Possible To Develop With Singing Lessons online? With so much that can be learned from the Internet, it stands to reason that you could also learn how to sing online.
A stipulation to querying the Internet is that you must ask the right question in order to get the desired answer.
How should one sort all of those search results? Is the first hit always the best result for your needs?
How to zoom in on that one voice coach that would provide you the musical knowledge and voice training you need?
Putting it plainly, if you restrict yourself to the opportunities closest to your door, you won't have the breadth of opportunities awaiting you should you spread your wings further. With the Internet, you have access to all of those world-renowned experts who are way better suited to helping you to develop your voice. Okay, so you may not be able to afford the coaches to the stars, but you will have such a bigger choice that you are bound to find someone perfect for your needs.
Singing lessons, even online, can take average singers and turn them into confident, better-sounding and self-reliant singers, improving their tone and vocal range. Since your vocal coach won't be there in person, their tuition is often even more effective because they teach you good habits to adopt to ensure that you can progress each time you have a lesson.
Choose Superprof For Your Singing Lessons
Look no further than Superprof for your online singing lessons.
Do you want to sing opera or rock?
Maybe you just want to wow your mates at your next karaoke night.
Whatever reason you seek to develop your voice, any of our more than seven hundred tutors would be sure to help you.
We are talking about a risk-free proposition: most Superprof tutors give their first hour of lessons free.
All you need is Skype, and a sincere desire to cultivate your singing voice. The rest is up to your Internet connection.
Whether you want to improve your tone quality or find exercises for vocal health, there are many opportunities, all over the UK, to find your singing voice.
Why should you restrict yourself to singing in the shower?
Isn't it time to discover how effective your voice could be through singing lessons?
Fun Facts on Singing
Finally, we will leave you with some interesting and sometimes amusing facts about singing, as told by Ken Tamplin Vocal Academy:
1. Most vocal teachers can’t even really sing themselves. This doesn't necessarily mean that they shouldn't be teaching people how to sing, but if you knew this beforehand you might have doubts about their ability to help you to develop. Have you asked your vocal coach to sing a few chords to hear how impressive or non-impressive their voice is?
2. When we sing, sound comes out of our mouths at approximately 75 miles per hour. It is 1/2200 of a second, from the time that the sound is made until it exits your mouth. Wow, who knew there was such a science involved in creating those harmonising sound waves! Goes to show how powerful our voice boxes really are.
3. When we approach higher notes, sound pressure builds up in the head often causing people to lose perspective of their pitch. Much like when we have headphones on and hear the same music in another room it sounds “flat” to what we heard in our “pressure” headphones. So, this is why so many acts we see on reality TV singing shows always lose it on those high notes - and we thought it was simply down to nerves!
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World Travel Guide > Guides > Antarctica > Antarctica
Antarctica travel guide
About Antarctica
Amidst the solitude of Antarctica, adventurous travellers can discover an ethereal landscape that lingers in the memory. Very few have ventured onto this appealingly inaccessible continent, but those who have rave about the privilege of gazing upon towering mountains, bulky glaciers and luminous, dreamlike icebergs. Perhaps more than anywhere else, Antarctica reminds those who visit it of the awesome (and savage) power of nature.
Some argue that Antarctica is changing, and by man-made causes rather than natural ones. Many regard the increasing focus on tourism as disconcerting and wish to preserve Antarctica in its elemental state to avoid any potential environmental damage. Antarctica is still a magical experience that most, given the chance, would find hard to resist. Those who do visit should be aware of their impact upon the landscape and do their utmost to limit the effect of their stay.
Perhaps the reason behind the fascination with Antarctica is its function as a symbol of endurance and survival. Before Antarctica was first spotted (in 1819), the continent was the subject of constant speculation, spoken of in almost mythical terms as Terra Australia Incognita (The Unknown Southern Land). Humans first occupied the continent in 1899, but Antarctica seemed inhospitable and incomprehensible and, in many ways, it still is.
Key facts
14,000,000 sq km (5,405,430 sq miles).
Antarctica has no government and is regulated under the Antarctic Treaty System.
Travel Advice
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Analysis of Langston Hughes.
Essay by lizaw98University, Bachelor'sA+, March 2004
download word file, 4 pages 3.0
Advice for All
Langston Hughes is considered by many readers to be the most significant black poet of the twentieth century. During his life many thought that he was a voice of the African-American people and a prime example of the magnificence of the Harlem Renaissance. This idea is evident in almost all his poems including "Mother to Son". This poem not only shows a relationship between a mother and a son, but also illustrates a connection between Langston Hughes and African-Americans.
"Mother to Son" is the obvious poem about a mother giving advice to her son. The poem starts out with the mother telling her son that "Life for me ain't been no crystal stair" (line 2). Here the metaphor of a "crystal stair" is being used to convey what the mother's life has been like. The "crystal stair" represents a life of glamour and magnificence. The mother is telling her son that there is no glamour in her life.
She says "It's had tacks in it, and splinters, and boards torn up, and placed with no carpet on the floor--Bare" (line 3-7). This represents the hardships that she has had to go through. There have been obstacles in her life that she has had to overcome. She also describes her life as being "bare". She feels as though her life has been plain and there is really nothing in it. In this first section on the poem, the mother simply is describing to her son what her life has been like.
