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Ovarian Cancer
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Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth of cells in the ovaries. The cells multiply rapidly and have the ability to invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
There are two ovaries in the female reproductive system, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries, which are about the size of an almond, are responsible for the production of eggs (ova) as well as the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
Surgery and chemotherapy are commonly used to treat ovarian cancer.
When ovarian cancer first appears, there may be no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms of ovarian cancer appear, they are usually attributed to other, more common conditions.
Ovarian cancer symptoms and signs may include:
-Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
-Feeling full quickly after eating
-Loss of weight
-Pain in the pelvic region
-Constipation is an example of a change in bowel habits.
-Urge to urinate on a regular basis
Although it is unknown what causes ovarian cancer, doctors have identified factors that may increase the risk of the disease.
Ovarian cancer develops when cells in or near the ovaries undergo changes (mutations) in their DNA. The DNA of a cell contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The mutations instruct the cells to grow and multiply rapidly, resulting in a mass (tumour) of cancer cells. When healthy cells die, cancer cells continue to live. They have the ability to invade nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumour in order to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
Types of ovarian cancer
The type of cell where cancer begins determines the type of ovarian cancer you have and helps your doctor determine which treatments are best for you. Ovarian cancer types include:
Epithelial ovarian cancer – This type is the most common. It includes several subtypes, including serous carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma.
Stromal tumours – These rare tumours are usually diagnosed at an earlier stage than other ovarian cancers.
Germ cell tumours – These rare ovarian cancers tend to occur at a younger age.
There is no proof way to avoid ovarian cancer. However, there may be ways to mitigate your risk:
Take into account using birth control pills. Consult your doctor to see if birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are a good option for you. Using birth control pills lowers the risk of developing ovarian cancer. However, these medications do have risks, so consider whether the benefits outweigh the risks in your situation.
Consult your doctor about your risk factors. Inform your doctor if you have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Your doctor can tell you what this means for your own cancer risk. You may be referred to a genetic counsellor who can advise you on whether genetic testing is appropriate for you. If you are found to have a gene change that increases your risk of ovarian cancer, you may want to consider having your ovaries removed to prevent cancer.
For more information, please contact our Information Co-ordinator, Call on +91 98336 85090 or Email on donald@p53cancerclinic.com |
What Is Citrix Server?
Learn how it works—and another alternative.
Citrix Server is a virtualization mechanism that enables organizations to deliver centrally hosted applications and resources to mobile and desktop clients. Parallels® Remote Application Server (RAS) provides you with a simplified and more sustainable solution.
Try Parallels RASDownload Datasheet
Citrix Server may be costly, complex to implement, and time-consuming to maintain.
Citrix Server uses the Microsoft Remote Desktop Services (RDS) infrastructure to deliver virtual applications and desktops to remote users. While there are numerous components involved in a Citrix virtualization infrastructure, the two main editions are:
• Citrix Virtual Apps
• Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops
Citrix Virtual Apps is the main product used for application delivery. Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops extends the capabilities of RDS to publish virtual desktops using virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) technology. Both products deliver secure applications, desktops and resources to users based on location and device-specific security configurations. Before choosing your virtualization solution, it is important to know what a complete Citrix Server is.
Try out a simpler and more cost-effective solution, Parallels RAS
What is Citrix Server
and how does it work?
In a Citrix application delivery setup, IT configures central servers to host applications and resources.
Citrix Virtual Apps isolate the applications from the underlying operating system (OS) and delivers them to the target device. The client device doesn't need applications installed — all the configuration and data are on the server. The user sends keystrokes and mouse clicks to the server and receives screen updates. The client device needs the Citrix Receiver installed on it to gain access to hosted resources from a Windows Server. In this case, the users share the server's physical resources.
Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops is used to publish a whole virtual machine (VM) from a hypervisor to remote client devices. A published VM means every user gets a unique virtual machine of the OS and desktop. The resources are not shared between users, as its virtual desktop is allocated with resources.
Each organization has different virtualization requirements
It is critical to know what Citrix Server is and the differences between Citrix Virtual Apps and Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops.
Citrix Virtual Apps Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops
Small application and configuration requirements X
Moderate hardware resources available X
Stock applications—no configuration or personalization of the user environment X
Full desktop capabilities required X
Remote administrative functionality required X
Possible challenges with Citrix products
While Citrix is a popular name in the virtualization area, their products may be confusing for users regarding licensing and feature sets. Moreover, the company has introduced 200 products in the last 25 years, and many products have been renamed, sometimes causing perplexment.
The company introduced Citrix XenApp for application virtualization and Citrix XenDesktop for desktop virtualization. Later, Citrix combined both products into one and released XenDesktop 7.0. However, the company backed out from this decision, as it seemed to confuse users.
Citrix then separately released both products as XenApp 7.6 and XenDesktop 7.6—while also renaming them as Citrix Virtual Apps and Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops.
What exactly is Citrix Server?
Both Citrix Virtual Apps and Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops come in three different editions with different features and pricing structures:
• Standard
• Advanced
• Premium
Organizations need to search through each product edition to work out which features best suit their purpose. Moreover, additional components such as Citrix Provisioning Services (PVS) and Citrix Director for advanced features should be purchased for an improved user experience.
Another challenge is that the installation of Citrix products may be complicated. Often a certified professional is needed to install and configure the product, plus multiple components need to be configured for complete virtualization infrastructure.
Additionally, a Microsoft SQL database is necessary to maintain a healthy Citrix infrastructure. As there can be a multitude of software and hardware components within the Citrix infrastructure, monitoring it may be challenging.
Also, SQL Server pricing may be costly and complex for organizations. The Per Core option pricing model in the SQL server is too high for organizations that want to scale up their SQL instances.
An overly complicated Citrix infrastructure is also challenging when it comes to delivering and maintaining business continuity. Given the large number of components required to deploy Citrix systems and the many failure points, an organization cannot provide high availability and disaster recovery for its assets.
Parallels RAS Customers
What is Citrix Server?
Key takeaways
Parallels RAS solves Citrix Server challenges by delivering a complete solution for all your virtualization needs. One out-of-the-box edition delivers the same features as Citrix Virtual Apps and Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops—all with a simple licensing plan while lowering VDI cost and complexity.
The Parallels RAS Console is easy to install and use. With a simple step-by-step wizard, it is possible to put a 50-user environment into production in less than 30 minutes. All the major components are autoconfigured by default.
Parallels RAS provides a single dashboard to monitor and manage the entire infrastructure from a centralized location. In addition, Parallels RAS supports a range of client devices, including Google Chromebook and Linux. Most importantly, Parallels RAS cuts your cost down by 60% compared to Citrix.
Parallels RAS
Citrix XenApp Migration Tool
Parallels developed a migration tool that automates most of Citrix XenApp 6.X use-case scenarios. The migration tool extracts settings from Citrix XenApp 6.x and imports them into the Parallels RAS Console, allowing for a seamless migration. |
Financial Abuse - Signs, Causes and Prevention
Financial Abuse - Signs, Causes and Prevention
Financial Abuse is a type of abuse where the victim is controlled, manipulated, and the amount the victim can use or spend is limited or controlled; or their money is misused by others. It can mostly be seen in the parent-child relationship, between siblings, or in between partners or spouses. In such cases, where the victim is financially abused, their money is stolen by others, and a limit has been set on the amount they get or can spend. Mostly the people who need medical care, or someone who is a victim of physical or domestic violence, or someone who has a learning disability and women are the ones who are at more risk of being financially abused.
Signs of Financial Abuse
Financial abuse can be of many types, and signs of such are as follows
✔ When someone takes or borrows money but does not return it.
✔ When someone steals money or something valuable.
✔ When someone charges money for visiting them.
✔ When someone refuses to give or takes away someone else’s payment.
✔ When someone is forced to sell their property away even if they do not have the consent for it.
✔ When someone is tricked into making or falling for some bad investments.
✔ When someone is forced to change their will.
✔ When a partner is asked to give complete details of their spending or their spending are limited.
✔ When someone has a lack of money to pay for their bills, rent, or food because their pocket money or earnings are reduced.
✔ When someone else controls or keeps a check on the bank details, savings of the victim.
✔ When someone takes away all the finances of someone else and declares themselves as the in-charge of all the household income and finances.
✔ When someone controls on how all the money should be spent by others in the family.
✔ When someone is forcefully made to work for the family business but are not paid for the same.
✔ When someone is forced to put their signatures on documents that are related to property or other finances.
✔ When someone is stopped from earning their own money.
✔ When someone is forced to stop studying.
✔ When family members are not given the access to the bank accounts.
✔ Threatening someone or pulling them towards Divorce in order to get a tremendous amount of money from their partner.
✔ Threatening people of not giving them money if they disagree with the abuser.
✔ Forcing others to spent money only after taking permission, when they themselves spend money freely without any permission.
✔ Criticizing someone for every single financial decision made by them.
✔ Telling their partners that they cannot work and preventing them from working by using methods such as hiding their car keys, or burning or spoiling their dress etc.
✔ Taking some one else’s credit card or money without taking their permission.
✔ Trying to have control on the money earned by someone else.
These are some of the ways but there are many other ways used by a financial abuser.
Prevention of Financial Abuse:
It is crucial to recognize financial abuse and take steps to prevent it before ultimately becoming a victim for it.
When someone financially abuses someone else their prime motive is greed and make the other person dependent on them. Some people find it romantic to be financially abused by their partner, but in reality it is not romantic at all, instead the real motive of the abuser here is to control or manipulate their partner to do things according to them as they might feel weak or insecure.
Financial abusers usually targets people who have low self-esteem or are weak. Therefore the first step for not being a victim of financial abuse is to boost our self esteem. If we are not weak then it makes it difficult for others to abuse us financially. If we ourselves are not able to increase our self-esteem, then we can take help from some counselor who would help us do the same. We should also be friends with people of different age groups, this will help us understand more and hence will make it easier to recognize such people. We shouldn’t let anyone to check our phone or our emails unless its necessary because the financial abuser will use all these as a medium to check the status of our bank accounts. We should also not share our ATM PIN with anyone and also should keep our bank cards, money, and valuable properties in a safe spot. We should also never sign a blank check as someone might put a considerable amount and might steal money from us. There are chances that a person with substance abuse and someone who is domestic violence to be a financial abuser as well.
Aleena Thakurta
Aleena Thakurta
Intern at Psychowellness Center |
Study Guide
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Genre
By C.S. Lewis
Adventure, Children's Literature, Fantasy
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is recognized around the world as classic children's literature. C.S. Lewis wrote it for a child audience and dedicated it to his goddaughter, Lucy Barfield. It's written in simple, straightforward prose appropriate for children, and, just in case you still weren't sure, the subtitle is A Story for Children.
In addition to being a children's book, it's a rollicking adventure story in which our heroes set out on a quest to recover their kidnapped friend and end up ruling the land. It's also clearly a fantasy novel—the presence of mythical creatures like fauns, dwarves, and talking animals might have tipped you off to that one.
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Theme and message
The main theme explored in the short story “No Witchcraft for Sale” by Doris Lessing is that of the culture clash between white settlers and native Africans. The author explores this theme through the motifs of modern and traditional medicine and money. Doris Lessing’s message in this story is that people belonging to different cultures have different approaches to health, but that this does not mean one approach is correct and the other is wrong.
Culture clash
Culture clash is largely defined as conflict or disagreement between two parties who have different cultural beliefs, values, or practices. “No Witchcraft for Sale” by Doris Lessing explores the conflicting approaches to medicine between white settlers and native Africans.
In the story, a native man who descends from a tribal healer uses an African remedy (a root plant) to save the son of his masters from going blind from snake venom. Thankful and impressed, his masters spread the word about Gideon’s knowledge. In African culture, being a healer means having secret knowledge about remedies that other people do not have, particularly white people.
However, the masters, the Farquar family, cannot understand this is the reason why ...
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Overview » Special Needs
Aging horses
Due to the constant eruption of molars throughout their lives, teeth in older horses become progressively shorter under the gum until they fall out altogether. Loose teeth should be removed and sharp enamel points and hooks need to be floated. Horses can thrive with very few teeth provided they are fed a suitable diet that enables them to assimilate their food more easily. An equine dental technician's primary objective for the aged horse is to make it comfortable.
Equine Hero: Bucephalus
The horse famously known for being afraid of his own shadow, Bucephalus became Alexander the Great's victorious counterpart in numerous military campaigns. Plutarch records that, as a boy, Alexander (having recognised the shadow as the source of the horse's fear) tamed the wild Bucephalus by turning his face towards the sun thus enabling him to mount the horse and ride him. In doing so, Alexander demonstrated a courage, wisdom and ambition beyond his years prompting his father, King Philip II of Macedon, to exclaim "O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee." Bucephalus eventually died at 30 years of age and the grieving Alexander commemorated his life by founding the city of Bucephala in his honour.
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Nursing can be a fun and rewarding career. A nurse can help their patients and the career is in high demand. There are accelerated nursing programs Kansas City to help a person earn their nursing license. There are many rewarding experiences that a person can have as a nurse.
Plenty of Jobs
In the United States, there is a shortage of skilled nurses. There will be a 16 percent growth in this field and there are over a million nursing positions that need to be filled. There is an expected shortage of nurses until 2025. Nurses can enjoy job security and there is plenty of room for advancement. Nurses are being actively recruited by many top organizations and hospitals.
Working Environment
Nurses do not just work in hospitals. Nurses can work in many different environments. They can work for schools, government buildings, offices, private homes, or can even travel around on different assignments. A nurse can choose to work on a unique schedule. Some have regular hours while others work on call. There are also rotating shifts. Some nurses that work in a school or office will work regular hours during the same. Some nurses can choose to work the overnight shift.
While nursing is more than just making money it is important to be able to support a family. A registered nurse makes an average of $66,000 a year. While they are not going to get rich in the nursing field they can make a family-sustaining wage.
Helping Others
Nurses will have a direct impact on the lives of the people that they work with. They will help save a life and provide much needed medical care to their patients. They will be able to comfort family members. Nurses will know they are having a direct and positive impact on the people they are caring for and their families. Nursing is one of the most trusted professions in the United States.
Wide Specialties
There are many different areas and specialties for a nurse. A nurse can find a field that fits their interests. They can begin their nursing career with a certification or they can get degrees in this field. A high trained nurse is often only one year away from earning their Ph.D. There are over 100 different specialties in nursing and there is something for every interest and skill level.
How Long Does it Take to Become a Nurse
There are different skill levels and educational levels for becoming a nurse. The average nurse spends one to four years in school. A nurse can also continue their education as they gain experience in the field. In working to work as an RN a person can attend a two-year training program. An RN can also get a Bachelor’s degree in this area.
Beginning a Career in Nursing
To begin working in the nursing field a person can enter as a licensed practical nurse or a registered nurse. The educational requirements may vary from state to state. An LPN may be able to study at a vocational school while an RN can attend a community college or a four year school. To work as a nurse a person must pass a state exam.
They need to demonstrate they have learned the educational requirements to work as a nurse and must demonstrate practical skills.Nursing is a rewarding career. Accelerated nursing programs Kansas City can help a person get a start in the nursing career. They can begin to help people and enjoy a successful career. |
Early bird gets the worm, or in this case, the eclipse.
Let's start with the facts, what is an eclipse? Well, there's different kinds of eclipses. The one we experienced this morning (June 10) was a solar eclipse. It was a partial solar eclipse, and according to Nasa that basically means -
Partial solar eclipse: This happens when the Sun, Moon and Earth are not exactly aligned. The Sun appears to have a dark shadow on a small part of its surface.
Here's a video from NASA about how exactly the solar eclipse works. It's kind of hard to picture what exactly is happening up in space to make these cool phenomenons, but this video really helps.
Spoiler alert - it's SO cool looking.
Obviously you don't own the type of technology NASA has, and to be honest, you probably weren't even awake when the eclipse happened, and that's okay. That's why the internet is the best.
Youtube today will be filled with videos of the eclipse, and lucky enough right here in Rockford we have amazing meteorologists to post photos of these awesome events that we might not have been awake for.
FirstWarn Weather posted a photo of this morning's partial solar eclipse in Rockford and it's SO cool.
LOOK: See Photos of the Year From the International Photography Awards
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Thinking about Bike Lanes!
Bicycling is sustainability in motion, and bike lanes are designed to encourage people to choose bike riding by making it more comfortable. There is more to bike lanes than casually meets the eye, however. All road users benefit from increased mindfulness of how bike lanes impact the interactions of different kinds of transit modes on the shared road.
The most dangerous interpretation of bike lanes is viewing them as separating out bicycles from motor vehicle traffic. Bicyclists are still part of traffic when a bike lane is present, and the lane doesn’t protect them from a conflict, especially from a distracted, impaired, or emotionally disturbed driver. Bike lanes sometimes accentuate conflicts stemming from traffic flow at intersections, from adjoining driveways, and can lower visibility. Motor vehicle drivers can be lulled into thinking they don’t have to be on the lookout for bicyclists as much when bike lanes are present, but safe passing laws and share the road guidelines still fully apply. It is convenient for motorists to believe that bike lanes segregate out slower moving bicyclists from due considerations from traffic moving in the general travel lanes, but bicyclists still have full access to the general lanes and often times their safety depends on maneuverability and access to general travel lanes. Thinking that bicyclists are limited to the bike lane would be like thinking multiple passenger vehicles are locked into a “High Occupancy Vehicle” or HOV lane—another type of preferential use lane specified in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)—which would be totally absurd. Multi passenger vehicles can use any lane depending on their needs, and so can bicyclists when circumstances necessitate.
Bicyclists can’t assume that if they stay in a bike lane it guarantees their safety. For instance, the bike lanes on San Francisco St. and Beaver St. north of downtown Flagstaff are adjacent to parking zones. Bicyclists should not ride in the bike lane if it subjects them to the possibility of an opening car door. These parking spots have high turnover, doors open all the time, and no one looks back until they are ready to climb out of the car! Around intersections and driveways bicyclists should be extra careful to be visible. Butler Avenue is a great example of a busy road that includes a bike lane with lots of driveways and intersections where bicyclists and motorists should be on heightened alert for one another’s safety. Another area of conflict occurs when a right hand turn lane is engineered to the left of a through bicycle lane. This practice was prohibited by the MUTCD in 2003 but Flagstaff still has several of them. The one I notice all the time is on the university campus where northbound University Drive intersects with West University Drive. Bikes can go straight but cars have to turn right, as University Drive becomes a dedicated bike, bus and service vehicle route. Bicycles going straight should not remain in the bike lane, but should merge left into the general lane well before the intersection to prevent conflict. Here’s a picture of this intersection. Markings on the road must be coupled with careful thinking and education as well as adaptive, cooperative, real-time interpretive skills to make the road a safe and healthy driving environment.
Bicycle lanes sometimes decrease sight lines for other traffic to see bicycles, and create a wider visual span for drivers to scan. As a bicyclist, moving left into an open general purpose travel lane increases visibility and can provide a safer berth away from vehicles looking to drive out onto the busy street from intersecting driveways. Be extra cautious when a vehicle from the opposite direction is turning left across your path. If you are in a bike lane they may have a harder time seeing you. Sometimes we scan for car traffic but forget to look for people. Bicyclists traveling in a bike lane need to watch for adjacent cars traveling in the same direction that want to turn right. Cars often times pass a bicyclist before wanting to turn right, but did not anticipate the speed of the bicyclist to make the turn without cutting the bicyclist off. This is referred to as a “right hook” and is common crash type in city driving, and is very dangerous. Never position yourself as a bicyclist in the danger zone adjacent to a car turning right at an intersection or into a driveway. If a car passes you then turns the right blinker on, yield and let the car turn right, and forgive them for misjudging and for failing to yield the right of way. Be adaptive, avoid danger zones, and carry a diplomatic poise. It is challenging for everyone on busy streets. Be prepared to maneuver for safety, including sharing the bike lane, and leaving the bike lane when a situation calls for it. Bicyclists can feel comfortable using the general purpose travel lane when it is safer knowing confidently that you are a regular part of traffic and your needs are fully included and respected.
Bike lanes can work against a cooperative atmosphere if they are seen as lessening the requirement for sharing and respect, decreasing the need for good judgment, used to insist upon a rigid territorial mind set, or viewed as a justification for the attitude that faster traffic has priority on roads. The best way to maximize the benefits of bike lanes for all is to recognize their limitations, use them with caution and active critical thinking, and to be considerate to the different needs of all types of traffic on the roads. Bike lanes are designed for better including bicyclists in the road environment, not for marginalizing or prohibiting them from being legitimate traffic. The solidarity all users feel to cooperate to create a safe and healthy environment on our shared roads remains a total commitment and one requiring our complete attention. A bike lane does not change that.
Where to Ride on Arizona Street Smarts
Check out the League of American Bicyclist’s position on right to the road for bicyclists
The Arizona Governor’s Office of Highway Safety urges bicyclists to prioritize safety when making lane decision choices:
Bicycle lanes are one type of “preferential use lane” described in the MUTCD. Other examples are HOV lanes and bus lanes.
A special thanks to Justin P. and all the work he did to improve bicycling in Flagstaff
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De novo assembly and annotation of the mangrove cricket genome
The mangrove cricket, Apteronemobius asahinai, shows endogenous activity rhythms that synchronize with the tidal cycle (i.e., a free-running rhythm with a period of ~ 12.4 h [the circatidal rhythm]). Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the circatidal rhythm. We present the draft genome of the mangrove cricket to facilitate future molecular studies of the molecular mechanisms behind this rhythm.
Data description
The draft genome contains 151,060 scaffolds with a total length of 1.68 Gb (N50: 27 kb) and 92% BUSCO completeness. We obtained 28,831 predicted genes, of which 19,896 (69%) were successfully annotated using at least one of two databases (UniProtKB/SwissProt database and Pfam database).
Some animals in the intertidal zone, which is influenced by a tidal flooding and ebbing cycle of approximately 12.4 h, show a tidal rhythm in their activity [1,2,3]. This endogenous rhythm, which persists even under constant conditions, is known as a circatidal rhythm, and it occurs over a range of ~ 11.5 h (predatory mite) [4] to ~ 13.8 h (high-shore limpet) [5]. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian rhythm (i.e., an endogenous rhythm with a period of ~ 24 h) are well known [6], mechanistic studies of circatidal rhythms are limited [7, 8].
The mangrove cricket (Apteronemobius asahinai), an endemic species of mangrove forest floors, is also influenced by tides. This cricket shows a circatidal rhythm in its locomotor activity, with a period of ~ 12.6 h [9, 10]. This endogenous rhythm is not entrained by the light–dark cycle but by periodic inundations [11, 12]. The mangrove cricket is one of only a few model organisms studied for the purpose of understanding the molecular mechanisms of the circatidal rhythm. Previous work demonstrated that the circatidal rhythm was not disrupted by suppressing the expression of two circadian clock genes, period and Clock [13, 14]. These findings indicate that the molecular components of the circatidal clock differ from those of the circadian clock in the mangrove cricket. Recently, transcriptome analyses of this species were conducted to reveal circatidal clock-controlled genes [15] or to identify biological processes related to the circatidal rhythm [16]. Here, we provide the draft genome of the mangrove cricket. This information is expected to contribute to future molecular studies by enabling the use of molecular techniques such as GWAS.
Data description
Mangrove crickets were collected from a mangrove forest in Ginoza, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. To generate highly homozygous individuals, we repeated sibling mating over 7 generations and used two adult males of the eighth generation for DNA extraction (for details, see Data file 1). Genomic DNA from the whole body of a male was extracted using the DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen). The NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (New England BioLabs) was used to construct a library from 500 ng sample DNA. Paired-end (2 × 150 bp) sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq X platform. For long-read library preparation, genomic DNA from the whole body of another male was extracted using the DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit and Genomic-tip 20G Kit (both from Qiagen). Short DNA fragments were removed using Short Read Eliminator Kit (Circulomics). The library was constructed from 415 ng sample DNA using the Rapid Sequencing Kit (SQK-RAD004; Oxford Nanopore Technologies [ONT]). Sequencing was performed twice on the MinION Mk1b with a flow cell R9.4 (FLO-MIN106D; ONT). The Illumina and ONT platforms yielded 217.5 and 14.6 Gb of nucleotide sequence, respectively. The Illumina reads (Data file 2) were assembled and scaffolded using the CLC genomic workbench v20.0.4 [17]. The ONT reads (Data file 3) were trimmed for adapter and low-quality reads using Porechop v0.2.4 [18] and Nanofilt v2.8.0 [19], respectively, and then error-corrected using the Illumina reads by LoRDEC v0.9 [20]. Finally, the error-corrected ONT reads were subjected to gap closing in the scaffolds using TGS-Gapcloser v1.1.1 [21]. The final draft genome (Data file 4) consists of 151,060 scaffolds with a total length of 1,676,217,857 bp, average length of 11,096 bp, and N50 of 27,317 bp. BUSCO analysis using the online interface gVolante [22] identified 983 genes (92.21%) among the 1,066 arthropodal universal orthologs completely, and only 17 genes (1.59%) were missing, indicating high completeness of our draft genome.
RepeatModeler v2.0.1 [23] estimated 2532 repeat sequences, which were utilized by RepeatMasker v4.0.9 [24] to mask the repetitive elements in the genome. The repeat sequences in the assembly comprised 572,734,587 bp (34.17% of the total length). The MAKER v2.31.11 [25] pipeline predicted 28,831 protein-coding genes in the hard-masked genome (Data files 5–7). The average coding sequence length was 997.08 bp, with an average intron length of 1000.45 bp and average number of exons per gene of 4.34. We annotated 16,528 genes (57.3%) via a BLASTP v2.10.1 + [26] search (E-value threshold of 1 × 10–10) against known proteins in the UniProtKB/SwissProt Database [27]. InterProScan v5.50–84.0 [28] identified 4537 domain families among 17,932 (62.3%) genes via a search of the Pfam database. As a result, 69% of the predicted genes were successfully annotated by at least one of the two methods.
The genome size, assessed by the k-mer frequency distribution of the Illumina reads using KmerGenie v1.7051 [29], was estimated to be 1,610,998,267 bp. Based on this estimation, the sequencing depths obtained from the Illumina and ONT platforms were calculated to be 134× and 9× , respectively. Since the coverage of ONT reads was low, the usage of them were limited only to the gap closing. The genome size of the mangrove cricket is comparable with the three previously sequenced Gryllidae genomes: Teleogryllus occipitalis (1.93 Gb) [30], Teleogryllus oceanicus (2.05 Gb) [31], and Laupala kohalensis (1.6 Gb) [32].
Availability of data and materials
The data described in this Data note can be freely and openly accessed on DDBJ under BioProject ID: PRJDB11838 and the figshare database. Sequence reads have been deposited at DDBJ Sequence Read Archive under accession number DRX290103 ( [34] and DRX290104 ( [35]. The whole genome sequence data has been deposited at DDBJ under accession number BPSV01000000 ( [36]. The other data files generated in the current study are available at the figshare database: Data file 1 ( [33], Data file 5–7 ( [37,38,39]. See Table 1 and references [33,34,35,36,37,38,39] for details.
Table 1 Overview of data files/data sets
Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs
Giga base pair
Genome-wide association studies
Kilo base pair
Oxford Nanopore Technologies
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We thank Mr. Masashi Inoue for his support in the in silico analyses. Computations were partially performed on the NIG supercomputer at ROIS National Institute of Genetics.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18K06330 to AS, and Research Funding for Computational Software Supporting Program form Meiji University to KY.
Author information
AS and YT designed the project. AS collected crickets in the field. MT established inbred lines. AS and YT performed the molecular experiments. AS and YT performed the in silico analyses. AS wrote the manuscript. KY supported the in silico analyses.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Aya Satoh.
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Satoh, A., Takasu, M., Yano, K. et al. De novo assembly and annotation of the mangrove cricket genome. BMC Res Notes 14, 387 (2021).
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I am currently conducting an experiment into the glucose content of certain sports drinks. However, I have hit a roadblock. A majority of the drinks that I intend to test, contain sucrose. I am thinking that by adding $\pu{1.0M~ HCl}$, to say, $\pu{100mL}$ of solution (sports drink), it will decompose the sucrose into its constituents. I'm planning to use Benedict's solution and a spectroscope in order to determine the amount of glucose present in solution (I'm going to add activated charcoal to the solution to remove the coloring from it before placing in the spectroscope). As a high school student I only have limited resources.
So my question is,
Assuming there is 10 grams of sucrose per $\pu{100mL}$ of solution, what volume of $\pu{1.0M~ HCl}$ would be required to completely break apart sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Would I have to use stoichiometry to find the amount?
So far I know I have $\ce{C12H22O11 + HCl}$, What happens to the $\ce{Cl}$ from $\ce{HCl}$ when fructose and glucose is formed?
• $\begingroup$ Welcome to chemistry.SE! If you had any questions about the policies of our community, please visit the help center. Please visit this page, this page and this one on how to make your future posts better. $\endgroup$
– M.A.R.
Aug 3 '15 at 8:29
• $\begingroup$ Um, you do know what the products are... You even told us what they are. $\endgroup$
– orthocresol
Aug 3 '15 at 9:58
• $\begingroup$ I understand that fructose and glucose are formed...But what happens to the Cl of the HCl? $\endgroup$
– Retty
Aug 3 '15 at 10:52
The hydrolysis of sucrose is acid-catalysed, so HCl will not be in the chemical equation (it will be listed above the arrow). In theory, this means that you could have little HCl, as it will never be used up and will keep reacting to decompose all of your sucrose. So it isn't so important how much you use, but you should still use enough that it won't take ages to decompose all the molecules. If you're interested you could look up mechanisms for acid catalysis, but you wouldn't be expected to know this at high school level.
To find the chemical equation for the decomposition, you can add up the number of elements of fructose + glucose and compare to sucrose. You will find that two hydrogens and one oxygen is needed, so it is simply a hydrolysis reaction (adding a water molecule).
Your Answer
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BIMI Explained
June 4, 2021
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DMARC Explained
DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance) is an email authentication policy, and reporting protocol. A DMARC record shows that the sender’s domain is protected by SPF and DKIM policies. When an email is sent from that domain and fails either of these authentication tests, DMARC tells the receiving server how it should handle that email.
SPF is responsible for checking that the email sender has the authority to send emails from the domain that the message is coming from. DKIM ensures that the message has not been altered along the way. DMARC is then the set of rules that determine what happens to emails that fail either of these measures.
Your DMARC record provides a recommendation to the receiving server of how to process an email if it has failed one of these checks. The recommendation could be to quarantine the email, delete it, or to send it anyway. DMARC does not make the decision on its own, it is written into a record by the owner of the domain or, in many cases, IT personnel.
Let’s say a scammer called Rick is sending an email containing a fake invoice to your customer, Mark. Rick is able to make it look as if the email came from your domain and therefore, your organization, and Mark doesn’t know that. Then, you send out an email to Mark, Rick intercepts it and changes the message entirely and adding in his fake invoice, before sending it on to the unsuspecting Mark.
Luckily for you, your organization has SPF and DKIM in place, allowing Mark’s servers to verify the authenticity of these messages. The first message fails the SPF check and the second fails the DKIM check. Your DMARC record is then in place to advise Mark’s email server to delete these emails before they reach his inbox.
The DMARC Record
The image above is an example of a DMARC record. The text ‘p=quarantine’ advises email servers to quarantine any emails from your domain that fail SPF or DKIM checks. Another important element is The rua= tag specifies the email address that DMARC reports should be sent to.
DMARC Reporting
DMARC analyzes the reasons emails fail SPF and DKIM and sends a report providing details on messages that failed security measures and where they came from. These are sent daily in the form of an API report in an email attachment. As a result, the reports are largely ignored as they arrive so frequently and difficult to digest.
Our free email deliverability tool will process these reports and clearly display where issues were picked up by SPF and DKIM on a dashboard. We unzip the files and store the information in a database, allowing you to login and access the reporting dashboards.
The tool makes it easier for IT departments to access and interpret DMARC reports, enabling them to better configure the email deliverability system.
Benefits of DMARC
Deliverability: By authenticating emails that you send, they are easily identified as being trustworthy and get delivered to the desired inbox. Fraudulent emails sent from your domain don’t get delivered and don’t harm your domain’s reputation.
Security: You can be confident that your brand’s email domain isn’t sending spam, fraudulent or malicious emails.
Reporting: Visibility into who is using your domain to send out emails.
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07.11.2012 0
The Power of Intimidation
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesBy David Nace — We think of the 9 robed Justices of the Supreme Court as beyond intimidation. However, we now know this is false. The bizarre decision of Chief Justice Roberts to uphold Obamacare by making it Obamatax is not the first time that a Supreme court Justice has succumbed to intimidation and voted to usurp the Constitution, believing it was necessary to preserve either the Supreme Court or their own personal legacy.
The 1930’s were a dreadful time for the Constitution. Since the election of Woodrow Wilson and the passage of the 16th Amendment, progressives had challenged the limits of federal power and scope imposed by the Constitution at every opportunity. However, the election of FDR in 1932 was a direct threat to the limited government envisioned by the Founding Fathers and embodied in the Constitution. During FDR’s first 100 days of progressive arrogance, he took many of Herbert Hoover’s voluntary policies to fight the recession and made them mandatory by both executive order and legislation. Two of the most significant pieces of what became known as the New Deal were the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Like the 2009 Stimulus Act, these were huge economic paybacks to groups that supported progressives and FDR.
The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) gave the President authority to organize industrial cartels to prevent products from being sold too cheaply. It provided unions with bargaining rights they never had before and also established a Public Works Authority. Companies that followed the NIRA price codes got to hang a blue eagle in their window, while those that did not were ultimately prosecuted and fined. This bill effectively ended free enterprise in many industries and imposed Mussolini style fascism across America.
The other powerful and equally damaging bill was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). Farmers had been plagued by low commodity prices for two decades as mechanization allowed them to plant more acreage and the introduction of the tractor reduced the cropland required to feed draft animals. This bill kept commodity prices high by paying farmers to destroy crops and livestock at a time when millions were out of work and hungry.
The expansion of federal power by these bills eventually found its way to the Supreme Court. Unlike today, in the 1930’s public opinion was in favor of progressive power expansion. The Supreme Court was the last vestige of resistance to government intervention into the economy on behalf of politically powerful groups. The Court was divided between four conservative justices defending the Constitution, three liberal justices voting to expand the powers of government regardless of the Constitution, and two swing justices, Hughs and Roberts. Roberts generally voted with the four conservative justices, known as the Four Horseman.
Prior to the 1936 election, FDR had suffered major setbacks to his expansion of the Federal government and his personal power. The Supreme Court had ruled both the NIRA and the AAA unconstitutional. After a landslide reelection in 1936, FDR was determined to end the power of the Four Horseman to interfere with his progressive visions of an all powerful Federal government. He proposed a plan to supplement the justices over 70 with younger justices that he would appoint. His court packing plan raised the ire of even the Democratic majorities in the House and Senate and was highly unpopular with the public. FDR had finally gone too far in interfering with the Supreme Court.
While FDR was proposing his court packing scheme, the Supreme Court was deciding yet another piece of New Deal legislation. In the West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish case, Justice Owen J. Roberts, who had previously voted with the Four Horseman, suddenly voted with the liberal justices. This vote was seen as Robert’s way to protect the Supreme Court against FDR’s court packing scheme, although Chief Justice Hughs claimed that it was FDR’s landslide reelection that allowed Hughs to convince Roberts to side with the liberal justices in this case. In reality, FDR’s executive branch over reach was so unpopular with his own party and the public that it lacked the votes for passage.
Ironically, it was not necessary for FDR to pack the Supreme Court. When conservative Justice, Van Devanter retired, FDR was able to appoint former Ku Klux Klan member, Hugo Black, to the Court, effectively ending constitutional conservative dominance on the Supreme Court for almost 50 years. During his four terms, FDR appointed a total of eight Justices to the Supreme Court.
Just as Justice Roberts of the 1930’s was willing to sacrifice constitutional principles in a misguided effort to preserve the legacy of the Supreme Court, today’s Justice Roberts was willing to sacrifice the Constitution in a misguided effort to preserve the perception of the Court and his own legacy as Chief Justice.
With all due respect to Eric Erickson, Charles Krauthammer and others, I really don’t think Justice Roberts was playing chess in making his decision. As intelligent as Justice Roberts is, I believe his motives are much simpler, a misguided attempt to preserve his own legacy and the legacy of the Supreme Court under his leadership. Perhaps, he actually believes that New York Times and the Washington Post editorials about conservative Justices and conservatives in general. Or more importantly, he actually took the public berating of the Supreme Court by President Obama personally. In one week, he has gone from just another conservative rube to an esteemed and scholarly justice in the liberal press.
However, Justice Roberts did not have to shred the Constitution and rewrite the law to rise above partisan politics. The first argument made by Solicitor General, Donald Verrilli, was that the case could be decided now because the individual mandate was a mandate not a tax. Had it been a tax, the Anti-injunction Act would ban hearing the case until after the tax has been paid. In the second phase of oral arguments, Verrilli argued whether the law fell within the Commerce Clause, Necessary and Proper Clause or Taxing Powers of the Congress. The following days arguments were on the legitimacy of Medicard expansion and the severability of the law if the individual mandate was found unconstitutional.
Justice Roberts’ interpretation that imposing a tax on someone not purchasing healthcare coverage is allowable under the Constitution is probably correct since the passage of the 16th amendment allows the Federal government to tax far beyond the original intentions of the Founding Fathers and the Constitution. However, if Justice Roberts was interested in preserving the integrity of the Supreme Court rather than just preserving his own legacy and obtaining the editorial praise of the Washington Post and New York Times, he could have struck down the entire law as unconstitutional because the President and Democratic Congress obtained passage of the bill by incorrectly presenting a tax allowed by the Constitution as a mandate prohibited by the Constitution. The proponents of the bill would be given an opportunity to rightfully reintroduce the bill including an individual tax for not purchasing healthcare coverage.
It is absolutely unthinkable that Justice Roberts would determine that the individual mandate was a tax then vote to uphold the bill when the very first argument that the government needed to make was that the individual mandate was not a tax so that the Anti-Injunction Act would not apply.
It is hard to imagine that a man of Roberts’ abilities would succumb to President Obama’s blatantly false statement that the Court should not overturn a passed law. The role of the Supreme Court since Marbury vs. Madison is to determine if laws passed by the Congress and the President are in accordance with the Constitution. Perhaps Justice Roberts really did believe that his legacy would rest on the false narrative from the left that a decision supporting the Constitution is partisan while a decision against the Constitution is scholarly jurisprudence. However, the majority of the America public doesn’t believe that and it is they, not the liberal press that will ultimately judge Justice Roberts’ leadership and integrity.
David Nace, an Executive Vice President of a Pennsylvania construction and engineering company, is a Liberty Features Syndicated writer.
Copyright © 2008-2022 Americans for Limited Government |
Simulation based decision support tool structure
What is the Decision Support System? What is it needed for?
We find a lot of definitions of the term Decision Support Tool (DST) in scientific literature. In short, DST is a computer system used in a decision-making system process.
Skeptics have commented that nobody can take decisions better than experienced executives who have spent a lot of time and effort working in a vertical, and learned all its nuances. This strong statement is difficult to argue with. In the last decade, it has been observed from computer software and systems usage in companies world-wide that software tools are not a panacea, and that software cannot replace a C-level executive.
Nevertheless, some decisions require more knowledge of the state of the business, and analysis of collected data. Computer software tools help here, especially DSTs. The system is not a replacement for a decision maker, it just makes the decisions more effective and more efficient.
Managers and decision-makers often do not realize that they constantly deal with DSTs. For example, if we look at the technical and financial plan of any project, we will most probably find Excel spreadsheets. These Excel documents are in fact computer models whose results are used in strategic decision making.
DST structure
A typical DST consists of a model, an experiment framework, a database, and a user interface. Let’s look at all these components in more detail.
Model is a formal representation of a system. The system can have various natures: economical, technological, social etc. In the process of building the model, the following data is used:
• technical and technological, e.g. mass, length, speed, timing etc.
• economical, e.g. oil prices, construction costs, transportation costs etc.
• social, e.g. how fast is market response, loyalty of partners and customers, HR rotation etc.
A model often uses collected data, e.g. historic trend approximation is usually used for price forecasting. To get this data, the model should be connected to the corporate database.
The model is the backbone of DST, but business users concentrate more on experiments they can carry out with the model. A typical experiment framework includes:
• "What if?” – a single model execution with one set of parameters.
• “Optimization” – an experiment that allows you to find a parameter set for the model to show the maximum or minimum value of an objective function.
• “Sensitivity analysis” – an experiment that allows you to observe how changes in one of the parameters influence the modeling results.
• “Monte-Carlo method” – experiment that allows you to estimate how the internal stochastics of the model influence the modeling results. Each of the model output is treated as a statistical dataset with mean value and deviation.
DST also includes a user interface—a visual computer environment that allows you to run experiments, and organize modeling results into management dashboards.
What types of models do we see in business?
What types of models are frequently used in day-by-day management activities? At first glance, we can see Excel-based models. Microsoft Excel allows massive usage of mathematical calculations in business routine. It has never been so easy to calculate stock in a warehouse or to do accounting calculations. Excel is a modern standard support for analytical models in business.
In analytical models, processes in the system are represented as a set of equations and logical expressions. Model execution is a process of solving them. Pros and cons of analytical models are shown in the picture.
Analytical models pros and cons
It is said in expert communities, that the pure analytical model usage is full of serious challenges that make classical analytical models with known solutions non-applicable for solving real business tasks.
This is because the correctness of a model is directly dependent on how it represents dynamic specifics of the systems.
1. Business has inertia. Tomorrow’s results depend not only on the state of the business today, but also on the whole historic trajectory.
2. Tomorrow’s results also depend on today’s decisions as well as external influences.
3. Most of these dependencies form feedback loops that produce nonlinearity that is uncontrollable using intuition and linear logic.
In such cases, simulation models are another type that helps tremendously. In a simulation model system structure explicitly defined in the model, while system behavior is defined as a set of rules, algorithms and equations that connects model’s variables; both structure and behavior logic are executed on a computer to get full system dynamic over time. Apart from their many pros, simulation models definitely have their own cons, which are shown with the pros in the picture below.
Dynamic simulation pros and cons |
Challenge Based Learning
“It’s difficult to foresee and teach specific topics of the future, but we can give students essential tools for lifelong learning and adaptability so seeking knowledge and the understanding of new things is never out of reach.”
What is
Our Philosophy
Glarea Elevated Learning, a private school in Surrey, integrates a Challenge Based Learning program with Sport and Art expert streams in a technologically innovative educational environment. Through an emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) education, the Elevated Learning program focuses on self-awareness through cognitive, social-emotional and physical literacy rooted in perseverance.
We face challenges on a daily basis and our responses determine our future. Often, we don’t pause to consider different perspectives and design thoughtful solutions. Challenge Based Learning is a learning framework used to equip students with the skills necessary to identify challenges and develop innovative and sustainable solutions.
Elevated Learning drives Glareans to aspire to be self-aware, critical thinkers prepared for the future. Resiliency, determination and fortitude of character are woven into the fabric of Glarea.
Our Graduates are confident, adaptable young adults prepared to overcome life’s challenges.
At Glarea we are committed to enriching our community through anti-racist awareness in our programming, curriculum and partnerships.
“Grit is a powerful trait to cultivate in ourselves. It is what urges us to get up, dust ourselves off and try again.”
• The CBL cycle intuitively builds and reinforces the grit mentality by removing a fear of failure and replacing it with a passion to pursue excellence.
• The CBL philosophy builds grit by expanding a students’ comfort zone through experience and variable exposure to new things, or even just by giving them a new perspective.
CBL Learning
Glarea Ecosystem
At any time in the CBL cycle the Instructor, Parent or Student can be both Teacher or Learner. By flattening the hierarchy the learning system becomes fluid and in turn more efficient and effective.
Varied External experts are included to offer new perspectives, knowledge and insight instilling an essential life lesson that it’s not only OK to seek guidance, but also how to objectively assess and apply that information.
Reaffirm the Image of a Child by respecting their unlimited potential and understanding that we are all a product of our childhood experiences.
CBL Learning
framework & Progression
Challenge Based Learning is a flexible framework, with each implementation, new ideas surface, the framework is reviewed, and the model evolves. Challenge Based Learning provides:
1. A flexible and customizable framework that can be implemented as a guiding pedagogy or integrated with other progressive approaches to learning
2. A scalable model with multiple points of entry and the ability to start small and build big
3. A free and open system with no proprietary ideas, products or subscriptions
4. A process that places all Learners in charge, and responsible for the learning
5. An authentic environment for meeting academic standards and making deeper connections with content
6. A focus on global ideas, meaningful challenges and the development of local and age appropriate solutions
7. An authentic relationship between academic disciplines and real world experience
8. A framework to develop 21st-century skills
9. Purposeful use of technology for researching, analyzing, organizing, collaborating, networking, communicating, publishing and reflecting
10. The opportunity for Learners to make a difference now
11. A way to document and assess both the learning process and products
12. An environment for deep reflection on teaching and learning
Glarea + CBL in action
The Challenge Based Learning Framework is divided into three interconnected phases: Engage, Investigate, and Act. Each phase includes activities that prepare the Learners to move to the next stage. Supporting the entire process is an ongoing process of documenting, reflecting and sharing.
Through a process of Essential Questioning, the Learners move from an abstract Big Idea to a concrete and actionable Challenge.
1. Big Idea
2. Essential Question
3. Challenge
2. investigate
All Learners plan and participate in a journey that builds the foundation for Solutions and addresses academic requirements.
1. Guiding Questions
2. Guiding Activities/Resources
3. Analysis
3. Act
Evidence-based Solutions are developed, implemented with an authentic audience, and then evaluated based on the results.
1. Solution
2. Implementation
3. Evaluation
"We are all Learners. We are all teachers. By moving beyond the traditional hierarchy of the school and classroom, we can create environments where all stakeholders are working together to meet academic objectives while solving authentic challenges."
Around the world hundreds of millions of people are involved in formal education. For a majority of these Learners, the focus is on acquiring knowledge and skills necessary to move to the next level and eventually enter the world as a productive member of society. Challenge Based Learning provides a framework for participants to accomplish this while building 21st century skills, developing a framework for life-long learning, and making an immediate impact on the world.
Take action. Make a difference.
Nichols, M., Cator, K., and Torres, M. (2016) Challenge Based Learner User Guide. Redwood City, CA: Digital Promise.
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Wu Zetian, China’s Only Empress
Wǔ Zétiān 武則天 (625-705) is the only woman in Chinese history to have held the imperial throne. Although other women, some tremendously influential, such as Cíxǐ 慈禧, held the position of regent as empress dowager (皇太后 húangtàihòu)*, none of them truly took up the throne of the Son of Heaven (天子 Tiānzǐ).
Coming from a family of aristocrats from Shānxī 山西 province, she became part of the imperial harem when she was fourteen, under the mandate of Emperor Tàizōng 太宗 of the Táng dynasty 唐朝, as a low-ranking concubine.
Tang Taizong - Wu Zetian, China's Only Empress
Emperor Tàizōng 太宗.
It is unclear what the young woman's fate was when, in 649, Emperor Tàizōng passed away. Historians at the time tell us that she was sent to a Buddhist convent until the new emperor, Gāozōng 高宗, was ensued of her beauty and claimed her as a concubine, but this version is now called into question. It is possible that at that time, Wǔ Zétiān already had an intimate relationship with Gāozōng, and that this facilitated her incorporation into the harem of the new sovereign. The truth is that she was a concubine of both emperors, father and son, and this fact already provoked criticism from her contemporaries (as well as future historians), for going against Confucian morality.
Wǔ Zétiān gradually gained ground in the court, becoming the emperor's favourite, until in 654 she gave birth to a girl who was murdered. The imperial concubine accused Empress Wáng Huánghòu 王皇后 of the crime and, after making her fall into disgrace, was named Empress Consort herself. Some sources at the time claim that it was her who killed her own daughter, to use the baby's death to replace Empress Wáng, who she allegedly tortured to death. However, this version is likely to be based on rumors spread by its political enemies. It is possible that Empress Wáng, who had no children of her own, actually killed Wǔ's daughter (who had previously had two other children) moved by envy. Be that as it may, Wǔ Zétiān was undoubtedly a woman of great ambition and thirst for power, and managed to maneuver against Wáng to take her place.
In 656, Wǔ got the emperor to appoint his first son with her, Lǐ Hóng 李弘, as heir to the throne, above others of his previous sons he had had with another consort. A few years later, in 660, Emperor Gāozōng became ill and Empress Wǔ became the de facto ruler. From this position, she began a process of eliminating his political enemies in court, replacing them in their positions with officials loyal to her. Her enemies accuse her of countless crimes, even of having been poisoning the emperor, but it seems true that she was a more capable ruler than the Gāozōng.
Over the next few years, Wǔ gained tremendous power in the court, often appearing with the emperor and even attending to the court herself when he was indisposed, and in any case making the most important decisions.
Wu Zetian emperatriz China - Wu Zetian, China's Only Empress
Wǔ Zétiān 武則天
In 675, the relationship between the Empress Consort and her son the crown prince had deteriorated. That year, Prince Lǐ Hóng died suddenly. Again, historians accuse Wǔ Zétiān of poisoning her son.
Wǔ's second son, Lǐ Xián 李賢, replaced the former as heir to the throne. But he also ended up in disgrace, accused of treason and exiled, and again replaced by another of his brothers, Lǐ Xiǎn 李顯 or Lǐ Zhé 李哲.
In 683, Emperor Gāozōng died, and Prince Lǐ Zhé succeeded him as emperor by the name of Táng Zhōngzōng 唐中宗. His reign would last only a month and a half**. Empress Wǔ, now empress dowager, but retaining royal power as regent, deposed Zhōngzōng, whose decisions did not conform to her will, and installed on the throne her youngest son, Lǐ Dàn 李旦, who assumed the new name of Ruìzōng 睿宗.
Tang Ruizong - Wu Zetian, China's Only Empress
Emperor Ruìzōng 睿宗.
Ruìzōng was a puppet in the hands of Empress , who no longer bothered to keep appearances; dictated to the emperor the orders he had to issue, and the emperor was not authorized to meet with court officials.
In Jiāngsū 江苏 province, General Lǐ Jìngyè 李敬業 got the support of the local population and rose up in arms, but he did not take his chance and was defeated and killed by a general of Empress Wǔ. Another attempt at rebellion took place in 688, when the Empress summoned numerous princes of the imperial family to a ceremony to offer sacrifices to the gods. Fearing a trap to end their lives, they planned to rebel, but failed to have their forces ready at the same time, and the Empress apprehended them and forced them to commit suicide.
Finally, in 690, Wǔ Zétiān decided to take the step that was missing to become the reigning Empress, and forced Ruìzōng to abdicate on her behalf. Never in China's history had a woman assumed (or did it later) the title of huángdì 黃帝, "emperor", and tradition did not allow a woman to ascend to the throne. But Wǔ had paved the way by eliminating his opponents, and found legitimacy and support for his reign in the Buddhist clergy.
