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KOLUKJĀNLU, a Kurdish tribe in the Ḵalḵāl region of eastern Azerbaijan. According to Ḥosayn-ʿAli Razmārā, this tribe, as well as the neighboring Šāṭrānlu tribe, were offshoots of the Turkicized Kurdish tribe of Šeqāqi and moved from western Azerbaijan some 300 years ago (Razmārā, I, pp. 110-11). The Kolukjānlu’s tendency toward sedentarization, which was already manifest in 1920 (Field, p. 172), was greatly accelerated during the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925-41). They now reside in villages located northwest, west, and southwest of Herowābad. In 1960, they numbered 945 households, and comprised the following clans: Ḵān-Dowli, occupying two villages in the dehestān of Ganj-Gāh; Noruš-Beglu, occupying one village in the dehestān of Ganj-Gāh; and Evoḡli, occupying two villages in the dehestān of Ḵoreš-Rostam (Oberling, pp. 54-55). The Kolukjānlu are Sunnites and speak Turkish (Ibid). Henry Field, Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran, Chicago, 1939. Pierre Oberling, The Turkic Peoples of Iranian Azerbaijan, Cleveland, Ohio, 1961. Ḥosayn-ʿAli Razmārā, Joḡrāfiā-ye neẓāmi-e Irān, vol. I, Tehran, 1942. (Pierre Oberling) Cite this article:
HOME > Dogs > Dog Health > Chihuahua dry nose how to do Fever will appear dry nose Chihuahua dry nose how to do , the Chihuahua is a breed of small dog, so for some changes in their bodies, if the owner did not carefully observe the words are hard to find abnormal changes in their body , so parents need to raise Chihuahuas are more cautious. Sometimes because of some of the weather Chihuahua is easy to get sick, sometimes very dry nose appear phenomenon, that Chihuahuas dry nose how to do it? Let's look at it. 吉娃娃鼻子干怎么办发烧也会出现鼻子干 Chihuahua dry nose causes: for a long time does not lick is a reason Chihuahua cause nose dry in case of illness. Fever is also a cause of Chihuahua dry nose, body temperature plus because not lick the nose, the nose it easier to dry. There is also a main symptoms of the disease such as distemper early this terrible nose is dry, but also with the situation of paw pads chapped. (1) Chihuahuas just woke up sleep time, sleep time because it does not lick the nose, so wake up naturally a bit dry, and that you do not stress it. time (2) sometimes movement, Chihuahua too excited because it will not lick the nose, this case will dry nose. Tectonic Chihuahua nose chihuahuas nose, there are a lot of wrinkles, which makes the nose skin area increased many times, can accommodate more sense of smell cell. It is said, Chihuahua nose skin area, spread out the wrinkles in the case of four times of mankind. The four times does not sound impressive, but when I said the next few data, it is estimated that you will stare the human olfactory cells is 25 million, but a Chihuahua olfactory cells have 125 million to 220 million, the degree of sensitivity up to 100 times higher than humans can. No wonder now in many areas, human beings are dependent on the Chihuahua to completion of the human sense of smell can not do. Tim Chihuahua wet nose allows a high degree of sensitivity. Chihuahua wet nose in the air may be contaminated with more odor molecules, but not hairy part of the internal nose there are a number of projections, odor molecules into the nose Chihuahua in Chihuahua brain will complete a series of analysis. Chihuahua wet nose, the nose is not a Chihuahua secretes somethingTo make the nose gets wet, Chihuahua is through with his tongue to lick the nose, and let the nose kept moist and sensitive state. Lick the nose, this is very difficult for us action for chihuahua It is very easy. In fact, the price of Chihuahua dry nose is the body of unhealthy signals, many owners do not pay attention to this matter, if the dog's nose dry long hair, you should take the dog owners to consult the relevant Doctor, do not let the dog suffer the pain. Tags :
Predicting the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the deep sea using presence-background models Vierod ADT, Guinotte JM, Davies AJ In 2006 the United Nations called on states to implement measures to prevent significant adverse impacts to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the deep sea. It has been widely recognised that a major limitation to the effective application of these measures to date is uncertainty regarding the distribution of VMEs. Conservationists, researchers, resource managers and governmental bodies are increasingly turning to predictive species distribution models (SDMs) to identify the potential presence of species in areas that have not been sampled. In particular, the development of robust ‘presence-background’ model algorithms has accelerated the application of these techniques for working with presence-only species data. This has allowed scientists to exploit the large amounts of species data held in global biogeographic databases. Despite improvements in model algorithms, environmental data and species presences, there are still limitations to the reliability of these techniques, especially in poorly studied areas such as the deep sea. Recent studies have begun to address a key limitation, the quality of data, by using multibeam echosounder surveys and species data from video surveys to acquire high-resolution data. Whilst these data are often amongst the very best that can be acquired, the surveys are highly localised, often targeted towards known VME-containing areas, are very expensive and time consuming. It is financially prohibitive to survey whole regions or ocean basins using these techniques, so alternative cost-effective approaches are required. Here, we review ‘presence-background’ SDMs in the context of those studies conducted in the deep sea. The issues of sampling bias, spatial autocorrelation, spatial scale, model evaluation and validation are considered in detail, and reference is made to recent developments in species distribution modelling literature. Further information is provided on how these approaches are being used to influence ocean management, and best practises are outlined to aid the effective adoption of these techniques in the future. Request PDF Full citation Vierod ADT, Guinotte JM, Davies AJ (2014) Predicting the distribution of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the deep sea using presence-background models. Deep-sea research vol II 99: 6-18.
Tweetstorm - Elon is Satoshi 3 minute read Tweetstorm: Elon is Satoshi By Chris Espley Posted May 20, 2020 I know this sounds crazy but hear me out. In 1999, Elon Musk founded an online financial service called, which acquired PayPal shortly there-after. PayPal’s cofounder, Peter Thiel, described their mission like this: “We’re definitely onto something big. The need PayPal answers is monumental. Paper money is an ancient technology and an inconvenient means of payment. In the 21st century, people need a form of money…that can be accessed from anywhere with a PDA or an Internet connection. (Governments) use inflation…to take wealth away from their citizens. Eventually PayPal will change this” Sound familiar? But Musk and the PayPal mafia never managed to fulfil this vision, and instead sold PayPal to eBay in 2002 for over $1 billion. But Musk didn’t forget. Months after the sale of PayPal, Elon Musk founded SpaceX, with the mission of creating a self-sustaining human colony on Mars. This has always been his mission. He is said to evaluate every problem through the lens of whether or not it brings us closer to the day that we have a sustainable human colony on Mars. After a few false starts, and near bankruptcy, it was the 28th September 2008 that Musk launched the first privately-funded rocket into orbit. The Falcon 1 At this very moment, Elon Musk knew that it was only a matter of time before humans reached Mars. So he turned his attention to the next problem. Once humanity reaches Mars, how do we ensure that the civilisation there is sustainable? Once again, Elon was inspired to think about the problem of money. What would humans use for money on Mars? He had to solve the problem that PayPal was never able to. The Falcon 1 reached orbit on 28th September, 2008. One month later, on October 31st 2008, the Bitcoin whitepaper was released. Three months after that, the genesis block was mined and the Bitcoin network was live. Humans on Mars cannot use $, or they’d be reliant on the stability of a nation-state from another planet. They can’t use gold, or they’d have to transport it there! They will have to use Bitcoin, a truly scarce digital currency that can be beamed to Mars via satellite. Elon knew it would take time for the Bitcoin network to grow big enough to function properly for a Mars colony. He couldn’t wait for SpaceX to put a human on Mars to turn his attention to the problem of money. He had to solve the problem of money first. So Elon had the motivation, experience in thinking about the problem, and the timing works out. What other evidence do we have that Elon is Satoshi? In Bitcoin’s early days, bitcoins were sent and received between participants using IP addresses. Bitcoin’s debug log reveals the IP address of those users, one of whom is known to be Hal Finney. The other was an address out of Van Nuys, California, a location only 11 miles north of Musk’s home in Bel Air. In one of his early forum posts on, Satoshi Nakamoto responded to a Bitcoin skeptic with: No shit he didn’t have time, he was busy running SpaceX and Tesla! Satoshi’s last post on the Bitcoin forum was 12th December, 2012. Why did he disappear? SpaceX. In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense. Musk’s involvement in Bitcoin, now that SpaceX was reliant on the US government, beyond this point could have been detrimental to his long-term mission: To create a sustainable human colony on Mars. Besides, Bitcoin didn’t need him anymore. Elon Musk invented Bitcoin so that his Mars colony would have a functional currency to transact with. Elon Musk is Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin is Mars Money. Original image credit: Bryan Verstee of spacehabs dot com Subscribe to WORDS * indicates required
Almost 50 years after Roe v. Wade, right to abortion under threat in US Issued on: Modified: Forty-six years after Roe v. Wade, the historic US Supreme Court decision recognising the right to abortion, the issue continues to bitterly divide public opinion in the United States. Already undermined by local policies, this fundamental right is now threatened at the federal level, following the appointment of two conservative judges to the Supreme Court. FRANCE 24s team reports. Roe v. Wade, which guarantees a womans right to abortion, is perhaps the most famous ruling by the US Supreme Court. The historic milestone, dating back to 1973, refers to the battle between Jane Roe (not her real name) and the state of Texas, represented by Dallas District Attorney Henry Wade. Roe, who was just 21 years old, was pregnant for a third time and wanted to have an abortion. But like in 45 other US states, the law in Texas prohibited it. She decided to approach two feminist lawyers, who seized upon her case as a symbolic one to fight all the way to the Supreme Court. It took three years of legal wrangling before the Supreme Court gave its final decision. By a 7-2 majority, it recognised abortion as a fundamental right guaranteed by the US constitution, based on a womans "right to privacy". Over the past 46 years, the law has never been overturned, but the issue continues to divide public opinion. Little by little, local policies are chipping away at the federal law. Clinics which carry out abortions are closing one after the other, and abortion can no longer beRead More – Source
Instructional Strategies Case Sudy 1 Case Study of Mrs. P Mr. Bautista is a 67-year-old Filipino male immigrant who has lived in the U.S. for the last 35 years. He was recently diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer. During a comprehensive end-of-life care discussion with the oncologist, he was given a prognosis of less than 6 months to live, and was advised to transition to hospice. Despite the doctor’s recommendation, the patient expressed a strong desire to seek a second opinion, and was not completely convinced about the terminality of his condition. Mr. Bautista is highly optimistic and has not lost hope for a cure. Because of his strong religious beliefs that he is just being tested by God and miracles can happen, he and his spouse find it difficult to shift their hopes from cure to comfort care. A second opinion from another healthcare provider confirmed Mr. Bautista’s poor prognosis, though participation in a clinical trial was also encouraged. After discussing the trial’s burdens and benefits with the doctor, Mr. Bautista made a quick desperate decision to participate in the trial without any reservations with the hope that his life would be prolonged or that he would even achieve a complete cure. Topics for Discussion Discussion Topics 1. When Filipinos are faced with serious illness, how do their cultural views and behaviors affect their response to illness and influence their decision-making in negotiating between different therapeutic options regarding end-of-life care? 2. Explore what the patient’s beliefs mean in the context of his underlying condition. \| Back to Top Back To Top \|
Dendrochronology of tree ring dating Short video description Dendrochronology , also called tree-ring dating , the scientific discipline concerned with dating and interpreting past events, particularly paleoclimates and climatic trends, based on the analysis of tree rings. Samples are obtained by means of an increment borer, a simple metal tube of small diameter that can be driven into a tree to get a core extending from bark to centre. This core is split in the laboratory, the rings are counted and measured, and the sequence of rings is correlated with sequences from other cores. Dendrochronology is based on the fact that many species of trees produce growth rings during annual growing seasons. The width of the ring i. divorced womans guide to datingbekanntschaften gran canaria Dendrochronology: How Tree-Ring Dating Reveals Human Roots escort girls amsterdamaplicacion para conocer gente sin facebookel paso texas dating sitesinternationale datingseiten Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change Ron Towner from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona explains the principles behind dendrochronology and why this dating method is valuable to archaeologists. Ron demonstrates how to accurately count tree-rings, and discusses the importance of patterns and master chronologies. Trees are often used to make analogies about the past. Family trees, the tree of life, getting back to your roots…. But beyond the powerful imagery that trees give us to represent our history, what can trees actually tell us about the past? dating nights edinburgheventos este fin de semana en madriddating profile ethnicity About Tree Rings Dendrochronology is the study of data from tree ring growth. Due to the sweeping and diverse applications of this data, specialists can come from many academic disciplines. There are no degrees in dendrochronology because though it is useful across the board, the method itself is fairly limited. Most people who enter into studying tree rings typically come from one of several disciplines:. Though dendrochronology also has uses for art historians, medieval studies graduates, classicists, ancient and historians due to the necessity to date some of the materials that the fields will be handling in their research projects. singlethreadmodel java bermuda dating sitepack site de rencontreinternationale dating seitelegal dating laws in florida Dating of archaeological timbers. Dating of period buildings. Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating using the annual nature of tree growth in suitable tree species. Dendrochronology allows the exact calendar year in which each tree rings was formed to be established enabling the precise dating of trees and timbers. indiana matchmaking service Your comments (17) 1. agentlupln 25.08.2019 Try my imaginary cock in your throat balls slapping against your chin as you gag and choke your eyes looking at me begging for air , I smile and shake my head no waiting for your convulsing throat to milk my cum and as the first load shoots in you I pull out and spray your gasping face covering it in cum ! xoxo's 2. lickingboy67 lickingboy67 18.08.2019 3. luvto69pussy 26.08.2019 hmmm.thats.questionable. lol. still 5 stars! 4. JsleepawaycampM 20.08.2019 Thin and Sexy with a great smile! 5. jackjetpilot 19.08.2019 Cute with White. . 6. aroused1 aroused1 23.08.2019 perfect tight ass 7. teso35 teso35 19.08.2019 Perfect and delicius! 8. MR69pipe MR69pipe 24.08.2019 super hot.) 9. kevin101 kevin101 23.08.2019 Amazing pussy and asss 4my dick?):P 10. cosmin_5_313 cosmin_5_313 18.08.2019 i so want to push my cock deep into that gaping ass, filling that pretty hole of yours with cum 11. BigGuy1993 BigGuy1993 25.08.2019 r u wearing any panties? 12. fakerspussy fakerspussy 25.08.2019 Awesome body. Love those perfect tits. 13. jaysjustbetta 21.08.2019 Let's move that thong to the side and I'll fill that tight pussy with my hard cock 14. kocur26 kocur26 22.08.2019 come in my mouth, it's so hot. then we change, 15. Mattayja1 Mattayja1 18.08.2019 Suberbe que dire de plus 16. wizards 17.08.2019 if your ever in T.Dot check me pleaseeeeeeeeeeee 17. naeem9058 naeem9058 22.08.2019 I want to leave fingermarks all over that sexy tiny waist. Say a few words
conservation of energy con·ser·va·tion of en·er·gy the principle that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains always the same, none being lost or created in any chemical or physical process or in the conversion of one kind of energy into another, within that system. conservation of energy The principle according to which energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is transformed into other forms. See also: energy References in periodicals archive ? To distinguish the quantities calculated by different methods, we denote the value given by the law of gravity and Newton's second law as [v.sup.2.sub.p], while [v'.sup.2.sub.p] denotes the value given by the law of conservation of energy. 6 To be restricted (or constrained) by principle (law) of conservation of energy A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that violates the conservation of energy by producing more energy than it consumes. Conservation of energy also includes discussions to identify diverse energy sources. Tools required to help students build useful conceptions of energy need to represent the various forms of energy involved in an event while making the application of the law of conservation of energy obvious (Energy, 2006; Hewitt, 2005). The new award introduced this year commends businesses within Qatar's hospitality industry that incorporate, support and promote best practices in conservation of energy, water and other natural resources. This decision has been taken to move forward Chief Minister Punjab vision of conservation of energy. 5 The exclusion principle is not compatible with law of conservation of energy, and in physics the principles that are not compatible with law of conservation of energy will be invalid in some cases The participants were holding candles and banners in their hands inscribed with slogans regarding the conservation of energy. Aa Conservation of energy, lighting, water and material use and the incorporation of several other green strategies form the basis of this certification. The final chapters offer advice on conservation of energy, new environmental policies, and adaptations to a warmer planet. Full browser ?
The Islamic State (ISIS) in Iraq, centered in the central and northern part of the country, is a place where leaders torture and kill people who do not follow a draconian interpretation of Sunni Islam. But ISIS has a particular hostility toward followers of Shi’i Islam, as three incidents from the summer of 2014 highlight. ISIS ordered the mass murder of 1,500 Shi'i militiamen in Tikrit, a Sunni stronghold and the former hometown of Saddam Hussein. When ISIS forces drove through villages surrounding Kirkuk, Shiite families played dead in the hopes that they would not be gunned down with others of their same identity. And when the Islamic State captured a prison in Mosul, its leaders ordered all Shi'is and other minority peoples into a ditch and killed them. Flag of the "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (ISIS) or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL). This flag is also used by al-Shabaab, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and Boko Haram. Such targeted killing of non-Sunnis, particularly of those born as Shi'is, led a reporter for The Economist in September 2014 to write that the Islamic State “is both the product and the chief instigator of the ever deepening Sunni-Shia enmity that runs from Bahrain to Lebanon.” In Iraq, the population is approximately 60% Shi'is and 20% Arab Sunnis. There is a widespread sense that the present conflict between these two sectarian groups is a case of longstanding, theologically driven hatreds reasserting themselves again. As such, some political pundits conclude, negotiations cannot overcome divine principles dictating distinct worldviews that preclude peaceful coexistence and the forging of a coherent nation-state. When the Western media does inject pragmatic power considerations into its analysis of sectarian tensions in Iraq, they are of courte durée. Journalists often blame the present crisis on former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki. He came to office in 2006 and used his position to promote Shi'i interests at the expense of the Sunni minority. Religious and Ethnic groups in Iraq. Many posited that Prime Minister al-Maliki's resignation in September 2014 and the appointment of the more inclusive Haider al-Abadi would improve the situation in Iraq. After all, Mr. al-Abadi formed a government consisting of both Shi'is and Sunnis, thereby making a deliberate effort to draw support from the Sunni Islamic State. And yet, more than one year after his appointment, the Islamic State has yet to be neutralized. Sunni and Shi'i identities have both religious and political dimensions. And it is the politics, I argue, that causes the conflict in Iraq, while the religion provides a rhetoric accentuating difference between political players. In this way, there are secular roots to the animosity that many outsiders view as an ancient and irreconcilable religious divide. In order to understand the interplay between politics and religion we need to look back at the closing stages of the Ottoman era and the rise of modern nations in the Middle East. The recent Sunni-Shi’i struggles for power and for influence over the institutions of the state emerged within the dynamics of the Ottoman era, when this Sunni empire contended for land and treasure with Shi'i Persia. Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf, Iraq. The Ottoman Empire ended 100 years ago, but its legacy still influences sectarian relations in Iraq. When European powers disbanded it after World War I, most power brokers in its Iraqi provinces were Sunni Arabs who had proven loyal to the Ottomans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This would have long-term implications for the development of modern Iraq, because these Sunnis and their descendants were able to perpetuate their monopolization of the institutions of the Iraqi state. The present aggravation of relations between Sunnis and Shi'is in Iraq is less a legacy of religious conflict than a manifestation of Ottoman policies enunciated amidst that empire's troubled end. The Sunni-Shi'i Split The Sunni-Shi'i split dates to 10 October 680 CE (10 Muharram 61), and its origins stem from a war over control of the power—both political and economic—of the nascent Islamic empire being forged at that time. Power and influence, not dogma and doctrine, were at the core of the Sunni-Shi'i divide from its very beginning. Islam spread quickly in the area now called the Middle East. By the time of the Prophet Muhammad’s death in 632, Muslims had united the Arabian Peninsula. The Prophet’s successor, Abu Bakr (r. 632-634), led the first military excursion into the area that is now Syria and Iraq. (This historic detail explains why Islamic State “caliph” Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi took this nom de guerre.) Abu Bakr as well as the next three so-called Rightly Guided Caliphs were chosen by a consensus of the community. This was not a democracy; it was instead a participatory oligarchy. The concord sustaining this oligarchy during the first 48 years of the Islamic Empire crumbled in 680, as the Muslim elite and their followers struggled to control the financial and political structures of the emerging Islamic empire. Hasan ibn Ali served his father, Ali, during the Battle of Siffin, 657 CE. Folio from a 14th century Tarikhnama (Book of history) by Balami. The defining crisis stemmed from the assassination of Ali (r. 656-661), son-in-law of the Prophet and the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, as he prayed at a mosque in Kufa, a city in present-day Iraq. After Ali's death, two factions supported two different rulers. Some championed the appointment of Hassan, a son of Ali and so a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. Others backed Muawiyya, based in what is now Syria, who controlled the most powerful army in the Islamic Empire. Ultimately, Hassan and his brother Husayn, fearing civil war, came to an agreement with Muawiyya. In 661, they ceded state power to him as long as he agreed not to establish a dynasty. This was not to be, for his son Yazid claimed state authority upon his father’s death 19 years later. Yazid proclaimed himself a king of the new Islamic empire by virtue of family ties. And so, community participation gave way to a system of dynastic succession by which power was transferred based on bloodlines, not merit or a consensus of the community. This conflict of dynastic succession culminated in Karbala, in modern Iraq, when Yazid’s troops mercilessly slaughtered Husayn and 70 of his followers in an event now commemorated as ashura. Shi'is believe that Husayn was a martyr who died the rightful leader of the political community. Pilgrims gather for the ashura commemoration in Karbala, Iraq, January 19, 2008. The 10-day event commemorates the death of Husayn. This confrontation and resultant massacre engendered the Sunni-Shi'i split. Sunnis were content to have Yazid emerge victorious and establish the first great Islamic dynasty, one that would rule territories in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Shi'is continue to decry this Battle of Karbala as an internecine tragedy, insisting the power of the state should have passed to Husayn. In general, there is nothing culturally divisive about the Sunni-Shi'i split. Adherents of both sects celebrate the same holidays. They read the same Quran. They both pray five times a day facing Mecca. Given such, it is not surprising to find that many provinces within the Arab-Islamic world have experienced normalized relations at certain times in history and also moments when Sunnis and Shi'is found that they could act in concert. For example, in 750 CE, Sunnis and Shi'is together participated in the Abbasid Revolution, which would put in place a dynasty, the Abbasids (750-1258), remembered as fostering an inclusive and multiethnic state. And in Iraq, Sunnis and Shi'is have often managed to maintain their own distinct religious customs while co-existing peacefully. The Battle of Karbala, 680 CE. Painted by Abbas Al-Musavi between 1868 and 1933. Nonetheless, the historic bid for power on the Fields of Karbala did lead to one important dogmatic difference between Sunnis and Shi'is: the Shi'i Doctrine of the Imamate. The prophet Muhammad had been a religious, political and military leader. Yazid and his successors, who represented the Sunni conception of leadership, assumed only the political and military duties, leaving scholars to debate religious questions and settle them by consensus. For Shi'is, however, there is one Imam who, though not a prophet, is a divinely inspired religio-political leader of the community. He is the authoritative interpreter of God's will as formulated in Islamic law, a law that, given his divine inspiration, he best understands. In this way, Shi'is believe in continued heavenly guidance through the divinely inspired leadership of an Imam. More importantly, based on subsequent interpretations and understandings of the Sunni-Shi'i split, the overlords of Iraq—the Ottomans, the British, and the Baath party—all implemented policies based on mistaken assumptions about the divided loyalties of Shi'is. Shi'is, in turn, used the rhetoric of what these rulers perceived as a rival faction of Islam to oppose an authoritarian political system dominated by adherents of Sunni Islam. The Ottoman Wars with Persia The factionalism that now beleaguers Iraq stems from this seventh-century conflict as enunciated and acted upon during the Ottoman Empire, particularly during its waning days in the in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Forged from the military forays of Turkish nomads in the early 14th century, the Ottomans, Sunni nomads from Anatolia, succeeded the Abbasids as the next great Islamic dynasty. Ottomans were a warring people, for the conquest of territory legitimized the rule of the reigning caliph. But the dominance of Eastern Persia prevented their conquest of territory beyond the Iraqi provinces, which became oft-contested borderlands. By the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had ruled the area now known as Iraq—then referred to by Westerners as Mesopotamia—for 300 years. This Mesopotamian territory consisted of three Ottoman provinces, with each centering on a principal city. Map of Mesopotamia. Basra was in the coastal south, and this was where the population was—and still is—predominantly Shi'i. Baghdad was in the central plains, and the people there were—and still are—primarily Arab and Sunni. Mosul was in the mountainous north, the heart of primarily Sunni Kurdish territory. The 2.2 million inhabitants of this territory were at the easternmost limit of the Ottoman Empire, next to Persia, which, unlike the Ottoman Empire, was a polity ruled and inhabited almost exclusively by Shi'is (90% or more of the population practiced Shi'ism). The Shi'is in these Iraqi provinces increasingly became a marginalized majority and the Ottomans feared that the provincial Shi'is did not share their Sunni subjects’ loyalty to the imperial state. As Sunnis, Ottomans feared that their Shi'i subjects in Mesopotamia might fall under the sway of prominent Shi'i religious scholars and clerics in Persia and so act against Ottoman interests. Neighboring Persia also regularly threatened—often in retaliation for Ottoman forays into its territory—an invasion in order to take the provinces of Basra and Baghdad. A Sunni dynasty was pitted against a Shi'i one. Ottoman and Persian forces fought wars in 1548-1555, 1574-1589, 1603, and 1616. In 1623, Persia managed to capture Baghdad, which it occupied until 1638. Ottoman and Persian Empires, circa 1912. Following a peace treaty, relations between the two political entities remained at a standstill until the late 18th century, when Persia, now under the Qajar dynasty, again threatened an offensive. By 1823, the Ottomans and the Qajars had already fought nine wars, leaving little doubt that inter-imperial bellicosity would not diminish even as, later in the century, a new generation of Young Ottomans and Persians began to pressure the government for constitutional reform. And so, the leaders of the Ottoman state decided to enact policies to protect against Shi'i subversion. For example, they promoted only Sunnis, not Shi'is, in the military and the government. In this way, Sunnis in the provinces of Iraq came to have more access to the economic and political benefits of the formal institutions of the evolving state. Sunni Dominance and British State Formation After World War I, England and France amalgamated the provinces of Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra to create the new state of Iraq. The British ruled this country for twelve years as a mandate. The British reified sectarian divisions fostered by 19th-century Ottoman policies, keeping the Sunnis as the political elite and perpetuated the Sunni dominance inherited from Ottoman era. The British conceptualized Shi'is as restive and prone to irrational forms of protest. In the Ottoman era, Shi'is generally commemorated the death of Husayn, or ashura, with more fervor than Sunnis. British troops entering Baghdad, Iraq March 1917. For example, many Shi'i villages and towns held a type of Islamic passion play that gave life to the massacre of Husayn and his 70 followers by an oppressive ruler, and this became an allegorical treatment of how economically and politically deprived Shi'is felt under the Ottomans. Some Shi'is who paraded to mosques in cities—as in Kufa, where Ali had been assassinated—practiced self-flagellation. This led one horrified Englishman to declare Shi'is “terrifying in their single-mindedness … savage and revengeful.” Shi'is were eager to contribute to the nascent state, but they were not enthusiastic about a system of colonial governance. Thus, there was a revolt in 1920, one in which Sunnis and Shi'is often acted in concert against the British. Anti-colonial discourse in Sunni and Shi'i mosques could be heard as early as May, and armed revolt in the countryside began in June. Within five months, 500 British troops had been killed in action while as many as 10,000 Iraqis lay dead. Most importantly for the sectarian divisions in Iraq, the British blamed primarily Shi'i clerics who had spoken vociferously against a system of governance that they rightly grasped as blatantly unjust. The British jailed and exiled many Shi'i clerics, like Mahdi al-Khalisi. King Faysal I. In 1921, British politicians appointed Amir Faysal to rule over Iraq as a king, thereby establishing a new Sunni dynasty. Born in 1885 in Mecca, a city in the Arabian Peninsula that Muslims consider the holiest in Islam, Faysal had proven himself amenable to British interests. In 1916, he had participated in the celebrated Arab Revolt, a conflict that neutralized 30,000 Ottoman troops on the eastern front. The British hoped that Faysal's putative descent from the Prophet Muhammad would legitimize this new dynasty. The new king brought with him a Sunni cohort to assist in ruling over Iraq. In this way, British rule promoted Sunni interests over those of Shi'is. When the British allowed Iraqis to rule Iraq as independent country in 1932, Faysal promised “full and complete protection of life and liberty will be assured to all inhabitants of Iraq without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race or religion.” Such a democratic notion, however, proved difficult to implement because the Sunni elite did not want to give up their political and economic advantages. Faysal and his successors—the Hashemite dynasty—did not fashion a pluralistic regime. After all, a true constitutional monarchy in which democracy flourished in the majority-Shi'i state would have been inconvenient for the Sunni elite, who were rather enamored with their privileged position, and for their British patrons, who, concerned with investments in the oil industry, did not want to risk a government unfavorable to their interests. Thus, a cycle of political violence came to define Iraqi politics throughout the 20th century. Discontented Iraqis—whether the beleaguered Shiite majority or the rebellious Kurdish minority—increasingly sought political change through militant means. In 1936, Iraq had the dubious honor of being the first Middle Eastern state to experience a military coup, an effort aimed in part at the incorporation of Shi'is into the Prime Minister's government. Hashemite rule ended violently in 1958 as a revolutionary regime, one that tried to undercut the privileges of the ruling elite, executed the entire royal family. Iraq would undergo three more military coups before the Baath party of Hassan al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein seized and consolidated power in 1968.