Although this poem in called "Mother to Son", it also shows a relationship between Hughes and all African-Americans. This poem can also be interpreted as advice from Hughes to African-Americans. The first section can be described in almost the same way as that of... |
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why do demoiselle cranes migrate
Unlike the spring migration, we do not get a large concentration of sandhill cranes during the fall migration. Their big size, combined with their behaviour, makes crane roosts a really attractive phenomenon. These cranes make one of the toughest migrations in the world by crossing the Himalayas and have literally changed the landscape of Khichan. Migration of cranes in Europe. Found in eastern and central Asia, Demoiselle Cranes migrate for the winter to north eastern Africa, India and Pakistan, and can do so in their tens of thousands. Come face-to-face with the wonders of wildlife through species-focused episodes and related classroom activities. Demoiselle cranes will often fake a wing injury to lure predators away from their nests. Both sexes look alike. Find quick information and fun facts with these 1-page easy resources about animals from A to Z. They have also been documented in Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and India. Other threats include disturbance due to rising human populations, intensive use of pesticides, and hunting for sport along the migration route in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The spectacle of tens of thousands of these cranes flying against the background of the snow-white surface of the mountains is truly magnificent. The. Then a gentle soul, Ratanlal Maloo, returned to his home village from his work place in another state and along with his wife took to feeding sacks full of grain to birds (all kinds), believing it to be his duty as a devout Jain. Go behind-the-scenes to see how our trainers care for and interact with these amazing animals, and get up close with some finned, flippered, or feathered friends. Stay at a wonderful boutique hotel in Jodhpur at the foot of the Mehrangarh Fort and travel out to see the cranes. Roosting marshes are closed to the public. These cranes are migratory birds. and A. Middleton. During the migration above the high mountains, it … India is a winter home for most of the Siberian birds such as Siberian Cranes,Greater Flamingo and Demoiselle Crane, also numerous species of birds from other region of the world. Demoiselle cranes the smallest crane species migrate over the himalayas crossing the mountain range at an altitude of up to 26 000 feet to reach their wintering areas in india. More. during level, flapping flight, but prefer to soar, especially during migration. Description. Any bird-watching tour to Rajasthan loses luster without a glimpse of Khichan’s winged royalty feeding right in the midst of the human settlement. For about a month each March, more than 500,000 sandhill cranes converge on the Platte River basin in Nebraska to rest and eat before they finish their migration to their northern breeding grounds. Migration of Demoiselle Cranes Their breeding grounds are in Central Asia and the bulk of the population flies south to north western India congregating in vast flocks of 1000 - 3000 birds in the desert edged arid lands of Rajasthan and Gujarat with smaller groups spread across northern and central India. They group together in great numbers, filling the air with distinctive rolling cries. Flight and Migration. Are you wild about whales? Only the sandhill crane is more numerous. 7. But let’s see how they do it. Bird-watching buffs can feast on these and other spectacular sights during the winter months. Dept. Demoiselle cranes complete their early morning feeding and then alight on the sand dunes in large numbers. Nicola Shepherd, founder and CEO of The Exploration Company, organises unusual trips for HNW and UHNW clients ranging from birthday parties at an Indian Maharajah's palace to reliving Sir Vivian Fuchs's 1950s expedition to the South Pole. Our overarching zoological mission is to foster conservation awareness and to impart action on our park guests to preserve wild animals and wild places. In several Islamic regions, the birds are held in high regard because they are mentioned in the Koran. That is, until the efforts of Sevaram Mali Parihar and fellow locals turned things around. The overall population trend is increasing, although some populations are decreasing, stable or have unknown trends. They range in size from the demoiselle crane, which measures 90 cm (35 in) in length, to the sarus crane, which can be up to 176 cm (69 in), although the heaviest is the red-crowned crane, which can weigh 12 kg (26 lb) prior to migrating. Demoiselle cranes gather in large flocks to migrate. During this display, the cranes bow deeply and stretch. The once obscure village has now become one of the most favoured bird-watching vacation hotspots in India. The crane is a huge, graceful, mainly grey bird with long legs, a long neck and drooping, curved tail feathers. Range: Demoiselles are migratory cranes. The birds walk stiffly around each other with quick steps, wings half spread and alternately leaping high in the air. Next, the cranes will pick up sticks or pieces of grass, throw them in the air, and stab at them with their beak as they come down. Cranes use three migratory routes. Come with us on an unforgettable journey behind the scenes during a SeaWorld or Busch Gardens Camp. Taken with tigers? Found in several scattered areas of North America, Sandhill Cranes reach their peak abundance at migratory stopover points on the Great Plains. The village, tucked away in a corner of the Thar Desert, still plays host to over 9,000 Demoiselle cranes every winter. The demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) is a species of crane found in central Eurosiberia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and North Eastern China. Flock of thousands of Demoisellle Cranes flying over Rajasthan, India. Its body is light bluish gray with light gray on the crown and along the back of the neck and the nape. A short while later they depart in different directions in small family flocks. Some Demoiselle Cranes fly 1,860 miles each year from their breeding grounds in central Asia to India, where they spend the winter. Initially, some 45 years ago, there were just about 100 of these cranes. We're friendly and available to chat. So are we! The population is not severely fragmented. They depart their northern breeding grounds in early fall and return in spring. Fall Migration. View a property map (PDF). Only the sandhill crane is more numerous. Cranes of all ages, paired and unpaired, dance. The call of the Demoiselle Crane is a high-pitched trumpet. Anthropoides virgo. India is a winter home for most of the Siberian birds such as Siberian Cranes,Greater Flamingo and Demoiselle Crane, also numerous species of birds from other region of the world. The fall migration of sandhill cranes is from mid/late October to late November. World: the migratioN of the demoiselle craNes DemoIselle crAne fActs… • Demoiselles are the smallest of the cranes, just 3 ft (90 cm) tall and weighing 4–7 lbs (2–3 kg) • they have a wing span of 1 ft 6 in (50 cm) • they live mainly in grassland areas near water but can be found in deserts where water is available Cranes typically run into the wind to achieve the lift necessary for flight, but if alarmed a crane can spring directly into flight. Whether stepping singly across a wet meadow or filling the sky by the hundreds and thousands, Sandhill Cranes have an elegance that draws attention. They face the sun, their tie-like black chest feathers contrasting with the blue winter sky. The village, even achieved international recognition when it was featured in the Birding World magazine in an article titled, “Khichan - the Demoiselle Crane village". In China there are about 100-10,000 breeding pairs, with 50-1,000 birds on migration. The birds eat corn from the grain fields and then sleep on the sandbars. As the number of Demoiselle cranes increased, the couple got assistance from some volunteering school children. Diet Most sandhill cranes live in freshwater wetlands. The demoiselle crane has long legs, a long neck and a long, compressed bill. Cranes are very large birds, often considered the world's tallest flying birds. The bond of the villagers with these avian visitors touches a chord among even the most cynical tourists. These birds tend to form life-long monogamous pair bonds. Ten cranes were captured and marked on the Kenai Peninsula, near Homer, in August 2008. Hear animal sounds for animals like anteaters, dolphins, frogs and more. One bird appears to be “dancing,” which is part of a courtship ritual. Learn more about the Seasonal Camp Counselor program at SeaWorld. The legs and toes are black, as are the primary and secondary flight feathers, and the tail feathers are gray with black tips. Demoiselle cranes are the smallest of all crane species and the second most abundant. Birders and scientists have noticed that other birds, including Sandhill Cranes and a suite of songbirds, migrate earlier in the spring and later in the fall, too. Thousands of sandhill cranes have arrived at Whitewater Draw east of Tombstone as part of an annual migration. Demoiselle cranes are protected by a few cultures in many parts of its range. Serv., Washington, D.C. 1996. Cranes do not recognize political boundaries during migration, which unites diverse countries under the common goal of safeguarding cranes. The Demoiselle Crane is the smallest species of crane. In both its breeding and wintering ranges this species shows a preference for grassland habitats in close proximity to streams, shallow lakes and other wetlands, also frequenting desert areas where water is available. Premium service from one of the world's most knowledgeable travel companies, Your holiday is fully protected by the Package Travel, Package Holidays & Package Tours Regulations 1992, Flight-Inclusive Bonding: We are licensed by the Civil Aviation Authority and hold ATOL Number 7159, Flight-Exclusive bonding: Your holiday is further protected by our membership of ABTOT Membership Number 5197, Fraser House, Southrop, Gloucestershire, GL7 3NR UK 9401 Overlea Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA, The Ultimate Explorer’s safari of Africa by Private Jet, Historic India and Maldives by Private Jet, 10 steps to the perfect Latin America holiday. 2018. These beautiful birds migrate to India every year during the winter and summer season for food, breeding, and nesting. Black-necked Crane migration study 2005-2007 (404.66 KB) Sandhill Cranes ICF’s Western Crane Conservation Program is tracking the migration of banded Lesser Sandhill Cranes from Homer, Alaska. The Demoiselle Crane can fly at altitudes up to 26,000 feet. Migration of Birds in India: India is a winter home for most of the Siberian birds such as Siberian Cranes, Greater Flamingo, and Demoiselle Crane, also numerous species of birds from other regions of the world. Finding richer food sources, seeking safer habitats, and avoiding predators are all migration behaviors designed to ensure breeding success. Females nest in a mass of vegetation on the ground or in shallow water and lay two or three eggs. They maintain large flocks while on wintering grounds but disperse and show territorial behavior when nesting during the summer. The early spring gathering of Sandhills on the Platte River in Nebraska is among the greatest wildlife spectacles on the continent, with over a quarter of a million birds present at one time. Take a closer look at these encyclopedia books including information about animal habitats, behavior, and scientific classification., The demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) is a species of crane … Perrins, C.M. Demoiselle cranes have red eyes and relatively short ivory colored beaks with grey and pink markings. In some regions of Mongolia and India, they are considered lucky birds and are protected by local people. It flies with deep, powerful wing beats, and alight in standing stance after approaching with dangling legs and spread wings and tail. BirdLife International. Their mating dance is a spectacular display. Take demoiselle cranes as an example; they migrate the peaks of the Himalayas, which rise 7,000-8,000 meters above the sea. The males and females do not vary in external appearance, but males tend to be slightly larger than females. Demoiselle cranes are the smallest of all crane species and the second most abundant. Cranes form lifelong, monogamous (only one partner) pairs. Cranes may fly as fast as 52 m.p.h. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1990. International Crane Foundation: And because they are so conspicuous, tracking Whooping Crane migrations can help other bird species by providing clues into how and why migration times are changing. Audio: Sandhill Cranes during fall migration (.wav file) Slideshow: Sandhill Cranes, 2009 migration Once in the air they immediately form a disciplined order led by the female, followed closely by up to two sub-adults, brought up by the male and start calling. In the end, the reasons why birds migrate all come down to survival: not just the survival of the migrating birds themselves, but also the survival of the chicks they will raise. Sandhill cranes are on their way south to Texas, New Mexico, Mexico, … Cranes do not recognize political boundaries during migration which unites diverse countries under the common goal of safeguarding cranes. Besides these dainty cranes, grey heron, great egret, northern pintail, northern shoveller, black winged stilts, Temmick's stint, tufted duck, spotted redshank, common redshank, common sandpiper, rock pigeons, white- throated kingfisher, Indian pond heron and other species of birds can be sighted at Khichan especially around the village pond which forms one of the few sources of water in this arid land.