She assumed the name Wǔ Zhào 武曌, for which she invented a new character***, and proclaimed the Zhōudynasty, also called Wǔ Zhōu 武周 or Southern Zhōu 南周, to differentiate it from the ancient Zhōu dynasty 周 (1046-256 BC), which she attempted to evoke.
The now empress regnant placed Lǐ Dàn as heir to the throne, although for a while she seemed to favour her nephew Wǔ Chéngsì 武承嗣, who had supported her on her ascension to the throne.
On the other hand, she began a successful military campaign to take back some territories, in present-day Xīnjiāng 新疆, which had fallen under the control of the Tibetan Empire. In 696 she sent a new army against the Tibetan Empire, but this time the campaign ended in defeat.
That same year she faced other threats: the rebellion of two khitan (契丹 qìdān) chiefs and the attacks of the Second Turkic Khaganate (突厥汗国 tūjué hánguó). The armies sent by Wǔ Zétiān were unsuccessful and the Empress had to sign peace with the Khaganate, that eventually defeated the khitan troops.
In 698, some officials who were close to the Empress convinced her to install his second son, Lǐ Xiǎn, former emperor Zhōngzōng, as heir to the throne, taking the new name Wǔ Xiǎn 武顯.
In 705, with Wǔ Zétiān old and sick, some generals surrounded her residence, killing two of her closest chancellors, and forced the empress to abdicate in favor of Lǐ Xiǎn. On February 23, Lǐ Xiǎn (Zhōngzōng) again assumed the throne, restoring the Táng dynasty. Wǔ Zétiān was awarded honorary titles but remained in custody, dying on December 16 of that same year. Her son Emperor Zhōngzōng had her buried next with Gāozōng near Cháng'ān 長安.
The most important pillar on which Wǔ Zétiān based her legitimacy as reigning empress was the Buddhist clergy. Gāozōng had already turned Buddhism into the official religion of the state, to the detriment of Taoism, a decision he possibly made under the influence of Empress Wǔ. On the other hand, some Buddhist texts were manipulated by a monk named Xuē Huáiyì 薛懷義, with whom the Empress had an affair, to provide legitimacy to her reign. One of these texts, Commentary on the Meaning of the Prophecy about the Divine Emperor in the Sutra of the Great Cloud (大雲經神皇授記義疏 dà yún jīng shén huáng shòu jì yì shū), identified the empress as the incarnation of Maitreya Buddha (彌勒菩薩 mí lè pú sà), born to rule on the world of humans. This same text was distributed in Buddhist monasteries throughout China prior to the ascension of Wǔ Zétiān to the throne.
Another pillar of her reign was a secret police that informed and eliminated all her opponents.
Wǔ Zétiān is undoubtedly one of the most hated women in Chinese history, and her reign has been branded cruel and bloody by many historians, who ignored what her male counterparts did. Her rise was seen as a violation of Confucian norms and tradition, according to which a woman could not access power. However, most historians also recognize their ability to govern, and especially to judge and employ talented men well.
During her reign, she cared for the education, well-being and religious status of women, as well as their access to public office, and her government laid the foundations for the future golden era of the Táng dynasty.
* It is necessary to note here that the title of "empress dowager" was given to the mother of the reigning emperor, so it was not a sovereign position.
** Zhōngzōng would reign again between 705 and 710.
*** The word zhào 曌 is unique in Chinese and has no other meaning. It was invented by Wǔ Zétiān to have a unique name.
- Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400, Tansen Sen, 2003, Association for Asian Studies, Inc.
- Female Rule in Chinese and English Literary Utopias, Qingyun Wu, 1995, Syracuse University Press.
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Secret to Balancing Calories, Activity and Nutrition for Health
While we face the amplifying affects of COVID-19 on our innate health, with a greatly strained NHS, official health bodies do anything but provide the information we need for optimal health. However, independent organisation Public Health Collaboration have published a guide to healthy eating, which addresses the incorrect advice given by Public Health England.
Before the pandemic, The NHS vitamins and minerals pages clearly stated that we do not get enough sunlight in the UK between October and March to make vitamin D. However, it did not mention the relationship between diet and absorbing fat soluble vitamins.
Public Health Collaboration have released a counter-argument to official diet advice distributed by the NHS, The Eatwell Guide. Americans have a similar travesty of truth called MyPlate. It is industry funded and therefore biased towards consumerism and away from natural health.
Nutrition plays a very important part in our innate health as does physical activity.
For decades, weight loss information has misled people about what it means to be fit and healthy, by providing incorrect information about how our bodies respond to food.
We might respond in our own unique way but we are also the same species. What is missing in the information we are provided is context. I will provide what I have discovered:
Calories: As Gary Taubes illustrated in Good Calories, Bad Calories, not all calories are made equal. For example, you could eat a nutrient rich food with few calories but alternatively, some foods contain many calories but few vitamins or minerals. We need enough and not too many calories each day to maintain our weight. However, reducing calories to lose weight slows the metabolism down, which leads to regaining the weight when the restricted diet ends.
Meals versus snacks: Perhaps eating a small quantity to top up energy if it flags ought to be called topups instead of snacks. Snacks suggest grazing, which anyone might start doing if they find themselves working from home and able to raid the fridge whenever they want. It is also easy to start punctuating the day with snacks when you first stop smoking, as that sporadic pause yearns to be filled by a short activity requiring no concentration, to allow the brain to process. A sudden change in the daily routine to a 3 set tennis match or 5 mile run would likely to require an energy top up to supplement your regular meals. Grazing in front of the TV would provide an unused energy surplus, which would pile on the pounds.
Balanced and varied: Of course this is never defined. In fact it is contradicted. The Eatwell Guide suggests basing every meal on a starchy carbohydrate. A balanced meal would contain a good ratio of health fats, protein and fibre carbohydrates. That provides every nutrient, macro and micro. Hearth Nutrition suggests creating meals by checking off all micronutrients we need each day, which in itself would result in a balanced and varied meal. Think of food cultures from around the world: French cuisine involves many small courses. Meze, Thali and Tapas involve small plates including peas, beans, lentils, rice, meat, fish and vegetables. Countries, which traditionally have not had access to the food available today all year round would have pioneered dishes, which provided nutrition, such as coleslaw or sauerkraut.
Genetic Variation: In northern European countries, we would need more fat to absorb fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin D, which we only get enough sunlight to make in the summer months in the UK. Therefore, we would require more fat in our diet to absorb vitamins A, D, E and K from our food. Meanwhile, people from sunny countries, where exotic fruits grow in abundance, would have naturally been outside in the sunshine much more than those in colder, northern climes, and would use the fast-release energy from fruit much more quickly going about their day. None the less, active people still need protein to maintain their physical and mental health, so living on exotic fruits is probably not sensible for any humans.
Eating Disorders: It has been known for a while that disrupted eating can lead to vitamin deficiencies. This might mean that supplements are required to get your daily nutrition, but a nutritious diet, which provides all the essential micronutrients to provide optimal mental and physical health is a good way to start. Then DNA wellbeing tests, hair samples and using nutriition facts and an elimination process to get the nutrition you can, through food first and supplement to fill any gaps would provide you with a strong foundation for health.
My question on Independent SAGE is the last one here, on vitamin D deficiency in UK.
Up to the start of covid-19 spreading around the UK, the NHS website provided information about vitamins and minerals, including how human bodies used each micronutrient, the amount required, whether we stored it or not, natural sources – either diet or sunlight for vitamin D – and recommended daily amount (RDA) for dietary supplements.
I spent a weekend copying this information into a spreadsheet with each micronutrient on a row with food and other sources as well as the RDA for a supplement. At the bottom I could make a shopping list to get maximum nutrition from food. I then worked out gaps in my diet and bought the supplements I required.
Although vitamins and some nutritients are more important, seeing the foods they come from and RDAs for supplements to get those missing in our chosen diet can help plan a nutritious diet
A deep dive into nutrition would reveal more information, such as the relationship between fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and fatty acids, amino acids and minerals they contain. To get a nutritious diet this information would be helpful but is difficult to cross reference, when official diet advice is subjective and lacks context.
There are also dynamics to consider, which are the result of lifestyle on health, recovery and protection against hospitalisation or death from a virus. Smoking can reduce vitamin D in the system. Alcohol reduces B12 and drinking too much can lead to a B12 deficiency. Carbohydrate density can lead to bloating, inflammation, high blood sugar, water retention and be an anti-nutrient and block absorption of essential micronutrients. Food intolerance also creates responses, depending on how much the body does not want a certain food, for example tomatos, potatos, peppers and tobacco are all from the nightshade family and soy can be an anti-nutrient if not prepared properly.
There could be a variety of causes of current ailments, particularly long COVID and ongoing conditions such as Fibro Myalgia, Endometriosis, Cystic Fibrosis, ME, Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Rheumatoid Arthritus, Arthritis, Dementia, Alzeimers and also the depreciated health aspects experienced by people with autism and a wealth of other common non-communicable diseases. Nutrition is no cure and research is biased in favour of medicine that seeks to test nutrition as a treatment to discredit it. What nutrition does do, however, is give our bodies and minds the best chance at fighting whatever affliction we develop.
Healthcare today seems more like sickcare and focuses on cure rather than prevention. The Independent SAGE meeting on 6th March mentioned that the government have spent 96% of funding on pharmaceuticals and every other aspect, including prevention accounts for 4% of the government’s budget. See this information on Medical News Today about vitamin E deficiency and diseases, which shows how: “Vitamin E deficiency can also result from diseases that severely reduce the absorption of fat”.
There is a lack of finance invested into researching how nutrition and tackling malnutrition with a healthy diet keeps us healthy and reduces non-communicable diseases as well hospitalisation and death from viruses. However, Hearth is based on the information provided on the NHS website on vitamins and minerals, cross referenced with Public Health Collaboration, John Yudkin, Gary Taubes, Dr Zoe Harcombe, Dr Andrew Jenkinson, Tim Spector, Harvard Health and Medical News Today.
Please see my nutrition and food spreadsheet here (Google Sheets).
Published by makingspace4life
Currently on an incubator program at Falmouth University - Launchpad - and an MSc in Entrpeneurship. I moved to Cornwall in 2011 and did an MA in professional writing. A keen writer who enjoys life. Favourite activities include: painting, travelling on a budget to enjoy small luxuries, self-advocacy, comedy, film, books, ideas, conversations, team sports and gardening. (Currently limited to my basil plant and any others looking thirsty).
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Inflation is felt when prices increase. Inflation is when the prices of products or services increase without products or services changing.
This is what it looks like.
If you can buy a loaf of bread for $2 today, but tomorrow you have to pay $2.50 for that same exact loaf of bread, and this also happens simultaneously with many other products and services, then there is inflation.
This video explains the effect of inflation on your wallet. |
Terrorists could wipe out 30 million people by weaponising a disease such as smallpox
A bioterrorist attack which could wipe out 30 million people is becoming increasingly likely because it is easier than ever to create and spread deadly pathogens, Bill Gates has warned.
The Microsoft founder, who was speaking before a speech at the Royal United Services Institute in London (RUSI), warned that an outbreak of a lethal respiratory virus such as smallpox would be more dangerous than even a nuclear attack.
Mr Gates, whose charitable foundation funds research into quickly spotting outbreaks, said it was more important than ever to help foreign countries monitor diseases to prevent a global tragedy.
“Bioterrorism is a much larger risk than a pandemic,” he said.
Last year the Nuffield Council of Bioethics warned that ‘garage scientists’ could unleash dangerous genetically modified organisms into the environment using unregulated technology which is already available online.
Chemistry kits which allow genetic editing can already be bought online for under £100.
Scientists are concerned that a new technique, called Crispr, is now so cheap and widely available that amateurs will start experimenting at home, or in school labs.
The technique works like genetic scissors to cut away DNA code and replace it with new genes. It has been hailed as one the most significant scientific breakthroughs in recent years, but there are fears that in the wrong hands, the procedure could unleash dangerous strains of bacteria or other organisms. Kits to make E.coli resistant to antibiotics are already for sale on the internet.
Mr Gates said that today’s widespread global travel mean that a future pandemic could be even more deadly than the Spanish Flu outbreak in 1919 which killed up to 100 million people.
“We will have epidemics in the next 20 years far worse than the ebola epidemic, or the Zika epidemic and there is some chance it would be a form of flu,” he said.
“Something that is human-to-human respiratory that is like a measles or a flu or smallpox, that you need just one person on the bus or plane or the airport and you get huge things. A health crisis somewhere is a health crisis everywhere.
“So the scariest thing is something like the 1919 flu which really spreads everywhere and because people are moving around more it’s easier for it to spread than back in 1919. If 1919 came back we have no immunity to that strain.”
Mr Gates urged Theresa May to maintain the 0.7 per cent GDP foreign aid pledge.
“The UK’s foreign aid investments are, in fact, long term investments in the health and security of British citizens here at home,” he added.
“A disease is more likely to become an epidemic when countries are unstable and have no functioning health system. We can’t build a wall to hold back the next global epidemic.”
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Understanding Prejudice (05/31/2020)
Prejudice is to "pre-judge" (i.e.: to make assumptions about another's character, usually based upon some superficial physical feature or circumstance, such as age, gender, race, nationality, etc.).
The reason why it is destructive is because the outside of a person often cannot tell us fully what is going on inside of a person, yet some may use those things as an excuse to treat others poorly.
Generalization can be a useful tool in organizing information, but it can also be harmful when zealously over-applied, especially when it comes to human beings. We are not necessarily the labels that others might use in reference to us.
Further, we should not inherit the prejudices of our ancestors, but carefully learn from their wisdom. Life has much to offer, and it doesn't include the mindless perpetuation of violence.
Some music:
The Sundowners - Always You
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Human Milk Fortification: Myths & Facts
Reading Time: 3 minutes
Shreya gave birth to her baby 3 weeks before her due date. Her baby was a smaller than she had imagined and the doctors advised her to fortify her breastmilk. Until now, she had always believed that there was nothing better than her own breastmilk for her baby and so this news came as a bit of a shock. A lack of information made her question the quality of her own breastmilk.
There are a number of myths surrounding human milk fortification and it is important to be able to distinguish between myth and fact.
Myth: If you eat a healthy diet, you won’t need human milk fortification
Being advised to fortify your breastmilk does not mean that there is something wrong with your breastmilk. Unequivocally, mother’s milk is the best source of nutrition for a baby but the nutrient value for preterm milk and full-term milk differs. Often, based on the baby’s birth weight and gestational age, extra nutrition may be required. Unfortunately, since a baby’s tummy has a limited capacity, simply feeding him/her more milk is simply not a solution.
Human milk fortifiers contain a mix of essential nutrients such as proteins, calcium and phosphates that can help the baby gain weight, build stronger bones and help maturation of organs. Thus, they boost the overall nutrient value that the baby received per feed.
Myth: You can consider human milk fortification only if you are lactating properly
Many women who give birth to extremely premature babies find themselves unable to produce sufficient breastmilk in the first few weeks. This does not mean that cows milk-derived products such as infant formula are the only options. You can use donor milk along with human milk fortifiers to ensure your baby gets the adequate nutrition it needs. Donor milk refers to breastmilk that has been expressed, pasteurized and frozen by other lactating mothers having an excess supply of breastmilk.
Myth: All premature babies need fortified milk
Not all premature babies need fortified breastmilk. Typically, this is advised if your baby weighs less than 2500 grams at birth.
It may also be advised if your baby is born very prematurely with the risk of not being able to absorb the nutrients (typically absorbed during the last few weeks of pregnancy). In such cases, if you have not started lactating properly as yet, donor milk may be used in conjunction with the Human milk fortifier. If you have an extremely premature baby, giving him/her fortified donor breastmilk instead of cow’s milk products can help lower the risk of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
Myth: Once you start giving your baby fortified breastmilk, you cannot give your baby un-fortified breastmilk
There is no fixed timeline for the period your baby will need fortified breastmilk, but it usually stops when your baby has gained weight appropriate to its corrected gestational age. Based on the baby’s growth markers such as Height, Weight and Head circumference, your doctor will advise you on when you can stop fortifying your breastmilk and switch back to nursing your baby directly through breastfeeding.
In some cases, this may be required only while your baby is in the NICU while in others yourbaby may continue to need fortified milk even after they come home. Once you get an ‘all ok’ from the doctor, you can resume breastfeeding your baby.
Myth: You can add other flavoring agents along with the fortifier
Fortifiers must always be added to breast milk / donor milk in the recommended quantity. Do not add anything else to this – no water, sugar, or honey. The ratio of fortifier to breastmilk should also not be changed, unless advised to do so by the doctor.
After a few weeks of fortifying her breastmilk, Shreya’s doctor advised her to stop the fortifier and resume breastfeeding. Shreya followed her doctor’s advice and her baby soon began meeting his developmental milestones.
Human milk fortification has been clinically proven to be beneficial for many babies like Shreya’s. So, if your doctor advises, don’t hesitate to try it.
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Artists Cover Glaciers With Blankets To Slow Down Climate Change
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Artists Cover Glaciers With Blankets To Slow Down Climate Change
Hearing about the effects that severe climate change is having on the world is one thing, but actually being able to see the world changing because of rising temperatures is becoming a reality all around the world. One of the places being greatly affected by this fluctuation in climate is a glacier that sits atop Kebnekaise Mountain in Sweden. The highest mountain peak in Sweden has seen drastic change over the last twenty years, with no halt in sight. While the glacier is a whopping forty meters thick, its size and shape has been monitored and tracked for years, and it has been shrinking by an average of a meter every single year.
The glacier is akin to a National Landmark in Sweden and with the growing issue of its demise garnering traction in the media, two dedicated Swedish artists set out to do something to save it from disappearing for good. Mats Bigert and Lars Bergstrom weathered the storm in every sense of the word and climbed the beloved mountain so they could install a self-designed reflective blanket onto the glacier. This reflective blanket was made specifically to deflect the suns harsh rays that were the cause for the shrinking glacier in the first place, but also to keep the internal temperature under the blanket low, so that the remaining ice would not melt.
mountain tops of singitjakka and duolbagorni, kebnekaise-fell, lapland, sweden
Image: Shutterstock/Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH
The idea for this blanket came about after similar projects throughout Sweden were successful in helping to maintain the amount of ice or snow on various mountains. Many of these projects were conducted on heavily populated mountains, mostly ski resorts, in order to keep them stockpiled enough for good skiing. Many of these similar projects were so successful that in their first year in existence, the peaks actually grew on average of two feet.
A replica of the glacier fitted with a reflective blanket is on display in Sweden as part of these artists’ ploy to encourage more people to truly understand how climate change is affecting the world. This display lets onlookers see the inside of a glacier and better understand its make up, and just how fast these rising temperatures are destroying something that has taken the earth so long to build.
So, will this project work? That remains to be seen, but it does present the true dangers of climate change and global warming. These blankets are nothing but a temporary fix for an ongoing problem. The Kebnekaise mountain is just one of millions all across the world that are in danger of melting away entirely. Projects like these are wonderful, but they are simply a blip on the radar. The real issue that needs to be tackled is the one of global warming in its entirety. Fashioning blankets or other devices is costly and simply cannot salvage all of the landmarks across the globe that are in jeopardy.
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blood donation
1. P
Iron Decreases Adiponectin - Phlebotomy(blood Donation),Manganese,zinc,vitamin D Increasing It
Adipocyte iron regulates adiponectin and insulin sensitivity. - PubMed - NCBI Iron overload is associated with increased diabetes risk. We therefore investigated the effect of iron on adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine that is decreased in diabetic patients. In humans, normal-range...
2. charlie
Frequent Blood Donors Live Longer Than Less Frequent Donors
More at link: http://sciencenordic.com/frequent-blood ... ive-longer
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Iron reduction in blood donors
Iron deficiency in whole blood donors But
4. E
Iron Removal
I know there are some discussions about PUFA removal from our tissue/body, but is there any information about the removal of excess iron that has been accumulated over the years? What is the process of Iron removal in our body? What is the time frame (Is it similar to PUFA's)? Es |
Two Keyholes to See It All
Despite all the poetry out there about eyes, these sensory organs simply help living things find food or spot predators. From the simplest “eye” to the most complex ones, they do their part to give organisms a competitive edge. Human peepers are pretty good, but they’re not the best. Like most appendages, we only evolve body parts that are just decent enough, but not exactly perfect.
eye necklaces in sterling silver - science jewelry
A Red Dot
The simplest “eye” isn’t even a true eye, it’s a collection of red protein rods inside a simple animal or single-celled organism. If you’ve ever peered into a microscope and observed a drop of water, you might notice that euglenas, rotifers, and water bears all have this red dot. The purpose is to guide the organism to light. This totally makes sense if your sole purpose is to either photosynthesize or eat things that photosynthesize!
Camera Inspiration
The eyes of cephalopods work just like a camera. These highly evolved organs are similar to human eyes…. just better. They’re made of the same parts - a lens, retina, photoreceptors, and an optic nerve. Octopi (a type of cephalopod) have better eye mechanics, better vision (thanks to more photoreceptors), and they physiologically don’t have a blind spot. When an octopus sees something, it focuses on the object by pushing the lens in and out, just like a camera! We humans have to use muscles to squeeze the lens in order to focus. Oof!
Just Good Enough To Do The Job
Despite their awesome eyes, did you know that octopi can’t see colors? Strange, right? But if you study octopi, it doesn’t make sense for an animal living in dark crevices at the bottom of the ocean to see color. Noticing small creatures is more important than deciphering what color they are. For humans though, colors are crucial for survival. They help us identify poisonous berries from edible ones, venomous animals from harmless ones, and ripe fruit from non-ripe fruit. Evolution gives organisms the traits they need to survive, not extra ones that are just cool to have.
Evolution Rule #1: Use It Or Lose It
You’ve probably seen this rule before in our other newsletters, but it’s an important one! When animals live in places with no sunlight, they lose their eyes. It’s similar to any other organ that isn’t used (like the poor appendix). Life requires energy and there’s no point in wasting it on something useless. So, whether you’re a visual learner, an artist, or just someone who loves to look at beautiful things, you’ll want to own our eye necklace. This piece also comes in gold and makes a wonderful gift for ophthalmologists, octopus lovers, that special someone you’ve got your eyes on, or starry-eyed pre-med students.
written by Science with Evie
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People Share The Best Facts About Language That No One Seems To Know
Language may seem like a pretty boring subject—we all had to study it throughout our school years, after all.
But languages are way weirder—and way cooler—than you might think.
Redditor FamousTeam90 asked:
“What is a fun language fact you know?”
Italian Is Newer And Older Than You Might Think
“The official Italian language is both new and old. It is based on an old dialect that was only adopted by the Italian state after unification in the late 1800’s.”
“It’s based on a literary language spoken by upper class Tuscans in 11th-12th 13th century. Most regions in Italy still speak their own dialect and the official Italian taught in schools.”
“Here’s a brief history for the curious.” –TrevArts
“My mother’s grandparents immigrated to the US from northern Italy around the turn of the 20th century. They apparently didn’t speak standard Italian, they spoke Lombard, which is a funky looking language/dialect. My mom said her grandparents kind of cut off the end of words like the French do.” -SagiTsukiko
“My grandparents originally lived near Napoli and spoke Neapolitan. Compared to standard Italian a lot of the pronunciations are totally different. My mother learned it from her parents and when we went to Italy to visit relatives who didn’t immigrate she got comments from people on how she spoke the old language instead of the new one.” -PrivateVasili
Finnish Has A Lot Of Homophones
“The Finnish phrase ‘kuusi palaa’ can be understood in 9 different ways:
“Six pieces / Six of them return / Six of them are on fire / The number six returns / The number six is on fire / A spruce is on fire / A spruce returns / Your moon is on fire / Your moon returns”
“A piece = pala / (multiple) pieces = palaa / A moon = kuu / Your moon = kuusi / A spruce = kuusi / Six = kuusi / To be on fire = palaa / To return = palata / Return(s) = palaa” -InfamousChibi
“‘How many do you want?’ ‘Kuusi palaa.’ ‘My moon is what?'” –joha130
English Is Changing
“We think of English, particularly American English, as becoming more homogeneous over time (usually attributed to the prevalence of national-level media), but in fact, the fastest vowel shift in the history of the English language is currently underway. It’s called the Northern Cities Shift, and is taking place from Chicago to upstate New York.” -HungryLikeTheWolf99
“The pronunciation of short vowels have shifted from their common sound, for example short o is now pronounced as short a, so the word block sounds more like black. It is happening around the great lakes and linguists aren’t sure why it has happened.” -maryxchristmas
“This short video shows people who demonstrate the accent but were filmed for other reasons (i.e. they were not trying to accentuate the Northern Cities Vowel Shift).”
“Edit: I wanted to add this video as well. It does a good job of actually explaining the phenomenon.” -Cat_Man_Dew
German Elements Can Be A Bit Strange
“Sauerstoffe, the German word for oxygen, literally translates to ‘sour material’.” -PersonWhoExists50306
This isn’t the only weird element name in German.”
“Hydrogen = Wasserstoff = ‘Water stuff'”
“Nitrogen = Stickstoff = ‘Choke stuff'”
“Carbon = Kohlenstoff = ‘Coal stuff'” -GeneralDarian
“‘Oxygen’ means acid forming. Acids taste sour.” –GozerDGozerian
Not All Medical Terms Are Latin
“Many people think that the medical names for organs of the body are derived from Latin, but only the muscles and bones are. For example, ‘gluteus maximus’ is Latin for biggest muscle. But, ‘pulmonary’ is derived from the Greek, since it is not a muscle (i.e. pertaining to the lungs).” -Ex_Nihil
Fruity Confusion
“In French, grape is ‘raisin’ and raisin is ‘raisin sec’ (which roughly translates to ‘dry grape’).”
“F**ked me up as a child.” -_aft3rlif3_
“My parents always interchanged French and English, but would only use raisin for the dry type and I never knew if I was getting grapes or raisins.” -notyetcommitteds2
ASL Is Quite Complex
“American Sign Language (ASL) is one of many signed languages around the world and has very little relation to the English language.”
“Also, when confronted with a proper noun, name or a concept that needs to be clarified because of the lack of a sign, we use fingerspelling. While you might think this is like speaking the letters of a name, signers spell so quickly that you aren’t supposed to catch every letter, just notice the general shape of the word as it’s spelled.”
“Some signs for ‘bank”dog’ and ‘what’ are fingerspelled so hurriedly that you omit a letter or two, leaving a quick motion in place of what would have been B-A-N-K.”
“Fingerspelling in general is bananas. Watch a Deaf person spell their own name (especially something long like Josephine) and you’ll see what I mean. It’s probably the toughest part of the language to learn since it’s nearly all intuitive.” -ICantHearYoo
Why Pineapple?
“Pineapple is some variation of ‘ananas’ in most languages…except English” -yeEEeEeeEeee3eeeeEet
“In Mexican Spanish, pineapple is piña, while in most other varieties it’s anana” -ThePeasantKingM
“It’s ananas in Kannada, a smaller language of a state of India. So weird, considering I doubt that there is any shared roots with other languages.” -Redditor
“Its ananas in Marathi too. I think it is that for PIE [Proto-Indo-European] root languages. Kannada isn’t one but maybe interacting with Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan language probably gave it ananas.” -AdiSoldier245
“When people type Arabic using Latin letters, they substitute some numbers for letters because they look similar. It’s commonly called “Arabeezy” as a portmanteau of the Arabic word for English, Engleezy, and Arabic. Examples include ew3adni, 2ool, 7abibi, 3li, 6arab. So sometimes you’ll see sentences like, ‘Eh a5bar sho3’lak?’ and wonder if their cat jumped on their keyboard.” -H0use0fpwncakes
“Been learning Arabic for two years and I had no idea the numbers were chosen because they looked like the letter, I just thought it was because English had no equivalent for that Arabic letter so we used numbers. This makes much more sense haha” -laika_pushinka
Don’t Interrupt
“You can’t really interrupt someone who use a language that places the verb at the end of the sentence because you won’t understand what he wants unless he’s finished” -OmarAdelX
“I mean to a certain extent. Japanese is that type of language but some sentences are even made not to be finished.. You don’t need the verb always.” -elrulestheworld
“Sure you can…if you know what they are going to say (context). Source – speak Japanese. People interrupt all the time.” -bless_your-heart-
“I’ve always wondered how translators work with this?”
“Like in German, for example, where you place the verb at the end.”
“For example, ‘I want to run quickly through the green grass.’ is ‘Ich möchte schnell durch das grüne Gras rennen.'”
“If someone was translating that it would seem like they’d hear ‘I want to quickly through the green grass run,’ so how do they know it’s going to be run?” -liamemsa
“Interpreter here, though in Spanish not German, but Spanish works the same way where I have to untangle the sentence to get it to make sense in English. When a client is talking, I usually wait for them to finish the thought before rendering it in the other language. This is called consecutive interpreting, one person talks, stops, and lets me do my thing. The other form, simultaneous, is when one person talks and once I can’t remember any more I start talking too, taking in info while I’m actively interpreting. Most of us don’t work in this mode often, unless you’re interpreting a conference or something. Most interpreter’s working memory is 4 ish sentences, so we know what you said and we just flip it around as we go. We also take notes depending on the type of session. It takes practice and a very high degree of fluency, but I honestly don’t think about the grammar much anymore. I’m trying to find the vocabulary that will get the message across best or remember a medical term.” -GrayGhoast
Language is even more fascinating than a lot of people think. Even if you take your native language for granted, there are probably a whole lot of really cool things you don’t know about it yet.
Written by Winn Sioux Christnot-Peters
Winn Sioux Christnot-Peters is a writer/web designer and aspiring librarian based in Northern Maine. When not writing or in class, they devote much of their time to multiple non-profit organizations, largely focusing on LGBTQ+ rights and animal welfare. During rare moments of free time Winona enjoys video and tabletop games, as well as various nerdy fiber crafts such as crocheting (mainly amigurumi Pokémon, cat toys, and blankets) and counted cross stitch. |
January 19, 2022
Information Technology by cobuman
Net Neutrality is Being Threatened Once Again
In a classic battle between the little guys and the big corporations, net neutrality has been a recurring point of conflict. Net neutrality is the principle that internet traffic should be treated uniformly by every service provider rather than certain types of data receiving special priority. In the past few years, the debate has been coming up more and more, and it is expected that the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) will make some changes under Donald Trump’s oversight.
Most voices you’ve heard will probably have argued in favour of net neutrality, and that makes sense as it almost unilaterally favours all citizens. What that doesn’t take into account is the strong pull corporations have with the government and how lobbying can effect change in the laws.
It jobs, interview questions and answers
“lobbying can effect change in the laws”
The debate can be better explained when you get an idea of the changes that could occur. Think about all the different data that is transmitted by way of the Internet. You have email, Netflix, Google searches, app downloads, and many more categories. As this article states, if one of these was given a special priority, it would create a “class” system of internet usage that would help broadband providers, but hurt consumers.
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Tim Berners-Lee; Creator of World Wide Web. Big Supported of net neutrality.
Consumers end up getting hurt by the lack of net neutrality in one of two ways. First, because certain usage is receiving special priority, that means that they receive a lesser priority on some things and have to wait longer to load it. Then, if they find that the Internet is working too slowly for their needs, they may decide to upgrade their service capabilities in order to get back to “normal”. This is essentially a shakedown and should be considered unacceptable by any legal system founded on the power of fairness.
There have been several “near misses” in the world of net neutrality before, but they were all averted due to effective protesting and having the right people in charge. The big changes that might occur amount to the legal distinction between a telecommunications service and a legal service. This article talks about the differences and how through simple manipulation of the law, corporations may be able change the entire structure of the Internet so that net neutrality rules no longer apply to the open Internet.
This is clearly an intolerable outcome and something must be done to stop it. If the nondiscrimination requirements on the open Internet disappear, then net neutrality will be over as we know it and the broadband providers will be able to collect more rents in their already strong monopoly. |
Gilgamesh vs. Achilles
1015 words 5 pages
Gilgamesh Vs. Achilles
Back in the days of ancient Greece and before this time, epic heros have had their lives chronicled and the stories of them passed on from generation to generation, all the way to our present day in our lives. Two of the greatest heros that have been expressed in past epic stories were Gilgamesh from the epic named after him, and Achilles from Homer’s Iliad. The two of their stories however, transpired in two different eras, their lives both had a surprising number of common points. Of course with things in common, there always comes differences, in the way they lived and the ideals they believed in. The first aspect that expresses both Gilgamesh’s and Achilles similarities and differences is divinity.
…show more content…
Instead of Gilgamesh accepting the way he was and honoring Enkidu’s death he set out to find immortality. As searching for this he found Utanapishti, he was the possessor of the secrets to immortality, Gilgamesh failed the test to stay awake for seven days and seven nights, and also he lost the plant that would make him young again, the sad thing was that he wanted to bring this plant back to Uruk and make all the old young again. After losing at both these tasks he set for, it caused him to realize that immortality was unachievable. However, Enkidu’s death did provide Gilgamesh with one of the best outcomes. It helped him over come his arrogance as a king and made him realize the reality of his world. On the other hand, Achilles had a different idea then Gilgamesh. Achilles believed in a shorter life full of glory and honor, and chose to avenge Patroclus by killing Hector. Even though Hector took the armor that Patroclus had on, which it was Achilles armor anyway. Achilles had the mindset that it was better to do something about the death of his companion then to grieve about it for the rest of his life, by sacrificing his own life. Achilles did not possess the dream of immortality and accepted it as being only for the gods. He believed in a very different manner then Gilgamesh, glory in his eyes was to be found in death, not life like Gilgamesh thought. Gilgamesh and Achilles shared several similarities in |
How to Avoid Joint Disease?
Most of our diseases are due to nervous stress, it concerns heart problems, GI tract, and, most surprisingly, impaired joint activity.
Scientists say that over the past few years, diseases such as arthritis are becoming more common and appear for a number of reasons.
In addition to frequent nervous stress, people began to move less, as more and more jobs are associated with the computer, because of which all the day you have to sit. In turn, such a sedentary lifestyle worsens blood circulation, which negatively affects the joints.
The nutrition plays an important role, because there are more and more fast food products that have a lot of salt in their composition, and, as we know, various diseases appear from the excess of it in the body.
The causes of arthritis may be an insufficient amount of liquid, it’s not for nothing that dieticians recommend drinking at least two liters of water a day. With the advent of joint pain, do not delay treatment, because complications can occur.
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Inspirational Christmas Scenes as Creative Writing Prompts
We thought we would share something a bit different for the end of term. Some of these winter writing prompts could also be used into the new year. We have added some ideas of questions you could ask, or tasks you can set, alongside these photos. You can use these in class, or add them to your school website for homework or simply to inspire some imaginative discussions in your students’ homes this holiday.
The Ice Train
Questions: What is the girl doing by the track? Has she ever been on the train? What is special in this photo? How do we know this image is related to Christmas? What do you think is happening on the train? What is the girl carrying? Does she look well dressed for winter?
The Owls
Task: Write a story for Nursery age children about these two Christmassy owls.
Snow Trails
Questions: What made the track in the snow? Where is it now? Why is it moving through the snow?
Happy Snowman
Task: Make your own snowman picture and write a short paragraph from the perspective of the snowman. What does he see? What does he think about the children who made him from the snow?
The Present Pile
Questions: What are the presents? If you could give a present to each of your friends what would you choose, who for, and why? What do you think would be best – things people want or things people need?
The Nativity
Questions: Why is Christmas such an important festival for Christians? What is depicted in this scene? Why do you think the baby is brighter than the rest of the people?
Yummy Traditions
Questions: Do you have any traditional foods and drinks for Christmas? Which foods/drinks mean Christmas to you? Why do you think traditions are important in many families?
The Sleigh
Questions: Who is in the sky? What date do you think this picture is meant to be taken on? What is the child in the picture thinking/feeling when they see what is in the sky?
Task: Write a Christmas story based on the child in the picture seeing Santa’s sleigh in the sky. What happens next?
For those of you who can’t get enough of the festive period, we have also put together a list of great Christmas class activities here.
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When three or more notes are played at the same time they are called chords.
Choose from the following options to learn about the different ways in which chords can be formed and used. If you’re new to chords select ‘Tonic Triads’ as this video explains the fundamentals of chords.
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Biodecontamination: microbially cleaning massive concrete structures
7 February 1999
A major liability facing the owners and operators of nuclear facilities worldwide is the decontamination and decommissioning of contaminated massive concrete structures. A biodecontamination technology which harnesses the action of naturally occurring bacteria is currently under joint development by BNFL and the INEEL. Referred to as microbially-influenced degradation (MID), the technology, which is now ready for a large-scale demonstration, should have considerable advantages in cost, worker health and safety risk reduction, and programme effectiveness. by M A HAMILTON, R D ROGERS, L O NELSON, R G HOLMES & T N MILNER
Decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) of nuclear facilities is a huge undertaking with equally large associated costs. Within the US Department of Energy alone, there are thousands of facilities currently identified for D&D and the list is growing daily. This equates to literally square miles of contaminated concrete surfaces within the DOE complex. The costs associated with these efforts are estimated in the tens of billions of dollars. The problem is not limited to the US.
The biodecontamination process developed by British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Lab (INEEL) is expected to require approximately six months to one year to remove the contaminated surface and can advantageously be applied during the Care and Maintenance phase of a D&D programme. A detailed assessment of the process in relation to the next best and base technologies was performed. The findings of this study recommended a large scale technology demonstration be performed to confirm the perceived cost and performance advantages that the biodecontamination process has over existing technologies.
Uncoated concrete has been used for the construction of ponds, canals, sumps and other structures within operating nuclear facilities. These concrete structures have served the purpose of containment, transport, and storage of liquid and solid radioactive materials. Use of the facilities has resulted in contamination of the concrete surfaces with radionuclides. Typically this contamination is securely fixed on the surface or within the first 1 or 2 mm.
Current methods for decontamination of concrete include physical and chemical removal. Such methods are costly, labour intensive, generate large volumes of waste, and pose potential risks to workers. The task of decontaminating concrete within the large number of buildings requiring decommissioning is enormous. The difficulty of the task is increased by the continuing demands to accomplish it within more restrictive limits of waste volume, cost, and environmental risk.
Many commercial technologies for concrete decontamination have been developed and applied. Traditional concrete decontamination methods included shot blasting, mechanical scabbling, detergent scrubbing, high pressure washing, chemical treatments, strippable coatings, clamshell scrapers, brushing, vacuuming and attacking cracks with jack hammers. However, the use of explosives, jackhammers, etc has been a problem because of high worker exposure to contamination suspended in the dust. It is evident from past experience that the primary decontamination methods used to date have been pressure-washing techniques and various types of scabbling.
A small number of innovative technologies that give promise of greater effectiveness/cost savings relative to technologies currently available for addressing the concrete decontamination problem through the D&D life cycle have been developed and are proposed for demonstration.
One such innovative approach to cleaning contaminated concrete is biological remediation or biodecontamination. It has been demonstrated that biological activity can promote degradation of concrete and the mechanism of degradation has been characterised as consistent with chemical degradation. Microbially-influenced degradation is the premise for biological approaches for removing contaminants fixed in surface layers of concrete structures.
A microbially mediated process implicated in the degradation of concrete was first reported by Parker in 1945,* when thiobacilli were isolated from corroded concrete. Much of the research that followed over the next five decades has focused on identifying and enumerating the organisms responsible for the degradation process. The bacterially mediated process appears to be an acid dissolution of the cement matrix of concrete resulting from the production of strong mineral acids by specialised microorganisms. This bacterially mediated process is referred to as microbially-influenced degradation (MID) of concrete.
Two groups of bacteria, generally thought to induce acid corrosion, are nitrifiers that oxidize inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonia to nitric acid and sulfur oxidizers that oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur compounds to sulfuric acid. Activity of both groups of bacteria has been related to biodeterioration of concrete. Nitrifying bacteria are usually implicated in concrete degradation in environments where sulfur oxidizers are not important because their substrate is lacking. A group of bacteria often associated with MID of concrete belong to the sulfur oxidizing genus Thiobacillus. Previous research conducted at INEEL showed that thiobacilli are aggressively involved in MID of concrete.
BNFL and INEEL are working jointly under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement to develop a technology that utilises this naturally occurring phenomenon for removing surface material of radionuclide contaminated concrete. The technology can be described in three stages:
• Application of microbes and nutrients.
• Maintenance of microbial activity.
• Removal and packaging of surface material for waste disposal.
The process is a passive one that essentially leaves the bacteria to actively degrade the cement matrix until the concrete surface is loosened for removal to a desired depth. It is expected that the process will require 6-18 months for completion, depending on the depth and extent of contamination.
Application of the bacteria and nutrients can be conducted in a fraction of the time required to physically remove concrete surface material. The maintenance phase, which essentially consists of environmental control, requires only minimum attention, primarily to monitor progress. Removal of the degraded surface material again results in reduced labour due to the ease of removal of the already loosened material. In addition, the depth of removal can be controlled such that the waste volume is greatly reduced. These reductions in labour requirements have the potential to result in lower costs and exposure risks to personnel.
All phases can be conducted remotely if necessitated by high radiation fields. Laboratory and proof of principal demonstrations have been conducted and optimum conditions for maximum rate of material removal have been established. Moisture is necessary for bacterial action, although the process does not require saturation and therefore no liquid effluent or secondary waste stream is produced. Optimal temperatures are between 25°C and 30°C, however the process can continue at a reduced rate during sub-optimal conditions and can be used in shut down facilities that are not heated.
In controlled experiments, initiation and maintenance of MID bacterial communities on concrete surfaces was induced. Biofilm formation, bacterial production of sulfuric acid, and formation of calcium oxide dissolution products were demonstrated. In proof of concept demonstrations, concrete reactivity with biogenic acid was demonstrated to be as high as 20 times more efficient than mineral acid dissolution alone can account for.
It has been hypothesised that degradation is the result of microsite dissolution and subsequent weakening of the cement matrix between microsites. Prototype applications on both vertical and horizontal surfaces, verified that MID could be initiated and managed over a large surface area of contaminated concrete and also demonstrated that MID could be used to promote the removal of 2-4 mm of concrete surface.
Current efforts are focused on optimising and engineering the application system to provide bacteria and nutrients to the concrete surface in a more cost and time efficient manner. The application process will promote continued bacterial activity for the duration necessary to remove the desired depth of contaminated concrete material with minimal inputs to the system. The preferred method of application involves mixing the bacteria, nutrients, and reduced sulfur source in an inert matrix that is easily sprayed on the surface, is hydrophilic, and adheres to uncoated concrete. Additionally, efforts are underway to adapt and use currently available technology for removal of the concrete debris once the bacteria have loosened the surface. Design of a complete integrated system is expected to be ready for full scale, active demonstration by 1999.
A number of sites in the US are currently being reviewed to select the most appropriate demonstration opportunity for the fully developed process. Sites currently being reviewed include reactor decommissioning projects, the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) and the US DOE Large Scale Demonstration and Deployment Project (LSDDP) initiative. UK based demonstration of the biodecontamination process is currently ongoing at the Sellafield Pile Chimney decommissioning project.
Biodecontamination is an innovative process that is currently being developed by the INEEL and BNFL to meet both the US DOE needs and the UK BNFL needs for cost effective concrete decontamination. Because the depth of removal of a contaminated surface can be controlled in the application of this technology, production of secondary waste is greatly reduced and the occurrence of airborne contamination is eliminated. Estimated costs for the process are considerably less than those for different scabbling methods. As methods for application are developed, it is thought that the process will be usable for decontamination of encumbered (fitting, conduit, piping, etc) floors and walls. Also, because of its “hands-off” operation, worker exposure to radiation and industrial accidents is expected to be greatly reduced.
Laboratory and proof of principal demonstrations have established that MID bacterial populations can be applied and maintained on large concrete surfaces and that their activity can be controlled to promote degradation for the purpose of decontamination. Systems for application, maintenance, and removal are currently being evaluated and optimised and an integrated technology is expected to be ready for demonstration in 1999.
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Please put any work you do in your purple exercise book or take pictures and put them on Tapestry. I can't wait to see what you get up to!
Go through your sound mat and tricky words.
Today's blend is 'nk'.
Complete the below activity. If you don't have a printer, some pages are quite easy to copy using a pencil in the children's exercise books.
Choose a word from the nk activity and write a sentence including that word and a tricky word.
Make sure you have your Phase 2 and 3 sound mat in front of you to help you write your sentence(s).
Carry on with your letter formation from yesterday.
If your child can't order numbers to 20, focus on that again today.
Recap odd and even numbers using your numicon/objects.
Today you have a few choices depending on how confident you are with odd and even numbers.
You can 'Clever Count' even numbers using your 100 grid and then just say the even numbers to count in 2s
If you can count in 2s already, you can get pairs of items from around the house (socks, shoes etc) and count how many there are. For example how many blue socks do you have? How many shoes have laces?
Don't forget Mr Nicholls sets activities under the P.E. section on the Class Pages overview. Mr Nicholls also wanted me to highlight the School Games Virtual Challenge as we haven't had very many children enter. All the details are on his 'P.E.' page under 'Class Pages'. |
Does being on your period make you less on top of your game?
‘Period brain’ may be one of the mainstays of internet banter – but a new study doesn’t find any scientific evidence for it.
Is there such a thing as period brain? There are teams of researchers asking exactly what having a period does to your memory, ability to pay attention and your judgment. So far, the weight of studies has been firmly tilted towards fluctuating levels of hormones during the menstrual cycle having both physical and mental impacts. The authors of a review in the Archives of Gynaecology and Obstetrics state: “The effects of the menstrual cycle on emotional state and cognitive function have been long recognised,” and cite internet humour as confirmatory.
Banter on the internet doesn’t make period brain a real thing. And a new study in Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience doesn’t support the theory either. It’s not a big study – only 88 women were enrolled – but studies in this field are often small, some with as few as 10 women.
These women had their levels of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone measured and analysed for any association with how they performed in tests of cognitive function at different times in their menstrual cycle. They then went through the same tests again for a second consecutive month. There was an association found in the first round of tests between the memory we use for reasoning and to make decisions (working memory) and levels of progesterone, but this was not found in the second cycle.
Brigitte Leeners, a professor of reproductive endocrinology at the University hospital in Zurich, is clear that there was no association found between hormone levels and how well the women did in their cognitive tests.
The study did not investigate if women feel mentally below par due to having stomach cramps or feeling tired – this was simply about hormones. Leeners says in her paper that scientific dogma states that oestrogens are involved in attention and working memory. However, she believes the studies showing this link are not robust and often based on small numbers of women. As far as her paper shows, there is no link between cognitive function as measured through testing attention, reasoning and decision making.
Leeners does say that there may be some individual sensitivities to hormone levels, which her study might not have picked up. It also did not look at emotional changes, and previous studies have found that high levels of progesterone are associated with more activity in the part of the brain called the amygdala, which increases how much we retain or recall emotional memories. Other studies find up to 10% of women have severe premenstrual symptoms.
This latest study does not say that periods aren’t hell for some women, but it does find that any changes in how well our brains work on the basis of hormone levels (not in how we feel) are either small, hard to find or nonexistent. |
Knowledge of Wireless security camera
Knowledge of wireless surveillance cameras
Wireless security camera are closed circuit cameras (CCTV) that transmit the video and audio signal to a wireless receiver over a radio range. Many wireless surveillance cameras require at least one cable or wire for power; The word “wireless” refers to transmitting video, audio. However, some wireless security cameras are battery powered, which makes the cameras truly wireless from top to bottom.
Wireless cameras have proven to be popular among modern security consumers due to their low installation costs (there is no need to run expensive video extension cables) and flexible mounting options; Wireless cameras can be parked in locations that were not previously available for standard wired cameras. In addition to ease of use and ease of access, the wireless security camera allows users to take advantage of wireless broadband internet to provide seamless streaming of video over the Internet.
Wireless security camera
Types of wireless cameras
Analog wireless
Analog wireless is the transmission of audio and video signals using radio frequencies. Typically, the analog wireless transmission range is about 300 feet (91 meters) in an open space; Walls, doors, and furniture will reduce this range.
Analog wireless is found in three frequencies: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Currently, the majority of wireless surveillance cameras operate at a frequency of 2.4GHz. Most home routers, cordless phones, video game controllers, and microwaves operate at a frequency of 2.4GHz and may cause interference with a wireless security camera. The main difference between the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequencies is the range. 900MHz has been known to penetrate barriers such as walls and plants. “Citation needed”
Cost Effective: The cost of single cameras is low
Multiple receivers per camera: The signal from one camera can be captured by any receiver; You can have multiple receivers in different locations to create your own wireless monitoring network.
Subject to interference from other household appliances, such as microwaves, cordless phones, video game controllers, and routers.
No signal strength indicator: No visual alert (like bars on a cell phone) indicating signal strength.
Vulnerable to Interception: Since analog radio uses a fixed frequency, it is possible that the signals will be picked up by other receivers.
One-way communication only: The receiver cannot send signals back to the camera.
Wireless digital cameras
Digital wireless is the transmission of analog audio and video signals encoded as digital packets over high-bandwidth radio frequencies.
Wide transmission range – usually close to 450 feet (open space, clear line of sight between camera and receiver)
High-quality video and audio
Bi-directional communication between the camera and the receiver
The digital signal means you can send commands and functions, such as turning the lights on and off
You can connect multiple receivers to a single recording device, such as a security DVR
Uses and applications
Home security systems
Wireless security cameras are becoming more and more popular in the consumer market, they are a cost effective way to get a comprehensive home or business surveillance system at a much lower price often. Wireless cameras are also ideal for people who rent houses or apartments. Since there is no need to run video extension cables through walls or ceilings (from camera to receiver or recording device), one does not need owner approval to install a wireless security camera system. In addition, the absence of wires reduces clutter and avoids damage to the appearance of the building.
The wireless security camera is also a great choice for seasonal surveillance and monitoring. For example, one might observe a swimming pool or a patio.
Barn Cameras
Wireless cameras are also very useful in monitoring outdoor buildings as wireless signals can be sent from one building to another where the wires cannot run due to roads or other obstructions. One of its common uses is to see animals in a barn from a house located on the same property. An example of this can be seen in this story by one of the first Barn Cam in the New York Times.
law enforcement
Law enforcement agencies also use wireless security cameras to deter crime. The cameras can be installed in many remote locations and only video data is transmitted over a government wireless network. An example of this application is the deployment of hundreds of wireless security cameras by the New York City Police Department on street lighting on many streets around the city.
Wireless range
Wireless security cameras work best when there is a clear line of sight between the cameras (s) and the receiver. If digital wireless cameras are outdoors and have a clear line of sight, their range is usually between 250 and 450 feet. If the range is indoors, the range can be limited to 100 to 150 feet. Cubic walls, drywall, glass, and windows generally do not reduce wireless signal strength. Brick, concrete floors, and walls reduce signal strength. Trees in the line of sight of the wireless camera and receiver may also affect signal strength.