Spot Winter Wildlife In Your Garden Spot Winter Wildlife in your Garden title Winter is an important time for wildlife- for many it is the last stretch before mating season in the spring. While many animals will be out of sight as they hibernate, for some Winter can be one of the most active times of the year as they work twice as hard to find scarce nutrients to keep them fuelled throughout the coldest months. Here’s our guide to the wildlife you can spot outside between now and the spring! Small birds must eat between one-quarter and one-third of their body weight every single day, just to survive, which means that they can be most visible in the winter as they have to look extra hard for this all important food! Robins are ground feeders, so they prefer feeding tables over hanging feeders and love bushes and hedges to dip in and out of to keep them safe. Covered feeding tables are especially important if it snows, as blanket snow cuts off their access to food elsewhere. Mealworms and fat and seed cakes are especially nutrient rich foods for the winter months. During the depths of winter snails actually seal up the entrance to their shell with a thick mucus and hibernate. However, snails are an especially important food source for many birds during the winter and the spring mating season- with some species eating as many as 40% more snails when pregnant. While they are a particular peeve of gardeners all over, snails play an important part in the ecosystem, as many predators depend on them as a source of calcium. The most humane and sustainable solution is to simply pop them all into a box when weeding and take them away from your garden. Simply throwing them over the fence won’t do as snails have a homing instinct! Starlings can be seen individually hopping about the garden but are most noted for forming giant murmurations in the winter months. These can often be found in areas with reeds or marshland – head out at dusk between November and March to see these stunning swirling displays. In some areas, more than a million birds can move together in a murmuration! Starlings are currently endangered and you can support them by leaving out feed and making your garden more insect friendly. Here is a small selection of well-known spots for seeing starling murmurations. 1. -Somerset Levels 2. -Gretna Green, Dumfries and Galloway 3. -Leighton Moss, Lancashire 4. -Aberystwyth Pier, Aberythwyth, Ceredigion 5. -Otmoor RSPB reserve, Oxfordshire 6. -Brighton Pier One of the most common garden birds and another lover of earthworms- blackbirds love to feed on the grass, and can be often spotted listening out for their dinner. In the winter they switch to berries, fruit and insects. A garden full of berry producing bushes will be sure to attract them. Blackbirds are important in maintaining natural seed distribution across the UK. Good news for spider haters out there- Blue Tits love to eat them! They like to nest in holes in trees, but are also happy to settle down in nest boxes. They’ll comfortable eat from bird tables and peanut feeders. Blue Tits begin looking to nest in late winter, so have your boxes up before then for them to find. Like many small birds they thrive in areas with higher density of woodland and hedgerows. Song thrushes love to eat earthworms, but as the earth hardens in winter, they switch to snails. They actually crack the snails shells by banging them against a rock- the only UK bird to do so. They’re in dramatic decline in the UK, especially in farmland and urban areas. Help protect song thrushes by not poisoning slugs and snails in your garden this spring. Exceptional spots! Otters aren’t more common in winter, but as they breed year round they can often stand out more in winter. Look for otters on riverways across the UK in the two hours before dawn or two hours after dusk when they are most active. You can often spot them by the behaviour of other animals, such as birds moving quickly away, or by looking from slip marks left on a bank by belly sliding otters. These giant fish can be seen up to some dramatic splashing and jumping during their mating season. Depending on the temperature, this can be from the middle of February to April. Look for them in lowland lakes and slow flowing rivers. Things you can do to help: Build a nesting box The ideal time to put nest-boxes up is early winter. Blue tits and great tits will begin looking for nest sites in late winter so get your box up early. National Nest Box Week is usually around Valentines Day. Robins need open-fronted ones that are hidden away behind foliage or climbing plants so that they don’t attract the attention of cats. Add a bird feeder Providing supplemental food for birds can make a huge difference. You can make your own bird feeder or buy one, but feeding garden birds in winter can make a real difference to their survival. In the coldest weather fat balls are a great source of food and providing foods such as sunflower seeds will ensure your garden is popular with greenfinches and chaffinches as well as blue tits, great tits and if you are lucky coal and marsh tits. If you put the feeders near a house window you can enjoy birdwatching from the comfort of your house! Keep birdfeeders and bird baths clean to prevent disease and parasites spreading. Plant a tree or even a hedge Winter is the best time for tree planting but you need to choose a day when the ground is not frozen! Choose trees or hedge plants such as hawthorn, rowan and holly as these will provide berries for birds in winter as well as places to nest in the Spring. Feed the badgers Badgers don’t actually hibernate during the winter, they just sleep a lot. If you see a badger during daylight hours it is a sign that food is especially scarce. Either way you can help out badgers during the winter time by leaving them cereal-based dog food, lightly cooked meat, cheese, unsalted peanuts or seasonal fruits. Help out disoriented squirrels Squirrels depend on landmarks to remember where they’ve buried their food. If you’ve done any landscaping in your garden- or even enthusiastic pruning- help them out by leaving out some extra supplies. The RSPCA recommends “hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds, plus some chopped apple, beans, carrots or spinach.” Melt your frozen pond Go about this carefully though, to avoid startling animals living under the ice. If you throw hot water on the pond and crack right through you can scare or shock any fish or frogs living under the ice. It is recommended to place the bottom of a hot pot of water on the ice to slowly melt through and allow the build up of gasses underneath to escape.
How to make a walkie talkie from a radio? walkie-talkie is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio . This type of radio, also called handy talkiehandheld transceiver or HT. It’s allows to talk on the radio while walking around, hence the name walkie talkie. Radio is the technology of using electromagnetic waves of radio frequency to carry information such as sound. Difference between a walkie-talkie and a radio(Uniden PRO505XL CB Radio) is that a radio is one way communication and a walkie-talkie is a two communication device, now this implies that each walkie-talkie has a radios transceiver. But walkie talkies and two way radio are the same thing. The terms can be used interchangeably but because they’re often marketed in different ways, walkie talkies are sometimes thought of as a more basic product, promoted as a child’s toy, or used by hobbyists and business users with simple radio needs Now if u have a two radio transmitter and receiver as two separate units u can mount the transmitter and receiver on one board. Now we need to know if we have to transmit or receive at any given time, for this we can use a simple micro with some basic logic and some start stop signal to tell the micro if it has to "listen" or "talk" The logic would be something like this StartListning(); // initialize the receiver If buttonpresd = 1{ // check for the push but ten state StartTalking(); // initialize the transmitter StartListening(); //revert back to listening Now this is a very broad over view and u can build upon this by adding things like a condition that if one is transmitting "talking" the other cannot go into transmit mode Do you know more about Portable CB Radio YOU can also achive the same result by replacing the micro with a simple switch logic but you can't add certain features like avoiding both units being in "talk" or "listen" mode.
Why Automotive Engineers Are Increasing Use of Aluminum Now The Aluminum Channel The go-to video source for information regarding aluminum products, material characteristics and aluminum processing. Aluminum News Why Automotive Engineers Are Increasing Use of Aluminum Now Automotive engineers are responding to consumer and regulatory demands for improved vehicle fuel economy and reduced Co2 emissions. Aluminum has been identified as the most cost effective choice for achieving significant vehicle weight reduction leading to improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. Since 1975, average vehicle aluminum content has increased form 80 lbs. to over 350 pounds today. Aluminum is the second most commonly used automotive material today and represents 9% of the average car weight. On average, one pound of aluminum replaces 2 pounds of iron or steel. Aluminum is estimated to have avoided over 360 lbs. of weight in today’s cars and trucks. Interest in mass reduction on volume production vehicles began with the energy shortages of the early 70’s, and has increased steadily with increasing fuel costs and environmental CO2 concerns. Aluminum has been an important part of improving fuel economy and emissions performance of current vehicles and will continue to be an increasingly important automotive material for the foreseeable future. By 2025 aluminum is expected to comprise 550 lbs. or about 18% of average curb weight.
COVID-19 Updates & Information 3420 Bristol Street #205 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Follow Us Bypass Surgery Enjoy health improvements with bypass surgery. Bypass surgery for the purpose of weight loss is a procedure that makes the stomach smaller by rerouting part of the intestines. As a result, patients feel fuller sooner, absorb fewer calories from the food that is consumed, and lose approximately two-thirds of their excess weight within two years of the procedure. • In general, patients enjoy significant health improvements • It is important to remember that individual results do vary When to Consider Bypass Surgery Most surgeons who perform bypass surgery adhere to National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines to determine if a patient meets the criteria to be considered for the procedure. Generally, patients must have a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or more or be at least 100 pounds over their optimal body weight with a serious condition, such as sleep apnea, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes, that may improve with significant weight loss. Bypass surgery isn’t meant to be the first attempt at weight loss. Patients are often asked to discuss their previous attempts to shed pounds during their initial consultation. This typically includes a physical exam and a medical history review. Preparing for Bypass Surgery Prior to the procedure, patients will undergo a thorough exam that usually includes blood tests and ultrasound of the gallbladder to determine if there are any undetected health issues. Patients with existing conditions are typically asked to make an effort to keep those conditions under control as much as possible prior to surgery. Patients who smoke will be asked to quit and certain medications that make clotting difficult will also need to be stopped temporarily. Those who are excessively overweight may be asked to lose some weight on their own prior to surgery to minimize risks. Dietary adjustments usually start prior to surgery so the patient will get used to how they will need to eat following the procedure. How It Works bypass-surgery-weight-loss-surgery-institute-2Usually completed in about 4 hours, bypass surgery involves cutting and stapling of the stomach to create a small pouch that can hold about 28 grams (one ounce) of food, a noticeable reduction from the 33 ounces of food the stomach normally holds. The rest of the stomach is attached to the small intestines. Catheters are inserted to keep both portions of the stomach clear. Food will then “bypass” the natural stomach and upper part of the small intestine. The rest of the stomach is attached to bottom of the small intestine. Doing so allows essential digestive juices produced within the stomach to combine with food as it travels through the rest of the intestines to continue and complete the digestive process. Bypass Surgery Recovery Most patients recover from bypass surgery within 4-6 weeks after having the procedure. There is some soreness, although medications will be given to control post-surgery discomfort. Patients are usually asked to sit up and walk around about 5-6 hours after the procedure to minimize the risk of clotting and stimulate circulation to facilitate healing. After a post-surgery evaluation, patients are discharged and given instructions on how to proceed when at home. A liquid diet is necessary for the first couple of weeks after surgery since the pouch will still be sensitive at this point and need time to adjust. Following this period, patients transition to solid foods. Light exercise is recommended for the first few months following surgery before transitioning to a regular routine. Life After Bypass Surgery bypass-surgery-weight-loss-surgery-institute-3Many patients lose about a third of their excess weight within the first 2-3 months following bypass surgery. However, these results do vary. During the first year are surgery, patients will have follow-up visits evaluate their progress, discuss weight loss results, and determine whether any adjustments may be necessary to their new diet or exercise routine. Most patients are able to develop a new sense of “feeling full,” which will happen with smaller portions. While there is typically a point where a plateau is reached and weight loss slows and levels off or some weight gain is experienced, the overall success rate for the procedure is good. About 60 percent of patients who have weight loss surgery keep the weight off, although results vary. Results can be even more significant for those who adhere to follow-up instructions, make healthy eating choices, and adopt a regular exercise routine. Bypass surgery isn’t for everyone. For patients who have struggled with weight issues and have not had reliable results with other weight loss methods, however, it can present an opportunity to improve overall health. It’s a process that will start with an initial consultation and require a commitment to making positive lifestyle changes to improve the odds of enjoying long-term success after the surgery.
Houston (TSU) Riot (1967) Police taking male students from dormatories, Texas Southern University, morning May 17, 1967 Fair use image The event labeled as the Houston Riot occurred on the Texas Southern University (TSU) campus in Houston, Texas in 1967. As with many other civil disturbances during the 1960s, underlying racial resentments prior to the event finally reached a tipping point. In this instance, however, much of the anger was directed at the TSU students and came from Houston police officers and thus should be labeled a police riot. Tensions between the Houston police and TSU students arose from the circumstances surrounding the death of 11-year-old Victor George who had drowned in a garbage-filled pond at Houston’s Holmes Road Dump on May 8, 1967. Many of these dumps were located in black majority neighborhoods because city had routinely and purposely arranged for these landfills to be in segregated parts of town. On May 15th students attending TSU and other local universities along with environmental activists staged a sit-in in front of Holmes Road Dump’s entrance in an attempt to force the city to shut down the dump. Their protest was one of the first in the nation targeting the evolving issue that would later spark the national anti-environmental racism movement. During the sit-ins dozens of protesters were arrested by Houston police. TSU students returned to the dump’s entrance the following day to continue the protests which resulted in still more arrests. Later that day support rallies were held at local churches where some protest leaders spoke about beginning a battle with police. The Houston police falsely assumed those who called for this confrontation were TSU students. In response, police officers blockaded all the roads leading to the TSU campus and shut down the school. With thousands of students—including the vast majority who had not participated in the protests—confined to campus, tensions with the police grew over the afternoon and into the early evening. The civil unrest that occurred later that night would be labeled as the TSU Riot. By early evening some students hurled rocks and bottles at the police. Believing the attack came from Lanier Hall, a male dormitory, Houston police surrounded the building and exchanged gunfire with some of the students inside. Houston’s mayor Louie Welch attempted to deescalate the situation by enlisting the help of one of the dump protest organizers, Rev. William Lawson, who tried to get the students to cease firing weapons from the dormitory. After this effort failed Houston police opened fire on the dormitory, shooting nearly 5,000 rounds of ammunition into the structure. Then the police raided the dormitory, arresting 488 students, nearly all the residents of the building. Most of those arrested had nothing to do with the violence. All of them were paraded outside the building in their pajamas and underwear. A small number of those arrested were injured. One Houston police officer, Louis Kuba, was killed during the incident. Houston police arrested TSU students Douglas Walker, Floyd Nichols, Charles Freeman, John Parker, and Trazawell Franklin and Harris County prosecutors charged them with the murder of Officer Kuba. Neither Walker or Nichols were present when Officer Kuba died. Walker had been arrested earlier in connection with the dump protests and Nichols was at his home in Northeastern Houston. Nevertheless, they were still apprehended and charged. The charges against the five students, dubbed the TSU Five, were dismissed however in 1970 due to insufficient evidence. By that point authorities concluded that Officer Kuba was killed due to a ricocheted police bullet.
Microsoft Monolinguist replicates user’s voice in translation A new piece of translation software from Microsoft learns the tone of the user’s voice then mimics it, notes PC Pro. Reporter Stewart Mitchell explained that the system takes about one hour of training to replicate a voice, which is then combined with a database of words; resulting in the foreign language sounding like the the person’s own voice. It could be a sign of things to come for people keen to apply for bilingual jobs, as the Microsoft Monolinguist text-to-speech (TTS) essentially allows them to speak in another language. The developers explained on Microsoft Research: “We have recordings of 26 languages which are used to build our text-to-speech of corresponding languages. By using our new approach, we can synthesise any mixed language pair out of the 26 languages.” They suggested that this type of translation technology could have various uses; for instance, a person who is not completely comfortable with a language could hear a word said in a manner closer to their own speech. Mr Mitchell pointed out that TTS software is nothing new, but what separates Monolinguist from competitors is the way it converts a person’s words into another language. Microsoft has published a series of examples of the technology in action; sharing recordings of a user’s translations into Spanish, Mandarin and Italian. by Paul Smithson on March 12, 2012 posted on boyce recruitment updates,
Skip To Content BuzzFeed News Home Reporting To You Things Are So Bad For Unaccompanied Kids Seeking US Asylum That The UN Might Step In To Help A UNHCR official says this isn’t in response to Trump administration policies but is part of the refugee agency's overall mission to ensure unaccompanied children know their rights. Posted on November 7, 2017, at 10:18 a.m. ET John Moore / Getty Images Central American immigrants in custody near McAllen, Texas, after being detained by Border Patrol agents in January 2017. The United Nations is considering providing help to unaccompanied minors crossing the US border in the face of new Trump administration efforts to keep undocumented children from coming to the country in the first place. The idea is to offer educational materials to minors to explain the country’s asylum process, which is challenging even for adults. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees told human rights organizations of its plan in an Oct. 16 email, saying the goal is to “strengthen protection for unaccompanied children in the United States and orient them to their legal rights and the necessary procedures for seeking asylum.” The information provided to minors would include the requirements for obtaining asylum and would explain the rights of and protections for unaccompanied, undocumented minors in the United States. The materials could be compiled in a comic book, as part of a cartoon video, or via other means aimed at children, the email said. UNHCR spokesman Chris Boian said it’s unclear if the idea will become a reality. Even if it does, Boian said it would be part of the organization’s overall mission to “help children who are unaccompanied by any grownups to understand what’s going on, and help them understand there are places they can get help.” Boian also stressed the proposal came as part of UNHCR’s routine consultation with state, local, and federal officials, as well as with human rights groups working on the US-Mexico border. Any assistance UNHCR gives would likely be similar to help it has provided unaccompanied refugee children in Europe and other parts of the world, Boian said. This wouldn’t be the first time UNHCR has become involved in the US asylum process. Over the last several years, it has operated a toll-free hotline for asylum-seekers to call to receive reports on conditions in their home countries. Those conditions can be used by asylum-seekers as evidence during their asylum hearings to show dangers they face if they are sent back home. DHS provides detained asylum-seekers access to the number in most detention centers along the border, according to lawyers, activists, and former detainees. A surge of child migrants fleeing the violence of their Central American countries first hit the US border in 2014, when border agents apprehended 68,541 minors, a 77% increase from the year before. Since then, federal immigration officials have struggled to stem the flow of children. Although the Obama administration used a mix of increased detention capacity and advertising campaigns to decrease the number of children and families seeking US asylum, unaccompanied minors continue to arrive every day at the border. A surge of children fleeing the violence of their Central American countries first hit the US border in 2014, when border agents apprehended 68,541 minors. The Trump administration continues to use detention as a deterrence, but Reuters reported that the Department of Homeland Security is taking a number of harsher steps, including ending a program that lets children apply for asylum while still in their home countries and proposing an end to limitations on the amount of time children can be held in detention centers. The administration’s approach to undocumented minors was criticized recently after agents detained a 10-year-old girl following surgery at a Texas hospital. Federal authorities released the girl, Rosa Maria Hernandez, after the ACLU filed a federal lawsuit demanding she be freed. Activists working along the border said international officials have made clear for months they are concerned with the Trump administration’s approach to asylum-seekers and refugees. Beginning in March, UNHCR staff began a tour of border “hospitality providers” — organizations that provide short-term housing and relocation assistance to asylum-seekers released by DHS. Those visits came at the same time that immigration attorneys and activists were first hearing reports that Customs and Border Patrol agents were turning away asylum-seekers from border checkpoints, which activists have charged is in violation of international law. In late summer, UNHCR convened a meeting of these and other human rights activists in El Paso, Texas, to assess the challenges refugee and asylum groups face and identify ways it can assist them. Although UNHCR meets with NGOs and governmental agencies routinely to discuss asylum and refugee issues, an activist who works with asylum-seekers and who attended the summer meeting said UNHCR staff made clear that since January, it had sensed a shift in how the US was “responding to its duties to and treatment of refugees that are presenting themselves at the border. And so they wanted to see what the NGOs are doing.” Additionally, activists said UNHCR staff indicated during the meeting the organization was looking for new ways in which it could assist refugee support groups, including helping them secure new sources of funding. Boian denied the group has stepped up its interest in refugee issues in the United States because of Trump administration policies, insisting that meetings over the last year are routine and there is “absolutely nothing new in what we’re doing in this country or any country.”
Radiation is a common way of emitting energy and it is common everywhere in the world, including within our bodies. For decades the word “radiation” has been connected or localised with a place that changed the history of mankind. Chernobyl is a symbol of the largest nuclear energy disaster in the history of mankind with some fatal consequences caused by the radiation spread from the explosion of the 4th unit of the Chernobyl power plant. The levels of radiation in the power plant and in the nearby areas (including the city of Pripyat) ranged from 0.1 to 300 Sieverts per hour (almost billion – 1,000,000,000 times more than the usual natural background radiation measured in microSieverts - μSv). Mostly radioactive isotopes of iodine 131, caesium 137 and strontium 90 were thrown into the air. Spending even 10 minutes around the burning reactor would result in Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) and cause hazard to life. Radiation exposure and body what you should know Weeks after the accident with the continuing liquidation works (the fire at the reactor core was fully extinguished two weeks after the explosion) in addition to the fact that the most dangerous particles (e.g. Iodine 131) had a very short half-life* and turned into less dangerous or stable isotopes, the radiation level was slowly dropping. Building the safe confinement, the sarcophagus (completed by November 30, 1986, in the astonishing time of only 7 months) over the destroyed reactor helped the radiation to further decrease and allowed people to conduct further liquidation works. The radioactive isotopes are typically rather heavy and hence naturally go deeper into the soil; every year they decrease by around one centimetre, sinking down into the soil. Half-life is the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half it’s original value. This means that radioactivity never really disappears, but after enough time can become negligible. For example, after 10 half-lives the radioactivity drops by 1000 times, after 20 half-lives by 1000 000, etc. Nowadays the evacuated areas remain wasteland, however, it is very hard to find radioactivity that exceeds the natural background radiation. Also, that is one of the reasons that the 30-kilometre exclusion zone has now been turned into a nature reserve. Within the 10-kilometre zone you can still find radioactive hotspots, i.e. spots on the ground with condensed radiation that still exceed the natural level by a hundred and even a thousand times. During your Chernobyl trip, you will be shown such places, however, you will not stay there very long. Even the Red Forest area (the pine forest behind the power plant that dried up, due to radiation a few days after the accident) is only a drive through visit. In 2016 when the New Safe Confinement was slid over the old sarcophagus, radiation levels around Chernobyl power plant dropped by 3-4 times and are now 1.2 μSv (microSieverts) per hour. In the nearby city of Pripyat, the radiation level can reach 0.9 μSv/hour at some places, but typically does not exceed the natural radiation levels of 0.3 μSv /hour. The radiation levels vary, based on, for example, the weather (lower in the winter, higher in the summer). Protecting yourself against radiation Is it dangerous to visit Chernobyl? Radiation Exposure events in the world explosion After all these years it is safer than ever to travel to Chernobyl. Operating for over 10 years CHERNOBYLwel.come have developed the safest routes avoiding radioactive places during the Chernobyl tours, or the group is near to these places for only a brief amount of time. Still we manage to see all the most important and interesting places and buildings, and on some tours, even inside the power plant. During one day spent in the Chernobyl exclusion zone the body receives a dose of radiation comparable to the natural background radiation found all around us. To put this in perspective, this dose is typically 300 times less than a whole body X-ray scan and is comparable to several hours spent on an aeroplane, where we are more exposed to cosmic radiation coming from the outer space. In figures, you will receive 3-4 μSv of gamma radiation in one day (see the types of radiation below), a dose of radiation that is absolutely not harmful. In comparison, most of the nuclear power plants around the world have a safety limit for their employees set at 50-100 μSv per day. Most probably you will get more radiation during your flight to Kyiv than from one day in Chernobyl. Visitors to the Chernobyl exclusion zone should avoid radioactive dust, which might occur at some places and get stuck in small (not dangerous) amounts on their clothes or shoes. Due to this, CHERNOBYLwel.come suggests that all visitors wash all their clothes and shoes thoroughly as soon as they return home. Every adventurer travelling with CHERNOBYLwel.come gets a free fabric respirator. And, as the only tour company in Ukraine, we also offer you the use of Dosimeters free of charge, in order to improve your comfort and safety. Despite the low risk, and there has been no more than 10 cases in 10 years when our tourists had to wash their shoes before passing the dosimetric control, we ask you to stay close to your guide and obey his or her instructions. This way, we can ensure a 100% safe Chernobyl tour for you. All the objects around us, including our bodies, are made from atoms, which are composed of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus, and the electrons orbiting them. Atoms of the same chemical element have the same number of protons but can differ in the number of neutrons. We call these different variants of the same element isotopes. For example, two of the most well known isotopes of carbon are the so called carbon-12 and and carbon-14, where the number indicates the total number of protons and neutrons. We can then divide all isotopes, based on whether they are stable or change in a process that we call radioactive decay, or simply just radioactivity. The speed with which some radioactive isotope decay is characterised by the half-life, which varies from tiny fractions of a second to billions of years. If the half-life is short, the decay is fast, and we say that such an isotope is more radioactive, and vice versa. Radiation exposure in daily life worldwide It is important to understand that certain levels of radioactivity are very common, because every element has some radioactive isotopes and many of them can be found naturally around us. This makes all objects around us radioactive to some extent, even including our bodies that contain small amounts of radioactive carbon-14 and potassium-40, and typically around 8000 atoms of it decay every second. Our bodies are of course accustomed to these low levels of radioactivity, which are harmless. Radiation is the transportation of energy and can be divided into either ionizing or non-ionizing based on its ability to ionize atoms and molecules and disrupt the chemical bonds among them. For example, the visible light or radio waves are both types of safe non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, while radiation emitted in radioactive decay is usually the dangerous ionizing radiation. The danger of ionizing radiation lies in the fact that it can disrupt chemical bonds inside the cells of living organisms, which can damage them and therefore lead to adverse health effects. The amount of absorbed radiation is called a dose and for us the most important is the so-called effective dose, which takes into account the amount of, the type of radiation and its biological effect. This is exactly what our dosimeters during your visit of Chernobyl will measure. The units of effective dose are Sieverts or more practically microSieverts (1/1 000 000 of Sievert). Our dosimeters measure both the actual level of radiation in microSieverts per hour and also automatically calculate the total dose during the time the dosimeter is switched on. As we have already mentioned during the typical excursion day in the Exclusion Zone your dosimeter will measure about 3-4 microSieverts of gamma radiation. Talking about receiving a dose of radiation may sound threatening, but it is important to put this into perspective. We have to understand that some levels of radiation i.e. background radiation are completely natural and occur everywhere in the world. Background radiation consists of multiple sources including radiation coming from all the radioactive isotopes that naturally occur in everything around us, and cosmic radiation coming from outer space. The most significant source of background radiation is the radioactive gas called radon released naturally from the ground that we inhale with air. Particularly, inside buildings with bad ventilation this gas can concentrate and the radiation levels can easily become greater than most places in the Exclusion Zone. In figures, the world average for all sources of background radiation is around 8 microSieverts per day. So you can see that the 3-4 microSieverts measured by your dosimeter during the 10-12 hours of our excursion are completely safe and are comparable to what you would receive normally everyday at home. Moreover, there are many places that now have naturally much higher levels of radiation than Chernobyl today. Guarapari Beach in Brazil holds the record, where, at some spots, levels of radiation can exceed the current Chernobyl levels hundreds of times. Beside natural sources of background radiation, there are also many artificial sources that we are exposed to routinely. This includes various medical procedures, but also smoking, since cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of radioactive polonium-210 that can cause cancer. Another radioactive activity is plane travel since at high altitudes we are more exposed to cosmic radiation that is usually shielded by the atmosphere. We list the most common artificial sources in table 1 below. As you can see smoking is one of the most radioactive activities that a human can experience and by smoking one pack a day, in one year you will receive a dose 10 000 times larger than during an excursion to the Zone. Four types of ionizing radiation alpha radiation: is the most common radiation since most of the radioactive isotopes decay by emitting alpha particles. The alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons. Since they are quite large and carry the electric charge, it is very easy to stop them. A piece of paper or few centimetres of air is typically sufficient to effectively shield alpha radiation. However, if some alpha radioactive material is ingested or inhaled and comes into direct contact with the tissue of internal organs, it can cause damage and lead to adverse health problems. This is why it is necessary to avoid contamination of food, which is the main reason why it is strictly forbidden to consume any food during your trip in the Exclusion Zone. beta radiation: consists of electrons or so-called positrons. A piece of plastic, aluminium foil or few meters of air can stop it relatively easily. Because of this your dosimeters will detect beta radiation only briefly in the vicinity of the so called hot spots and hence does not pose a serious health risk. Similarly, as with alpha radiation, it is most important to avoid consumption of possible contaminated food. gamma radiation: is a type of electromagnetic radiation, the same as visible light or radio waves, but much more energetic. It is a very penetrating type of radiation that is best shielded by large amounts of lead or concrete. Gamma radiation is a very common type of radiation found everywhere around us and hence our bodies are accustomed to it’s low levels. Therefore, small quantities of gamma radiation do not pose serious health risk. *neutron radiation: is produced typically within nuclear fission that plays the crucial role in nuclear energy. It is a very penetrating type of radiation, which is best shielded by materials with high neutron content like paraffin or large quantities of water. However, it is a very rare type of radiation that can be found only in the vicinity of active nuclear reactors. Chernobyl Exclusion Zone safety now Looking for more radiation in your life? Bananas are the most radioactive fruit out there. They contain a radioactive isotope Potassium-40. Eating one banana is equal to a 0.1 microSieverts dose of radiation, however the instance of this radiation received by your body cannot be compared to smoking nor to visiting Chernobyl. How much radiation doses in daily life There are other places in the world that are naturally or historically radioactive; towards which people are not so prejudiced as they are towards Chernobyl. Above all, we make sure that your Chernobyl excursion will be one of the safest adventures of your life.
Arson is defined as intentionally burning a structure, house, or other building. Previously, arson meant just the burning of a house, but now the law covers any structure. A death resulting from arson is considered murder. Arson can also be defined as the burning or exploding of commercial and public buildings and structures. Burning an insured structure or building with the intent to defraud the insurer also constitutes arson. In order to prove arson, there must be evidence of a fire or burning as well as evidence that a criminal act caused the fire. In addition to the evidence above, there must be evidence that the fire caused the structure, building, or property to burn. The conduct must be malicious, and not accidental. Evidence of motive is not required to prove arson. Under California Penal Code Section 451, “A person is guilty of arson when he or she willfully and maliciously sets fire to or burns or causes to be burned or who aids counsels, or procures the burning of, any structure, forest land, or property.” Arson is a crime punishable in a variety of ways based on the circumstances. • Arson resulting in an injury is a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for five, seven, or nine years. • Arson that causes an occupied building or structure to burn is a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for three, five, or eight years. • Arson of property is a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for 16 months, two, or three years. Arson of property does not include one burning or causing to be burned his or her own personal property unless there is an intent to defraud or there is injury to another person or another person's structure, forest land, or property. The different degrees of arson depend on: 1. The value of the property 2. A property's use 3. The time of day the fire occurred 1. Accident: In order to be found guilty of arson, there must be evidence proving that the action was malicious or reckless. Without such evidence, it is possible to assume that the fire is an unintended and non-criminal act. 2. Insufficient Evidence: In many arson cases there is an abundance of circumstantial evidence, or evidence that provides a basis to reaching a conclusion about a fact, which may be disproved. Unless direct evidence is presented, the prosecutor will have difficulty convicting a person of arson. If you have been arrested for arson, this is a very serious crime. You will need the best attorney you can find. Give us a call for a free review of your case.
2.3" Polished Petrified Wood Limb - Madagascar This is a small limb section of Triassic aged (220 million years old) petrified wood from Ambilobe, Madagascar. It comes from an Araucaria tree, an extinct type of conifer. One face of this limb section has been polished to show of the inner wood detail. Petrified wood is the name given to wood that has been turned into stone (fossilized) through the process of permineralization. All of the organic matter becomes replaced by minerals, while much of the original structure such as tree rings in retained. For this to happen the wood needs to be buried in an environment both low in oxygen (preventing decomposition) and with flowing, mineral-laden water. The coloration is due to the various minerals that are present during fossilization. For example red colors are due to iron compounds, greens due to copper, etc. Araucaria (Conifer) Ambilobe, Madagascar 2.3" long, 1.7" wide We guarantee the authenticity of all of our specimens. Read more about our Authenticity Guarantee.
Image by Republic of Korea (, CC BY-SA 2.0 license Sinseollo, Royal Casserole With Legend by KnowingKorea Sinseollo, or royal casserole, used to be served in Korean traditional court cuisine. Consisting of meat, fish, vegetables and mushrooms, all cooked in a rich broth, the dish is served in an uniquely shaped vessel called sinseollo. The hole in the center is placed with hot embers to keep the dish hot until the meal is finished. The name sinseollo came from the word ‘sinseon,’ or a Taoist hermit believed to have immortal life. A legend tells the story of a Joseon Dynasty scholar who invented the dish and later became a sinseon, hence the name of dish came.