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Apex Courts And The Frequent Regulation
common lawTrademark rights arise within the United States from the actual use of the mark. Roman Dutch Widespread law is a bijuridical or combined system of legislation much like the common law system in Scotland and Louisiana Roman Dutch widespread law jurisdictions embody South Africa , Botswana , Lesotho , Namibia , Swaziland , Sri-Lanka and Zimbabwe Many of these jurisdictions recognise customary law, and in some, such as South Africa the Structure requires that the frequent legislation be developed in accordance with the Invoice of Rights.
Because the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make legislation eighty four —”legislating from the bench” is a traditional and essential operate of courts, which was carried over into the U.S. system as a vital part of the “judicial power” specified by Article III of the U.S. Structure.
The type of reasoning used in widespread legislation is known as casuistry or case-primarily based reasoning The common regulation, as utilized in civil circumstances (as distinct from legal circumstances ), was devised as a way of compensating someone for wrongful acts referred to as torts , together with both intentional torts and torts attributable to negligence , and as developing the body of regulation recognizing and regulating contracts The type of procedure practiced in common legislation courts is known as the adversarial system ; that is also a growth of the common legislation.
The common theme in all circumstances is that industrial parties seek predictability and simplicity in their contractual relations, and ceaselessly select the regulation of a common regulation jurisdiction with a nicely-developed physique of widespread regulation to realize that consequence. |
street kid stats
An estimated 250,000-300,000 children are living in the streets in Kenya.
Many are born in the streets.
They have been orphaned or neglected or abused by their parents and have no family members who can take them in. It is assumed that orphans are cared for by aunts, uncles, or grandparents.
They are not receiving healthcare, though some of them have HIV, malaria, or other serious illnesses.
Emotional distress and psychiatric problems are three times more common among street kids than adolescents who have homes.
They have no access to education. They need to work, are discriminated against, and can’t afford school.
Street kids often have no ID and no birth certificate. They are considered “social drop-outs.”
They are illiterate and have no skills. They cannot find jobs, even though child labor is widespread. 26% of all Kenyan children age 5-14 (including those with parents and homes) work. |
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1. Forensic Science and DNA in Crime Solving
"is the genetic material found in the body's nucleic cells (those with a nucleus) such as white blood cells, semen, bone, skin, and hair"(Wells). Aside from the usual blood and semen that can be found at a crime scene and tested, DNA can be found on items that most criminals would never even think of. Cigarette butts, cups, beer bottles, envelopes, lipsticks or chap sticks, and even tissues can be used to obtain a DNA sample. DNA profiling was first introduced to US criminal court during a rape case in Florida in 1987. Tommy Lee Andrews, a factory worker, was convicted of a series of rapes based on DNA evidence (Wells).
• Word count: 3145
2. Ethics and Morality re: Stem Cell Research.
We watched her undergo numerous surgeries and treatments only to lose her battle just before her sixth birthday. The family held onto whatever hope that was out there, submitting their child to the rigors of two bone marrow transplants that ultimately failed. I know that this family would have gone anywhere, spent their last dollar and tried whatever new treatment that became available. And for them the technology of stem cell therapy was just too new and not applicable yet, to Rebecca's condition. But when the argument for stem cell research is taken out of the emotional climate of a family with a sick child, or parent, and looked at in the larger context of things, decisions become more difficult to make.
• Word count: 1053
3. Scientists and Their Discoveries.
In King's College in London, there was a woman named Rosalind Franklin that was creating the world's best X-ray diffraction photos of the DNA. Of the four DNA researchers only she had university degrees in chemistry. She died of cancer in 1958, at the age of 37. In 1962 the Nobel Prize, was given to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. Crick said, if Franklin had lived, "It would have been impossible to give the prize to Maurice and not to her" because "she did the key experimental work."
• Word count: 1048
4. The History and Development of DNA.
A shape began to emerge. Three chains twisted about each other in a way that gave rise to crystallographic repeat every 2.8nm along the helical axis. Franklin's Response to the Crick-Watson 3-Chain Model (1952): Franklin objected to the proposed 3-chain model. She stated that its phosphate groups held together by Mg2+ ions was unlikely considering the Mg2+ ions would be surrounded by tight shells of water molecules. Pauling's 3-helix model: Pauling formulated a structure of 3 intertwined helical polynucleotide chains.
• Word count: 637
5. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
using an enzyme that they carry (reverse transcriptase). Human infection with HIV results in a complex clinical disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that may take ten years or more to develop. The outer surface of HIV is a lipid "envelope" derived from the cell membrane. Protruding from the surface are the viral transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) and the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) that allow HIV to bind and fuse with a target cell. Within the envelope, the viral core protein, (p17), forms the matrix of the virion particle and the core protein, (p24), forms an inner cylindrically shaped nucleoid.
• Word count: 1001
6. Compare and contrast the different techniques used in separating biomolecules.
Proteins have disulphide, these are broken before separation. SEPARATION OF PROTEINS Column Chromatography of proteins Colunm chromotography relies on the distribution of components do be separated in between two different phases, a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The mobile phase is used to carry the components involved through the stationary phase. The staionary phase is supplied through a packed bed in the column. There is a wide variety of chromatographic techniques; these are used to separate protein mixtures on the basis of molecular properties such as size, shape and weight or certain binding affinities.
• Word count: 1433
7. Cloning argument
This allows us play God and it should not be like this. Death is inevitable for a human being, and as a human being we should know and accept this. Not only should stem cell research be prohibited, but so should the research of trying to clone a human being to live as long as non-cloned human. In an article written by Michael A.