The signal range also depends on whether there are competing signals that use the same camera frequency. For example, signals from cordless phones or routers may affect signal strength. When this happens, the camera image may freeze, or appear “choppy”. Usually the solution is to lock the channel the wireless router is on. |
Home » Frequently asked Questions on Health » How can hearing loss due to nerve weakness be treated?
How can hearing loss due to nerve weakness be treated?
Q: My wife is 22 years old and has recently developed a hearing problem. We consulted a doctor and he said some of the nerves have gone weak. This is not curable and in fact it may increase in future. Now I feel her problem is increasing. Is there any way to reduce it or cure it? The doctor told that in near future she might have to use hearing aid. Can this problem be solved in any way? If a solution is not possible, then can we do any efforts so that it doesn't increase in future?
A:I understand your concern but unfortunately once the nerve has got weakened, there is nothing one can do. Hearing aid will help her in communication and this is an important issue. Hearing aid will not cure her deafness and nor will it stop the progress of the hearing loss. At this stage what is important is your attitude towards her. Be very patient with her and don't show that this is the end of her hearing. Coax her into wearing a hearing aid. Ask her to try to communicate with others using her full attention. You will find in no time she will behave like she has no impairment. Till date there is no cure for loss of hearing due to the nerves. Take precautions: 1. Avoid loud noises. 2. Avoid prolonged exposure to loud sounds and music. 3. Avoid drugs and chemicals, always inform doctor about the hearing loss. 4. Avoid any other parapsychological treatment like hypnotism, tantra, etc. 5. Always review the hearing test every year.
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Beat the IELTS Task 2 Writing: Application
In the last post, I provided some basic tips for dealing with the IELTS Task 2 writing prompts. In this post, I will apply these tips in order to show how they can help someone to perform better on the IELTS.
Below is an example of a potential writing prompt for the Task 2
Smoking is bad for you. Do you agree or disagree? Use reasons and examples to support your answer.
Writing Process
Step 1: Break down the prompt to determine what to do
The prompt has three components to it
An opinion: Smoking is bad for you
Your job: Do you agree or disagree
Advice: Use reasons and examples to support your answer
This prompt is a one job task as we only have to do one thing, which agrees or disagree that smoking is bad for you.
Step 2: Develop outline
You need to think and plan before writing. It is common for people to take off and start writing without any idea of what they will say. Writing is different from speaking. We can speak without thinking but our body language can help in expressing what we want to say. In addition, when speaking to people, they can ask us for clarification. Both body language and follow-up questions are not possible when writing. This is why planning is so important. If you are unclear there is nothing that can be done.
Your thesis is whether you agree or disagree. It is the ultimate main idea of your essay. Your reasons are explanations of your thesis. Lastly, examples help illustrate your reasons. Keeping this in mind helps with the internal consistency of your argument. Many times students make unrelated points that do not support each other. Remember your thesis is supported by your reasons and your reasons are supported by your examples. This has less to do with your English ability as it has to with thinking and organizational skills. There are native speakers who cannot organize their thoughts to pass the IELTS.
Outline Example
The standard five-paragraph essay will be employed in the outline below.
1. Introduction
1. Topic sentence-There are people who believe that smoking is bad for you
2. Thesis-I agree that smoking is bad for (remember agreeing or disagreeing is the easiest way to write)
3. Reasons
1. Causes health problems
2. Is a waste of money
3. Is a bad example for children
2. Reason 1-Smoking causes health problems
1. Example-grandfather smoked many years. He got cancer and died a terrible death (NOTE: examples do not have to be true. The goal is to illustrate the reason)
3. Reason 2-Smoking waste money
1. Example-Friend spent money on cigarettes and hand constant financial problems
4. Reason 3-Smoking is a bad example for children
1. Uncle smoked. Eventually, his kids smoked. My uncle always regretted that his children smoked even though he did it. His kids said that they smoked to be like him.
5. Conclusion
1. Smoking is not good for a person because it leads to many problems
Your outline does not have to be this formal. A few notes on a scratch piece of paper is enough for most people. You do need to think before you write. Since people who take the IELTS are non-native speakers they must be much more careful in how they approach writing. Planning allows them to focus on English while writing. Failing to plan leads to trying to plan and worrying about the English at the same time. This leads to cognitive overload and loss of points.
One other point, the Task 2 prompt requires at least 250 words. Give them only about 250 words. The more you write the more mistakes you will make as a non-native writer, which will lead to an irritated reader. Writing 500 lousy words is not going to help you pass if instead, you write 275 excellent words. It is quality with a minimum amount of quantity that matters.
Step 3: Write the Essay
Essay Example
Below is a write up of the outline
There are people who believe that smoking is bad for. I agree that smoking is bad for you. I have three reasons why I believe this. First, smoking leads to health problems. Second, smoking waste a lot of money. Lastly, smoking is a bad example for kids.
One reason smoking is bad for you is that it harms your health. For example, I know of someone’s grandfather who smokes cigarettes for years. Eventually, he becomes really sick with cancer. The disease destroyed his body and made his life miserable. After suffering for some time, he died. His death was caused partly by his decision to smoke cigarettes for many years.
Smoking is also bad for you because it wastes money. I have a friend who smokes. He spends several dollars a day on this habit. Since he is always spending money on cigarettes he is constantly short of cash. Even though he has a good job his habit is eating a hole in his finances. He is always asking people if he can borrow money. If he stopped smoking he might have more money.
Lastly, smoking is a bad example for children. I have an uncle who smokes. When his children grew up, they started to smoke as well. My uncle always regretted that his kids smoke even though he smoked himself. He was worried about their health. His kids told him that they smoked because they wanted to be like him. His influence led to their poor choice.
I believe that people should avoid smoking. There are physical, financial, and social concerns when people choose to do this. It benefits everyone if people choose not to smoke.
In this post, we learned that there are three steps to writing which are breaking down the prompt, developing an outline, and writing the essay. These steps will hopefully help anyone who needs to take the IELTS
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Alexander Bogdanov’s Secret History of Martian Socialism
Long before writers like Kim Stanley Robinson used science fiction to explore socialist ideas, the Russian Marxist Alexander Bogdanov published a remarkable novel about the Martian road to socialism. Bogdanov’s Red Star is finally getting the attention it deserves.
Alexander Bogdanov used science fiction to hold up a mirror to our own world, depicting intelligent beings on Mars and the highly advanced socialist society they had created. (Getty Images)
An early scene in Alexander Bogdanov’s novel Red Star describes a meeting between a mysterious character and a revolutionary scientist. The scientist is Lenni, a mathematician, sometime surgeon, and active fighter in the first of the twentieth-century Russian revolutions, in 1905. Lenni has been contacted by Metti, another scientist, philosopher, and social critic.
What starts as a seeming invitation to join an earthly secret society quickly escalates into a trip off of the planet. Metti, we learn, has come from Mars to find a suitable human ambassador between the two planets and the societies they host. The Martians in the book recognize that the bloody conflict in which Lenni, and the Russian working class, is engaged will help lead to the establishment of socialism.
Metti discusses with Lenni the idea that organisms, and indeed societies, tend to converge on certain characteristics as they evolve along with their worlds. The Martians and the Earthling humans, it turns out, don’t look so different from one another.
Metti’s people are taller, and they have larger eyes, as they’ve adapted to their planet’s lighter gravity and dimmer sunlight. But other than that, they are recognizable to one another as “higher types,” that is, organisms who have evolved to use and shape the conditions presented by their worlds to a greater degree than any other, “the one which masters the planet.”
So it goes with political and social forms, as well. The course of history on Mars, though less full of brutal conflicts like the revolution they have left behind in St Petersburg, tends inexorably toward socialism, as does the course of history on Earth.
Lenni, Bogdanov’s narrator, presents himself with a concrete image of this isomorphism — the eye of the octopus. Octopuses, marine Cephalopoda that represent the highest organisms of an entire branch of evolution, have eyes which are unusually similar to those of the animals on our branch, the vertebrates. Yet the origin and development of the eyes of the vertebrates are completely different.
Strife on Mars
This conceit allows Bogdanov to use his novel to serve one of the primary functions of science fiction and utopian literature in general. His Mars is an opportunity to create an outside from which to examine the givens that are taken for granted on Earth.
Mars is distant in space, and it is only thanks to the recent development of advanced propulsion systems to make the trip that the Martians have discovered that Earth is inhabited by “higher” creatures like themselves. But Mars is also distant in time, further along an inevitable teleological pathway that will end in a better, “higher” society.
Lenni learns, from Metti and the other Martians he meets once they arrive on the planet, that Martians had once been distant from one another — geographically, culturally, socially, and economically. As Metti tells him:
At one time, peoples from different countries on Mars could not understand each other either. Long ago, however, several centuries before the socialist revolution, all the various dialects drew closer to one another and merged in a single common language. This occurred freely and spontaneously.
However, this convergence of equals was followed by the introduction of class hierarchy, which led to resource exploitation, followed by the eventual resolution of the conflict through the introduction of global Martian socialism. The tectonics of Martian history and society are a consequence of that planet’s own relationships between its geological parts and wholes. Mars, we learn, has no great oceans or huge mountain ranges, for it has no plate tectonics.
On Earth, on the other hand, the division of the whole planet into component parts created an initial blissful ignorance; individual cultures could live without concern for one another. But eventually, as these peoples grew and migrated, they met one another, and instead of cultural similarity, reinforced by the sameness of their lands, they found heightened difference. It is that difference that has led to the extreme conflict and war that defines Earth’s history. On Mars, in contrast, unity in geology is of a piece with political and social unity.
In the history that the novel’s Martians present, this unity represents a kind of closing of the Martian frontier. The subsequent competition for newly scarce resources creates new divisions — this time not across the horizontal landscape, but vertically, between class and income levels. The crisis is brought to a head when water begins to run out, and the Martians begin the construction of what would have been, at the time of Red Star’s publication, Mars’s best-known features, its canals.
Red Plenty
Their seeming existence was announced in 1877 by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, and much has been made of the subsequent translation of his word for what he had observed, canali — which could mean any kind of channel, natural or otherwise — into a word in English that more directly connoted intelligent design: canals. The idea of an engineering project that spanned an entire planet was humbling and frightening to cultures on Earth, at a time when the construction of canals in Panama and Suez was already staggeringly ambitious, and even more shockingly expensive.
The popular assumption was that any intelligent culture on Mars must be much older than Earth’s, in order to have achieved such a thing. This was the root of H. G. Wells’s 1897 novel The War of the Worlds, in which the more technologically advanced Martians invade Earth, and of Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Barsoom series, begun in 1912, in which Martian culture has become decadent and violently degraded to almost medieval levels.
Bogdanov expertly turns these tropes around in Red Star. His canals are another resurgence of horizontal connections, a new tectonic system that had originally been intended to recuperate the last drops of a failing resource, but whose difficult construction and expense instead precipitated a new period of shared infrastructure and shared resources that led to a postcapitalist Martian golden age.
In Bogdanov’s Martian planetary imagination, this golden age is an era regulated by numbers and statistics. Netti, another of Lenni’s Martian comrades, suggests that humanity’s failure so far to embark on this effort represents a failure of the parts to form a whole:
That is because the common cause of mankind is not yet really a common cause among you. It has become so splintered in the illusions generated by the struggle among men that it seems to belong to individual persons rather than to mankind as a whole.
The Martians have learned to use information science and computation to regulate these tectonic relationships, so that each individual effort on the part of each Martian citizen contributes to the greater good and greater advancement. The “exact computation of available labor” organizes every possible connection between what a person is able and willing to do, and what is needed to be done, in a system not unlike the “sharing” and “gig” economy systems of the early twenty-first century, albeit with three important differences.
Firstly, there is no profit motive on Mars; in the second place, all consumer goods are free; and finally, participation in this statistically regulated workforce is entirely voluntary: The tables are meant to affect the distribution of labor. If they are to do that, everyone must be able to see where there is a labor shortage and just how big it is.
Assuming that an individual has the same or an approximately equal aptitude for two vocations, he can then choose the one with the greater shortage. As to labor surpluses, exact data on them need be indicated only where such a surplus actually exists, so that each worker in that branch can take into consideration both the size of the surplus and his own inclination to change vocations.
Planetary Conflict
The human Lenni discovers that all is not quite as it seems in the Martian utopia. Their society is on the verge of a Malthusian crisis, as available resources are not growing fast enough to supply their growing population. But still, they adhere to a logic that values expansion above all else. As one Martian says to him:
Check the birth rate? Why, that would be tantamount to capitulating to the elements. It would mean denying the unlimited growth of life and would inevitably imply bringing it to a halt in the very near future.
The Martians believe in a creed that equates the existence of each tiny part and particle with the existence of the totality. “The meaning of each individual life,” one says, “will vanish together with that faith, because the whole lives in each and every one of us, in each tiny cell of the great organism, and each of us lives through the whole.”
As we noted above, Mars is a planet without plate tectonics, and the Martian worldview is likewise one of a social and political life whose seams are smoothed over, without fault lines. But once Bogdanov’s Martians discover an outside to their own totality — the existence of other nearby planets with resources, Venus and Earth — difference reappears in the scenario. And once they develop the capability of reaching those planets, in the form of the experimental space drive that had allowed Metti’s expedition to collect Lenni, that initial difference between planetary parts leads to potential conflict, and the threat of a Martian invasion of Earth.
In his work Cosmos, codeveloped as a book and a TV series, astronomer and planetary scientist Carl Sagan frequently invokes the image of a “cosmic ocean” to give his ideas about space exploration a concrete metaphorical frame. As he remarks in the first episode of the show:
Are there other ways of knowing besides colonization and conquest? Venus, in Red Star, is depicted in a way that would be as familiar to readers of early twentieth-century science fiction as the famous canals of Mars. It is a hot, humid, suffocating jungle world, overflowing with energy, resources, and a prosperous, hostile, and “primitive” life. When a character lecturing on Venus hears proposals to devote Martian science and engineering to tame this jungle and make it productive for “higher forms” of life, he dismisses them as naive.
The main Martian proponent of an Earth invasion rejects the idea that Martians could go to Earth and live peacefully with the humans there. The Earthlings are too violent and debased for that, he argues, due to the history of difficulty and difference on their world; moreover, the distance between the two planets — socially and spatially — is too great and dangerous. Therefore, invasion and extermination is the only option:
We must understand this necessity and look it squarely in the eye, however grim it might seem. We have only two alternatives: either we halt the development of our civilization, or we destroy the alien civilization on Earth. There is no third possibility. . . . We must choose, and I say that we have but one choice. A higher form of life cannot be sacrificed for the sake of a lower one. Among all the people on Earth there are not even a few million who are consciously striving for a truly human type of life. For the sake of these embryonic human beings we cannot deny the birth and development of tens, maybe hundreds of millions of our own people, who are humans in an incomparably fuller sense of the word. We will not be guilty of cruelty, because we can destroy them with far less suffering than they are constantly causing each other. There is but one Life in the Universe, and it will be enriched rather than impoverished if it is our socialism rather than the distant, semi-barbaric Earthly variant that is allowed to develop, for thanks to its unbroken evolution and boundless potential, our life is infinitely more harmonious.
Direct Exchange
In an important speech, Netti, the narrator’s Martian love interest, delivers a rebuke to these paradigms of total hierarchy and instrumentality. “These forms are not identical with ours,” she insists. “The history of a different natural environment and a different struggle is reflected in them; they conceal a different play of spontaneous forces, other contradictions, other possibilities of development.”
For Netti, and for Bogdanov, this difference is precisely the point:
They and their civilization are not simply lower and weaker than ours — they are different. If we eliminate them we will not replace them in the process of universal evolution but will merely fill in mechanically the vacuum we have created in the world of life forms.
There is a precedent in Martian society for this alternate scheme of valuable productive difference: in order to prolong their lives, they practice mutual blood transfusions with one another. These are undertaken not to cure the sick, but rather to smooth out difference between individuals, so that they may share what is best from each, in “regular comradely exchanges of life.”
Bogdanov’s Martians need to be renewed by interaction with something outside themselves, through the transfer of information, art, radio waves, thought patterns, or bodily essences. These connections rely on difference without hierarchy, signaling a recognition that disparate parts can form a new whole, even if it is a hybrid, such as a cyborg. So, the “way for the cosmos to know itself” that Sagan waxed about has as much to do with difference, difficulty, and even accident as it does with some teleological march of progress.
Bogdanov valued direct exchange as a way to engage with spontaneity and contradiction, putting his speculations into material and bodily practice: he experimented with actual blood transfusions as a physician. Tragically, he was brought down by his faith in the power of “comradely exchange”: he died in 1928 after a transfusion experiment exposed him to malaria, tuberculosis, and an incompatible blood type. |
King Lear Character Questions
Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia King Lear’s daughters from oldest to youngest are…(write in this format: ______, ______, and ______)
Edgar Gloucester’s legitimate son is named….
Goneril, Regan, Edmund The “bad children” are….(write in this format: ______, ______, ______)
Cordelia, Edgar The “good children” are….(write in this format: ______, ______)
Albany Who is the “good” son-in-law of Lear?
Cornwall Who is the “bad” son-in-law of Lear who gouges Gloucester’s eyes out?
Kent, Edgar, Albany Who are the three characters who live at the end?(write in this format: ______, ______, ______)
Edmund Gloucester’s illegitimate son is named….
Burgundy Which character decided not to marry Cordelia because she had no money?
King of France Which character married Cordelia even without any money or her father’s approval?
Kent Who was King Lear’s extremely loyal-to-the-point-of-stupidity servant?
Fool The loyal, comedic, and honest character, who does NOT live up to his name in terms of intelligence.
Goneril This character dies by committing suicide.
Regan This character dies because they are poisoned.
Cordelia This character dies by execution.
Gloucester This character dies from shock and joy.
King Lear This character dies out of grief.
Edmund This character is killed in a duel.
Cornwall This character dies when they are mortally wounded by a servant of Gloucester.
Cornwall This character is the husband of Regan.
Albany This character is the husband of Goneril.
Which of the two Dukes does Kent suggest Lear prefers? Albany
Which important characters are not present at the division ceremony? Fool, France, Burgundy, Edgar
Who is older, Edmund or Edgar? Edgar
Who speaks of their love for Lear first? Goneril
When does Kent say he will be “unmannerly”? When lear is mad
How long does Kent have to leave the kingdom? 5 days
Who marries Cordelia? France
Who is Edmund’s goddess? Nature
Who confirms that it is Edgar’s handwriting in the letter? Edmund
How does Goneril instruct Oswald to treat Lear and his men? With weary negligence and cold looks
How does Kent suggest he is going to disguise himself? By putting on voices
What does Kent say is “the best of him”? Diligence
How many Knights does Lear have with him in this scene? 4
Who ignores Lear in this scene? Oswald
How long has the fool been absent? 2 days
Why has he been away? Crying for cordelia
What does this behavior suggest about the character of the fool? He loves cordelia
What do the Fool’s comments suggest about his knowledge of I.i.? He knows what has happened even though he wasn’t there
Who is it who can tell Lear who he is? his shadow
How many followers of Lear does Goneril get rid of? 50
What thought does Lear take comfort in when his authority is challenged by Goneril? “I have another daughter yet”
Who speaks out in favor of Lear in this scene? Albany
What does Goneril do to quiet him? cuts him off
Who takes Goneril’s letter to Regan and what does it say? Oswald, what Goneril has done to Lear so that Regan is warned
What does Lear get Kent to do at the end of the scene5? Take a letter to Regan (at Gloucester’s house) but tell her nothing more
Who is Curan? Member of Gloucester’s house
What does Edmund say Edgar was attempting to do? Kill Gloucester
How does Gloucester link himself to Lear’s fate? my heart is cracked
Where does Kent tell Oswald to put his horses? In the mire
Why does Kent violently insult Oswald? His disrespect for Lear and his cold reception from Regan
What reason does Oswald give for “sparing” Kent’s life? His grey beard
How long does Kent have to sit in the stocks and who decided this? Until the following morning, Regan
Who does Edgar become in this scene? Tom o’ Bedlam
What does Lear fear he is succumbing to in this scene? Hysterica Passio
What excuse do Regan and Cornwall give for refusing to speak to Lear? They are tired
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anacron(8) runs commands periodically
anacron [-s] [-f] [-n] [-d] [-q] [-t anacrontab] [-S spooldir] [job] ...
anacron [-S spooldir] -u [-t anacrontab] [job] ...
anacron [-V|-h]
anacron -T [-t anacrontab]
Anacron can be used to execute commands periodically, with a frequency specified in days. Unlike cron(8), it does not assume that the machine is running continuously. Hence, it can be used on machines that aren't running 24 hours a day, to control daily, weekly, and monthly jobs that are usually controlled by cron.
For each job, Anacron checks whether this job has been executed in the last n days, where n is the period specified for that job. If not, Anacron runs the job's shell command, after waiting for the number of minutes specified as the delay parameter.
If a job generates any output on its standard output or standard error, the output is mailed to the user running Anacron (usually root), or to the address contained by the MAILTO environment variable in the crontab, if such exists.
Force execution of the jobs, ignoring the timestamps.
Only update the timestamps of the jobs, to the current date, but don't run anything.
Run jobs now. Ignore the delay specifications in the /etc/anacrontab file. This options implies -s.
Suppress messages to standard error. Only applicable with -d.
-t anacrontab
Use specified anacrontab, rather than the default
Anacrontab testing. The configuration file will be tested for validity. If there is an error in the file, an error will be shown and anacron will return 1. Valid anacrontabs will return 0.
-S spooldir
Use the specified spooldir to store timestamps in. This option is required for users who wish to run anacron themselves.
Print version information, and exit.
Print short usage message, and exit.
Timestamp files are created in the spool directory for each job in anacrontab. These are never removed automatically by anacron, and should be removed by hand if a job is no longer being scheduled.
This directory is used by Anacron for storing timestamp files.
Anacron never removes timestamp files. Remove unused files manually.
Mail comments, suggestions and bug reports to Sean 'Shaleh' Perry <[email protected](|>.
Anacron was originally conceived and implemented by Christian Schwarz <[email protected]>.
The current implementation is a complete rewrite by Itai Tzur <[email protected]>.
The code base was maintained by Sean 'Shaleh' Perry <sh[email protected](|>.
Since 2004, it is maintained by Pascal Hakim <[email protected](|>. |
Cerebrovascular atherosclerotic thrombosis
Автор: ,
Cerebrovascular atherosclerotic thrombosis
Among the many causes of thrombosis of cerebral vessels listed in the table below, the majority of cases occur in their atherosclerotic thrombosis. Atherosclerosis affects extracranial and intracerebral arteries of specific localization. Atheromatous plaques were more likely to occur in the ground and bending branches of large vessels, and thrombosis usually occurs where this plaque narrows the artery more often.
Details of the process that accompanies the development of thrombosis, not clear. Atheromatous lesion itself is located between the intima and tunica media of the artery. It penetrates and destroys the medial shell of the vessel. Plaque is composed of hyaline connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. As the plaque deposits are interspersed with foci of cholesterol crystals.
A common cause of cerebral artery thrombosis is atherosclerotic thrombosis.
It is assumed that thrombosis starts to develop when the atherosclerotic process leads to fragmentation of the endothelial lining of the vascular layer, thus creating a hotbed of platelet accumulation and thrombus formation near the wall.
Sometimes it flows through the blood vessel lumen dissecting the atheromatous plaque, it stratifies. Such penetration may be the mechanism of formation of crater cavities and become a hotbed of the formation of thrombus. Less commonly, to a further narrowing of the lumen causes bleeding in the plaque.
Atheromatous narrowing of the vessel in its configuration resembles an hourglass with the length of the narrow segment of 1-2 mm. Intravascular thrombosis can develop in the area of this segment with narrowing of the lumen, and before or after it. Blockage of blood clots (thrombotic occlusion ) usually occurs when atherosclerotic plaque narrows the lumen of the vessel so that prevents further flow of blood through it.
Carotid artery stenting is a minimally invasive procedure that restores proper blood flow to the brain when there is an area of narrowing, or stenosis, in one of the carotid arteries. A small metal tube, or stent, is paced through the area of stenosis to keep the artery open.
It is difficult to predict what will cause brain damage atherosclerotic thrombosis. The clinical picture may affect collateral blood flow available, the rate of thrombus occlusion of the lumen of the vessel (thrombotic occlusion), occurrence of thrombosis, embolism after further along the vessel.
The clinical picture of obstruction in some arteries supplying the brain varies in different patients, with most syndromes is partial in nature. Given descriptions characterize myocardial ischemia and in pools of blood supply artery thrombosis separate, but similar clinic is also observed after embolization. Sometimes the bleeding within a particular vascular bed can give a close symptoms.
Thrombosis of cerebral arteries causes the death of her supplied with blood area of the brain.
Causes of cerebrovascular atherosclerotic thrombosis
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Thrombophlebitis of cerebral vessels - secondary thrombosis of cerebral vessels in infectious processes in the ear, paranasal sinuses, facial, etc.;
- thrombosis of cerebral vessels with meningitis and subdural empyema;
- thrombosis of cerebral vessels in conditions of exhaustion, postpartum, postoperative heart failure;
- cerebral thrombosis in hematologic diseases (polycythemia, sickle cell anemia) and in unexplained reasons.
Arteritis of cerebral vessels A. syphilis, secondary arteritis in purulent and tuberculous meningitis, rare diseases (typhoid, schistosomiasis, malaria (?), Trichinosis (?) Mukoroz, etc.);
B. Disorders of connective tissue: polyarteritis (necrotizing, granulomatous, allergic, Wegener), temporal arteritis, Takayasu's disease, granulomatous arteritis of the aorta, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hematological disorders - polycythemia;
- sickle cell anemia;
- thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Injury of the carotid artery
Dissecting of aortic aneurysm
Systemic hypotension - "Simple syncope";
- acute blood loss;
- myocardial infarction;
- Adams' disease;
- traumatic and surgical shock;
- a sensitive carotid sinus;
- severe postural hypotension.
Complications of arteriography (angiography with contrast)
Migraine aura with persistent deficits
The syndrome of cerebral herniation (stem, hemispheres or cerebellum):
- into the cerebellar mantling foramen (central downward or upward cerebellar herniation),
- into the foramen magnum (transforaminal herniation cerebellar tonsils),
- herniation under the dural falciform process (herniation of cingulate gyrus).
Various causes of thrombosis of cerebral vessels - radioactive or X-ray irradiation;
- lateral compression of the intracerebral hematoma;
- infarction (stroke) in the basin of the middle cerebral artery with unknown mechanism of development with a closed head injury (concussion or brain contusion);
- unruptured saccular aneurysm compression;
- intravascular thrombus in the fusiform aneurysm;
- local delamination carotid or middle cerebral artery;
- complication of oral contraceptives.
Unexplained causes of thrombosis of cerebral vessels for example, in childhood
Cerebral herniations types.
See also |
Fullback Soccer Position
The Full Back
The full-backs in a soccer team are normally positioned on opposite ends of the defensive line and are technically referred to as either right-back or left-back.
Most team formations include these two soccer positions but in some rare cases the defense may have only two center-backs and no full-backs.
The role of the full-back continues to evolve and today they are not as passive as they were before.
In modern soccer full-backs overlap more with the wingers and are involved in more attacks especially down the flanks.
This is more evident in formations that do not have wingers such as 4-4-2 system, where the full-backs have to cover more ground along the flanks.
Skills Required to be a Good Full Back
When I think about full backs Roberto Carlos springs to mind, but that wa more for his attacking flair and crazy free kicks than anything else, but what are the key skills that fullbacks will need to make them the allround player?
Here’s a quick rundown of the abilities you should possess as a full-back:
Physical Dominance
This a defensive position, therefore, as a full-back you should be able to establish an imposing presence that will deter the opposing players.
Basically if you play in this position you have to provide adequate physical obstruction in order to thwart any attacks.
Soccer Intelligence
This is simply the ability to read the game and take quick decisive action that will capitalize on your opponents shortcomings.
When combined with good physical ability, this factor can give you an edge over rival players.
Good Tackling Skills
Full-backs don’t usually make challenges in the opponents’ territory and instead focus more on dispossessing any opposing player who breaches their back-line.
This calls for quick reflexes and combative confrontations to always win the ball.
Clever Marking
When playing in the full-back position you should be able to discern when to use man-to-man marking and when use zonal marking.
Poor marking could adversely affect the defensive line and lead to conceding of goals.
Tactical Discipline
This generally describes the ability to follow the team strategy while still knowing how to use your discretion when faced with a challenge on the pitch.
This also includes coordinating with teammates and ensuring that they do not overrun the backline which may create unwanted gaps in defensive structure.
Drills for Full Backs
The fullback position is quite pivotal for any soccer team and it requires a range of skills that can be sharpened using the following drills.
These basic exercises can be done with team members or alone depending on the input and intensity required:
Evasion Drills
The full-back is required to counter the opposing team’s players and help move the ball upfront to fellow team mates in good positions.
Evasion exercises will help improve your defensive skills and a this simple drill helps you learn how to retain the ball while in motion.
This can be done by playing with a partner in a 10 x 10 foot area and taking turns trying to dispossess the ball from your opponent.
This is a basic one-on-one drill that focuses on sharpening evasion skills while improving your dribbling skills at the same time.
Passing and Receiving
As a full-back, you spend a considerable amount of time gaining possessing the ball. It is, therefore, important to sharpen your ball passing and receiving skills.
A simple drill that you could adopt when practicing with your teammates is done as follows.
Divide yourselves into two opposing sides and line up facing each other with a few feet separating then team members.
A player on one side has the ball which he will pass to the player across from him and once the other player receives it he will pass the ball back.
After each pass all the players take a step back to widen the gap between the opposing sides.
You can do several sets of this drill and add some variations if necessary.
Maintaining sharp focus and keenness while on the pitch an important for all players.
As a full-back you need to ensure that you always know where your teammates are positioned since this will determine which way you will dribble or pass.
To practice how to maintain concentration in the field of play you can do this basic agility drill.
Set up cones (or any other available markers) in intervals and dribble around them, going back and forth.
You can switch up the pattern to make the drill more intense and challenging.
Try as much as possible to maintain constant possession and avoid hitting the cones.
This is a great way of enhancing coordination and for better concentration during games.
The Importance of the Full-Back Position
Zones Full Backs Operate In
Full-backs occupy wide holding positions on a team’s backline and are the pillars of any defense.
When a coach omits the wingers in a team’s formation, the full-backs have the added task of commanding their respective flanks.
This means that in addition to their conventional positions, full-backs can also play the role of utility players. So apart from the conventional function of obstructing attacks what is the importance of full-backs?
• They maintain tactical discipline by ensuring their teammates do not inadvertently overrun the defense.
• They create opportunities for set-pieces and often initiate creative set-pieces.
• Offensive full-backs have a role to play in pushing opposing players back into their own half by instigating attacks, thus creating a striking advantage.
• A large proportion of full-backs are tasked with the role of executing throw-ins.
These are just a few of the many roles that make full-backs an integral part of any soccer team. Their technical and physical attributes should be combined to boost the strength of a squad.
Famous Full-Backs Past and Present
They are hardly discussed as contenders for the annual Ballon d’Or award but the impact that full-backs have on a soccer team is immeasurable.
Some of the biggest names in soccer have played in this position and the legends include Cafu, Roberto Carlos, Javier Zanetti, Paolo Maldini, Lilian Thuram, Franco Baresi among many others.
The current crop of players making waves in the full-back position include Dani Alves, Philipp Lahm, Antonio Valencia, Kyle Walker and Marcos Alonso.
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Key Elements of Poems
Option #1: ExplicationChoose one of the poems from the reading for Modules 4 or 5. The poem you select must be sophisticated enough to sustain a detailed analysis.• Analyze one or more of the poem’s elements.o Your explication is not a summary of what the poem is about. Nor are you expected to unravel the poem’s “meaning.” Rather, you are explaining how the poet used a particular poetic element, and you are analyzing how that element affects the rest of the poem.• Include a thesis statement that states the element you are analyzing and why.• Follow a systematic writing pattern by analyzing the element on which you are focusing line-by-line or stanza-by-stanza.• Provide textual examples (words, phrases, and lines) from the poem to illustrate your analytical statementsRequirements• Should be 2-3 pages in length (not counting the title page and references page)• Minimum of two scholarly references in addition to the course textbook (The CSU Global Library is a good place to find these references.)• Use template paper located in the module folder• Follow correct APA guidelines found in CSU Global Writing Center (Links to an external site.) with regard to the following:o Font style and sizeo Margins and spacingo Cover page with a running header• Reference page (Cite primary and secondary sources.)• If you have questions about citing in APA, contact the CSU Global Librarian at write based off of this poem belowThe Sun Rising Launch Audio in a New WindowBY JOHN DONNEBusy old fool, unruly sun,Why dost thouthus,Through windows, and through curtains call on us?Must to thy motions lovers’ seasons run?Saucy pedantic wretch, go chideLate school boys and sour prentices,Go tell court huntsmen that the king will ride,Call country ants to harvest offices,Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime,Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.Thy beams, so reverend and strongWhy shouldst thou think?I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink,But that I would not lose her sight so long;If her eyes have not blinded thine,Look, and tomorrow late, tellme,Whether both th’ Indias of spice and mineBe where thou leftst them, or lie here with me.Ask for those kings whom thou saw’st yesterday,And thou shalt hear, All here in one bed lay.She’s all states, and all princes, I,Nothing else is.Princes do but play us; compared to this,All honor’s mimic, all wealth alchemy.Thou, sun, art half ashappy as we,In that the world’s contracted thus.Thine age asks ease, and since thy duties beTo warm the world, that’s done in warming us.Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere;This bed thy center is, these walls, thy sphere.
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The story
6 Famous Ghost Towns and Abandoned Cities
1. Pripyat, Ukraine
At 1:23 a.m. on April 26, 1986, a catastrophic meltdown took place inside reactor number four at the Soviet nuclear power plant at Chernobyl. The explosion that followed sent flames and radioactive material soaring into the skies over Pripyat, a nearby city built to house the plant’s scientists and workers. It took 36 hours before the town’s 49,000 residents were evacuated, and many later suffered severe health effects as a result of their brief exposure to the fallout.
Soviet authorities later sealed off an 18-mile exclusion zone surrounding Chernobyl, leaving Pripyat an abandoned ghost town. The city has since languished for nearly three decades as a chilling reminder of the disaster. Its buildings have decayed and been partially reclaimed by the elements, and wild animals roam through what were once bustling apartments, sports complexes and an amusement park. In the town post office, hundreds of letters from 1986 still sit waiting to be mailed. While radiation levels in Pripyat have dropped enough in recent years to allow urban explorers and former residents to make brief visits, scientists estimate that it could take several centuries before the town is once again safe for habitation.
2. Oradour-sur-Glane, France
On the afternoon of June 10, 1944, the village of Oradour-sur-Glane was the scene of one of the worst massacres of French civilians during World War II. In what is believed to have been an act of revenge for the town’s supposed support of the French Resistance, a Nazi Waffen SS detachment rounded up and murdered 642 of its residents and burned most of their houses to the ground. The men were taken to barns and machine-gunned, and the women and children were locked in a church and killed with explosives and incendiary grenades. Only a handful of people managed to survive by playing dead and later fleeing to the forest.
A new Oradour-sur-Glane was built nearby after the war ended, but French President Charles de Gaulle ordered that the burned-out ruins of the old town be left untouched as a monument to the victims. The facades of dozens of brick buildings and charred storefronts still remain, as well as graveyards of rusted cars and bicycles, scattered sewing machines and unused tram tracks. The site is also home to a museum, which holds a collection of relics and mementos recovered from the rubble.
3. Hashima Island, Japan
Today, Hashima Island is a vacant labyrinth of crumbling concrete, sea walls and deserted buildings, yet it was once among the most densely populated places on the planet. The small island off the coast of Nagasaki was first settled in 1887 as a coalmining colony. It was later purchased by Mitsubishi, which built some of the world’s first multistory, reinforced concrete buildings to house its bursting population. Hashima remained a hive of activity for the next several decades, especially during World War II, when the Japanese forced thousands of Korean laborers and Chinese POWs to toil in its mines. By the 1950s, the 16-acre rock was packed to the gills with more than 5,200 residents. Most workers found the cramped conditions unlivable, and the city was promptly abandoned after the mine closed in 1974.
Forty years of neglect have left Hashima a dilapidated ruin of collapsed staircases and condemned apartments. Many of its high-rises are still filled with old televisions and other relics from the mid-20th century, and its once-teeming swimming pools, barbershop and school classrooms now sit in shambles. The island was officially opened to tourists in 2009, and it has since served as the inspiration for the villain’s hideout in the 2012 James Bond film “Skyfall.”
4. Varosha, Cyprus
In the early 1970s, the immaculate beaches of Varosha, Cyprus served as one of the most popular millionaires’ playgrounds in the Mediterranean. The suburb boasted a thriving tourism economy, and celebrities such as Elizabeth Taylor and Brigitte Bardot were known to take in the sand and sun at its high-class beachfront hotels. All that changed in August 1974, when Turkey invaded Cyprus and occupied its northern third in response to a Greek nationalist-led coup. Varosha’s 15,000 residents fled the city in terror, leaving their valuables and livelihoods behind. Most assumed they would return once the fighting stopped, but ongoing political strife has seen Varosha waste away behind a heavily-guarded barrier ever since.
The few intrepid explorers who have ventured into the no man’s land describe the resort as a crumbling ghost town. Trees have grown through the floors of restaurants and homes, and most of the former residents’ belongings have been looted or destroyed. What is left stands as a spooky time capsule of the 1970s, including bellbottoms in shop windows and 40-year-old vehicles still parked at car dealerships. In recent years, Greek and Turkish Cypriots have held talks regarding reopening the former jet-setters’ haven, but experts estimate that it would take upwards of $12 billion to make its decrepit buildings livable again.
5. Bodie, California
Bodie, California was officially founded in 1876, after miners stumbled upon rich deposits of gold and silver in its hillsides. Gold-crazed prospectors flocked to the settlement at a rate of more than two-dozen per day in the late-1870s, and its population eventually soared to some 10,000 people. Thanks to larger-than-life accounts of whiskey-fueled shootouts, the outpost soon earned a reputation as a “sea of sin” filled with rough men, prostitutes and opium dens.
Like most boomtowns, Bodie eventually went bust. By the 1880s, it had outgrown its meager infrastructure, and a succession of harsh and deadly winters convinced many of its prospectors to move to more profitable locales. The population dwindled until the 1940s, when the last residents finally shipped out. Since then, Bodie has become known as one of the nation’s most well preserved ghost towns. Its 200 ramshackle buildings are kept in state of “arrested decay” by park rangers, and tourists flock to the site to explore its 1880s Methodist church, saloons and post office as well as the ruins of a burned-out bank vault.
6. Fordlandia, Brazil
In 1927, Henry Ford began work on “Fordlandia,” a massive rubber plantation in the jungles along Brazil’s Tapajós River. The automotive magnate needed the town as a steady source of rubber for his car tires and hoses, but he also saw the venture as a chance to bring small town American values to the Amazon. Having already left his mark on cities like Dearborn, Michigan, he designed a company town complete with swimming pools, a golf course, suburban-style bungalows and weekly square dancing sessions. Unfortunately for Ford, his experiment was doomed almost from the start. Fordlandia’s rubber trees fell victim to leaf fungus, and its employees chafed under the town’s strict regulations, which included a ban on alcohol. Clashes between Brazilian laborers and American managers soon became a common occurrence. During one riot over cafeteria rules, Fordlandia’s employees destroyed most of their mess hall with machetes and pushed the town’s trucks into the river.
Henry Ford eventually sank $20 million into his would-be workers’ paradise, but the town failed to produce any latex for his automobiles. Having never visited the city himself, he finally sold it to the Brazilian government in 1945 for pennies on the dollar. The wilderness has reclaimed large portions of Fordlandia’s campus in the years since, but many of its buildings are still standing, and the town has become a minor tourist destination for backpackers and curiosity seekers.
Angola Edit
• The settlement of Saint Martin of the Tigers (in Portuguese: São Martinho dos Tigres), situated on a peninsula now known as the Tigres Island (in Portuguese: Ilha dos Tigres), was originally a small but well-established fishing village. It was supplied with water from the nearby town of Foz do Cunene, at the mouth of the Cunene River. In the 1970s, Saint Martin of the Tigers was cut off from the mainland by the rising sea levels, and its water supply line was severed both Tigres and Foz do Cunene were subsequently abandoned. [1][2] The island, bound by the South Atlantic Ocean and the Tigres Strait, lies in a zone that is ideally suited for ecological projects. [3] The island was mentioned in the BBC documentary "Unknown Africa: Angola".
Central African Republic Edit
, Beogombo Deux, and Paoua are among the many deserted villages created by the actions of government forces and killings by armed gangs from the years 2005 to 2008. [4][5]
• Lere, Central African Republic. [6]
Ethiopia Edit
is a former mining town located in the Dallol crater, where the temperature can rise as high as 104° Fahrenheit (40 °C).
Ivory Coast Edit
was the French Colonial capital of Côte d'Ivoire until 1896 when it was abandoned by the French Colonial Government. Commercial activity gradually weakened until the city became a virtual ghost town in 1960, the same year Côte d'Ivoire became independent. Today the city has revived somewhat as a tourist center, but it still has the aura of a ghost town.
Mauritania Edit
Morocco (Western Sahara) Edit
is a ghost town on the Atlantic coast at the southern tip of Western Sahara. It is Western Sahara's southernmost town. It has been uninhabited and partly buried by drifting sand since 2002.
Namibia Edit
From 1884 to 1915, Namibia was under the rule of the German Empire and was known as German South-West Africa. When diamonds were discovered in 1908, German miners flocked to the area, and several new settlements were established, only to be abandoned once the supply of diamonds dried up. The ghost towns that were left behind include:
South Africa Edit
is an abandoned mining town near Knysna. [7] is an abandoned mining town near Tzaneen in Limpopo province. [8] sacked and burned to the ground.
• Eureka is an abandoned mining town in Mpumalanga. It is now a historical site. [9] [circular reference]
Sudan Edit
• In the northeast of Sudan lies the old city of Sawakin. It is now in ruins. It is said to be in restoration now and will reopen as a tourist attraction. [10]
South Sudan Edit
The islands of Antarctica, particularly South Georgia, were popular with whalers during the first half of the 20th century, and many of the settlements on these islands are former whaling stations. Most of them were closed down during the Great Depression, when whaling became unprofitable, and are now abandoned. These settlements include:
Deception Island Edit
South Georgia Edit
Azerbaijan Edit
, the capital of Agdam Rayon, is a ghost town in the southwestern part of Azerbaijan. In July 1993, after heavy fighting, Agdam was captured by Armenian forces during their 1993 summer offensives. As the town fell, its entire population was forced to flee eastwards. Many Azerbaijanis were killed by Armenian soldiers. In the immediate aftermath of the fighting, the Armenian forces decided to destroy parts of Agdam to prevent its recapture by Azerbaijan. [12] More damage occurred in the following decades when the deserted town was looted for building materials. Agdam is currently a ruinous, uninhabited ghost town. [13] The town's large mosque survives in poor condition. [14]
Bangladesh Edit
in Sonargaon was established in the late 19th century as a trading center of cotton fabrics during British rule. Here the Hindu cloth merchants built their residential houses. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Muslim-Hindu riot, Panam City has reduced into a vacant community. Today this area is protected under the department of archaeology of Bangladesh. Panam city area was linked with the main city area by three brick bridges – Panam Bridge, Dalalpur Bridge, and Panam Nagar Bridge – during the Mughal period. The bridges are still in use.
British Indian Ocean Territory Edit
was a settlement in the atoll of Diego Garcia, and it has been abandoned after the depopulation of the territory, it is restricted to visitors.
Cambodia Edit
China Edit
, a district of Ordos City, was intended to house one million people, [15] but soaring property prices and lack of infrastructure deterred residents of Ordos from relocating to the newly built-up area, and it now stands largely deserted. [16] In 2010, the population of Kangbashi was around 20,000 to 30,000, a fraction of its total capacity. [17] , in the Tarim Basin, was once a major commercial center dating back to around 500–1000 AD.
Cyprus Edit
was once the modern tourist area of the city of Famagusta. It was fenced off by the Turkish army following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and is now under TRNC rule. United Nations Security Council Resolution 550 forbids any attempt "to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants", so the area had remained abandoned since 1974, but the Turkish government -due to economic problems- reopened the city to visitors.
Georgia Edit
, the original capital of the country, was destroyed in AD 736 by the Arab invader Marwan ibn Muhammad and never rebuilt, apart from a church, built in the 12th century but later abandoned. The ruins are now protected. was a city of 18,700 people in 1978 but was left largely abandoned by the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in 1992–1993. is a coal mining town that suffered a drastic population decline as a result of the war in Abkhazia.
India Edit
, on Pamban Island, was a flourishing tourist town until it was wiped out by the 1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone. was briefly the capital of the Mughal Empire, but was abandoned soon after its completion, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. is a fortress town in Madhya Pradesh, dating back at least as far as 555 AD. was once the center of Christianization in the east, but it became largely abandoned in the 17th century, due to an outbreak of malaria and cholera. was the administrative center of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands until the 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, leaving the settlement in ruins. was possibly the second-largest city in the world in 1500, with around 500,000 inhabitants. [18] It was captured and destroyed by Muslim armies in 1565, and has been abandoned ever since. Hampi is a World Heritage Site within this town. was once a bustling port town at the mouth of Kori creek of Kutch. After the earthquake of 1819, the Indus river changed its course of flow resulting in the abandonment of the port by people. The town surrounded by a 7 km long fort wall now houses only a few hundred people and a large number of ruined buildings. , a 17th-century fort built by King Sawai Madho Singh in Rajasthan was abandoned following a curse, according to legends. is an abandoned town near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. , a hill fort near Matheran, Maharashtra which was abandoned due to its difficult access and scarcity of water. near Mumbai is a small fort tha is in disuse following a decline in its importance. Fort near Hyderabad was a fort city and the seat of the Qutb Shahi dynasty was destroyed after defeating by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
Iran Edit
was the 14th century capital of the Mongol Ilkhanid rulers of Persia, but is now "a deserted, crumbling spread of ruins". [19]
Japan Edit
was a Japanese mining town from 1887 to 1974. Once known for having the world's highest population density (in 1959 at 83,500 people per square kilometer), the island was abandoned when the coal mines were closed down. [20] was a large Japanese town with a population of 11,515 people. It was completely evacuated along with the 20 km (30 km voluntarily) zone surrounding the nuclear plant in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
Malaysia Edit
is a former hill station that was abandoned after bombed by the Japanese army during World War II. is a former mining town in Terengganu, Malaysia. The population dropped drastically after 1971 when the Eastern Mining and Metal Corporation (EMMCO) closed their operation due to the iron ore there being exhausted. , in Perak, is almost uninhabited, with only two or three shophouses being in use. This is a result of the widening of the main road, which made it difficult to park a vehicle and resulted in the shops losing business. However, there are still Malays who reside in the village houses behind the shophouses, and the addresses in Simpang Pulai are still written as "Kampung Kepayang". , Pahang, Malaysia. was once-thriving mining town in Pusing, Perak.
Oman Edit
Qatar Edit
is an old fishing village on the Northern coast of Qatar in the Middle East. Situated on the Persian Gulf, it was abandoned in the early 1970s and has since become a ghost town. [22]
Russia Edit
is a former Gulag forced labor camp, and one of the few camps in which prisoners mined uranium. is a former urban-type settlement in the Komi Republic, disestablished in 1995. In 1993 it was decided to shut down mining operations and to liquidate the settlement by 1995. is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast that was flooded to create the Rybinsk Reservoir. is a former town in Sakhalin Oblast that was almost destroyed in a 1995 earthquake and never rebuilt. is a former mining town in Magadan Oblast. in Yakutia.
Saudi Arabia Edit
, or al-Deera as it is locally called, is now all but a ghost town. It consists of a walled village of about 800 dwellings around the perimeter of the more ancient castle with narrow winding alleys, many of which are covered to shield the people from the heat of the sun. Most of the foundations of the buildings are stone, but the upper floors are made from mud bricks, while palm leaves and wood are used for the ceilings. Although many of these houses were probably rebuilt over time, their foundation is likely to be from the original construction of the town in the 13th century AD. 45 meters above historic al-Ula, the town's Castle commands strategic views over the entire valley. It is sometimes referred to as the Castle of Musa bin Nusayr, the Umayyad-era army general who ruled over North Africa and was involved in conquering Andalusia in the early 8th century AD. He is said to have died in this castle on his way from Damascus to a pilgrimage in Mecca in 715 AD. Although the castle was rebuilt more than once during its long history, its origins date back to the 6th century BC. In fact, some of the foundation stones are from the original 2,600-year-old construction (according to signs posted). The castle is currently more of a bastion or watchtower once used to protect the town.
Singapore Edit
• A few blocks of HDB flats (apartment flats) located in the Lim Chu Kang area of the island is known to be the only ghost town in Singapore. Named the Neo Tiew Estate (or officially the Lim Chu Kang Rural Centre), it used to house residents before they were moved out of the vicinity in 2002 as part of an En-bloc scheme. Since then the Singapore government has declared it state land and nothing was done to demolish or renovate the flats. The area was used by the Singapore Army as a training facility from 2005–2009 until a newer training facility was built nearby in 2008. The facility was used most recently in 2012 when it was used to shoot scenes for the film Ah Boys to Men. As of today, its fate remains unknown.
Syria Edit
• The city of Quneitra became a ghost town after the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequent Yom Kippur War in 1973. The ruins were left in place, and a museum has been built to memorialize the destruction. Billboards are maintained at the ruins of many buildings and the town is effectively preserved in the condition that the wars left it in.
Taiwan Edit
• The Sanzhi UFO houses in Taiwan were a set of abandoned pod-shaped buildings built in New Taipei as a vacation resort. They stood abandoned for thirty years before being demolished in 2010.
Thailand Edit
• The city of Old Ayutthaya was the capital of the country from its foundation in 1350 until it was sacked and destroyed by the Burmese in 1767. The site is now Ayutthaya Historical Park.
Turkey Edit
, in Kars Province, was once the capital of the Armenian Bagratuni kingdom. It has been abandoned since the eighteenth century and is now a museum town.
• Çökene in Büyükorhan district was a village until 2008. It is a site of empty houses after immigration to big cities due to money shortage and unemployment. [23] was abandoned as a result of the 1923 population exchange between Turkey and Greece and is now preserved as a museum village. near Karaburun, a district of İzmir Province on the Aegean (western) coast of Turkey, was also inhabited by Greeks, which left the area according to the population exchange treaty. Nowadays Sazak is a total ghost town.