The Significance of Establishing Statistics for the Sports Industry Senior Fellow, RIETI What is Gross Domestic Sports Product? Although not a common term, Gross Domestic Sports Product (GDSP) is the total sum of value-added pertaining to the sports product of one country in one year, and is a component of Gross Domestic Product. I will say more on the definition of "sports" later, but I would like to start by considering why we should even attempt to calculate such a statistic in the first place. First, let us confirm the general meaning and significance of "statistics." There is the way in which things understood through "statistics" are utilized to implement effective "industrial policies." And they may also serve to confirm "what could not be done" because there have never been statistics for the sports industry or because something was lacking in existing statistics. The "New Directions in the Development of Government Statistical Services" compiled at a meeting of the heads of the statistical departments of the Cabinet Office and other government ministries (June 27, 2003) states the significance of statistics as follows. Statistics accurately grasp the situation of a certain group in relation to such matters as population, society and economy, and provide the basic information on which to plan and draft administrative policies. However, in recent years, statistics have been becoming increasingly important as a way to conduct advance and ex post facto evaluation of policy effects. Furthermore, statistics are becoming increasingly important for individual households and companies enabling them to make accurate decisions amid major changes on the social and economic fronts such as social and economic globalization, progress in deregulation and rapid technological advances, thus statistics should be drawn up in a way that gives sufficient consideration to the dissemination of information so that the general public can utilize them. In addition, since statistics are compiled by virtue of the cooperation of and burden shouldered by the public, efforts need to be made to ensure their swift and continuous provision to the public so they can be widely used as a common asset. Perhaps the fact that there are no statistics for the sports industry is an indication that "the planning and drafting of administrative policies" and the "advance and ex post facto evaluation of policy effects" in the sports industry are insufficient. It also gives rise to the question of whether there was any such thing as "sports industry policy" in the first place. This is because traditional "sports-related policies" meant "physical education administration," and this is clearly different from "sports industry policy." However, the economic activities of sports in modern society are not just bigger than ever, they have also become socially significant. Multifaceted evaluation is necessary to accurately grasp the economic value created by the sports industry. This is because it is important to measure not only the output of sports but also its consumption and income (employment). This is all very well. However, when trying to calculate statistics for the sports industry, we come up against the basic yet nonetheless very important question of what constitutes the "sports industry." This is where the second significance of having sports statistics comes into play. The significance of promoting the sports industry The sports industry is now clearly earmarked as a component of the economic revitalization strategy in the government's structural reforms. The Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy said in its "Basic Policies for Economic and Fiscal Policy Management and Structural Reform 2002" that, "Markets in areas such as health, sports, fashion, entertainment and music can be expected to grow on a global scale, and their industrialization should be promoted," and so the sports industry is regarded as one part of the action program for the revival of the Japanese economy. However, what is the "sports industry" in the first place? A clear-cut answer that leaves no room for discussion has yet to be presented by either academic societies associated with sports or those involved in the sports business. Even internationally, sports industry researchers have been unable to share a common view on how to define the sports industry (Ming Li, 2001). Therefore, people are using the phrase based only on their individual understanding of it. The discovery of a new way to define the sports industry is a pressing issue. But then, regardless of "how" the word sport is defined, in present-day society goods and services are consumed by both "playing" and "watching" sports. Sports gives rise to a certain level of demand, and create a market. In other words, there is an element of "economic activity" in them. The market created by present-day sports has a tendency to expand due to two reasons. First, leisure time is increasing as a result of the reduction in working hours. Together with changing lifestyles, the rank of sports in domestic production is becoming increasingly important. Sports often involve organizational activities. The second reason is the development and diversification of the media and the according promotion of "information-oriented media." From the media's point of view, sports make content with maximum value. This in turn has made extended reproduction possible, further fueling the sports industry's growth into a colossus. The industrialization of sports was pushed forward with the inflow of various forms of capital, including advertising. In 1990, the Service Industries Division of the then Ministry of International Trade and Industry compiled a book titled "Sports Vision 21." In many ways it was a project that was ahead of its time, as it earnestly discussed the "industrialization of sports" from the policymaking perspective for the first time. Most of the issues presented in the book have not lost their luster to this day. In fact, it may be said that the importance of many of the themes, such as the industry's shift to "intangible assets" and "services," or the "relationship between sports culture and wealth" and "sports promotion and regional promotion," has actually increased. In "Sports Vision 21," sporting equipment manufacturers and equipment distributors were listed as "one area of the sporting industry." Perhaps the "equipment industry" could not be omitted, given the nature of the ministry. The factors that make up the sports industry are multifaceted, and there are a wide variety of stakeholders. Customers are equally varied and compounded. For example, the media, while "reporting" sports, at the same time, in the case of television media, pay "fees for broadcasting rights." In other words, they are customers from the sports industry's perspective. For sports media such as sports newspapers and magazines, the prosperity of sports and their sales (and circulation numbers) are in a strong positive correlation, and it may be said that they share the same destiny. Fans are the targets of marketing efforts, as they are customers who purchase products, but at the same time, they also have a hand in creating a rousing atmosphere at venues and play sales and promotional roles by spreading information through word of mouth. In other words, they are both a marketing target and marketing resource. In fact, the fans also serve to nurture a team and its players. Therefore, the management of sports in any time and any place cannot help but fall under a stakeholder style of governance. However, while this is still in the essay stage, I propose that only industries whose products are "sports as an intangible assets" be defined as "sports industries" and exclude industries that deal with physical products such as sporting equipment. First and foremost, this is because the sporting equipment industry is a secondary industry (manufacturing) whose commodity is "sporting equipment," and does not deal in "sports as an intangible," which is a tertiary industry. From the view of industrial theory, placing both "service providers" and "equipment manufacturers" under one segmentation is quite unreasonable and can invite confusion. Therefore, I believe that sporting equipment industries should be classified as "sports-related industries" and that a line be drawn between them and "sports industries." "Sporting equipment distributors" and "sports media" also fall into the category of "sports-related industries." For example, on average some 30% to 40% of a sports newspaper is composed of articles on such issues as politics, business and general news that have nothing to do with sports. When it comes to television, on channels that are not exclusively for sports, sports programs account for less than 10% of both exposure and sales. Therefore, we cannot consider them "sports industries" in the narrow sense of the term. GDSP is "the total sum of value-added produced in connection with sports." Therefore it is possible to see it as the total sum of value-added produced by both "sports industries" and "sports-related industries." While it may be slightly hard to understand, because sports as an intangible industry is very multifaceted, production in connection with sports is wide-ranging, and GDSP should not be limited to "sports industries" in the narrow sense. It encompasses production on both the tangible and intangible fronts. Therefore, sports product is comprised of sporting equipment such as sportswear, shoes and rackets, as well as services such as fitness clubs, professional sports and sports media. Equipment requires aftersales services, while fitness clubs need facilities and equipment and apparatus, and thus these are all called product in GDSP statistics as they signify value-added that is created as a result of sports. While I earlier made the distinction between "sports industries" and "sports-related industries," the complexity of the sports industry makes such categorization problematic. Because calculation is still ongoing, nothing can be said for certain, but it is likely that the largest stakeholder in "sports industries" is the public sector. The public sector provides "the service called sports" through physical education at schools and public sports facilities, but this is all value added as a result of production by "sports industries." However, there remains the issue as to whether we should include the services provided by such parties as local governments in the category of "sports industries." The multifaceted nature of sports makes it difficult to "calculate" statistical figures and give a "definition" of sports industries. How the "promotion" of sports industries can contribute to "service industrialization of the entire economy" is a very important and current theme. At the same time, it is also important to define "sports industries" from the "goal," or future model we should strive for. I believe that the establishment of statistics for sports industries (ie GDSP figures) is a matter of urgency, also from the view of planning and drafting policies that are effective in promoting sports industries. February 10, 2004 The actualities surrounding the measurement of GDSP (Source: Research Institute for Sport Business, Waseda University). The first full-fledged introduction of sports industries into the calculation of the national economy was seen in research studies by European nations ahead of EU integration (Jones, 1989). As a result of input-output analysis, the ratio of GDSP to GDP as of 1985 was 1.6% in Britain, 1.8% in the Netherlands, 1.4% in Flemish Belgium and 0.9% in Finland. According to the Henley Centre (1992), Britain's GDSP in 1990 was £8.27 billion, or 1.7% of GDP. Some £9.75 billion were spent on sports-related expenditures, while £4.72 billion in sports-related income was reported. In 1995, the Leisure Industries Research Centre (Britain) estimated that GDSP came to £9.8 billion, GDSE came to £10.4 billion and GDSI came to 415,000 jobs (LIRC, 1997). In the United States, Sandomir (1988) estimated that Gross National Sport Product in 1987 came to $50.2 billion, accounting for 1.1% of GNP. Meek (1997) estimated that GDSP in 1995 was $152 billion, making up 2% of GDP, and that based on U.S. Commerce Department calculation models, the sports industry created 2.32 million jobs and $52.1 billion in direct household income. Furthermore, Li, Hofacre & Mahony (2001) improved Meek's calculation models and estimated that based on economic statistics released by the Commerce Department (1997), sports-related employment came to 828,231 jobs and that per capita annual income was $40,000, with GDSI totaling $152 billion. February 10, 2004
How A Low Sodium Diet Can Save You By Wendy Innes. May 7th 2016 Sodium – it is essential to life, and yet, it can be quite deadly to some people when ingested in large amounts on a daily basis. Most Americans consume far more sodium than they should, which can lead to a number of health problems. The worst part is most people don’t know they’re taking in too much sodium until they’ve found out that something is wrong with them. If you’re looking to reduce sodium intake due to certain health risks, or it was recommended by your doctor, here is some helpful information on planning a low sodium diet. Who Could Benefit From A Low Sodium Diet? The short answer to that question is that nearly everyone can benefit from a low sodium diet. The reason is that the average American consumes five or more teaspoons of sodium per day, about 20 times what is necessary. The human body only needs about a quarter of a teaspoon of sodium per day to maintain healthy functions. All this extra sodium usually comes in the form of table salt and can add up to some serious health problems. Increased sodium intake causes blood pressure to rise. Over time, high blood pressure becomes a major contributor to cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as other problems, such as kidney disease and problems in the brain. According to Gordon Tomaselli, M.D., chief of cardiology at Johns Hopkins, some studies have shown that lowering salt intake across the board can have a profound impact on lowering blood pressure and the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases and strokes. [Related: 10 Tips For Lowering Blood Pressure Naturally] There are some groups of people for whom a low sodium diet is a matter of life and death. Those people include those who already have cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure. Also certain races, such as African-Americans, are more sensitive to high amounts of sodium. While not a matter of life and death, swelling (edema) is a problem for many people, including pregnant women. Because sodium causes the body to retain fluid, reducing sodium intake will help reduce the fluid retention that causes the swelling. Where Sodium Is Found In The American Diet The main form of sodium in the American diet is sodium chloride, or table salt. While most whole foods, such as meats and vegetables, do have some sodium in them naturally, the amount is low enough that it wouldn't cause concern for anyone. The amount of sodium in foods dramatically increases when it is packaged and processed because salt and other forms of sodium play a major role in preserving foods. There are also certain preservatives and leavening agents that contain different types of sodium as well, all of which affect the body the same way. So this means that even if a package of snack cakes doesn't taste salty, it could be extremely high in sodium. In fact, many experts believe that the sodium in processed foods can make up about 75 percent of a person's daily sodium intake. So it's easy to see how making healthier food choices can dramatically lower a person's sodium intake. Healthy Sodium Intake The ideal amount of sodium varies based on a few factors, but the majority of American's need no more than 2,000 to 2,300 milligrams of sodium per day. While this isn't exactly low, it is considerably lower than the amount most Americans consume in a day. The American Heart Association recommends an even lower amount for average healthy Americans, at just 1,500 milligrams per day. Those with cardiovascular problems, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure are typically limited to no more than 1,500 to 2,000 milligrams per day, but this can vary widely based upon the seriousness of each situation. Sometimes the limit is as low as 1,000 milligrams per day. African-Americans, because of the higher risks, should aim to keep their sodium intake under 1,500 milligrams per day. [Related: Using The DASH Diet For High Blood Pressure] Can You Go too Low? The vast majority of people will benefit from lowering their sodium intake, but there are situations in which a person's sodium intake can be too low. • Those who have certain rare forms of kidney disease or hormone-related diseases should speak with their doctor before undertaking a low sodium diet because these conditions can cause the body to lose sodium and cause the level of sodium in the body to fall too low. • Those who experience problems with low blood pressure or fainting may not want to lower their sodium intake either, as this can make blood pressure drop even lower and contribute to more fainting. • There are also certain medications that cause the body to shed high levels of sodium, and people taking those medications, such as corticosteroids, should not reduce their sodium intake either. • Also, those who have been vomiting or had diarrhea may experience low levels of sodium, and should look to replace the sodium they've lost. Remember that some sodium is essential to healthy bodily functions, so those who lose large amounts of sodium or who have problems with low blood pressure should not reduce their daily sodium intake. However, these are rare instances. Most people can safely consume a low sodium diet and reap all of the benefits without any issues. Many of these problems are most common in older people, especially those living in long-term care facilities, making them the more likely to experience problems with low blood sodium. Tips For Reducing Sodium Intake The most obvious way that people can reduce their sodium intake is to not add salt to their food. But this can be a difficult habit to break and it may not be enough. The reason is that the majority of foods on supermarket shelves contain large amounts of salt. Even things that people would think of as healthy, such as canned vegetables, are high in sodium unless they are specifically packaged without added salt. And contrary to popular belief, sea salt is not better than table salt when it comes to lowering sodium. Certain specialty items are staples in the low-sodium kitchen such as salt-free seasonings, bouillons and stocks and sodium free baking powder. There are ways people can dramatically reduce the amount of salt that they consume each day, including: • Learn to read nutrition labels carefully, including the ingredient list. This will not only tell a person the amount of salt in the product, but will also tell the person the source. If it says "sodium" or "salt," it's going to affect sodium levels in the body. If a product is low sodium, or packaged without salt, the label will say so. • Whenever possible, choose all-natural, whole foods. This means fresh meats, vegetables and grain products. One of the highest sodium culprits are packaged breads and baked goods. Learning to make these at home will not only save money, but they will reduce sodium intake as well. • Keeping a food journal with the amounts of foods eaten and the nutritional information will help pinpoint where levels of sodium can be reduced and help keep track of overall sodium intake. • Avoid using salt substitutes without talking to a doctor first. The reason is that these substitutes are made from potassium, and too much potassium in the body can cause problems with the heart and kidneys. While a small amount is necessary for the body to function normally, when it comes to sodium, less is definitely more. Not only will reducing sodium intake result in weight loss from water weight, it will also help to keep blood pressure at health levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and strokes, and that's something that is good for everyone. More in category Related Content
Art, Architecture, Design & Travel Chaise Lounge or The Day Bed : The Story of Rest and Relaxation The Story of Rest and Relaxation: The Development of the Daybed, from Ancient Egypt to Today The daybed is a bit of a novelty in modern households—perhaps superfluous with present-day amenities, manners, and recliners. But it wasn’t always so. On the contrary, the highly functional daybed was a pivotal evolution in seating furniture, with roots in history that run as deep as the chair. Before pressing on into the daybed’s story of rest and repose, a quick look at terminology is helpful for avoiding confusion about what’s what. There’s often a loose distinction between sofas, settees, daybeds and couches, but here’s a helpful tip: if the settee evolved from the armchair, with slender legs and chair-like arms, the sofa, with its long frame and sturdy supports, evolved from the daybed. But the daybed’s significance goes further than that. Suggesting a posture somewhere between sitting up and lying down—outside of the bedroom—the daybed was a completely unique addition to the roster of modern domestic furniture when French craftsmen created it for their aristocratic customers around the 16th century. Known as a “chaise longue” in France (a long chair), a “daybed” in England, and a “couch” in America (derived from the French verb coucher, meaning to lie down), these luxurious, stylish versions weren’t actually the first daybeds in history. Ancient Daybeds: Egypt, Greece & Rome As with most modern furniture, the daybed was alive in well in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome. It provided a spot to rest, eat, or do almost anything, in repose. In Egypt, chaises longues were used for resting in the hot desert climate, and more elaborate versions for burial. For Egyptians, the bed was the most important piece of furniture behind the chair, so this in-between piece identifies a bit of ingenuity on the part of the Egyptians. Seen in hieroglyphics, these daybeds were crafted from simple, rectangular wood frames, with interwoven strips of fabric like a mattress. In ancient Greece and Rome, reclining was a totally acceptable (if not solemn) posture in social settings, so the presence of the daybed seems pretty natural. In Greece, even meals were taken lying down, propped up on one elbow on a u-shaped triclinium (couches surrounding a central table). In Rome, the daybed was perhaps the most important piece of furniture, used in bedrooms, libraries, and dining rooms. Called a lectus, this long wooden seat was fitted with one high side, like a headboard, stacked with pillows and criss-crossed with leather straps to support a rush- or horsehair-stuffed mattress. This lounging bed was used for reading, writing, eating, and lively discussion, and sometimes had two sides and a back—a precursor to the couch. The Chinese Platform Bed: Social Seating for the Upper Classes In China, starting around 206 BC, platforms were the most important form of seating—as important as chairs, especially for social situations. They echoed the elegant, horizontal lines of Chinese architecture, and complemented the formal arrangements of furniture dictated by feng shui. Elevated seating was crucial: in a culture where almost everyone was seated at floor level, it was a big distinction. By the end of the 9th century, Chinese platforms had evolved from box-like structures to having legs, opening up artistic possibilities: decorative openings (kunmen) with scalloped edges, carved aprons, and carved feet. The platform bed (chuangs) was used for sitting, sleeping, scholarly pursuits, or as work surfaces. Often, when two or more people lounged on one, a small table was set between them on the daybed for eating or playing games. Daybeds (ta) were mainstays in aristocrats’ entrance halls, bedrooms, and studies, where scholars would stack books on them, lounge while reading or examining antiques, or pull them outside for relaxing in the exquisite courtyard gardens. Read more about Chinese couch beds of the Ming Dynasty. Daybeds in France, England & America In the Gothic period, long chests with high sides on either end called “archebanc-couchettes” were often used as “rest beds”—more precursors to chaises longues and daybeds. By the late 15th century, rooms and homes were changing, as were manners. French furniture makers were catering to the more relaxed manners of their customers. They created variations on sofas meant for lounging, and elongated chairs to accommodate a reclining posture—something now suitable in rooms meant for greeting guests. In the 18th century, this basic form would be re-imagined into the French duchesse, a combination bergère-and-ottoman that offered a more refined, bed-like comfort. In the Carolean period in 1600s England—which produced the iconic caned chairs with elaborately carved backs and crests—the daybed (or “couch,” in America) became a more important piece of furniture in the home. Its birth marked a very clear differentiation between sleeping quarters and living quarters. These daybeds were extremely elaborate, like their chair cousins, with similar backs and legs, paw feet and caned seats, but an unusually elastic silhouette: the seats were stretched out, with an elaborate framework of carved legs and florid stretchers. The caned seats were fitted with a cushion, and some featured adjustable backs for reclining. Furnishings were becoming a work of art, and daybeds were great canvases. The William & Mary period in England, after the festive Flemish-influenced Carolean period, brought about a beautiful cleanliness in the lines of furniture. William & Mary-styled versions of daybeds reflected this shift, with straight backs and Baroque-style legs and stretchers. When the curves of Queen Anne style chairs took over, daybeds again echoed this shift,with graceful cabriole legs and the new open, cyma-curved back splats seen on the iconic walnut side chairs (seen at left). Meanwhile, in France, where the Rococo daybed gained popularity in formal salons, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI styles churned out gorgeous giltwood, upholstered versions. With lounging becoming an increasingly popular way to while away hours, they were everywhere, and who better to imagine doing so while drinking champagne than Marie Antoinette? By the 18th century, daybeds as elongated chairs somewhat dropped off the radar, but when they resurfaced, they were more commonly referred to as chaises longues. Chaises longues were principally developed under Louis XIV, and evolved into a variety of revival styles, from Chippendale’s Rococo to Neoclassical, to Empire style. Regency and Empire styles took more than just aesthetic inspiration from the classics—they also borrowed the behaviors of ancient Greece and Rome. People were completely fascinated with classical antiquity, and this passion inspired a mimicry of ancient customs and manners. If new research indicated the Greeks enjoyed arguing and discussing things while reclining, Regency-era furniture makers followed suit, creating chaises longues with scrolled ends, elaborate carving, and classical detailing. A specific, new type of chaise evolved based on an ancient Grecian classic, with one end slightly higher than the other: the récamier—-named for a portrait of the lounging Madame Récamier painted by the French artist David in 1800. If you tend to associate the chaise longue with more feminine leanings, you’d be correct! In the 1800s, women were growing more liberated, with more forward-thinking ideas and a newfound tendency to view themselves as the masters of the domicile. In which case, chaises longues and sofas were their thrones! In America, elongated chair daybeds flowed along with the popular styles, peaking with the Federal style Grecian couch that resembled the French récamier. It was used more as a daybed, for reclining, than a couch, and its classical styling suited the United States in its new role as a budding republic—shedding Rococo style and adopting motifs of the Roman Republic. Duncan Phyfe created beautiful Empire-style daybeds and meridiennes. In the Victorian era, famed bentwood inventor Michael Thonet‘s shop created a restbed rocker in his line of bentwood pieces. John Henry Belter and others created tufted, overstuffed Rococo revival chaise longues and meridiennes with laminated, carved rosewood crests that were pieces of elaborate “parlor sets.” Coil springs and Turkish-style cushions made these extravagant luxuries in the parlors of the well-to-do. Today, chaises longues have maintained their luxurious aura, or grown into more utilitarian roles as outdoor lounge furniture, or dynamic parts of sectional sofas. No matter how they’re used or interpreted, these lovely, sinuous pieces of furniture serve as reminders of a more genteel time when one was expected to pause, catch his breath, and look fabulous doing so—a relic of relaxation in a busy world. Colonial Revival Style Colonial Revival is the single most popular architectural style in the United States, in great part because of its richly varied vocabulary and inherent eloquence. The name of the style reflects the late-19th-century fascination with homes built by the early English and Dutch settlers, an affection that intensified through the World War I and II years before peaking in the mid-1950s. Colonial Revival is essentially a mixture of styles, all uniquely American. Roof forms such as gabled, hipped, and gambrel identify the style’s diversity that allows a greater degree of adaptation when remodeling than do the more rigidly defined architectural styles. About one-quarter of the Washington-area Colonial Revival homes are detached two-story houses with a center hall and simple gabled roof. A good example of a center-hall Colonial Revival stands at 7 Magnolia Parkway in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Another one-quarter or so feature hip roofs that slope on four sides. The larger Colonial Revival house often has an asymmetrical façade in order to accommodate a garage or porch. The effect is a more complicated but interesting roof form, and roughly 10 percent of Colonial Revival homes are designed this way. The remaining subtypes feature variations of the primary roof forms. Colonial revival homes built in the first wave of construction, that is, between 1880 and 1945, tend to be professionally designed and often boast interesting architectural details fashioned from highly durable materials. The so-called Neo-Colonials, built in the movement’s second wave from 1945 on, tend to dominate many of our newer suburbs; they tend to be plainer, less detailed, and more assembled than crafted. Neo-Colonials reflect the common practice of constructing a brick façade on a structure otherwise wrapped in aluminum or vinyl siding. Clapboard and shingle are often found in the Colonial Revival, but brick is the preferred material. This is especially true for homes built after 1920 when brick veneer construction made using brick more affordable. A fine example of Colonial Revival architecture executed in brick and stone is the Woodrow Wilson house at 2340 S Street, N.W., in Washington, DC designed by architect Waddy Wood and built in 1915. An attractive brick center-hall Colonial Revival, built in the 1920s, can be seen at 3400 Newark Street NW. Gable roofs are the typical roof form found in Colonial revival homes followed by gambrel and hip roofs. An excellent example of a Colonial revival with Gambrel roof (ca. 1900) is found at 3225 Highland Place NW in Cleveland Park. Slate shingles were commonly used until around WWII when asphalt shingles began to replace slate because of cost. Windows are designed simply, although never reproducing the original Colonial Style primarily because, by then glass manufacturers had learned how to produce larger windowpanes that were too convenient and functional to ignore. Thus, most windows in the Neo-Colonial are rectangular with double-hung sashes, each one consisting of six, eight, nine, or even twelve panes. Multipane sashes with only a single sheet of glass serving as the lower pane, are also common. Colonial Revivals frequently present a notable decorative entrance. This may consist of a paneled front door flanked by sidelights, a broken pediment over the door, a modest portico with columns, and perhaps a pediment supported by pilasters. Art Deco Style The Art Deco style manifested across the spectrum of the visual arts: from architecture, painting, and sculpture to the graphic and decorative arts. While Art Deco practitioners were often paying homage to modernist influences such as Cubism, De Stijl, and Futurism, the references were indirect; it was as though they were taking the end results of a few decades of distilling compositions to the most basic forms and inventing a new style that could be visually pleasing but not intellectually threatening. The Art Deco style originated in Paris, but has influenced architecture and culture as a whole. Art Deco works are symmetrical, geometric, streamlined, often simple, and pleasing to the eye. This style is in contrast to avant-garde art of the period, which challenged everyday viewers to find meaning and beauty in what were often unapologetically anti-traditional images and forms. Key Ideas Art Deco, similar to Art Nouveau, is a modern art style that attempts to infuse functional objects with artistic touches. This movement is different from the fine arts (painting and sculpture) where the art object has no practical purpose or use beyond providing interesting viewing. With the advent of large-scale manufacturing, artists and designers wished to enhance the appearance of mass-produced functional objects - everything from clocks and ashtrays to cars and buildings. Art Deco's pursuit of beauty in all aspects of life was directly reflective of the relative newness and mass usage of machine-age technology rather than traditional crafting methods to produce many objects. The Bauhaus school was also interested in industrial production, but in a sense The Bauhaus is the polar opposite as it refrained from artistic embellishments - preferring clean and simple geometric forms. The Art Deco ethos diverged from the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts styles, which emphasized the uniqueness and originality of handmade objects and featured stylized, organic forms. That crafted quality was emblematic of a kind of elitism in opposition to Art Deco's more egalitarian aim: to make aesthetically appealing, machine-made objects that were available to everyone. Streamline Moderne, the American version of the Art Deco style was a stripped-down and sleek version of the more elaborate and often bespoke European Art Deco style. In many ways, the American style grew and evolved to have a much bigger following and use in the U.S. than in Europe. Spirit of the Wind (1925) Artist: René Lalique Nata Coaching In Delhi Lalique's sculpture nearly shouts "Art Deco," so exemplary is it of the style that had by 1930, become the American aesthetic par excellence. Spanning many media and even functions, the style was stamped on everything from luxury ocean liners and racing cars, to toasters and toilets. This piece stands on its own as a sculpture but it doubles as the added, elegant touch to the automobile for which it was designed to grace the hood. With Spirit of the Wind, the craft of glassblowing produces both a fine art sculptural object and a functional although inarguably luxurious product. Lalique was a French designer known for his glass art, perfume bottles, vases, jewelry, chandeliers, and clocks which he produced first in the Art Nouveau and then in the Art Deco style. The use of glass, a fragile and brittle material, increases the object's status as a rare and decadent purchase. Spirit of the Wind represents a female figure, who seems to be facing into the wind, her face eagerly jutting forward, hair trailing behind her like a single, sharply ordered wing. Although only her head is visible, one can imagine her body arching into the force of the wind (maybe even like the pose of the ancient Greek sculpture of Winged Victory in the Louvre Museum, a work that likely influenced Lalique in many ways). Lalique's sculpture and car hood ornament embodies the sensation of speed. In fact, the Art Deco style was, among other things, a celebration of the machine age, which found expression in the sleek new machines for transport, such as trains, cars, motorcycles, and ships. Proponents of the movement paid homage to the social and physical liberation that technological innovations brought in the 1920s. See more at Art Movements Art Deco Key Dates: 1920-1930 An art movement involving a mix of modern decorative art styles, largely of the 1920s and 1930s, whose main characteristics were derived from various avant-garde painting styles of the early twentieth century. Art deco works exhibit aspects of Cubism, Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism- with abstraction, distortion, and simplification, particularly geometric shapes and highly intense colors- celebrating the rise of commerce, technology, and speed. The growing impact of the machine can be seen in repeating and overlapping images from 1925; and in the 1930s, in streamlined forms derived from the principles of aerodynamics. The name came from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs Industriels et Modernes, held in Paris, which celebrated living in the modern world. It was popularly considered to be an elegant style of cool sophistication in architecture and applied arts which range from luxurious objects made from exotic material to mass produced, streamlined items available to a growing middle class. See More At: Related Posts
BBC : National Pioneers Inspiring children to explore the diversity of music in the UK what we did By 2019, music learning for children across the UK was at a 15 year low, meaning thousands of 5-10 year olds were missing out on vital personal development and self expression through music. BBC Learning wanted to change this by creating free programming that highlighted the huge importance of every child in the UK having access to a musical education, so National Pioneers was born. TOAD came up with the idea of creating a half shot, half animated world, where musicians from Britain could tell their stories of how they got into music, as well as introducing a new instrument from their local area. From Croydon Rapper, Nadia Rose, rhyming alongside an accordion, to Derry folk singer SOAK jamming with a tin whistle, these videos are built to inspire young children about the history and diversity of music in the UK.