• Word count: 506
8. Discovery of the Structure of DNA.
were known * The sugar (S) and phosphate (P) were known to be connected together to form a backbone. The bases (B) were known to be stuck out to the side, attached to the sugar of the backbone by one of their N atoms: * Rosalind Franklin had pointed out that phosphate has negative charges at cellular PHs. Since these charges would repel each other she insisted that the sugar-phosphate backbone was on the outside of the molecule * Hydrogen bonds had been shown to be very important in determining the shapes of proteins and it was expected that they would be important in DNA as well * Rosalind Franklin had taken excellent x-ray diffraction pictures of DNA.
• Word count: 834
9. Watson, Crick or Franklin… Who Really Discovered the Secret of DNA?
Later it was found that the sugar in nucleic acid could be ribose or deoxyribose, giving two forms: RNA and DNA. In 1943, American Oswald Avery proved that DNA carries genetic information. He even suggested DNA might actually be the gene. Most people at the time thought the gene would be protein, not nucleic acid, but by the late 1940s, DNA was largely accepted as the genetic molecule. Scientists still battled to figure out this molecule's structure to be sure, and to understand how it worked.
• Word count: 1997
10. Give an illustrated account of the role of the nucleus during protein synthesis. Include the terms hereditary material, DNA, genes, chromosomes, RNA and the nucleolus.
The diagram below shows a short section of a polypeptide, with different amino acids represented by different colours, and peptide bonds in a light blue colour. P Within the nucleus of the human body cell is 46 chromosomes containing hereditary material, some from your mother and some from your father, each chromosome is one DNA molecule. Along this strand of DNA is many genes, all coding for one polypeptide chain. DNA is made up of many neucleotides, these are in turn made up of smaller components, one neucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, (the pentagon shape)
• Word count: 1039
11. The Many Controversies of Stem Cell Research.
Also another is the funding and cost of such research and how it will affect the people and their taxes. Not only does it raise legal and financial problems but it also creates moral questions; is the destruction of an embryo considered to be murder? Are embryos even considered to be human? A proposal to their solutions would be to limit federal funding to reduce the amount of money spent from the people's taxes. Restrictions and guidelines need to be made on what kinds of embryos are allowed for stem cell research.
• Word count: 2466
12. Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR Applications.
Fig.1 Summary of PCR PCR is a very sensitive technique and because of this it is used worldwide in molecular biology. There are many applications of PCR, all of which have aided the current knowledge into DNA sequencing and cloning. PCR is frequently used when screening gene libraries after standard cloning experiments. This method can identify and isolate a clone carrying a particular region of the genome from the thousands of similar clones that contribute a gene bank. In this case PCR is known as 'in vitro amplification' as it utilises two oligonucleotide primers that flank the regions of interest.
• Word count: 868
13. Arv og miljø.
Sola utsetter oss for ultrafiolett str�ling slik at huden blir brunfarget. Etter mange �r med solp�virkning eldes denne huden raskere enn hud som har f�tt lite sol. Mengden av rynker og pigmentflekker �ker jo mer ultrafiolett str�ling huden blir utsatt for. Unders�kelser viser at folk som arbeider ute under �pen himmel i solrike str�k, er mest utsatt for dette. Tydeligst ser vi det i nakken. Den delen av nakken som befinner seg over skjortekanten. Dette er en varig milj�p�virkning. R�yking f�rer ogs� til en raskere og varig aldring av huden. Den typen hud du har, er genetisk bestemt, enten du har arvet lys eller m�rk farge.
• Word count: 1069
14. Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
1,6532125137750 2,80 Bovine albumin 66 1,8195439355420 1,80 The distance of purified protein=3.9 cm Molecular weight of purified protein= -0.1872*3.9 + 2.1632 = 1.43312 Antilog of 1.43312= 101.43312 = 27.11kDa Results and Discussion Polyacrylamide gel: This gel is used as a supporting medium. It is the composition of two substances: acrylamide and bisacrylamide. When these two are combined a porous network is formed. The former determines the average polyacrylamide chain length. The latter determines the extent of the cross linking. The concentration of gel and the pore size is inversely proportional.
• Word count: 821
15. In our society today, there are many issues that stir up heated debate. The continuing debate over stem cell research and human cloning over the last few years in particular is no exception.
There are skin cells, which gives rise to different types of skin cells, etc. Stem cells can be extracted from adults, children, and embryos. Embryonic stem cells are harvested from early human embryos. The embryos usually come from in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) clinics and are left over from infertility treatments. People arguing against embryonic stem cell research claim that other methods of harvesting stem cells where embryos are not destroyed can be just as effective at producing stem cells, or at least should be fully explored as an option first. These other methods include harvesting stem cells from cord blood taken from the umbilical cords of newborns and from bone marrow and other adult tissue.
• Word count: 2349
16. Separating biological macromolecules by Agarose gel electrophoresis.
In solution (water), in principle all different sized proteins covered with SDS would run through an inert polymer, polyacrylamide. The density and pore size of this polymer can be varied by just how you make it. Thus, the size of molecules that can pass through the matrix can be varied. This determines what molecular weight range the gel will have the highest resolving power. Native Gels: It is also possible to run protein gels without SDS. These are called native gels in that one does not purposely denature protein. Here, the native charge on the protein (divided by its mass)
• Word count: 1352
17. The applications and research in developing Nanorobots.
From the perspective of a cell, a fine surgical scalpel is as crude as a blunt tool. Invasive surgery wounds peripheral tissue and causes unnecessary harm to the patient. Drug therapy affects the body at the molecular level. Drug molecules are dumped into the body where they are transported by the circulatory system. They may come into contact with un-targeted parts of the body and lead to unwanted side effects. Nanomedical robots, however, will have no difficulty identifying cancer cells and will ultimately be able to track them down and destroy them wherever they may be growing.
• Word count: 1697
18. Describing how the structure of DNA is suited to its role in Cell Division and Protein Synthesis.
Structure of DNA A strand of DNA is made up of a double helix. When it is unwound it consists of phosphate, sugar and one of four organic base/nitrogen molecules called nucleotides. The sugar and the phosphate form the two strands along the sides of the helix and the bases are joined by hydrogen bonds that form ties like rungs on a ladder. The role of DNA in Cell Division DNA is found in the cell nucleus, which has a Nuclear Envelope Pore. The role of DNA is to provide instructions for proteins to be produced in the cytoplasm.
• Word count: 590
19. "All Human Cloning should be Banned" do you Agree? Sow that you have looked at it through more than one point of view.
There are a number of arguments to show if human cloning is good or if it is bad, there are two main points. The first - when does life begin? And the second - high risk in producing deformed individuals. At the moment the scientist can not clone a human but they can do 'Therapeutic cloning' which is the creation of human embryos in a lab to extract embryonic stem cells from them, these stem cells can develop into the chosen organ or cell.
• Word count: 484
20. AIDS in Our Society - There is a killer among our society.
AIDS is a lethal condition because HIV destroys the body's immune system, rendering it defenseless against disease-causing organisms (Tamarin, 502). AIDS has spread throughout the world. There seems to be two worldwide patterns in the spread of AIDS, which is not contracted by casual contact. A 1959 blood sample from central Africa contained the first known human infection. Researchers discovered that the common form of AIDS, caused by HIV-1, jumped from chimpanzees to human beings in the region of Gabon in western Africa.