Albania Edit
Austria Edit
Belarus Edit
Many Belarusian villages were abandoned as a result of the Chernobyl Disaster in 1986. Most lie inside the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve, Including:
Belgium Edit
Bulgaria Edit
is an abandoned village in Smolyan Municipality is an abandoned village in Gotse Delchev that was erased from the registers in 2008. [24] is an abandoned village in Gotse Delchev that was erased from the registers in 2008. [24]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Edit
, is a village that became abandoned after the Bosnian War. [25] , a medieval village that is today located in Pobrđe Milodraž, Kiseljak. [26] , a village in Doboj that faced a similar fate as Baljci. [27] , an almost abandoned village with only two people, Obren Miovćić, and his wife Dragana. The village had a similar fate as Vranduk and Baljci. [28]
Croatia Edit
Czech Republic Edit
[cs] , sometimes referred to as Boží Dar, is an abandoned military town near Milovice, northeast of Prague. It was abandoned following the Velvet Revolution in 1989, and ownership of the town transferred to the Czech government in 1992. It remained uninhabited until March 2014 when work was started to demolish it. [29]
Estonia Edit
are former mining towns that started to lose their population after local oil shale reserves were depleted and the industry moved eastwards. By the 21st century, both towns had only a handful of people left, struggling to find a new place to live. [30]
Faroe Islands Edit
, Kalsoy, after an avalanche hit the village in 1809, the entire village resettled in the new settlement Syðradalur on the same island. The village was finally abandoned cca. 1815. , Borðoy, abandoned since 1945. , a town on Borðoy, has been considered abandoned since 2002. , on Kunoy, was steadily depopulated from 1913 to 1919, after all the men of the village drowned while out fishing. is a village on Sandoy, that has been abandoned since the last permanent resident died in 2000. is the northwesternmost village on Borðoy. is a town on Vágar that was abandoned in 1965. , located north of Ánir, has been abandoned since 1930. , a town on Vágar, has been abandoned since 1910. , on Suðuroy, was abandoned in 2003.
Finland Edit
France Edit
• Six of the French villages destroyed in World War I have never been rebuilt. All are found in the département of Meuse, and were destroyed during the Battle of Verdun in 1916:
Germany Edit
• Open pit coal mining in several areas of Germany creates ghost towns in preparation for the coal mining. Towns are evacuated several years in advance and turned into ghost towns. When the pit reaches the towns they are finally torn down.
• Bonnland, Gruorn, Lopau, Wollseifen and others are ghost towns created as part of the creation of military training areas.
Greece Edit
• The island of Spinalonga is considered by some to be a ghost town. Serving as a leper colony for the first half of the 20th century, the island was abandoned when all its inhabitants were cured. By 1962 there were no permanent residents left. In recent years Spinalonga has become a tourist attraction as one of the last leper colonies to be closed down in Europe. , Kranionas and Ano Kraniounas are all abandoned villages located near Kastoria and Lake Prespa.
• The castle of Kato Chora is located near the village of Mylopotamos, Kythera. (or Palea Perithia) is a ghost village on the northern side of Corfu on the slopes of Mount Pantokrator. The village was originally established in the 14th century, during Byzantine times due to the need of people to move from the coastal side and protect themselves from pirate and enemy attacks. Moreover, the diseases caused by mosquitoes on the coast drove residents to the mountain. When piracy was confronted from the Mediterranean Sea in the late 19th century, some inhabitants started to gradually move to the coasts where tourism had also started to develop.
Hungary Edit
Iceland Edit
• The former village of Súðavík, in the Westfjords, a remote region of NW Iceland. In 1995, an avalanche fell on the small village, resulting in 14 fatalities. It was later decided that the location of the town was unsafe for year-round occupation. It has been forbidden ever since to live in the old town permanently. A new village was built from the ground up a few miles away from the old site in a safer location.
Ireland Edit
• Miners' Village, Glendalough, County Wicklow was a small village based around a galena mine. The village was largely inhabited from 1825 to 1957 when the mine closed permanently. , County Kerry, was evacuated in 1953 after being repeatedly cut-off from the mainland due to poor weather. Its 160 residents were relocated to the mainland by the government. is the site of Innisfallen Abbey, once home to Finian Lobhar. , County Roscommon, was deserted by the 14th century. [31] is a deserted village on Achill Island. [32] is the site of a former village and monastery, and was once the home of Saint Senan.
Italy Edit
is a former mining town in Sassari that suffered a population decline after World War II.
• Avi, Piedmont. , a town and municipality in Liguria whose old town was abandoned in 1953. is a town in Liguria that was abandoned following an earthquake in 1887. is a town in Potenza. is the old town of Cirella. is a town in Lazio that declined over the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Connio Vecchio (Old Connio), Piedmont. , Olginate. , in the province of Matera, was depopulated in the middle of the 20th century, due to a landslide and the subsequent emigration. The abandonment has made Craco a popular filming location for movies such as The Nativity Story, [33]The Passion of the Christ[34] and Quantum of Solace. [35] was mostly destroyed and buried under of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
• Melito Vecchio (Old Melito), Avellino.
• Monteruga, Apulia. , in Calabria, was severely damaged by the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes, and was completely abandoned by the 1960s. is a town in Sicily that was destroyed by the 1968 Belice earthquake. was mostly destroyed and buried under of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. is an abandoned island that was once a quarantine station for Plague Victims and other victims of several diseases up until the 20th Century.
• Roghudi Vecchio (Old Roghudi), Calabria.
• San Martino Monteneve in the province of Bolzano was a mining town at 2355 meters above sea level between the Ridanna Valley and the Passirio Valley. It sits atop of mining tunnels running from one valley to the other. It is now part of the Monteneve mining museum. , in Benevento, was abandoned following the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. is an abandoned village in Piedmont, situated next to a defunct nuclear reactor. Its most impressive building is the mansion of Camillo Cavour, who is famous for his efforts in creating a united Italy.
Latvia Edit
, the site of a former Soviet Hen House radar installation, is a ghost town that was auctioned off in its entirety in early 2010. , the site of a former Soviet secret radar center "Звезда".
Netherlands Edit
Many villages in the Netherlands were lost to the sea, see List of settlements lost to floods in the Netherlands for the complete list.
, this was a very large island in the Middle Ages, but due to the rising sea level in the Zuiderzee, the island became smaller and smaller. Until the island was demolished by a storm in 1825. The three villages on the island: Emmeloord, Molenbuurt and Middelbuurt were abandoned. When the Noordoostpolder was created, this piece of land became visible again. Emmeloord was rebuilt on a different location in the Noordoostpolder. , this town was lost to the North Sea in 1357. Later when the land was reclaimed the town was rebuilt, only to be lost again a century later. One of many Dutch villages to be lost to the North Sea, list of flooded villages in Zeeland. , the village was flooded on January 26, 1682. The destruction was so great, that the Estates of Holland decided not to rebuild the village, and the last inhabitants left in 1684. Some remains of the village (now sometimes referred to as Oud-Bommenede) still remain visible. Nowadays, there is still some overgrown debris in the waters of the Grevelingen.
Norway Edit
("The Pyramid") was a Russian settlement and coal mining community on the archipelago of Svalbard. It was founded by Sweden in 1910, and sold to the Soviet Union in 1927. The settlement, with a one time population of 1,000 inhabitants, was abandoned in the late 1990s by its owner, the state-owned Soviet company Trust Artikugol, and is now a ghost town.
Poland Edit
• Czerwona Woda ("Red Water") in Kłodzko Valley was established by German immigrants before WWII. Most of the abandoned houses are found in the mountains of Klodzko Valley. , near Borne Sulinowo in the northwest part of the country, was established as a place of residence for Soviet troops stationed in Poland with their families. The population was about 5,000. It was completely depopulated by 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Only a few families live there now, but there are plans to repopulate the city.
Bieszczady National Park is home to several abandoned settlements:
Portugal Edit
• Picões, in the freguesia of Bouçoães, Valpaços, Vila Real District[36] , Terras de Bouro, at Braga District was a village with unique rules and way of life. It was abandoned and submerged in 1972 due to the building of Vilarinho das Furnas hydroelectric dam. When the lagoon water level is low the remains of the buildings can be seen.
• Aldeia de Broas , at Mafra Municipality, was officially considered abandoned when the last inhabitant died in late 1960 after being populated for centuries.
Romania Edit
126 localities in Romania are "fictitious". [37] They either have no inhabitants according to the last census, or they are actually in the bottom of an accumulation lake or have completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Some villages have no construction, no access roads, but they continue to remain in the official data bases of the Romanian state. [37] Some of the localities that did not have any inhabitants at the 2011 census are:
Spain Edit
, in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, is one of the most well-known ghost towns in Spain. Before the 1930s, Belchite was a growing city, with many services. As a consequence of the Battle of Belchite, during the Spanish Civil War, the city was totally destroyed. Instead of a reconstruction, Franco decided to keep the ruins of the old town of Belchite intact as a memorial of the battle. As of 1964, the town was totally deserted, the inhabitants having been removed to Belchite Nuevo, on the side of the old town. The ruins, which are not accommodated for tourism, are visited by more than 10,000 tourists annually. It is also a well-known meeting point for Francoist nostalgics, especially Falangists. , Extremadura , Soria , Valencia , near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia , near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia , Fiscal , Fiscal in the Vall de Gallinera, Alacant , Condado de Treviño, Burgos, Castille and Leon , near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia in Sort, Lleida, Catalonia , near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia
Sweden Edit
Ukraine Edit
After the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, hundreds of settlements within the exclusion zone were evacuated. Some have remained abandoned ever since, including:
10 Craco, Italy - Original Population: 1,800
Dating back to 1060, and located at what would be the instep of the famous country shaped like a boot, Craco was once a thriving medieval town. This Italian city had a strong relationship with the Church - it was owned by the Archbishop Arnaldo, Bishop of Tricarico - which meant that the Church had a marked influence over the population. In the late 1800’s, Craco boomed to a population of over 2,000 people. However, agricultural problems brought on desperate times for the city, and over a thousand of its residents relocated to North America between 1892 and 1922. Then came an onslaught of earthquakes, war, and landslides, causing the departure of even more of the town's residents. In 1963, the 1,800 residents left in Craco were relocated (due to the continuing landslides and quakes) to another valley called Craco Peschiera. Craco to this day remains spookily abandoned and in a state of ruin and decay.
Ghost Cities Are Nothing New
Guillaume Payen/LightRocket/Getty Images Inhabitants of Tianducheng playing basketball in front of an Eiffel Tower replica.
Most countries have experienced a similar development phase at some point where roads and buildings for new cities were being built in locations that lacked the population to fill them.
The difference, however, is that modern urban developments in China have an unprecedented scale and speed. Just how fast is China going? The country has used more cement in its construction of new cities between 2011 to 2013 than the entirety of the United States in the 20th century.
According to statistics reported by the Beijing Morning Post, the number of empty apartment properties that are sitting in these Chinese ghost cities may be as high as 50 million.
This estimate was supplied by the State Grid Corporation of China, based on the number of apartment buildings that have been completed but have not used electricity for six straight months in 2010. That number could very well double by 2020.
Despite these staggering numbers, some believe that the Chinese ghost cities that have sprung from the overzealousness of its government are temporary. They maintain that this overload of construction will pay off for China in the long run, as the country continues to experience economic growth.
Ghost towns in New Hampshire
What is the most haunted place in New Hampshire?
Behind the charming ski town veneer of Henniker, fans of the paranormal will discover eerie tales of a sordid past. Widely considered one of the most haunted places in New Hampshire, the Ocean-Born Mary House is a hotbed of ghoulish activity. As seafare folklore goes, an infamous pirate by the name of Don Pedro commandeered a ship in 1720 and discovered a newborn baby on board. Don Pedro swore to spare the lives of the passengers if the child was given the name of his mother, Mary Wallace. Don Pedro later married “Ocean Born” Mary and took up residence in a mansion overlooking Henniker. One day Mary found him murdered and buried his body under a kitchen hearthstone. Today, visitors to the property report the spirit of Mary haunts the grounds, protecting it from her husband’s murderers.
Can I visit any abandoned places in New Hampshire?
With a history dating back to early colonial days, long abandoned places can be found all across New Hampshire. The tiny town of Dublin is home to Beech Hill Estate, a massive Georgian Revival manor house that has been uninhabited since the 1980s. This impeccable example of grand Victorian architecture was built by architect Charles Platt in 1902 and served as a vacation home to a wealthy family from Baltimore who retreated to Dublin Lake during the summer months. Today, the property is privately owned but the years of neglect have deteriorated its original splendor.
What are the most popular ghost stories in New Hampshire?
One of the most bone-chilling ghost stories in New Hampshire is the terrifying tale from Mount Washington. One spring, a member of the Appalachian Mountain Club was sent out to prepare the cabins for hikers and backpackers in the area. When the man failed to radio in his safe arrival, a team was sent out on the slopes and found the cabin was still boarded up. After searching the grounds, they discovered the man cowering in a sink cabinet, frozen in fear. He was immediately taken to a nearby hospital to recover but was unable to recall what had happened, only remembering sensing an eerie presence in the cabin and seeing a gruesome face that appeared in the boarded up windows.
18 of the Spookiest Ghost Towns in America
Though there are some seriously spooky haunted hotels out there, these ghost towns are almost more frightening. The abandoned cities stretch all throughout America, and are rumored to be extra eerie. But they weren&rsquot always that way. Most of them were once prosperous mining towns filled with people hoping to make it rich by discovering gold or silver. Now, many have been untouched for over a hundred years (yet some still have a ton of historic buildings somehow still standing).
There are ghost towns all over the U.S., if you&rsquore brave enough for a visit. They&rsquore located in Pennsylvania, Wyoming, Montana, Alaska, New Mexico, New York, West Virginia, and more. Not all of them are rumored to actually be haunted places, but some do have spirits of former business owners or residents wandering around the general stores or old jails.
Not all of them are totally defunct, either. One even apparently has an &ldquointernationally acclaimed&rdquo restaurant! Ready to plan your trip, or take a virtual one? Check out this roundup of the best ghost towns America has to offer.
Although you probably won't find any silver in this one-time mining hot spot, you can experience a goldmine of activities in this ghost town turned tourist attraction. At Calico Ghost Town&mdashnow a California historical landmark&mdashyou can explore Maggie Mine, the only formerly used mine in the area that's safe for guests to see. You can also take a ride on Calico Odessa Railroad to see all of the sights. If you're really feeling daring, you can even participate in one of the spooky ghost tours!
On the eastern edge of Death Valley sits Rhyolite, a former mining hub. At its peak in 1907, this town boasted a hospital, an opera house, and a stock exchange. The area seemed so promising that even Charles M. Schwab invested and bought one of the mines. Unfortunately, it didn't take long for the thousands of people to scatter: A financial crises, natural disasters, and the loss of funding caused nearly every resident to leave the Nevada spot by 1920.
Aptly named, Goldfield was swarming with miners hopeful for gold in the late 1800s, but was dried up by 1898. The area was inhabited and renamed Youngsberg in 1921, but was abandoned once again in 1926. In 1988, the defunct city took the route of a few other ghost towns and became a tourist attraction with a handful of activities including a zipline, a reptile exhibit, and horseback rides. There's also a museum, a saloon, and other different merchants.
Formerly named Forest City, St. Elmo was once a bustling mining center with a population of 2,000 at its peak. By 1930, though, only seven people reportedly resided there, including the family who ran the general store and the hotel&mdashone who is rumored to haunt the place to this day. Now privately owned and maintained, visitors can still swing by the small city, which is said to have some of the most paranormal activity in the state.
Though most of its residents fled after the market for mercury crashed, Terlingua actually remains fairly bustling. Visitors can snack on chili at the "internationally acclaimed" restaurant, grab a drink at the saloon, explore the ruins, and wander the halls of the old jail during their time at the historic hotspot.
Abandoned by the discouraged gold rushers who followed William Bodie to the town to try&mdashbut not succeed&mdashto find more of the precious metal he had discovered in 1859, this well-known ghost town in California has been left eerily untouched for more than 150 years. Shacks still stand with tables set, waiting for their long-gone residents to return, while shops and restaurants are still stocked up with some supplies, prepared to service customers who will never arrive. If that isn't spooky, what is?
A prison is always haunting, but an abandoned one exudes an even creepier feeling, especially the austere Victorian-style Essex County Jail Annex in New Jersey. First built in 1873 and expanded over the years to include an auditorium, hospital, and cafeteria, much of the facility was closed down in the 1970s and it was abandoned for good in the late 1990s. Left to decay and vandalism by thrill-seekers, inmates' files filled with mugshots and rap sheets soon covered the floor of the auditorium, while shotgun ports and tear gas modules on the ceilings of the mess hall remain to remind trespassers of their potential harrowing fate should they be judged criminals.
In its heyday, the Grossinger's Catskill Resort was the sort of seasonal retreat featured in Dirty Dancing, where well-to-do families in the 1950s spent their summers lounging by its two massive swimming pools, playing golf or tennis, and enjoying the lush 1,200-acre surroundings just two hours north of New York City. In the winters, it offered theatre and skiing, the first place in the world to use artificial snow on its slopes. Of the cabins, cottages, hotel, landing strip, post office and more that served the resort's hundreds of thousands of guests until it closed in the mid 1980s, a few exquisite places still remain undemolished or horribly vandalized. One is the stately natatorium, gorgeously overgrown with moss and ferns, with sunlight streaming through its windows and skylights onto the graffitied pool and abandoned lounge chairs. The other is the hotel's lobby and ballroom where the twin staircases, massive fireplaces and a checkerboard ceiling suggest its former glory. If you listen hard enough, you might still hear the tinkling of cocktail glasses or the clicks of heels dancing the foxtrot.
Built in 1975 and expanded several times, the Rolling Acres Mall once housed more than 140 stores, a movie theater and a food court. In 2008, the mall was closed and only two large retailers continued to operate, with all stores finally closing in 2013. Having changed owners several times and currently in the process of foreclosure, the once-bustling mall will likely be demolished. Until then, the 1,300,000-square-foot space remains an eerily empty relic of modern civilization, with its cracked glass ceilings letting in snow during winter storms as if the structure stands alone in a post-apocalyptic wasteland.
Incredible ghost towns and abandoned cities
Perhaps, there is nothing more intimidating and creepy than the haunted town. The houses are intact, and the architecture remains the same, but you cannot escape the impression that something is wrong, and the place makes a negative impression. Here is a collection of scariest ghost towns around the world.
Initially, the town of Pripyat was built to host the plant’s workers. Constructed in the 1970s, it was a well off town, even judging by the Soviet level of income. However, when the accident occurred, its 50, 000 inhabitants were immediately evacuated by the special forces of the country to the safer regions. Now, Pripyat is a symbol of an abandoned place, with chilling landscapes and signs of the people’s speedy departure. You can see trees, growing through the roofs of schools, and there are children’s dolls found in what used to be kindergartens. Nature slowly claims its right to the town: once a beautiful living area, it is now nothing more than an eerie sight with scattered belongings and not a soul around.
Pomona in Namibia used to be one of the richest cities in the world, with diamond mines so numerous that people came here, obsessed with the desire to find treasures at any rate. In the 20 th century, however, the German-controlled territories were named a forbidden zone, and no one was allowed to enter. Today, Pomona is in a state of slow decay, with its ghost streets and bars being gradually swallowed by the desert, and the site is definitely scary and romantic.
It is nothing more than a few houses now, but before, Pegrema was considered to be one of the most breathtaking examples of wooden architecture in the region. In the times of the Russian Revolution, when there were military uprisings around the area, most of the buildings were destroyed and people left to seek for shelter. Nowadays, however, only the church is left intact, and the beautiful site on the lake Onega is completely abandoned.
This ghost town inspired film directors to create one of the most popular horror films in history, called Silent Hill. It sits atop the coal mine, and there have been fires burning underground for centuries.
In the 1990s, scientists predicted there may be an eruption going on around the area, and most of the inhabitants were evacuated from the place. However, there are still holdouts who refuse to leave, and the toxic smoke is rising from the ground as the days pass.
Most ghost cities do not have a tragic history behind them, but this abandoned town, located in France, can tell a lot about its inhabitants, and that is an unhappy story. In June of 1944 there was a huge massacre of the locals, initiated by the Germans, and 642 of the town’s residents were locked in a church and then burned alive.
The ones, who managed to escape, said that Nazis aimed to level the town with the ground and were nearly successful. Now the site serves as a tragic and memorable reminder of the horrors of war, and the tourists are shocked to discover abandoned buildings and half-burnt houses together with cars and walls.
This ghostly place was made as a replica of the famous Eiffel Tower. We have to admit it looks strange, located in the suburbs of the Chinese city of Hangzhou. Originally, it meant to host thousands of people, but somehow ended up to become home to barely fifth of that number. We don’t know the reason this site is so unpopular with the locals, but it indeed produces a surreal and almost alien impression.
Due to the worsening of the agricultural conditions and the general misfortunes that occurred to town, including a landslide and an earthquake, this once popular place, flooded with tourists, now stays deserted.
We cannot say much about the future of the Italian abandoned places, but this one has definitely got its charm: one of the Bond’s movies was filmed here, and the directors love the spot for its surreal atmosphere and excellent movie locations.
Craco is one of those ghostly towns you wish to visit in your lifetime, and it definitely leaves a lot to the imagination with its towering walls and half-shattered buildings, damaged by the landslide and the climate conditions that brought the city to the decadent state.
The definition of a ghost town varies between individuals, and between cultures. Some writers discount settlements that were abandoned as a result of a natural or human-made disaster or other causes using the term only to describe settlements that were deserted because they were no longer economically viable T. Lindsey Baker, author of Ghost Towns of Texas, defines a ghost town as "a town for which the reason for being no longer exists". [1] Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town [2] others say, conversely, that a ghost town should contain the tangible remains of buildings. [3] Whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate. [2] Generally, though, the term is used in a looser sense, encompassing any and all of these definitions. American author Lambert Florin's defined a ghost town as "a shadowy semblance of a former self". [4]
Economic activity shifting elsewhere Edit
Human intervention Edit
A similar situation occurred in the U.S. when NASA acquired land to construct the John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC), a rocket testing facility in Hancock County, Mississippi (on the Mississippi side of the Pearl River, which is the Mississippi–Louisiana state line). This required NASA to acquire a large (approximately 34-square-mile (88 km 2 )) buffer zone because of the loud noise and potential dangers associated with testing such rockets. Five thinly populated rural Mississippi communities (Gainesville, Logtown, Napoleon, Santa Rosa, and Westonia), plus the northern portion of a sixth (Pearlington), along with 700 families in residence, had to be completely relocated away from the facility.
Flooding by dams Edit
Massacres Edit
Some towns become deserted when their populations are massacred. The original French village at Oradour-sur-Glane was destroyed on 10 June 1944 when 642 of its 663 inhabitants were killed by a German Waffen-SS company. A new village was built after the war on a nearby site, and the ruins of the original have been maintained as a memorial. Another example is Agdam, a city in Azerbaijan. Armenian forces occupied Agdam in July 1993 during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The heavy fighting forced the entire population to flee. Upon seizing the city, Armenian forces destroyed much of the town to discourage Azerbaijanis from returning. More damage occurred in the following decades when locals looted the abandoned town for building materials. It is currently almost entirely ruined and uninhabited.
Disasters, actual and anticipated Edit
In 1984, Centralia, Pennsylvania was abandoned due to an uncontainable mine fire, which began in 1962 and still rages to this day eventually the fire reached an abandoned mine underneath the nearby town of Byrnesville, Pennsylvania, which caused that mine to catch on fire too and forced the evacuation of that town as well.
Disease and contamination Edit
Catastrophic environmental damage caused by long-term contamination can also create a ghost town. Some notable examples are Times Beach, Missouri, whose residents were exposed to a high level of dioxins, and Wittenoom, Western Australia, which was once Australia's largest source of blue asbestos, but was shut down in 1966 due to health concerns. Treece and Picher, twin communities straddling the Kansas–Oklahoma border, were once one of the United States' largest sources of zinc and lead, but over a century of unregulated disposal of mine tailings led to groundwater contamination and lead poisoning in the town's children, eventually resulting in a mandatory Environmental Protection Agency buyout and evacuation. Contamination due to ammunition caused by military use may also lead to the development of ghost towns. Tyneham, in Dorset, was requisitioned for military exercises during the Second World War, and remains unpopulated, being littered with unexploded munitions from regular shelling.
A few ghost towns have gotten a second life, and this happens through a variety of reasons. One of these reasons is heritage tourism generating a new economy able to support residents.
For example, Walhalla, Victoria, Australia, became almost deserted [10] after its gold mine ceased operation in 1914, but owing to its accessibility and proximity to other attractive locations, it has had a recent economic and holiday population surge. Another town, Sungai Lembing, Malaysia, was almost deserted due to closure of a tin mine in 1986 was revived on 2001 and has become a tourist destination since then. [11]
Some ghost towns (i.e. Riace, Muñotello) are being repopulated by respectively refugees and homeless people. In Riace, this was accomplished by a scheme funded by the Italian government which offers the housing to refugees and in Muñotello it was accomplished through an NGO (Madrina Foundation). [12] [13]
In Algeria, many cities became hamlets after the end of Late Antiquity. They were revived with shifts in population during and after French colonization of Algeria. Oran, currently the nation's second-largest city with 1 million people, was a village of only a few thousand people before colonization.
Alexandria, the second-largest city of Egypt, was a flourishing city in the Ancient era, but declined during the Middle Ages. It underwent a dramatic revival during the 19th century from a population of 5,000 in 1806, it grew into a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants by 1882, [14] and is now home to more than four million people. [15]
Africa Edit
Wars and rebellions in some African countries have left many towns and villages deserted. Since 2003, when President François Bozizé came to power, thousands of citizens of the Central African Republic have been forced to flee their homes as a result of the escalating conflict between armed rebels and government troops. Villages accused of supporting the rebels, such as Beogombo Deux near Paoua, are ransacked by government soldiers. Those who are not killed have no choice but to escape to refugee camps. [16] The instability in the region also leaves organized and well-equipped bandits free to terrorize the populace, often leaving villages abandoned in their wake. [17] Elsewhere in Africa, the town of Lukangol was burnt to the ground during tribal clashes in South Sudan. Before its destruction, the town had a population of 20,000. [18] The Libyan town of Tawergha had a population of around 25,000 before it was abandoned during the 2011 civil war, and it has remained empty since.
Asia Edit
China has many large urban property developments, sometimes referred to as "ghost cities", that have remained mostly unoccupied since they were built. [20] The town of Dhanushkodi, India is a ghost town. It was destroyed during the 1964 Rameswaram cyclone and remains uninhabited in the aftermath. [21]
Antarctica Edit
Europe Edit
Urbanization – the migration of a country's rural population into the cities – has left many European towns and villages deserted. An increasing number of settlements in Bulgaria are becoming ghost towns for this reason at the time of the 2011 census, the country had 181 uninhabited settlements. [22] In Hungary, dozens of villages are also threatened with abandonment. The first village officially declared as "dead" was Gyűrűfű in the late 1970s, but later it was repopulated as an eco-village. Some other depopulated villages were successfully saved as small rural resorts, such as Kán, Tornakápolna, Szanticska, Gorica, and Révfalu.
Examples for ghost towns in Italy include the medieval village of Fabbriche di Careggine near Lago di Vagli, Tuscany, [24] the deserted mountain village Craco located in Basilicata, which has served as a filming location. [25] and the ghost village or Roveraia, in the municipality of Loro Ciuffenna, in province of Arezzo, situated near Pratovalle. During World War II it was an important partisan base and it was definitively abandoned in the 1980's, when the last family who lived here, left the village.
An example in the UK of a ghost village which was abandoned before it was ever occupied is at Polphail, Argyll and Bute. The planned development of an oil rig construction facility nearby never materialised, and a village built to house the workers and their families became deserted the moment the building contractors finished their work.
North America Edit
Canada Edit
United States Edit
Many ghost towns or abandoned communities exist in the American Great Plains, the rural areas of which have lost a third of their population since 1920. Thousands of communities in the northern plains states of Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota became railroad ghost towns when a rail line failed to materialize. Hundreds of towns were abandoned as the Interstate highway system replaced the railroads as the favored means of transportation. Ghost towns are common in mining or mill towns in all the western states, and many eastern and southern states as well. Residents are compelled to leave in search of more productive areas when the resources that had created an employment boom in these towns were eventually exhausted. Some unincorporated towns become ghost towns due to flooding caused by dam projects that created man–made lakes, such as Oketeyeconne. [ citation needed ]
Starting in 2002, an attempt to declare an official ghost town in California stalled when the adherents of the town of Bodie and those of Calico, in Southern California, could not agree on the most deserving settlement for the recognition. A compromise was eventually reached—Bodie became the official state gold rush ghost town, while Calico was named the official state silver rush ghost town. [29]
Another former mining town, Real de Catorce in Mexico, has been used as a backdrop for Hollywood movies such as The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), [30] The Mexican (2001), and Bandidas (2006). [31]
South America Edit
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a wave of European immigrants arrived in Brazil and settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway system. Since the 1930s, many rural workers have moved to the big cities. Other ghost towns were created in the aftermath of dinosaur fossil rushes. [ citation needed ]
In Colombia, a volcano erupted in 1985, where the city of Armero was engulfed by lahars, which killed approximately 23,000 people in total. [32] Armero was never rebuilt (its inhabitants being diverted to nearby cities, and thus becoming a ghost town), but still stands today as "holy land", as dictated by Pope John Paul II. [33]
Oceania Edit
Some cities are sacrificed for economic reasons. Tell us about Tignes in your native France and Shi Cheng in China.
In 1952, Tignes, an adorable little mountain village in the French Alps, with traditional wooden chalets, was engulfed within the space of a few minutes by the waters of a dam designed to power a hydroelectric plant.
The same thing happened in 1959 in China to the city of Shi Cheng. There, however, a city more than a thousand years old disappeared beneath the waters of an artificial lake. For almost 40 years, nothing more was heard of Shi Cheng until one day divers rediscovered its magnificent and, most importantly, well-preserved remains almost 40 meters below the surface. I would love to have been that first diver to have seen the city. [Laughs] Today, you can go on scuba excursions to the submerged ruins.
Minersville, Wisconsin
Minersville is a ghost town located near the modern day Dodgeville in Iowa County. Minersville was established in the 1840s following the opening of the Dodgeville Mine which attracted many immigrants to this area. The town also served as a station on the local railroad.
At its peak, Minersville had a post office, a school, a church, saloons, general stores, a gambling house and a host of other businesses that served its growing population. The town depended on the mine for its economic survival.
When the Dodge Mine was completely mine out, many of the towns inhabitants begun to move away in search of new employment. This marked the beginning of the town’s decline. Eventually, the town was completely abandoned leaving everything at the mercy of nature. Today not much of the town remains of this once thriving town.
Six Pine Barrens Ghost Towns to explore!
South Jersey Trails is four years old! In celebration, I highlight an area I’ve been blessed enough to spend the last 24 years exploring – the Pine Barrens. I started with a post on the Best Hikes in the Pine Barrens. But hiking isn’t what hooked me on the pine barrens all those years ago (and boy, what great hiking there is there), it was the history.
So when you think of ghost towns, you probably think like me: cowboys, swinging doors, tumbleweeds…
You know, this. (Note – Bodie State Park in California).
But the pine barrens have dozens of ghost towns of their own. Sure, there weren’t many shootouts in the pine barrens (except Hampton Bogs that one time). And they are definitely short on tumbleweeds. But they all have their own, fascinating history.
Note before we start, all of these are state or county parks and nearly all are manned continuously by park employees. You won’t need dirt roads to get to any of these, or need to venture deep into the woods where your car will get stuck. So don’t let those worries get in the way of exploring!
Without further ado, here are SIX ghost towns you can go explore!
Weymouth – Weymouth Furnace County Park
Weymouth Road near the intersection with the Black Horse Pike
Hamilton Township, NJ
Weymouth is the site of an old iron works. A furnace and a forge were both in operation here by 1802, and were taken over by Samuel Richards (remember that name, it’ll be back a lot this post) early in the 19th century. After the furnace and forge closed down, a pair of paper mills was established here. The remains visible today are the remains of those two paper mills. With the stack sitting by the Great Egg Harbor River, this is perhaps the most picturesque of the pine barrens ghost towns on this list.
You can also explore the John’s Woods Preserve across the way, which has some more of the remains of Weymouth.
Belcoville – Estell Manor County Park
Route 50
Estell Manor, NJ
Sure, there are eighteen miles of hiking trails here, but forget looking for nature and start looking for a munitions factory. That’s right, this whole park was part of a massive ammunition factory complex during The Great War (aka World War I). You can’t wander more than a hundred feet in this park without running into the remains of one of these old buildings, many of which are still pretty intact for being 100 years old.
As a bonus, the Estell Glass Works remains are also in the park. Drive right up to the parking area on the park loop and take a walk around. The glassworks come complete with explanatory signs to help you understand the glass blowing process!
Atsion – Wharton State Forest
Route 206 and Quaker Bridge Road
Shamong, NJ
Another old furnace town, this one was started by Charles Read before the War for Independence. Like most iron towns in the pines, it was later acquired by the Richards family. The centerpiece of the village is the 1824 Richards mansion, which has an imposing location on the dirt Quaker Bridge Road, which would have been the highway through the area at the time and not Route 206. After the iron era, there was a shortlived farming community here called Fruitland, followed up by a cotton mill here, and finally the purchase of the property by financier Joseph Wharton, who used it for various enterprises.
Even during my lifetime, the village has been disappearing, but you can still see the concrete Wharton era barn, the old church, the schoolhouse, and the remains of the cotton mill here. One of the improvements that has come to Atsion of that period is that the old Richards Mansion is open for tours now, which is a great way to spend an hour if you can make one of the correct times during the season.
Wharton Era concrete barn.
Smithville – Historic Smithville Park
801 Smithville Rd
Mt Holly, NJ
Q: What does a bicycle factory, a moose-drawn carriage, and a bicycle railroad have in common?
A: Hezekiah Smith and his model village in Burlington County.
Before Mr. Smith, there were mills here and well as a cotton cloth manufacturing center named Shrevesville. But it was when Hezekiah Smith brought his company here at the end of the Civil War, a company who was here late into the 20th Century, the whole area was renamed in his honor. While his machine works were very successful at this location, the most famous product made here was the Star Bicycle, a successful early model of that contraption.
A Star Bicycle going down the steps at the capital building. Because public domain.
Now a county park, you can wander past the remains of the various factory buildings here, check out the Worker’s House Museum, and take a tour of the Smith Mansion.
Hiking trails of Smithville – which will get you to the historic buildings
Whitesbog Village – Brendan Bryne State Forest
120 W Whites Bogs Rd #34
Browns Mills, NJ
This was the site of one the earliest cranberry operations in the area, going back to almost the Civil War. However, it’s true claim to fame came when Elizabeth White developed the commercially viable blueberry here. Now part of Brendan Bryne State Forest and run by the Whitesbog Preservation Trust. This village is different from our other ghost towns, in that several of the buildings are leased as private residences, even if the old workers homes, schoolhouse, and collapsed cranberry packing house are vacant of residents, children, or cranberries. When you are tired of looking at old buildings, make sure to take the self-guided driving tour of the bogs.
A great time to visit in during the Annual Blueberry Festival held each June.
Batsto Village – Wharton State Forest
31 Batsto Road
Washington Township, NJ
As author Barbara Solem states right in the title of her book on Batsto, this is the “Jewel of the Pines”. A New Jersey Colonial Williamsburg, this old iron/glassmaking town goes back to the pre-Revolutionary War days. It made canonballs for George Washington’s army during the War for Independence and throughout its history produced iron slag that was later made into stoves and other products in the early days of the United States (including the fireplace backs for Washington’s home at Mt. Vernon). When bog iron was no longer as profitable, the Richards family (of course the Richards family) started making glass, which extended the life of this pine barrens town. The whole complex found a new life as the home base for Joseph Wharton’s pine barrens business empire, at which time the mansion was used as a summer home by the Wharton family.
Today, Batsto is the best preserved of the old pine barrens towns, a place where you can visit the Richards/Wharton mansion, walk through the blacksmith shop, or wander through the old sawmill (which still functions) or gristmill. The visitors center features a beautiful museum that was redone a few years ago, which explains the history of Batsto and the pine barrens.
General store from the mill.
Batsto also features one of favorite events – the Batsto Country Living Fair – each October, which is well worth attending for the antique engines alone.
Want to learn more about the history of the pine barrens and its ghost towns? Check out some of these great books:
If you are like us and you LOVE bookstores, some great ones to check out for these and other fine books on South Jersey history are:
Old Book Shop of Bordentown – Bordentown, NJ
Second Time Books – Mt. Laurel, NJ
Batsto Museum Shop – Batsto, NJ
Pinelands Preservation Alliance Bookstore – Southampton, NJ
And, of course, the annual Lines on the Pines event
RIP to our favorite local history bookstore – the Cheshire Cat at Buzby’s Chatsworth General Store.
Unless someone wants to give me enough money to buy and run it, which would be amazing.
List of site sources >>> |
From foxy to gleamy: winter weather words you’ll never hear in forecasts
·1-min read
<span>Photograph: blickwinkel/Alamy</span>
Photograph: blickwinkel/Alamy
Meteorologists stick to precise language when describing the weather, assigning particular meaning to previously vague expressions such as “wintry showers”. This preserves strict accuracy, but misses out on some of the more vividly descriptive terms traditionally used to describe winter conditions.
“Foxy” weather is misleading, and is applied when the day looks sunny and warm but is actually bitterly cold. “Gleamy” is more optimistic, noting occasional intervals of sunshine amid the gloom. “Hunch-weather” is wind and rain that makes you hunch over.
Scots provide many colourful terms for bad weather. To “flench”, for example, means to give a deceitful promise of improvement, which mornings sometimes seem to do to at this time of year. The Scots word “jellit” means freezing, which sounds like archaic English word “gelid” but sharper. “Snell” is a Scots term for weather so cold it bites down to the bone, believed to come from the old English word for quick, which came to include acute or sharp.
Not everything wintry is unpleasant. Scots also give us “Watergaw, a small section of a rainbow rather than a full sky-spanning bow, appearing when there is a chink of sunlight between clouds. And one English word describes a particular winter joy: “apricity”, the pleasant feeling of the sun’s warmth on a cold day.
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Health benefits of figs
Fig fruit is low in calories. 100 g fresh fruits carry only 74 calories. However, they contain health benefiting soluble dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins, and pigment antioxidants that contribute immensely towards optimum health and wellness.
Dried figs are an excellent source of minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. In fact, dried figs possess higher concentrations of energy, minerals, and vitamins. 100 g dried figs provide 249 calories.
Fresh figs, especially black mission, contain polyphenolic flavonoid antioxidants such as carotenes, lutein, tannins, chlorogenic acid, etc. Their antioxidant value is comparable to that of;apples;at 3200 umol/100 g (Trolox equivalents).
Additionally, fresh figs contain adequate levels of some of the anti-oxidant vitamins such as vitamin-A, E, and K. Altogether these phytochemical compounds in fig fruit help scavenge harmful oxygen-derived free radicals from the human body and thereby protect us from cancers, diabetes, degenerative diseases, and infections.
Furthermore, research studies suggest that;chlorogenic acid;in the figs help lower blood sugar levels and control blood glucose levels in type-II diabetes mellitus (adult-onset) condition.
Fresh, as well as dried figs, contain healthy levels of a B-complex group of vitamins such as niacin, pyridoxine, folates, and pantothenic acid. These vitamins function as co-factors for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Dried figs are excellent sources of minerals like;calcium, copper, potassium, manganese,;iron, selenium and zinc. 100 g of dried figs contain 680 mg of potassium, 162 mg of calcium, and 2.03 mg of iron. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. Copper required in the production of red blood cells. Iron is essential for red blood cell formation as well for cellular oxidation.;
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The Importance of Sleep
Health and Wellness Magazine
The Importance of Sleep
Getting Enough Rest
Although sleep experts have long espoused the benefits of achieving optimal sleep time of seven to eight hours per night, Park concedes that individual sleep needs vary and it is therefore difficult to pinpoint the optimal sleep time for everyone. “Some people are rested at six to seven hours, others at nine to 10 hours, if so, that’s your optimal sleep. If, however, you are not refreshed after substantial time or if you need more sleep but keep waking up this signals a problem.†Park says that sufferers who do not fit the common profile of a common sleep disorder may experience other symptoms, which include being tired despite length of sleep, headaches, migraines, digestive problems, low or high blood pressure, and lightheadedness. He explains, “The inability to sleep well also interferes with the body’s hormone balance. In women, therefore, it may result in worsening pre-menstrual and menopausal symptoms.â€
As for Slater, he understands the importance of paying attention to what his body is telling him and keeping it all in balance. “After more than a few brushes with death, I understand what’s relevant. It doesn’t mean you stop living. You make choices and eliminate certain things and come to understand that you can live happily with what remains.†|
Food fraud: how will Brexit affect fraud in the food supply chain?
The rules around food safety and labelling requirements are clear and robust. Problems arise, however, on both an EU and a UK scale when it comes to dealing with fraud in the food supply chain.
09 November 2017
What is food fraud?
The regulation of food and drink products in the UK largely stems from EU legislation. The rules around food safety and labelling requirements are fairly clear and robust. Recent changes in sentencing guidelines in England and Wales mean that there is now scope for the authorities to come down hard on those who put consumers at risk of harm.
Problems arise, however, on both an EU and a UK scale when it comes to dealing with fraud in the food supply chain, particularly where there is no clear harm or risk of harm to consumers. Examples of food fraud include where ordinary honey is sold as the more expensive ‘Manuka’ honey, or run of the mill olive oil is traded as ‘extra virgin’. In these cases, the ability (and perhaps the willingness) of the authorities to pursue and prosecute fraudsters becomes more complicated.
There is no definition of 'food fraud' and some recent research conducted by food fraud expert Professor Chris Elliott has revealed that UK police forces don’t record crimes relating to food and drink as a category in their own right or share information on food crime across forces. So there is no data on the extent or types of food crime being perpetrated.
Horse-meat scandal
Professor Elliot is well known to many in the food sector as the author of the 'Elliott Report' which examined the integrity of the food supply chain in the wake of the horse-meat scandal which came to light in 2013. The scandal is a perfect example of large scale food fraud, perpetrated at an EU-wide level, which did not directly pose a health risk to the public.
The fraud involved the use of horse-meat in ready meals in place of beef. Eating horse-meat is not itself harmful and many countries outside the UK consume it. The crime here was duping the consumer (and indeed the retailer) into believing they were buying beef. This type of activity may also present a risk of harm, of course, as the fraudulent goods are by their very nature more likely to be handled in unsafe or unsuitable environments which are unregulated and unchecked. It might also involve the use of contaminated products or ones which are past their best or unsafe.
Professor Elliott’s report highlighted a number of shortcomings in the UK’s approach to understanding and tackling food fraud and made a number of recommendations on how to improve things, including the setting up a Food Fraud Unit.
How is food fraud currently tackled?
As a consequence of the Elliott Report we now have a Food Fraud Unit, which forms part of the Food Standards Agency. It is doing its best to investigate and tackle fraudulent activity in the sector but it is funded on something of a shoestring and, significantly, has not been given any specific or increased rights of enforcement. It is reliant upon individual police forces to take action and they do not necessarily have the resources or understand the scale or significance of criminal activity in this area.
One positive outcome of the horse-meat scandal has been improvements in the understanding at EU level of the scale and cross-border nature of these types of activity. As a result, organisations across the EU (including the Food Fraud Unit) have increased and improved their level of information sharing in a bid to combat criminal activity. This begs the question what will happen when the UK leaves the EU and we are no longer part of the club?
It is surely in both the EU's and the UK’s best interests to ensure that information continues to be shared post-Brexit as fraudsters don't generally respect political borders. Although some assurances have been given that this will continue to happen, anecdotal evidence suggests that the Brexit vote has already seen the UK slip to the bottom of the list when it comes to information sharing.
The recent scandal concerning unlawful levels of fipronil in eggs which were sourced from the Netherlands appeared to show that information sharing with the UK authorities was slower than in the past. This is concerning if both food businesses and consumers wish fraud to be tackled.
There is also a significant question about the impact of future border controls on fraudulent activity. Rotterdam is the largest port in the EU. It sees a huge number of food and drink products pass through it each year and 2017 saw the grand opening of a dedicated ‘Cool Port’ for trade in fresh food products. Over a third of all food entering from Africa, Asia and the Americas comes via Rotterdam for onward movement to the rest of Europe, including the UK.
As a member of the EU the UK currently receives the benefit of import checks as Rotterdam, meaning that goods which are moved onwards to the UK have already been ‘processed’ even if they originate from outside the EU. Once the UK leaves the EU it will no longer receive the benefit of those checks. Instead, goods coming in from Rotterdam, along with imports arriving direct from overseas and other imports coming in from the EU, will all have to be checked and processed once they arrive at the UK’s borders.
The UK currently imports around 52% (by value) of the food and drink consumed on home soil and currently only 19% of food and drink consumed in the UK comes from outside the EU. In other words, instead of only a proportion of the 19% of non-EU food products being processed at UK borders, UK ports will have to process the full 52% of food consumed in the UK. That seems likely to add up to a lot more time, resources, infrastructure and money being required at the UK’s borders. Without that additional investment, it seems inevitable that there will be greater scope for fraudulent products to slip through the net.
What else creates opportunities for fraud?
In addition to Brexit related issues, there are other factors which have the capacity to create opportunities for fraudsters. Indirectly related to Brexit is the effect of the falling value of the Pound. This has already increased the cost of imported food products and the cost of imported commodities for food manufacturers.
If the UK fails to agree a free trade deal with the EU this is also likely to result in an increase in the cost of imports. As the UK imports 29% of its food and drink from the EU, the impact on prices could be significant. Where there are price hikes there is always an opportunity for criminals to make money by substituting higher cost items for a lower cost equivalent.
Equally, however, price rises can lead to circumstances where legitimate businesses which are struggling to meet increased costs decide to substitute higher cost ingredients for lower cost ones without declaring the change. A recent extreme example of this resulted in the death of a consumer from anaphylactic shock due to the inclusion of undeclared allergens in a curry.
We have also recently seen scenarios, such as the alleged activity by the 2 Sisters meat processing business, where cost saving short cuts are taken such as relabelling products with revised sell by dates to extend shelf-life. Our own clients have been the victims of other businesses in the food supply chain passing off cheaper products for more expensive ones, including cheaper cuts of meat being sold as more expensive ones, eggs being given false quality assurance labels and potatoes being passed off as more expensive varieties.
How can food businesses combat fraud post-Brexit?
In an ideal post-Brexit world greater emphasis would be placed upon, and money would be invested in, policing fraud in the food supply chain at national level and at the UK’s borders. However, it seems likely that the UK government will be unable and unwilling to focus on this, particularly when it has a myriad of other issues to manage as we head into the uncharted waters of Brexit.
There are however, some areas that food businesses can explore and focus on in order to put themselves in the best position to combat fraud and deliver food quality and integrity to consumers. A key aspect of this is for businesses to ensure they truly understand their supply chain in both directions.
• Who are you buying from?
• Who do your suppliers buy from?
• Have you visited your suppliers?
• Do you know the businesses you sell to?
• Do you have robust and verifiable ordering systems in both directions and is it clear how orders should be placed by you and by those you supply to?
• Do you verify requests to change delivery addresses or bank details and do you verify who and where new orders come from?
We have advised a number of clients on their options once they have discovered that they have fulfilled fraudulent orders for which they will never be paid or have received goods which purport to be something they are not. Businesses which have robust systems for verifying and auditing their supply chain reduce the risk of these types of incidents.
Food fraud prevention
Supplier audits are an area which could also help to combat food fraud if there was a willingness to share information. Many processing and manufacturing businesses face numerous audits from a variety of customers in the supply chain which individually don’t necessarily identify enough issues on their own to raise a red flag. If technology was harnessed to enable audits to be shared, however, they might together paint a broader picture which would be enough to raise an alarm.
Including the Food Standards Agency in that information sharing would be another step on the road to a more joined up, more carefully and accurately monitored food supply chain in circumstances where the regulator (along with enforcement agencies in the guise of local authorities and/or the police) is increasingly strapped for cash.
The use of technology has the potential to facilitate huge advances in combating fraudulent activity, as well as adding value to products by authenticating provenance. Businesses such as Happerley are already harnessing blockchain technology to help verify where ingredients have come from and thereby reduce the opportunities for fraud and add value to products.
Similarly, the use of ‘tracers' in food products can also help combat fraud. By adding harmless vitamins to foods in which those vitamins would not normally appear, for example, businesses can later verify whether products on the shelves still contain those vitamins or whether those ingredients have been substituted for something else. Simple scanning apps are being developed to enable checks to be easily carried out on smartphones. Businesses in the USA have already used tracers and seen a huge reduction in fraudulent activity.
With the prospect of significant changes in UK trade arrangements on the horizon, along with ever greater pressures on public resources, food and drink businesses will have to become increasingly smart and creative if they wish to avoid becoming victims of fraud. It is not all doom and gloom, however. Creative solutions to the problem also bring opportunities to add value to products and to increase levels of consumer trust through verification of the authenticity and integrity of products. And if businesses can also use that information to work with the authorities to help combat crime then we could all be on to a winner.
Oxford Farming Conference 2018
Burges Salmon is the sponsor of the Science Lecture at the 2018 Oxford Farming Conference. The inaugural Science Lecture will be delivered on Thursday 4 January by Professor Chris Elliott. Professor Elliott will be speaking about the controversial issue of sustaining global food supply to the rapidly growing world population and challenge the audience with ideas about the future of global food security and the role we have to play in it.
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Sian Edmunds
Sian Edmunds Partner
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When it comes to a general knowledge quiz, there are several rounds which always crop up.
Food, history, film, geography, flags and animals are among the most popular.
But what about dinosaurs? Yep, we're talking about all things to do with those big, scary, toothy creatures which used to roam the earth.
From the T-Rex to the Pterodactyl - we've come up with 20 dinosaur quiz questions to test your knowledge of the prehistoric world.
Your fossil-mad friends will love to show off their dino-mite expertise.
And if you enjoyed this one, why not try one of our other popular quizzes linked below - or head to our swanky new quiz page for more general knowledge questions.
Fill in the survey here: https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/LLWG75D
It will only take a matter of minutes!
Dinosaur quiz questions
1. How many horns did a triceratops have?
2. What does the word dinosaur mean?
3. Dinosaurs first appeared in which geological period?
4. What is the study of fossils called?
5. When did dinosaurs go extinct?
6. And why did dinosaurs go extinct?
7. What was the first dinosaur to be discovered?
8. How many claws did a velociraptor have on each hand?
9. Which dinosaur was the size of a chicken?
10. True or false: birds evolved from dinosaurs
11. How many years did dinosaurs roam the Earth?
12. What colour were dinosaurs?
13. During which period did the T-Rex live?
14. What were the largest type of dinosaur?
15. Was Diplodocus a carnivore or herbivore?
16. What dinosaur themed book was turned into a blockbuster movie in 1993?
17. Which dinosaur's name means 'fast thief'?
18. What was the lifespan of a T-Rex?
19. Which dinosaur had a giraffe-like neck?
20. Which dinosaur had the smallest brain for its body size?
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20 food and drink quiz questions and answers to test your general knowledge
1. Three
2. Terrible lizard
3. Triassic
4. Paleontology
5. Around 65 million years ago
6. They were killed by an asteroid
7. Megalosaurus
8. Three
9. Compsognathus
10. True
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11. 160 million
12. Nobody knows
13. Cretaceous
14. Sauropods
15. Herbivore
16. Jurassic Park
17. Velociraptor
18. 20-30 years
19. Brachiosaurus
20. Stegosaurus |
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“The Moon is Beautiful Isnt It,” is the phrase that almost every literary person from Japan says once in his lifetime. Every culture has its unique traits, and Japanese culture is not an exception. Natsume Soseki, a Japanese Writer, and Novelist significantly express his views with this famous saying of his, “The Moon is Beautiful Isn’t It?” Japanese culture is fairly sensitive, and their civil attitude towards everybody is famous. Once, he overheard a student saying, “I love you,” and he deemed it inappropriate for Japanese people and culture.