powered by FreeFind sms Updated: February 23, 2002 If you have a broadband connection and are reading this website, you most likely already have a home network setup with a few computers to play games, share files, and host a webserver. In this article, I'll talk about running a mixed static/dynamic internal LAN IP network so that you can run a server at home AND get the benefits of a dynamic IP network. For reference, this is a diagram of what a mixed static/dynamic network looks like. In order for your network to use the Internet, each computer must have the TCP/IP protocol installed and configured. Each computer requires a unique IP address and other information such as default gateway, subnet mask, and DNS servers. First of all, let me clarify that we are talking about IP addresses on the internal LAN side of the network (red side of the dotted line), not the external WAN IP address given to you by your DSL or Cable company (denoted by blue in the diagram). There are two ways to assign this IP information to each computer. You can do it manually and give each computer a static IP number that never changes or you can have a DHCP server assign each computer an IP address for a dynamic network. The DHCP server for most home networks is the router itself. 1. Static IP addresses: In this setup, you must manually enter all the information by hand for each computer on the network. This can be tedious if you have a lot of computers and is also prone to mistakes since you could accidentally enter the wrong information, or you might repeat IP addresses that are already in use thus cause a conflict. However, if you have a small network, this isn't a big problem. If you have 20-30 computers, you can see that this could be a big pain. However, if you run a webserver on your network, the server MUST have a static LAN IP address to work. This screenshot shows some sample information you need to fill out to assign each computer a static IP address: 2. Dynamic IP addresses: In a dynamic network, a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server assigns each computer the required information. All you have to do is tell your client computer to get the info from the DHCP server. (Screenshot below) Very convenient setup since you don't have to enter TCP/IP information for each computer. Good for most networks, especially if you are constantly removing and adding computers to the network or if you have a lot of computers. The downside of a dynamic network is that a computer's IP address might change if you reboot your computer or add more computers to the network. This is not a big deal if your computer is a workstation, but if you are doing something that requires your computer to have a static IP address such as webserving and port forwarding, then a dynamic network is not going to work. Like I said before, you server computer must have a static IP address. But what about the rest of your computers on the network? Can they still have dynamic IP addresses even if the server has a static IP address? Yes. If you are running a webserver from home through a router, you must forward the ports from the WAN side to the LAN side to your webserver. This means your webserver must have a static IP address since if it were assigned a dynamic IP address, the IP number could potentially change. However, you would like to keep using dynamic IP addresses for the rest of your computers. This is easily done by creating a mixed static/dynamic network. Note: Many routers state in their documentation that in order for port forwarding to work, you must have the DHCP server disabled. This is not true. The reason they say that is because they don't want to get into the details of creating a mixed static/dynamic network. That's all. First of all, you need to configure your router (Linksys is shown here, but any brand will work) to start handing out IP addresses at a certain starting number as show in this screenshot: In this example the DHCP server will start at (I'll call this the "DHCP starting point") and progressively hand out numbers to computers on the network,,, etc... The DHCP starting point doesn't have to start at, it can be whatever you choose. However, it should be high enough that there is room for you to assign IP address from BELOW the starting number. Dynamic IP Computers (workstations) On each computer that you want to have a dynamic IP address, set the TCP/IP settings to "Obtain an IP address automatically" like the gray screenshot above. Now the dynamic part of your network is done. Static IP Computers (servers) Now let's work on the static part of your network. All you have to do is assign the computers that you would like to have static IP addresses (namely your servers) IP address that are BELOW the DHCP starting point. For example, would work. On each computer you will have to enter all the information including IP address, default gateway, subnet mask, and the DNS servers. The best way to do this is to go to a computer that gets its IP address dynamically and copy down the settings, and then change the IP address to something below the DHCP starting point. On Windows 95, 98, and 98 SE, you can get the network settings by typing in "winipcfg" at the "Run" prompt. In Windows 2000, go the the command prompt and type in "ipconfig /all". Then copy all the settings down and enter it onto your computer which needs a static IP address except for the IP address. Remember, you have to assign an IP address that starts BELOW the DHCP starting point you chose. There you have it. ABOVE your DHCP starting point you have dynamically assigned IP address and BELOW the DHCP starting point, you have a static IP network. Your server has a static IP address and the rest of your network gets dynamically assigned IP addresses. You get the best of both worlds. Step by Step Menu Additional Information
Vanadium ores VANADIUM ORES (EN: vanadium ores; DE: Vanadienerze; FR: minerais de vanadium; ES: minerales de vanadio; RU: ванадиевые руды) are the natural mineral formations, which are containing vanadium in such quantities, for which there is economically feasible the extraction of the vanadium. Vanadium is located within the ore as the impurity (0.1-4.9% of the V2O5 compound) within magnetite and its varieties, within ilmenite, rutile, or in the form of its own minerals: vanadinite (11-19% of the V2O5 compound), descloizite (16-23%), cuprodescloizite (17-22%), carnotite (16-21%), roscoelite (9-29%), tyuyamunite (19%), and others. The majority of the deposits, from the ores of which they extract vanadium, are complex; together with vanadium, they obtain from them iron, titanium, uranium, lead, zinc, copper, aluminium, and phosphorus. The industrial deposits of the vanadium ores are divided into magmatic, contact-metasomatic, exogenous (sedimentary, and of the oxidation zone), and metamorphogenic. The magmatic deposits are spatially and genetically associated with the regions of the distribution of the ultrabasic, basic, and alkaline rocks. The massifs of the vanadium-bearing rocks may be found on the ancient cratons, within the marginal parts of the pre-Cambrian shields, and within the folded regions. The ore bodies of the magmatic deposits represent by themselves the depositions of the interspersed or schlieren-interspersed ores, which are having the shape of the lenses, and also the vein, layer, and tubular shapes; there may be found the tabular separations of the massive magnetite. Among them, there are distinguished: the titanomagnetite, ilmenite-titanium-magnetite, and ilmenite-hematite ore bodies within the pyroxenites, hornblendites, olivinites, gabbros, norites, anorthosites, and gabbro-diabases; they are characterized by the low content of the V2O5 compound (0.1-1%), but by the very large reserves of vanadium. The most known deposits of this type: Gusevo-Gorskoe (USSR), Mapahs (Republic of South Africa), Tegavus (USA), Rodsend (Norway), Lac Tio (Canada), and Barrambi (Australia). Among the contact-metasomatic deposits, within the skarned rocks, there may be found the magnetite ores, which are containing up to 0.25% of the V2O5 compound. The examples of the deposits of this class are the Osokino-Aleksandrovskoe (USSR), and Algarrobo (Chile). There are distinguished among the vanadium ores of the exogenous deposits: the descloizite, cuprodescloizite, and vanadinite oxidation zones of the lead-zinc and copper ores (they contain 2-10% of the V2O5 compound); the carnotite, tyuyamunite, and roscoelite ores within the variegated sedimentary depositions (1-5% of the V2O5 compound); the vanadium-bearing phosphorites (0.1-1% of the V2O5 compound), the vanadium-bearing petroleum (up to 0.1% of the V2O5 compound), the patronite deposits within asphaltites (11% of the V2O5 compound); the titanomagnetite placers, prevalently of the coastal-marine type (approximately 0.3% of the V2O5 compound). The exogenous deposits of the vanadium ores are known within the USA (the Colorado plateau), Namibia (Berg Aukas), and Zambia (Kabwe). The metamorphogenic deposits of the vanadium ores are represented by the clayish formations of the argillic zone within the ancient crystalline schists (approximately 1% of the V2O5 compound), and by the ilmenite-magnetite formations within the gabbro-amphibolites (0.4-0.5% of the V2O5 compound). The large deposits of this type are known within the USA (Wilson Springs), and within Finland (Otanmäki, and Mustavaara). The most important, according to the reserves, and to the scale of the extraction, are the magmatic deposits with titanomagnetite; they are usually developed with the usage of the opencast method. The major methods for the obtainment of vanadium are associated with the processing of the iron ore raw materials. Within the USSR, there is used the duplex-process (the blast-furnace smelting, and the converter), after which there remains the slag, which is containing 10-16% of the V2O5 compound. They roast the slag with the sodium salts, and leach this substance. There is isolated the technical vanadium oxide (the V2O5 compound), from which they obtain the ferrovanadium (the alloy of iron with 35% of vanadium). Abroad, they use the immediate leaching of vanadium from the ores, or from the ore concentrates, by the solutions of acids and alkalis. There is used also the roasting of the raw materials with the sodium salts, with the subsequent leaching by the water, and later, by the diluted sulfuric acid, with the deposition of the V2O5 compound from the solution; they obtain from this compound the alloys: korvan, solvan, nitrovan, and ferrovanadium, which are containing 35-86% of vanadium. The total resources of vanadium (in terms of the V2O5 compound) are being determined at 56.2 million tonnes (1980); the reserves of vanadium within the industrial ores within the industrially developed capitalistic and developing countries amount to 8.7 million tonnes, of which approximately 92% are accounted for the Republic of South Africa. The production of vanadium abroad during the 1960-79 has increased by 3.3 times, and has reached 24 thousand tonnes, including (thousand tonnes) 12.7 within the Republic of South Africa, 4.3 within the USA, approximately 3.0 within Finland, 0.36 within Chile. There holds the leading position among the producers of the V2O5 compound the "Highveld Steel and Vanadium Corp. Ltd." South African corporation, which accounts for approximately 40% of the issue of the vanadium produce by the industrially developed capitalistic and developing countries. During the 1965-80, the consumption of vanadium abroad has doubled, and has reached 37 thousand tonnes in terms of the V2O5 compound. There consume the major amount of vanadium the enterprises of the ferrous metallurgy. There grows with the especially high tempos the usage of this metal as the alloying element for the manufacturing of the high-strength low-alloy steels, which are used for the construction of pipelines, building structures, storage tanks, and similar products. There deals with the problems of the further expansion for the spheres of usage for vanadium the International Technical Committee for vanadium. The difference between the regions for the production and consumption of vanadium has made this product the important article for the international commerce. At the expense of the import, there are satisfied approximately 2/3 of the needs of the capitalistic countries for this type of the industrial raw materials. The largest exporters are the Republic of South Africa and Finland. As the importers, there act practically all the industrially developed capitalistic countries. Under the influence of the growing demand for vanadium, and of the growth of the expenditures for the production, the prices for the vanadium raw materials and its products have the tendency toward the increase. There are the promising sources for the extraction of vanadium the petroleum (up to 0.1% of the V2O5 compound); the oolitic limonites (the iron-phosphorous ores), which are characterized by the low contents of vanadium (0.07-0.2%), but by the large reserves; the carbonaceous-siliceous schists (0.2-1.5%), and bauxites (0.02-0.4%); the ashes of the coals, and of the petroleum shales (0.2%).
Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands is located in the north of the Oceania Continent, with a population of 15,453, making it the 222nd largest national population. Its capital and largest city is Mata-utu with a total population of 1,191. The country encompasses 142 square kilometers making it the 221st largest country in total area. It shares boundaries with the South Pacific Ocean. President Francois Hollande of France is recognized as the Chief of State and achieves that status through popular vote and holds that position for five years. He is represented by High Administrator Michel Auboin. President of the Territorial Assembly N ivaleta Iloai and President of the Territorial Government Petelo Hanisi is recognized as the Head of Government and achieves that status through election by the assembly and holds that position for five years and is eligible for a second term. Its form of government is an overseas territory of France and they celebrate the creation of their constitution on 4 October 1958. The languages commonly or officially spoken are Wallisian, Futunian, French and other languages. It counts among its major religions Roman Catholic and other faiths. As sources of mass communication it has 1 AM and 2 Television stations. Major geographical features are Mont Singavi, its highest point at 765 meters and the Pacific Ocean, its lowest point at 0 meters. Its principal waterway is the Pacific Ocean, which measures 129 kilometers of coastline. Major industries providing for the bulk of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are copra, handicrafts, fishing and lumber. Its official currency is Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc. Here’s something you may not know about Wallis and Futuna. Each of the three main islands in Wallis and Futuna- Uvea, Tu’a and Sigave- is ruled by its own King (or chieftain) whose sovereignty over their islands is recognized by France. A beach on Ile Wallis Beach village on Ile Ile Aloka Beach Child from Futuna Church in Mata-utu Fishing on one of the many South Pacific beaches Futuna, Wallis and Futuna's lowest point Sunset in Couchant Rock covered coast of Abi's Home Page Back to Updated 01 April 2013 Adult Prevalence Rate: People Living with HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS Deaths: View of Ile Futuna from Mont Singavi Sausau Church on Futuna Island Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna's capital and largest city Read about human rights in Pax Gaea World Post Report! Baie Leava on Ile Mont Singavi on Ile Futuna- Wallis and Futuna's lowest point Ile Nukufotu- Wallis and Futuna's northernmost Ile Nukuhifala- Wallis and Futuna's easternmost point Pointe Agafe on Ile Olafi- Wallis and Futuna's southernmost Suckling pig- a favorite on Wallis and Futuna Toloke on Ile Futuna- Wallis and Futuna's westernmost point Traditional clothing of Wallis and Futuna La Lac Volcanique de Lalolalo on Wallis Island (Ile Uvea)
Heart health diet advice, controversy and confusion Home / Nutritious Delicious / Heart health diet advice, controversy and confusion Heart health diet advice, controversy and confusion Heart health – diet advice, controversy and confusion The interest and reporting on health has been revolutionary in driving the key messages about the importance of diet and exercise, but have the scales started to tip in the wrong direction? The basics of good heart health have remained relatively unchanged in that eating a balanced diet and keeping active are key drivers in reducing the risk of disease. The problem is that the definition of what constitutes a ‘balanced diet’ continues to get redefined as we have become obsessed with the ‘micro’ issues and controversies surrounding this topic. The consequence of this is that key health messages, which are based on science, have become blurred and cause confusion amongst people on what they should be eating. The basics We all know what a healthy diet should look like. To keep healthy, our diet should include plenty of vegetables, lean proteins, oily fish, high-fibre foods such as beans, pulses and lentils and ‘brown’ carbohydrates over ‘white’. Foods and drinks that are in high in sugar and saturated fat such as puddings, desserts, confectionary, soft drinks, convenience foods, pies and pastries are perfectly fine in moderation but when eaten to excess, especially in place of healthy alternatives are not good for health. Simple right? If you follow these principles and control the amount of food you eat then there’s no doubt that you’ll be able to retain a healthy body weight, glean enough micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and protect yourself against diet-related diseases. Yet many adults still fail to achieve this. What does the current adult UK diet look like? The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) is a rolling program that assesses the dietary intake of the UK population. This latest version of the survey is a combination of years 7 and 8 (2014/15 – 2015/16) and provides insight into the foods people eat, nutrients gleaned and adherence to public health guidance around nutrition (1). In summary, the average adult eats too much sugar and saturated fat, not enough fruit and vegetables, too little fibre and hardly any oily fish. Total fat intake is within the recommended guidelines and we all eat get more than enough protein in our diet. Vitamin and mineral intakes vary with a significant percentage of some groups not getting enough from their diet. In more detail… • The average fruit and vegetable intake amongst adults is 298g (similar for both men and women), which equates to less than four servings per day. Only 31% of adults manage to achieve five-a-day, which is higher in women than men (32% versus 29%). • The average intake of oily fish is just 8g per day or 64g per week, which is lower than the recommended single weekly serving of 140g. • The average intake of ‘free sugars’ amongst adults is over 11 teaspoons per day, which is almost twice the recommended amount. • Adults barely manage to get more than 2/3 of their recommended intake of fibre and only 9% meet the guidance of 30g per day (only 4% of women meet this). Percentage of adults with micronutrient intakes below the LRNI Micronutrient Adults Men Women Vitamin A 13% 16% 10% Riboflavin (B2) 10% 6% 14% Folate 5% 3% 6% Iron 15% 2% 27% Calcium 9% 2% 11% Magnesium 13% 14% 11% Potassium 17% 11% 23% Iodine 12% 9% 15% Selenium 36% 25% 47% Zinc 8% 7% 8% So, why has healthy eating got so complicated and what is influencing our inability to meet these basic principles? For the purposes of this blog we’ll set aside the myriad reasons why people make certain foods choices. This is hugely complex and influenced by emotion, knowledge, peer pressure, access to healthy food, cooking skills, food budget and many other factors. Let’s focus on the things that have caused confusion around what it means to eat a balanced diet, which can impact on the food choices made by people who are motivated to make changes to their diet to maintain good health and reduce the risk of heart disease. 1.Weight loss Much of the diet advice we’re exposed to in the media revolves around maintaining a healthy body weight, which is one of the biggest influences over your risk of disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of premature death and is directly linked to being overweight; the conditions associated with being overweight also act as risk factors for heart disease. The basic biology of ‘eating less and moving more’ will promote a healthy weight. The idea that ‘not all calories are created equally’ is very sound but overplayed as within the context of basic healthy eating principles it’s really just common sense. You know when you’re trying to eat healthily that you should be making up your daily energy (calorie) needs from foods that fit in with the basic principles of healthy eating and not compromising this by figuring out how you can tally a couple of Mars Bars into the equation by skipping meals or eating less nutritious food. The diet industry and influence of celebrities and social media has seduced people with myriad ways to approach weight loss, which has contributed to the confusion around food choice. Making long-term small changes to your current diet whilst watching your portion size is probably the best approach but doesn’t appeal to everyone. Putting very extreme diets aside, there’s no right or wrong way to losing weight and some prefer to embark on a diet plan that lays out exactly what and when to eat. Diets can be a useful way to ‘kick-start’ your weight loss goals and in some cases can provide much quicker results, but you still need to take on board that adopting long-term habit changes is the only thing that’s going to help you to keep the weight off once the diet has ended. Attitude towards dieting is important and getting yourself in the right head space is key. Many people refer to diets in the context of a set period of time and view the end of their diet as being the point that they can start eating ‘normally’ again. However, if your definition of ‘normal’ is reverting back to the way you ate before, then what’s the point if you’re just going to end up putting the weight back on again (classic ‘yo-yo’ dieting). The best diet is only ever going to be the one you can stick with and forming new healthy eating habits is key to long-term success. Diets come in many guises and this is where basic healthy eating messages can get blurred. High protein, low carb, fasting, ketogenic and paleo are just a few examples of how people can develop false ideas around healthy eating. These diets often label foods as being somehow ‘good’ or ‘bad’, which only adds to the confusion and in some cases can lead to guilt and a feeling of failure if they fail to lose weight or stick to the program. There’s nothing wrong with dieting, just do your research and work out what approach fits in with your lifestyle. Once you’ve lost the weight then try reverting back to the basic principles of healthy eating to keep the weight off, which will reduce your risk of heart disease. 2.Food controversy There have been many books highlighted the impact of certain nutrients on health and questioned current dietary guidelines, which in relation to heart health have revolved around sugar, saturated fat and cholesterol. I love reading these books as they provide a really interesting insight into the latest science and underline some of the wider controversies that may have shaped the way we are told to eat. The concepts are very convincing in most cases, but the problem is that without a full understanding of the science of nutrition and research methods, it’s difficult to form an objective opinion and we have all been at a dinner party or sat in the pub with someone reciting the insights this type of literature offers. The problem I have is that the typical person insinuated by the text is often in the extreme, which is overlooked by the reader. Let’s use carbohydrates as an example. The idea that a high-carbohydrate diet causes weight gain, diabetes and inflammation is rightly true but what defines a high-carbohydrate diet in this instance. Whenever this is reported in the media or through books, no one actually defines this or shows you what a typical day’s food looks like for this high-carb eating person. Take a diet of excess calories made up of sugary cereals and muffins for breakfast, washed down with a coffee laden with sugar then a huge white baguette filled with something high in sat fat for lunch and an extra-large pizza for dinner, all of which are accompanied by sugary snacks and soft drinks. This is clearly not a healthy way to eat and if you eat this way then there’s a very good chance that you’re unhealthy in many other ways such as lacking in exercise. For the reader this is instantly translated as carbs are bad, but you can’t compare this diet with one that contains the right number of calories, forgoes snacking and includes porridge oats for breakfast, quinoa and chicken salad for lunch and then a tofu stir-fry with brown rice for dinner. Someone following this type of diet may also make healthier lifestyle choices such as exercising regularly. I’m not going to argue the toss over carbohydrates and it’s clear that overdosing on them, especially sugar is no good for your health, but it needs to be put in perspective to be fully understood. Saturated fat is another good example It’s taken a while for the nation to adapt to the message that fat isn’t all that bad and research has broadened our understanding of the role this nutrient plays in the diet and its impact on heart disease. Current advice is that we choose ‘healthy’ fats from foods such as extra virgin olive oil, oily fish, nuts and seeds, which are rich in fatty acids called monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. These fats have been shown to lower the risk of heart disease by ways such as reducing inflammation and levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol. Saturated fat in the diet has always been sold as being bad for heart health and to be honest if you’re eating a diet that’s high in any type of fat (putting keto diets to one side) then you’re at greater risk of becoming overweight, which is a risk factor for heart disease. The average adult still eats too much saturated fat but the impact of this on heart health has come under scrutiny. A landmark scientific review published in the British Medical Journal found no association between saturated fat consumption and all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease, stroke or type 2 diabetes (2). This study sparked the saturated fat debate and has further studies have contributed to a growing body of evidence that has changed the dialogue on saturated fats. The impact this study had on the topic of saturated fat in the diet and the relevance of current dietary guidance led to the publication of a report carried out by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). The Saturated Fats and Health report was published in May (2018) after an extensive review of data from high quality cohort studies and clinical trials (3). Their findings strongly support the current dietary guidance of limiting saturated fat intake to no more than 10% of the total energy from the diet. This is translated in dietary guidelines as no more than 30g per day for men and 20g per day for women. SACN found that there were significant limitations in the available data, which may have helped to be fuel the debate on saturated fat. They also said that lowering saturated fat in the diet was needed to improve events related to heart disease. But is this insight really of any true benefit to people when they’re choosing what to eat? If you’re a healthy weight and enjoy full fat Greek yoghurt, butter, cheese or other natural sources of sat fat in moderation as part of your balanced diet then this is unlikely to have any impact on the health of your heart. However, the problem with talking about diet in terms of nutrients is that foods don’t just contain a single one. Convenience foods, pies, pizza, pastries, sweet puddings, ice cream, cakes and chocolate contain a lot of saturated fat and are also high in calories, sugar and salt, which we know is not great for heart health. Redefining saturated fat is not straight forward and runs the risk of people thinking these foods are in some way healthy and confuses the issue of food choice, particularly that related to heart health. Nutrition is often defined by individual foods and nutrients but it’s the overall quality of your diet that counts. The term ‘superfood’ has been banned by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), who are the body that regulates food labelling. The regulations put upon the food and supplement industry have helped to provide transparency for consumers as well as providing more information about the nutritional and ingredient content of products. These regulations do not apply to media coverage and as a result we’re still bombarded with new research findings, foods and nutrients portrayed as being superiorly better for our health, preventing myriad of diseases. The irony is that many of these foods often come full circle and contribute to the ‘kill or cure’ approach to reporting in the media. There’s nothing wrong with reading about current research, which is often fascinating, but you need to keep perspective. Blueberries, grapes, red wine and pomegranates may contain compounds that could help to prevent heart disease but including them in your diet doesn’t mean you won’t get heart disease, especially if your overall diet is poor and you make unhealthy lifestyle choices such as not exercising or smoking. The basic principles of healthy eating have been proven to help reduce the risk of heart disease and diets such as the Mediterranean have been shown to be the ‘gold standard’. Reading about the next best diet or superfood is hugely interesting but there’s no quick-fix solution to eating and living well, yet many people view these as some sort of panacea. The controversy is interesting but the outcome in terms of what we are advised to eat doesn’t really stray far from basic healthy eating principles. The real challenge is finding a way to change your habits and making the right diet and lifestyle choices that will see you through to long-term good health and this includes reducing the risk of heart disease. 1. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ndns-results-from-years-7-and-8-combined 2. https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3978 3. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/saturated-fats-and-health-draft-sacn-report Leave a Reply Your e-mail address will not be published.
External Ventricular Drain (EVD) An EVD is a catheter that is inserted by a neurosurgeon into the brain to release cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) and lower intracranial pressure (ICP). It’s basically a tube that drains fluid from inside the brain into a bag next to the bed that can be measured. Drainage can be continuous at a set level, fixed volume per desired time (i.e., every hour), or as needed according to ICP elevations. At the prescribed height, CSF (and/or blood) will drain whenever the interventricular pressure exceeds that set by the height of the collection system. Flow ceases once the pressure equalizes between the CSF compartments in the brain and collection system. The EVD must be positioned so that that the pressure transducer is in line with the patient’s ear. (Technically, it must point to the Foramen of Monro, which falls at the level of the external auditory meatus of the ear in the supine position and at the mid sagittal line (between the eyebrows) in the lateral position.) Most nurses “eyeball” it, but some will get a carpenter’s level or laser level to ensure that it’s place accurately. Whenever the patient sits up or lays down, the EVD must be adjusted also, which is a slight — but necessary — hassle.
The historical context The historical context Following the accident on Loch Ness in 1952 in which John Cobb died while trying to backup an earlier officially timed run of 206.89mph in order to set a new unlimited water speed record, it was often stated that designer Reid Railton was so upset that he abandoned this area of design altogether. In fact, the opposite is true. Research by Steve Holter and Karl Ludvigsen for their respective books about Railton and Cobb uncovered documents relating to a design for a second, more evolved version of the original boat design. A large scale tank test model of this revised boat design was also discovered and is now owned by Richard Noble. Conversations with Railton’s daughter, Sally Joslin (nee Railton) and Steve Holter, suggest that this revised design is closely related to his original ideas for the boat that became Crusader rather than a completely clean sheet design. That said, it does feature some intriguing design elements not applied to the original Crusader, the purpose of which can only be guessed at pending further research and analysis. The use of modern methods, facilities and computing power makes this a viable option. part of the correspondence between George Eyston and Reid Railton part of the correspondence between George Eyston and Reid Railton about a new water speed record project in 1954 Railton was living in the USA working for Hudson when he produced his first design for Cobb and the boat that would become Crusader. Unable to return full time to work on the project, detailed design work to turn his proposal in something that was buildable and operable was handed over to Vospers. Led by vastly experienced naval architect Peter Du Cane, Vospers evolved the detailed design in line with their experience and what they believed was practical and possible while still adhering to Railton’s overall design architecture. Cobb used the services of another former land speed record holder – George Eyston – to coordinate these activities. It should be recognised that none of the tools and methods we take for granted today for real time dispersed collaborative working were available to them. Instead, they exchanged information, asked questions, responded to questions and documented actions and proposed next steps in a series of letters sent back and forth using the US and UK postal services. These were supplemented by visits to the UK by Railton whenever possible. For very practical reasons, the boat that emerged from Vospers was not as Railton had originally imagined it – confirmed by Sally Joslin and the Steve Holter research. Reading the exchanges between Railton, Cobb, Eyston and Du Cane, you get a sense of the frustration felt by Railton that this distanced working approach was not to his satisfaction in terms of it delivering exactly what he wanted. Therefore, it is assumed that the revised design incorporates lessons learned from the original Crusader but in a form much closer to his original ideas. For clarity and for the purposes of this project we have labelled the designs Crusader 1 (the Loch Ness boat run by Cobb) and Crusader 2 (the revised design produced by Railton following Cobb’s death. Len Newton's Crusader Team Memor model builder Len Newton’s memorabilia inherited from his father in law who was part of the team at Loch Ness when Crusader ran.
An Essay On The 442nd Regimental Combat Team. 1615 words - 6 pages The 442nd Regimental Combat TeamImagine this: You are a Japanese American living in the United States. On the day of December 7, 1941, your fellow Japanese attack Pearl Harbor on Oahu, leaving the Harbor in a total mess along with many deaths and injuries. You, having a Japanese Ancestry, are now the center of controversy - the Americans have lost trust in you and now question your loyalty. You are not allowed to fight in the war and your family is put through harsh treatment - they are put in internment camps and their liberty and property taken away. Not a very good thought right? However, a team known as the "442nd Regimental Combat Team," consisting of Japanese Americans, is formed. Despite all of the harsh doings and controversy towards them, they still decide to fight for their citizen country, the United States. Since they were treated badly because of their Japanese ancestry, should they have done what they did? The 442nd combat team made the right choice to fight for America because Japan did a bad deed by bombing Pearl Harbor, they are American citizens, and because it was their chance to gain back the lost respect for Japan.The 442nd Regimental Combat Team consists of Japanese American volunteers from the mainland United States and the Hawaiian Islands (Byrne, Joe. Page 1). On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked and bombed Pearl Harbor on Oahu, which led to the United Stated into World War II. All men were then called upon to fight, except for the Japanese Americans as they faced racism after the attack on Pearl Harbor and categorized as "4C, non-draftable" (Byrne, Joe. Page 1). The combat team was formed on February 1, 1943, after the government reversed its decision on the Japanese Americans fighting in the war (Byrne, Joe. Page 1). After many of the team's accomplishments, they were recognized as the most "decorated" unit in the history of the United States. These decorations, or awards, include 9, 486 Purple Hearts, 57 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1 Congressional Medal of Honor, 4,000 Bronze Stars, 560 Silver Stars, and many other awards, making a total of about 18,000 awards (Decorations of the 100th/442nd "Go For Broke" Combat Team. was the right choice for the 442nd to fight for the United States because Japan did a bad deed by bombing Pearl Harbor. Before the attack, the U.S. didn't even want to get involved in the war and wanted to stay "neutral" (Portillo, Michael. Page 1). However, Japan later became increasingly desperate for natural resources and planned to take over Southeast Asia. This is where the trouble began. Since the United States was against Japan's plans, they stopped the shipment of oil to Japan. Japan saw this as an act of war (Portillo, Michael. Page 1), thus leading to tension between the two countries. Japan's response was to take action by planning an attack on Pearl Harbor. The goal of this attack was to disable the US Fleet, allowing Japan to take over... Find Another Essay On An essay on the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Power, an essay on the film Chinatown 908 words - 4 pages asto whether he may be caught. Mr. Cross then asks whether the Lt. is an honest man , implyingthat Mr. Cross may be interested in paying him off, something that is certainly a possibilitybecause Mr. Cross is wealthy. Later in the conversation, Mr. Gittes asks Mr. Cross when was thelast time he (Mr. Cross) spoke with Mr. Mulwray. Mr. Cross pretends not to remember, andthinking he has the upper hand, Mr. Gittes refreshes his memory, telling Mr What is a team? What are the factors of an effective team? 918 words - 4 pages criticizing the person with the idea. 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Blockchain driving new ways of Reference Data January 4, 2019 \| Geetanjali Adhikari Blockchain driving new ways of Reference Data Since 2009 there has been a lot of news of cryptocurrency. From there the need of analyzing the use of technical coded language and reference data gets in demand which can change the market a ton. Cryptocurrency is a virtual form of currency. It has got designed in a virtual asset form that works as a medium to secure financial transaction. It uses the medium of coded language for transfer of funds. Since Crypto-currency transactions are irreversible and fraudsters. People find them useful because they can collect the payments and ignore the deliver. Also, most of the major exchanges are buying and selling bitcoin on centralized servers. That means all the information for users will get stored in one centralized location and prone to attack. But these kinds of issues volatility and infighting are not fit for business. Thus, companies are now looking at the principle of blockchain technology to adapt it to the extend what would work for their business. Blockchain on other hand is the operational platform which brings the cryptocurrencies into play. The blockchain is the technology that serves as the distributed ledger that forms the network. The network creates the means for transacting and enables transferring of value and information. Coded currencies are the units used within these networks to send value and pay for these transactions. Furthermore, one can see them as tool on blockchain, in some cases serving as a resource or utility function. Whereas, reference data is data design or use solely for categorizing or referencing a wide variety of data in the database. This is done to create a standard structure system for data sources drawn out of distribute ledger. Journey of Blockchain Blockchain came into existence in 2008 and its practical implementation in 2009. Blockchain is defining as a distributed peer-to-peer network. It is the best invention since the internet itself. It allows value exchange without the need of a central authority. This is how it works by keeping track of all the units of each cryptocurrency traded. All the data get arranged systematically in the form of a ledger in a digital file that tracks all cryptocurrency transactions. Once the entire database got created it gets distributed across the world via a network of private computers. These private computers have both storing of data and executing computations. Each of these computers represents an end node of the blockchain network and has a copy of the ledger file. The distributed ledger paradigm of blockchain could get used to manage reference data of any block in blockchain. This will help those companies who are collaborating to maintain contractual data between them. Nowadays, companies going forward to trade through cryptocurrency. This will propel the need of Information to be held on a secure blockchain network. The network should be shared and continually reconciled database. A strong reference data system required to source quality data. By putting all the information on a blockchain, it will be possible for them to control who can change the data and who can actually get the access to them. So, the whole process will become more reliable and more real-time. This will also help when the business network get spread across different regulatory boundaries. This can be a very efficient way to share reference data. It helps in error reduction and support to the creation/ modification of workflow. This can be a way of using the network that has obvious benefits. The blockchain database can truly use as the authentic secure synchronize database (ASSD). Glowing Future of Reference Data Now, how blockchain will help reference data business is a big question for all the reference data management companies. Data is not a homogeneous entity in reference data and it consists of different categories, each with its own set of characteristics. Each of these units of categories may have strong dependencies on each other. As blockchain is being a distributed ledger technology. System will allow the financial reference data companies to push these functions to a cloud environment. On cloud environment there is no need to reconcile multiple copies of data units. It provides a sophisticated and light-footed solution to the headaches caused by these inherited systems and processes. Also, the other reason could be using blockchain for data security and for data storage is, it will give an opportunity to data management companies to offer digital trust and to take advantage of the inviolability of blockchain architecture and the things that make that architecture work. Blockchain is so powerful that it has the potential power to impact every component of the financial services industry. This will draw fundamentally new ways to transact business in the digital world. Not all the companies will come to pass the way and many of these changes will take years to develop. It is largely depends on how the technology works and how one can easy step into the world of digital forays. it will give the greater clarity into blockchains future adoption as well. Solution Guide Xoriant LEI Data Quality Monthly Report Subscribe for Monthly Report (by clicking Subscribe you agree with our privacy policy)
Notes on lesson on Introduction to Computer \| Introduction to Computer After completing this lesson, student must be able to: • Describe the characteristics of computer. • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of computer. • Explain about electro-mechanical computers. • Describe the history of computer. • List the uses and applications of computer. • Explain the generation of computer. Introduction to Computer Computers are the machines that can perform tasks or calculations according to set of instructions or programs. This note introduces you with the computer. History of Computer Abacus is the first counting device, developed by Chinese and Egyptians, 2500 years ago. This note contains a brief description on how computers have evolved. Applications of Computer Some of the application areas of computer are banking, education, industries, entertainments, hospitals, data processing etc. This note provide us an information about application areas of computer. Electro Mechanical Computers Mark I is the first electro-mechanical computer developed by Howard Aiken in 1937. This note provide us an information about Electro-Mechanical Computers. Generation of Computer The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development. This note provide us the information about generation of computer.