• Word count: 852
21. We are going to compare the fragments of viral DNA by adding three different enzymes.
Do this for one full minute. > Allow the tube to stand for a further 5 minutes. The Lambda DNA solution should look slightly opaque. > Add a fresh tip to the microsyringe. Put 20 ul of Lambda ?DNA solution into an enzyme tube of your choice (refer to Fig. 4 for the colour code). Mix the liquid and the dried enzyme by carefully drawing the liquid up and down in the tip a few times. > Repeat this for each enzyme tube and the yellow 'control' tube, using a fresh tip each time to prevent cross-contamination between the tubes.
• Word count: 1240
22. Our aim is to cut DNA from the bacteriophage lambda into fragments using restriction enzymes from different bacteria. We also aim to separate the DNA into bands by electrophoresis and at the end observe the results.
used for electrophoresis * comb * loading dye * carbon fibre electrodes * black card of plastic * two 9-volt batteries * wires * staining solution * 70% ethanol Experimental procedure: We can divide it into seven main processes: 1) Rehydrating the DNA: * We place 100 �l of distilled water into a tube containing a bacteriophage lambda DNA . We use the 10�l tip of a microsyringe 10 times in order to do that. * Then we let the mixture in the tube stand for 5 minutes after what we flicked it with a finger for 1 minute and then let it stand again for 5 minutes.
• Word count: 1973
23. Protein Synthesis
Continued condensation reactions lead to the formation of a polynucleotide. DNA is a double stranded polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains, where the pentose sugar is always deoxyribose and the organic bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, but never uracil. The amount of guanine is usually equal to that of cytosine and the amount of adenine is usually equal to that of thymine. Its in the form of a helix whose shape is maintained by hydrogen bonds. Each chain has a sugar phosphate backbone on the outside with organic bases on the inside.
• Word count: 1555
24. Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate.
a ribose pinto sugar, 2. a phosphate group, 3. a nitrogen bade. The sugar can be two possible sugars: 1. Ribose gives RNA with the molecular formula, C5H10O5, 2. Deoxyribose gives DNA with the molecular formula C5H10O4. The phosphate's molecular formula is H3PO4. Building a nucleotide: The nucleotide is usually represented as follows. Topic 2: The Chemistry of Life Sub-topic: 2.4 DNA Structure Page: 2 Since the reactions involves are condensation reactions, the equation becomes phosphate + sugar + organic base = nucleotide + two waters. 2.4.2 1 State the names of the four bases of DNA.
• Word count: 649
25. Compare the structure of RNA and DNA
The nucleotides are held together by covalent bonds into a chain of nucleotides. DNA is made of two chains or strands, called a double helix. The nitrogen bases pair up in a specific order. A pairs with T, C pairs with G and vice-versa. This is called the complementary base pair rule and it has a great importance in the function of DNA during cell divisions/replication and protein synthesis. The sequence of the nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule is extremely important because it is the genetic code. RNA: -made of one strand, contains uracil instead of thymine as a nitrogen base, the pentose sugar is ribose, contains one more molecule of oxygen.
• Word count: 1700
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Oct 272013
Raw Visual Data
The example picture for this blog entry shows Mr Smith in a standing position with his arms raised over his head.
The outline of the inner right leg is different from the outline of the inner left leg.
In this close up picture, the reason for the difference in shapes between the inner legs is that the right inner leg has largish depressions in it while the same area of the left leg is relatively flat and smooth.
There is a depressed area in the right lower leg between the two lines in the picture below.
The right knee looks wider than the left knee.
The ridge above the right knee looks fatter with a different shape than the ridge above the left knee, and the ridge below the right knee looks wider and fatter than the ridge under the right knee.
The left testicle hangs lower than the right testicle.
The rounded shape of the waist and hip on the right side of the body is higher up and more rounded than the waist and hip on the left side of the body.
The area between the lines on the left side of the body is flat while the same area between the lines on the right side of the body looks rounded and fat-ish.
The left side of the torso looks relatively flat and smooth. The right side of the torso looks like there is a dent or depression in it.
The bottom of the rib cage angles further to the outside of the body on the right side than it does on the left side. The difference in angles makes the bottom of the right rib cage look farther away from the center of the body than the bottom of the left rib cage.
The reason the right lower rib cage is higher than the left lower ribcage, is that the ribcage has rotated to Mr Smith’s right, which forces the right lower ribcage up and the lower left ribcage down.
The nipple on the left chest looks like it is further away from the center of the body than the nipple on the right chest.
There is a pattern to the hair, skin, and musculature of the chest in the area indicated in the picture below.
There is a slight depression in the outside of the armpit of each arm. The depression on the outside of the left armpit is lower than the same depression on the right armpit.
There is a relatively deep depression in the left armpit that is lower than the same depression in the right armpit.
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Mesomorph Body Type
Mesomorph is the human body type that has more than the average muscle mass. This does not mean that the body type is overweight or obese in any way, but that the body type is of larger properly proportioned muscle size. Not like the body type endomorph with is larger in bone structure and over and weight, or the body type ectomorph which is skinnier and smaller in physique. A good example of this body type is the body of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He himself a mesomorph transformed his body into the most recognized body builder in the world. Mesomorphs have more of a square head, larger chest, back, legs, broad shoulders, and are able to shed fat fairly easily. The term mesomorph was made up by William Sheldon, an American Physicist who studied human body types, personality types, and delinquency amongst humans in the early 1930's to 1970's. He invented a system of classification between these three body types in order to distinguish the differences.
People with this body type are not just larger in physique but also still naturally athletic. This makes people with this body type suitable body builders or professional athletes. Not like people with the ectomorph body type however, they do have to watch their calorie intake to prevent too much weight gain. But they are able to gain on a much easier level than ectomorphs, as well as they have the same benefit regarding weight loss. Mesomorphs have a much easier time than endomorphs when losing weight. This body type best performs under physical labor or strenuous activity. Always gaining more size and muscle mass these people do well with physical tasks. A mesomorph body type with a poor diet and in active lifestyle can see their own body change rapidly and very easily into the body type endomorph.
"Your Body Type – Ectomorph, Mesomorph, or Endomorph?" By Damien Mase |
Eat right, exercise, drink red wine, laugh a lot… there are lots of different approaches to staying young.
Briefly Living In The Moment
Some can help us live longer, healthier lives and others are still up for debate. But one approach that’s quickly gaining favor with experts is the act of learning something new.
Train Your Brain to Stay Young
The evidence is mounting: taking on new things throughout your lifetime can help ward off mental decline. Henry Ford said it best, “Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at 20 or 80. Anyone who keeps learning stays young.” Researchers are now linking learning to reduced risk of Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia, too. Plus, when the brain is healthy, the rest of the body stays healthier, too (and vice versa).
Ready to try training your brain to see if you can roll back the years? Here are some tips.
Learning Tip #1: Take a College Class (or Two or Three or Four)
Formal education doesn’t have to end after your teens or 20s. According to research, it really shouldn’t, either. There are plenty of course offerings to choose from at community colleges, each designed for working people, older Americans, and other non-traditional age students who want to get ahead or stay sharp.
Even if you can’t make it to a community college, there are lots of online courses to enjoy. Have you heard of MOOC’s? Massive Open Online Courses are often free and sometimes offered by top universities in the nation. Fancy yourself a Harvard student learning about Civil War history, for example. Or would you like to dive deep into a topic like Finance? How about something called, “Engineering: Building with Nature”? They’re all available online for free, in a self-paced format that accommodates your schedule. Check the EdX website for what’s available right now.
If you are looking for something that requires a little less study time, why not try yoga? Yoga is perfect for older adults. It engages the body, mind, and spirit, and it’s also a great way to incorporate exercise into your daily routine. Read about why yoga is becoming popular among older adults.