Natsume Soseki was a famous teacher and had many students. Once, his student was translating something from English literature to the Japanese language and had translated the phrase “I love you” literally. This leads to discomforting Natsume Soseki, and he devised a Japanese alternative, rest is the history.
The Moon is Beautiful Isnt It - japanese
The Moon is Beautiful Isnt It – japanese
The previously mentioned event led him to invent this famous phrase, the Moon is Beautiful Isn’t It, an equivalent to “I love you.” This phrase 月が綺麗ですね (Tsuki ga kirei desu ne) symbolizes the importance of culture and the role of artists in promoting it through their art. Publicly available art can’t promote foreign values and should promote the local values, endorsing the need for co-existence, harmony, and understanding.
The time at which this proverb gain popularity was simple, and people used to be modest and respectful. It was unthinkable to ask anything so bluntly on someone’s face as it might cause an imminent embracement or a discomforting situation for the listener. And such a level of decency leads to indirect ways of expressing love. And the phrase, “The Moon is Beautiful Isnt It?” is now commonly used even by the youth.
What is the reply to the Moon is Beautiful Isnt It?
This is an intelligent Japanese phrase that can be said to anyone you care about and want to be with them. However, it has an elementary scenario of being under the bare sky. And the most appropriate literary answer to this notion is 死んでもいいわ | shindemo iiwa “I can die happy.” The term I can die happy implies that the relationship will bring joys and contentment that will denounce the urge for better, forever.
A person keeps looking for a better alternative, but once we get the ultimate, our search for alternatives comes to an end. These beautiful events are simple and exemplary, to begin with. And in this age of desensitization, we all have to start respecting everyone’s personal space and their comfort zone. Dragging anyone out of their sensitivity leads to serious emotional consequences.
Why moon is used as a symbol of love?
The Moon is Beautiful Isnt It leads to one thinking that Japanese people are so impressed with the beauty of the moon that they indicate the most remarkable events of their life by comparing it to the moon. The moon is a source of amusement throughout history in different cultures.
At night when there is calmness everywhere and you are watching outside the window of your room and see everything quiet and calm under the light of the moon, there is nothing more lovely than this, and this must impress everyone who loves nature, peace, and serenity. Thus the moon is used as a symbol of peace and love.
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Kindness improves the quality of life in our homes as well as in the community. It brings people together. Doing good for others feels good. Showing kindness to others is just as rewarding as receiving it from someone else.
READ ALOUD: A Little Spot of Kindness by Diane Alber. Also, check out Hoopla and Tumble Book Library on the library’s website for other books to enjoy.
VIDEO: Color Your World with Kindness.
ACTIVITY: Today is the day that you will perform an act of kindness to a family member, a friend or a neighbor. Write down how this act of kindness made the person you were kind to feel and more importantly write down how it made you feel.
COLORING SHEET: Print the attachment and decorate with crayons, paint, stickers or whatever inspires you!
Visit the library website calendar for more stories and activities each day this week. |
New panther chameleon at Newquay Zoo!
We’ve recently welcomed a new male panther chameleon to our Tropical House! Arriving at Newquay Zoo on 16th July, the chameleon has been off-show whilst he settles in, however you can now see him on display alongside our female panther chameleons just inside the entrance of the Tropical House.
So, with this latest addition we thought we would provide you with some interesting facts about this striking species.
Where do they live?
Endemic to Madagascar, the panther chameleon is found in coastal regions and islands off central-eastern, north-eastern, northern and north-western Madagascar.
What is their diet?
Panther chameleons are insectivores, which means that their diet consists primarily of insects, including locusts, crickets, grasshoppers, meal worms and roaches.
Panther chameleon’s coloration and patterning vary according to their location of origin. For example, in the Madagascan island of Nosy Be they are emerald green, turquoise or blue-green, and in the north of Madagascar they are bright pink with yellow stripes.
Regardless of their locales, female chameleons generally obtain a dull colouration in comparison to males, who will display more vibrant colours.
It is commonly believed that chameleons change their colour to match their surroundings and therefore camouflage themselves. However, they actually change colour due to their emotional state and temperature.
Fun facts
• They have unusual feet which look like tongs and help them to grip on to branches
• Their tail is also prehensile, which acts as a “fifth hand”, allowing the chameleon to hang quite safely by it alone
• Their tongue can stretch 1.5 to 2 times the length of their body, it also has a mucous tip at the end which helps to capture its prey
• Chameleons do not have ears, but to make up for this, they have eyes that can rotate and focus separately to observe two different objects at the same time, giving them 360 degree vision whilst staying stationary
• Females who are carrying eggs will signal their unwillingness to mate by turning a dark colour, commonly with orange stripes.
Make sure you keep an eye out for our latest addition when you next visit! |
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• Expert Shares 10 Simple Activities To Get Your Toddler Talking
Help your child achieve their language and communication milestones with these activities.
by R.M. Mauhay .
Expert Shares 10 Simple Activities To Get Your Toddler Talking
• As your child grows, he or she will be accomplishing various developmental milestones, including that of language and communication. While it's exciting to hear your little one say his first few words, don't fret if he's a little behind compared to others — some slight delays are normal.
If you do suspect a delay, it is is always best to consult a professional. (Click here for red flags to look out for) The Philippine Association of Speech Pathologists has a directory where you can seek for help from speech therapists — highly trained professionals who can evaluate or assess, diagnose, and create treatment plans for your child.
The role of parents in language and communication
Communication is an active process of exchanging information and ideas. It involves both understanding and expression. These expressions are either done through movements, gestures, object, vocalizations, signs, pictures, symbols or printed words.
In a free webinar held by the ADHD Society of the Philippines called "Speech and Language Strategies for Parents," Jeremiah James Pinca, registered occupational therapist and program director of Wordabilities therapy clinic, explained that when individuals communicate effectively, they are able to express their needs, feelings, and preferences in a way that others can understand.
Your child can (and will) achieve communication milestones more readily and be able to spontaneously adapt to these newly learned behaviors when taught in the context of familiar experiences and activities.
Activities that help with speech skills
Here are some strategies and activities from Jeremiah that you can do with your kids to help them achieve their language and communication milestones
1. Eye contact
Establish meaningful eye contact when your child makes sounds and respond to them as if you’re having a proper conversation with them, even if they’re just blabbering. When they laugh, you laugh with them. Make faces with them in front of a mirror. It helps them see vividly how they look like when they do the actions!
2. Baby talk
This means making easy to imitate sounds like “Mama,” “Baba,” or “Dada” for babies. At this point, it is important that you get their attention.
Elongate your vowels and use a sing-song voice. Try to make your words short and slow, and repeat it as often as you can. Emphasize words that you want them to learn.
3. Narration
Narrate what you are doing, what you have done, or will be doing with your baby using your “baby talk” voice. You can also give voice to your baby and interpret his actions for him — for example, if he is reaching for a toy, say, “Baby wants the rattle? Baby wants the rattle! Rattle for the baby, yes give baby the rattle.”
4. Read picture books
Choose big, colorful, and sturdy picture books, one that catches their attention. While gadgets are convenient tools to educate and keep your little ones entertained, with picture books, you can filter what they learn.
Start with describing the illustration as shown in the open page. You don’t have to read the narrations under the pictures yet. As they grow, you can ask them if they know what is shown on the book, or have them look for something in the page.
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5. Play the “Yes” or “No” game
Do this by asking them simple questions with obvious yes or no answers. For example, “Is your name Alex?”
You can also ask them other questions and provide them with choices for answers. This can be done using visual aids to help them understand which is which between the choices. For example, show them a picture of Frozen's Elsa and then another of Anna and ask them, “Which one is Anna?”
6. Create obstacles
Obstacles are situations that motivate children to communicate. It can be done by withholding objects that your child wants until they say a certain thing properly.
Make sure to give them ample time to respond, as there are children who know what they want to say but need time to remember the words from their memory to use on a specific situation. It is also important for you to respond positively to their attempts.
7. Mix and match
When your children reaches a certain age and they can now combine phrases to make sentences, you would want them to understand the concept of ‘categorization’. You can cut out and print pictures that your child can categorize into groups.
This can also work by letting them organize their toys by category. You can also print and cut out silly pictures with mismatched top and bottom parts such as a fish with human legs and then let them correct the images. Talk about what's wrong with the picture and ask them how it can be fixed.
8. Guessing game
Play a simplified version of the all-time favorite “Pinoy Henyo.” Let the children guess what word you are describing or do it the other way around and let the children describe the words they want you to guess.
9. Movie time
Take a break and switch on your devices and watch a movie as a family. Turn it into a game and pause at certain moments and then make them guess what will happen in the next scene/s.
10. Phase out baby talk
When your child baby talks, repeat her words but construct the sentence correctly. For example, if your child says, “Banana, yellow”, respond with “Yes, the banana is yellow.”
You can also add little things to the sentence which will help them widen their vocabulary. Add adjectives like, “Yes, the banana is yellow, because it is ripe.”
According to Jeremiah, when doing these things, what's most important is that you pay attention while your child is talking to you. Pause after speaking to give your child a chance to respond and think of an answer.
Read how a mom coped with her son's language delay here.
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Home / On-Premises
On-premises software and technology, also called on-prem, is housed within the physical location of an enterprise, rather than in the cloud or on hosted servers in a remote facility. On-premises software is also referred to as “shrink wrap software,” as compared to cloud-based software which is known as “software as a service” (SaaS).
On-premises software is the traditional form of enterprise and consumer applications, and typically requires each server and end user to have a license to use the software. Because these apps are housed within the data center of the enterprise, this model is more expensive than the cloud or hosted server models. On-premises software requires an investment in hardware, software licenses, and in-house IT staff, and the enterprise is responsible for the security and management of the software throughout its lifecycle.
However, all of these factors also make on-premises software more secure than cloud-hosted software, because the organization has full control of it. On-premises software is not subject to risks like loss of access during global or local Internet outages, security vulnerabilities that can be introduced by the provider’s data storage practices, privacy risks, and even the potential business failure of the SaaS provider.
Some organizations are adopting a hybrid approach where they run some workloads and apps on-premises, and host others with cloud providers. This approach enables them to keep tight control of their most business-critical or privacy-sensitive apps on-premises, while taking advantage of the benefits of cloud hosting for less sensitive workloads and apps. |
D 6/9 Guitar Chord Chart and Fingering (D Major 6 / 9)
D Major 6 / 9 chord intervals and notes
Intervals 1 - 3 - 5 - 6 - 9
Notes in D 6-9 D - F# (Gb) - A - B - E
A major 6/9 chord is formed by adding a 6th and a 9th(2nd) degree note to a major chord. They are great for substituting major chords if you want to add more color to your music.
D Major 6 / 9 Chord Charts, Fingering, Voicings
Here are 6 voicings of the D6-9 guitar chord, with a chord chart to each voicings' fingering.
These D Major 6 / 9 guitar chord variations can be interchanged freely. If it sounds good, it is good!
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For questions or assistance contact [email protected]
Universal Design for Learning Strategies - Classroom Layout
Education is something that everyone should have access to, regardless of hearing (or any disability!). If we want deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students to be successful, one strategy is to use Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which provides strategies that make learning accessible to ALL students, including students who are deaf or hard of hearing. These are great strategies to utilize not only because it is all inclusive and guards against students feeling singled out, but also can be a great way to facilitate buy-in from teachers, so that they recognize that by supporting their DHH student in this way, they are actually supporting all the students in their classroom. Because, after all, accessibility goes beyond the visual and auditory access and includes changes in the classroom instruction and the space itself.
So, how do we make our classrooms more accessible? How can we incorporate Universal Design for Learning (UDL) into our classroom...
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Story County, IA - Blog Wed, 19 Jan 2022 11:39:55 -0600 Story County, IA - Get the latest from Blog en-us Snirt Still Happens Mon, 17 Jan 2022 07:47:26 -0600 I noticed something I hadn’t seen in awhile the other day while driving in northern Iowa. Most of an earlier snowfall had melted, but drifts left in road ditches had an odd look. The snow was no longer white, but was gray and in some places almost black. It was “snirt”, a combination of snow and dirt. The effect was most pronounced in ditches next to fields where fall tillage had been done; exposing dry, loose soil to the wind. It would have been much worse if various forms of “conservation tillage” had not been adopted. Conservation tillage allows at least some of the crop residue to remain on the surface where it can partially protect the fragile soil. When I was a boy, it was a mark of pride to bury every trace of crop stubble with moldboard plows that were the primary fall tillage tools of the day. Fall cover crops are an even newer means of protecting soil during the vulnerable winter months, and it’s encouraging to see more fields being planted with them each year. Our soil is among the most important natural resources on the face of the Earth. It’s a finite resource, too. It took thousands of years to develop from relatively sterile parent material left by the glaciers, and it’s not being made anymore. We’ve already lost significant amounts of what was present when the wetlands and prairie that formed our soil were plowed under. We can’t afford to lose any of what’s left. Seeing “snirt” is distressing. It’s often thought that the land as the pioneers found it was pristine since it had never been tilled. Although it had never felt a plow, it was far from undisturbed. The land was more than plant communities. They were incredibly complex ecosystems that included thousands of species of animals, birds, insects, and microbes. Many of the animals and insects “tilled” the soil. Foxes and coyotes dug their dens, as did skunks, wood chucks, and badgers. Badgers tilled more soil digging up ground squirrels, gophers, moles, and meadow mice who were great diggers themselves. The hooves of passing herds of bison and elk cut into the soil surface. Perhaps the greatest soil movers of all were the countless trillions of ants who gently turned the soil over one grain at a time. Many of these creatures created disturbances, but their combined activity never destroyed the ecosystems to which they belonged. In fact, the ecosystems could not maintain their marvelous diversity without those disturbances. Disturbed soil was a place where annual, biennial, and short-lived perennial plants could compete with long-lived perennial plants and continue to thrive. Many of those were important nectar and seed sources that wildlife depended on. Slow, but steady, turning of the ancient prairie soil by animals and insects was as important for the formation of our deep, dark soil as the activity of deep rooted plants. Without the combined efforts of plants and animals over centuries of time, soil as we know it cannot be made. We continue to cover some of our remaining soil with concrete as towns expand and roads are built. Flowing water and wind continue to erode it. We cannot replace soil once it's been lost. The soil left for our use becomes ever more precious. Perhaps, hopefully not too far in the future, there will come a time when roadside snow drifts will remain white and our streams and lakes will remain clear more of the time. We’re not there yet. We have made progress, but much more must be done as long as snirt still happens. Confusing Young Eagles Mon, 10 Jan 2022 08:13:40 -0600 Many people are seeing bald eagles in our area these days. Several pairs maintain nests and live here in Story County year-round. Some eagles from farther north are wintering here, as well. Mature eagles are easy to identify with their dark bodies and pure white heads and tails, but dark sub-adult eagles can be confusing. The white head and tail does not fully develop until a bald eagle is at least four years old. A newly fledged young bald eagle’s head is dark brown. Its eyes and large bill are dark, as well, but will slowly turn yellow as the bird matures. The body and wings are mottled light and dark with no distinct pattern, but the mottling is difficult to see at a distance. Light areas under the wing show more clearly in flight. The tail is lighter, but not white. It shows a narrow dark terminal end band on two and three-year-old birds. The body and wings grow darker as the bird ages, and will be all dark brown after their fourth year. Dark immature bald eagles are sometimes confused with turkey vultures that are present in Iowa only during the warm months. Eagles have larger feathered heads than bare-headed vultures, but heads are hard to see at a distance. The easiest way to tell them apart is that vultures soar with their wings held up in a distinct V. Eagles soar with their wings held almost flat. Some large soaring hawks, including red-tails and rough-legs, rarely appear as all-dark brown or black color variants (known as dark morphs). Though these hawks are not as large as eagles, relative size is hard to judge at a distance. Rough legged hawks are present only in the winter, and never in large numbers. Although rough-legs will soar at higher altitudes when migrating, they usually fly low over open country, and often hover (kiting) when hunting. Eagles often soar to great heights and never kite. Even dark morph rough-legs show a light base to the tail with a dark terminal band. Red-tail wings appear shorter and wider than an eagle’s, in proportion to their body size. Red-tails will sometimes hover, too, but not as often or as well as rough-legs. All hawk bills are small compared to an eagle’s large bill that’s as long as it’s head. Golden eagles don’t live in Iowa, but a few that nest south and west of Hudson Bay in Canada pass through during migrations. A friend from Marshall County keeps close track of raptors that migrate down the Iowa River Valley. He saw 516 bald eagles, but only 4 golden eagles last fall. A few golden eagles sometimes winter along the Mississippi River, but they don’t catch fish like bald eagles. They eat carrion like bald eagles, but prefer to hunt mammals and birds. Golden eagles can be told from dark young bald eagles, but careful observation through binoculars or a spotter scope may be necessary. Young golden eagles have a large and distinct white patch under each wing that grows smaller as they mature. Their bodies are all dark and show none of the mottling of young bald eagles. Young golden eagle tails are white at the base with a broad dark terminal band. Mature golden eagle tails are mostly dark with only a little white at the base, while a young bald eagle’s is lighter. The tawny golden feathers on a mature golden’s head and neck are hard to see, but their dark bodies and under-wing feathers show none of the mottling of young bald eagles. Even though it’s difficult to tell some of the dark raptors apart, they’re still wonderful to watch. Few birds are more beautiful, powerful, or majestic in flight. Swans Then and Now Mon, 03 Jan 2022 08:05:58 -0600 I was aware of swans even as a small child. They were in stories like “The Ugliest Duckling” and pictured in some of the Disney books and movies. Those swans were mute swans, natives of Europe. Their orange bills, arched necks, and ruffled their wing feathers graced many paintings. I even got to see a few on park ponds and on Iowa State University’s Lake Lavern. One day when I was nine or ten years old my grandpa took me to a pond somewhere south of Mason City to see some swans. I was surprised to see two immense white birds with their necks held up straight and their wings folded smoothly over their backs as they swam. They were quite a way off and obviously weren’t tame “park swans." I suppose, back in the late 1950s, that they had to have been a pair of what were then known as whistling swans. They didn’t normally come to Iowa, but regularly migrated through nearby Minnesota. Known as tundra swans today, they still mass in thousands near Lake Peppin on their southeastern migration to wintering areas around Chesapeake Bay. A few still wander into Iowa each year. Sue and I often follow the Iowa River corridor between Chelsea and Iowa City on our way to and from Illinois to visit our grand kids. The route is prettier, safer, and far more interesting than driving on I-80. It’s unusual if we don’t see some interesting wildlife. Some large wetlands have been restored on extensive state wildlife areas. We have seen eagles, sandhill cranes, deer, turkeys, and a variety waterfowl depending on the season. We were returning from Illinois just after Christmas and had just turned west on Highway 30 north of Chelsea. A corn field off to the north was covered with many white birds. My first thought was snow geese, but I soon realized the birds were way too big for that. Trumpeter swans! Swans can weigh more than 25 pounds while snow geese rarely exceed five pounds. I pulled off on a nearby gravel road and grabbed the binoculars. Some of the birds were resting with heads tucked under wings while others were feeding. A few flapped their wings occasionally. Some were clustered in family groups. Each pair of pure white pair of adults had from one to as many as five gray cygnets. There were easily over 100 swans in that field! That is more trumpeter swans than existed in the lower 48 states 50 years ago. There are other flocks of free-flying wild trumpeter swans in central Iowa, including some that are wintering at Ada Hayden Lake on the north side of Ames. Some of the other wintering swan flocks have even more birds than the one I saw! Biologists and dedicated volunteers who worked so hard and so long to bring the trumpeter swan back from the brink of extinction must marvel at what they’ve accomplished. No one would have believed that multiple flocks of 100+ wild swans would be possible by now when swan recovery work was starting. Eggs were carefully collected from the few remaining wild trumpeter swan nests in the greater Yellowstone area of Wyoming and Montana (the only ones remaining in the lower 48), and from remnant populations in Alaska. The eggs were incubated and the young raised in captivity (often by volunteers) until they were ready to breed at three years old. Their wing feathers were kept clipped so they couldn’t fly. Their young were banded and carefully marked so they could be identified even in the field before they were eventually freed to become wild swans again. They had no parents to teach them where to migrate in winter as the young ones I saw did. Those new wild swans wandered widely until they found spots where there was food and open water for the winter. They eventually developed their own migration traditions, mated, nested, and began raising their own young. We’re now several generations of swans into the ongoing recovery. They continue to reclaim their ancestral native range as their numbers slowly increase. I hope I live to see wild nesting trumpeter swans right here in Story County where they’ll join bald eagles, sandhill cranes, wild turkeys, and river otters - all creatures that are living and breeding here now, but didn’t exist here when I was a boy. It still thrills me to see them! End of Year Thoughts Tue, 28 Dec 2021 11:37:29 -0600 2021 didn’t turn out the way most folks hoped it would. The pandemic didn’t end, and case loads are ramping up steeply again with yet another new variant as the year ends. That said, the year could have been worse. Medical science made, and continues to make, incredible strides in understanding and treating the disease. Drought became severe, but area crops weathered the dry conditions amazingly well. Our area experienced several “million dollar rains” that added just enough moisture at just the right times to allow some fields to have quite high yields. I had to water the garden a few times, but had the best green bean and tomato crops I’ve ever raised. Dry weather had both positive and negative affects on wildlife. Lack of severe storms in spring and early summer meant that more ground-nesting birds had successful nests. First nest attempts of the year usually have the largest number of eggs for birds like pheasants, partridge, and turkeys. Early nest success gives more time for the young to grow before winter arrives. Late hatched game birds often don’t mature enough to survive winter’s stress. Other species of birds, including meadowlarks and some sparrows nest on the ground, too, and likely had more successful nests. Waterfowl, on the other hand, had a rough year. Wetlands across the northern US and prairie provinces of Canada were completely dry or very low. Reproduction for many species was way down. As strange as it may seem, wetlands actually experience long-term benefits from periodic drought. Organic matter builds up in the annoxic (lacking oxygen) wetland muck. Drying muck cracks deeply; allowing oxygen to reenter the soil so that aerobic bacteria can break down all the stored organic material into nutrients that aquatic plants will reuse once water returns. Seeds from moist soil annual plants sprout on exposed pond bottoms and provide a bumper crop of seed that waterfowl will feed on heavily when water returns. Some wetlands even burn during dry periods. This, too, releases nutrients back to the soil. Wetlands that never dry out become much less productive. A drought is a renewing force that affects a wetland much like fire affects a prairie. Work was completed after several years of extensive renovation at Hickory Grove Lake. Numerous water quality improvement projects were completed in the 4000 acre watershed. The dam was rebuilt with an improved draw-down system to lower lake levels when necessary for future work. Shorelines were stabilized with rip-rap. Several new fishing jetties were built. Bottom contours were regraded to increase depth. Hundreds of truckloads of silt were removed from the upper end of the lake. A tremendous amount of new fish “structure” was added in the form of rock reefs, old concrete culverts that catfish should love, cedar trees that will last a long time under water, and gravel surfaced spawning areas. An aggregate surfaced trail was built all the way around the lake so that people no longer need to walk on the road. A new bathroom and shower building was added to the campground that doubles as a storm shelter. A new beach restroom and shower area was built. New boat ramps and parking areas were graded and paved. New docks were added at the ramps. Restocking of fish has begun. The lake is about half full as the year draws to an end. All that’s needed is water to bring the “new lake” back into use. Happy new year! May 2022 be a year of kinder weather and healthier people. Most of our neighboring states have dedicated natural resource and outdoor recreation funding. Dare we hope that the legislature will finally fund the Natural Resources and Outdoor Recreation Trust Fund – only 11 years after the people of Iowa overwhelmingly passed the constitutional amendment that created it? |
Cut Array
Given an array containing only positive integers, return if you can pick two integers from the array which cuts the array into three pieces such that the sum of elements in all pieces is equal.
Example 1:
Input: array = [1, 3, 4, 2, 2, 8, 1, 1, 1]
Output: true
Explanation: choosing the number 4 and 8 results in three pieces [1, 3], [2, 2] and [1, 1, 1]. Sum = 4.
Example 2:
Input: array =[1, 1, 1, 1],
Output: false
Solve the problem:
def load_balance(arr): """ :type arr: List[int] :rtype: bool """
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Comments on: Curly vs. straight: what gives? Comments on Ask MetaFilter post Curly vs. straight: what gives? Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:11:42 -0800 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:11:42 -0800 en-us 60 Question: Curly vs. straight: what gives? What is the cause of curly hair, and further, why does the curliness of hair differ? Proteins? If so, is it genetic? How do "hair-straightening" products work? <br /><br /> Forgive the triviality of the post.,2006:site.36927 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:02:24 -0800 Frankieist hair science biology By: eatdonuts <a href="">Lyn Dowsett, a biochemist at Otago University responds :- </a><br> <br> <em>Curly hair has to do with the chemical bonds in the protein that makes up hair - a-keratin. Keratins, particularly a-keratin, have long sequences of amino acids (often more than 300) which forms a helical structure. <br> <br> Pairs of these helical structures then coil about each other in a left-hand coiled-coil structure. These are then attracted to another coiled coil so two keratin helices will stick together. These four-chain structures then associates with another four-chain structure to form the hair filament. One of the amino acids which make up these chains, is cysteine which has a sulpher group which is able to make connections with other sulpher groups on other coiled coils. <br> <br> The more interactions a filament has with another filament, the more tightly coiled the coiled-coil becomes. Hence, curly hair has more interactions than straight hair. The process of `perming' hair introduces more accessibility of the sulpher on the amino acid, cysteine, to make these connections. Finger and toe nails have many many bonds between filaments and are thus, very hard. </em>,2006:site.36927-572344 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:11:42 -0800 eatdonuts By: cobaltnine Hair is curly through straight (on a bit of a spectrum) based on how flat or round the hair shaft is. Flat hair, like curling ribbon, is curly. It is genetic. <a href="">Genetics of hair.</a><br> <br> Hair-straightening works in various ways, in some cases to 'puff up' the hair to make it rounder and straighter. Down by the chemicals <a href="">on this page</a> are descriptions of what some of the various chemicals do specifically to have effects on the hair.<br> <br> Chemo can also cause people's hair to grow in different; I presume it's because the genetics are somewhat co-dominant and when you kill off the fast growing (cancer/hair) cells, you get slightly different expressions the next time they grow in.,2006:site.36927-572345 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:13:36 -0800 cobaltnine By: jenovus eatdonuts is right about the cysteine-cysteine disulfide bonds. A permanent wave essentially breaks the bonds with a reducing agent, reshapes the hair, then re-sets the bonds with an oxidizing agent.<br> <br> <a href="">Here is a site with crude diagrams that says what I just said.</a>,2006:site.36927-572362 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:27:29 -0800 jenovus By: sgobbare I recall from high school that the texture of hair was determined by the shape of the hair folicle, round for straight hair, oval for curly hair and somewhere in-between for wavy hair.,2006:site.36927-572367 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 14:33:05 -0800 sgobbare By: Quietgal Tag-on question: what's up with my hair? It starts out fairly curly (i.e., when a new hair first sprouts from its follicle it's curly), then as it continues to grow it straightens out to a gentle wave. You can see the difference along a single strand of hair. It's not just the weight of the hair straightening it out, since if you hold a loose strand upside down, hanging from the tip instead of the root, the difference in curliness persists. What's going on here? <small>apart from making my life one long bad hair day, that is ... </small>,2006:site.36927-572503 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 17:18:37 -0800 Quietgal By: evening I have the opposite problem, Queitgal, which has its own problems. I wish everyone (women mainly) would stop "doing" their hair so we could all have one big sigh of relief and just have bad hair days together. :),2006:site.36927-572514 Mon, 24 Apr 2006 17:33:44 -0800 evening |
“We keep it to ourselves or bottle it in.” This are words local students used to describe how teens deal with stress. In September, I spoke to our local high school’s health classes on stress and anxiety. From a show of their hands, the majority acknowledged they deal with or have dealt with anxiety.
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health disorders among teens, affecting 25% of all teens and 30% of teen girls (Nat’l Institute of Mental Health). Your teens are no different. In fact, the students came up with a comprehensive list of how they experience stress: fatigue, obsessive thoughts, emotional exhaustion, depression, loss of hope, loss of appetite, worrying, restlessness, sick stomach, hyperventilating, loss of sleep, body being out of control, migraines, being overly sensitive, tense muscles, lack of concentration, irritability, overthinking, and having a racing heart.
Do those symptoms seem overwhelming? Can you image pretending like you’ve got it all together when these things are going on inside of you? How do kids cope with all these stresses?
Students reported they keep a lot of their stress to themselves or try to bottle it up inside. However, they identified unhealthy ways teen cope with anxiety: self-harm, drinking, drugs, smoking, isolation, being angry, being perfect, not eating, overeating, and having suicidal thoughts. These are accurate ways teens try to numb anxious feelings or deal with situations they can’t control.
Unfortunately, teens are stressed today in multilayered ways. Triggers of stress identified by local teens were school, sports, responsibility, perfectionism, expectations of parents, expectations of friends and also of themselves. They also cited past choices, fitting in, physical appearance, social media, and fear of missing out as causes of anxiety. Perhaps the deepest causes of stress mentioned were parental choices, relationships, trauma, and abuse.
If 25% of all teens struggle with the above situations, how can adults in their lives help them? Here are 5 healthy ways you can help the anxious teens in your life.
1. Pay attention to their anxiety. The physical and behavioral symptoms listed above are indicators your teen’s body is responding to stress and fear. Our bodies respond to anxiety by fighting, fleeing, or freezing as self-protection. Don’t discount your teen’s experience when their bodies are telling them they’re not okay.
2. Listen to their fears, feelings, and support them with empathy. Being heard and understood is a big component in relieving anxiety.
3. Put their fears or stresses in context of a bigger picture. Teens tend to focus on what’s in front of them. Help them see the situation in a bigger context rather than just the here and now. However, do so on their level, not in a condescending manner.
4. Teach them to correct faulty thinking. Teens often talk, feel, and think in absolutes—always/never, everyone/no one, none/all. For example, “Everyone at school hates me.” Empathize with your teen about their feelings, but then help them see the truth of the situation. Absolute thinking perpetuates anxiety by promoting hopelessness and fear.
5. Get them professionals when needed—your family doctor, a counselor, or other mental health professionals specializing in anxiety. Don’t let them carry this struggle alone. Often parents or family dynamics add to an adolescent’s stress and they need an outside, neutral person to talk to.
These tips aren’t just for teens, but are applicable to adults, too. Take care of your stress an anxiety, too.
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Jan 19, 2022
ACE Catalog - Volume 34
ACE Catalog - Volume 34
STEM Education, M.Ed.
Program Description
The STEM Education program prepares K-16 teachers to utilize digital resources to foster the innovative engagement of diverse learners associated with integrated science programs such as STEM. The courses offer a holistic overview of historical and current issues and trends impacting integrated science education while cultivating research-based strategies to improve student learning. The courses are designed to provide the educator experience with integrated curriculum utilizing the technological and didactic skill sets required for empowering 21st century learning in a global, digital society.
Program Outcomes
1. Design environments for scientific investigations, fostering integrated STEM curriculum which engages diverse learners and builds the capacity for accessing, evaluating, and utilizing learning resources in authentic problem-solving scenarios that accurately reflect those used by the scientific and engineering community.
2. Utilize theories and standards within a research framework to facilitate scientific inquiry through scaffolding, differentiation, and assessment strategies in the field of integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education to identify best practices for engaging learners.
3. Construct a framework for the seamless integration of authentic technology to enhance scientific literacy in a variety of venues, including reading and writing, acquiring and managing information, and communicating ideas effectively.
4. Employ strategies to promote intellectual skill development in selecting testable questions, establishing appropriate variables and controls, choosing the kind of data and method of collecting it, and utilizing appropriate tools to correctly make hypotheses and predictions.
5. Establish environments supporting the capacity for collaborative interactions to promote independence and interdependence which support conflict resolution, self-discipline, time management and team-building.
6. Investigate relevant issues and problems and demonstrate evidence-based decision making appropriate for the needs of a global society.
7. Promote personal inquiry as an aspect of developing dynamic relationships between ideas and individuals supporting expectations with the fields of STEM.
Mission Statement
The M.Ed. in STEM Education program prepares committed and involved K-16 teachers to develop innovative learning environments for students. Through systematic problem solving and evidence-based strategies, students become leaders in a technical world.
Course List (31 Total Semester Credits)
• * Course credits transferred from STEM Certificate earned at National Institute for STEM Education (NISE). NISE and Accelerate Learning are partners of American College of Education.
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Common Sense Rainbow
love is love
A Brief History Of Marriage Equality
Jan 13 2022
Marriage equality has come far over the past few decades. Most western countries have achieved marriage equality with more and more achieving it every year. It's a good idea to look back at how we got here.
In the 70s the LGBT+ rights movement was still small, the Stonewall Inn riots had just happened and public opinion on homosexual people was still negative. In 1971 Michael McConnell and Jack Baker became the first sex couple to get married in modern times though the legal status is up for interpretation. Sadly Maryland became the first state to ban same sex marriage. Over the next few decades all the way up to 2015 more states would join Maryland in banning same sex marriage.
There was little news of marriage equality in the 80s with the LGBT+ movement still small. In 1989 Denmark became the first legally recognize same sex unions. Same sex civil unions are a middle ground for places between nothing and full marriage. Civil unions often get less rights than marriages. During this time the first cities in the US would also implement domestic partnerships which are similar to civil unions.
In the 90s talk are marriage equality began to grow. More countries would allow civil unions such as Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands. With this growing support the Defense of Marriage Act was passed in 1996 in the US defining a marriage as between as a man and a woman on a federal level.
The 2000s were a turning point for the LGBT+ movement and the push for marriage equality. In 2001 the Netherlands became the first county in the world to get marriage equality with the bill being passed by a surprising margin. Other counties would follow like Belgium in 2003 and Spain and Canada in 2005. Also in 2003 Lawrence v. Texas struck down sodomy laws in the US and Massachusetts was the first state in the US to gain marriage equality. Many states like Connecticut in 2008 and Iowa and New Hampshire in 2009 would follow. Many other states would allow for civil unions. California would famously achieve marriage equality but then repeal it with prop 8.
In the 2010s marriage equality movement would continue to explode. In 2013 prop 8 was struck down and California would finally get marriage equality. In 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges would finally bring marriage equality to the US with it requiring all states to allow same sex marriage. Many other counties would follow.
2020s and going forward
Despite 2020 and 2021 not being the best for LGBT+ rights there was still some good news. In 2021 Switzerland and Chile achieved marriage equality. Going forward it's likely more counties will allow same sex marriage or at least civil unions. It's also important going forward that we push more anti discrimination laws. For example in many states in the US discrimination is still allowed against LGBT+. For true equality we need a lot more than marriage.§ion=2-201&Extension=HTML |
Introduction to " The Song of Songs "
The Song of Songs:
A noble prophet, a great king,
Intelligent, farseeing, sagacious, and wise, Was enchanted by the Queen of Sheba
And maddened by her sweet love.
When she gives him her love,
he feels himself in highest heaven!
And when she turns him away distressed,
his life becomes a hell of hells!
Woman spared not even Moses,
the Bringer of the word.
Verily, from accursed Satan
The power of women is derived !
January 3. 1983 (5pm)
Who does not know the Song
The great king and prophet,
Solomon the wise,
Sang three thousand years ago?
It still resounds throughout the ages.
Its charming verses preserved
for generations to come.
In the song of songs a binding spell
Charms and captivates the heart,
with sweet expressions
Seducing those who know it,
Transporting them to the highest heavens
As long as they hear the melodious refrain of this unique chant.
He who reads the song of Songs
will surely come to know
that when the heart
of the prophet Solomon was touched
By the magic fingers of love,
his deep-springing passion burst forth.
He felt troubling pains
and pleasing sweet hopes.
So he resorted to his pen.
His overflowing emotion poured abundantly,
Revealing what was hidden
in the depths of his being.
In this eternal song,
he disclosed his secret of secrets.
Generations will pass away,
Peoples will disappear,
Civilizations will be obliterated,
Cities destroyed
-- all gone without a trace--
But the song of songs will live forever
Throughout the ages
So long as love
--so long as man and woman --
Dr. Dahesh |
Ed Eaglehouse
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Literally: "to burn in". It is a _type_ of ink that essentially incorporates itself into the paper or writing surface. It's not just "ink", even though that is the origin. In modern times, there are many formulations of inks that behave quite contrary to incaustum, example: dry-erase markers.
Ed Eaglehouse - 5 January 2022 |
How to stop a fire from being a gasoline molecule
Gasoline is a combustible gas, which means that it can produce many different types of flames.
The most common is a flammable gas.
Flammable fuels include: gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation gasoline.
A spark can occur from a spark plug or spark plug extension cord or gasoline container that has been burned.
Other flammables include: wood, paper, metal, glass, and plastics.
The main concern with gasoline is that it burns when it heats up, which can ignite your house or home.
If you’re planning a camping trip, it is very important to have your stove on a low setting, which is usually set to medium.
This will allow you to have a lot of fire power to cook and cook quickly.
It is also important to avoid being too hot.
A low setting will make your stove burn hotter than you are comfortable with.
The more fire power you have, the less likely it is that your house will catch on fire.
If your house catches on fire, you need to be able to extinguish the fire quickly.
You can use a fire extinguisher, which will also help extinguish your flames quickly.
But, there are some other things that you need when you have a fire: a gas stove, propane tank, and fuel tank.
If there is a fire, then you need a way to extinguishing it.
When you want to extinguishes a fire quickly, it’s important to think about what you want the extinguishing to do.
It might not be possible to extinguishly a fire on your own, so you need some help.
The first thing you need is a way for you to extinguishers to work.
This is called a “taper”.
A taper is a tool that you put on your fire extinguishers so that they will not come off, which usually happens when they are used with a sparkplugs or a sparkplug extension cord.
It’s a safety measure so that you don’t burn yourself.
But sometimes, the taper won’t work.
For this reason, it can be helpful to have other people in the house with you.
A tapers is also a safety device.
It will not put out the fire, but it will keep you from getting burned.
But what does this mean?
Tapers don’t put out a fire.
A fire is still burning in a home.
The tapers help keep your house from catching on fire because they prevent the tapers from coming off.
You have to be careful not to cut yourself.
If someone comes in the room with a taper, they can cut themselves.
That’s when the fire gets started.
It can be very dangerous to cut your own hand, and it can cause your hand to burn.
But the tippers are not for everyone.
If a tipper is on your taper it will not extinguish a fire fast enough, so if it isn’t in your house, you should use it.
There are many other safety devices that you can use to help you extinguish fires.
The important thing is to keep the takers in your home.
It won’t be possible for them to extinguishment your fire quickly without someone else being there to help.
If they aren’t around, the fire could still happen.
But if they are around, then they can help you.
And that’s what a tippet is.
A Tippet for Safety |
Can Eggs Be Considered Dairy Products? Eggs Facts You Should Know – How To Eat Them?
Aside from protein, eggs also contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, and supplements. Indeed, research on the sustenance realities of eggs has tracked down that eggs, the egg yolk, specifically, give 100% of your suggested everyday worth of a lot of supplements. Can eggs be considered dairy products?
Protein helps with the fortifying, building, and ingredients of muscle tissue. It is in this manner particularly supportive to having a high protein feast or nibble just after exercise to assist with fixing any harmed or stressed muscle tissue. Just as to give energy.
As opposed to the conviction that many people have had throughout the long term, eggs don’t cause heart infections and related diseases. Most people like to eat the egg without the yolk because of the cholesterol content. Note that it’s the yolk that carries the majority of the wholesome benefits we can at any point want to get from an egg.
Without the egg yolk, you won’t acquire all you would have from eating an egg. Although the egg yolk carries a high measure of cholesterol, research and investigations have discovered that the sort of cholesterol found in eggs doesn’t have any unsafe impacts on our wellbeing.
What Is An Egg?
Can eggs be considered dairy products? - What is an egg?
Eggs are probably the best food on earth, giving great protein. Also, every known mineral and vitamin, except for vitamin C. However, one of the overlooked realities about eggs is how large-scale manufacturing using the modest feed, anti-microbial to defeat extreme unfeeling congestion, and synthetic substances have made them ill-suited for human utilization.
Regular eggs delivered by chickens that see sunlight and get to peck around for creepy crawlies and eat green plants, both fundamental for their diet, are unfathomably prevalent in wholesome quality. Nevertheless, one dangerous part of the delicate nature from plant ranch creation of eggs has to do with the unsaturated fats omega-3 and omega-6.
An average egg carries 78 calories. Eggs have a lot of protein, vitamin, and mineral substances. They also have low-soaked fat substances. Therefore, eggs are a significant part of a sound diet. The protein from eggs is known as a complete protein since it conveys all of the imperative amino acids needed by the human body. Eggs have most of the apparent nutrients, except nutrient C. They are a respectable wellspring of all the B nutrients and convey basic proportions of nutrients D and E. Eggs are likewise a good wellspring of zinc, selenium, calcium, and iron.
Eggs similarly hold lecithin that upholds lipid transportation inside the blood and the absorption of cholesterol. Chicken eggs show up in an assortment of shadings. These fuse white, cream, blue, and shockingly green. It is doable to have a whole rainbow of egg tones. However, what causes this shading change? A hen’s oviduct is the pathway through which eggs receive their shading. You can credit the shading to the chicken’s genetic characteristics.
Different kinds of chicken produce eggs in different tones. These tones have been refined fundamentally by cross-duplicating. Despite the differentiation in shading, the chicken eggs don’t show any distinction in medical advantages. It infers that white-shelled eggs are not less nutritious than brown-shelled eggs. Additionally, the taste is not too exceptional since the kind of eggs is determined by what they eat. Permit us to analyze a piece of the different kinds of chicken and the shade of the eggs they produce.
What Is A Dairy Product?
Are eggs dairy products? - What is a dairy product?
Dairy is a significant nutritional category, but already with extreme diet systems and the over-performance of food hypersensitivities and bigotries – dairy products appear to have an awful name. Dairy products incorporate milk and everything produced using milk. This milk might be from a well-evolved animal, similar to a cow, goat, and bison.
A portion of the regularly burned-through dairy products incorporate the following:
• Cottage cheese
• Butter
• Milk
• Cheese like: Cheddar, Mozzarella, Feta, etc.
• Cream
• Buttermilk
• Yogurt
• Sour cream
• Condensed milk
• Ice cream and others
There is a great deal of conversation concerning whether or not to recollect dairy items for everyday food? Nutritionists recommend that these items are a rich wellspring of calcium and protein. Yet, remember not remembering frozen yogurts as rich for these supplements.
Many people; attempting to get fit regularly eliminate dairy products from their weight control recipes, as they believe that these items are undesirable and greasy. In any case, the Weight-Control Information Network guarantees that this is a fantasy. Those hoping to decrease their admission of fat will profit from low-fat dairy products.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that people consume low-fat milk and diminish fat cheddar if they are worried about their fat admission. One glass of sans fat milk carries 02 g of fat, though one glass of whole milk carries 7.93 g of fat. Diminished fat dairy products carry steep and unsaturated fats, and people would be in an ideal situation to consume these without agonizing over their fat admission.
Are Eggs Dairy?
If you previously had it straight, you may be confused as people view eggs as dairy. However, if you contemplate why people do this misconception, it’ll bode well. Enough to disclose to the following individual who says eggs are dairy that it is not the situation.
Eating an egg doesn’t give a serving of dairy. Since dairy food sources are milk-based, they are each the source of calcium. Dairy food sources can change in fat substance; the USDA suggests picking low-fat or sans fat choices when you can. Dairy has novel supplements that might cause affectability issues for specific people.
Eggs are not a dairy product found on dairy homesteads or found in dairy isles. All people appreciate them. Tragically, many people think that eggs are dairy; however, this couldn’t be more off-base. So whenever asked, are eggs dairy? The appropriate response is just no. And they are best for the people who eat dairy on dairy-free count calories or have dairy milk hypersensitivity; however, not reasonable for those on a vegetarian diet.
A few cafés may even incorporate eggs as a component of their without dairy recipes or show them as a possibility for those with lactose prejudice or dairy narrow-mindedness or comparative dietary limitations since it is a particularly not unexpected misguided judgment. However, the truth is, eggs are not dairy from the poultry class and should be appreciated by everybody.
What Are Eggs Considered?
What are eggs considered? - Are eggs dairy products?
Do not considereggs as a result of animals. A few veggie lovers are hesitant to eat them since they were initially an incipient organism of a chick. You can get them from the inner parts of animals; in this manner, do not consider them vegan. In any case, they’re not meat like honey.
Eggs are not a dairy product. That’s all there is to it. The meaning of dairy incorporates food sources delivered from the milk of vertebrates, like cows and goats. Essentially, it alludes to drain; and any food products produced using milk, including cheddar, cream, margarine, and yogurt. They have a place in the meat, fish, poultry, and eggs classification. People consider them as animal products. You can consider it in another way. The milk and cheddar Americans eat come from sheep, cows, and goats, which are altogether warm-blooded animals and have mammary organs.
Without a doubt, veggie lovers, it’s a moral issue. Slaughterhouses are alarming, and people bring a lot of animals and hold up in appalling conditions. However, many accept that unfenced is a superior choice because the animals can investigate and move around uninhibitedly.
Yet, there’s an animal slaughterhouse eventually. Hence it’s with regards to how people deal with animals and very little concerning not eating meat. If you can find somebody who is a veggie lover and ready to address questions, I propose examining the point.
He’s also Buddhist, and I’m ready to get his view on this as well. He’s well aware that we all eat meat. I am continually looking for better options and offering a chance for people with limitations on a tight diet. Moreover, he’s a cook himself and probably the most delicious veggie-lover suppers I’ve at any point had.
Is It Safe To Say that Eggs Are Vegan?
Is it safe to say that eggs are vegan? - Are eggs dairy products?
Vegetarianism as a diet bars the utilization of animal tissue. Since eggs are veggie lovers, they don’t carry any animal tissue. People who remember eggs for their diet while swearing off eating chicken, pigs, fish, and the wide range of various animals can be called ovo veggie-lover – a vegan who eats eggs.
With that rationale, we can consider eggs alright for veggie lovers, yet you cannot consider it vegetarian without a doubt. Yet, many Indians have the idea that eggs are non-vegan. They also believe that they don’t devour them if they follow vegetarianism.
A few veggie lovers, including vegetarians, don’t eat eggs to some extent in light of the way the chickens that lay are treated in ordinary cultivating rehearses. Others say it doesn’t make any difference how they are cultivated. Eating eggs is utilizing the fowl’s regenerative system for human purposes; thus, it causes them to hurt. However, says Kankare, others don’t care for eating eggs for the reasons above; however, they will eat them in different food varieties like bread shop things — insofar as they’re not staying there on their plate.
What Might Be Said About Products Marked As “Pareve”?
Can eggs be considered dairy products? - Pareve products
The food may not carry both dairy products and meat; however, it might carry either. The “P” or pareve image implies that the product carries no meat or dairy products; however, it might carry fish or eggs. Natural gelatin, for instance, ordinarily comes from a fish source. A food thing named pareve means they can utilize it along with either a dairy product or a meat product – this pareve product won’t prompt the blending of meat and dairy, all in all.
Benefits Of Eggs
We all realize that having breakfast is significant; however, there are countless choices to browse. My favorite choice is to have eggs made in various ways. The extraordinary thing about eggs is that they have many incredible benefits; however, they can likewise be ready in many ways. You can make them accommodate your wellbeing limitations or dietary inclination also.
Raising chickens for raw eggs is probably the ideal way of having good food whenever of the day, as the eggs you can accumulate from the fowl will be 100% regular with no substance added substances or additives. Nevertheless, because eggs are probably the best wellspring of good cholesterol, protein, and different minerals, you will see that raising fowl as indicated by natural principles will give you 100% standard and solid eggs.
Perhaps the best thing about raising natural chickens is that they are substantial and regular. Regardless of whether you eat the eggs or the meat, you will see that there are no synthetics utilized as pesticides and nothing in their food that will hurt you. Seeing as you won’t infuse them with development chemicals, you can believe that any results of the birds will be 100% solid for you.
Eggs Are Particularly Incredible For The Eyes
Research shows that an egg a day stops Muscular Degeneration: which is the best source of visual impairment. Eggs can forestall this sickness due to the carotenoid content in eggs. You can find carotenoids in carrots. Most research has found that consuming eggs each day will bring down the danger of waterfalls. When the focal point of your eye gets blurred, it is known as a waterfall. It could prompt visual impairment and other eye issues.
Eggs are every one of the nine vital amino acids. They are, likewise, a good source of protein & choline. An enormous egg has 30% of your daily portion. Choline is a fundamental supplement that directs the cerebrum, sensory system, and cardiovascular system. Choline is found in the yolk, so go ahead and avoid the egg-white omelets once in a while. Unfortunately, eggs also carry the right sort of fat. The incredible thing about eggs is one egg contains 5 grams of fat and simply 1.5 grams of steep fat.
All eggs carry similar essential powerful supplements. Giant eggs have 72 calories, and if you eat them without the yolk, that number decreases enormously. Eggs are also one of the chief food varieties that contain commonly happening vitamin D. Eggs are also a great source of sulfur and B12, advancing healthy hair development.
Can Help You Lose Weight
Eggs are high in cholesterol. Previously, specialists suggested people eat a low-fat diet. However, numerous observational investigations have discovered that eggs had at breakfast add to weight reduction rather than when you eat no egg. The justification for why eggs are best for you is that the protein in eggs saves you more full for longer timeframes.
Accordingly, your yearning levels are held down, which means less food passes by your mouth. The egg is most certainly perhaps the best wellspring of protein, old-school style. Egg whites are rich in egg whites, which comprise practically half of our blood plasma protein and prevent liver infection. So, you can lose weight by eating eggs.