Government Lab Reveals It Has Operated Quantum Internet For Over Two Years \| MIT Technology Review A quantum internet capable of sending perfectly secure messages has been running at Los Alamos National Labs for the last two and a half years, say researchers One of the dreams for security experts is the creation of a quantum internet that allows perfectly secure communication based on the powerful laws of quantum mechanics. The basic idea here is that the act of measuring a quantum object, such as a photon, always changes it. So any attempt to eavesdrop on a quantum message cannot fail to leave telltale signs of snooping that the receiver can detect. That allows anybody to send a “one-time pad” over a quantum network which can then be used for secure communication using conventional classical communication. That sets things up nicely for perfectly secure messaging known as quantum cryptography and this is actually a fairly straightforward technique for any half decent quantum optics lab. Indeed, a company called ID Quantique sells an off-the-shelf system that has begun to attract banks and other organisations interested in perfect security. These systems have an important limitation, however. The current generation of quantum cryptography systems are point-to-point connections over a single length of fibre, So they can send secure messages from A to B but cannot route this information onwards to C, D, E or F. That’s because the act of routing a message means reading the part of it that indicates where it has to be routed. And this inevitably changes it, at least with conventional routers. This makes a quantum internet impossible with today’s technology Various teams are racing to develop quantum routers that will fix this problem by steering quantum messages without destroying them. We looked at one of the first last year. But the truth is that these devices are still some way from commercial reality. Today, Richard Hughes and pals at Los Alamos National Labs in New Mexico reveal an alternative quantum internet, which they say they’ve been running for two and half years. Their approach is to create a quantum network based around a hub and spoke-type network. All messages get routed from any point in the network to another via this central hub. This is not the first time this kind of approach has been tried. The idea is that messages to the hub rely on the usual level of quantum security. However, once at the hub, they are converted to conventional classical bits and then reconverted into quantum bits to be sent on the second leg of their journey. So as long as the hub is secure, then the network should also be secure. The problem with this approach is scalability. As the number of links to the hub increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to handle all the possible connections that can be made between one point in the network and another. Hughes and co say they’ve solved this with their unique approach which equips each node in the network with quantum transmitters–i.e., lasers–but not with photon detectors which are expensive and bulky. Only the hub is capable of receiving a quantum message (although all nodes can send and receiving conventional messages in the normal way). That may sound limiting but it still allows each node to send a one-time pad to the hub which it then uses to communicate securely over a classical link. The hub can then route this message to another node using another one time pad that it has set up with this second node. So the entire network is secure, provided that the central hub is also secure. The big advantage of this system is that it makes the technology required at each node extremely simple–essentially little more than a laser. In fact, Los Alamos has already designed and built plug-and-play type modules that are about the size of a box of matches. “Our next-generation [module] will be an order of magnitude smaller in each linear dimension,” they say. Their ultimate goal is to have one of these modules built in to almost any device connected to a fibre optic network, such as set top TV boxes, home computers and so on, to allow perfectly secure messaging. Having run this system now for over two years, Los Alamos are now highly confident in its efficacy. Of course, the network can never be more secure than the hub at the middle of it and this is an important limitation of this approach. By contrast, a pure quantum internet should allow perfectly secure communication from any point in the network to any other. Another is that this approach will become obsolete as soon as quantum routers become commercially viable. So the question for any investors is whether they can get their money back in the time before then. The odds are that they won’t have to wait long to find out. Posted on May 7, 2013, in Science. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
In a 2008 interview, the Nobel Prize winner in physics and future Secretary of Energy Steven Chu lauded California’s leadership in energy efficiency codes and standards. He specifically remarked on the on the state’s impressive insulation regulations and efficiency standards for appliances. Chu suggested these codes and standards “are as good or better than [those in] just about any other state.” He followed his discussion of California’s energy regulations with the following statement: Since the middle 1970s, California's electricity consumption per person has remained essentially flat. The rest of the United States, excluding California, went up something on the order of 60 percent... This is true: California’s per capita electricity consumption plateaued in 1970, while the rest of the United States saw a substantial increase. And, like many advocates of energy efficiency initiatives, Chu implied that this trend is evidence that California’s energy efficiency policies have been effective. This seems sensible. But is it true? In his paper, “California energy efficiency: Lessons for the rest of the world, or not?”, the environmental economist Arik Levinson challenges this assumption. He suggests this relationship is a classic case of spurious correlation. “The vast majority of California’s apparent conservation relative to the rest of the country comes from coincidental features of geography and demographics,” writes Levinson. In a subsequent paper and on the Freakonomics radio show, Levinson voiced his skepticism not just about the impact of California’s energy efficiency policies, but on energy efficiency policy more generally. From Levinson on Freakonomics: “My paper, and others like it, provide mounting evidence that these types of regulations don’t reduce energy consumption or pollution nearly as much as promised, if even at all.” Energy efficiency is seen by many as the least painful, and most politically feasible way to achieve energy conservation. Rather than actually change their consumption habits, or pay a carbon tax, people can simply use better light bulbs and more efficient air conditioners. A significant portion of President Obama’s energy policy is to “cut in half” the amount of wasted commercial and residential energy by 2030. California has long been hailed as a leader in energy efficiency policy. In 1974, the state created the California Energy Commission, an agency that would guide energy efficiency and conservation efforts. That agency would implement some of the strictest codes and standards in the United States. Over the next ten years, rules concerning the energy efficiency of refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, furnaces, dryers, building insulations and more were put into effect. At just about the same time that this commission made these changes, the average residential electricity use in California began to diverge from the rest of the United States. In 1974, the per capita residential electricity consumption was approximately 7,000 kilowatt hours per person in California and 8,000 in the rest of the country. By 2010, the rest of the country had reached 12,000 kilowatt hours per person, while California’s consumption had not grown. Naturally, the concurrence of the implementation of efficiency standards with a divergence between California and the rest of the United States led many to see a causal relationship between the two. The divergence is sometimes referred to as the “Rosenfeld effect”, after Arthur Rosenfeld, a particle physicist whose energy efficiency ideas were deeply influential to the codes and standard adopted by the California Energy Commision. The California based energy utility PG&E claims “[E]nergy efficiency policies have had a significant impact on per capita electricity use, which has remained essentially constant in California over the past 30 years—a period during which per capita electricity use has nearly doubled across the U.S. as a whole.” A Natural Resources Defense Fund report asserts that the stability of California’s energy consumption is in part “due to investment in research and development of more efficient technologies, utility programs that help customers use those tools to lower their bills, and energy efficiency standards for new buildings and appliances.” An energy efficient washer. California has among the the strictest appliance codes and standard in the United States. Arik Levinson, an Economics professor at Georgetown University, was deeply skeptical of these claims. He set out to test just how much of the difference between California and the rest of the United States could be accounted for by factors independent from codes and standards. His findings indicate that the “Rosenfeld effect” is a mirage. Levinson demonstrates that there are three changes over the last 40 years that account for most of the difference between California and the rest of the country that have nothing to do with energy efficiency policy. First, there is the fact that population has grown much faster in parts of the United States that typically use more electricity to power air conditioners. Since 1963, the populations of the Northeast and Midwest have grown by less than 25%, while the population in energy guzzling parts of the country like the South and Southwest have grown by over 100%. Levinson estimates that this accounts for about 15% of the Rosenfeld effect. Second, income levels have increased across the United States. With greater wealth, Americans who live in places with extreme Winters and Summers have dedicated their extra income to heating and cooling. The mild weather in California makes spending on heating and cooling less compelling in California, so people have spent their extra income on other things. Levinson estimates this accounts for another 20% of the Rosenfeld effect. Third and most important, Levinson’s research suggests that over 50% of the Rosenfeld effect can be accounted for by the large decrease in the number of people per home in the rest of the United States, compared to California. From 1960 to 2009, the average household size in California decreased slightly from 3.19 to 3.03 people in a home. In the rest of the country, the change was much more dramatic, with the average household size changing from 3.43 to 2.67. As the chart below from Levinson’s paper demonstrates, larger households tend to use less energy per-person than if the same number of people were living in more, smaller households. Via Levinson Overall, Levinson claims that these changes, which are not related to energy efficiency policy and regulations, account for almost 90% of the divergence in energy use between California and the rest of the country. The remaining 10% may be attributable to codes and standards, but it might be a result of other variables Levinson did not analyze, like price. Many other academics, have researched the disparity between California and the rest of the country in energy usage and come to the same conclusion as Levinson. This includes Rosenfeld himself. Energy efficiency is not a primary explanation for this difference. In a related paper, “How Much Energy Do Building Energy Codes Really Save?” Levinson goes even further. In it, he contends that there is little evidence that building energy efficiency standards save the amounts of energy that engineers predict. In fact, he calls into doubt the notion that they save any energy at all. Levinson both presents original research and cites previous studies to support this claim. His work looks at whether buildings built before and after stricter buildings codes were imposed in California in 1978 use less energy, after accounting for the differences in tenant characteristics, size of home, and local weather. He finds that people living in new homes do not use less electricity. In addition, he cites a 2012 study that studies the energy savings from a Mexican program to replace old refrigerators and air conditioners with newer, more energy efficient models. The study found that those who had their air conditioner replaced actually ended up using more energy than before (maybe because they felt less pressure to conserve). Those who only had their refrigerator replaced used less, but the savings were only a quarter of what engineers predicted. A number of studies have found savings after less efficient technology was replaced with more efficient technology. But in most cases those savings were much less than those predicted by engineers. A 2014 study assessing the energy savings on a weatherization program in Michigan found that participation reduced energy use by 8-10%, but that these savings were 25% of what engineers predicted. Why wouldn’t energy efficient technologies lead to the projected savings of engineers? One possible explanation is the rebound effect. The rebound effect is the idea that when a commodity becomes cheaper, you consume more of it. For example, increases in fuel efficiency in cars cause people to drive more because it is cheaper. One estimate suggests a 10% improvement in fuel efficiency leads to a 2-4% increase in driving. Energy efficient cars like the Toyota Prius lead to increased driving through the “rebound effect.” The case of the Mexican program to replace air conditioners and refrigerators serves as a good example of when the rebound effect is strongest. Those who had their air conditioners replaced ended up using more energy than before. The researchers suspect a large part of this is that because air conditioning became relatively less expensive, households chose to use substantially increase their cooling. Houses that had their refrigerators replaced did save energy. This may be because a refrigerator is typically plugged in 24 hours a day -- people literally could not use the new one any more than they were already using the old one -- so the rebound effect is weak. Another possibility is simple error in the engineering calculations. Researchers involved in the e2e project, an academic project created to assess energy efficiency results, speculate that program auditors systematically overestimate energy use before programs are implemented. This leads to consistently lower than expected gains. While Levinson’s takedown of the “Rosenfeld effect” is widely accepted, his claims concerning the efficacy of efficiency codes are more controversial. Criticisms of Levinson’s research from the National Resources Defense Council and research firm Energy Innovation suggest his work assessing California codes is deeply flawed because it only evaluates changes in electricity consumption, rather than gas usage, which is the main way Californians heat and cool their homes. Other critics believe claim the impact of codes and standard are primarily on commercial energy use, which Levinson did not assess. Energy efficiency program defenders cite a study from economists at the University of California Berkeley suggesting California building codes save 3-5% in energy, which is not out of line with what engineers expected. We spoke to Severin Borenstein, an economist at University of California-Berkeley, about Levinson’s research and though he agreed that Levinson should have looked at natural gas usage rather than electricity for his study, he suggested that his larger point is valid. Borenstein believes that, thus far, much of the research looking at the impact of energy efficiency programs have had “disappointing results." Still, he pointed out that certain types of interventions, like replacing plug loads in refrigerators have had results that were more promising. Lucas Davis, another economist and leading energy efficiency researcher, said he does not want people to “rush to judgment” about energy efficiency based on “a handful of studies.” He believes that while the supporters of energy efficiency have made overblown claims, he also thinks skeptics have been too critical. The discouraging early research results do lead him to think more focus should be put on what he calls “first best approaches” like carbon taxes or cap and trade. Many policymakers think that improving the energy efficiency of our devices and appliances is a pillar of how the world will conserve energy and limit the effects of global warming. The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) describes energy efficiency initiatives as a “key mitigation strategy.” Yet energy efficiency initiatives have led to perplexingly little savings compared to projections. Many researchers believe that as long as energy is cheap, substantial reductions in energy usage are unlikely to occur. In order to see the behavior change or technological innovations that would truly cause dramatic reductions in energy use, the painful reality of regulation through a carbon tax or usage cap may be necessary. This post was written by Dan Kopf; follow him on Twitter hereTo get occasional notifications when we write blog posts, please sign up for our email list. Woah. We are flattered you shared our blog post!
Tour of a Township Reading about other non-violent protests in history Humanity sometimes does cruel things to itself. Apartheid is no exception. For anyone who doesn’t know what Apartheid was, it was basically an oppressive system to divide the races in South Africa. The hierarchical structure goes like this: whites at the top, then Indians, then coloreds (a mix of races), and, at the bottom, the blacks, who, ironically, happened to be the natives, the people that were there first. Yes, it was a very racist society. All races, excluding whites, had their own, separate townships outside of cities. These townships were not their homes. These were designated neighborhoods, the only places they were allowed to live. However, different races in the hierarchical structures had different townships, and the states of them were different, too. The Indian township didn’t look so bad, but the black township just across the road was looking pretty bad. Of course, this was the state of things during Apartheid, and many things have gotten better since the end of Apartheid. quoteWe already knew that Gandhi had started his work in South Africa, after an incident on a train. He had bought a first-class ticket, and sat down in the first-class car. However, the first-class car was reserved for whites. Then again, Gandhi had bought a first-class ticket! He refused to move, so he was beaten and kicked off the train in Pietermaritzburg. You would never expect Gandhi to be prejudiced, right? However, we learned one thing that shocked us about Gandhi: he was racist, but only in the beginning. It completely blew my mind. How could he? Well, he couldn’t for long. Being the target of racism, he lost his own racism, which was kind of necessary if he was going to unify all of India against the Empire of Great Britain! I also read about protests around the world. The one I remember best was in the Prague Spring, when a lot of people sat on Wenceslas Square in what was then Czechoslovakia, in protest of the Soviets taking over their country. Unfortunately, this protest did not work. However, many protests did work. For example, Gandhi’s salt march in India. That, along with dozens of other protests, ended up in the British leaving India! Dube and family gravesite One of the key founders of the civil rights movement was Reverend John Langalibalele Dube, the founder and first president of the ANC. Originally, it was called the SANNC, or South African Native National Congress. However, no matter the name, the ANC’s goal was always to get rights for non-whites. He also founded the Ohlange Institute, a high school that taught not only academic skills, but also vocational skills. He got the idea for it from the Union Missionary Seminary in Brooklyn. John Dube was the first black man to ever found such an institute in South Africa Where Mandela ave his first vote. At first, the institute was so popular, that there were too many students to buy beds for all of them! It would later become one of the most important places in all of South African history. The reason? Here, decades later, Nelson Mandela cast his historic vote. Well, we learned that times can be tough, but humanity is like a phoenix, rising up… from its own ashes.
8 Things You Should Know about Fast Fashion The fast fashion industry has been a hot topic at The Circle this year. Back in May, The Lawyers Circle published a report that sets out the legal argument that a living wage is a fundamental right. We are now planning a two-year campaign to ensure accountability in the fashion industry, to tackle the poverty wages that blight garment workers’ lives. With that in mind, here are eight facts you should know about the clothes you wear… 1. The global apparel industry is worth $3000,000,000,000,000 Yes, you read that right: the fashion industry has global revenues of three trillion US dollars. To put that into perspective, you could buy seven million Ferraris with that money, or put fifty million students through university. There’s a lot of money to be made. 2. Much of this revenue comes from fast fashion Fast fashion is a globalised business strategy which aims to get low-price clothes to the consumer as quickly and as cheaply as possible. Designs seen on the catwalk one week might hit the shops a fortnight later. This is a relatively recent phenomenon (global clothing production doubled between 2000 and 2014) and an incredibly lucrative one. For fast fashion companies, that is. 3. While companies profit, their workers suffer Transnational fashion corporations (the big brand names in fashion) are the real winners in this situation. They can quickly move their production to the lowest-wage states to maximise their profits. Meanwhile, the economies of producer companies have become highly dependent on the sector. This has created a “race to the bottom”, whereby states allow poverty wages in order to attract investment. Garment workers earn just $140 per month in Cambodia, $171 in parts of China and $315 in Romania. 4. Poverty wages aren’t just an issue in South Asia The Lawyers Circle’s report on the living wage looks at clothing production in a range of countries, from Bangladesh to Morocco, from Portugal to Romania. Garment factories are spread across the globe, but their geographical diversity belies a fundamental similarity: they offer some of the lowest wage rates and worst labour conditions on earth. 5. It is mainly women who are affected Between 60 and 75 million people work in the textile, clothing and footwear sector worldwide. Almost three quarters of them are women — 3.2 million in Bangladesh alone. Unfortunately, women are easier targets for exploitation and discrimination: they are more vulnerable to intimidation and sexual violence, and less likely to agitate for their rights. 6. Garment workers have been forced to develop coping strategies Struggling to survive on the minimum wage, garment workers have to cut corners wherever they can. They might take out high-interest loans to pay for school books, or do extensive overtime to cover their utility bills. Many workers are foregoing vital medical treatment in order to save money, and thousands are cutting back on food (one campaigning organisation found that female garment workers could only afford to eat half the calories they needed, and would frequently faint at work as a result). 7. Paying the minimum wage is not enough Plenty of well-known fashion companies argue that they pay their workers the national minimum wage, and should therefore be exempt from criticism. They do this knowing that the minimum wage (the lowest wage permitted by law) falls far short of the living wage (the amount needed to maintain a normal standard of living). In Cambodia, for example, garment workers can legally be paid just 6% of what they need to live a normal life. Paying the minimum wage is not enough: workers need an income that can comfortably feed their families; they need better working conditions and protection. 8. But there is hope! Since the 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza complex in Bangladesh, which killed 1,334 garment workers, some progress has been made on improving conditions and wages in the garment industry. There have been numerous reports, initiatives, roadmaps and pilot projects, though most of these have yet to be implemented on a wide scale. Major brands have committed to paying the living wage, albeit with a temporal disclaimer – “eventually”, “at some point in the future”. The Circle and The Lawyers Circle are working to accelerate the process, to ensure that companies accept responsibility for their actions and make concrete improvements to workers’ lives. The facts in this article have been drawn from the report Fashion Focus: The Fundamental Right to a Living Wage, produced by The Lawyers Circle in partnership with TrustLaw and the Clean Clothes Campaign. Click here to read the full report, and donate to help us guarantee a living wage for all garment workers. Leave a Reply
Imagine a life without the Internet. You can't, can you? No. Just today, I told one of my colleagues that the human race has grown so dependent on the Internet, and when, for example, a network is down, you cannot do any work. The Internet is good, but it is very scary to come to a realization of our need for the Internet. Today, I will quickly show you how to create an FTP program in Visual Basic. Let's get technical—but not too much! In an earlier article, I spoke about UDP and Visual Basic. In this article, I spoke about all the protocols that make the Internet what it is. That just covered the communication part; let's explore the real Internet now. The Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP to link trillions of devices worldwide linked by an array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. Okay, Captain Obvious (that's me), let's move on! For a good and proper lesson on the Internet and its origins, this Wikipedia article will be helpful. I am just going to highlight Protocols and specifically the FTP Protocol here. A Protocol, or rather a Communication Protocol, is a set of rules that enables two or more entities to transmit information to one another. Common Protocols Some of the most common Protocols are as follows: • TCP • IP • UDP • POP • SMTP • HTTP • FTP For more information regarding these protocols, read through this article of mine. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for exchanging files over the Internet. Our Program Start Visual Basic and create a Visual Basic Windows Forms application. Add four buttons to your form. I have not named any of my objects. Design your form to look more or less like Figure 1. Figure 1: Our Design The Code You can most likely already deduce that we will cover four FTP operations today. These are: • Uploading a file to an FTP Server • Downloading a file from an FTP Server • Deleting a file from an FTP Server • Renaming a file on an FTP Server Before we can do any of those, we need to import the necessary namespaces into our project. Add them now: Imports System.Net 'Web Imports System.IO 'Files The System.Net namespace enables you to work with Internet protocols, Internet Web pages, and Internet resources. The System.IO namespace enables you to work with any file. Uploading a File to an FTP Server Add the following code behind the button Labeled 'UPLOAD': 'Upload File to FTP site Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) _ Handles Button1.Click 'Create Request To Upload File' Dim wrUpload As FtpWebRequest = DirectCast(WebRequest.Create _ ("ftp://ftp.test.com/file.txt"), FtpWebRequest) 'Specify Username & Password' wrUpload.Credentials = New NetworkCredential("user", _ 'Start Upload Process' wrUpload.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.UploadFile 'Locate File And Store It In Byte Array' Dim btfile() As Byte = File.ReadAllBytes("c:\file.txt") 'Get File' Dim strFile As Stream = wrUpload.GetRequestStream() 'Upload Each Byte' strFile.Write(btfile, 0, btfile.Length) 'Free Memory' End Sub First up, an FtpWebRequest object gets created. This object will be responsible for sending the specific FTP commands to either identify the user or do a certain function, such as uploading a file. In a Credentials request, I sent through a username and password that were made up (in my case, as this is just an example). I then specified that I want to upload a file. The File stream is then read and sent byte by byte until the Upload is complete. Easy, peasy. The rest of the code will have a lot of similarities. Obviously, there are more advanced ways of doing this, but this article exists to help you get the basics right as well as familiarize yourself with FTP. Add the following code: 'Download A File From FTP Site' Private Sub Button2_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) _ Handles Button2.Click 'Create Request To Download File' Dim wrDownload As FtpWebRequest = _ 'Specify That You Want To Download A File' wrDownload.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.DownloadFile 'Specify Username & Password' wrDownload.Credentials = New NetworkCredential("user", _ 'Response Object' Dim rDownloadResponse As FtpWebResponse = _ 'Incoming File Stream' Dim strFileStream As Stream = _ 'Read File Stream Data' Dim srFile As StreamReader = New StreamReader(strFileStream) 'Show Status Of Download' Console.WriteLine("Download Complete, status {0}", _ srFile.Close() 'Close End Sub 'Delete File On FTP Server' Private Sub Button3_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) _ Handles Button3.Click 'Create Request To Delete File' Dim wrDelete As FtpWebRequest = _ CType(WebRequest.Create("ftp://ftp.test.com/file.txt"), _ 'Specify That You Want To Delete A File' wrDelete.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.DeleteFile 'Response Object' Dim rDeleteResponse As FtpWebResponse = _ CType(wrDelete.GetResponse(), _ 'Show Status Of Delete' Console.WriteLine("Delete status: {0}", _ End Sub As I mentioned, there are a lot of similarities between the previous code and these two pieces. Button 2 downloads a file from FTP. Button 3 deletes a file from an FTP location, all using the same techniques I demonstrated earlier with uploading a file. Add the last bit of code: 'rename File On FTP Server' Private Sub Button4_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) _ Handles Button4.Click 'Create Request To Rename File' Dim wrRename As System.Net.FtpWebRequest = _ CType(FtpWebRequest.Create("ftp://ftp.test.com/file.txt"), _ 'Specify Username & Password' wrRename.Credentials = New NetworkCredential("user", _ 'Rename A File' wrRename.Method = WebRequestMethods.Ftp.Rename wrRename.RenameTo() = "TEST.TXT" 'Determine Response Of Operation' Dim rResponse As System.Net.FtpWebResponse rResponse = CType(wrRename.GetResponse, FtpWebResponse) 'Get Description' Dim strStatusDesc As String = rResponse.StatusDescription 'Get Code' Dim strStatusCode As FtpStatusCode = rResponse.StatusCode If strStatusCode <> Net.FtpStatusCode.FileActionOK Then MessageBox.Show("Rename failed. Returned status = _ " & strStatusCode & " " & strStatusDesc) MessageBox.Show("Rename succeeded") End If Catch ex As Exception MessageBox.Show("Rename failed. " & ex.Message) End Try End Sub The preceding code renames a file at an FTP location. I also introduced the FtpWebResponse class that assists in giving feedback to operations. In this case, I tested the response and, if an error is returned, I will know that there is something wrong. Knowing when and how to work with the Internet's many different protocols is essential in any decent application. This article was originally published on July 6th, 2016 About the Author Hannes DuPreez Hannes du Preez is a self-taught developer who started learning to program in the days of QBasic. He has written several articles over the years detailing his programming quests and adventures. .NET is his second love, just after his wife and kid. He has always been an avid supporter of .NET since the beginning and is an expert in VB and C#. He was given the Microsoft Most Valuable Professional Award for .NET (2008–2017). He has worked as a moderator and an article reviewer on online forums and currently works as a C# developer and writes articles for CodeGuru.com, Developer.com, DevX.com, and the Database journal. His first book Visual Studio 2019 In Depth is currently on sale on Amazon and Bpb Publications. You could reach him at: ojdupreez1978[at]gmail[dot]com Related Articles Most Popular Programming Stories More for Developers RSS Feeds
Scottish National Dictionary (1700–) Hide Quotations Hide Etymology Cite this entry KNOIT, n.1 Also noit, noyt (Rnf. 1837 Crawfurd MSS. XI. 320), nuit; knite, knyte; and derivs. noityon, nutyeen, for the second syllable of which compare bunion. [(k)nɔit; ne.Sc. knəit] 1. A big bit, a large piece, a chunk, a hunk, lump (n.Sc. 1808 Jam.; ne.Sc. 1960, knyte); fig. a strong, sturdily built person (ne.Sc. 1960). Also dims. knytie, knytach(ie) (Bnff.3 c.1925), knitelich (Abd.15 1924), knoitle (Ags. 1919 T.S.D.C.). Abd. 1882 W. Alexander My Ain Folk 180: He tried to tak' 'er up for sellin' butter wi' a knyte o' croods i' the hert o' ilka pun' o't. Rnf. 1884 J. Nicholson Willie Waugh 20: Big knoits o' chuckies, causey stanes o' granite. Ags. 1896 A. Blair Robin and Marget 82: I gaed an' got the wee goblet, put in water, a wee knoit butter, an' a tick meal. Mry.1 1925: A knite o' a loon. Abd. 1957 People's Jnl. (9 Nov.): The awfaest knyte o' beef ye ever saw. Hence knoity, of a person: sturdy, stocky. Per. 1857 J. Stewart Sketches 47: The watch-dog o' the wee toun Is nappy, knoity Donal' Mac. 2. A lump of wood used as a ball in shinty. Hdg. 1883 J. Martine Reminisc. 84: Many a tough game has been played there, and many hard knocks and sore shins had to be endured before the “nuit” was “doulled.” 3. A knob, a lump, bump, a swelling on the joint of the big toe, a bunion (Ayr. 1880 Jam., noit(yon); Uls. 1905 Uls. Jnl. Archæol. 125; Kcd. 1960), a rounded protuberance such as a knuckle-joint (Kcb.4 1900). Hence knoited, -y, adj., knobby, knotted, noytit, nutit, lumpy, having prominent bones (Rnf. 1837 Crawfurd MSS. XI. 320). Sc. 1834 A. Picken Black Watch I. 271, 273: He's rough and uncouth for a' his quality, besides having big knoity knees o' his ain. . . . It would gravel me to the bottom o' my stomach, to see that knoity-kneed Crombie win the day. Deriv.: nittle [ < knuitle], a horn just appearing on an animal's head, one of the small stunted horns of a sheep (Cld. 1825 Jam.). Hence nittled, having such horns (Ib.) 4. A small rocky hill (Gall. 1824 MacTaggart Gallov. Encycl. 366). Now only in place-names (Kcb.). [An altered form of knot, cf. Dotter, Doiter; Gote, goit; Stot, Stoit; Tote, toit. The diphthongisation is appar. felt to add emphasis. There may also be some influence from Knoit, v., n.2] "Knoit n.1". Dictionary of the Scots Language. 2004. Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. Accessed 28 Feb 2020 <> Try an Advanced Search Browse SND:
In 2017, there was a 9% increase in fatal collisions involving large trucks or buses. Why? Too often, the answer is speed and “speed kills.” Companies employ drivers who are paid in such a way that getting to the destination sooner than later may earn more money. Drivers are sometimes paid so little that driving more hours is required to make a decent living. But the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations have numerous requirements for hours of service and qualifications. A driver has a 14-hour window during which he can drive 11 hours, but no more than 8 consecutive hours before he or she must take a 30-minute break. Once the 14-hour window closes, the driver must be off duty for 10 hours. By 2019, most truck tractors must be equipped with an electronic hour of service data recording system. For vehicles over 26,000 pounds, such as tractor-trailer combinations, the driver must comply with the driver qualification regulations and must have a Commercial Driver’s License issued by a state who tested him, or must otherwise be tested by the employer. Even trucks less than 26,000 pounds, but more than 10,000 pounds are required to comply with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations if the employer’s state has adopted them, as Pennsylvania has, with some exceptions. Many collisions occur due to drivers being fatigued, or just distracted. Most states prohibit the use of cell phones during operation. It is curious whether GPS usage is distracting drivers. Serious injuries and deaths are caused by careless lane changes, loss of control or cargo loads being unsecured and/or too heavy. Simple rear end collisions can be devastating. These result from excess speed or following too closely. Trucking practices recommend that drivers on high speed roads maintain a time at a certain speed that will provide enough distance to stop. At a minimum, trucks, like cars, must travel at a speed within which they can stop before striking the car in front. As a car driver, always know what vehicles are nearest to you and how they appear to be traveling.
Red Quinoa & White Quinoa Nutritional Comparison Although many types of quinoa exist in the Andes where it originates, only a few types are available on grocery store shelves, including red, white and black quinoa. White and red quinoa are very similar in nutritional value, but red quinoa may have an edge due to its antioxidant capacity. Quinoa is categorized as a grain, but it's actually the fruit. Credit: WildLivingArts/iStock/GettyImages What Is Quinoa? Quinoa has been eaten for thousands of years by Andean indigenous cultures, but it's only recently become popular in the West. Now, many people interested in eating healthier have their eye on this nutritional powerhouse. In 2013, the United Nations Headquarters declared the "International Year of Quinoa" due to its potential role in ending hunger, malnutrition and poverty. Quinoa is categorized as a grain, but it's actually the fruit of a plant in the Amaranthaceae family, and a close cousin to amaranth, beets and tumbleweed. It's often referred to as a pseudo-grain, because it's eaten in the same way as a grain. The quinoa plant also has edible leaves, although they are not widely available to consumers. According to an article published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety in July 2016, red and white quinoa nutrition surpasses that of most cereal grains. In addition to its macronutrients and micronutrients, quinoa is also rich in naturally occurring plant chemicals that offer additional benefits to human health. Calories and Protein in Quinoa Red and white (sometimes off-white or yellow in color) have nearly identical macronutrient profiles. Both types of quinoa have the same amount of calories as white and brown rice — around 105 per ounce, dry. However, they both have a higher nutrient density than rice. Quinoa is known for its protein content, with approximately 4 grams per ounce. It is also unique, because it's one of the few plant foods offering a complete amino acid profile. Amino acids are the basic units of protein. Your body metabolizes protein into its constituent amino acids, and uses them to build proteins in the body that support muscles, bones and teeth and act as chemical messengers, enzymes and antibodies. There are 20 amino acids in total, nine of which are considered "essential," according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine. You must get these essential amino acids from your diet, while your body can make non-essential amino acids itself. Typically, plant foods are "incomplete" protein sources because they are either low in or missing one or more of the essential amino acids. Although this does not necessarily make them poor protein sources, it means that you must eat a variety of plant foods, or include animal proteins in your diet, in order to get everything you need. If you regularly include white or red quinoa in your diet, your bases are covered. Read more: 5 Tips for Eating Protein the Right Way Carbohydrate and Fat Content As far as grains go, red and white quinoa are relatively low in carbohydrates, with about 18 grams per ounce, dry. Of those 18 grams, 2 grams come from dietary fiber, or roughage, which is the indigestible parts of plant cell walls that can't be digested by the human body. Although dietary fiber doesn't offer any nutrients, it's important to good health for several reasons: • Fiber slows digestion and adds bulk to stool, which helps it pass more easily and prevents constipation; • It helps maintain bowel health, potentially preventing colon cancer and other diseases affecting the colon; • Fiber lowers cholesterol levels by carrying some of the bad cholesterol out of the body in waste; • It helps control blood sugar by slowing the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream; • It leads to greater feelings of satiety, thus aiding weight loss and weight maintenance. Red and white quinoa also provide small amounts of fat — approximately 1.75 grams per dry ounce. Most of this fat content comes from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. In moderation, these types of fats can have health benefits, helping to lower bad cholesterol and blood pressure and potentially prevent heart disease and stroke. White and Red Quinoa Micronutrients Like other grains, white and red quinoa boast a range of vitamins and minerals. Both are particularly good sources of the following: Folate, a B vitamin necessary for the creation of red blood cells that carry fresh oxygen throughout the body. Folate is an especially important vitamin for pregnant women and those who plan to become pregnant, as adequate amounts can prevent birth defects. Thiamin, a B vitamin that plays an important role in energy metabolism and healthy cell growth, development and functioning. Vitamin B6, another B vitamin involved in over 100 enzymatic reactions, primarily those related to protein metabolism. B6 also plays a role in cognitive development, immune function and the creation of red blood cells. Iron, a mineral required for making red blood cells, muscle metabolism and connective tissue integrity, neurological development, physical growth, cell function and hormone synthesis. Manganese, a mineral involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acid, cholesterol and glucose. Manganese also supports the formation of bones, reproduction and immune function, and fights free radicals that contribute to disease development. Copper, a mineral involved in the production of energy, metabolism of iron and the synthesis of connective tissue and neurotransmitters. Magnesium, a mineral required for the synthesis of genetic material and protein, the structural development of bone, and the production of energy. Magnesium also helps control blood pressure and blood glucose and transports calcium and potassium across cell membranes, which is crucial for regulating heart rhythm, nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction. Read more: 13 Powerful Grains and Seeds Antioxidant Activity of Quinoa All plants have naturally occurring compounds called phytonutrients, or phytochemicals. Many of these act as antioxidants, which have been shown to fight oxidative stress and the creation of free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to the development of disease, including cancer. Quinoa contains a variety of these chemical compounds, including phenols and flavonoids. According to a study in Food Chemistry in January 2015, red, white and black types of quinoa contain more than 23 different phenolic compounds. However, among the three colors, red and black quinoa have more robust phenolic and antioxidant profiles than white quinoa. This is due to their deeper color, a product of a type of plant pigment called betacyanin, a powerful antioxidant that gives many red and purple plants their hues. A study published in August 2012 in Food and Nutrition Sciences tested the phenolic content of red and yellow quinoa seeds and found that red quinoa had significantly higher levels than yellow quinoa. Because of this, the researchers concluded that red quinoa could be a powerful functional food and contribute significantly to the management and prevention of diseases related to free radical damage. Load Comments
What Do I Do If My Dog Bites a Frog? Flushing a dog's mouth with water and seeking prompt medical attention is crucial after a dog bites a frog or toad, according to Petplace.com. It is especially important if the dog bites a venomous Colorado River toad or the giant toad, which is also called the marine toad. Symptoms of exposure include pawing at the mouth and/or eyes; drooling and foaming at the mouth; difficulty breathing; unsteadiness; and seizures, states petMD. The dog may also run a fever and have an irregular heartbeat. The venom of the Colorado River toad and the giant toad can be fatal to dogs, even in small doses. The veterinarian performs an electrocardiogram to monitor the dog's heart rhythm, notes Petplace.com. Supportive care with intravenous fluids, cardiac medications and sedation may be necessary. Testing does not show the presence of the toxin, so diagnosis is based on visual confirmation of toad parts in the digestive tract or based on reports from the owner. Prognosis varies, explains petMD. If a dog gets veterinary treatment within 30 minutes, before large amounts of venom are absorbed, it has a good chance of recovery. If more time has elapsed, or if the dog is a small breed, its prognosis becomes poor.