Tip #2: Take Up a Difficult Hobby
As hobbies go, some are known to be relaxing because they’re easy, while others present more of a challenge. Tapping into the Fountain of Youth involves the latter type. Researchers actually found that the more difficult a new hobby is, the greater the improvement in cognitive skills like memory.
One example, the one studied by scientists and which showed a clear advantage over “easier” hobbies like doing puzzles, was digital photography. It involves a computer, and you’ll probably be learning Photoshop, a program for editing digital images. Challenging at any age!
Looking for more suggestions? Read our article about the importance of hobbies. The article is written for people approaching retirement, but the suggestions are applicable to all ages. A hobby you start now could become a passion for the rest of your life.
Tip #3: Write a Book
It’s been said that everyone has a book in them. Whether yours is a novel, a history lesson, or a memoir, the idea is the same: writing challenges the brain in a number of beneficial ways.
The advantage of writing a memoir is that aside from challenging your brain, it also serves as a valuable exercise in self-reflection. That can help seniors relive special moments, tell their story for future generations, or leave a legacy to provide a record of family tradition. Memoir writing can also help writers come to terms with certain aspects of living, such as growth, loss, aging, or any other type of life journey.
You could even combine this with Tip #1 (Take a College Class) and enroll in a memoir-writing class. If your local community college doesn’t have one, check your local library. Many offer these classes as part of their outreach programming.
If memoirs aren’t your cup of tea, how about a history of your town? It’s not quite so personal but does draw upon your unique perspective and knowledge.
And of course there are mysteries, whodunits, historical dramas, romances, and nonfictional how-to’s to consider, as well.
Tip #4: Discover Your Inner Picasso (or Monet)
Like writing or learning digital photography, learning to do something artistic has a high cognitive demand. Whether it’s painting, drawing, quilting, or refinishing furniture, in each case you’re learning something new and you’re challenging your brain on a higher level.
It doesn’t matter how you choose to learn a new art. You could take a class or you could hire a private instructor. You could even learn from a book or watch videos on YouTube. The important part is that you’re truly striving to learn the art (and that you’re also having fun!).
Why Learning New Things Works
What all of these tips have in common is that they challenge the brain. When you learn a new skill, take a college class, or start a difficult hobby, you’re strengthening certain connections in your brain. That does a lot more than just playing brain games.
Brain games may improve a very limited aspect of your short-term memory, according to cognitive psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman. But challenging activities like the ones described above do much more: they strengthen entire neural networks.
So, one last word of advice: don’t put too much stock in those so-called ‘Brain Games’ that cost a lot of money. The research isn’t there to back up their efficacy when it comes to warding off dementia or improving a wide range of brain functions. They are fun, yes, if they are worth it to you for the enjoyment – go for it.
But when it comes to actually improving brain functions, instead take a more holistic approach to challenging your brain: explore and discover what truly excites you while simultaneously challenging your mental abilities. Your genuine interest will help keep you motivated through the challenges you encounter. And that’s where the real magic happens… neural networks are strengthened and before you know it, you’ve tapped into your own inner fountain of youth.
Want to learn more about staying young through mental exercise? Read how Acts Retirement has made mental stimulation programs a priority within their communities. You may not be ready for retirement, but you’re never too young to start improving your mental health.
Live Longer: Research Shows These 4 Things Are Effective was last modified: by
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What Is Happening in the Anglican Communion? Commentary on the Recent Suspension
The Anglican Communion suspended the Episcopal Church, it’s American branch, from voting and decision-making for three years on Thursday over its acceptance of same-sex marriage.
CHR Comment: What is happening in the Anglican Communion? Here is a long-view, historical explanation.
When the Anglican Church adopted its Thirty-Nine Articles of doctrine in 1563, it attempted to be both inclusive and exclusive. The articles were written in a form that embraced the conservative Reformation but spoke against the radicalism of the Anabaptists. The articles also distinguished the Anglican Church from the Romanism of the papacy.
The Lambeth Quadrilateral (1888) defined modern Anglicanism as a church, emphasizing inclusiveness and seeking union with other church bodies. Anglicanism went on to embrace and promote the most important theological movement of the twentieth century: ecumenism. Anglican inclusiveness looked for common ground between churches and deemphasized the differences. The result was that Anglicanism constantly played an important role in unifying, ecumenical events. Liberal inclusiveness became one of its most important values.
Ironically, that inclusiveness is now dividing the Anglican Communion. A majority of western Anglicans want to include homosexuals in church life without defining homosexual behavior as sinful or calling homosexuals to repentance. These Anglicans are acting in accord with their prevailing emphasis on inclusion as a virtue that overrides or overlooks longstanding Christian doctrine and practice. In contrast, Anglicans in the former British colonies of Africa and elsewhere are much more conservative theologically and morally. They are alarmed by the decisions of the Episcopal Church USA, which has redefined marriage. American Episcopalians are also undermining the unity and cooperation that Anglicans had achieved through the ecumenical movement since other Christian church bodies do not want to approve the marriage of homosexuals.
Which view of Anglican theology and identity will prevail? Only time will tell but an important factor to consider is the rapid growth of Anglican Churches in Africa and in other former colonies. The more conservative Anglicans resent the old “colonialism” of England and the “imperialism” of the U.S. As they grow in numbers while the English and American churches decline, the churches in the former colonies will likely become more and more influential in defining the future of their church body.
Source: Anglicans suspend Episcopal Church over stance on same-sex marriage |
Quick Answer: Should Prisons Be Rehabilitation Or Punishment?
Is rehabilitation more effective than punishment?
There is evidence that rehabilitation (including within prison) reduces crime and can be cost effective.
Economic analysis therefore, reinforces the idea that punishment is not the best solution for reducing the harmful impact of crime..
What is rehabilitation punishment?
What are the 4 goals of punishment?
Four major goals are usually attributed to the sentencing process: retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation. Retribution refers to just deserts: people who break the law deserve to be punished. The other three goals are utilitarian, emphasizing methods to protect the public.
How can rehabilitation help criminals?
Rehabilitation programs are not only a humane response to criminal justice, they also help reduce recidivism and lower incarceration costs, thus benefiting offenders themselves and society as a whole.
What percent of convicted felons go back to jail?
According to an April 2011 report by the Pew Center on the States, the average national recidivism rate for released prisoners is 43%. According to the National Institute of Justice, almost 44 percent of the recently released return before the end of their first year out.
What is wrong with prisons?
What is the best punishment for criminals?
Why should prisons be punished?
The punishment aspect that receives the most scrutiny and research dollars is deterrence. … Advocates of deterrence follow the reasoning that punishment is only useful if it serves to deter convicted offenders from further crime and deterring members of society from committing crimes in the first place.
What are the six forms of punishment?
The six forms of punishment are capital punishment, imprisonment, probation, restitution, fine, and community service.
What is the difference between rehabilitation and punishment?
Why do prisons fail to rehabilitate?
There are two principal reasons why prisons are failing to rehabilitate inmates. The first and foremost is that rehabilitation seeks to improve the character of offenders, and the way most prisons treat prisoners degrades rather than improves their character.
How can we make prisons more effective?
The purpose of the 10 Keys Project is to offer practical ideas to assist them in doing that.10 KEYS TO.Reduce Idleness. Reduce inmate idleness by increasing opportunities for exercise, sports, cultural and religious activities. … Classify Prisoners. … Improve Sanitation. … Grow Food. … Use Volunteers. … Train Staff. … Review Cases.More items…
What is the most effective form of punishment?