Eggs For The Eyes And Muscles
Do you realize that eggs also carry Lutein? You can find Lutein in green vegetables, but you can also find it in eggs. Lutein can help keep up with an appropriate vision and stay away from age-related macular degeneration, which is age-related vision misfortune. Likewise,protein eggs are vital for the muscles. Eggs carry fundamental supplements to have powerful strength and keep up with high energy levels. It also helps jocks and competitors to recuperate their muscles. Aid Liver and Brain Function
A few nutrients in eggs support mental wellbeing, Lutein, choline, B-vitamins, and omega-3 fats. Choline is an essential supplement. It is found in the egg yolk that cares for mental health. It is particularly significant for fetal mental health. Choline helps fabricate cell films. In addition, choline makes acetylcholine, a significant mind compound required for mindset, memory, muscle control, and other sensory system capacities.
Skin And Hair Benefits Of Eggs
Eating the ideal proportion of food and having a good diet can be the best approach to having a solid body and a rugged look. Eggs convey Lutein which is essential to assist with expanding adaptability, hydration, and lipid content of the skin. Through this, appearance is satisfactory and sound. In addition, the ideal proportion of protein is imperative to have solid hair and nails.
Defend Eyes From Erosion
Egg yolks give nutrient A. They also give two carotenoids, Lutein, and zeaxanthin. Many individuals understand that nutrient A is crucial for the eyes, yet fewer individuals know about the essential occupation Lutein and zeaxanthin play.
Egg yolks give nutrient A. they also give two carotenoids, Lutein, and zeaxanthin. Many individuals understand that nutrient A is crucial for the eyes, yet fewer individuals know about the essential occupation Lutein and zeaxanthin play. To protect our bodies from cancer disease, we need Lutein and zeaxanthin. They channel hazardous blue light and guarantee cells in the eyes.
Omega-3 Fats
Eggs marked with “omega-3” fats make the heart strong. Omega-3 is not in all eggs. Omega-3 fats might assist with decreasing the danger of macular degeneration. There are hypotheses that omega-3 fats further develop cerebrum wellbeing. Different benefits of omega-3 fats, remember further developing your heart wellbeing and battling aggravation for your body.
Cholesterol Levels
Ongoing research has already demonstrated how the vast majority’s systems handle the cholesterol in eggs in a manner that does not create heart disease. And dietary cholesterol doesn’t generally mean raised blood cholesterol or even a troublesome proportion of Hdl to LDL cholesterol. What’s more, indeed, the University of Connecticut has concentrated on the impacts of eggs on cholesterol levels. These excellent controlled investigations show that at whatever point people eat 3-4 eggs consistently, with the yolk, pretty much everybody encounters either no change or ideal changes in their cholesterol levels.
The Best And Worst Eggs To Eat
Are eggs diary products - Best and worst eggs to eat
Returning to chicken eggs, since they’re the ones you’re probably going to eat, a significant explanation should be made with regards to the sorts of eggs you’re buying. All eggs are not made similarly.
Average Battery Cages For Hens
Very nearly 87% of eggs in the United States are from hens living in “battery confines,” tiny and unsanitary enclosures frequently encircled by deep compost pits plagued by flies, worms, and rodents. Confined hens frequently experience a colossal scope of medical issues, including broken bones and bone misfortune.
In these enclosures, hens can’t take part in their regular, instinctual practices like settling, dust washing, roasting, and that’s only the tip of the iceberg. Indeed, the measure of hens stuck into these tiny spaces denies the mishandled birds from doing any following: sleep, stand up, stretch, turn, fold their wings, or man of the hour them.
These confined, unnatural everyday environments frequently cause such a gigantic measure of anxiety on the powerless animals that they resort to up ’til now excellent practices. These daily environments push the undesirable and despondent chickens past their cutoff points from culling each other’s quills out to human flesh consumption.
Unfenced Hens
Unfenced eggs come from hens that approach an outdoor range during the day however are housed safely and efficiently in sheds around evening time. To be delegated a free-roaming egg ranch, the hens should have significant and regular admittance to an outdoor range during sunlight hours. Farmers work with this by opening ways to the sheds each day and closing them down in the late evening at the time of hens’ coming back inside.
If free-roaming hens lived outside every minute of every day, they would be presented to the components, make some hard memories lying, and be simple prey for hunters like foxes and falcons. So free-roaming hens can utilize a safe outside range region to scratch the grass and move among the trees during the day, while, as yet, having the security of a shed around evening time.
Separating Egg Carton Labels
Chickens have carried on with a characteristic life and haven’t taken care of chemicals to control their creation. Concerning eggs, this implies almost anything. Business chickens get rare anti-infection agents. If they do become ill, they’re bound to be separated than to be treated with drugs. Most eggs available are anti-infection-free, so paying more for eggs with this name is simply senseless.
Are eggs dairy products? - History of eggs
Eggs are a great type of food with a lower calorie content and high dietary benefit. They are healthy food varieties with the perfect measure of starches, proteins, fats, and micro vitamins. In any case, this ought not to come as an unexpected when the egg is in itself a defensive covering for the chick, and this multitude of ingredients are fundamental for the chick’s turn of events. Notwithstanding the dietary benefit, the eggs are also broadly utilized in different recipes. People say that eggs fill the role of concrete during cooking: and hold and tie the various ingredients together.
There are not only chickens that lay eggs. Instead, various other birds like the quail, the ewe, the turkey, and the ostrich lay eggs. Yet, the most famously burned-through and savored is the chicken eggs. It is accessible in all pieces of the globe, and also, it is very economical when contrasted with different eggs.
One of the later researches has observed that children below the age of 10 who burn-through cheap food consistently have begun creating bosoms because of meats loaded with chemicals by implication took care of to animals. So remember to take care of the chickens from chemicals too. That is the reason to get eggs coming from chickens that are range taken care of and ripe.
If you place an egg that is ripe under a chicken, you will get a chick. Explanation the existence substance has not been eliminated from the DNA of that egg. Hence when you eat a healthy egg, you are getting the actual quintessence of life. Name whatever other protein that can offer that. Presently you see the reason why I feel that ripe eggs are your smart option for great protein.
Would you be able to eat eggs all week long and still shed pounds? The appropriate response is yes. Exploration shows that eggs are, in reality, best for you, despite what we once accepted. Eggs have an impartial to-great impact on cholesterol. Indeed, even the yolk has vitamin E and other significant supplements.
A study shows that eating seven eggs seven days is fine. However, if you have a background marked by cholesterol issues, notwithstanding, and are devouring countless eggs, it’s a smart thought to get your cholesterol levels checked.
Egg Recipes
Eggs are tasty, unquestionably adaptable, and exceptionally sound when eaten with some restraint. The EZ Cracker Egg Separator utilizes a good plan that empowers you to break eggs without making a wreck or getting shell bits in your food. It also accompanies a connection. So, you can detach the yolk from the white. Also, you can slip the shells from the hardened eggs.
The following are a couple of energizing and delightful egg recipes that you can attempt today.
Huevos Rancheros
Eggs Recipes - Huevos Rnacheros
Huevos rancheros are a heavenly Mexican-style breakfast that can undoubtedly fit various varieties. Nevertheless, this recipe is only a rule. So, go ahead and take out ingredients or add a couple of new ones of your own.
• Two eggs
• 1/2 avocado, sliced
• One soft tortilla shell
• Oil or cooking spray
• Refried beans
• Salsa
• Shredded Mexican cheese
• Sour cream
• Start by covering the lower part of a skillet with a tad of oil.
• Hotness it up on high for a couple of moments, and afterward, break two eggs straightforwardly into the dish.
• After getting ready to broil, you should put the tortilla on a plate. Now binge the refried beans on it.
• Sprinkle some destroyed Mexican cheddar on top and toss it in the microwave until the cheddar dissolves.
• Now, you will need to flip the eggs.
• You can get out a spatula and do this, yet that doesn’t seem fun at all.
• Give it a couple of shakes to release it up and afterward attempt to flip them into the air and onto the opposite side.
• When the opposite side of the egg is cooking: you can get the tortilla out of the microwave. And start adding the cuts of avocado.
• Slide the seared eggs onto the focal point of the plate, and afterward add the salsa and sharp cream on top. Enjoy!
Indian Deviled Eggs
Egg Recipes - Indian Deviled eggs
Spiced eggs are a work of art and delightful hors d’oeuvre. This recipe stirs it up by adding a scramble of Indian character! It is also somewhat more grounded than conventional spiced eggs because the mayonnaise is dispensed with.
• Six hardboiled eggs
• 1 tsp. ground black pepper
• 1/2 large red onion, minced
• 1 tsp. curry powder
• 3 tbsp. fresh cilantro (also known as coriander), finely chopped
• Salt to taste
• A little bit of oil for frying
• Chutney for topping (optional)
• After you have hard heated the eggs, cut them down the middle the long way and cautiously eliminate the yolk.
• Put away the whites.
• Hot the oil in a dish and sauté the onions until they become apparent.
• Mix in the pepper, curry, and cilantro.
• Whenever it is blended well, add the egg yolks and pound everything up until it is smooth.
• Notice we presently can’t seem to add the salt. A smidgen of salt is fundamental for people, yet, we regularly will more often than not try too hard.
• Taste the combination now, and in case it is acceptable, you can do without the salt by and large.
• If not, mix shortly at a time until it suits your taste.
• Presently you just cautiously spoon then blend once more into the white.
• Top with your favored chutney (mango chutney is flavorful!) and serve. Enjoy!
Simple Deviled Egg Recipe
Eggs recipes - Simple deviled egg recipes
Spiced eggs comprise slicing the eggs down the middle, eliminating the yolks, pounding them up with a couple of ingredients and flavors to make a rich blend, and afterward repositioning in the empty from where you initially take out the egg yolk.
• Six eggs
• Salt and pepper
• One tablespoon of Dijon mustard
• Paprika
• Three tablespoons of mayonnaise
• Hard-heat up the six eggs.
• Submerge eggs after bubbling in a bowl of freezing water.
• Now leave them there till they have relaxed. It will facilitate the work of stripping the eggs.
• First, strip the shell from the eggs and afterward flush the eggs under a running tap to eliminate any smidgens of the shell.
• Then, freeze the eggs for at least thirty minutes.
• Eliminate the eggs from the cooler and with a harsh blade
• Cut the eggs in partial lengthways.
• Finely press the boundaries of the egg partially to remove the yolk.
• If the yolk doesn’t jump out, it very well might be eliminated by utilizing a spoon to scoop it out.
• Eliminate all six yolks and spot them in the mixing bowl.
• Slow down all the egg yolks into minute parts with the help of a fork.
• Add the mayonnaise, mustard, salt, and pepper, advance to squash, and combine the ingredients as one until smooth glue shape.
• Fill the white parts of the eggs with the egg yolk combination utilizing one of the above methods.
• Lastly, sprinkle the highest points of the eggs with a bit of paprika.
• You can prepare eggs to serve, even though they might profit from a couple of hours in the cooler, to permit the various flavors to mix.
Heated Vegetable Omelet
Egg recipes- Heated omelet
Omelets are an old egg backup. They are scrumptious, and they are available in a wide range of varieties. Here we stir things up a little and prepare the omelet as opposed to searing it. Baking quite often brings about a fluffier and vaporous omelet. This recipe requires various vegetables; however, go ahead and get imaginative with it by adding your cherished ingredients. It makes enough to take care of four people.
• Four eggs
• 2 cups shredded cheddar cheese
• One red onion, chopped
• 2 cups broccoli, chopped
• 1 cup shredded Monterey Jack Cheese
• Three tomatoes, chopped
• 1 1/3 cup milk
• 1/2 tsp. salt
• 1/3 cup flour
• Start by heating the oven to 350 degrees.
• Then, layer the vegetables, Jack cheddar, and cheddar in a square baking dish. 8″x8x2 is best.
• Presently beat the eggs with the milk, flour, and salt until it is smooth, and pour it over all the other things.
• Then, at that point, simply prepare for around 45 minutes, beginning to check at about 30 to perceive how the egg combination is set.
• Cool it for ten minutes.
• Then serve it up!
Prepared Eggs with Spinach And Hash Browns
• Four eggs
• 1 cup cut button mushrooms
• 2 cups southern-style hash earthy colored potatoes
• ¼ cup water
• ½ cup sharp cream
• 2 cups sliced spinach
• Two arrangements of ¼ cup destroyed cheddar
• Preheat stove to 350 F.
• Hotness a non-stick dish and add the hash earthy colored potatoes and mushrooms.
• Mix continually for 3 minutes. Then, add the water and stew for 5 minutes.
• Add the hacked spinach and harsh cream. Heat to the point of boiling then, eliminate from heat.
• Add in ¼ cup of cheddar and blend the ingredients well.
• Oil 4-5 ramequins or stove-safe serving bowls.
• Separation is the combination equitably among the lubed ramequins.
• Break and slip an egg (just right style) on top of each serving bowl.
• Sprinkle with the excess cheddar.
• Heats until you cook the egg whites and the yolks start to thicken.
• It relies upon your inclination assuming, you need your eggs half-cooked or all-around done.
Risks And Side Effects
Consuming eggs accompany some wellbeing chances:
Some people have egg sensitivity or affectability. When eggs or egg items. Are in contact with affectability individuals, they may experience a reaction. For example, somebody types lean-to hypersensitivities, fart, or disorder on account of the use of eggs. A person with excessive touchiness may moreover need to note whether individuals make an item in an office that uses eggs, as follow aggregates can trigger genuine reactions in specific individuals.
Rough egg whites convey a protein called avidin. This substance viably depletes biotin from your body, so accepting you eat crude eggs, you may encounter the evil impacts of biotin need and achieve clinical issues.
Half-cooked or crude eggs can convey microorganisms, which can enter through openings in the shells. In the U.S., all eggs reviewed by the USDA go through a disinfecting wash before the deal. It is significant for people with sensitivities to recall that prepared merchandise frequently carries some egg, conceivably as a powder. Check ingredients records cautiously.
Biotin Depletion
Eggs carry the fundamental Vitamin H or Biotin answerable for healthy skin, muscles, and hair. Biotin insufficiency can prompt going bald, absence of muscle color, spasms, and torment in muscles.
High Risk of Salmonella
Eggs might make food contaminated due to the presence of microbes called Salmonella. They could be available even in those eggs which appear to be spotless with uncracked shells.
Protein Overload
Doctors recommend that burning through a high protein diet is lethal for patients experiencing kidney ailments. The high worth of egg protein can seriously harm the ability of kidneys to channel poisons from the blood. In addition, it would prompt alkali over-burden in the blood and may cause demise.
Final Thoughts On Are Eggs Dairy?
Dairy food varieties are those made from the milk of warm-blooded animals, like cows, sheep, and goats. It implies any milk and food sources produced using milk, including cream, cheddar, spread, and yogurt. We cannot produce eggs using milk. In this way, these are not dairy products. Yet, for reasons unknown, people who store eggs in the dairy path in the store consider them as dairy, and that is the place where the disarray emerges.
The USDA classifies eggs as an animal product and places them in the protein food varieties bunch. Indeed, they say that all food varieties produced using meat, poultry, fish, beans, peas, eggs, handled soy products, seeds, and nuts, are viewed as a feature of the protein food sources.
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3. Topic: Welsh
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5. "Golwg hir"
"Golwg hir"
Translation:Long sight
February 4, 2016
A long sight? Could someone provide some context for this phrase?
It would refer to the eye condition, long sightedness. How about this from the DVLA website: "unrhyw gyflwr sy’n effeithio ar y ddau lygad (ac eithrio golwg byr, golwg hir neu ddallineb lliw" which means "any conditions that affect both eyes (except short sight[edness], long sight or colour blindness".
Having said that, I have seen the phrase used to mean "a long look" too, as in "take a good long look at this document". Not sure if that is accepted as an alternative or not.
[deactivated user]
I just tried 'a long look'. It wasn't accepted.
So "farsighted" to us Americans?
[deactivated user]
Yes, I would say so.
I put far sighted and it marked it correct
do people in the UK really say long sighted? I've never heard that either side of pond
Canadian with British roots
Sorry, My first comment misunderstood what you are saying.
In the UK, long sightedness and far sightedness are not the same thing. Long sightedness is Hyperopia - the condition that affects everyone when they get older and need reading glasses. That is always and pretty much only called long sightedness.
Far sightedness is something different. That is the ability to see into the far distance. It would be a mistake to refer to that ability as “long sight”. I am not sure golwg hir is right for that. I will ask a first language speaker and come back on that one.
I've never heard the term long sighted for presbyopia, so thank you and Duo for the english vocabulary expansion! Generally such a condition would simply generate comments on the need for reading glasses. Hyperopia, however, is the medical phrase for far-sightedness. I LOVE the term "away with the faeries!" so for that I also thank you!
OK just asked a first language speaker who does translation work... and he could not think of an exact synonym for far sightedness. He would say “gallu gweld yn bell” (able to see far).
He also cautioned against using golwg pell, which is a figurative construction that can mean “away with the fairies”!
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Home Science Time lapse snapshots of a nova’s fading light
Scientists have, for the first time, examined a detailed “time lapse” X-ray image of the expansion of a classical nova explosion using the GK Persei nova -- a binary star system which underwent a nova explosion in 1901. Through this work, they hope to gain a better understanding of the expansion of gases in the universe, including not only in classical novae but also in supernovae -- tremendous stellar explosions that are believed to be responsible for the creation of heavy elements such as uranium which cannot be produced by normal stars. ...read more
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Othello Act III
How does Iago manipulate Othello into suspecting Desdemona? Then alone with Othello, Iago starts to press the idea of a relationship between Cassio and Desdemona. After a short while, Iago moves on from the topic, but the damage has already been done. Othello is now very suspicious of his wife, and when she offers him her handkerchief at dinner, he pushes her away. Iago retrieves the lost handkerchief from Emilia and uses it to convince Othello, along with other false stories, that Desdemona is unchaste. Othello vows to attain vengeance against Cassio and Desdemona, and then promotes Iago to the position of lieutenant. Othello yells at Desdemona for not having the handkerchief (which Iago now has), but the unaware Desdemona believes that Othello is just stressing over a political matter. Meanwhile, Cassio is visited by Bianca, a prostitute.
What object becomes central to Iago’s plot to deceive Othello? A handkerchief
What is “the ocular proof”? What is ironic about Othello’s desire to have it? Iago talks about how Cassio has been talking in his sleep and telling stories…saying Cassio has the handkerchief (lie) that Othello gave to Dedemona. Iago is clevar enough to work around showing him actual proof….Othello becomes so worked up and distracted that he forgets that he has yet to see proof.
Who is Bianca? How is she instrumental to the plot? Bianca is the mistress of Cassio, but Shakespeare uses her for the comparison of jealousy. Her jealousy differs greatly from Iago’s….his is murderous and revenge seeking….she is hurt and distraught.
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Your neural Language Pathway is 25 million years old
New scientific research determines that the Human Language Pathway is 25 million years old
Until now, scientists believed that the earliest origins of our language pathway emerged around five million years ago. Passed down to us from a common ancestor of both humans and apes. In human brains, the language pathway (or neural pathway) is a bundle of fibers connecting the brain’s expressive and receptive language areas. Chimps have a similar setup in their brains — indicating we inherited this structure from a shared ancestor.
A study from Newcastle University, UK, has discovered that the human language pathway in our brain is, in fact, around 25 million years old. 20 million years older than previously thought!
The study, led by Christopher Petkov, a professor of comparative neuropsychology, set out to establish whether monkeys have a similar pathway. A question that Petkov describes as “highly controversial but important to resolve.”
Monkey Business
Previously, researchers had assumed that the language pathway could only be usefully studied in humans. Since, we are the only species capable of speech. However, Petkov and his team predicted that the pathway could be hiding in the auditory system of other animal’s brains.
Teams from the Europe and the USA carried out a brain imaging study. They analysed brains of macaques and chimpanzees, as well as humans. Specifically, they examined the auditory cortexes and neural pathways. They discovered that apes and monkeys have a version of a neural pathway, similar to our own. This means the pathway formed when humans last shared an ancestor with the macaque monkey. This was at least 25 million years ago. Petkov describes the discovery as “really quite a surprise“. Adding, “It is like finding a new fossil of a long lost ancestor. It is also exciting that there may be an older origin yet to be discovered still.”
The comparison to finding a perspective-changing fossil is apt — this discovery unmasks our evolutionary history. While bones fossilise, our brains do not. This means that neuroscientists have to guess how the brain of our common ancestor might have been structured. However, by studying the brains of living primates, they could compare the evolutionary process to that of a human.
An integrated neural system
The study discovered a segment of the language pathway in humans that interconnects the auxiliary cortex with the frontal lobe regions. This is important for language and for processing speech. Language and speech are unique to human beings. However, the link to the auditory pathway in other primates indicates the path of the evolutionary process. And that it began with vocal communication and auditory cognition.
Professor Christopher Petkov
The study has enabled scientists to better understand the development of the language pathway in humans. Key differentiators are that the left side of the human brain pathway is stronger. In addition, the right side has diverged and, as a result involves parts of the brain that are non-auditory.
Further research
Initially, the research team studied brain scans which were shared by the global scientific community. Later, they also generated new brain scans that were original. The intention being that these scans will be available to future studies. There is now a possibility that the auditory precursor to our human language pathway could be even older still. The team hopes that this study will inspire new neurobiological research to discover the earliest evolutionary origins. The next “brain fossil” discovery could be a link in animals that are more distantly related to humans.
Consultant neurologist, Professor Timothy Griffin, one of the senior authors on the study, said: “This discovery has tremendous potential for understanding which aspects of human auditory cognition and language can be studied with animal models in ways not possible with humans and apes. The study has already inspired new research underway including with neurology patients.”
The Language Pathway ahead
In the future, neuroscientists plan to study this issue with a focused integrative perspective. The intention is map and analyse neural elements and how they interact. New tools, both computational and theoretical, make this possible. This could open up a newfrontier in the study of neural networks — including the control, manipulation and repair of network processes. Eventually, leading to a better understanding of the brain as a networked system.
“Language can be spoken, written, or signed, but if some of these pathways are more or less intact, that might provide a venue for a more accurate prognosis of language recovery and new ideas on rehabilitation to improve language abilities.”
Professor Christopher Petkov
Nature Neuroscience published this study in full.
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How Kalidas becomes a Sanskrit Scholar?
Around 2000 years ago, Kalidas was a maestro of Sanskrit grammar.
Counted among the 9 gems in the court of King Vikramaditya of Ujjain, his childhood is yet a mystery.
Yet, people say that he formerly resided in Dashapur in today’s world Mandsaur.
Stories pertaining to his excellence in grammar are difficult to believe.
Kalidas Marries Vidyottama
The story goes-
A king had an extremely beautiful and learned daughter named Vidyottama.
Her fame had reached the distant lands.
The princess grew proud of her learning and claimed-
“Whoever defeats me in a scriptural debate shall be my bridegroom”
Hence, many aspirers came to win her hand, but all lost to her wits.
Humiliated at their defeat, the scholars decided to wed her to the most foolish of men.
Kalidas cuts the branch of a tree
Suddenly, they spotted a man cutting the branch on which he was seated.
The panditas thought, “Who can be more foolish than this man who cuts his own seat.”
The Panditas cheat Vidyottama
Thinking thus, they brought him home.
Subsequently, he received royal hospitality, food, clothing and residence.
Thus, this improved his physique.
They then told him-
“Oh young man, Listen carefully, we shall wed you to a beautiful princess.
On reaching the palace, speak in gestures.
Beware don’t purk out a single word.”
The man agreed.
On reaching the palace, they told the princess-
“Our preceptor wants to debate with you.
However, he has undertaken a vow of silence.
Hence, he shall only converse in gestures.”
The princess agreed.
Kalidas debates with princess Vidyottama
The crowds gathered in the assembly hall to witness the memorable verdict.
1) The princess raised one finger.
The foolish man thought “this princess wants to poke my eye, Hence I shall poke both her eyes, as tit for tat.
So, he showed her two fingers.
The panditas interpreted-
“You consider the universal cause to be one.
But he says two, Purusha and Prakti, create this universe.
The princess applauded his wits.
Thus, he earned a point
2) Now the princess raised five fingers.
Again, Kalidas wrongly interpreted it as a slap, Hence he showed her a punch.
The Panditas interpreted-
“You say that the five senses are extremely powerful but according to him they can be curbed by the fist of jnana or discrimination.
Likewise the princess showed numerous gestures which the panditas skilfully tackled.
Kalidas exposed
Eventually, The princess lost the match and married the foolish participant.
After the marriage when he entered her chambers, she heard a camel grunting.
So she enquired. “Which is this animal?”
Kalidas laughingly replied (It is Utta, Utta- incorrect pronunciation of camel).
On hearing his poor speech, the princess at once understood the deceit and angrily banished the man saying-
“First, learn to read and write then come and show me your face”
These harsh and blatant words pricked the corner of Kalidas’s heart.
He retorted “I shall return more knowledgeable than you, Oh princess.”
Goddess Saraswati pleased
So saying, he ventured into the forest to propitiate Saraswati Devi, the goddess of learning.
When Goddess Saraswati didn’t turn up he decided to quit his life by jumping into the Saraswati Kunda.
Pleased by his devotion, the goddess Immediately appeared and blessed her devotee.
By her grace, he developed unparalleled command over speech and grammar. Hence, he popularized as an undefeatable scholar.
Kalidas earns a reputable name
Back in the palace, Kalidas called his wife by reciting a spectacular Sanskrit shloka.
On hearing the sublime words, she danced in joy to see a transformed being.
Thereafter, she fell at his feet and begged forgiveness.
Thus, It is due to this foolish woman that the great scholar Kalidas came into being.
Lesson from the story of Kalidas
Whether this story is true or false is immaterial. However, we derive valuable teaching.
“However foolish one is, if there is desire for learning, success is guaranteed.”
No other poet saw that fame that he tasted.
Works of Kalidas
Kalidas was endowed with blessings by the goddess of learning which was reflected in his remarkable representation of ideas and delicate portrayal of nature.
1) Abhigyan Shakuntalam-
The play describes the love-story of Dushyant Shakunta.
The metaphors used herein are timeless portrayals of softness and delicateness of human character.
His play Abhigyan Shakuntalam has been translated in numerous languages such as English, German, French and Russian.
Many have even enacted and appreciated this play in the foreign countries.
The piece is one the finest books of Indian literature.
The three prominent plays of Kalidas which gained mass-acclamation are
It describes how sage Durvasa cursed Shakuntala and her reunion with her king.
2) Vikramovarshi- This is the conjugal love between King Pururava of the lunar dynasty and the celestial nymph Urvashi.
These depictions have been well-portrayed by the classic-painter Raja Ravi Verma.
The subject matters are sensuous and romantic.
3) Malavikagnimitra- Covers the love-story of king Agnimitra and the banished princess Malavika.
Mahakavya (Indian Epics)
The subject matter of the Mahakavya promotes Puranic gods and goddesses.
The two mahakavyas of Poet Kalidas are-
1) Raghuvansh (dynasty of Raghu)-
This describes the glorious legacy of Shri Rama, his ancestry and descendants.
2) Kumarasambhava (Birth of lord Kartikeya)- Covers the emergence of goddess Parvati, her marriage with Lord Shiva and motherhood for Lord Kumara (Or Kartikeya)
Subsidiary poems-
Kalidas showed his proficiency in using metaphors to describe the evasive play of nature
His depictions opened the visualization faculty, instilling awe in the heart of the readers.
Indeed the blessing of Goddess Saraswati worked through his words.
Descriptive writing
Ritusamhara- Involves the turmoil in the hearts of lovers during various seasons. Indeed seasons determine the changing states of mind.
Hence, here, we see the fine play of emotions with analogous use of metaphors.
Meghadoota- The story of a Yaksha sending a cloud to convey feelings of love.
Alongside, many others have been deemed as his handwritten books but still doubts remain regarding their origin.
His poetries are extremely sweet, ornate and appealing to the mind.
Hence, Kalidas is counted as one of greatest of world-poets.
Not just our countrymen but even foreigners commemorate his birthday.
By reading his books, we learn that in the world of barbarism, our country stood distinct in its morals and values.
His works were of a different class.
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Constitutionality of the Patriot Act
True patriots realize that one must protect the nation from all enemies, foreign and domestic, and that the essence of what it means to be patriotic is to protect our Constitution and its Bill of Rights will all of our might.- Amitai Etzioni One of the central themes of our nation when it comes to our national security has to do with two profound commitments: protecting our homeland and safeguarding our rights. However, in order to protect it, we have to give up some of our rights. The U.S. PATRIOT Act was designed to hopefully give special powers to U.S. law enforcement agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks. Americans were so traumatized by the terrorist attacks on 9/11 that they were willing to surrender their liberties. On October 26, 2001, after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening of America through Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly referred to as the USA PATRIOT Act. The law expanded the FBI’s wiretapping and electronic surveillance authority. It allowed nationwide jurisdiction for search warrants and electronic surveillance devices. The USA PATRIOT Act is one of the most controversial and misunderstood laws Congress has ever enacted. This legislation dramatically shifted our national focus even further away from the due process model in our attempts to control crimes by terrorists. The act has ten sections or titles outlining new powers for government operations. Titles I, II, III, IV, and VII specifically affect law enforcement’s role in antiterrorist activities: IMG.jpg One of the key objectives of the PATRIOT Act was to remedy a need of interactions linking the federal law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies that were individually trying to defend against terrorism. The September 11th terrorist attacks established how critical inter- and intra-agency interactions are to stop and take action against such attacks. The PATRIOT Act attempts to create a coordinating mechanism to defend against terrorism efforts of all U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies. There are many controversial provisions of the Act in order to control crime that has shifted our national focus away from the due process model. The government has access to financial, library, travel, video rental, phone, medical, and religious records. As long as the government declares that the searches are to protect against terrorism, they can conduct them without a person’s knowledge or consent, and without a warrant. Today, officers can use “sneak and peek” to enter a home without notifying the person, look around, take pictures, examine electronic files, and leave. Prior to the Act, the search had to be executed with a search warrant. National Security Letters are used to attain business records instead of having to get a judicially issued warrant to have access to the information. The U.S. Attorney General now has the authority to “order the detention of aliens without any prior showing or court ruling that the person is dangerous” (Ferdico, Fradella, Totten, 6). The powers issued to federal law enforcement agencies violate the fourth amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the right of privacy. “The exclusionary rule is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Supreme Court that holds that evidence seized in violation of the U.S. Constitution cannot be used in court against a defendant” (Dempsey and Forst, p. 530). The exclusionary rule is violated by police because the act allows warrantless searches and even searches without probable causes. The exclusionary rule’s power was originally intended to be used only in federal cases. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was revised to sanction secret searches, “without public knowledge or Department of Justice accountability” (procedure, 6), as long as the government claims a foreign intelligence need for such a search. FISA allows federal agents to perform electronic surveillance and physical searches for national defense reasons. It authorizes surveillance of so-called “lone wolves” – any person or group who is not associated with a foreign government but who “engages in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefore or engages in acts of sabotage” (293). However, FISA does not control U.S. governmental intelligence actions outside the United States; these actions are instead conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency. The PATRIOT Act has changed some of the ways the federal government is allowed to collect and use evidence. Although the PATRIOT Act was created to ensure that the nation is safer from terrorism, some civil libertarians have became concerned that the new powers will have an effect on some civil rights. FISA of 1978 has authorized some evidentiary searches prior to obtaining a warrant, but the statute anticipated that a warrant would be helpful in most cases. The act excluded the use of any evidence unlawfully obtained through illegal electronic searches and surveillance. Congress amended FISA by passing relevant provisions of the PATRIOT Act that had the effect of limiting the use of FISA for domestic law enforcement purposes. The administration governing law enforcement surveillance prior to September 11 was a complex combination of limitations, broad powers, and compromises. Since there was a high demand for strong law enforcement, the PATRIOT Act shifted this balance in the direction of greatly extended investigative powers-including powers to investigate crimes completely unconnected to terrorism. The PATRIOT Act gives law enforcement the new ability to search, seize, detain, or eavesdrop in their pursuit of possible terrorists. The law has become controversial and has caused many Americans to believe that the law threatened their civil liberties. The new antiterrorism focal point of U.S. law enforcement was seen undoubtedly as the United States waged war against Iraq in March 2003. The counterterrorism of law enforcement agencies in the United States matched the preparations of the military forces abroad: Perez-Pena (2004) found the following: As the United States waged war on Iraq, New Yorkers and others across the region are witnessing an extraordinary state of heightened security. Police officers are armed like assault troops outside prominent buildings, police boats are combing the waterfronts and trucks are being inspected at bridges and tunnels. A sneak-and-peek warrant is search warrants that explicitly sanctions law enforcement officers to enter vacant premises, search for evidence, and then leave. They do so without seizing the evidence they find and without leaving a trace that an entry has been made. In order to conduct such a search, officers typically photograph or videotape the evidence or otherwise document exactly what they saw and its exact location. The U.S. PATRIOT Act was enacted less than two months after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Sections 213 of the Act, codified at 18 U.S.C. 3103a(b), contained “the first express statutory authorization for the issuance of sneak-and-peak search warrants in American history” (Duncan, p. 24). This section provided: A A A A A A A A A A A (b) delay-without respect to the issuance of any warrant or court order under this section, or any other rule of law, to search for and seize any property or material that constitutes evidence of a criminal offense in violation of the laws of the United States, any notice required, or that may be required, to be given may be delayed if: 1) the court finds reasonable cause to believe that providing immediate notification of the execution of the warrant may have an adverse result (as defined in section 2705, except if the adverse results consist only of unduly delaying a trial); (2) the warrant prohibits the seizure of any tangible property, any wire or electronic communication (as defined in section 2510), or, except as expressly provided in chapter 121, any stored wire or electronic information, except where the court finds reasonable necessity for the seizure; and (3) the warrant provides for the giving of such notice within a reasonable period not to exceed 30 days after the date of its execution, or on a later date certain if the facts of the case justify a longer period of delay. Although the PATRIOT Act has tried to focus more on expansion on the United State idea of terrorism and protecting the people, the Bill of Rights is being threatened, mainly the first, fourth, and fifth amendments. The primary amendment the PATRIOT Act hindered was the first amendment, the right of freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. The PATRIOT Act began to infringe on this freedom by allowing the use of roving wire taps. Roving wiretaps are “able to be placed on every phone or computer that the target of an investigation may use” (6). Although it allows the government to keep up to date with the new technologies that terrorist use, it invades the privacy of many unaffiliated innocent civilians who may come into contact with the suspect. One reason for the PATRIOT Act is the need for stronger legal tools. Well-designed legal powers play a fundamental role in facilitation strong, practical tactics and successful precautionary efforts. Legal authority can be the key to gaining necessary information about enemies and their unfolding plans. However, we must not misjudge the significance of law, even such a broad and important law as the PATRIOT Act. The value of access to more and better information seems obvious-so obvious that many Americans can now think it precautious to give counterterrorism officials broad authority to gather whatever information they deem of use. This widely shared assumption is not, at first blush, unreasonable. But it is deceptive because legal authority is not as much of importance for successful intelligence actions as the public and the legal professions generally believe. An efficient intelligence method needs that information be “gathered, translated, pooled the relevant agencies, analyzed, and then transmitted to those in a position to investigate further to take quick preventive action” (Schulhofer,14). Legal rules are largely immaterial at the critical stages of translation, analysis, and transmission. Law can pose considerable barriers to the pooling of intelligence, but here the barriers of agency culture, weighty lines of communication, and inadequate resources usually matter much more. “Even at the stage of gathering domestic intelligence, the stage where we expect law to govern, capabilities are largely determined by non legal constraints: technical, budgetary, and human resources, the training and priorities of officers, and the organization and cultures of the relevant agencies” (Schulhofer, 14). If an intelligence method suffers from key insufficiencies in these areas, anxiety with questions of legal authority can be a hazardous diversion because it will certainly prevent us from dealing with problems that may matter much more. Before centering our attention on the legal issues in detail, it is necessary to review the function they took on in the events leading up to the September 11 attacks. IMG_0001.jpg A year prior to the September 11 attacks, 54 percent of Americans were not worried that the government threatens their own personal rights and freedoms. The number grew to 67 percent two months following the attacks. According to Etzioni, this is because there had been several measures had been introduced in order to enhance safety and public fears began to reduce (National Public Radio/ Kaiser/Kennedy School). In a poll, Americans were asked, “Would you be willing to give up some of the liberties we have in this country in order for the government to crack down on terrorism, or not?” (Etzioni, 17) their responses tell the same story. According to Etzioni, not too soon after the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in April 1995, 59 percent of Americans favored giving up some liberties. After only a month following the bombing, the numbers began to reduce to 52 percent. After the terrorist’s attacks on September 11, that number grew to 66 percent of Americans. (ABC News/Washington Post) IMG_0002.jpg The same responses are shown in an additional poll that asked, “What concerns you most right now? That the government will fail to enact strong, new antiterrorism laws, or that the government will enact new antiterrorism laws which excessively restrict the average person’s civil liberties?”. Although 44 percent were worried that the government would ratify laws that would limit civil liberties in 1995, 34 percent expressed such doubts in September 2001. (Pew Center for the People and the Press) The eagerness of people to give up rights to be able to fight against terrorism, and their opinion of whether or not they will need to give up some of their own rights, is also tied to their point of fear. As Table 2 shows, an obvious majority of 59 percent of American citizens were willing to give up some liberties after the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City in April 1995. When the question was asked again a month later, people’s willingness to support reductions of liberty declined to 52 percent. A majority of the American people, 78 percent, were willing to give some of their liberty to fight against terrorism once the question was asked in a different form after the attacks on September 11. Questions about “necessity” as an alternative to willingness to give up liberties (Table 3) disclose a related pattern. “More than six in ten Americans agreed that it was a necessary to give up some rights immediately after September 11” (Abele, 17). When the question was asked again two months later, the poll fell to five out of ten Americans IMG_0003.jpg
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IMG_0004.jpg When asked about specific measures that should be taken, what needs to be done is consistent: as fear decreases, the support for safety, at any cost, remained very high. However, it declined over time. More than two-thirds of Americans were willing to give up certain rights on seven out of ten measures. IMG_0005.jpg When the same topic was asked in a different question form, the end results were the same. The percentage remained small of the amount of Americans who believed that the government had gone too far in confining civil liberties to fight against terrorism. However, it increased from eight percent to 12 percent as America experienced no new attacks and frequent new safety methods were established. The percentage of those who believed that the government did not go far enough declined somewhat. In responses to questions such as, “Overall, how confident do you feel that U.S. law enforcement will use its expanded surveillance powers in what you would see as a proper way, under the circumstances of terrorist threats?”, we see the start of a shift, the reduction in those who are very confident law enforcement will use such powers appropriately, which is less challenging than a substantial rise in those who are not confident at all. However, in March, the number of people who felt “very confident” fell from 34 percent to 12 percent from what it was in September, those who were “not confident at all” increased by a sheer two percent, well within the margin of error for such polls. (Harris) Etzioni (2004) found the following: As far as one can rely on attitudinal data that vary according to how the question is phrased, the data support the thesis that the higher the fear, the greater the willingness to curtail liberty to protect safety. And that as new safety measures are introduced, and no new attacks occur-when the government’s response seems effective-fear subsides and support for democracy beings to re-increase. The fact that the support for strong anti-terrorist measures remains high reflects the fact that all of the data were collected within nine months of the attack and under frequent warnings about immanent attacks, new threats, and so on. The thesis would lead one to expect that if the panic subsides some more, the proportion of those supporting a curtailment of rights will further decline. This may seem obvious, but it surely is not so obvious to those who hold that democracy is lost by introducing new safety measures that entail some curtailment of rights. These are core elements of what protects the public and reassures it (p. 21). According to Abele, “probable cause means that the government must have reasonable grounds for conducting searches and surveillances on U.S. persons.” With the PATRIOT Act and FISA, probable cause is not a requirement, regardless of what the Fourth Amendment says; and only has to use suspicion for a search and seizure when it comes to terrorists threats. There are seven sections of the PATRIOT Act that deal probable cause. Under section 214, a warrant is not required when trap and trace devices are going to be used, just “relevance to an ongoing terrorist investigations” (Abele, 44). FBI does not have to suspect a person of performing a wrongdoing if they want to seize evidence under section 215. Section 215 allows federal investigators concerned in terrorism or national security investigation to seize “any tangible things” from businesses and other entities. FISA has required that “specific and articulable facts giving reason to believe that the person to whom the records pertain is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power” (Abele, 44). Section 216 says that the government uses three rubrics for probable cause when the government takes up information. The first rubric is a government software program called Carnivore which “eats up” an entire ISP’s email. This section “paves the way for a new era of national-level electronic surveillance and investigation by federal agencies, not necessarily restricted to terrorism, less susceptible to challenge, and not subject to extensive court supervision or review” (Michaels, 61). If intelligence gathering is the primary purpose, section 218 allows probable cause exceptions when wiretapping foreign agents. Under section 412, neither hearing, nor evidence production is required for jailing of immigrants. Section 412 allows suspected aliens to be detained for 7 days without charge or held for an indefinite period if determined not to be “removable.” Zadvydas v. Davis said that this is only constitutional if there is a chance that the person will flee or they are a danger to society. Section 505 forces anyone who has any information on a potential target of investigation to give it up, even if they are not a suspect of espionage. Under section 101 and 124, Patriot 101 violates probable cause. Section 101 gets rid of the requirement of probable cause for eavesdropping on American citizens, and calls it “suspicion.” Section 124 allows the government to eavesdrop on any electronic device without having to prove probable cause. The Fourth Amendment requires “specificity” with consideration to this eavesdropping (Edgar). The main issue with the PATRIOT Act regarding civil liberties is the right to privacy. There are 12 sections that violate a persons’ right to privacy. Section 203 allows federal government agencies to share the information they obtain during criminal investigations with other agencies. Section 203 abolishes virtually all of the problems to information sharing in the federal government, allowing federal agencies to share grand jury information, intercepted information, and foreign intelligence information. Roving wiretaps are allowed under section 206. Section 213 permits sneak-and-peek searches, which “violates the Fourth Amendment and also Rule 41(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure” (Abele, 46). Section 213 is significant because it permits delay of notice for an approximate “reasonable period,” Section 213 opens the possibility of vague secrecy warrant. Sections 214 allow pen registers and trap and trace devices. According to Chang, section 215 allows FBI agents to obtain information about any person from anyway, and also requires that a judge approves of this request. Section 216 permits tracking devices for telephone and internet dialing, routing addressing and signaling information. For intelligence gathering only, section 218 allows information gained by law enforcement to be shared. Without a court order, the surveillance of spoken communication on any type of electronic device owned by a foreign government is allowed under section 104. Under section 126, the government is allowed to get hold of financial records without gaining the persons consent, their knowledge, court order, or without judicial review. Section 128 allows administrative subpoenas. Section 303 sets up national DNA database of suspected terrorists. Lastly, section 311 federalizes information sharing between all federal agency with federal, state, and local law enforcement. According to Abele, “checks and balances between the Judicial, Executive, and Legislative branches of government provide a guarantee that governmental power will not be consolidated or abused by one branch” (47). The threats to this essential construction of constitutional democracy in the U.S. may be seen in the following sections of the PATRIOT Act. Section 203 allows information sharing between the FBI, CIA, INS and other federal agencies without judicial oversight. Section 206 says that no judicial review of roving wiretaps is permitted. Section 214 requires that a judge doesn’t have to issue a warrant for the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices. Section 215 requires a judge to court order seizures of “any tangible thing” the Justice Department requests. Section 216 requires the judge to issue a court order for pen registers and trap and trace devices. In Section 412, no court hearings are required before jailing aliens/immigrants. Finally, in section 505, no judicial review is permitted of the activities of forcing people to turn over information on other people. Due process is a part of the Fifth Amendment, which requires the government to follow recognized rules, and not act at random. This includes the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the right to have the state proves its case beyond a reasonable doubt. The Fifth Amendment, in part, says: “No person shall beA¢â‚¬A¦deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of lawA¢â‚¬A¦” (Abele, 49). These issues become relevant to the PATRIOT Act in the following ways. 411 always the government to Section 412 allows the Attorney General to hold non-citizens for up to seven days, and “for additional periods of up to six months” (Abele, 49) without charging him/her with criminal or immigration violation charges. The PATRIOT Act intrudes on Free Speech of the First Amendment in the following ways. Section 218 allows the surveillance of any U.S. person as long as it’s for a significant purpose. Sections 215 and 215 places “gag orders” on those who have been visited by the FBI. Section 412 allows the detention and deportation of any immigrant who has verbally supported a terrorist organization. Section 802 deals with domestic terrorism, which, according to Chang, is “acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of criminal laws that appear to be intended to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion” (p. 45). Section 120 and 121 uses the definition of terrorism against any political protestor. Section 206 contradicts the usual protection of witnesses by the First Amendment by preventing grand jury witnesses from discussion any part of their testimony with anyone other than their lawyer. Section 411 creates 15 new death penalties. Although the PATRIOT Act causes American citizens to give up on some of their constitutional rights, when it comes to their safety, they are willing to do it. The PATRIOT Act has allowed federal agencies to violate the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth amendments of the Bill of Rights. Even with these violations, it has still been successful at protecting our homeland by preventing future terrorists’ attacks.
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Subject: Enlightenment
Reference: Course on Subject Clearing
Looking at Buddha and other spiritual masters we wonder, “What is enlightenment?”
Enlightenment is a deep personal realization of the laws underlying our spiritual nature. It seems that subject clearing (especially steps 7 and 8) may speed up the path to enlightenment.
The key to subject clearing is contemplating over the fundamental concepts in any subject and mediating over personal anomalies (doubts and perplexities) until they resolve. The anomalies are discovered when one places different interpretations of the same concept side by side. This is very apparent when one looks at concepts like God and self from different cultures, religions and philosophies.
One may have certainties in a subject when considering broad concepts; but, as one starts to look deeper, doubts and perplexities may arise. As one resolves these anomalies greater certainties are established; but there are always doubts that carry one’s quest forward. Each time a certainty is established it is a point of enlightenment because one simply lights up. Many such points are minor, but some are major, and finally, there may be a point of enlightenment that simply blows one’s mind. Thus, one may accomplish a lot, and still the quest may continue. It is doubtful if the quest for certainty will ever end.
Key Words
Enlightenment, Contemplate, Concepts, Meditate, Anomaly, Interpretation, Emptiness, Certainty, Light up, …
Reading Materials
1. The Quest for Certainty
2. Meditation
3. The Meaning of Enlightenment
4. Emptiness
To enlighten is to give intellectual or spiritual light to; instruct; impart knowledge to. There may be a major point of enlightenment, such as, the realization of the laws underlying our spiritual nature, but further enlightenment is always a possibility.
To contemplate is to think studiously, or consider deliberately.
Concept has the basic sense something “taken together,” or conceived through thought or imagination. It is an idea or mental picture of a group or class of objects formed by combining all their aspects.
To meditate is to engage in deep thought or contemplation; reflect. See SUBJECT CLEARING STEP 4—The Discipline of Meditation.
An anomaly is something that is perplexing and leads to some doubt. The anomaly fundamentally consists of
1. A disharmony,
2. An inconsistency,
3. A discontinuity.
To interpret is to explain or translate. Interpretation is the action of explaining the meaning of something.
Emptiness is the ultimate reference point from which all phenomena can be understood objectively without any preconceived notion.
Certainty is a firm conviction that something is the case. It is achieved by resolving all known anomalies. There is no such thing as absolute certainty.
Light up
To brighten with animation or joy, as the face or eyes. One lights up as certainties are established.
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By Loretta Faveri
After being knocked down by a bus in October 2010, Loretta felt compelled to understand why the senseless occurrence happened. To explore the question of why, she created a dance performance called Chance, which uses movement to create music.
Handcrafted electronic sensors are integrated into the costumes of three dancers. As the dancers move, the sensors send data to a computer, which plays back a sampling of spoken words, environmental sounds, and the musical recordings of Dr. George Sawa.
What makes the project unique, is that the dancers are unable to synchronize their movements with the sounds they trigger. This results in an erratic and unpredictable performance.
Technology used: Lilypad Arduino, XBee Series 1 Radio, 3.7V Lithium Polymer Battery, insulated wire and handcrafted sensors.
Chance from Loretta Faveri on Vimeo
Tags: Music XBee |
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Leda Garrido-Handog
Oyster is a mollusc with a soft un-segmented body protected by two permanent hard shells which increase in size as the animal grows. This marine bivalve belongs to the family Ostereidae which comprises three genera, namely: Ostrea, Crassostrea and Pyncnodonta. There are more than 100 known species of oysters, but only several species are widely cultivated (Quayle, 1980).
Oysters are nutritious food organisms, rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Their importance as food has helped numerous countries culturing them, to build up foreign exchange earnings. In Korea, for instance, oyster exports in 1982 contributed to about 54% to the total export of canned marine products to Canada, Australia, Holland and Sweden. This is also attributed to the successful culturing of oysters in the Southern sea area of the Korean Peninsula. The Philippines was a significant exporter of oyster to Singapore until the early 1980's. About 180,000 kg of oyster meat valued at Peso 215 million were exported to Singapore in 1980. Foreign market for Philippine oysters include Canada, United States, Netherlands, Switzerland, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
Oyster culture is one way of producing food from the sea by farming suitable waters and estuaries where hydrographic conditions favour oyster growth. It lends itself as a mean of providing artisanal occupation to coastal communities either as a principal mean of livelihood or to augment overall income. The latter is true in coastal areas where fishing and aquaculture activities supplement each other; when the sea becomes too rough for fishing, then the small-scale fisherman can turn to his oyster farm to be able to meet his family needs. In addition, oyster farming, if widespread, can help ease fishing pressure in over-fished waters as it diversifies the income sources of fishermen.
Unfortunately, however, several countries in South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific are still engaged in experimental oyster culture and are beset by major constraints such as lack of trained personal/experts (Bangladesh); extreme hydrographic conditions (Burma); non-availability of local species (Fiji); low demand, lack of trained personnel, siltation and red-tides (Malaysia and Indonesia). Thailand is facing the problem of seed supply and low-nutrient waters (Table 1).
TABLE 1. Status of oyster production in South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
CountryStatusMajor Constraint
BangladeshExperimentalLack of trained personnel; exports
BurmaExperimentalExtreme hydrographic conditions
ChinaHighly developedNeed mechanization
FijiExperimentalNo local species available for culture
IndonesiaExperimentalLow demand; lack of trained personnel; no leasing arrangements; red tide;
Sri LankaNone
ThailandDevelopedLimited seed supply; low-nutrient water;
Source:Bivalve Culture in Asia and the Pacific. In: Proceedings of a workshop held in Singapore 16–19 February 1982. Edited by F. Brian Davy and Michael Graham.
Lack of trained personnel is identified as one major constraint in the expansion of the oyster culture industry. For a prospective oyster culturist, the knowledge of oyster biology as related to culture, various systems of culture and their relative efficiencies, hydrographic conditions favoring high production, importance of pollution-free water, local availability of broodstock/seed and health regulations relating to molluscs, are often the keys to a successful culture operation.
Knowledge of the biological characteristics of the cultured oyster species, is an essential and basic requirement for anyone intending to channel efforts and capital into this aquaculture practice.