Back when music recorded on tape, in-studio re-takes and do-overs would be accomplished with theJohn Denver “punch-in.” Basically, the recording engineer would stand by until the right spot in the song and then literally punch the record and play heads so the artist could dub in their vocal or instrumental track. Occasionally a bad punch-in would happen, and if it happened at the wrong spot there was nothing that could be done to clean it up short of re-recording whatever tracks already existed, so the decision became either live with something no one would probably hear anyway, or spend the time and money to clean up a one second error. Obviously, a lot of music got released with bad punch-ins. In the era of the Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) doing a punch-in still requires skill, even though the tape startup time and the tiny little timing gap between the play and record heads have been eliminated. Bad punch-ins can also be easily cleaned up digitally, so recordings today are a lot more pristine than they were even 20 years ago. Listen carefully at the 1:32 mark of John Denver’s 1972 mega-smash hit Rocky Mountain High. As Denver sings the line “he climbed” you’ll hear a slight stutter where the word “he” seems to tear the tempo for a split-second. His vocal also seems to get a little louder and the level of reverb increases – if only for a ½ a second. That’s what a bad punch-in at a critical spot in a song that can’t be easily cleaned up sounds like. You’ve heard the song thousands of times, but you’ve probably never heard that. Pretty much from now on, whenever you hear Rocky Mountain High in the future, you’ll shush everyone around you and point out the bad punch the recording engineer couldn’t take back.
How the 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Came to Be the ‘Greatest Gathering of Conqueror and Conquered’ Fifty Years After the Civil War Battle, Politicians Preached Patriotic Amnesia, While Veterans Attempted to Find Solace The old veterans couldn’t wait to come. Roads ran thick with automobiles and horse buggies. Most arrived on the nation’s sprawling rails. A few walked more than 100 miles. An 85-year-old man, fearing his son would prevent him from going, crawled out a window and caught a train. Altogether, an estimated 50,000 of the blue and gray trekked to the Great Reunion, a grand commemoration at iconic Gettysburg, on that battle’s 50th anniversary: July 1 to 3, 1913. Why did they go? According to the many politicians and generals who … Why Do We Salute Volunteer Soldiers but Scorn Professional Warriors? Since the Mexican-American War, Army Regulars Haven't Always Been Treated as Heroes In the United States today, citizens often express their patriotism through the celebration of military service. Politicians, sports leagues, and charities ask Americans to show special reverence and gratitude to … The Civil War Was Won By Immigrant Soldiers Fully One in Four Union Fighters Was Foreign-Born In the summer of 1861, an American diplomat in Turin, then the capital of Italy, looked out the window of the U.S. legation to see hundreds of young men forming …
Connecting people's lives through better hearing. Earwax Removal Cerumen, also known as earwax, is naturally produced by the glands in the ears to lubricate the ear canals and keep dust and debris from getting too far down in the ear canal. Cerumen typically clears itself from the ears, but in some instances can accumulate and cause a blockage, especially if you wear earmolds or hearing aids. Symptoms of a cerumen blockage include: • Earache • Tinnitus (ringing of the ears) • Decreased hearing • Feeling of ear fullness • Dizziness If a blockage occurs, it may need to be removed. This can be done at home or at your hearing care professional’s office, depending on the size and severity of the blockage. At-home earwax removal In some instances, your physician may send patients home with an at-home earwax removal kit. Earwax removal kits can also be purchased over the counter in most drug stores. These kits generally consist of a liquid that softens earwax and a small rubber bulb syringe. You will be given directions on how much and how often to apply the liquid to your ear canals, allowing it to sit for a short amount of time in your ears to soften up the earwax. Bubbling and fizzing sensations in your ears are normal with use. You will then use the bulb syringe to gently flush your ears with warm (not hot) water to remove the earwax. It may take several days to completely clear earwax blockages from your ear. There are contraindications to using these kits in some people and with some ear conditions. Before attempting at-home earwax removal, it is advised to speak with your hearing care provider to be sure it is safe for you. Earwax removal methods to avoid People commonly use cotton swabs to try and remove earwax or dislodge a blockage. However, this can sometimes cause more problems as cotton swabs may push the blockage further down into the ear canal, risking even more damage to the ear. Cotton swabs themselves can also be accidentally inserted too far into the ear canal and can compact wax further or puncture your eardrum. Physicians generally agree that cotton swabs are a bad idea for removing earwax and should only be used on the outer portions of your ear. You should never insert cotton swabs or any small object into your ear canal. Removal at your hearing provider’s office If the earwax blockage is more significant, it may need to be removed at your hearing care professional’s office. Hearing specialists typically use one of two methods to remove earwax: irrigation or curettage. Irrigation is one method your hearing specialist will use to remove blockages. Unlike at-home earwax removal kits, your hearing professional may use stronger earwax removal medications in conjunction with irrigation. Carbamide peroxide is typically the main ingredient in these medications. Irrigation is the most effective and safest way to remove earwax that is close to or embedded on the ear drum, however some patients become dizzy because the water has an effect on the Vestibular system. The other method is with a curettage. A curette is a long, curved tool that may also be used with suction to remove cerumen from the ear canal. This method has no dizziness risk, but it is not as safe to remove wax that is embedded on the ear drum as irrigation. If you experience pain or discomfort as a result of earwax or suspect you have a blockage, it's important that you see your hearing health professional as soon as possible to address the issue. Removing earwax doesn't have to be painful and should bring you relief.
Bring in the Fresh Air The Wall Street Journal ran an article this week on fresh air. The article described some current research being done on the effect of varying levels of fresh air on office productivity. Subjects were placed in office setting for periods of time, receiving differing amounts of fresh ventilation air. They were then given tests to assess their cognitive abilities. As it turns out, subjects who received significantly more fresh air than is suggested by current guidelines did demonstrably better on these cognitive tests. The researchers involved identified common office toxins that build up in indoor air as the culprit in lowering cognitive ability. Fresh air got rid of those toxins, increasing cognitive ability. The standard guidance for ventilation rates comes from ASHRAE, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality in particular is the industry standard for adequate ventilation. The research suggest ventilation rates twice the standard produce significant and measurable benefits. This is not to knock ASHRAE. The organization has arguably done more than any other body to advance sustainable development of the built environment. What it does suggest is that ASHRAE’s guidance may be based on outdated data. When 62.1 was created, were there computers and printers in offices? Were infiltration rates from building leakiness the same as today? Was the science behind healthy environments as advanced as it is today? Maybe not. What this new research suggest is that the time may be ripe to re-assess the assumptions that underpin 62.1. Doubling fresh air requirements will have a negative affect on energy efficiency. It takes a lot of energy to move and temper outdoor air to make it suitable as indoor air. Doubling ventilation rates will significantly increase the amount of energy it takes to maintain a healthy indoor environment. This will in turn take us a step backward on our quest toward net-zero buildings that are healthy. Bottom line: Bring on the fresh air. Follow Mike Sealander, Maine Licensed Architect:
Striped Whip Snake Striped Whip Snakes are long, slender non-venomous snakes that grow up to 70 inches in length. They are dark gray, brown, or black on top and typically have two continuous or broken light lengthwise white stripes on each side of their bodies. They have a broad head, large eyes and a slender neck. The belly is yellowish. Natural History Striped Whip Snakes can be found throughout the west, and are generally found in grasslands and dry brushy flatland to rugged mountainous terrain dominated by pinyon-juniper and open pine-oak woodlands at elevations from sea level to 9,400 feet. The snakes prefer moist areas near streams, where they forage. They often use rocky outcrops, rodent burrows, vegetation for shelter. The name "whipsnake" comes from the fact that the snake somewhat resembles a leather whip. Whipsnakes prey on lizards, snakes, frogs, insects, small birds and rodents. Occasionally, a small venomous snake may be eaten. During the day, it hunts with head held high, scanning for possible prey. The snakes typically breed in early spring using abandoned rodent burrows as nesting sites. Females laying between 3-12 eggs in June or July. The young hatch in late summer and are about 15 inches long. Males mature faster than females and reach breeding age in two years, and the females, at three years of age. Back to Flora & Fauna
Scale: 1017 meters = 10 Pm = 100 petameters (~10 light years) The Nearest Stars This image is 10 light years across. We have finally traveled far enough to see our neighboring stars. Within this local volume of 1000 cubic light years there are only eleven known stars, including our Sun. Most of these stars are either red dwarfs or are binary star systems. There is no other lone star like our Sun within this enormous volume of space. Our nearest neighbor is Proxima Centauri with its nearby companion double star Alpha Centauri. These stars lie just over four light years away from the Sun and are seen as the three dots directly above the Sun in this image. This is the last of the jumps in which the background stars are not shown. One of the points I have wanted to emphasize in this sequence is the incredible vastness and emptiness of space. From our vantage point 20 light years from home, I hope you can appreciate how truly alone we are. At this time we have no way of knowing how common life is among the stars. For the 99.999 999% of us who will never leave the surface of our planet, Earth is the only home we will ever know. Earth is unique -- and will continue to be unique even if we find that life is a common result of the formation of stars and planets. Copyright © 2016 by Bruce Bryson
Enciclopedia de la Literatura en México The Norther = El norte Recognized in Mexico as one of the country's most important contemporary dramatists, Emilio Carballido has only recently become known in other countries through his plays and short stories. This translation introduces Carballido as a novelist. In The Norther what makes and breaks human relationships is his central interest as he traces the course of a relationship between a widow and a young man. The characters are created as their emotional and psychological outlines are drawn, and it is in the characterization that the hand of the dramatist is revealed. But it is Carballido's novelistic talent that has made The Norther the object of widely divergent interpretations. The critical conflict aroused by this novel is discussed in an Introduction by the translator, Margaret Sayers Peden. * Esta contraportada corresponde a la edición de 1968. La Enciclopedia de la literatura en México no se hace responsable de los contenidos y puntos de vista vertidos en ella.
Slaughterhouse-Five, Kurt Vonnegut Tags: , 5 Responses to “Slaughterhouse-Five, Kurt Vonnegut” 1. Jonah D. Says: Summary- Slaughter House 5, written by Kurt Vonnegut, is a novel that loosely follows the real life events that occurred and affected a scrawny teenager named Billy Pilgrim who was drafted into WWII. Billy Pilgrim is constantly ill-prepared for life in general, and being a part of the Army, he constantly lacks the needed skill and brain power to excel, but somehow he survives. Moments after he is deployed into warfare, he is captured by Nazi German soldiers, and locked up as a prisoner of war. During Billy Pilgrim’s experiences in battle, he is convinced that he traveled through time, and saw his entire life from beginning to end. During his time as a prisoner of war, other prisoners treat him with respect, and plan how they will survive. However shortly after they scheme plans to escape, bombs are dropped on their location killing 130,000 soldiers, POW’s, and innocent bystanders, Billy Pilgrim, alongside his fellow prisoners survive in an airtight meat locker. After the bombing they are rescued, and this concluded Billy Pilgrim’s time in the Army. As an Army veteran, Billy Pilgrim constantly experiences post-traumatic stress disorder, and high levels of depression. Billy Pilgrim socially succeeds in life after the war with a high income, a solid marriage, however his mental problems lead him to believe, that he is captured by aliens called Tralfamadorians. Billy goes in and out of what is real in life, and predicts his own death, shortly after he is forced to visit psych wards for his mental problems. Billy waits for death, because he feels life has little meaning. RATING- 1 star Response- My personal response to this book was that I thought it lacked organization in almost all of the text, and I believe that basing a book entirely off of a mentally disoriented Army solider makes for a confusing, and poorly written book. Overall, I think this is one of the worst books I have read, and I would not ever recommend this book to someone else. Recommendations: The Giver, Siddhartha, and Into thin Air 2. Ben D. Says: Overview: Vonnegut’s book “Slaughterhouse-Five” revolves around the main protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, a man who takes part in World War II and is present at the bombing of Dresden in 1945. The book involves Billy recalling his memories and reciting them to the reader, talking of how he visited old friends from the war to get their accounts of the Dresden Bombing. The story goes on a strange tangent after this point. Pilgrim almost becomes obsessed with recounting what happened in February, 1945. The rest of the book involves Aliens. “Slaughterhouse-Five” is not an easy to read book. The book drags on in a single area for far too long. The characters are not given a large or varied personality, and the story only slightly static. However, Vonnegut does do a good job of describing what it must have been like to be in the concentration camp at the time of the Dresden Bombing. He adds small details like recalling a memory of an American soldier being shot for taking a teapot from a ruined house after the bombing. But the addition of the Aliens to the book took its edge away. 3. Martin S. Says: Summary: The protagonist of Slaughterhouse V is a time traveling soldier from World War II who is captured by Germans and put in a makeshift prison that used to be a slaughterhouse, slaughterhouse five, to be exact. After the war, the time traveling soldier is abducted by aliens called Tralfamadorians, who apparently can see everything that happened, will happen, and is happening in time. At the end, our time traveling World War II soldier protagonist is killed via laser gun assassination at a speech he gives about flying saucers as revenge for something he didn’t do. I wish I was making this up. Evaluation: This book was somewhat preceded by its reputation as a classic, and, honestly, it does not live up to that reputation. I had heard that this book had been banned in certain countries and it made me curious as to why, what was contained in the pages of Slaughterhouse V that was so radical that it had to be banned. Well, it turned out that the book was banned because it was too boring to be considered entertainment. You might think that with the aliens, and time travel, and World War II setting, there’s no way this book couldn’t be exciting. Well, I now hold the firm belief that Slaughterhouse V was written by Kurt Vonnegut in order to show that even time traveling aliens can be boring. Not only that, but the book contains no radical ideas, no new thinking, no nothing that it could be banned for. Not even in the 1950s when it was written. Basically, it’s boring, don’t read it. Go read a cereal box instead. Rating: I wish I could give it zero stars. Recommendations: Go read something interesting like Foundation, or Of Mice and Men, if you’re looking for a classic. 4. Devin V. Says: It is difficult to write a summary for Slaughterhouse Five, as the book eschews traditional structure, and has almost no resemblance to the traditional ‘set up, conflict, rising action, climax’ structure that most books follow. Furthermore, the book barely has a beginning, middle, and end. The book follows, for the most part, the life of an average American named Billy Pilgrim. Billy was drafted into WWII at a young age, and was subject to several historical events, most notably the bombing of Dresden. After the war, Billy becomes a wealthy doctor, and starts a life in small town Illium, the setting of several of Vonnegut’s stories. After a near fatal plane crash, Billy apparently loses his mind, insisting that he’d been abducted by aliens many years before, and kept on a zoo on their home planet. Through the aliens, Billy became ‘unstuck in time,’ traveling to different parts of his life at random, never knowing where he’ll end up. The book does not have a set conflict or climax, and much of it is anecdotes and dry descriptions of wherever and whenever Billy is in that scene. If the 10 chapters were cut up and put back together in random order, the book could mostly be read and understood just the same. Kurt Vonnegut has an incredibly distinctive style that shines through in all his writings, but especially this one. His descriptions are often long and dry. This sounds like a knock on the book, but it isn’t. Yes, his style certainly isn’t for everybody. Many will find the endless seemingly irrelevant anecdotes boring, but I find them fascinating. Due to the short length of the book and the relative lack of actual action, the book can be read very quickly, but you’ll want some time to really absorb it all. Like in Vonnegut’s other works, there are many completely nonsensical elements to the book, like the little green aliens that see with their hands. But these things are written in such a mundane fashion that they hardly seem out of the ordinary. This book features time travel and aliens, but never feels like science fiction. The nonsense bits never seem hard to swallow, which is a testament to Vonnegut’s ability as a writer. He inserts his viewpoints and philosophies on the main themes of the novel (fate, free will, war, human life), but never comes of as overbearing or preachy. The book almost reads as a diary, with dozens of characters that never get expanded on, random anecdotes on things that have little to do with the ‘plot,’ short sentences, and comparatively little dialogue. As I’ve said before, this style is certainly not recommended for everybody, but I personally loved this book, like I do all of Vonnegut’s work. 5. Azevedo Says: Amazing book! Read 4 or 5 of his books after this one. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
10 resources to accurately provide Indigenous people’s history from Tribal College Journal Indigenous Peoples’ History: An Annotated Bibliography Teaching American Indian history, or history in general, has transformed dramatically over the past 20 years. Much of this is due to technological advancements such as PowerPoint, online resources, and web platforms such as Blackboard. But in large part it is also due to our changing perspectives on the past. The one truism to remember when teaching history is that all history is revisionism. Our present-day realities shape the way we think about the past and interpret historical trends and figures. All too often, wide-eyed freshmen (and many others) cling to the notion that somehow history is a social science. Many institutions place the field in the social sciences department, right alongside psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It’s true that history is based on a set of facts and events that are unchangeable. For example, Christopher Columbus’ three ships—the Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria—landed on an island in what is today the Bahamas in the year 1,492 of the Gregorian calendar. But our interpretation of those facts changes dramatically from generation to generation. Years ago, many people learned that Columbus “discovered” America and that the world changed for the better because of it, a belief held so strongly that the United States has a federal holiday commemorating the man. Today, I would venture to guess that very few college-level instructors teach this interpretation of Columbus and his voyage. While all may not portray him as a man driven by greed who committed countless atrocities, most at least complicate the narrative and point out that there is more than one story about Columbus. *Continue Reading
How QR Works With Crypto A QR code is a simple, fast, and secure way to share an address when transferring cryptocurrency between two devices. This is especially useful in face-to-face point-of-sale transactions, because copy and paste isn’t an option and it avoids having to type in very long codes by hand (if you get even one character wrong, it won’t work). In simple terms, to send crypto via a QR code: • The recipient needs to display the QR code of the address they want a specific cryptocurrency sent to. This is done with software, either merchant software designed for crypto or a wallet app. • The sender needs to scan the recipient’s QR code. Specifically, they need to open a wallet app that has a balance of the cryptocurrency being requested, enter the amount they want to send, select the QR option, scan the recipient’s QR code to get their address, verify everything is correct (the amount being sent AND the address), and then confirm the transaction. For more information, see how to send crypto. TIP: Scanning a QR code only grabs the public address of the recipient. It does not grab other data, you’ll still need to fill in the amount being sent and account for network fees as needed. TIP: Addresses are coin specific, you cannot for example send ETH to a BTC address. TIP: QR also works well for sending crypto between two devices. For example sending crypto to an exchange from a wallet app on your phone.
Human Fertility Database From Demography Jump to: navigation, search The Human Fertility Database (HFD) is a high-quality source of fertility-related data maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. It uses only government-collected data, including census data and records of births and deaths. Because of the high standards, data is limited to a few countries. It generally correlates well with the more widely available UN/Gapminder data, but on occasions where there are discrepancies (such as the 1966 anomaly for fertility in Japan) the HFD data is likely to be more reliable. Their website is
Kokudaka (石高) refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of koku of rice.[1] One 'koku' (roughly equivalent to five bushels) was generally viewed as the equivalent of enough rice to feed one person for a year. The actual revenue or income derived holding varied from region to region, and depended on the amount of actual control the fief holder held over the territory in question, but averaged around 40 percent of the theoretical kokudaka.[2] The amount taxation was not based on the actual quantity of rice harvested, but was an estimate based on the total economic yield of the land in question, with the value of other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice.[2] The ranking of precedence of the daimyō, or feudal rulers, was determined in part by the kokudaka of the territories under their administration.[1] In 1650, the total kokudaka of Japan was assessed at 26 million koku, with the Shōgun directly controlling 4.2 million koku.[2] See alsoEdit 1. ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Koku" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 549. 2. ^ a b c Beasley, William G (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804708150. pp. 14–15.
content of article Seven Days to Read the Prophet's Biography .To make it easier for our readers and to give everyone a chance to learn about the life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), we present the book, Muhammad: God's Messenger, in the form of seven booklets. They provide an account of the life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), from the time of his birth until he passed away after having fulfilled the task assigned to him and giving good counsel to all. These booklets introduce us to the Prophet's noble character, his humble life, and his conduct with his family at home, his companions and people in all different positions in society. It tells us how he strove to fulfil the task God assigned to him and we contemplate how he dealt with his enemies and the exceptional magnanimity he showed to all. We learn about his simple, but highly effective, method of advocating his message, based on wisdom and gentle admonition, and learn how keen he was to ensure that justice and security should be enjoyed by all people. In short, we realize that his life was a practical image of what God says about him in the Qur'an: "We have sent you as a manifestation of Our grace towards all the worlds." (21: 107) Tagged In: Prophet Muhammad Related Audios
Return To Blog Pigment-based Inks and Dye-based Inks: How are they are different? In the large format printing world, there are two predominate types of inks that are used: Pigment and Dye. Based on what you will be printing, one type of ink may be preferable over another. Many large format inkjet printers such as Canon, Epson and HP use dye-based inks. Inkjet printers geared toward graphics-heavy and photo printing use pigment-based inks. How are the inks different? Pigment-based inks are mixture of dry pigment and a liquid such as water or oil. The pigment doesn't dissolve in the liquid, rather it stays suspended. Dye-based inks are mixed with water and dissolve completely. During the printing process, both inks are sprayed out onto a given media. Pigment-based inks stay on top of the paper instead of being absorbed into it. Heat and pressure cause the liquid to evaporate and the color particles to bond to the surface of the paper. Dye-based inks also have heat and pressure applied but the ink is absorbed into the paper during the process. What ink type is best? Determining what type ink is best for you depends on what you're printing, what you're printing on and where or how your printed item will be used. Dye-based inks are water-soluble and the colors can run if they get wet (unless you are printing on special media). Dye-based inks are often brighter and more vibrant and lend themselves well for printing graphics-heavy items. Pigment-based inks don't fade as readily as dye-based and are more water resistant. Cost-wise, dye-based inks are generally cheaper that pigment-based inks. In the end, when determining what type of ink is best, consider how much you're willing to spend on inks, what types of things you will be printing and what type of media you will be using. Once you narrow these items down, you can then select the ideal large format printer for you that uses the best inks for your printing needs. If you have questions on what type of printer is best for you, visit the Plotters section of our website or contact us (866) 338-4464 or send us an email.
Atmospheric recovery litigation: making the fossil fuel industry pay to restore a viable climate system. Author:Wood, Mary Christina Position::I. Introduction into III. Recovery of Natural Resource Damages Under the Public Trust Doctrine D. Fiduciary Duties: Asset Protection and the Recovery for Damages 2. The Recovery of Natural Resource Damages, p. 259-293 - Developments in the Public Trust 1. INTRODUCTION II. THE CLIMATE PRECIPICE AND THE SCIENTIFIC PRESCRIPTION TO RESTORE ATMOSPHERIC EQUILIBRIUM III. RECOVERY OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES UNDER THE PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE A. The Trust Frame 1. The Constitutional Force of the Public Trust Doctrine 2. A Doctrine Organic to Government Itself 3. The Relationship of the Public Trust Doctrine to Statutory Law a. A Macro Focus b. An Active Duty c. Limited Discretion d. A Separate Set of Obligations B. The Trustees C. A Sovereign Co-Trusteeship D. Fiduciary Duties: Asset Protection and Recovery for Damages. 1. The Duty of Protection and Restoration 2. The Recovery of Natural Resource Damages a. Basis for Recovery: Statutory La w and Common Law b. Elements of a Natural Resources Damages Claim c. Defenses d. Valuation of Natural Resource Damages IV. RECOVERY OF NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES TO THE ATMOSPHERIC TRUST A. Atmosphere as Trust Res B. Trustees and Beneficiaries C. Fiduciary Authority and Duty to Recover Damages D. Liable Parties and Causation E. Jurisdiction F. Defenses G. Quantifying the Damages V. ATMOSPHERIC RECOVERY IMPLEMENTATION A. Atmospheric Recovery Plan B. Financing the Atmospheric Recovery Fund C. Atmospheric Recovery Litigation Partnerships 1. The Sovereign Advantage 2. Enforcement of Judgments D. The Functions of an Atmospheric Recovery Council: Implementation, Administration, Verification, and Tabulation E. Litigation Information Tracking System VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION As reports of planetary heating, glacier melt, sea level rise, species extinction, devastating droughts, and other consequences of human greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution flood the news, citizens and leaders increasingly recognize that climate disruption poses an existential threat to global civilization. (1) And yet, international law--the very structure that society relies upon to provide an organized response to common global threats--shows little capacity to create a logical and rapid response to this crisis. The starting point of any coherent response to this global danger is an understanding of what action remains necessary to stabilize the climate system. In December 2013, an international team of scientists led by Dr. James Hansen, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, issued a path-breaking report setting forth a clear prescription for restoring the planet's atmosphere to a safe level of 350 parts per million (ppm) carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]). (2) The prescription calls for two measures: 1) a global pathway of 6% annual C[O.sub.2] emissions reductions, beginning in 2013, and 2) a drawdown of 100 gigatons of carbon (GtC) from the atmosphere using reforestation and soil sequestration methods. (3) Both parts of this prescription--emissions reduction and drawdown measures--are essential to restoring climate stability, yet the window of time in which to accomplish this response is rapidly closing. (4) While international climate negotiations have been ongoing for decades, they show remarkably meager progress on emissions reduction, while the effects of climate change worsen. (5) Even as preparations move forward for the next major negotiation, faith in the international treaty process wanes among policy makers and citizens alike. (6) The simple fact remains that there is no global superpower capable of imposing responsibility for a common global asset such as the atmosphere. Without that, climate is left to the sporadic, arbitrary, and highly manipulated process of political negotiation. (7) Absent domestic will to clamp down on carbon emissions, nations have no inclination to offer commitments in international negotiations. As a narrow window of remaining opportunity closes fast, it is imperative to try other approaches not inconsistent with the international approach. An atmospheric trust approach invokes the public trust principle on the national and subnational level worldwide to establish a framework of global responsibility. (8) The public trust principle has roots dating back to Roman law and is manifest in nations throughout the world. (9) Having constitutional underpinnings lodged in the fundamental sovereign compact between government and citizens, (10) the principle requires legislatures and agencies to act as trustees in protecting natural resources vital to the welfare and survival of present and future generations of citizens. (11) A global campaign known as Atmospheric Trust Litigation was launched in 2011 to provide a legal structure geared toward forcing urgent emissions reduction around the world. (12) The approach recognizes that, while there is no panacea to a climate negotiation stalemate, domestic courts do have the power to order swift and decisive relief responsive to the climate crisis. (13) The litigation seeks judicial orders requiring governments to develop climate recovery plans that reduce emissions within their jurisdictions by 6% annually, the target established by the international team of scientists led by Dr. James Hansen. (14) This Article aims to map out a public trust framework for achieving the second side of the scientific climate prescription--drawdown of 100 gigatons (GT) of atmospheric carbon. While it remains feasible to create a common plan of atmospheric drawdown through natural processes such as reforestation and soil sequestration, the required funding for accomplishing such restoration would be significant. The public trust doctrine (PTD) offers an approach for securing such funding by holding the major corporate carbon polluters responsible for natural resource damages (NRDs) to the atmosphere. Public trust law requires sovereign trustees to seek recovery of monetary damages from third parties that have damaged public trust assets. (15) Corporations that pollute the oceans or waterways through accidental spills, for example, are regularly held accountable for NRDs. (16) The same principle can extend to the atmosphere, a global trust resource. In that context, the primary responsible parties are the major fossil fuel corporations, which purportedly have known for years that their fuel products pose hazards to Earth's climate system. (17) A groundbreaking study released in 2014 determined their proportionate responsibility for carbon emissions since the Industrial Revolution based on market share data and other evidence. (18) The largest fossil fuel corporations have reaped, collectively, more than one trillion dollars in profits since the millennium (19) and therefore represent a significant deep-pocketed funding source for atmospheric restoration. Nations around the world stand positioned, as cotrustees of the atmosphere, to seek such damages through their domestic legal systems, either by applying existing common law principles or by formulating new statutes that allow recovery. The following analysis does not purport to resolve or even identify every procedural impediment that may arise in such an effort. Rather, its purpose is to suggest a tangible framework that can stimulate a conversation missing entirely in the international climate negotiations and domestic policy circles: Whether fossil fuel corporations should be held responsible for the damage they have caused to Earth's vital life systems? The narrow window of time to prevent uncontrollable heating is closing rapidly, (20) and if the law is to be relevant at all, it must address the climate imperative and both sides of the scientific prescription with utmost urgency. (21) Part II explains the climate context and the scientific prescription to restore the planet's atmospheric equilibrium. Part III provides background on the PTD as it applies to the recovery of NRDs. Part IV presents a conceptual structure for holding major fossil fuel corporations liable for NRDs to the atmospheric trust. Part V offers approaches to both recovery of NRDs and implementation of an atmospheric recovery plan. It is probably safe to say that the law has never encountered a threat as pervasive, grave, and urgent as climate crisis. Scientists have warned that C[O.sub.2] and other GHG emissions place Earth in "imminent peril"--literally on the verge of an irreversible tipping point that would impose catastrophic conditions on generations of humanity to come. (22) Floods, hurricanes, killer heat waves, fires, disease, crop losses, food shortages, and droughts would arrive with far greater magnitude and regularity. (23) Rising sea levels would inundate coastal areas worldwide and trigger desperate mass human migrations. (24) In May 2010, two separate groups of scientists published papers warning that the melting of the Western Antarctic ice sheet is now unstoppable, and that it will cause an inevitable sea level rise of at least ten feet in the coming centuries. (25) They warn that most of the world's coastal cities will have to be abandoned. (26) According to Dr. James Hansen, society's continued carbon pollution will "transform the planet." (27) While some climate dynamics will unfold over long time spans, it is no longer possible to assume that severe threats are postponed for future generations. Earth has already warmed about 0.8[degrees]C over the past century. (28) A recent report of the U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program says unequivocally: "Climate change, once considered an issue for a distant future, has moved firmly into the present.... Precipitation patterns are changing, sea level is rising, the oceans are becoming more acidic, and the frequency and intensity of some extreme weather events are increasing." (29) Though climate disruption affects different parts of Earth in different ways--from droughts to floods to superstorms--no part of Earth remains safe from global heating. (30) Climate crisis threatens the basic habitability of the planet for humans and other species. (31) As Dr. Hansen and other scientists stated in an amicus brief... To continue reading
Smart GISA Gateway to Smart City Using 3D GIS Maps of Cities A 2.298Mb PDF of this article as it appeared in the magazine complete with images is available by clicking HERE Millions of dollars are lost to inefficient operation of city infrastructure and resources, like illegal construction, damaged roads, power line damages, disputes on land, city floods during rains and so on. The problem is inherently about scale–how can a city with limited enforcement and maintenance staff track and monitor every billboard, every construction site, or every inch of public infrastructure? They simply can’t, it is cost prohibitive to track micro changes in the built environment. But imagine an up-to-date, interactive 3D rendering of a city, accurate down to the millimetre–as is generated by Smart GIS. In this article, we present a scalable framework to create sophisticated 3-D GIS maps of cities, using SMART GIS, which will enable cities to create virtual urban-utility platforms, that will lead to resource optimization, direct governance, participatory operations of civil systems, etc, as envisioned for a "data-driven Smart city". It has been suggested that a smart city (also community, Business cluster, urban agglomeration or region) use information technologies to: 1) Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and other physical assets) to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.[14] 2) Engage effectively with local people in local governance and decision by use of open innovation processes and e-participation[15] with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design.[16][17] 3) Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances.[18] Presently, the Smart City construct would fall in the "early adopters" stage in the evolutionary cycle. That being said, having monitored and researched the progression of smart cities around the world, it is very encouraging to see maturing of the movement, as well as the regular fusion of new technologies. Many "Smart Cities" in Europe and the US have started creating highly precise & interconnected GIS maps using 3D survey technologies. GIS or Geographic Information Systems use computer-based systems to link maps and databases, creating a relationship between data, location, and information. GIS serves as the information back bone for data-driven smart cities. However, the tools for creating GIS so far, such as Satellite Imagery, Handheld GPS and Static Lasers are inaccurate, non-spatial, slow and limited in their scale of vision. As an alternative to that, here is a scalable approach to create highly accurate, spatial, fast and sophisticated cloud based 3D-GIS maps, using Smart GIS. The plan is to overlay multiple layers of data–computed and analysed on these maps, ultimately connecting it to the various stakeholders of the city. At the go, the idea sounds as fantastical as narrated by a science-fiction story, like the Matrix trilogy, where the city itself is a virtual platform! However, we are not going that far. We simply propose to create a virtual urban platform connecting the various players in the city via media networks. We propose to do so by overlaying precise up-to date 3-D renderings of city assets to its information and analyses and connecting it to the concerned urban actors via electronic networks. Different layers of information linked to different urban actors and stakeholders. The idea so far is simple–Scan the city, measure it, connect it and manage it! Nexus of disruptive technologies like distributed computing, deep learning & machine vision algorithms, cloud computing and advanced laser sensing (LiDAR) enable high resolution–aerial and ground surveys of cities to create highly precise 3-D, point-based, spatial maps. Deep learning techniques can rapidly process peta-bytes of survey data within hours to extract asset information maps. GIS maps, when integrated with other layers of city information and networking systems, present a huge opportunity for creating multiple data driven Smart City Platforms involving different stakeholders–the government, private sector, and the civil society. These layers can include building footprint locations, address information, energy consumption, street line markings, railroad and metro rail assets, waterway and wetland areas, surface and volume analysis of roadways, encroachments, neighborhood boundaries, election wards and districts, zoning boundaries, green area cover, etc. The applications are almost endless–from identifying illegal building conversions and overcrowding, to post-disaster damage assessments, to computing energy modelling of built environment, to comprehensive fire risk assessments combining external LiDAR scans with city records. Interfacing mobile terrestrial LiDAR with municipal data is the newest innovation in proactive enforcement and infrastructure management. This innovation will enable cities to cut costs, recover lost revenues, reduce corruption, increase accountability and deliver services proactively by creating accuracy, efficiency and transparency in the systems. Zurich, Edmonton, Barcelona, Berlin, Paris and many more cities across developed countries aim to be a prototype for such data-sensing "smart cities". These applications will be of more use in developing countries than developed countries, where the urban concerns on corruption, public funds management, city infrastructure and utilities are extreme. Large scale deployment and frequent audits will be possible through CivilMaps’ deep learning architecture and the sharing of reports with different stakeholders in the city will be enabled by CivilMaps cloud visualizer. It’s just around the corner… Online resources on Smart Cities, such as Data Smart City Solutions, Harvard University, MIT–Smart City Grid project, Wikipedia and various internet sources Research Paper titled "geoSmartCity: geomatics contribution to Smart City" by Daniel-Doran, Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada Anuj is the VP Business Development at CivilMaps. His work involves research in business and deep learning techniques.