First, punishment is more effective if is applied quickly. 2 Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed, which may help explain one reason why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behavior.
What are the 5 purposes of punishment?
What are the 3 aims of punishment?
What are the aims of punishment?deterrence – punishment should put people off committing crime.protection – punishment should protect society from the criminal and the criminal from themselves.reformation – punishment should reform the criminal.retribution – punishment should make the criminal pay for what they have done wrong.More items…
How does Rehabilitation reduce crime?
Should prisoners be rehabilitated?
Are prisons a good form of punishment?
First and foremost prison is a form of punishment and depriving criminals of their freedom makes society safer. Prison acts as a deterrent so offenders are locked up due to the violent nature of their crimes to stop others from doing the same. In Scotland the prison population is just under 8,000. |
Vaginal thrush ‘a growing problem worldwide’
The common vaginal infection thrush can make life "hell" for millions of women worldwide, particularly if it keeps coming back, scientists are warning.
According to University of Manchester research, recurrent thrush is a growing problem which can feel "like torture" if it isn't treated.
Three out of four women are thought to develop thrush at least once and 6% suffer repeatedly, scientists say.
More than a million women in the UK are affected by the painful infection.
But for many women it is a taboo subject, says Dr Riina Rautemaa-Richardson, lead researcher and clinician.
"But for millions of women, it can have a massive impact on their quality of life."
Marriage wrecker
She says the itching, pain and discomfort of chronic thrush can make women feel neurotic and desperate.
For some, it causes a serious loss of confidence which can make exercise and sex very difficult.
Dr Rautemaa-Richardson says it can affect absolutely every aspect of a woman's life.
"They say, 'Life is hell', 'I can't go on holiday because of it' and 'I can't do this or that'.
"Female patients have told me I saved their marriage by getting rid of thrush."
Most cases occur in women aged 25 to 34, but a growing female population using hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) – to alleviate menopause symptoms and improve sexual experience – is thought to be behind the rise in the numbers affected.
Thrush symptoms in women:
• white discharge (like cottage cheese), which doesn't usually smell
• itching and irritation around the vagina
• soreness and stinging during sex or when you pee
Thrush can affect other areas of skin, such as the armpits, groin and between the fingers, causing a red, itchy or painful rash.
Sometimes thrush causes no symptoms at all.
Source: NHS Choices
Why does thrush occur?
Vulvovaginal candidiasis – known as thrush – is caused by the overgrowth of the fungus candida.
It often arises in the week before a period starts and is most common in sexually active women taking the pill or those on HRT or antibiotics.
There are other causes for vaginal itching, such as eczema, so women should be properly examined before starting treatment.
Why does it come back?
Although thrush is treatable, using over-the-counter tablets, creams and pessaries, it often returns and can become a chronic problem which won't go away.
In some cases, after 20 or 30 episodes, the infection can become resistant to standard drugs, leaving women with few treatment options.
Special infection centres can provide treatment even if your own GP cannot.
Does yoghurt really work?
Dr Riina Rautemaa-Richardson says there isn't any scientific evidence that putting yoghurt on vaginal thrush makes it go away.
But it could have a cooling effect – and is likely to be more beneficial for thrush on the tongue.
The yoghurt must contain live bacteria to work.
Any other myths?
• there is no magic diet solution – stopping eating different foods won't make any difference
• men don't get thrush, they get balanitis which is a skin irritation on the head of the penis
• it can't be washed away – this just dries the skin and disturbs the bacterial-fungal balance.
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Some no longer exist, others have been altered considerably, but fortunately the majority remains and have been photographed exclusively for 2G by the Japanese photographer Hiroshi Ueda. Introductory texts by David B. Stewart, Shin-Ichi Okuyama and Enric Massip provide the necessary context for understanding the work of this almost mythical architect. Lees meer Kazuo Shinohara has proved to be the most influential architect of his generation in shaping contemporary Japanese architecture. Nevertheless, his work remains little known in the West, partly due to the scarcity of publications on his work - which in turn was due to the rigorous control the architect maintained over publication of his work. This publication has only been possible after his death in , thanks to the generosity of the heirs.
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The keywords represent his conceptions and are directly taken from his vocabulary. Shinohara occasionally defines these keywords, using self-referential and self-reflexive means. Our selection of keywords is put in a fixed framework in which we try to find both the relation between the words, as well as their autonomous meaning and relevance. This framework is fixed in the sense that it tries to capture ideas which were operative during and around the Second Style, so within a specific timeframe.
The construction of his theories in words, in his essays and project descriptions, are of great, if not essential, importance to the meaning and relevance of his built works.
The houses are physical manifestations of his thinking and fundamental to concretize his, often abstract or ambiguous, words. Through the reflection of text on these houses, we attempt to derive the meaning of his conceptions; the definitions of his vocabulary. The transitions into, and from the Second Style are addressed as an integral part of this exercise.
The conceptions that originated in the First Style have shown to provide a solid foundation for the evolution of his thinking in the Second Style. The conceptions of the Second Style, in their turn, provide a frame of reference to reflect on the shifts that occurred during the introduction of the Third 4 Style.
With this work we want to provide a set of meanings that offer a base to develop further implications on these shifts. Throughout the iterative process of this analysis, the selection of keywords has been modified. Through discussions, we reflected on these meanings and revised them. The goal of this is to be able to present our mutual understanding of the meaning of these keywords, as a product of our work, as well as a tool that can be used, altered or extended.
The open encyclopedia should work as a tool, not only for understanding the meaning of the words and their interrelation, but also for reading the houses within the chosen timeframe. The keywords are strongly linked to his methods of design. We believe that the keywords are in fact, for him, the most essential design tool. This open encyclopedia is an effort, to create an applicable tool for that same purpose. They would fail suiting to contemporary conditions.
The theoretical level can be found in his abstract designing methods. In his first style houses this abstract methods are mostly the fundamental principles of Japanese spatial composition, which he calls the method of dichotomy or division of space, and the method of frontality by creating a space of the gaze.
In the second style houses the degree of abstraction even increased. As a start in his search for neutral space or a space of his own, Shinohara introduce the method of the cube in combination with the fissure space. The compositing method shifted from the traditional division of space towards the non-divided-plan, and verticality, which is not common in traditional Japanese architecture, played now an important role.
Together with the concept of the fissure space, it is an abstraction that belongs particularly to him. However, the cube represents an emancipation regarding this tradition since it is an equal multiface and therefore non frontal volume.
The cube is a pure geometrical volume, with regular angles Shinohara later qualifies a naked form. In the Second Style the cube is the inherent complementary volume to the fissure. In these works, frontality has therefore lost its former vital role. Time and location of the viewer are instead of great importance. Space has taken on a multiple appearance to produce a continuous capturing of space, resulting in a dynamic quality. The extraordinary space is a kind of reintroduction of the irrational, until it moves back into the realm of conventionalities, into the common and rational.
This process of rationalize the irrational changes the world every time a bit. It can be seen as a reflection of a strange Japanese, sociocultural phenomena, in which the gap between the tradition of popular acceptance and the true tradition is revealed. On the one hand it cuts the abstract cubic volume in the middle into two and refers to the bisection and separation of a house interior, on the other hand the fissure space relates to the connection and addition of rooms.
It often contains the stairs or serves as a part of the vertical linking and further more as a powerful visual connection. The fissure space is most widely deliberated from function, character and meaning. This multiple space is dynamic, as it depends on time and the location of the viewer.