2.1 Anatomical features
The oyster is a bivalve whose lower left shell is usually cupped and upper right shell generally flat. The two shells are hinged by an elastic ligament at the umbonal or anterior end. The hinge force tends to spring open the two valves, which is opposed by the action of a simple adductor muscle, attached internally on each shell. The shell is usually nacreous inside and horny outside. In addition, the oyster shell is usually fluted when grown on a hard surface while smooth when grown in muddy bottoms. The salinity level also affects the structure of the shell. At high salinity values the shell is usually quite hard while the opposite is true at low salinities (Fig. 1 A).
Internally, the body of the oyster is ventrally and dorsally covered by the mantle which secretes the shell. The mouth is located towards the umbonal end. Surrounding the mouth are labial palps consisting of four leaf-like appendages responsible for the selection and rejection of food particles. Along the ventral part of the body are the gills composed of four long finely ridged, beige-colored appendages. On the gill surface are hair-like structures called “cilia” which create an incoming current. The gills and cilia are responsible for collecting food and oxygenation of the blood. The digestive system consists of a mouth, oesophagus, stomach, crystalline style, liver and anus which are located above the adductor muscle. The liver or digestive diverticula is a series of branched tubes which turn light brown, black or dark green in colour depending on the animal feeding actively. Posterior to the adductor muscle is the heart which is very simple, consisting of one auricle and one ventricle. The nervous system is even simpler, being made up of three nerve cells. The reproductive organs or gonads are the ovaries in the females and testes in the males, which become greatly enlarged when fully matured (Fig. 1 B).
2.2 Breeding habits, larval development and setting
Knowledge of the breeding habits, larval development and setting behavior of the oyster is important in terms of the collection of oyster seed.
Oysters belonging to the genera Ostrea and Crassostrea are quite distinct from each other with regard to their breeding habits. Ostrea species exhibit alternation of sexuality within one spawning season. The eggs, after they have been released from the gonad, are retained in the mantle cavity, while the sperms are extruded externally. The eggs are fertilized by the sperms from outside and half of the larval life takes place in the shell before they are released to the open water.
Figure 1
Figure 1. (A) External appearance of an oyster shell and (B) internal anatomy of an oyster.
On the other hand, oysters of the genus Crassostrea change sex after one spawning season. The sperms and eggs are released into the seawater, either all at one time or in small amounts over a long period of time. The eggs are fertilized externally and all subsequent developmental stages occur in the open water.
During the planktonic larval stages, the oysters are at the mercy of the environment (Fig. 2). Swimming is aided by the ciliated velum. As metamorphosis progresses, the oyster larva crawls by means of an extensible foot and explores for a suitable substratum. As soon as it is able to locate a suitable substratum, it attaches itself by means of the byssus gland. Once attached, the oyster becomes a spat. Oyster larvae usually prefer clean and hard surfaces, and this is the kind of cultch the oyster culturist should provide.
The oyster culturist should be aware that sexually mature oysters can be stimulated to spawn by manipulating water parameters such as salinity and temperature. Rapid changes in salinity or temperature can “tickle” sexually mature oysters to release their gametes.
2.3 Food and feeding habits
Oyster food consists of phytoplankton (diatoms and dinoflagellates), copepod larvae, protozoans and detritus (Fig. 3). In estuaries, where the hydrographic conditions are favorable, plankton is abundant and therefore the oysters tend to perform well. During the dry season the seawater salinity and temperature tend to increase and the oysters are found to be thin and watery, suggesting a low supply of food.
Oysters are filter-feeders, and are considered obligatory herbivores. Adult oysters are fixed to a hard substrate and therefore the food availability depends entirely on the natural food present in the surrounding waters. Thus, oysters completely depend on tidal currents for obtaining food; low current velocities and limited flushing hamper growth and fattening.
2.4 Predators, parasites and fouling organisms
Several organisms prey on the larvae and adult oysters.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Developmental stages of an oyster.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Organisms typically consumed by oysters and other bivalves.
The planktonic oyster larvae face the danger of predation from plankton-feeding animals, including adult oysters. Adult oyster predators include fish (sting ray, bat ray, porcupine fish, toad fish, seabream and black drum); crabs (mud crab and rock crab); snails (conch and drill); starfish, and flatworms (Fig. 4).
Some organisms may cause irritation problems, while other may compete for food. Boring sponges, boring seaworms, boring molluscs, pea crabs and fouling organisms are typical oyster pests.
Parasitism by flatworms and tapeworms in oysters has been recorded in several parts of the world. However, they seldom cause mortality, but may interfere with growth and reproduction.
Diseases in oysters are caused by viruses, fungus and protozoans. In Australia, large specimens of Crassostrea commercialis have been affected by the so-called “opening disease” or “winter mortality” during prolonged spells of high salinity, significantly affecting the industry considering that the oysters reach marketable size in 3–4 years. The causative organisms closely resembles the Haplosporidian, Minchinia nelsoni which affects oysters in the United States. A mesenchymal tumor has also been found to disturb the Pacific oysters.
Fouling organisms can become a major problem when the oysters are permanently submerged as in the floating culture method. Typical foulers are barnacles, mussels, tunicates, polychaetes and hydroids. Heavy fouling may cause severe oyster mortality. There are several ways of minimizing the disastrous effect of fouling. One is to identify the annual fouling sequence and then culture oyster around the period, or to culture the oysters away from fouling areas, or destroy the fouling organisms.
3.1 Species cultured
Out of 100 known oyster species, only several are widely farmed. The most widely cultured species are Crassostrea angulata and Ostrea edulis in Europe. Other species are C. iredalei (Philippines); C. gigas (Japan, Korea, West coast of the United States and Canada); C. commercialis (Australia); C. brasiliana (East coast of Southern South America); C. chilensis (West coast of South America); C. margaritacea (South Africa); C. gasar (along the central West coast of Africa). C. gigas has been recently introduced into France, England, Morocco, Australia and New Zealand (Table 2).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Natural oyster predators.
Crassostrea angulata (Portuguese oyster)Portugal, Spain, Atlantic coast of France; experimentally in Japan, Tuirisia, and CaliforniaSummer20 or more-15–20 daysIntertidal; in estuaries where current is strong
C. commercialis (Sydney rock oyster)Australia, from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria and New ZealandSummer and fallPeak at 21– 236 hours14–21 days; February-AprilFrom intertidal to 3 m below low tide
C. cradelie (slipper oyster)PhilippinesSpring and summer, peaks during rainy season (July-August)30–33-7 daysIntertidal
C. gigas (Pacific oyster)Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Pacific coast of United States and Canada; experimentally in Australia, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Thailand, and United KingdomPeaks in Japan: May-June in Inland Sea, August-September in North JapanBegins at 19– 20, peaks at 23–255–6 hours10–14 days; peak in AugustIntertidal
C. shizophorae (mangrove oyster)Experimentally in Cuba and VenezuelaContinuous, peaks May. September in Venezuela--Continuous set. ting, peaks in July-August in Venezuela, February-April in Cuba0.5–3.0 m (intertidal)
C. virginica (American oyster)Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, maritime provinces of Canada: experimentally in Japan and CaliforniaLong Island Sound: mid. July—early October; Chesapeake Bay: mid. June-mid. October; South Carolina: May-October; Gulf of Mexico: April-NovemberBegins at 20-10–21 daysIntertidal to more than 30 m; spawning and spat settling most successful in estuaries
Ostrea edules (flat oyster)Atlantic coast of France, Spain, Netherlands, Great Britain, Japan, United States (Maine and Pacific coast)June-September in Mor. bihan area of France20 or more8 days12–14 daysLittle or no intertidal exposure; in estuaries where current is weak
Table 2.
Crassostrea angulata (Portuguese oyster)About 15–25Optimum 20–30; fails to reproduce above 34Various; quite tolerant of unbidity65 g (including shell); 3 years in France
C. commercialis (Sydney rock oyster)Varies widelyVaries widelyHard bottom, usually in the shade85–100 mm (for consumption on halfshell). 2½ years in North, 3½ years in the South; 50–65 mm long (for shucking), 2–3 years
C. eradelie (slipper oyster)25–33, possibly widerWide, up to 45, spawns at 15Usually over mud on plants; cultured over sand; very tolerant of silt75 mm diameter, 6–9 months
C. gigas (Pacific oyster)15–30, optimum for larval development 23–25; best spat sets at 25 or moreOptimum for larval development 23–28 (varies with temperature) best spat sets at 15–18Any hard substrate30–60 g (including shell), 6– 12 months (Inland Sea), 18 months (North Japan) halfshell size, 2 years
C. rhizophorae (mangrove oyster)18.4–34.022–10 (extremes of short duration); optimum 26– 37Associated with mangrove roots; very tolerant of turbidity75–100 mm diameter, 5–6 months
C. virginica (American oyster)Larvae develop well at 17.5–32.2Wide, to at least 32; best larval development above 16.5, some survive at 7.5, maximum for larvae 22.5Hard75 mm diameter, 4–5 years. Northern Atlantic Coast; 2–3 years, mid. to South Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico
Ostrea edulis (flat oyster)Wide—at least 4–22; optimum 15–20; 100% mortality at 26 sensitive to variationUsually found above 25Hard, not tolerant of turbidity65 g (including shell), 75 mm diameter, 4 years
3.2 Site selection
Wave/wind action. Waters in bays and coves enjoy considerable degree of protection. Information regarding wave and wind pattern of occurrence and intensity is usually useful to determine whether a site is suitable or not.
Salinity. Oysters thrive best in brackish- and full strength seawater. Optimum range is about 17–26 ppt (Blanco et al., 1951). Areas which are prone to flooding or surface run-offs should be avoided.
Natural food supply. There should be an abundant supply of phytoplankton. Plankton sampling and analysis may serve as a good guide in determining the productivity of the area.
Availability of broodstock/seeds. The best area, as far as this criterion is concerned, is one which has a natural population of the species to be cultured. While oysters can be transplanted from one area to another, procurement of broodstock or seedling is difficult and costly, especially if the distance from the source to the farming area is great.
Pollution. It is important that the culture area is free from any form of pollution. Areas which are endangered by chemical, industrial or domestic effluents should be avoided. Oysters are filter-feeders and have the capacity to absorb and accumulate heavy metals (such as zinc, copper and mercury) and pathogenic organisms. In sitting an oyster farm, this aspect of pollution should be seriously considered inasmuch as the lives of both oyster and their consumers, including man, are involved.
Water depth. Water depth should be sufficient for the selected culture method.
Post-harvest and marketing facilities. Oysters are highly perishable, and since local demand is largely for fresh or raw oysters, marketing facilities such as roads, transportation, ice plant and cold storage should be present.
Availability of culture materials.
3.3 Culture methods
Gathering oysters which naturally occur in the wild is not culturing. Oyster culture consists of gathering their seeds and growing them to marketable size. Although techniques and methods of culture can vary from one place to another, the general underlying principles are common to all. Spawning, larval development and provision of food for juveniles and adults are left to nature.
Collectors or cultches are installed on-bottom or off-bottom in order to catch the settling larvae (Fig. 5). Later, the seeds are transferred to the growing or fattening areas. Sometimes the seeds may not be transferred, in which case the seeding area also becomes the growing and fattening area.
Culture methods are generally categorized into on-bottom and off-bottom. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, thus it is up to the oyster culturist to choose the method most suitable for the selected site and his financial possibility.
Bottom culture. This is growing oysters directly on the bottom sub-tidally or inter-tidally (Fig. 6). This method requires a stable, non-shifting bottom within the correct tidal range (Quayle, 1980). While bottom culture is the simplest and cheapest, danger of mortality and stock loss due to predation, siltation and wave action are greatest. Harvesting is difficult. In the tropics where potential oyster areas are largely estuaries of mud and soft bottom, bottom culture is generally uncertain.
The method simply consists of planting the seedling directly on the bottom where they are left to grow to the marketable size.
Disadvantages are: the method is limited to shallow waters with firm bottom, reduced production per unit area, high mortality due to siltation and predation and difficulty in harvesting.
Off-bottom culture. Where bottom conditions are not suited due to softness, wave action and tidal level, oysters are held in suspension or off-bottom in several ways. This method can be costly, however this is compensated by the rapid growth and high quality of the cultured oysters.
Off-bottom culture is divided into three methods: raft, rack and stake.
Raft culture. Oysters are suspended from floating structures such as raft. Oysters maybe held in tray or stringed. The rafts can be of any shape or material and styrofoam, oil drums or polyethylene floats are used the float the raft.
Table 5
Table 5. Several kinds of oyster spat collectors.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Oyster bottom culture method.
Raft-tray. To grow single, well-shaped oysters for a particular market such as the half-shell trade, the tray method is used. A tray may be made of wire or plastic mesh with a wooden frame, or entirely made of bamboo. Single oysters are laid on trays and allowed to grow until marketable size. This culture method is costly because of the high investment and high cost of maintenance.
Raft-string. Individual pieces of cultch are strung on galvanized wire, locally woven rope, synthetic cord or monofilament nylon.
For spat collection, cultches are strung close to each other, whereas for growing or fattening, cultches with spats are strung 8–12 inches apart. The length of the rens depends upon the depth of water in the culture area and lifting machinery available.
Rack culture. Racks of wood, bamboo or metal, imbedded in the ground either sub-tidally or inter-tidally, are used to hold vertically or horizontally oysters which are on trays or strings or sticks (Fig. 7, 8 and 9).
This method allows control of biofouling because it permits oysters to be suspended at a level where they may become briefly exposed during low tide. Rack culture is a low-cost technology. Its disadvantage, however, is that it can be economical only if applied to a maximum depth of 2–3 meters, as the cost of operation increases with increasing depth.
The rack-string is very productive, as experienced in the Philippines. Aside from yielding high volumes per unit area, the other advantages are: no mortality from silt, reduced mortality from bottom crawling predators, rapid growth, ease of harvesting, and method suitable for shallow waters.
Its only disadvantage is that it is costly and requires a considerable supply of materials.
Stake culture. Suitable for shallow lagoons which are too shallow or too soft-bottomed for other culture methods.
The stakes hold oysters vertically off-bottom. The stake itself can also act as the cultch, or some other forms of cultches, such as shells, may be impaled in or nailed to it. Harvesting is laborious and difficult.
Harvesting of oysters must be timed when oyster condition is at its best; that is when the meat is full and creamy. Seasonal changes in oyster condition should be determined as a guide for harvesting time.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Oyster tray culture method (chicken wire or bamboo tray).
Figure 8
Figure 8. Oyster long-line culture method on a wooden rack.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Oyster horizontal rack culture method.
Bottom cultured oysters can be hand-picked or dredged. Oysters in racks or rafts are manually harvested unless the strings or trays are too heavy and require some form of mechanization.
Oysters are best marketed immediately or briefly after harvest, however they may be stored either wet or dry, shell-on or shucked.
Shucked oysters require cooling and safe storage temperature to arrest bacterial and enzymatic decomposition. Shelf life is influenced by storage temperature as shown below:
TemperatureShelf life
Live oysters can also be stored dry or wet. Wet storage requires un-polluted seawater. When dry-stored, a refrigerated room can extend storage for days or even weeks.
The oysters culturist requires to invest capital to purchase the following equipment and materials (the first three are essential):
1. Boat for transport.
2. Culture materials such as rope, wire, nails, bamboo, anchors, floats, buckets, baskets, oyster shucking knife and rubber gloves.
3. Carpenter's tools.
4. Optical equipment such as microscope, etc.
5. Glassware such as watch glasses, graduated cylinder, jars, pipettes, glass slides and cover slips.
6. Oceanographic equipment: hydrometer, thermometer, salinity refractometer and current drogue.
7. Land transportation.
8. Weighing equipment: weighing balance and suspension-type scale.
The cost and benefit derived from oyster culture varies from method to method and the type of materials used. An example derived from the Philippine experience, on such variation, is presented in the following table:
Receipts, expenses and measures of profitability for various methods of oyster culture.
Average farm size (m2)160359684723678
Capital investment
Per farm
Per hectare
Total annual receipt (P/ha)894218934190011556
Total annual expense (P/ha)*5711497595591408
Net Annual Earnings (P/ha)3231139199442148
Earnings on sales (%)36735010
*= Family labor included
Source: Librero et al. (1976)
See also Table 3 and Table 4.
Oysters, wild or cultured, being filter-feeders can absorb and accumulate chemicals, bacteria and biological toxins from the surrounding waters. Two major types of pollution, that can affect oysters and consumers, derive from industrial activities and sewage discharges.
Industrial effluents can be directly toxic to oysters, or can hamper their physiological activities. Effluent particles can clog the gills and reduce the dissolved oxygen.
Direct discharge from main sewers or drainage from individual or improperly installed septic tanks can be a severe form of pollution.
In case of contaminated growing areas, the following sanitation control measures are necessary:
Table 3. Estimated costs and returns of a one-half hectare oyster farm on the hanging method for one yeara
Item Cost ()Life (Yr)
A.Fixed Cost
1.Materials and labor for plot construction of 125 plotsb 49,2502
a)42 pc bamboo poles (“puno”) at 4.50/pole(189)
b)21 pc bamboo poles (“baral”) at 2.25/pole(47)
c)10 pc bamboo poles (“bila”) at 10.00/pole(100)
d)1 kg nail No. 4 at 8.00/kg( 8)
e)Contract labor to prepare plot( 50)
Cost for one plot
2.1 native banca (dugout) 1,0003
3.Shed 5003
4.Tools and diving paraphernalia 5005
Total fixed cost
B.Production Cost
1.Operating cost
a)1 caretaker at 500/mo for 12 monthsc 6,000
b)440 kaings of empty oyster shells at 4.50/kaingd 1,980
c)240 rolls of nylon rope No. 4 at 12.00/rolle2,880
d)contract labor to make “bitin” or collectorsf2,190
e)harvesting charges at 3.00/kaingg9,210
a)plot construction24,620
a)municipal permit30
b)repairs and other expenses500
Total production cost
A.Gross Income: sale of 3,070 kaings at 38.00/kaing116,660
B.Net Income: (gross income minus total production cost)h68,650
C.Returns per Peso Invested2.43
Table 3.
Table 4. Estimated costs and returns of a one-half hectare oyster farm on the stake method for one yeara
ItemCost ())Life (Yr)
A.Fixed Costs
1.1 native banca (dugout)1,0003
2.shed5003 and diving paraphernalia3005
4.stake and stake preparation23,9502.5
a) 5,000 pc bamboo poles (puno) at 4.50/poleb(22,250)
b) hired labor for staking( 1,250)
c) raft rental and towing charges( 200)
Total fixed costs
B.Production Costs
1.Operating costs
a) 1 caretaker at 500/month for 12 monthsc 6,000
b) harvesting charges for 625 kaings at 5.00/kaingd 3,125
a) dugout 330
b) shed 170
c) tools 60
d) stake 9,580
a) Municipal permit 30
b) Repairs and other expenses 170
Total production costs
A.Gross Income: sale of 625 kaings at 38.00 each23,750
B.Net Income: (gross income minus total production cost)e4,285
C.Returns per Peso Invested1,22
a BFAR, 1981; and oyster farmers of Bacoor, Cavite. Cost data are based on 1981prices.
b Bamboo trunks are staked 1 m apart.
c Caretaking is often provided partially or entirely by the family.
d About eight bamboo poles produce one kaing of oysters. The harvesting chargeis more than that of the farm on the hanging method because the divers have to removethe oysters under water.
e A much higher net income is obtained in very productive areas and at higherselling prices during certain seasons.
Table 4.
Bacterial examination of the growing waters. The indicator organism used is the human faecal coliform bacteria. An allowable bacterial level fit for human health must be established. The coliform count should be constantly monitored for the information of the consumer.
Sanitary surveys. To identify suitable farming areas.
Strict regulations governing the storage operations of processing plants.
Bacterial examination of the final product at the market level.
Depuration of oysters. Shellfish depuration is based on the knowledge that filter-feeding molluscs remove particles from the surrounding, digest some and discharge some in the form of pseudofaeces (Quayle, 1980). The simplest and cheapest depuration for oysters is to transfer them from a contaminated to an uncontaminated area for 48 hours. Another form is to place the oysters in a holding tank through which pure or purified water is made to flows. The most expensive method is to purify oysters with chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light (Fig. 10).
Shellfish marketing and consumption can be affected by dinoflagellate blooms or the so-called “red-tides” which causes the paralytic shellfish poisoning symptoms. The safest measure is to refrain from eating oysters during the period of red tide. Toxicity retention can vary.
The economic impact of red-tides can be seen in the loss of employment for those who are directly or indirectly engaged in oyster production, as well as loss of market, international trade, and reluctance to invest in this aquaculture sector.
Figure 10
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of a shellfish purification (depuration) plant.
Ablan, Guillermo, L. 1949. The commercial production of oysters in the Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Blanco, G.J. and D.K. Villaluz. 1951. The Cultivation and Biology of Oysters in Bacoor Bay, Luzon. Phil, Journal of Fisheries. Vol. 1.
Choi, I.H. 1983. The Korean Canning Industry. INFOFISH Marketing Digest, No. 5.
Davy, B. and M. Graham. 1982. Bivalve Culture in Asia and Pacific. In: Proceeding of a workshop held in Singapore 16–19 February 1982.
Glude, J., Steinber, M. and R. Stevens. 1982. The feasibility of oyster and mussel farming by municipal fisherman in the Philippines. FAO/UNDP, Manila.
Haven, D.S. and F. Perkins. 1978. Bacterial depuration by the American Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) under controlled conditions. Institute of Marine Science, Virginia.
Korringa, P. 1976. Farming of Cupped Oyster of the genus Crassostrea. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Quayle, D.B. 1980. Tropical Oysters: Culture and Methods. Ottawa, Ontario, IDRC.
Villaluz, D.K. 1939. Vertical distribution of oysters spats in Bacoor Bay. Phil. Jour. Sci. 70.
Walne, P.R. 1974. Culture of bivalve molluscs. Fishing News Books Ltd. Farnham, Surrey, England. 189 p.
Wilbur, K.M. and C.M. Yonge. 1965. Physiology of Mollusks. Academic Press, New York.
Young, A. and E. Serna. 1982. Bivalve Culture in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Singapore 16–19 February 1982. Brian F. Davy and Michael Graham (eds.).
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A balance between Delicious and Nutritious Food for Kids
Most Common Monsoon Illness in Children
June 10, 2020
Best Way to Communicate with your Child
July 3, 2020
‘Every time you eat or drink you are either feeding disease or fighting it’ – Heather Morgan
Food plays a very important role in how healthy your child is going to be as he/she grows over the years. Giving them a balanced diet right from the beginning is absolutely essential. It is rightly said by doctors: everything in the right proportion is good, it is when we consume one thing excessively it becomes a health hazard. Kids get addicted to certain kinds of food like ketchup that contains high percentage of sugar or to junk food because of the artificial flavouring that makes it tastier. Hence in the formative years of your child it is essential that one tries to avoid introducing these foods to your child. Eventually when they start going to school and see their friends eating, they will explore different foods and start asking for the same. Even at that point, it is important to substitute junk with tasty healthy homemade food items and explain to them that junk food is harmful / bad for them.
Maintaining a balance between delicious food and nutritious food is the key to healthy eating habits. Here’s how you can maintain this balance:
1.Set a meal menu: make a weekly meal menu so your child is aware of what they will be eating. Ask your child if they have any preferences and add them to the menu. Make sure there are 1-2 cheat meals.
2.Make food fun: children like to see interesting fun things on their plate. Make different shapes with bread, roti, or rice. Create their favourite characters or shapes on their plate. Cut vegetables in different shapes and sizes.
3.Let your children eat as much as they want: do not force your kids to finish what is on their plate. It is the wrong notion to have, if your child is full, at times they are genuinely full. It is best to avoid force-feeding as it may cause acidity, indigestion or even cause the child to throw up the extra food eaten. To start with serve them small portions at regular intervals through the day.
4.Make sure healthy food is accessible: stock healthy food like cereal, whole grain biscuits or snacks, dry fruits, fresh fruits and vegetable and store them at places that are visible and accessible to them.
5.Lead by example: children will look at you and follow your actions, so make sure you eat healthy too and avoid junk food. Or eat it when they are not around.
6.Limit sugary drinks: avoid giving your children sodas and fruit flavoured drinks. Give them milk or water instead or one can substitute the same with fresh fruit juices.
7.Get children involved in the kitchen: when children are involved in the cooking process they understand what’s healthy and what’s not. They will also enjoy eating what they cooked.
8.Disguise nutritious food: If your kids don’t like certain vegetables by them add them to other vegetables or lentils (in pureed form if needed). For example, you can add carrot, beans, etc to lentils or chicken, mutton, etc.
Each child develops their taste own palate and their own sense of preferred foods and foods that they don’t enjoy. As parents, we encourage you to make sure that you introduce them to all foods when they are young. In case there are some foods they do not like or stop eating, either find an alternative to the nutrition that food provides or add it in some other food they like eating. Also, make sure the food tastes good, that’s the key. Nutritious food can also taste good and if you crack that you will have won half the battle.
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Convergence of botanical art, science and environmental impact
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Botanical art is any kind of art that is an accurate representation of plants. This art form, as opposed to normal art of plants, is very detailed and accurate. A botanical artist is different to that of a flower painter as their intention is to often have their works of art to be useful in science. This could be attributed to the work of a botanical artist being more detailed than a photo produced by a camera, making it essential to plant identification. Botanical art grew in popularity during the 18th century as it became a fashionable past time for aristocratic ladies, who hired several prominent botanical artists to become their tutors.
Similarly, Wildlife art is the artistic depiction of animals, which can be in a hyper-realistic style or in a style where it utilises the creative flexibility of the Oriental art. Contemporary wildlife art is very different to what it once was, it no longer focuses on beautiful renditions of scientifically accurate animals, it is instead a sad copy of a photograph which reduces the animal to a tiny part of its habitat. The decision for some artists to free themselves from the creative constraints of hyper-realism divided the world of wildlife art into traditionalist artists and explorative artists. The traditional artists wished to maintain the photographic style of their art, painting every detail the way it was in nature. Whereas the explorative artists wished to trial different ways of capturing their vision, which was already familiar with other branches of art.
There are countless different types of art styles in the world, however the convergence of botanical art, science and environmental impact set the stage perfectly for encouraging bright synergistic minds and using talent for communicating difference.
Wildlife and Botanical Artists Incorporate (WABA) was such an organisation, founded to bring artists, scientists, and environmentalists together to promote appreciation of our natural wildlife and botanical heritage.
The aim was to reach national and international wildlife and botanical artists and to meet the needs of members through providing information on exhibitions, commissions and events.
Activities includes monthly meetings with guest presenters, field trips, workshops and exhibitions.
With a vision to embrace bringing artists, scientists and environmentalists together to promote appreciation of our natural wildlife and botanical heritage.
While it now ceases to operate, WABA pursued excellence in art and embraces both the classic style and the innovative approach to botanical art. WABA aimed to not only promote and protect the rich diversity of Australia’s plant life by all reasonable and appropriate means, but they aim to stimulate the interest in plants, conservation, horticulture and the environment through beautiful and unique botanical art. The members of WABA are provided for through institute workshops with experienced and well-regarded tutors, newsletters and websites, as well as conveying their relevant information about any current botanical art classes, exhibitions and even excursions.
Content marketing is a method of strategic marketing that can be used to create and distribute reliable and valuable content towards your specific target audience. The aim is to build trust and brand awareness in order to convert potential customers in the early stages of the decision-making process.
The goal of content marketing is to increase your brand awareness, sales, engagement and loyalty which can be achieved through reaching your target audience through several means. Social media, infographics, blogs, podcasts, videos and paid advertisement marketing are all types of content marketing which have the purpose to reach your audience through their preferred means. By understanding what type of content marketing best reaches your target, the awareness of your brand can increase which prompts potential customers to take a chance.
Here at Noop, we are Perth’s clever content Marketing Agency. We deliver relevant, valuable and engaging content to your audience and attract high quality leads. It all starts with the right content strategy. It’s time to lead the content revolution! Learn more about our content marketing services here.
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Does Social Media Cause Depression?
August 01, 2019 | Abigail Mckay
Does Social Media Cause Depression?
اردو میں پڑھیں
Social media has been repeatedly linked to depression and anxiety, especially in teenagers and young adults. However, what seems to be disputed is not that social media itself causes depression and anxiety, but rather the negative behavior that is frequently exhibited on social media. For example, bullying continues to be an issue spanning all generations, but it primarily affects the teenage population. Online platforms allow bullying 24 hours, seven days a week, even when children are not at school. This constant bombardment of negative pressure and commentary can, in turn, lead to poor mental health.
Poor mental health is often due to bullying, peer pressure, envy, and the “keeping up with the Joneses” mentality. All of these negative behaviors can be found on social media. So, yes, you could make a strong case that excessive amount of time spent on social media could, in fact, cause depression and anxiety. Limiting social media helps combat the negative notions found on social media, and it also creates a healthy, present atmosphere, free from constant influences. It allows personal growth without others’ opinions, which can lead to a positive state of mind. Modern-day, online platforms are great tools when used in moderation, but should never substitute for personal experience gathered from everyday life.
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What is a Sussex Trug?
'The word 'trug' is derived from the anglo saxon 'trog', meaning 'boat shaped vessel'
early in the 19th century, people hollowed out pieces of timber to make boat shapes and fixed handles to them. They then used the shape or 'trug' to measure and carry grain out to the fields. The size of each trug was very roughly equivalent to old imperial measures, e.g. bushel, half bushel, pint etc. Because they were made from a single piece of timber they could also measure liquids.
As you can imagine they were very heavy! It was later in the 19th century that the trug as we know it today came about when the solid block of timber was replaced by thin strips of cricket bat willow and nailed to a frame of sweet chestnut, which was commonly grown in the area. The trug became famous after a Mr Smith showed them at the Great Exhibition in 1851 and Queen Victoria ordered a consignment for members of the Royal Family. Herstmonceux, in East Sussex, became world famous for trugs and it is said that it is there that they were first used.
In the middle of the 20th century a new type of trug was developed which used willow from the cricket bat industry located nearby and sweet chestnut for the handles. The trugs are made using brass screws and copper and steel tacks. A Trug is traditionally used by gardeners to carry fruit and vegetables in from the garden much as they were those many years ago. Latterly, the smaller ones have come to be used as fruit bowls, bread baskets or to hold pot pourri or hampers!.
Small no 1 Trug
Approx measurements 10 x 5 in' enough to hold 3 products
Medium no 4 Trug
Approx. measurements 15 x 8 in' enough to hold
5 products.
C1 side.jpg
C 4 long.jpg
C1 4 5.jpg
C5 Long.jpg
Large no 5 Trug
Approx. measurements 17 x 9 in' enough to hold 7 products |
Questions over greenness of power station
From: Barrie Frost, Watson’s Lane, Reighton, Filey.
I AM grateful for the information from Mrs Edna Austin (Yorkshire Post, June 15) that Goole and not Hull, as I had previously quoted, is the nearest port to Drax power station.
Having lived in Selby for 20 years, I was aware of this fact. I quoted Hull, a major east coast port, as I didn’t wish to cause further embarrassment to the ‘greens’ by being told the wood pellets, imported all the way from America, would dock at other far away ports, possibly on the west coast or even the south coast of England.
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However, as the subject of the port of Goole has been raised, is Goole capable of handling such huge cargoes? According to the biomass operator for Drax power station, 15 million tonnes of wood pellets will be imported annually, mainly from America and Canada. These will be sent in shipments of 50/60,000 tonnes which equates to around 320 journeys across the Atlantic ocean, resulting in an almost daily shipment.
The West Dock in Goole is the only one which is rail served, so is it able to handle a daily cargo of this size or has it even been chosen to do so?
Even if Goole port could be used, how does a ship arrive at its docks? Goole is an inland port so, unfortunately, the ship has to pass the sea port of Hull and continue to travel along the Humber and then the river Ouse, a distance of around 30 miles to reach Goole. The total distance the wood pellets have travelled from America is not in any way reduced, it merely results in them having an even longer journey by water.
Nor does this confusion address the real issue – 15 million tonnes of wood pellets are transported annually, an undisclosed distance from their production source, to an American port, then shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to a British port and finally to the final destination of Drax power station. How can it be claimed this operation is ‘saving the planet’?
Compare this to previous arrangements when coal was sent by rail a very short distance from northern pits. Coal has been demonised as a product which causes undesirable and unnecessary pollution, ignoring the fact that Britain is a world leader in clean coal technology, able to extract 90 per cent of CO2 emissions from the burning of coal.
No justice in Hall’s sentence
From: Philip Smith, New Walk, Beverley, East Yorkshire.
WHAT an absolute disgrace Stuart Hall’s 15-month sentence is (Yorkshire Post, June 18). What sort of deterrence is this to anyone? None. With good behaviour Hall will be out in seven and a half months – unless he is out even sooner.
Chris Huhne and Vicky Pryce only served a quarter of their sentences.
From a position of trust, Hall indecently assaulted 13 young girls over 18 years. He then lied about his involvement, accusing his accusers of being cruel, pernicious and spurious when he was the cruel and pernicious person.
He only pleaded guilty when he realised the game was up.
Why are his 13 sentences allowed to run concurrently? That just encourages people to commit more offences, not less. The victims of his crimes must be horrified.
All their pain and torment over the years for a short prison sentence for this “frightened and bewildered man” who deserves to be both. He left his victims the same way.
This sentence shows that the ‘justice’ system is a joke.
There’s next to no justice in this sentence. The judge should be struck off.
Bring back common sense
From: David Schofield, Highfield Drive, Garforth, Leeds.
OVER recent years I have become increasingly disenchanted with our once great nation.
We have seen a decline in moral standards and traditional values, such as political corruption, same sex marriage, a health service which seems to be in dissaray, immigration almost out of (British) control, a legal system unable to deal effectively with terrorism, and a philosophy of political correctness.
We are told that we live in a multi-cultural society, and I believe that is true. It’s like walking down the high street of any town or city in the country. They all have the same shops, with little individuality.
Personally, I don’t much care for multi-culturalism, I would rather retain the traditional British culture, with a more rigorous immigration policy, although I would never support a ban on immigration.
Alas, I suspect that I am in a minority.
If I were a younger man, I would seriously consider forming a new political party. It’s name? The Fairplay and Common Sense Party. Anyone wish to join ?
In the picture
From: Dai Woosnam, Woodrow Park, Scartho, Grimsby.
IF nothing else comes out of the shocking pictures of an out of control Charles Saatchi, we can at least salute the paparazzo responsible for a great job well done.
Without them, Saatchi would never have accepted a police caution. |
Normal Blood Sugar Levels One Hour After Eating
Normal blood sugar levels one hour after eating vary but rise to no higher than 140 milligrams per deciliter in individuals with adequate control over the ratio of sugar to blood in their metabolism. These levels are very temporary. By six to eight hours after eating, blood sugar levels lower to a body’s normally maintained ratios.
The normally maintained blood sugar levels in these same individuals also vary, but are usually between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter. A blood sugar level of less than 60 milligrams per deciliter manifests itself in physical trembling, hunger pangs and lowered mental function. However, the sugar to blood in the bloodstream of a normal individual does not simply drop at a steady rate. A blood sugar level in the normal range can be maintained for an extended period.
Blood Sugar Levels For Diabetics
In a diabetic individual, however, there is great fluctuation in blood sugar levels. Their sugar to blood ratio is characterized by instability. Without food or some chemical assistance, their blood sugar levels can quickly drop below the 60 milligram per deciliter mark.
While an individual with normal control over their sugar to blood ratio experiences a very slow drop in his or her blood sugar levels and maintains physical and mental functionality for days after his or her last meal, a diabetic will suffer an accelerated reduction in his or her blood sugar level. This will result in loss of consciousness and physical seizures long before a normal individual suffers severe consequences.
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Philosopher David Hume on Why Utility Pleases Summary
SECTION V: why Utility pleases
172-77. As a building with a square door does not suit the human figure, so social virtues are praised for their utility. A man whose conduct brings hurt to society cannot expect to receive approval. It is only the difficulty of evaluating the usefulness of effects that has kept philosophers from including social virtues into their ethical systems. But this does not justify their rejection. Even nature and experience oppose selfishness. We praise the virtuous acts of even ancient and distant people and the noble deeds of an enemy even if their consequences violate our own personal interests. &What is that to me?& This question brings ridicule to every conversation concerning virtue. For it is not merely our own need that determines usefulness.
Part II
178-81. The utility of private interest may at times be even contrary to public interest, but self-love cannot be the principle of every moral sentiment. Even the interests of society for its happiness recommend itself to our good-will. A person in total solitude loses much enjoyment. And if we are affected with compassion for the suffering of others, then we cannot be indifferent to its causes. We enjoy visiting a pleasing home and receiving the humane treatment of its occupier. He relates the countenance of his family and we listen with joy. He tells me about his oppressive neighbour and I am immediately indignant and struck with horror.
Wherever we find it, the happiness and misery of others bring us pleasure and dis-ease. In the theatre we sense common amusement. Actors bring pleasure in public that they do not command in private. The spectators weep, tremble and rejoice with him. Poetry brings to us the same reactions. Our enjoyment of reading history likewise depends upon our reactions. And who is untouched when learning about a tyrant?
David Hume - Citizen of the World
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182-86. We experience public attachments as being superior to self-love. Can we evaluate character and action other than by the happiness or misery they bring to society? Anyone who is unaffected by feelings of happiness will be indifferent to the image of virtue. But is there one who would as soon tramp on a friend's gouty toes as on the pavement? We may give higher regard to a good statesman of our country than to one of another, but that is only because the impression on our senses is greater and less obscure. [So we move to a closer distance to better experience the beauty of a rose that is far away.] Our sympathy for others is more faint than our concern for ourselves. Small benefit brought to us may bring greater sentiment to us than a larger benefit done to another. We can correct this inequality by reflection by the standard of usefulness. In our calm judgments the difference is learned and our sentiments are more social. Standards of approval provide discourse for companionships, pulpits and theatres.
At a distance virtue is, like a fixed star, without light or heat. But bring it near and, as with our relationship with people, our senses are enlivened.
187-90. Through our daily experience and observation we must conclude à priori that we cannot be totally indifferent to the well-being of others and not also of ourselves. And if we look at the consequences we conclude à posteriori that utility is the sole source of the high regard paid to justice, fidelity, honour, allegiance, and chastity and other social virtues such as humanity, generosity, charity, and mercy. Everything, which promotes the interests of society, brings pleasure.
Philosopher David Hume on Why Utility Pleases Summary
We hope this summary of "on Why Utility Pleases" has been stimulating and you continue to the next summary of the philosophical works of philosopher David Hume.
on Qualities Immediately Agreeable to Others << >> on Qualities Immediately Agreeable to Ourselves
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Monthly Archives: June 2020
A Guide For Beginners on Desoldering
If you are thinking of learning a new skill, soldering should be on the list. Soldering is a skill you might find useful in the future, especially if you are a DIYer. It can help you fix things at home and use it to do various projects.
While soldering is essential, there is an occasion wherein you’ll have to do some desoldering. You could desolder a joint if you learned the basics of soldering. But of course, you have to know the tips and tricks for a good outcome.
How to Desolder
Step 1: Complete your Equipment
First, gather all the equipment you will need for desoldering. You have to get a soldering iron and a device to remove the solder. The soldering iron will melt the solder and create a new joint. Now, be warned that not all soldering irons are good for desoldering. Choose an iron with 15W to 30W range, especially when working on a circuit board. High-powered iron can damage the component of the board. Thus, soldering guns, soldering stations, and commercial solder irons are not ideal for this task. If you feel confused about which soldering iron to use, you can ask help from Hand Tools For Fun.
Also, remember to get your safety gear. Soldering iron produces immense heat that can cause injuries. Make sure to wear protective gloves, and glasses while performing the task. Likewise, avoid wearing loose clothing and remove any debris from your working station.
Step 2: Prepare the Surface
Prepare the surface you will have to desolder. Remove any grease, varnish, and glue on the area before you begin heating.
Step 3: Heat the Iron Tip
Prepare the iron tip. Let it heat, and once it reaches the desired temperature, rest it against both the components. Immediately remove the iron after a second or two. However, you’ll have to let it stay longer for larger soldering pads.
Step 4: Remove the Solder
There are two devices you can use to desolder a joint; these are solder sucker and solder wick.
When using a solder sucker, push down plunger and lock it into place. The tool produces a ‘click’ sound indicating a lock. If not, you can push the small plug of the solder out of the nozzle. Once the device is secured, put the nozzle in the molten solder and press the button. The plunger will suck the solder from the joint. You will have to repeat this process a few times to remove the solder.
If you are using a solder wick, you have to heat the device first. Before starting, lay the wick over the joint while holding the iron’s tip on the wick. Once it heats up, the wick will slide, and the solder will flow into it. Replace the wick when filled with solder by cutting the used section and using a new portion of the spool.
Step 5: Clean
Clean the solder pad to remove excess resin and solder. However, make sure to use the right tools for cleaning, like the 000 steel wool.
More Thoughts
While soldering is fun and a great skill to have, you also need to learn how to desolder. If you have more questions on desoldering, you can ask help from Hand Tools For Fun.
3D Printer Maintenance Tips: How to Make it Last Longer
3D printing is a new technology that has still lots of room for development. No doubt, 3D printing will improved more in the years to come; and it is not surprising if it will dominate various sectors.
Chances are you’ve seen videos on social media and heard from colleagues that 3D printing is quite a fascinating technology. Well, it is certainly interesting knowing that a simple image can become a real object. It is probably the reason that caught your attention and encouraged you to buy a 3D printer.
3D printers are not cheap. This machine is expensive, especially if its features targets advanced and professional use. Although 3D printers can last for several years, poor maintenance can reduce it is lifespan. To assure that your 3D printer will last longer, below are maintenance tips to keep your printer in the best shape.
#1 Keep it Clean
Dust and dirt can be big trouble once it accumulates. It could affect the printer’s performance and might cause further damage when not removed. Moreover, the remaining glue on the build plate will cause foreign particles and molten plastics to get stuck on the build plate. When it happens, it could result in improper prints and damage to the finished project.
You can avoid this by keeping the build plate and whole machine clean from glue, dust, molten plastic, and other debris. Use a clean cloth to remove the dirt. If wiping off the residue won’t work, you can dip the plate in warm water and clean it by using a cloth.
#2 Lubricate the Printer
Some of the moving metal parts of the printer stop working because of poor lubrication. It can lead to premature damage to the project when printing. The printing process will take longer than usual. Also, frequent stoppages can lead to further damage to the printer’s moving parts.
3D printers need regular lubrication to prevent stoppages. You can use sewing oil and other lubricants that are safe to use with plastic. But remember not to apply to much lubricating oil. Excessive lubrication will only attract grime, dust, and dirt.
#3 Do Regular Machine Checkup
Check the machine’s condition at least once every month. Look for signs of damages and tighten up loose pulley screws. Loose screws can result in the misaligned system and lead to poor printing quality.
If you notice broken parts in the printer, immediately swap it with new ones. You can ask help from reliable online sources, like the, to find out how to troubleshoot 3D printers and solve such issues.
#4 Replace Dirty Filters
Replace the printer’s filters when necessary. A filter that is in good condition supports ventilation and helps in a better printing job.
#5 Update the Firmware
Keep the 3D printer’s firmware updated. If not updated, the printer won’t function properly and you might encounter issues when printing. Thus, keeping your printer updated will assure the best performance and high-quality projects.
Remember that your 3D printer needs extra care and attention. With proper maintenance, you can preserve the printer’s lifespan and create impressive projects.
Do you have more questions on how to take care of your 3D printer? Ask help from the experts here at Digi 3Dverse. |
Blockchain security comes from the decentralisation of hashing power by miners. They append transactions to a block, perform PoW and add them to the blockchain when that validate blocks. How do nodes contribute to this? Doesn't all the validation power come from the longest chain, which is decided by miners. And how do miners detect an invalid block that has been added to the blockchain?
When transactions are broadcasted, I though that public key cryptography is used to verify the transaction. At what level does this happen? Do nodes do this, and if so, is it every single node? When a block is added, do miners perform steps on the block to make sure they are legit. And what does an illegitimate transaction look like?
Miners offer up blocks to the network hoping that their offerings will be accepted. Other nodes may accept or reject such blocks. A node that accepts a block adds that block to their copy of the blockchain. Nodes that don't accept a particular block don't add it to their copy of the blockchain and don't pass on that block to anyone else. Any miner that is consistently a source of bad blocks is likely to be ignored thereafter.
Miners can't spend income from a block until a further 100 blocks have been added on top of their block. So miners have a great incentive to only offer up blocks that are acceptable to everyone.
All nodes validate blocks and the transactions in them. This consists of checking that the blocks and transactions conform to a set of common rules. These rules are often called the consensus rules. The rules protect the interests of the buyers and sellers in transactions.
Nodes will eventually be ostracized if they consistently apply different rules and attempt to pass on blocks that meet their different rules but don't meet the mainstream rules.
All nodes called "full nodes" do check hashes and perform cryptographic checks on signatures. Some nodes (Simplified Payment Verification or SPV nodes) rely on other nodes to do much of this work, but they will still perform some checking themselves.
The classic example of an illegitimate transaction is one that attempts to spend money that has already been spent in a prior transaction. A trivially illegitimate block would be one whose independently calculated hash is greater than the current target value (inverse of difficulty)
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Is it safe for a 2 year old to have tonsils removed?
(Reuters Health) – Children who have their tonsils removed before they’re at least three years old may be more likely to have complications afterward than kids who have the surgery when they’re older, a U.S. study suggests.
How long does it take a 2 year old to recover from tonsillectomy?
It takes most children 7 to 10 days to recover from a tonsillectomy. Some children feel better in just a few days and some children take as many as 14 days to recover.
How serious is tonsil removal?
Tonsillectomy, like other surgeries, has certain risks: Reactions to anesthetics. Medication to make you sleep during surgery often causes minor, short-term problems, such as headache, nausea, vomiting or muscle soreness. Serious, long-term problems are rare, though general anesthesia is not without the risk of death.
What happens after you get your tonsils removed for kids?
Your child will feel tired for several days and then gradually become more active. Your child should be able to go back to school or daycare in 1 week and return to full activities in 2 weeks. There will be white scabs where the tonsils were. These usually fall off in 5 to 10 days.
What’s the worst day after tonsillectomy?
Do you get sick more without tonsils?
Having tonsils doesn’t mean you’ll get strep throat, just as not having tonsils doesn’t make you immune to this infection. In both cases, exposure to the strep bacteria puts you at risk. People who have their tonsils are at an increased risk for more frequent cases of strep throat.
How do I get my 2 year old to drink after a tonsillectomy?
Offer your child small amounts of fluids (half a cup) every hour during waking hours for the first few days after his/her tonsillectomy. Try cool fluids first such as water, cordial, ice blocks, and non-acidic fruit juices (ie apple juice) and soft drinks (let them stand to de-fizz first).
What are the long term side effects of having your tonsils removed?
Patients who’ve had their tonsils and adenoids removed in childhood are at significantly increased long-term risk of respiratory, allergic and infectious diseases, according to a new study which — for the first time — examined the long-term effects of the operations.
Is it OK to cough after tonsillectomy?
Is it normal for my child to have a cough after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy? Coughs can be common, primarily after the first several hours post-op due to having a breathing tube during surgery.
When does the white stuff go away after tonsillectomy?
There will be a white coating in your throat where the tonsils were. The coating is like a scab. It usually starts to come off in 5 to 10 days. It is usually gone in 10 to 16 days.
Does removing tonsils affect immune system?
Study limitations included heterogeneity in the diagnostic tools, timing of testing, indication for tonsillectomy and patients’ age. Conclusion: It is reasonable to say that there is enough evidence to conclude that tonsillectomy has no clinically significant negative effect on the immune system.
Does removing tonsils change your voice?
What will tell you that the child is bleeding from post tonsillectomy surgery?
Signs of primary hemorrhage right after a tonsillectomy include: bleeding from the mouth or nose. frequent swallowing. vomiting bright red or dark brown blood.
What are the signs of infection after tonsillectomy?
Your child has symptoms of infection, such as:
• Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness.
• Red streaks coming from the area.
• Pus draining from the area.
• A fever.
Can I clear my throat after a tonsillectomy?
Try to avoid coughing, sneezing, clearing the throat or blowing the nose vigorously for two weeks.
How do you break up mucus after tonsillectomy?
1. Jell-O and pudding.
2. Pasta, mashed potatoes, and cream of wheat.
3. Applesauce.
4. Low-fat ice cream, yogurt, sherbet, and popsicles.
5. Smoothies.
6. Scrambled eggs.
7. Cool soup.
8. Water and juice.
Why does my mouth taste so bad after tonsillectomy?
Taste disturbance is an unusual complication of tonsillectomy of which there are very few reports in the literature. The possible causes of this rare complication are: (1) direct or indirect damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve or its lingual branch (LBGN), (2) lack of dietary zinc, and (3) habitual drug intake.
How do I get rid of thick saliva after tonsillectomy?
Why you shouldn’t get tonsils removed?
After tonsil or adenoid removal, the researchers found a two- to three-times increase in diseases of the upper respiratory tract. They identified smaller increases in risks for infectious and allergic diseases. Following adenotonsillectomy, the risk for infectious diseases rose 17 percent.
What are the worst days after tonsillectomy?
Your child will need to take it easy for 1 to 2 weeks after a tonsillectomy. It takes most children 7 to 10 days to recover from a tonsillectomy. Most kids are able to return to school a week after surgery.
What is the survival rate of getting your tonsils removed?
Tonsillectomy has been estimated to have a mortality rate of 1 death in every 20 000 procedures. In the pediatric literature, tonsillectomy is associated with a 0.5% to 2.1% rate of reoperation.
When should a child’s tonsils be removed?
A health care provider might recommend removing the tonsils if a child gets a lot of tonsil infections (called tonsillitis). Experts define “a lot” as when a doctor diagnoses a child with at least 7 infections a year, more than 5 infections a year for 2 years in a row, or three infections a year for 3 years.
“The association of tonsillectomy with respiratory disease later in life may therefore be considerable for these people,” Dr Byars adds. Adenoidectomy was found to be linked with a more than doubled relative risk of COPD and a nearly doubled relative risk of upper respiratory tract diseases and conjunctivitis.
When is the pain the worst after a tonsillectomy?
Has anyone died from tonsil removal?
Death during tonsillectomy tends to be rare. A 2019 study put the US mortality rate at 1 death per 18,000 surgeries. Over half-a-million US children get this routine surgery every year, making it the second most common surgery in America. |
Harlem Renaissance
In Glogpedia
by Pinki27
Last updated 7 years ago
Social Studies
African-American History
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Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
After the Civil War, now-free African American's were trying to find a safe way to express themselves, and in a safe place as well. They found this safety in Harlem. And their way to express themselves, was through art and literature. Therefore, creating the Harlem Renaissance.
Time Line
The Great Migration
The Great Migration was the time period from 1916 to 1970 when a lot of African Americans traveled from the South, up to the North in order to have better opportunites for themselves and their chlildren.