10 Advantages of Intermodal Transport for Your Company Currently, a large number of goods movements are made through the combination of different means of transportation. This is what is known as intermodal transport, a method that uses at least two different modes of transport to move cargo units (UCIs), who’s transfer between one mode of transport and the next occurs without opening, something that minimizes load handling and prevents load rupture. Intermodal transport presents a series of competitive advantages that make it the ideal alternative for international exchanges, being, in many cases, the key to success in any management of the supply chain or logistics plan. How Does Intermodal Transport Benefit You? Reduction of Transport Times: The transport combination is used that is faster in each case in order to transport the goods to their destination. Minimization of Loading and Unloading Times: Due to the bundling of loads in intermodal transport units, the time used in loading and unloading tasks is reduced by 70%. The practical disappearance of downtime is the need to store merchandise in intermediate areas. Lower Costs in the Total Transport Operation: the most economical transport combination is analyzed according to the characteristics of each operation. Greater Comfort for the User since the Bureaucracy is Reduced to a Single Carrier: The intermodal transport operator is the one that manages all the Ro Ro Shipments operation in the different modes. It Fosters New Commercial Opportunities for Non-Traditional Exports: As a consequence of better transport services and the possibility of grouping cargoes, exporters can position their products in markets that are difficult to access at competitive prices. Reduced the risk of loss, or theft, especially at intermediate points when, transported in closed cargo units from the origin to the point of destination. Reduction of Controls: Fewer controls and inspections are carried out thanks to the sealing of the containers. Documentary Simplification: Even if different means of transport are used, the documentation is not the sum, but is unified for all of them. Ease in the Tracking of Merchandise: The control of merchandise is improved at every moment thanks to computer control as the so-called electronic data interchange (EDI).
Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. You are here Green businesses and cities at risk: How your waste management plan may be leading you in the wrong direction Businesses that attempt to meet sustainability goals through programs like “waste-to-energy,” “zero waste to landfill,” or “refuse derived fuel” undermine their own intentions by burning up valuable resources in polluting processes. The practice of burning waste using co-incineration in cement kilns and boilers has recently become more dangerous. A 2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency loophole made it easier to burn waste in non-incinerator combustion facilities with weaker emission regulations and reporting requirements. Business and cities should be aware that burning waste in any form and by any name is a false path to zero waste, and undermines true sustainability goals. Many companies are already shifting to better waste management practices and choosing better products and packaging, with subsequent cost savings and revenue increases. This report addresses the problems with burning waste, and recommends that businesses pursue true zero waste strategies and sustainability goals.
Sous Vide Cooking Temperature Checks – Measuring Water Bath and Food Temperatures Measuring temperature of food pouch Common Sous Vide Problem How do I know if the temperature reading on my sous vide immersion circulator or water oven is accurate? Sous vide cooks (both commercial and home cooks) know that the stability of your water bath temperature is super important in sous vide cooking. All sous vide immersion circulators and water ovens come with an in-built temperature gauge. But how do you know if that temperature gauge is accurate? Whilst most sous vide product brands work very hard to ensure consistency and accuracy of temperature readings, manufacturing errors can and sometimes do occur. So how do you overcome this problem? You measure the temperature of your water bath and the food in your food pouches with another thermometer. measuring accuracy of sous vide immersion circulator Temperature matters in sous vide cooking Food cooked sous vide retains important nutrients, is deliciously succulent and super flavorsome. This is because sous vide cooking is conducted at low temperatures. But cooking at low temperatures can also has less positive implications for the food you are cooking. eColi and other bacterial related concerns are very real. This is especially true in sous vide cooking where you are cooking meat over a long period of time. According to the USDA, any food held in the so-called temperature “danger zone” (between 40°F and 140°F) for more than two hours presents a risk of food-borne illness from the growth of pathogenic bacteria — whether it’s cooked sous vide or by conventional means. Harmful bacteria can’t grow above that temperature, and at around 135ºF, most bacteria will actually be destroyed after a few hours, making pasteurization possible. The good news is that most home sous vide immersion circulators and water ovens will let you know when you’re cooking in the danger zone. Checking the accuracy of your sous vide water oven or immersion circulator temperature gauge So how do you make sure that the thermometer in your immersion circulator or water oven is accurate? You measure the temperature with another good quality thermometer. In sous vide cooking, there are two temperatures you will want to measure: 1. The water bath itself 2. The food inside the food pouches in your water bath Photo credit: Now let us be clear. You will not gain pinpoint accuracy when checking these temperatures. Don’t use this test to measure tenths of degrees difference for example. Your sous vide machine has a variance of 0.5 – 1 degree on average. This means you ARE likely to have some small differences in readings. But for example, if you noticed 2 degrees difference between your immersion circulator displayed temperature and the temperature on the second thermometer you are using in your last sous vide cook and say 5 degrees this sous vide cook, then something could be wrong. Sous vide water bath and food pouch thermometer options Jump on Amazon and you will find hundreds of thermometer options. You will see that there are thermometers at around the few hundred dollar mark right down to pocket change. It is most convenient to purchase a thermometer to measure both your sous vide water bath temperature (liquid) AND the temperature of the food in food pouches whilst in the water bath during your sous vide cook. Quality is key here. You are literally making this purchase to ensure the food that you, your family and friends will be eating is safe and bacteria free. This purchase is to give you peace of mind. We are not saying you need to find the most expensive product on the market. But we are saying that you should look closely at the credentials of the company you are purchasing from along with reviewer feedback to make sure you are buying a reputable digital read thermometer. Here’s what you should look for in a quality thermometer for your sous vide cooking: • Is made with food grade stainless steel • Has a degrees celcius and farenheit switch feature (this allows you to cook with recipes in each measurement system without having to convert all of the time) • Operates with a wide temperature range • Offers a warranty or satisfaction guarantee • Is able to be calibrated • If you are after versatility of use, is able to be used in an oven as well (many are not) A very popular and reliable option to be used in your sous vide cooking is the Thermapen Mk4 by ThermoWorks. ThermoWorks hand assemble and hand test all of their products with a professional thermocouple circuit design. The Thermapen Mk4 is available in a variety of colors. ThermoWorks is a well respected and reputable brand in the sous vide cooking community. It is important to note here that any thermometer you choose for measuring the temperature of the food inside your food bags will tell you the temperature of the meat, NOT whether it is done or not. Sous vide food pouch temperature reading – you can’t just stick a needle in it! Thermometers used to measure the internal temperature of food come with a probe. The probe is what you insert into your food to determine it’s temperature. In sous vide cooking you cannot just stick the probe or needle directly into your food pouch. If you do, the contents of your food bag will leak into your water bath. That spells the end of your sous vide cook and ruined food. You need to use a sous vide foam tape such as the one offered by ThermoWorks. It seals your sous vide food pouch around the insertion point of the thermometer needle. (See picture left from This means you can measure the food temperature without leakage during insertion or after removal. Nifty right? “Check your checker” regularly OK. So you’ve used a thermometer to check your sous vide water bath temperature as well as the temperature of the food inside your food pouches. How do you know if the temperature on THAT thermometer is accurate? This sounds like consumerism gone mad doesn’t it. The good news is that you don’t need to get a third thermometer. You just need to calibrate your thermometer every twelve months or so. Calibrating involves checking, adjusting, or determining by comparison with a standard. This process ensures an accuracy of reading so that the thermometer can be used again and again with confidence. Calibrating your thermometer is a quick and easy task. Many analog and digital thermometers allow you to offset the temperature to adjust for the calibrated value. Here is how you can calibrate your thermometer at home: Method 1: Ice Water 1. Fill a glass with ice cubes, then top off with cold water 2. Stir the water and let sit for 3 minutes 3. Stir again, then insert your thermometer into the glass, making sure not to touch the sides 4. The temperature should read 32°F (0°C). Record the difference and offset your thermometer as appropriate Method 2: Boiling Water 1. Boil a pot of distilled water 2. Once the water has reached a rolling boil, insert your thermometer, making sure not to touch the sides or bottom of the pot 3. The temperature should read 212°F (100°C). Record the difference and offset your thermometer as appropriate NOTE: The readings in iced water may vary slightly between -1 degree C and 1 degree C. The readings in boiling water may vary slightly between 99 degrees C and 101 degrees C using a pan of boiling water. Don’t use a kettle for this test. Something to keep in mind Sous vide cooking is designed to be enjoyable, fun and rewarding. By using a thermometer to measure your water bath temperature and the temperature of the food in your food pouches, you can be confident that each meal you prepare is totally safe to eat and enjoy. Whether you are cooking for one or a whole dinner party worth of guests, temperature gauge testing gives you peace of mind. measuring temperature gauge Photo credit: Kitchen Gizmo Sous vide cooking is a great balance of science and creativity. But the science alone will not create the “perfect” meal every time. One person’s perfect “medium rare” might be another’s perfect “medium”. Even with the confidence that the temperature readings on your sous vide immersion circulator are accurate, there will be slight variations in “doneness” depending on your taste bud preferences. Further resources and reading What to look for in digital instant read thermometers To learn more about sous vide cooking visit our FAQ and Resources pages. Want to hear more about sous vide cooking including techniques, new products news and reviews plus first access to exclusive subscriber discounts, offers and giveaways, click here. 2 Comments on “Sous Vide Cooking Temperature Checks – Measuring Water Bath and Food Temperatures” Leave a Reply
Previous: Narodniki, part 12 (viii) Communes KORNILOVA-MOROZ Aleksandra Ivanovna Alexandra Kornilova-Moroz, 1853-1938 A special section should be devoted to the communes of the narodniks. A. Kornilova-Moroz, a woman who was a member of the Tchaikovsky circle since 1871, and later sentenced to years of hard labor in 1878, writes: "In 1870's communes were separate apartments where male and female students lived, near their schools. For example, the medics lived mostly in the Petersburg and Vyborg districts, the students of the university - on the Vasilievsky island, the technologists - in the Izmailovsky barracks, and the women medical doctors - in Peski, etc. The material conditions of those living in the communes was not equal, but all the incoming means became a common property; we shared all and everything; thus, for example, a dress, a coat, or a pair of boots were transferred from one person to another, depending on the need of going to a lesson or a lecture. The main principle of such life was mutual help, as was demanded by the ethics of our generation. In general, life was made much cheaper in such communes, they served as centers for youth getting acquainted with each other, they increased the influence of the more developed and mature on the newcomers, they promoted the successful propaganda of socialist ideas. At the same time, they allowed for the opportunity, given a person who was passionate about socialism, to apply its principles in the practice of personal life, to forswear the goods of the 'old world', while living in the conditions not better, but worse than those of the factory workers, making no distinction between 'mine and 'yours', relinquishing personal fortunes for social deeds and goals". In essence, these were the cells of the future communist society. Communal property was practiced in "Narodnaya Volya" organization, following its constitution. Vera Figner writes that "the requirements of constitution consisted in: 1) the promise of giving one's all spiritual strength for the needs of revolution, forgetting all ties of relations and personal sympathies, love and friendship; 2) if it becomes necessary, then one should be ready to give up one's life, in spite of everyone and not showing mercy to oneself or others; 3) private property was forbidden, one was allowed to possess only those things which at the same time were the property of the organization; 4) while one was a member of the secret society, one had to abnegate individual will, subordinating it to the will of the majority, expressed in the resolutions of that society; 5) one had to keep a complete secret about all acts, resolutions, plans and conjectures of the organization; 6) neither in personal correspondence, not at social gatherings to call oneself a member of the Executive committee, but only agents of it; 7) in case one decides to exit the society, to keep complete silence about everything that constituted its activity and that one has observed with one's eyes and in which one has taken part". The community of property was that which the social-democrats and the social-revolutionaries, who replaced the narodniks, have lost. But a communist society can and should start with the most conscientious members of the society, i.e. members of the communist party. Hence, let us state that a communist is s/he who in action shares one's property with other members of the communist organization. Vera Figner continues: "When comparing the past with the present, Savinkov (a leader of the military organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary party), asked me: what is the difference between a contemporary revolutionary from the revolutionary of my time? I was confused at first, as there were many differences, but he was in a hurry to answer himself. In his opinion, this was mysticism, and as an example he pointed to himself and Kalyaev. But it seemed to me that the main difference was that in the process of widening the sphere and the scale of activity, requirements made on the agent increased, but requirements made on the character, due to the increase in the numbers in the party, decreased. Ascetic lifestyle, so typical for the former generations, has disappeared; one could clearly see a a great indulgence to various weaknesses of the members of the party and their greater requirements in regard to material conditions of life (such as apartment, clothing, food, entertainment); one was amazed at the inequality of wealth present among the members of the party; some could afford everything, while others were in great need. Of course, this was due to the changes in the rules and the numbers of participants in the movement. It was easy to constitute equality and common property when the organization was small, but when the party started counting thousands of members, the same thing happened as in Europe: brotherly relations of equality among its members disappeared". The narodniks were ascetics. One of them, Lukashevich, writes in 1907: "Our extreme rigor in respect of food was almost comical; we had questions such as 'are we allowed to eat herring, once we've taken the road of going to the people?'... For sleeping, I have bought an old, used-up mat and put it on wooden boards. The dilapidated mat soon wore out to tatters, and so I had to sleep on bare boards". A communist must strive to approach the ideals of the society s/he is trying to create. S/he should repress his own negative habits and characteristics, and develop the characteristics of the person of the future society. A communist subordinates his/her life to the success of revolution and development of communist society. Nikolai Sukhanov, 1852-1882 An advanced party attracts people with high moral character. Vera Figner writes that a party should be happy if it attracts such people as a Russian Navy officer Nikolai Sukhanov (a member of "Narodnaya Volya", executed for his involvement of the terrorist act against Alexander II). Look at the people in each party, at their faces, at their manners, at the average age, and you'll have an idea about the party. People with high moral qualities usually have fascinating faces, as though an internal light is shining through them. A reflection of revolution can be felt in their eyes. Most of them are usually young. For example, most of the people participating in the "RevLeft" forum are between ages 13 and 30. Members of a communist organization may become husbands and wives S Perovskaya Sophia Perovskaya, 1853-1881 to each other. For example, an aristocrat in origin, Sophia Perovskaya, a granddaughter of the last hetman of Ukraine and a daughter of the mayor of St. Petersburg, was a common law wife Andrey Zhelyabov, 1851-1881 of Andrey Zhelyabov, a peasant in origin, a leader of "Narodnaya Volya". Both were hanged because of their roles in the plot to kill the tsar. Nikolai Morozov writes: "Here was a circle of dedicated co-thinkers, tied to each other not only through their common goals, but also through mutual love". Let's notice that of the six sentenced to death for the terrorist act of 1 March G Gelfman Gesya Gel'fman, 1855-1882, one of the terrorists sentenced to death. She practiced "free love" and so was not hanged, as she was 4 months pregnant during the trial. She died in prison from birth complications. (1881), there was a young Jewish woman who was not executed with others immediately because she was pregnant. She was a common law wife of several members of the organization. N A Sablin Nikolai Sablin, 1849-1881, a revolutionary terrorist, a common law husband of Gesya Gel'fman, shot himself before arrest. A member of a revolutionary organization should be a professional revolutionary. Sophia Perovskaya explained what that means: "It is necessary for the revolutionary work not to be something auxiliary to private, personal life of a person, but it should occupy the central location, around which all interests and thoughts are concentrated". This may serve as a definition of a "professional revolutionary". Next: Narodniki, part 14
One of the first steps in technological is the ability of a civilisation to forge tools* humans achieved this by using fire and creating forges. There are obviously underwater heat sources but I don't anticipate our sea-folk being able to use the heat from underwater volcanoes any more than we can above ground! How could an underwater civilisation generate and control the heat required to forge metal as we did above ground? *This question actually started asking how they would build computers but I've got back several steps! • $\begingroup$ After discussion I've re-opened this for now, however it's potentially a duplicate of: worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/1452/… $\endgroup$ – Tim B Nov 6 '14 at 15:55 • 3 $\begingroup$ I don't want to make the dupe-or-not decision by mod hammer as we've not had many duplicates yet on the site. It will be better to let the community make the decision. So I'll leave it down to the community whether to close as dupe or just say the other question is related and leave this one open :) $\endgroup$ – Tim B Nov 6 '14 at 15:56 • $\begingroup$ Liath - Can I answer the computer question? I have an idea or two. BTW, Tim, I'm not going to vote to close until some answers pop up and we see how the question evolves. $\endgroup$ – HDE 226868 Nov 6 '14 at 15:57 • 1 $\begingroup$ @HDE226868 created - worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/3722/… $\endgroup$ – Liath Nov 6 '14 at 16:05 • 1 $\begingroup$ You don't. The tech bootstrap sequences do not exist. $\endgroup$ – Joshua Mar 16 '15 at 19:31 I don't think under water vents are that far off from being a possibility. Underwater vents can reach temperatures of over 800 °F putting them in the range of melting lead. While difficult to imagine, a completely closed crucible melting metal contained in the top of the crucible which is then pulled by gravity down into a crude mold of knife/spear head shapes may be possible with lava which can reach temperatures around 700 to 1,200 °C (1,292 to 2,192 °F). Depending on the temperatures just below the vents it may be possible to get into more structural metals like bronze or copper in this way. This of course requires active volcanoes either near the ocean (like the Hawaiian islands or oceanic vents/volcanoes). Another possibility would be electrolysis; some of the magnesium produced in the world today is obtained from sea water and an electrolytic process. If chemistry is something your aquatic races gets pretty good at its possible that they could "forge" items from carefully chosen templates using electrolysis to coat the template with the desired material (for example a piece of stone or bone electro plated with magnesium) Just the electrolysis of magnesium alone may be enough to produce forge level temperatures since magnesium can burn at over 5000 °F. Your aquatic creatures would likely need to be using techniques and tools that we don't have analogs too based on the environmental differences but I do think there is the possibility that they could effectively work with metals. • 1 $\begingroup$ A good answer, however how would you create/work with these forges when you have no way to turn off the heat to get close enough? $\endgroup$ – Tim B Nov 7 '14 at 9:09 • 7 $\begingroup$ The problem here is that water conducts heat better than air. A Blacksmith in air is way better protected from heat than he would be in water. Also, because of the water pressure, melting temperatures should be slightly higher than at the surface (exactly how much, I am not sure). $\endgroup$ – kutschkem Nov 7 '14 at 9:39 • 1 $\begingroup$ Both of these comments are correct of course, and I do point out that they would need techniques and tools we can't relate too. But necessity is the mother of invention. $\endgroup$ – Culyx Nov 7 '14 at 14:42 • $\begingroup$ @Culyx but how would you make the crucible? $\endgroup$ – RonJohn Oct 12 '17 at 4:39 • $\begingroup$ @Culyx necessity might be the mother of invention, but usefulness is the key to evolution, and fins/flippers are a whole lot more useful to an aquatic species than arms and opposable thumbs (which is why you don't see any). $\endgroup$ – RonJohn Oct 12 '17 at 4:41 To build on the answer provided by Culyx, I suspect it would be possible for a bioelectric race, to learn advanced forms of electroplating & electroforming. My limited understanding of electroplating is: 1. Dissolve a metal 2. Develop a 'mandrel' in the desired shape 3. Utilize an electric current which, in some way, bonds the metal to the mandrel (not exactly sure on the details of how...) All of the above steps seem likely to be possible & even possibly easier, in an aquatic environment. Electroforming is actually even more interesting, in that it is used to create highly detailed as well as much thicker products. Electroforming could be used to actually produce things such as knives, swords, etc... out of metal, (not just a coating of metal on something else more easily formed). Additionally electroforming can be VERY accurate in reproducing highly detailed forms/mandrels, even, if I understand correctly, on the nano scale (the scale of the transistors our current computer chips are measured in). This would very much support the idea of making computer circuits in a similar form as our PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards)... to go with your other post on that topic (and what got you thinking about this one). • 1 $\begingroup$ So sentient electric eels that produce their metal using electroplating (electroplating works by using electricity to pull metal ions out of the water and onto the surface being plated)? Nice idea :) $\endgroup$ – Tim B Nov 7 '14 at 13:22 • $\begingroup$ Nice expansion on the electrolysis concept, hadn't heard of electroforming before. $\endgroup$ – Culyx Nov 7 '14 at 14:45 • $\begingroup$ @TimB ah, so ionization is the reason the bonding works... then is the charged state, or lack thereof, in the thing to be plated important?... I mean do you have to have an item that has an opposing charge to that of the metalic ions, in order to plate it? (this could make the feasibility of electroplating less likely if the race has to have very specific materials which they can plate ... guess I should read up on it more lol) (oh & thanks @Culyx!) $\endgroup$ – MER Nov 8 '14 at 0:02 • $\begingroup$ @MER "All of the above steps seem likely to be possible" no, because the electric current will get dispersed into the surrounding sea water. $\endgroup$ – RonJohn Oct 12 '17 at 4:43 • $\begingroup$ Hey @ RonJohn. As I understand it electroplating is typically done in a conductive medium, usually liquid. The trick would likely not be with the presence of water but: 1- making sure the chemistry is right 2- containing the effect so the current runs from the one item, through the medium and into the other (and minimize running the current to something else). instructables.com/id/Clean-and-Simple-Electroplating wikihow.com/Electroplate-Metallic-Items en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating $\endgroup$ – MER Oct 13 '17 at 16:18 Think of copper. It occurs native (no need to melt ore), and it is possible to cold forge it (again, no high temperature required). I see no reason why copper couldn't be found underwater. • $\begingroup$ regarding cold forging, you would have an issue with accelerating a hammer up to speed in a viscous environment. You could get around this with a sufficiently massive striking object, but it would need some work to set up. $\endgroup$ – superluminary Nov 7 '14 at 11:56 • $\begingroup$ @superluminary wouldn't creatures living underwater have found a solution? After all, using a spear underwater must require some effort... $\endgroup$ – Redwolf Programs Apr 16 '18 at 15:58 You might see advanced stone age technology I think you would be most likely to see stone age style tools. Flints would be common. Driftwood would be available. Bones would also be an option. Mining and smelting metal would be tough. Keeping a mine free of drifting debris would be a tough challenge, and extracting it without the ability to deliver a good strong hammer blow would also be hard. Water viscosity Forming these into tools would be more challenging as you would need to work against the viscosity of the water when striking rock against rock, but it would probably be possible given time and effort. A bigger issue would be the presence or absence of hands (or similar) on your aquatic species. It's likely humans evolved hands initially to help with climbing, and later for throwing rocks. Neither of these avenues would be open to an aquatic species. Perhaps your species returned to the water, like seals and cetaceans on earth. Can you describe your species in more detail? Let's assume however that they do want to forge metal. Water boils at 100 degrees at sea level, significantly below the melting point of any useful metal, and turbulently boiling water not a good environment for forging anything. I would suggest that the creatures might want to evacuate the water from inside the forge, perhaps by creating a vaccuum, or even by filling the region with gas of some kind, maybe piped from the surface. A dry region might be a magical, future sci-fi thing for them. Alternately they could go to the surface to forge, perhaps a floating raft or beach. This would be similar to us going into space. • 1 $\begingroup$ A better analogy than us going into space would be us going underwater surely? $\endgroup$ – Tim B Nov 7 '14 at 13:23 • $\begingroup$ @timb - yes, you're probably right, I was assuming a deep living species. $\endgroup$ – superluminary Nov 7 '14 at 17:37 • $\begingroup$ I think your comment about bones is a great point... I suspect bones would be used as the basis for most early tools (a replacement for wood). Also I definitely agree on the hands comment... Seems really unlikely that advanced technology can be developed without grasping appendages... $\endgroup$ – MER Nov 7 '14 at 23:49 The more I think about these questions the more I think that an amphibious animal would be much more likely to bridge this gap. But as far as this goes, of course being able to create tools that only need physical manipulation could be fairly simple, such as breaking rocks for spearheads, etc. of course a shaft for that spear might be hard to come by. Since you need someway to manipulate tools, even to make tools, they will need dexterous limbs (possibly even a tongue) to work them. I would expect most tools to be 'grown' somehow and shaped. Along the lines of pearls and such. Does it need to be forged in the exact way we think of forging? Water is a great solvent for a lot of nifty things. I would expect they could deposit metallic structures in the shapes and alloys they need at least as easily as they could develop ways to heat up metal in a quenching environment. Another solution is not having civilization at all, just one single organism - living ocean. I drafted such world here. Such organism can harness energy of the sun, convert it to electromagnetic field and do stuff. It is basically Type I civilization on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale - and grows from there. No need to coordinate between those pesky individual organisms. First of all I would like to mention that our first tools were (like sharpened stones or stone hatchets) of course can be created without the need of heat/fire/forging. Works like this require agile, flexible extremities such as fingers. Fingers seems to be rare underwater but agile tentacles aren't as far as I can tell. That said on to forging (were agility also comes in handy). As I just found out sparklers actually burn under water (given some small shell). Wikipedia tells me that sparklers burn at temperatures of about 1000°C high enough for copper and gold to meld. So given a world where the "wood" of some underwater plants is basically the same material as sparklers making underwater fire seems plausible. Tricky parts remain still to be solved • enlighten the fire underwater in the first place • I have no clue about casting under water. You basically have a fluid in fluid. Could do weird stuff... Your Answer
The concept of leadership Let’s think of leadership as the act of creating an inspiring vision for the future. Let us think of a leader as an explorer, cutting a path through the jungle for others to follow ( We shall continue with this discussion with the assumption that we both accept that leadership is not obviously political or religious, and that to be a leader must not be that you are a president or the head-boy/girl of a class. I am hoping you will share the point of view that a leader is also someone who pursues a passionate personal course for the sake of the future, believing that it will profit humanity when people buy his vision and join him in the course. In this same logic, a leader is also someone who embarks on doing something that no one has ever done just because people think it is impossible, and so he takes the lead. I also hope that you realize that you can lead your community, country and even the whole world with just a discovery that changes something about human life. An individual (leader) therefore takes the lead, it doesn’t matter how insignificant his/her domain seems to be. This means that s/he opens the way to something literally unknown to the majority and not understood by the average person. Why do things keep changing? It is because people keep making new discoveries. Why are there so many discoveries a wonder to us? It is probably because we have not understood that we can also contribute to change (positive change, of course). You don’t go looking for leadership, you manifest it. • Leaders think out of the box, they don’t only rely on what they have been told or taught • They break tradition (what has always been done), they innovate. They do what no one has done before. If it is something that everyone does, they do it in a way no one has ever done it. • they are not victims of massive thinking. • Leaders are those who do not take their unique thump print for granted, they know that there is something that only they can do . They figure it out and have it done, for the sake of humanity. The tendency is for us to think that “leadership” does not concern us and that leadership is a thing for a certain few. I beg to disagree. Everyone was born with the leadership spirit, but leaders are those who develop it into a spirit of leadership (Dr Myles Munroe). Everybody was born with the potential to dominate in a particular area of gifting. What is your area of gifting? How to transform the leadership spirit into a spirit of leadership. As a matter of fact, leaders are readers. The only difference between a leader and a reader is the first letter. You must have heard the expression “learning never ends” . It may sound like a mere platitude, yet it has life. This actually means that leaders are perpetual learners. A leader understands that one is never too old to learn a new thing and that no one is too small to teach a new thing. When you have figured out what you need to do in this life, the next thing you must do is read articles, journals and books that teach you how to go about it. What is your choice of books? What book are you reading now? Is it a book that will fashion you according to your area of leadership? Which TV and radio programs do you follow? What kind of films do you watch? You can only do what you constantly think, you constantly think what you constantly see hear and feel (learn). Go closer to resource persons in that domain, attend seminars. Nurture yourself so that you can finally do what you were born to do. The leadership tragedy As earlier stated, every human being was born with a leadership potential. However, many people end up dying as observers or followers. For the past centuries, the Blackman has watched and wondered how things happen. Probably he never realized that he had the leadership spirit buried within him. He has suffered under the weight of inferiority complex vis-a-vis the other man. It is so tragic that we look upon others as demi-gods just because they do the things we can do. Now that they have made their environment attractive, people desire leaving Africa for the various eldorados. The few Blacks who have realized who they really are and have made discoveries , might only come back home when they have breathed their last. The way forward Look around you. Everything you see around you today, whether in terms of furniture, fashion, technological and infrastructural advancement or business, is a product of thought. Those things were first of all conceived in the mind; they are the realities of other people’s imaginations. They came as a result of creative thinking. The greatest task ever given man by God, was to think. Unfortunately, we generally just enjoy what others have conceived and delivered. We seem not to believe in our imagination. Well, it is worth noting that the wind of change has started blowing across our community. People have manufactured helicopters, men and woman are building mega businesses etc. That is proof of the spirit of leadership. It is enough proof that things are changing. That is proof that leadership is taking place. Do not be left behind. Stay still, calm the wheels of your imagination, look deep within you and figure out who you really are. You have a unique finger print and there is something only you can do. What you must do is believe in yourself; believe in your imagination. What is your area of gifting? That is your area of leadership. Start dominating there just the way no one has ever done. Start leading the people. Leave a Reply
Our eyes are delicate and vulnerable, and the consequences of damage to them can be devastating. That’s why safeguarding the eyes is of utmost importance. Generally, safety googles or glasses should be provided and used for any job which has the potential to damage the eyes whether it’s due to flying debris, fine particles in the air, or the use of dangerous chemicals. However, it isn’t enough to provide PPE – treatment needs to be available if damage should be done to the eye despite efforts to prevent it. The recommended first aid for eyes contaminated with particulate matter or chemicals is to rinse the eye with clean running water. Some workplaces may have special eye showers installed, while in others it may be possible to use an ordinary tap to irrigate the eye. However, for other worksites, running water may not be available or accessible enough for someone to use on their eye. In these circumstances, employers should instead provide sterile eye wash in sealed containers. If the eye has been contaminated with chemicals, it should be rinsed continuously for at least 15 minutes. Eye wash can either be used as an interim measure whilst the casualty is moved to somewhere with clean running water, or it may be used continuously for the entire duration – though this would require large reserves of bottled eye wash. What does an eye wash station consist of? An eye wash station must provide a minimum of 1 litre of eye wash at all times, though this doesn’t need to be contained in a single bottle and is easier to administer in smaller bottles. In order to fulfil this requirement, additional eye wash supplies should be kept on site to replenish stations and to enable continuous use in an emergency. Eye wash must be sterile and therefore kept in sealed, unused bottles – once an eye wash container has been opened, it may not be reused and must be discarded as the eye wash solution is no longer sterile. For this reason, it isn’t possible to re-seal HypaClens eye wash bottles or pods. Is eye wash just water? To ensure its sterility, HypaClens eye wash is a saline solution containing 0.9% Sodium Chloride. It works simply by diluting and flushing away any contaminants, and as such is a substitute for using tap water. However, for chemical contamination of the eye, a more effective alternative is available. Cederroth’s eye wash is a Borate buffered Isotonic Sodium Chloride solution. It restores the eye’s pH to normal levels more quickly than tap water or standard eye wash, helping to minimise the harm and reduce the likelihood of permanent sight loss. Cederroth eye wash is effective against acidic and alkaline substances, but is particularly effective at neutralising alkalis which are also more damaging to the eye. An integrated eye cup helps ensure a steady flow of eye wash directly into the eye. Where should an eye wash station be located? Eye wash stations should be located near the major hazards to eye health, such as labs working with harmful chemicals, industrial cutting equipment and grinding wheels. The station should be fixed to the wall, easy to access and on the same level as the hazard, not requiring stairs or a ladder to reach. It should be clearly signed. A mirror may be helpful to allow casualties to treat themselves. What eye wash solutions are available? We offer a range of eye wash stations and bottles. Cederroth eye wash comes in 500ml bottles and 235ml pocket bottles. HypaClens sterile eye wash comes in 500ml and 250ml bottles. 20ml eye wash pods are also available – these are ideal for less serious eye contamination, for example from dust or small insects, and can save unnecessary use of a larger bottle. Eye wash pods can also be fitted easily into first aid kits. Firstaid.co.uk has a range of wall-mounted eye wash wall panels, brackets and dispensers to suit every budget and purpose. Just visit our category page to see for yourself!