This use of a kind of mostly undefined and irrational, but volumetric very clearly definite space can be seen as a vehicle or method to attend to deal with the uncertain, irrational aspects of mans consciousness.
This including of irrational aspects is a way of criticizing the ideologies of functionalists and rationalists as well as metabolists, who denied any importance of undefined function and irrationality.
Shinohara refers to Frontality and Multiple Spaces as modes for composing and reading space. From a specific point, a sequence of space s is conceived by the observer as a whole, at once, thus generating a powerful sense of tension; everything seems to fall into place properly.
The absence of movement emphasizes the static quality of this architecture. From this single point of observation, one can take in at once the whole splendid composition. The main room in House in White shows a similar quality.
The simple rectangular outline of the traditional Japanese floor plan, which Shinohara refers to as Spatial Division, is deeply connected to this Frontality. From the Second Style, there is a fundamental shift in perception of, and the movement through, space. As such, it could scarcely represent the apotheosis of architecture, as Giedion and other modernists hoped to imply. No more do I look forward to a revival of that movement.
I am instead talking about the something new that is being born of the repeated tension and labor involved in the process of developing houses that I have just completed and those that I am currently working on. In Japan Architect, Shinohara criticized the Metabolist movement and denied both the possibility and effectiveness of a comprehensive intervention in cities.
As opposed to the Metabolists, who aspired to create a collective built environment, Shinohara took a more personal and nondogmatic approach to design the house, focusing his work on Man, rather than society. The ideology and method of design should instead conform to the increase of uncertainties. The act of conforming to uncertainties is revealed in a secure spatial form, such as the fissure spaces in the Shino House and Uncompleted House. Shinohara also criticizes design methods by means of a metabolic process.
In his opinion this is not the task of the architect, but rather that of technological society. He insists on creating something eternal, something that can deal with uncertainties rather than, like the Metabolists, attempting to comply with certainties. Instead of a continuation on the traditional Japanese plan, Shinohara intends to make the spaces as abstract as possible. In the First Style Shinohara often started his spatial composition with setting aside the living spaces, the daily life zone, from the main space.
Part of the Multiple Spaces concept is to include the living spaces in the spatial composition, with the goal to give them a more concrete nature. Shinohara now pays more attention to the composition of the living zones to improve the operability of the entire composition. Through this shift to compound, or mixture, spatial composition Shinohara tries to confront and comply to uncertainties.
The perception of space is strongly dependent on the time and location of the observer; Man. The image of space becomes a second-bysecond phenomenon since the spatial construction is taking as its basic pattern disconnected linking. In the Second Style, it seems that Man, the subject gains a more important role for the interpretation of space.
When we look at the presentation of the projects that deal with these Multiple Spaces, we can see a great shift from static to dynamic visual capturing of space. The photographs by Koji Taki show just one of many possibilities or natures of the space. The Fish-eye lens tries to capture this sense of multiplicity. Verticality draws the eye of the observer, Man, and hereby catalyzes the creation of continuity of space. At the end of the Second Style, Shinohara begins to focus on these neutral, cold and dry spatial elements — the cube as a pure geometrical volume or the bearing element — and their association as an opportunity to eventually generate various and unexpected meaning.
And for the category ornamental space, Shinohara cites the European phenomenon of Art Nouveau, which he construes rather simplistically, if understandably from a Japanese point of view, then only as an outgrowth of the Baroque. The geometric pattern created through such an operation becomes a plan of architecture or a house. In 16 no jutaku to kechikeron pp. Tokyo Bijutsu Shuppansha. With the process of spatial division, subdividing void into smaller units, his earlier work rarely took human movement in consideration.
This can be emphasized by the lack of any kind of solely circulation serving spaces, such as corridors or connecting rooms. The result was termed by Shinohara as a static quality, meaning that the architecture dictates the viewpoints instead of the observer, producing a discontinuous series enforcing the notion of frontality. He sets the Pyramids in Eygpt as a significant example, while also admitted that they have such function that actually they cannot be seen as pure symbolic space.
This can first be found in his projects relating to Japanese tradition. To mix the certain as form that encloses uncertainties inherit in humans mind. In his second Style houses the dealing with uncertainty occurs even more. The fissure space confronts the uncertainty of an abstract space with the certainty of the daily-life zones, and shows the mutual reinforcement between the ambiguous effect of the uncertain space and the very concrete nature of the certain.
The inclusion of the uncertain as an irrational value, opposed the idea of the quantitative planning method of standardization and industrial production at the time. Nonetheless, it is more a new feature rather than a significant shift from his will to explore the horizontal expanse of the house.
Kazuo Shinohara
Shinohara Kazuo
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Pediatric Ophthalmology Consultants
Excessive Blinking in Children
Why do we blink?
Blinking is a normal reflex that protects the eye from dryness, bright light, and fingers or other objects coming towards it. Blinking also regulates tears, which nourish and cleanse the surface of the eye The blinking rate in newborns is only 2 times per minute. This increases to 14-17 times per minute in adolescence and remains at this rate through the remainder of life. Blinking can also increase in response to pain, bright light, changes in temperature and humidity, and conversation.
What is excessive blinking?
What causes excessive blinking?
How should excessive blinking be evaluated?
A pediatric ophthalmologist will be able to diagnose the cause of the symptoms. A thorough exam will be performed. If there is a problem such as an ingrown eyelash, corneal abrasion (scratch on the front surface of the eye), conjunctivitis (pink eye), foreign body in the eye, or eye dryness, this can easily be diagnosed by performing an examination with an instrument called a slit lamp. This is a special microscope used to magnify the eye. If glasses are needed, this can also be easily detected. Any strabismus (in turning or out turning of the eye) will be diagnosed when the ophthalmologist examines the eye movements.
How is excessive blinking treated?
What is a habitual tic?
A habitual tic is a small, voluntary body movement. It may be caused by, among other things, stress, fatigue or boredom. It usually affects both eyes at the same time. It affects boys twice as often as girls, with the average age of 5 years when it first appears. It is a benign condition that will resolve without treatment, usually within weeks to years, often recurring intermittently. There is no neurologic cause, and further evaluation and brain scans are not necessary. If the child displays multiple tics and/or auditory (vocal) tics, an appointment with a Neurologist is indicated.
Credits: Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
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Documenting Technology in the Life of a Community
Please do not use anybody else’s work.
Documenting Technology in the Life of a Community
Explore your community to discover how technology is part of daily life. Consider such things as how people travel from place to place in your community, how they work, what they do as leisure activities, and even how the government in its public safety role might be part of daily life where you live.
Use a camera to document the ways that businesses, organizations, and homeowners use technology. Take at least 6 photos that show technology in use in your community.
Use the photos you have taken to create an 8-10 slide PowerPoint presentation that demonstrates your discoveries about technology and life in your community. Write a brief caption or explanation on each slide.
Slide 1 — Title slide: introduces your community by city, state, and neighborhood
Slides 2-7 (or more, you wish) show technology in use in your community
Slide 8 (or whatever your final slide is numbered) summarizes your take on the way that technology is part of life in your community.
IMPORTANT: It is not necessary to show a person using the technology that you are documenting in your community. However, if you do photograph people, you must get the release form located in DocSharing signed first. You will need to upload an image of that signed release form with your Assignment in the Unit 4 Assignment
No reference slide is required for this Assignment unless you include material or ideas that you obtained from a source outside the course materials. Dropbox.
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