The New Negro movement was a time where African Americans promoted their renewed sense of ratcial pride, cultural expression of the artists and their political beliefs, economic independance, and progression of their involvment in politics.
The Harlem Renaissance ended when the Great Depression struck. The lack of money ended the enthusiasm of the "Roarin' 20's." Also, when the Harlem Riot in 1935 happened, the blacks and whites were torn apart and again didn't want to be around each other. When this happened, Harlem was no longer considered the "mecca" for African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was officially over.
The Cotton Club was a night club. It opened in 1923 and closed in 1940. The cotton club was a white-only club that often had African American performers. Some of the musicians that frequently performed there were Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, Jelly Roll Morton, and Louis Armstrong.
Instead of using political movement to express their new-found independence, African Americans civil rights activists used artists to incorcorporate their beliefs into art, music, dance, and theater. This is how they got their polictical beliefs across to the public.
Start of the Renaissance
Cotton Club was opened
New Negro Movement
End of the Harlem Renaissance
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Women and Work in America (HIST 250-01): HIST-250-01
Library guide for the course Women and Work in America.
Course Description
This course focuses on the history of women's labor in the United States from the early republic to the late twentieth century. Topics covered include wage labor, slavery, political activism, domestic work, family, immigration, and popular culture.
Prepare a bibliography and proposal for a museum exhibit that focuses on the American Women's Labor Movement.
Possible topics include biographies of labor activists, key labor history events from city or region; music and the american labor movement; home and family life of women workers. Provide a brief write-up on your topic including citations to articles, books and visuals that could be used in the exhibit.
Ask a Librarian
Working for Freedom: Freedom, a History of US
As industrial progress continues and the gap between the rich and poor widens, a new labor movement emerges to advocate for workers' rights. The strike at Lawrence, Massachusetts, is a victory for workers; and Susan B. Anthony paves the way for women's right to vote. Part of the series Freedom: A History of US. Distributed by PBS Distribution. (26 minutes)
The Changing Role of Women: Mary Catherine Bateson
|
The new Ocean Battery will store renewable energy underwater
The new Ocean Battery will store renewable energy underwater
Jan 10, 2022
One of the current issues faced by the use of renewable energy is that they have to be stored in batteries when the sun does not shine or there is no wind.
In a world that is moving towards renewable sources, like solar energy or wind turbines, taking into consideration all possible factors is fundamental. Despite their low impact, their immense efficiency, and their cheaper costs, sometimes we might have a cloudy week or the wind might not blow. This is where the Ocean Battery steps in.
The Dutch company Ocean Grazer has developed an ocean battery that will allow the storage of renewable energy underwater. This prototype was presented in the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, USA this past 5th of January.
“No one has resolved the global energy storage problem in a scalable, reliable and affordable way - up till now! Ocean Grazer offers a brilliant yet simple solution, based on existing technology, enhancing marine life along the way.” -Ocean Grazer’s press release.
How does the Ocean Battery work?
According to the company, the Ocean Battery will resolve the societal challenge to provide access to renewable power generation without hindering our efforts to meet the climate goals. This battery is a pumped hydro-system in a box that provides an eco-friendly approach to energy storage with up to GWh scale with their underwater turbines energy storage technology.
The mechanism is based on hydro dam technology, which has proven to be reliable and efficient for over a century. It stores energy by pumping water from the rigid reservoirs into the flexible bladders on the seabed. Then, energy is stored as potential energy in the form of water that is under high pressure.
When there is demand for this energy, water flows back from the flexible bladders to the low pressure rigid reservoirs. Driving these multiple hydro turbines will be producing electricity for large scale projects. Moreover, eolic turbines, floating solar panel farms and systems that use ocean movement will be placed in the area.
The challenge faced by renewable energy sources
One of the principal challenges faced by the use of clean energy is that they need to be backed up by a storage system that works even when the sun is not shining or the wind does not blow.
According to Frits Bliek, executive director of the company, the Ocean Battery has an efficiency of around 80% of energy storage. This means it should operate without difficulties for over 20 years. Moreover, they plan to place the first battery underwater in 2025 and one inland in the Netherlands in 2023.
Image from the Ocean Battery from Ocean Grazer's webpage
Related News |
Wednesday, 31 March 2010
In Ruby (as in most OO languages) there are four sort of variables; global, class, instance and local. In languages like Java and C++, you must declare a variable before use, and where you do that determines what sort it is. In Ruby, variables are not declared, so we need another way to indicate this; a prefix.
Variables can contain any object in Ruby; you can readily assign a string to a variable that previously held an integer. Variable names must begin with a lower-case letter or underscore (after the prefix). By convention, they are all lower-case, with words separated by underscores (eg my_variable).
Local Variables
Local variables have no prefix. They exist only within a block of code, such as a method. Once the block completes, the variable disappears.
def test2
local1 = 2
local1.times do
local2 = 3
p "l1=#{local1} l2=#{local2}"
p "l1=#{local1}"
#p "l2=#{local2}" # Out of scope
Instance Variables
An instance variable belongs to that one instance of the class. It is denoted by a single at symbol (eg @var), and can be accessed from any instance of a class from within a method. They have private access... however, you can access them anyway through these methods:
instance_variables # Array of strings, listing instance variables
remove_instance_variable # Private method
You can also use attr_accessor, attr_reader and attr_writer to allow others to access your instance variables. Note that while the above methods do require the at sign, these three methods do not.
You can also access instance variables using self. These two statements are equivalent.
self.var = 19
@var = 19
Class Variables
A class variable belongs to the whole class (and indeed subclasses), and is accessible from anywhere inside the class, or from any instance of the class. If you change the value in one instance, it will be changed in every instance. It must start with two at symbols (eg @@var).
In Rails, you can access a class variable like a class method (eg MyClass.var) for a descendant of ActiveRecord::Base (analogous to how you access column names). Outside Rails class variables have private access.
Class variables have some perhaps surprising behavior when you look at inheritance, as a value set in a subclass can affect other classes. Let us see that in action. SubClass1 has a parent, SuperClass, a sibling, SubClass2, and a child SubSubClass1.
class SuperClass
@@var1 = 11
@@var2 = 21
def self.out1; @@var1; end
def self.out2; @@var2; end
class SubClass1 < var1 =" 12" var3 =" 31" var1 =" 13" var3 =" 32" var2 =" 22"> 13
p SubClass1.out1
# => 13
p SubClass2.out1
# => 13
# @var2 is in the top class and its grandchild class. Despite "skipping
# a generation", the value set in the sub-sub-class still affects the
# super-class
p SuperClass.out2
# => 22
p SubSubClass1.out2
# => 22
# @var3 is in the sibling classes only, not in a common super-class. In this
# case setting the value in one has no effect on the other.
p SubClass1.out3
# => 31
p SubClass2.out3
# => 32
There are a set of methods available to use class variables, analogous to those for instance variables.
class_variables # Array of strings, listing instance variables
remove_class_variable # Private method
In Rails, you can define setters and getters just as you can for instance variables; cattr_accessor, cattr_reader and cattr_writer.
Global Variables
A global variable must start with a dollar (eg $var). It accessible from any class at any time. They are generally regarded as something to avoid; better to keep sections of code isolated from each other as far as possible.
Ruby has a number of predefined global variables. I do not like to use them myself; they make code that much harder to understand, and where there is a more explicit alternative, I would always use that. However, there is a list here.
There is an interesting trace feature for global variables. The trace_var method takes either a string or a symbol representing the global variable (with the dollar sign), together with a proc object (the documentation claims it will take a string or block as well; I do not believe that that is true).
trace_var "$global_var", proc do |x|
puts "$global_var is now #{x}"
You can set more than one trace on a global variable, and you can remove them (all) with untrace_var.
The global_variables method will return an array of strings, the names of all the global variables (complete with dollar sign).
Special Variables
Ruby includes a handful of special variables:
self # "this" in Java, etc.
nil # "null" in Java, etc., also counts as false
__FILE__ # the current file
__LINE__ # the current line number.
All Together Now
Let us them all in action. Here is some sample code.
$global_var = 32
class TestClass
@@class_var = 14
def initialize
@instance_var = 20
def test
local_var = 7
$global_var += 1
@@class_var += 1
@instance_var += 1
local_var += 1
puts "$global_var=#{$global_var}"
puts "@@class_var=#{@@class_var}"
puts "@instance_var=#{@instance_var}"
puts "local_var=#{local_var}"
Both $global_var and @@class_var are set when the file is loaded. While $global_var is available to everything, @@class_var can only be accessed from within TestClass. Looking at @instance_var, this will be set to 20 for a specific instance of TestClass when the instance is created. It will be incremented whenever test is invoked on that instance, in contrast to $global_var and @@class_var, both of which will get incremented every time test is invoked on any instance. Finally, local_var is created when it is set in the test method, and destroyed when the method terminates.
Struggling with Ruby: Contents Page
Thursday, 18 March 2010
Capturing File Uploads
Here is the requirement: The web page asks the user to upload a file. The data in the file is then used to populate a new record in the database.
The first thing I want, then, is for the view to have a file upload button. Here is what worked for me:
<% form_tag 'create', :multipart => true do %>
<%= hidden_field_tag :sample_id, %>
<%= file_field_tag 'datafile' %>
File names can only contain numbers, letters, hyphens and underscores, and must end ".csv".
Files must be on your C: drive to be successfully uploaded.
<%= submit_tag "Okay" %>
You could also use the form_for method instead, with file_field, rather than file_field_tag.
Some points to note:
You need to flag the form as "multipart", so that the file gets submitted as one part, and other data on the form as a second part. My experience is that uploaded files are a little restricted, and will not upload from a networked drive, or if there are strange characters in the name, and I warn the user of this. This may be dependant on your system. In this particular case, I am looking for a .csv file. The file type may need to be defined as a MIME type (CSV is registed by default).
The file received is of the UploadedTempfile type, and seems to be useable like any other file. As far as I can tell, Rails closes and deletes it for you. It is accessible though params in the normal way (so as params[:datafile] from the above code).
params[:datafile].each_line do |s|
# do stuff
I could not find away to process a CSV file using the CSV library; it seems to demand a filename, rather than the file itself. I was obliged to do it by hand (in my case I knew every field would be surrounded by quotes, so it is pretty easy).
In the functional test, just send the file as a parameter (with a test file in the fixtures folder).
post :create, :sample_id => Sample.find(:first).id,
:datafile =>"#{RAILS_ROOT}/test/fixtures/results.csv")
Struggling with Ruby: Contents Page
Thursday, 11 March 2010
Rails: Singularize and Pluralize
Rails has functions buit-in that will turn a word into its plural or singular. It uses this when generating models, etc. to create names that conform to the standard (so user.rb but users_controller.rb). The rules are set up in a file called:
The action all happened inside a block like this:
module ActiveSupport
Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
# definitions
There are four types of rules. The first sets a general rule for making a plural, like this:
inflect.plural(/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/i, '\1ies')
If the regular expression in the first parameter matches, then it is replaced by the the second parameter (but note that a capture group is used, so a part of the discarded ending is still used). This rule will match a word ending in y, but not preceded by a vowel, replacing the "y" with "ies"
The second sets a rule for making a singluar, like this (which is the reverse of the previous):
inflect.singular(/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/i, '\1y')
Then there are the irregulars, defined like this:
inflect.irregular('person', 'people')
And those that do not change, like this:
Unfortunately, it is not perfect (not in 2.3.3 anyway), which is why I was obliged to learn about it. For example:
inflect.plural(/(octop|vir)us$/i, '\1i')
The plural of virus is viruses, not viri; octopus can use either form, though octopuses is prefered (see here).
The particular one I ran up against was this, for "metal analyses":
inflect.singular(/(^analy)ses$/i, '\1sis')
The system runs through the rules starting with the last defined, until it finds a match. For "analyses", it hits the second of the lines shown above, and returns "analysis" (why this was not put in as an irregular I cannot imagine). There is no match there for "metal analysis" as the pattern specifies the start of the string. So it looks at the previous rule. Now a match is found. However, this match defines several capture groups, the first is "analy", the second is just the "a", and both these are used in the replacement, so the resulting plural goes like this:
<whatever was before the pattern> <"analy"> <"a"> <"sis">
"metal analyses -> metal analyasis
Because the replacement uses only the first and second capture groups, the other words in that rule work fine. For "theses", for example, the "t" is in capture group 8, which is not used. And as analysis on its own gets caught by the previous rule, the error can easily be missed.
This issue was bought up as a bug, but dismissed (see here). The simple workaround is to define your own rule. I have done this in a file inside config/initializers (I have called mine called initial.rb).
ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
inflect.singular(/(analy|ba|diagno|parenthe|progno|synop|the)ses$/i, '\1sis')
You can add as many of your own rules as you like. As they get added later, they will take precedence over the existing rules.
Struggling with Ruby: Contents Page
Thursday, 4 March 2010
Adventures in programming...
Back in the day I used to love text-based adventure games (the one that stands out is Leather Goddesses of Phobos). I have made several attempts to write my own, in various languages from BASIC, to C, to Java. The use of an object-orientated language like Java was a big help, but I was recently wondering how Ruby might work (whether it will even come to anything is dubious).
Ruby has a number of apparent advantages, and a consideration of how the data file might be illustrates that.
def setup
locations = [ => :start, :name => 'The Start', :south => :hall,
:north => :lobby), => :hall, :name => 'The Great Hall', :north => :lobby), => :lobby, :name => 'The Swanky Lobby', :south => :hall),
items = [ => :sword, :name => "Widowmaker Sword", :loc => :hall), => :robes, :name => "Magical Robes", :loc => :lobby,
:wearable => true), => :health, :name => "Healing Potion", :loc => :hall,
:consume => "He gained 5 hit points.<% @char[:health] += 5 %>"),
characters = [ => :boris, :name => 'Boris', :location => 'Home',
:inv_limit => 2, :health => 5),
commands = [
{:verb => :take_from, :alias => [/^take ([\w ]+) from (\w+)$/,
/^take ([\w ]+) out of (\w+)$/,
/^remove ([\w ]+) from (\w+)$/],
:item_not_here => "It's not there."
{:verb => :get, :alias => [/^get ([\w ]+)$/,
/^take ([\w ]+)$/,
/^pick up ([\w ]+)$/],
:okay => "+char+ picked up +item+.",
:item_not_here => "It's not there.",
:inv_limit => "You're holding enough already.",
:cannot_get_static => "You can't get that!"
{:verb => :examine, :alias => [/^examine ([\w ]+)$/,
/^look at ([\w ]+)$/,
/^describe ([\w ]+)$/],
:item_not_present => "It's not here.",
{:verb => :simple_com, :alias => [/^look$/],
:script => "<%= @location.describe %>",
] locations, items, characters, commands
Data files are code
In all my previous attempts, my data files have been simple text files (perhaps in XML). This time I took the example of Rails; migrations, the routes files and rake files are all Ruby code, so there is far more you can put in there when you configure. Previously I have had to write code just to load my data; not so this time.
It should be easy to extend the system, even in run time. Create a new data file, perhaps with code to modify existing locations, and run it as a script.
Ruby just asks for you to use hashes for pretty much everything (again, Rails does this a lot). They are so easy to create, to use and to pass around. Sure, Java has hashes too, but it never encouraged me to use them (so really this is only an apparent advantage).
At its simplest, you just make everything, whether the player, an item or the location, a hash, and give it the values appropriate. Want to add a new property? Just add a new value to the relevant hashes and away you go.
Want to save the data? In one line you can save an array of hashes to YAML, and load it back in in another line.
Regular Expressions
For understanding what the user is saying, regular expressions are so useful. An input like "put the cat in the bag" can readily be matched against /^put ([\s ])+ in ([\s ])$/, and straight away you can pull out what went in where (regular expressions have been in Java since 1.4; too late for when I was trying to use it).
Dynamic Method Calls
Once the command has been recognised, the appropriate method can be invoked simply by calling send, with the :verb value from the hash. Could be done using reflection in Java, but not as easy. Earlier languages... no way.
With Ruby a scripting language, it is easy to just put scripts into the hashes. In the healing potion above, an ERB script is used to restore health.
Wednesday, 3 March 2010
Ruby Sockets
I was messing around with Ruby sockets, and came up with a simple chat-server. Testing proved to be rather more complicated... If you run this program, you can connect to it using "telnet 6606".
require 'socket'
require 'thread'
# Boardcaster maintains a list of users.
class Broadcaster
def initialize; @users = []; end
def add user; @users << socket ="" broadcaster ="" lock ="">")
user = {:name => s.gets.strip, :socket => s }
b.add user
print("#{user[:name]} is accepted\n")
s.write("Hello #{user[:name]}\n\rUsers on-line: #{b.list}\n\r>")
while true
st = s.gets.strip
#p st
break if st == 'bye'
lock.synchronize do
b.broadcast "#{user[:name]} says \"#{st}\"\n\r>"
lock.synchronize do
b.broadcast "#{user[:name]} has left\n\r>"
b.remove user
print("#{user[:name]} is gone\n")
This was my first experience of both threads and sockets on Ruby, and with regards to threads, I have to admit to being pretty clueless! However, it does seem worthwhile locking the shared resource, b, when used on a thread.
Sockets seems straightforward enough. A new socket is opened using the TCPServer class. Data is collected with gets, and sent with write. At the end it is closed. I suspect there should be some exception handling in there, but it certainly proves the concept.
Testing Stream-Handling Methods
Okay, so now I want to test my methods that handle streams. Let us suppose that you have a method that accepts data from some stream and outputs to another, like the broadcast method above, and you want to test it. How do you do it?
First, let me simplify, and instead consider this method:
def get_data source, sink
print "\n>"
name = source.gets.strip
print "\n>"
age = source.gets.strip
sink.print "Name: #{name}, age: #{age}"
This could be invoked for use with the keyboard like this
get_data $stdin, $stdout
Or across a network, like this:
require 'socket'
socket =
get_data socket, socket
If I want to test that method the trick is to use StringIO objects.
def test_get_data1 { |sink|
get_data("Boris\n32\n"), sink)
assert_equal "Name: Boris, age: 32", sink.string
Actually, Ruby would happily let you use the same StringIO object for both input and output, but the output would be appended to the input string, so your assertion would need to check for both the input and the output.
def test_get_data2"Boris\n32\n") { |io|
get_data(io, io)
assert_equal "Boris\n32\nName: Boris, age: 32", io.string
That is bad; if we change the get_data method to accept different input, we would need to change the test in two places, and that is clearly a bad thing. Well, okay, we change it so the input gets inserted into what we expect. The problem now is that Ruby is modifying that string during the test, so we need instead to give Ruby a duplicate of the input string for it to play with, so we still have the orignal for comparison at the end.
def test_get_data3
input = "Boris\n32\n" { |io|
get_data(io, io)
assert_equal "#{input}Name: Boris, age: 32", io.string
Then again, perhaps we need to rethink. The whole thing can be generalised into a new method, which can test any method against any input. The test itself can then be reduced to a single line.
def test_get_data4
stream_test("Boris\n32\n", "Name: Boris, age: 32") do |io|
get_data(io, io)
def stream_test input, output { |io|
yield io
assert_equal "#{input}#{output}", io.string
A serious problem with all of these is that errors do not get caught by the test regime. A message is sent to the output, but the error is not counted in the totals (failures, on the other hand, are). I guess this is because the redirect is capturing the exception. A way around this is to capture the exception inside the block, and then flag this as a failure:
def stream_test input, output { |io|
yield io
rescue Exception => ex
assert false, "ERROR: #{ex.inspect}\n#{$!.backtrace[0..12] * "\n"}"
Testing Multiple Threads
Those tests are all very well, but my Broadcast object sends messages to multiple users. How do I test that? Now I need threads in my tests!
Here is a test method that worked for me:
def test_broadcast
# The number of threads to spawn
number = 100
test_string = 'teststring'
b =
# Define strings outside the blocks so we can access them
# later on
string_ary =, '')
thread_ary =
main_s = nil
# A number of threads are spawned, they listen for
# messages for 0.2 seconds, then write their StringIO
# string to string_ary, before terminating.
number.times do |i|
# Spawn a new thread
thread_ary[i] = Thread.start(b, i) do
# Create a StringIO object to collect the string do |sink|
# Create a new user, and add it to the Broadcaster
user = {:name => 'test1', :socket => sink }
b.add user
# Wait a short time for the message to be broadcast
# Choose wisely, 0.2 on my system led to failures
# Set s1 to a copy of the sink string, so it
# is still around outside the block
string_ary[i] = sink.string.clone
# On the main thread, this sends the message, then waits
# for all the other threads to terminate.
# Create a new user, and add it to the Broadcaster
user = {:name => 'test2', :socket => sink }
b.add user
# Broadcast the test string
# Wait for the other threads to finish
# by which time the broadcast should have been received.
number.times { |i| thread_ary[i].join }
main_s = sink.string.clone
rescue Exception => ex
# Flag any exceptions as a failure
assert false, ex.inspect
# Test all the threads received the test_string
assert_equal test_string, main_s
number.times { |i| assert_equal test_string, string_ary[i] }
Struggling with Ruby: Contents Page |
By Rafael D. Guerrero III
The bamboo is the fastest growing grass and the most important non-timber commodity in the forest ecosystem of the world. Its wood has many uses including construction of buildings, furniture, and handicrafts. It is planted in denuded areas for soil and water conservation as well as for ornamental landscapes. Bamboo groves are more efficient than tree forests in sequestering carbon dioxide for mitigating climate change or global warming.
A scientist of the University of the Philippines Los Baños’ Institute of Plant Breeding, Dr. Merdelyn Caasi-Lit, has made it her passion and advocacy to promote the planting of bamboo in the country. Hailing from Tagum City (Davao del Norte), she grew up helping her late father, Merdonio Caasi, grow the “laak” (an endemic bamboo species in Mindanao) in their farm that supplied the bamboo props for banana plantations. Her father was regarded as the “Father of Bamboo in Davao.”
Interestingly, Dr. Caasi-Lit, who is fondly known as “Doc Bing” to friends, told us that Los Baños has two barangays that are named after bamboos –Anos (Schizostachyum lima) and Bayog (Bambusa meriliana). Even the famous landmark of the university town, Mt. Makiling, is named after the bamboo kiling (Bambusa vulgaris).
of the introduced giant bamboo
(Dendrocalamus asper).
According to Doc Bing, there are 64 bamboo species in the country, of which five are endemic and 59 are introduced. The kawayang tinik (Bambusa blumeana), an introduced species, is the most popular for its poles (culms) and shoots (labong) followed by the kawayan kiling, also an introduced species. The bayog, an endemic species, was once the most predominant bamboo in the lakeshore of the barangay in Los Baños and the swampy area in Tacloban City (Leyte).
Doc Bing recommends the planting of the kiling bamboo along the banks of rivers and creeks to reduce soil erosion and help in mitigating flash floods. The bamboo’s extensive root system (rhizome) on the surface binds the top soil. The bayog, on the other hand, can help reduce lakeshore erosion and lessen the impacts of storm surges on beach areas as what had happened in Tacloban City in 2013 with Typhoon Yolanda.
Unlike trees which need to grow for 10-20 years before they can be harvested for their timber and be replanted, the woody culms (poles) of bamboos can be harvested continuously only after 3-5 years from planting (depending on the species) without replanting.
Aside from its wood, the bamboo also produces edible shoots (labong) for food. The bamboo shoot is a new growth of the rhizome apex in a young culm and consists of internodes protected by sheaths. It is a healthy food containing 4.2-6.1% carbohydrate (per 100 grams), 1.3-2.3% protein, 0.3-0.4% fat, 0.5-0.77% fiber, vitamins (B, C), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and iron). Its bitter taste is attributed to cyanide (a toxic compound) which can be removed by soaking in water overnight or boiling for 30 minutes.
The labong is usually sold fresh whole, chopped or sliced in wet markets during the rainy season. In Los Baños, it can sell for R120/kg. It can also be pickled, canned or dried. A favorite dish with it is lumpiang labong (spring roll).
This appeared in Agriculture Monthly’s August 2019 issue. |
Nutritional Eating
Getting The Healthy Eating Plate - The Nutrition Source - Harvard T.H To Work
Beginners Guide To Healthy Nutritional Eating - Monica Bivas IVF CoachHealthy Eating for Older Adults
Facts About Beginners Guide To Healthy, Nutritional Eating - Your Wellbeing Uncovered
varieties with Greek yogurt for a hearty dosage of protein and nutrients. Just ensure to pick the plain, unflavored ranges. Flavored yogurts may be packed with included sugar and other less nutritious ingredients. There are two crucial techniques to utilize when you go grocery shopping: Make your wish list ahead of time and do not go to the shop starving. That's why the very best method is to prepare ahead and make a note of what you require beforehand. By doing this and adhering to your list, you'll not just purchase healthier products to keep around your home, however you'll also conserve cash. Eggs are incredibly healthy, particularly if you consume them in the morning. When taking a look at research studies comparing numerous types of calorie-matched breakfasts, eggs come out on top. Eating eggs in the morning increases sensations of fullness. This has been shown to trigger people to take in less calories at later meals. It can be rather valuable for weight-loss, if that's your goal (,,). So, merely replacing your existing breakfast with eggs might lead tosignificant advantages for your health.Protein is often described as the king of nutrients, and it does seem to have some superpowers. Due to its capability to impact your hunger and satiety hormones, it's typically thought about the most filling of the macronutrients(). What's more, protein helps you retain muscle mass and may also somewhat increase the number of calories you burn each day
Eat Smart - American Heart AssociationNutritional Eating - Nutritionist Paso Robles, CA
(, ). It's likewise important for preventing the loss of muscle mass that can accompany weight-loss and as you age (, ). If you're trying to reduce weight, objective to include a source of protein to each meal and treat. Lots of research studies have actually shown that drinking water can increase weight reduction and promote weight upkeep, and it may even a little increase the number of calories you burn each day(,,) . Studies also show that drinking water before meals can reduce your hunger and food consumption throughout the following meal(, ). However, during these types of cooking approaches, numerous possibly harmful compounds are formed. These consist of(,,): polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsadvanced. |
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Ventilation Solutions
Ventilation Solutions
A well-ventilated workplace is essential to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection because the virus that causes it, SARS-CoV-2, is primarily an airborne virus. One should think of the “80:20 Rule” for ease of re-setting one’s mind after being told for a year that surfaces are the issue for transmission. The WHO, CDC and majority of scientific community say that was wrong, it’s an airborne disease. Arbitrarily, for 80:20 – spend 80% of your efforts in improving ventilation and air purification and 20% on cleaning surfaces (See below).
ventilations solutions
SARS-CoV-2 viral particles are created when an infected person exhales, talks, coughs, sneezes, sings are spread between people more readily indoors. Still, ventilation mitigation strategies can help reduce viral particle concentration, also known as viral load. The lower the concentration, the less likely viral particles can be inhaled into the lungs (potentially lowering the inhaled dose); contact eyes, nose, and mouth; or fall out of the air to accumulate on surfaces. Protective ventilation practices and interventions with air cleaning can reduce the airborne concentrations and reduce the overall viral risk to occupants.
We have been told, “we have to learn to live with the virus”. We can do much better than this! With the correct Engineering & Technology interventions, we can return to a new normal, and in many aspects perhaps even better than pre-Covid. If we have clean air to breathe, we are confident, healthier, more mindful, and our cognitive capacity is much higher. With improved interior air quality and infection suppression controls, it is not just about Covid delta prevention and control; we are protecting better from the risk of other variants, other pathogenic spores, bacteria and viruses. We are building a sustainable long-term protection from pathogens, we are creating Pandemic Resilience.
On a Compliance level, ventilation in the workplace should be assessed and improved alongside other measures to reduce the risk of coronavirus exposure. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 and the Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1993 require employers to ensure that there is an adequate supply of fresh air in enclosed workplaces. The air must also be clean, uncontaminated, and unable to cause harm.
The Law and its associated Regulations, in the pandemic era, give the majority of the conventional Mechanical Ventilation and HVAC systems within the Built Environment a difficult compliance challenge because most of these ventilation systems recirculate part or most of the air extracted from a room back in to that and other interior spaces. In other words, with adequate ventilation, one can decontaminate a space and remove that air quickly to the outside, but with any form of the recirculated air system, one is recirculating and re-distributing potentially, air that is contaminated with invisible, infected particulate. In other words, spreading infection risk further!
In order to ensure compliance with the Workplace Regulations, Employers and those in control of premises need to assess ventilation in the workplace by:
a. Assessing the risk of transmission
b. Identifying poorly ventilated areas
c. Decide what steps need to be taken to improve ventilation for compliance.
d. Implementing those steps and monitoring
The regulations and guidance confirm the need for “adequate ventilation” but are not specific about what that exactly means. Many regulators and advisory institutions around the world indicate that adequate ventilation is:- the greater of 10 litres/person/second or 6 Air Changes per Hour (6ACH) of clean, uncontaminated air as the minimum but this needs to be greater if the environmental conditions, occupancy or risks dictate otherwise.
These are all the areas where PP-L Biosafety can help you to protect your people, visitors and business operations to levels exceeding compliance, almost back to being more normal, and for the long-term.
Our Services and Products create solutions that will give you an advantage; they can prevent or control the risk from all common pathogens, including coronavirus and ready your people and business operations for whatever may come in the future. |
Wales (Listeni/ˈweɪlz/; Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,[6] bordered by England to its east, the Irish Sea to its north and west, and the Bristol Channel to its south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,700 km) of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.
At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial nation; the South Wales Coalfield’s exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales’ population. Two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff (the capital), Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the country’s traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales’ economy depends on the public sector, light and service industries and tourism. Wales’ 2010 gross value added (GVA) was £45.5 billion (£15,145 per head, 74.0% of the average for the UK, and the lowest GVA per head in Britain).
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Defeat as moral victory: the historical experience
Heuser, B. (2017) Defeat as moral victory: the historical experience. In: Hom, A. R., O'Driscoll, C. and Mills, K. (eds.) Moral Victories: the Ethics of Winning Wars. Oxford University Press: Oxford ; New York, pp. 52-68. ISBN 9780198801825 (doi:10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0004)
Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
Publisher's URL:
This contribution adds to the legal-philosophical approach to the subject of victory by focusing on defeat as a moral victory in collective memory, mentality, and culture. Such a defeat can take the form of the violent death of an individual or a group in battle. At times the dead are commemorated as fallen heroes, just as if they had won their battle, but in addition they will be seen as martyrs to a cause that is construed as giving meaning to their sacrifice. Their death is celebrated as a moral victory if the cause outlasted this event and ultimately triumphed, or is still pursued. Instances can be found where such events, long past, have even recently still fuelled wars, as with the Irish Troubles or the Balkan Wars at the beginning and end of the twentieth century.
Item Type:Book Sections
Keywords:Defeat, collective memory, sacrifice, martyrs, Irish Troubles, Balkan Wars, history.
Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID:Heuser, Professor Beatrice
Authors: Heuser, B.
Publisher:Oxford University Press
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The Bible
Bible Usage:
• Included in Eastons: No
• Included in Hitchcocks: No
• Included in Naves: No
• Included in Smiths: No
• Included in Websters: Yes
• Included in Strongs: Yes
• Included in Thayers: Yes
• Included in BDB: Yes
Strongs Concordance:
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
SLOW, adjective
1. Moving a small distance in a long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; as a slow stream; a slow motion.
2. Late; not happening in short time. These changes in the heavens though slow produc'd like change on sea and land, sidereal blast.
3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; as slow of speech, and slow of tongue. Exodus 4:10.
4. Dull; in active; tardy. The Trojans are not slow to guard their shore from an expected foe.
5. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation. The Lord is merciful, slow to anger. He that is slow the wrath is of great understanding. Proverbs 14:29.
6. Dull; heavy in wit.
7. Behind in time; indicating a time later than the true time; as, the clock or watch is slow
8.Not advancing, growing or improving rapidly; as the slow growth of arts and sciences.
SLOW, is used in composition to modify other words; as a slow-paced horse.
SLOW, as a verb, to delay, is not in use.
SLOW, noun A moth. [Not in use.]
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
SLOW'BACK, noun A lubber; an idle fellow; a loiterer.
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
SLOWLY, adverb
1. With moderate motion; not rapidly; not with velocity or celerity; as, to walk slowly
2. Not soon; not early; not in a little time; not with hasty advance; as a country that rises slowly into importance.
3. Not hastily; not rashly; not with precipitation; as, he determines slowly
4. Not promptly; not readily; as, he learns slowly
5. Tardily; with slow progress. The building proceeds slowly
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
1. Moderate motion; want of speed or velocity. Swifness and slowness are relative ideas.
2. Tardy advance; moderate progression; as the slowness of an operation; slowness of growth or improvement.
3. Dullness to admit conviction or affection; as slowness of heart.
4. Want of readiness or promptness; dullness of intellect.
5. Deliberation; coolness; caution in deciding.
6. Dilatoriness; tardiness.
Webster's 1828 Dictionary
SLOW-WORM, SLOE-WORM, noun An insect found on the leaves of the sloe-tree, which often changes its skin and assumes different colors. It changes into a four winged fly.
SLOW-WORM, noun A kind of viper, the blind worm, scarcely venomous. |
Tolkien Gateway
Revision as of 22:01, 30 September 2021 by Grace18 (Talk | contribs)
The lopoldi were an animal species in Númenor. Their description is not known, but they appear to have been rabbits, which where unknown in Middle-earth till later years. Lopoldi were herbivores and multiplied easily, so they were very numerous. Foxes fed mainly on lopoldi, helping the Númenóreans to keep them in order. Númenóreans did not see lopoldi as food, so they left them to the foxes, which they respected.[1]
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Physics 4
Preliminaries 9
memory or visual memory in only three seconds. There was very little time for rehearsal, and then
you went and did something else for a bit right away that was supposed to keep you from rehearsing
whatever of the string you did manage to verbalize in three seconds. Most people will get anywhere
from the first three to as many as seven or eight of the digits right, but probably not in the correct
order, unless…
…they are particularly smart or lucky and in that brief three second glance have time to notice
that the number consists of all the digits used exactly once! Folks that happened to “see” this at a
glance probably did better than average, getting all of the correct digits but maybe in not quite the
correct order.
People who are downright brilliant (and equally lucky) realized in only three seconds (without
cheating an extra second or three, you know who you are) that it consisted of the string of odd digits
in ascending order followed by the even digits in descending order. Those people probably got it all
perfectly right even without time to rehearse and “memorize” the string! Look again at the string,
see the pattern now?
The moral of this little mini-demonstration is that it is easy to overwhelm the mind’s capacity
for processing and remembering “meaningless” or “random” information. A string of ten measely
(apparently) random digits is too much to remember for one lousy minute, especially if you aren’t
given time to do rehearsal and all of the other things we have to make ourselves do to “memorize”
meaningless information.
Of course things changed radically the instant I pointed out the pattern! At this point you could
very likely go away and come back to this point in the text tomorrow or even a year from now and
have an excellent chance of remembering this particular digit string, because it makes sense of a sort,
and there are plenty of cues in the text to trigger recall of the particular pattern that “compresses
and encodes” the actual string. You don’t have to remember ten random things at all – only two
and a half – odd ascending digits followed by the opposite (of both). Patterns rock!
This example has obvious connections to lecture and class time, and is one reason retention from
lecture is so lousy. For most students, lecture in any nontrivial college-level course is a long-running
litany of stuff they don’t know yet. Since it is all new to them, it might as well be random digits
as far as their cognitive abilities are concerned, at least at first. Sure, there is pattern there, but
you have to discover the pattern, which requires time and a certain amount of meditation on all of
the information. Basically, you have to have a chance for the pattern to jump out of the stream
of information and punch the switch of the damn light bulb we all carry around inside our heads,
the one that is endlessly portrayed in cartoons. That light bulb is real – it actually exists, in more
than just a metaphorical sense – and if you study long enough and hard enough to obtain a sudden,
epiphinaic realization in any topic you are studying, however trivial or complex (like the pattern
exposed above) it is quite likely to be accompanied by a purely mental flash of “light”. You’ll know
it when it happens to you, in other words, and it feels great.
Unfortunately, the instructor doesn’t usually give students a chance to experience this in lecture.
No sooner is one seemingly random factoid laid out on the table than along comes a new, apparently
disconnected one that pushes it out of place long before we can either memorize it the hard way or
make sense out of it so we can remember it with a lot less work. This isn’t really anybody’s fault,
of course; the light bulb is quite unlikely to go off in lecture just from lecture no matter what you
or the lecturer do – it is something that happens to the prepared mind at the end of a process, not
something that just fires away every time you hear a new idea.
The humble and unsurprising conclusion I want you to draw from this silly little mini-experiment
is that things are easier to learn when they make sense! A lot easier. In fact, things that don’t make
sense to you are never “learned” – they are at best memorized. Information can almost always
be compressed when you discover the patterns that run through it, especially when the patterns
all fit together into the marvelously complex and beautiful and mysterious process we call “deep
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The word 'anti-Semitism' is a misnomer. The word is taken from the Greek words 'anti,' meaning 'against' and 'Semite,' meaning a descendant of Shem. Since the Arab peoples are also Semitic people it is not the best expression. Anti-Jewish and Jew-hatred, are more accurate descriptions.
It is more than just prejudice. Holocaust scholar and City University of New York professor Helen Fein defines it as ‘a persisting latent structure of hostile beliefs towards Jews as a collective manifested in individuals as attitudes, and in culture as myth, ideology, folklore and imagery, and in actions – social or legal discrimination, political mobilisation against the Jews, and collective or state violence – which results in and/or is designed to distance, displace, or destroy Jews as Jews.’
The word ‘anti-Semitism’ was first used in 1879 but has come into general use in the past hundred years and encompasses all forms of hostility manifested toward Jews. It can take many forms including social anti-Semitism, economic anti-Semitism, religious anti-Semitism and political anti-Semitism.
Hatred for the Jews is not a modern phenomena. In the time of Esther, we read that Haman was enraged because Mordecai, a Jew, would not bow down to him or give him honour. Haman’s response was to look for a way to destroy all the Jews throughout the whole kingdom of Xerxes (Esther 3:5,6). When the plot was discovered and Mordecai exonerated, the Jews instigated the annual festival of Purim to celebrate their narrow escape from extermination.
Uprisings against the Jews continued, particularly in countries which were later part of the Roman Empire, but they didn't reach epidemic proportions until 175BC. Contention arose because the Jewish people were committed to honouring their Jewish laws, and in doing so appeared to be defying Gentile governments. Non-Jews jumped wrongly to the conclusion that Jews had no respect for them and the things they held in high regard.
In Greek Hellenistic culture, other nations generally recognised the gods of other nations and often equated them with their own gods. Only the Jews refused to partake in sacrifices to other gods, or to put other gods on a par with their own. They were the only ones adamantly against inter-marriage with Gentiles. This brought about misunderstanding and hostility.
Antiochus ‘Epiphanes’ IV
The Seleucid ruler in 175BC, Antiochus ‘Ephiphanes’ IV, was a vicious enemy of the Jewish people. He saw the unfriendliness of the Jews as an obstacle to the culture he was attempting to create. By 167BC Antiochus had forbidden Jewish sacrifices by law, banned Sabbaths and all other Jewish feasts and festivals, and outlawed the practice of circumcision. He set up altars to Greek gods and sacrificed animals prohibited to Jews on them. A statue of Zeus was placed on the altar in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and Jews were forbidden to possess a copy of their scriptures on pain of death.
Then Antiochus further desecrated the Temple by sacrificing a pig on the altar and contaminating the Holy Books containing the Talmud (Jewish laws he abhorred) with the remains of the sacrifice. This event became known as the ‘Abomination of Desolation’ and sparked the Maccabean revolt.
1st century AD
Greek culture (Hellenism) pervaded the known world in the days of the Roman Empire. Greek authors at the time, knowing that their pagan religions and practices were unacceptable to Jews, slandered the Jews by portraying them as descendants of lepers.
The Jews were unpopular because their dietary laws made social interaction with Gentiles impossible and they forbade intermarriage in any case. In addition, the Jews would not tolerate Emperor worship, which was seen as an expression of disloyalty to the state. A libel, known as the ‘Blood Libel’ spread saying that Jews sacrificed humans on their altars, in particular Christians or their own children, and used the blood for Passover rites.
Destruction of the Temple
When Roman Emperor Titus destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple in 70AD, it was seen as a punishment and a sign of God’s hatred of the Jews. Over a million Jews were killed at that time; those who survived scattered across the Empire. Prominent writers such as Tacitus wrote against the Jews. They fought back at times, until the last revolt in 136AD when 580,000 men were killed and 985 towns were destroyed.
Roman Emperor Constantine instigated Christendom as the official religion of the Empire in the 4th century AD. He passed anti-Jewish laws, excluding Jews from every sphere of political influence and denying them civic rights. He also changed the church calendar so that Easter no longer coincided with the Jewish Passover. The belief took root that the Jews were collectively responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus and they were referred to as ‘Christ killers’, with terrible consequences.
Some of the most vicious verbal attacks on Jews came from influential and well-respected church fathers. St John Chrysostom and St Ambrose in Milan said:
Augustine, Jerome and many others shared similar sentiments. A millennium later, Martin Luther expressed the same hatred for the Jews.
In the 7th century AD, Muslims attacked the Jews because they would not recognise Muhammad as a legitimate prophet and would not convert to Islam. The Koran contains references to Jews which are derogatory and hostile. It was within Islam that Jews were forced to wear yellow clothing to mark them out.
It would take up too much space to list the persecutions the Jews have suffered over the centuries. Extreme instances include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion of all the Jews from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion of all Jews from Spain in 1492, the expulsion of all Jews from Portugal in 1497, various Russian pogroms, the Dreyfus Affair, Hitler’s Final Solution and official Soviet anti-Jewish policies.
Towards the end of the 19th century, anti-Semitic political parties were formed in Germany, France and Austria. Publications such as ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’ fuelled fraudulent theories of an international Jewish conspiracy. Nationalists also encouraged political anti-Semitism by falsely denouncing Jews as disloyal citizens. By the time Hitler founded the Nazi party in 1919 there was already a movement of German philosophers, scholars and artists who considered the Jewish spirit to be ‘non-German’. Hitler’s best-seller, ‘Mein Kampf’ called for the removal of Jews from Germany.
The Holocaust
From 1933 onwards, when the Nazis rose to power, the party ordered anti-Jewish economic boycotts and passed anti-Jewish legislation. In 1935 the Nuremberg Laws racially defined Jews by ‘blood’ and ordered a total separation of ‘Aryans’ from ‘non-Aryans’. Three years later the Nazis destroyed synagogues and shop windows of Jewish-owned stores throughout Germany and Austria (Night of Broken Glass, or Crystal Night). This event marked a distinct change to the era of the Holocaust, when genocide was the focus of anti-Semitism. Over the next decade more than 6 million Jews were exterminated in the death camps.
One third of the world’s Jews were murdered in Hitler’s ungodly German conspiracy against them. However, it’s important to note that two thirds of the world’s Jews survived. As in times past, God protected them from complete extermination, as he promised (Esther, and Jeremiah 31:35-37).
New anti-Semitism
Some scholars have advanced the concept of New anti-Semitism, beginning in the 1990s, coming simultaneously from the left, the right and radical Islam, which tends to focus on opposition to the State of Israel. The language of anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel are used to attack the Jews more broadly. In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind and attribute this to anti-Semitism.
Increasing problem
Anti-Semitism has increased significantly in Europe since 2000, with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries. This is seen as a spill over from the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Parliamentary inquiry
In 2005, a group of MP's set up an inquiry into anti-Semitism, which published its findings in 2006. Its report stated that 'until recently, the prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond (had been) that anti-Semitism had receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society.' It found a reversal of this progress since 2000.
Lord Jonathan Sacks
In 2006, Britain's former chief rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks warned that what he called a 'tsunami of anti-Semitism' was spreading globally. He said:
Affects us all
According to the US Department of State anti-Semitism ultimately affects us all:
We have been warned!
The Return of Christian Anti-Semitism
Back in the 1500’s, Martin Luther, the highly-revered theologian who made a stand for justification by grace alone in Roman Catholic Germany, said this about the Jews:
This was only a small part of the hatred and spleen he vented against the Jews. It was endorsed by many other so-called ‘great’ Christian men, and reflected the anti-Semitic attitude toward the Jews which prevailed within the Church almost from the its birth.
Those days are well and truly gone. Or have they? Whilst Jews have been persecuted throughout their history, in the 'tolerant' 21st century, they must surely be enjoying a better deal. No! Anti-Semitism has simply reinvented itself. It is just as vile, just as poisonous, and very firmly rooted not only in the Islamic nations, but within the Church too.
The most incisive article we’ve read explaining the situation today has been penned by Jewish journalist, Melanie Phillips, who sees the situation with stark clarity. It’s a long article, but we thoroughly recommend it as well worth a read. It’s a sober reflection on the state of the institutional Church, and implicit within it is the challenge for the true Church to stand up in support of Israel and to defend her from her enemies on every side.
The mounting hatred must surely be a sign of the end of the age, when the nations join forces against Israel. The prophetic scriptures tell us that when all is but lost, Jesus will return and will be welcomed by the Jews, who will recognise him as their Messiah. They will invite him to be their King and set up his Kingdom centred in Jerusalem, as King of Kings and Lord of Lords (see Zechariah 14:1-9).
Follow the link to read Melanie’s article: (Jesus was a Palestinian: the return of Christian Anti-Semitism published on 2 June 2014). We also recommend her book, ‘The World Turned Upside Down’ for a critique of many issues we face here in the UK today.
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Spain: A Divided Nation
On Sunday, October 1, Catalonia staged a vote for independence from Spain that brought out all the nation’s hopefuls, but at the same time faced severe opposition from the Spanish government. The Catalans, of far northeastern Spain, had been preparing for the referendum long in advance.
Despite the overwhelming wish to secede expressed in the results, however, the vote was said to be illegal by the Parliament of Spain.
The plan was for the Catalan President, Carles Puigdemont, to declare the results of the referendum. These are the results of the ballot according to CNN: “The ballot and its aftermath have divided Catalans. Some 90% of voters backed a split from Spain, but turnout was only around 42%, largely because anti-independence Catalans did not show up. The vote was marred by clashes between citizens and Spanish police in which hundreds of people were injured.” This data from CNN demonstrates that the majority of Catalans who decided to risk voting are in support of independence. In opposition, though, is a significant number of Catalans who do not support proposals to secede from Spain and think that it would do more harm than good for Spain and Europe as a whole.
Interestingly, Puigdemont was not given the opportunity to declare Catalonia’s independence to the Spanish Parliament on the day of the referendum because of the suspension of the meeting of the Catalan regional parliament by Spain’s highest court. The meeting was suspended because of the request from the Catalan Socialist Party, which is against separation. This also brings up the question, how would the reaction of the Spanish Parliament have differed from the violent response of the Spanish police? Some believe that staging the referendum so publicly like they did was unwise because it was a highly volatile and chaotic situation and clearly caused antagonization of both parties. The referendum vote did indeed spiral out of control, with several clashes ensuing between voters and police and other law enforcement personnel.
The reaction of the police towards voters was brutal, and yet, it did not stop or slow the efforts of the Catalans who voted. If anything, their reaction infused the Catalans with more passion for their cause and exacerbated their frustrations with Spain even further because the violence they inflicted serves as an additional reason to secede.
It remains to be seen how Catalonia conducts its further attempts at secession, but what is clear is the hope and pride that the Catalans have in their dream for independence. Puigdemont expressed this hopeful sentiment when he commented on the events of October 1, saying, “Catalan citizens have won a lot more than they had won until now”. |
Students Learned More Than Academics During the Pandemic
While news headlines dwelled on the negatives of the 2020 school closures due to Covid-19, many students learned more valuable life lessons in ingenuity and creativity.
Educational researchers interviewed high school students and found while online school was a struggle for many, this shift to self-motivated learning led many students to explore topics not addressed in a standard school curriculum. From learning about their heritage while cooking traditional meals to picking up new hobbies like stock trading, these topics may have never found their way into the classroom but offered additional life skills that could benefit the students in future careers. The ingenuity of resources the students used to find these new life skills is what was most intriguing. These students looked beyond the traditional textbook for a new way to learn. They spoke to family members, scoured the internet, and did research that was grounded in personal interests. With this new learning style likely to stick around for this generation, the need to optimize content to a targeted audience has never been greater.
As a digital publisher, reaching these students has become an ever-increasing challenge. With the market being flooded with new resources daily, how does a publisher increase discoverability of their content?
EdGate's ExACT platform is the solution to help publishers optimize their content to streamline the process and reach a targeted audience. Our patented technology offers access to millions of educational standards and allows for easy mapping of content to thousands of markets.
Reach out to our representatives for more information on how the ExACT Platform can help your company increase the discoverability of your content and reach new markets.
By: Sharla Schuller
Marketing Manager |
English Bulldog Breed Standards
He might not score a "10" on the breed standard, but if he's your bulldog, he's perfect.
Chris Amaral/Digital Vision/Getty Images
In the early 19th century, the English bulldog was bred to fight bulls. That activity was outlawed in the 1830s, but bulldog aficionados preserved the type while breeding the ferocity out of the dog. The American Kennel Club standard for the modern bulldog specifies a kind disposition, courageous but not aggressive. The perfect bulldog possesses dignity and gives an impression of "great stability."
Bulldog Head
Facial wrinkles make the bulldog. For maximum points in the breed standard, they're right up there with jaws, back and proportion, exceeding the tail, feet and teeth. The circumference of the skull in front of his ears should equal his shoulder height. His ears are set high, but ideally are thin and small. His round, dark eyes are set fairly low in his skull. The bulldog's round cheeks should protrude outward below his eyes. His muzzle is broad and short, with a large, black nose. The classic bulldog jaw is undershot, with his lower jaw significantly in front of the upper jaw.
Size and Weight
Bulldogs appear somewhat portly. Although medium-size, the ideal male bulldog should weigh approximately 50 pounds, while the female should tip at the scales at 40 pounds. Unlike many other breeds, the AKC standard doesn't specify a minimum or maximum height for the bulldog, but proportion and symmetry are essential.
Bulldog Body
The bulldog's neck is thick and short, blending into his broad, muscular shoulders. His chest is deep and broad. A round body complements the short, straight back. The breed standard allows either a straight or screwed tail, but it can't curl. If the tail screws, any kinks must be obvious and defined. In either case, he can't hold it above the tail root. The hind legs are more powerful and longer than the front legs, so that his loins are higher than his shoulders.
Coat and Colors
An English bulldog's coat is short and straight, with no wave or curl. The AKC lists colors in order of preference, with red brindle the most favored, followed by any other brindle. Brindle consists of a base color with dark striping. In order, the next preferred colors are solid white, solid fawn or red, then piebald -- a base coat with white spots. Solid black bulldogs are considered "undesirable."
The Bulldog Gait
The AKC standard notes that the English bulldog's gait is "peculiar." Perhaps distinctive is a better term -- no other breed quite moves like the bulldog. He rolls as he walks -- loose and shuffling sideways -- looking comfortable in his wrinkly skin. |
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