Dabbling with the Diary It seems that Batman expected his diary would be forwarded to London as part of the submission to the British Government. It was vital then, that his diary be consistent with the pro forma wording already on the treaty documents, and the reports, and maps which had yet to be completed by Gellibrand and Wedge. During the expedition, Batman's most important priorities involved making sure he knew where he was going and how to get back; ensuring the safety of his party in an unknown country; evaluating it for pastoral settlement, seeking Aboriginal leaders and inducing them to negotiate treaties in line with the guidelines laid down by Gellibrand. The taking of reliable survey observations and measurements, and the keeping of an accurate diary would have to fit in with these more important objectives. Living conditions were far from ideal for keeping a diary in the field, and we do not know the extent to which Batman made rough field notes, then wrote up his diary entries some time later - perhaps the same night, or even when he returned to the Rebecca. As a consequence, his diary is informative, comprehensive and detailed, but it could only be vague and cursory in parts, and distances, areas, and directions either roughly recorded or estimated, and sometimes mere guesswork. Overall, Batman's assignment was extremely onerous - one which few people of his day would have attempted, let alone successfully complete. With the benefit of more than 160 years of hindsight, it is difficult to conceive of a more efficient way of handling the task. A critical inspection of the diary reveals no apparent evidence of it being other than a bona fide record of events and observations. The diary is a bound book. It is undoubtedly in Batman's handwriting. There are no crossings out of any significance or of any pages having been removed, and it is deliberate, free flowing in style, and bears all the hallmarks of having been written by a business-like, intelligent man. Closer examination of the entries indicates that the diary can be relied upon as an accurate account of Batman's journeying up to about mid-day 5 June when the party was at Redstone Hill near Sunbury. After then there is a change in the character of Batman's descriptions, as well as improbably long distances of travel being recorded particularly if we link his descriptions to the published maps of his journeying. The first maps of the Port Phillip land were drawn by Wedge using the diary and other information supplied by Batman. Subsequently other versions were published which copied, modified and/or added to Wedge's maps. When these maps are studied in conjunction with Batman's diary, all indicate that the treaties were negotiated in the Whittlesea/Kinglake region. Despite this, it was almost universally agreed in the first fifty years of settlement that the treaty site was at the Merri Creek Northcote. The first person to question the popular belief was James Blackburn Jr. In 1885 he postulated that the treaties had been negotiated on the banks of the Plenty River near Eltham. If this were so, then on his return journey to Rebecca Batman would have had to travel between 30 and 40 miles on the afternoon of 7 June through hilly, in places heavily forested and unknown country where no white man had previously been - an impossible journey in anything under a day and a half or perhaps two days. Furthermore, it was in wintry conditions not favourable to travel through the bush, and at a time of the year when daylight was at its shortest. In addition, Batman's close colleague, Gellibrand, explored the Whittlesea region eight months later and recorded discovering and naming, the Plenty River, claiming that he was the first white man to see it. If Batman had negotiated the treaties in that vicinity, Gellibrand would have known, and the creek which Batman named after himself would have been the Plenty River which deserved a better title than "creek". Thus we need to reject Blackburn's findings. In 1986 the geographer Dr Stuart Duncan, using Batman's diary, traced the party's journey from Williamstown (3 June) to Redstone Hill (5 June) with impeccable accuracy. However as we have already noted, from that point of time the geographic references in the diary are so few and vague that defining Batman's route over the next day or so, becomes more of a matter of guesswork than judgment. We must therefore look to other evidence to establish the location where the treaty negotiations took place. The accounts of Captain Robson, mate of the Rebecca, said to have been based on the ship's log, provide one alternative interpretation worth considering. He stated that the Batman party went up the Maribyrnong River towards the north west corner, were unable to contact Aborigines, so returned to the ship which was then taken into Hobson's Bay, whence native fires were sighted, bearings taken, then the party set out again. During the next two days the treaties were negotiated. This scenario of events is probable, and means that Batman varied the sequence in his diary. In response to the wording which Gellibrand had written into the pro forma of the deeds, stating that Batman and the chiefs had walked around the boundaries of the land: The tract of Country...hath been, before the execution of these presents, delineated and marked out by us, according to the custom of our Tribe, by certain marks made upon the trees growing along the boundaries of the said Tract of land. This was imposing a requirement on Batman and the chiefs which could not possibly be, and obviously was not, carried into effect. but by rearranging the sequence of events Batman could make it appear, and he was able to say in his official report to Governor Arthur, that he had marked trees at the corners of his land. Robson's sequence of events has the advantage of being compatible with evidence other than Batman's diary and Wedge's map, but it is difficult to accept that the Batman party had sufficient time to return to the ship on 5 June and have the treaties negotiated on the 6th in the way Robson suggests. Whilst we cannot dismiss Robson's account, we need to look for alternative propositions. Thus far we have been able to establish that Batman did dabble with his diary, so as to make it appear that he had confirmed, as best as humanly possible, with the wording which Gellibrand had already inserted into the treaty documents. We have the route of Batman's journey as far as Redstone hill and we can reject Blackburn's thesis that the treaties were signed on the Plenty River near Eltham. We know that Robson's sequence of events is tenable, but does not fit nearly into the time frame already established by the above conclusions. To proceed further we need to study evidence other than Batman's diary, namely: Statements by contemporaries, or near contemporaries of John Batman. The painting of the treaty negotiations by the artist John Wesley Burtt. Local folklore. There is no contemporary evidence which conclusively establishes the true site of the treaty negotiations but during the first fifty years of the settlement it was almost universally agreed that the Merri Creek at Northcote was the site. When Blackburn questioned this in 1885 most of the original settlers would have passed on. During those first fifty years Fawkner consistently claimed that the treaties were negotiated at the Merri Creek. During his public lecturing about the founding of Melbourne in the 1860's he was reported as saying "that deed did not get signed at the Merri Creek, just outside of Fitzroy municipality. Fawkner would have had many opportunities to identify and visit the site, and in particular he claimed that one of the men present at the treaty negotiations was in his employ. This would have been James Gumm who was a member of the Batman party in June 1835 but who left Batman the next year to work for Fawkner. In 1872 the Melbourne historian G W Rusden corroborated Fawkner's statement: It is a singular fact that the spot at which he made the treaty is supposed to have been, at or near, the spot where now the Old Colonists' Association of Victoria have been granted a site whereon to build their Founders' Home. In the mid-1850's John Wesley Burtt, the Melbourne artist, painted his version of the treaty negotiations. In a separate lithograph outline of that painting, Burtt names the characters and salient landmarks. He identifies the Merri Creek in the foreground and in the rear he shows the outline of Rucker's Hill, the profile of which could only be seen from the southern aspect. It is highly probable that in planning the painting Burtt discussed this matter with persons who had first hand (or near first hand) knowledge and had visited the site with them. So, with some allowance for artistic licence, his painting must be a reasonably valid portrayal of the treaty scene. It is to be expected that the true site would have a convincing folklore attached to it compatible with the other evidence. This aspect is taken up in detail in Supplement A and only the salient features are summarised here. The many local versions tell of a "Batman Tree"with Aboriginal markings on it of an early plaque, a statuette of Batman, how the earliest settlers claimed that the treaties were signed in their backyards, how they as children were ushered inside their homes when the Aborigines were gathered there, and how the Batman Tree was uprooted during a severe flood and the Northcote Council arranged for workmen to cut a section from the fallen tree and have it mounted on a wooden base. All of these different stories are generally consistent with each other, and most facts have been verified by reference to other sources of information as well as being consistent with Burtt's painting and the other contemporary information quoted above. It can therefore be concluded with a high degree of confidence that the treaties were negotiated on the small flood plain beside the Merri Creek just to the north west of Rushall railway station. This site was originally known as West Bend. Dabbling with the Diary Source: Southern Invasion Northern Conquest Story of the founding of MELBOURNE by Rex Harcourt ❊ Address & Contact ❊ Dabbling with the Diary⊜ Cunningham Street, Northcote \| Map Cunningham Street,Northcote ❊ Web Links ❊ Dabbling with the Diary Batman's Treaty of Melbourne Trending HOT View Event: Things to see, hear & do this weekend Things to see, hear & do this weekend Update Page
• Search Content Rubik's Cube: fundamental techniques Return to "Fundamental techniques" ↵ A commutator is a sequence of the form X.Y.X-1.Y-1 which is useful for affecting just a few pieces on the cube while leaving everything else untouched. For two arbitrary sequences X and Y, the commutator will affect only the parts of the cube that are "caught up" in the intersection of X and Y. If X and Y are completely disjoint and affect completely different parts of the cube, then obviously X.Y.X-1.Y-1 will do exactly nothing. If X and Y overlap, then X.Y.X-1.Y-1 will affect only the parts of the cube where X and Y overlapped. The idea is to make the overlap as small as possible but not zero. Return to "Fundamental techniques" ↵ Copyright © 2007
Show Details Innate Direction July 14, 2010 Rats are born with an innate sense of direction. An innate sense of direction…I’m Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update. Scientists have puzzled over whether or not we’re born with an innate sense of direction for many years. But now, researchers at University College London have discovered that newborn rats are just as good at adults as telling which direction they’re facing. Cognitive neuroscientist Francesca Cacucci led the study. FRANCESCA CACUCCI (University College London): In very simple terms, sense of direction seems to be innate, not learned. You don’t need to explore an environment or explore your spatial surroundings in order to build a sense of where you’re heading. She says that humans are probably born with a sense of direction as well. She adds that it wasn’t until the rats were a few days older that they developed a sense of how far apart things were, which suggests that an understanding of distance probably requires more experience with the environment. I’m Bob Hirshon, for AAAS, the science society.
Shareable contributor Tammy Strobel pointed me to this graph, which breaks down the costs of individual car ownership. I realize, of course, that many people must own a car… but thinking about the costs certainly highlights the benefits of sharing cars with other people instead of owning one by yourself. There are other costs to car ownership, of course, that are somewhat more difficult to measure, like obesity and global warming. However, a British nonprofit called Sustrans created this beautifully straightforward and understandable graph about the relationship between cycling and childhood obesity: That's Europe. Curious about the United States? As I've written elsewhere: Thirty years ago, reports the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 90 percent of children who lived within a mile of school walked there. Today, that number is 25 percent. In the same period, the number of overweight or obese children has roughly tripled—two trends that the CDC claims are intimately related. Driving to school also contributes significantly to global warming. If the number of kids who walk and bike to school was restored to 1969 levels, our nation would cut 3.2 billion vehicle miles, 1.5 million tons of CO2, and 89,000 tons of other pollutants annually, argues Margo Pedroso in a 2008 report for the CDC, "Safe Routes to School." According to Pedroso, this is the equivalent of keeping more than 250,000 cars off the road for a year. So next time you're about to drive…stop, and consider the alternatives. Jeremy Adam Smith Jeremy Adam Smith
Mesosiderite, group B1 standby for chinguetti photo Found 1916 20° 15' N., 12° 41' W. In 1916, a French Legion captain named Gaston Ripert and his Arab guide led his soldiers through the Western Sahara Desert in the Adrar region of Mauritania. His guide brought him to a giant metallic meteorite mass, said to have been the source of iron for Arab blacksmiths. Smaller masses were scattered about the area, one of which weighing 4.5 kg was collected from on top of the giant mass. Capt. Ripert had no map, compass, or measuring stick, and was only able to make very cursory observations. According to his later recollections, the find location was about 10 hours by camel to the southeast of Chinguetti, among the dunes of Ouarane (in earlier transcribed notes, the location was said to be about 45 km to the southwest of Chinguetti and to the west of Aouinet N'Cher). The large metallic mass was described as measuring 100 m in width and 40 m in height, with one side polished by the wind into a mirrored finish. The base was deeply carved by the wind, and metallic, needle-like projections covered the summit of the mass; these projections could not be removed by their best efforts. Many subsequent expeditions to the area, particularly those by Théodore Monod, Directeur de l'Institut Francaise d'Afrique Noire in Paris, failed to locate any sign of this giant meteorite among the dunes. It was therefore assumed that Capt. Ripert had misidentified a blackened, quartzite–sandstone rock outcropping as the main mass from which the smaller fragments were cleaved. However, Capt. Ripert remained steadfast in his story throughout his life. Modern radiometric dating techniques have been applied to this mystery to determine the CRE age, terrestrial age, and the pre-atmospheric size of the 4.5 kg Chinguetti mass (Welten et al., 2001). Methods employed have established a CRE age of 66 (±7) m.y, similar to that of the Estherville and Crab Orchard mesosiderites. The terrestrial age was calculated to be less than 18 (±1) t.y., a relatively short interval which is inconsistent with the description given by Capt. Ripert—that of a mass having a deeply wind-carved base. Perhaps most importantly, the pre-atmospheric diameter of Chinguetti was determined to be only ~1.2 m given a shielding depth of ~15 cm, which calls into serious doubt the existence of the giant meteoritic mass. Based on the metamorphic textures of matrix silicates, the mesosiderites were assigned to specific groups (Powell, 1971; Floran, 1978, Hewins, 1984), with Chinguetti being assigned to the least metamorphosed group 1. In his scheme, Hewins proposed a further division of the least metamorphosed category based on plagioclase abundance: a higher abundance for group A1 (24%) and a lower abundance for group B1 (21%). See the Bondoc page for a more thorough description of this classification scheme. The photo above shows a 0.58 g micromount of this very rare mesosiderite. A more representative photo of Chinguetti exhibited at the Muséum National d'Histoire de Paris can be seen at their website. See also the online article by Richard Greenwood (2014) 'The meteorite that vanished'
Rāmāyana \| Āraṇya Kaṇḍa \| Chapter 16 16. Winter Description [This is a clear and detail description of the climate crops and rituals of the winter season. During the talk when Lakṣmaṇa criticizes Kaikeyi Rāma is not able to tolerate it.] When the great Rāma was living happily, when the winter season came to an end, the winter season which he liked set in. 16.1 During a day the son of Raghu clan had gone to bathe in the pretty Godavari river at night. 16.2 Along with Sītā, the valorous son of Sumitrā holding the water pot went slightly bent and he told.16.3 Lakṣmaṇa said to the pleasantly speaking Rāma, "the season which is dear to you has arrived, and it appears to be decorated well in this auspicious year." 16.4 "The world is harsh with fog but it will blessed with vegetation and it is difficult to drink water and nice to sit near fire altars." 16.5 "The saints after appeasing the manes by worship during Uttarāyaṇa [Northern Solstice] and after offering oblations at the proper time and performing solstice rituals become free of evils." 16.6 "In this season, the people of rural areas who would be expecting a good crop would get abundant milk from their cows and kings would be thinking of going to conquer other." 16.7 "The sun after serving the direction ruled by God of death steadily, is going to the north inspirited, like a woman without Tilak [red mark on forehead] on her forehead." 16.8 "With the Sun far away, the Snow gets settled hard would make the name of Himalayas as the mountain of snow appropriate." 16.9 "It is pleasant to move about in the afternoon in this season as during day time the sun's rays are very comfortable and during this time, the shade and water are uncomfortable." 16.10 "The sun's rays would be soft during this season with very cold breeze blowing all the time and due to being destroyed by the frost, the forest would be lonely and peaceful." 16.11 "During this time, people do not sleep outside and due to the month of Puṣyā approaching, due to frost the early mornings are filled with frost, and the duration of night with three Yāma increases." 16.12 "With Moon's radiance covered by sun, all round the moon there is a red Aura and like a mirror on which a mouthful of air is blown, the moon is not shining well." 16.13 "Even on a full moon day the moon does not shine as usual due to its being covered by frost, Like Sītā not appearing bright, when she is exposed to torrid sun light." 16.14 "The season by nature is cold because of it being hit by snow and the wind blowing from the westerly direction is doubly cold." 16.15 "The forest is covered by the dew drops and the forest has plenty of crops of barley and wheat and when the sun starts shining the Krauṇcha birds and swans sing sweetly." 16.16 "The rice crop with fully filled up rice and bent with the weight of grain is bent like the flowers of date palms and shines like gold." 16.17 "The extended rays of the sun covered by snow and frost make it look like the moon, when it rises up in the morning." 16.18 "Due to the Sun not fully picking up its strength in the forenoon, it is very pleasant during the afternoon when it shines splendidly on earth being reddish white colour." 16.19 "Due the drop of the dew the grassland is slightly moistened but the forests shine due to the mild heat of the sun settled on it." 16.20 "In the forest the very thirst elephants, after they touch the cold and pure water by their black trunk, withdraw it speedily not able to bear the cold." 16.21 "Like the inefficient army not entering the battle field, the aquatic birds sit on the shore, not plunging in to the water due to fear." 16.22 "Enveloped by the darkness of the forest as well as the darkness of snow, the forest without any flowers appeared to be sleeping with closed eyes." 16.23 "In the waters covered by the tear like dews the existence of swans could be found out only by their sounds and the river banks were completely covered with snow." 16.24 "Due to the fall of snow, due to sun being dim due the cold, the water flowing from the top of the mountain is generally tasty." 16.25 "Lotus flowers in the tanks faded due to their long life with only stalks remaining due to their withered filaments and pericarp having falling down are not good to look at." 16.26 "At this time, oh tiger among men that soul of dharma Bhārata full of sorrow, due to his great devotion to you, is performing penance." 16.27 "Giving up kingdom, self-respect and different type of pleasures, like an ascetic, he takes limited food and sleeps on the floor in this cold." 16.28 "He also, at this time may be going to river Sarayu for taking his bath as usual surrounded by his subjects." 16.29 "How can Bhārata, having been brought up with a pleasure filled life, he who is delicate and deserves comfort, take bath in this latter part of night in river Sarayu." 16.30 "That Bhārata having likes lotus petal, who is heroic, who is black, who has a narrow waist, who is great, who is the speaker of truth, who maintains a low profile, who has control over his sense organs, who speaks lovingly, who is sweet, who has long arms and who is the destroyer of his enemies, after giving up all pleasures is completely dependent only on you." 16.31-16.32 "Our Brother Bhārata who is great is living in the forest and does penance there is following you loyally and has even restrained his wish to go to heaven." 16.33 "He follows his father and proved as false the saying in the world that human beings follow their mother." 16.34 "How did it happen that Kaikeyi who is seen as one with cruel conduct had a husband like Dasaratha and a well behaved son like Bhārata?" 16.35 When Lakṣmaṇa was saying like this due to his love towards Rāma, unable to tolerate the fault finding of his revered mother, Rāma told. 16.36 "Oh lad, do not criticize our middle mother like this but you can speak about Bhārata, the lord of the Ikshvāku clan." 16.37 "Though my mind has taken a firm decision of penance in the forest, due to my being in great love with Bhārata, I waver like a child when I hear things like this." 16.38 "I remember his sweet words soothing my heart, which are equal to the nectar of immortality and they please me." 16.39 "When will I be able to again meet Bhārata who is a great soul and the valorous Śatrughna along with you." 16.40 After wailing like this, they both reach the river Godavari and there that son of Kākutstha clan, took bath along with his younger brother along with Sītā. 16.41 Then they offered water oblations to their manes as well as God and then they prayed to God Surya and sung about that God. 16.42 Accompanied by Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa Rāma completed his bath and Rāma looked like Lord Shiva along with the daughter of the mountain and Nandi. 16.43 This is the end of Sixteenth Sarga of Āraṇya Kanda which occurs in Holy Rāmāyaṇa composed by Vālmīki as the First Epic.
• Main Menu • Pestle Dimensions The pestle dimensions differ. Some are 5 inches long, and others are 5 ½ inches. Some are even longer than that. The mortar dimensions are also varied. Some are 4-1/2" in diameter and 2 inches high. There are also some that are 4 inches in diameter. There are some mortars that are 7 inches and bigger. The pestle and mortar are employed for grinding, mixing and crushing solid materials. The pestle is a heavy object shaped like a bat. Its end is used to crush and grind objects. The bowl in which these are crushed is the mortar. The bowl can be made from various materials like granite, stone, marble and wood. To use, one puts the substance in the bowl. The pestle is used to crush it. The pestle dimensions can determine how easy it will be to crush the substance. The heavier the pestle, the more effective it can be. However, it will also depend on the pressure being put on. Origin of the Name The word mortar is taken from the Latin mortarium. This word is translated as product of grinding or pounding or receptacle for pounding. The word pestle is derived from pestillum meaning pounder. The Romans used the pestle and mortar for preparing medication, something still done today. The use of these tools goes back as far as ancient Egypt. The Egyptian Ebers Papyrus from c. 1550 B.C. shows the Egyptians were familiar with the tools. Use in Medicine For thousands of years, the mortar and pestle have been used to prepare different ingredients. When used for pharmacies, the pestle and the mortar are constructed from porcelain. Usually the handle is made from wood. This type is called the Wedgwood mortar and pestle. The pestle dimensions can also determine how easy it is to grind medicine. Use in Food Preparation Aside from medicine, the mortar and pestle are used for making food. In particular they can be used to make ingredients for pesto and guacamole. The pestle can also be used to grind spices. It is well known that American Indians use mortar and pestle to crush nuts and corns. In Japan, the mocha is prepared using very big mortars. The Japanese pestle and mortar are known as suirkogi and suribachi. The granite types are still very popular in many Asian countries. The trademark of high quality pestle and mortar is being durable enough to grind the material instead of getting worn out. The pestle and mortar cannot be too brittle or they will disintegrate after extensive pounding. It is also crucial that the mortar and pestle are solid. Unless they are well built, small bits might get mixed in with the substance being crushed. The mortar and pestles should not be porous. Otherwise the crushed substance will end up in the mortar. If you are using these tools for the first time, the pestle dimensions and those of the mortar must be evaluated thoroughly. Make sure you get tools of the right sizes so it will be easier to mix and crush materials.
Ancient city of Laodikeia Laodikeia is located within the borders of the villages of Eskihisar, Goncalı, Korucuk and Bozburun, six km north of the modern city of Denizli. The site is on the road to Pamukkale (Hierapolis), which is approximately ten km to the north. (Source: Unesco) Laodikeia is also situated at the crossroads of main routes that connect western, central and southern Anatolia with each other. Set amid the fertile plains of the Lycos River, Laodikeia lies on a high plateau surrounded on three sides by rivers: the Lycos (modern Çürüksu) to the northeast, the Kapros (modern Başlıçay) to the southeast and the Asopos (modern Gümüşçay – Goncalı Deresi) to the northwest. (Source: Unesco) Laodikeia is one of the important archaeological remains for the region along with Hierapolis (Pamukkale) and Tripolis. Excavations at Laodikeia show that the city was settled continuously from the Chalcolithic Period (Copper Age, 5500 BCE) to 7th century CE. The name of the settlement was, in turn, Rhoas (Asopos Hill), Diopolis (City of Zeus) and finally Laodikeia. (Source: Unesco) The settlement was founded as a city in the Hellenistic Period. The Hellenistic city was founded by the commander Seleucus Antiochus II in the name of his wife Laodike around the middle of the third century BCE. The region later became part of the Roman Republic (after Empire) in 130-129 BCE. Throughout its history, Laodikeia suffered many earthquakes and was rebuilt numerous times. It was finally abandoned after a severe earthquake in the reign of Emperor Focas (r. 602-610 CE). Its citizens settled in Denizli – Kaleiçi and Hisarköy on the north slopes of Mt. Salbakos (modern Babadağ), after the city’s abandonment. Laodikeia was one of the Seven Churches named in the Book of Revelation and later became a metropolitan city in the Early Byzantine period. (Source: Unesco) During the Hellenistic Period the city was designed on the Hippodamian grid plan where the streets cross at right angles or run parallel to each other. The golden age of the city was from the 1st to 5th centuries CE. Most of the structures and the city itself have been developed during this period. (Source: Unesco) Encompassing an area of about five square kilometres, Laodikeia boasts the following impressive remains: the largest ancient stadium of Anatolia (measuring 285 x 70m), two theatres (Western and Northern Theatres), four bath complexes (East, Central, West and East Roman baths), five agoras (East, Central, West, South and North Agoras), five fountains (nymphaea; East Byzantine, Caracalla, Septimus Severus, B and West Fountains), two monumental portals (Ephesus and Syria Gates), a council house (bouleuterion), houses with a peristyle design (House A Complexes, Peristyle House with Church), temples (Temple A), churches (East, North, West, Central, Southwest Churches and Laodikeia Church), public latrines, two large water distribution terminals and monumental colonnaded streets (Syria, Ephesus, Stadium Streets). The city is surrounded by cemeteries (necropoleis) on its four sides. (Source: Unesco) The most important income of the city was commerce, thanks to its location on the crossroads of major trade routes. The foremost trade was textiles. In addition, marble, grain and livestock commerce also provided an important income to the city. (Source: Unesco)
Skip to main content Carbon stock potential of scattered trees on farmland along an altitudinal gradient in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Trees on agricultural landscape play a vital role in ecosystem services including food security that supports human livelihood. They can further offer synergy between adaptation and mitigation in addressing climate change impact. Understanding aboveground tree biomass and soil organic carbon stocks along the altitudinal gradient provide opportunities for better management of the carbon pools. However, little is known on how altitudinal gradient influences on carbon stock of woody biomass and soil of scattered trees on farmland, particularly in a dry area. The study area were stratified in to five class (500–1000, 1000–1500, 1500–2000, 2000–2500, and 2500–3000 m a.s.l). Quadrats (100 m × 50 m) were randomly selected from each of stratified altitudinal gradients. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 60 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass estimation, allometric equations developed for a similar area were used. Finally, aboveground biomass carbon (AGC), belowground biomass carbon (BGC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result indicated that AGC, BGC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) along with an altitudinal gradient. The upper altitude (2500–3000 m a.s.l) AGC, BGC, SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 17.97 Mg C ha−1, 6.53 Mg C ha−1, 23.09 Mg C ha−1, 47.59 Mg C ha−1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudinal gradient. We conclude that scattered trees on farmland hold a high potential of carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilience green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted. Tree cover on agricultural landscape is variable globally. The tree cover is 10%, 20%, and 50% in the 46%, 27%, and 7.5% cover of cultivated land respectively (Zomer et al. 2009). Trees are an essential part and a common feature of many agricultural landscapes, where they provide a range of ecosystem services that support livelihoods. In Ethiopia, these scattered trees occurred in different land use systems such as in the communal land, coffee plantations, crop fields, and along roadsides (Teklay 2005). Some of these trees were left when the natural forest was converted to other land use system; others regenerated after the land was cleared or were actively planted by farmers. For example, parkland agroforestry in the farmland of Northern Ethiopia often contain a local momona species (Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev.) because farmers plant or maintain this species to provide soil quality and productivity (Teklay 2005). Farmers are growing and maintain trees on their agricultural land for different variety of products and services (Kuyah et al. 2016), and manage a mix of exotic and indigenous trees in different ways (Nyaga et al. 2015). The major productive services of trees such as lumber, plywood, fuelwood, or charcoal come from the wood of trees (Young 1997), food, medicines, feed/fodder for livestock, and natural gums (Kuyah et al. 2016). The major protective or ecosystem services of trees on farmlands are to the harbor for birds and insects (Scherr and McNeely 2008), improve soil fertility, and serve to conserve soil and water (Barrios et al. 2012). Tree on the agricultural landscape is also important in enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity and reducing the susceptibility of farming systems to climate change impacts (Boye and Albrecht 2005). In addition, trees provide a wide range of environmental benefits such as control of erosion and storing a significant amount of carbon on both above and below ground in the form of soil organic carbon. Therefore, trees on farmland must be included in the climate change programs and policies such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). However, the potential of trees on farmlands to sequester carbon depends upon the woody species composition, ages of trees, geographic location, agroecological conditions (climate, altitude, and wind), management regimes, and soil characteristics (Bunker et al. 2005; Henry et al. 2009; Newaj et al. 2016). Most studies indicated that even if trees on farmland or agricultural landscape are not primarily designed to sequester carbon, it is a unique opportunity to increase carbon stocks in the terrestrial biosphere (Albrecht and Kandji 2003). Tree on farmland contains less carbon than primary or managed forests but they contain significantly higher carbon stocks than annual crops (Henry et al. 2009). Studies suggested that the integration and proper management of trees on farmland has a great potential to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, in addition, to rehabilitate degraded land and to improve the livelihood of the rural communities. However, altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful “natural experiments” for testing ecological responses of biota to environmental changes (Körner 2007). Similarly, Leuschner et al. (2007) and Zhu et al. (2010) reported that altitude has a significant influence on biomass and soil carbon stock potential of these tree on farmland. The study aimed to quantify and compare the woody biomass carbon and soil organic carbon potential of trees on farmland along an altitudinal gradient. This study focuses on two related questions: (1) is there any significant variation in above- and belowground biomass carbon stocks along with an altitudinal gradient of scattered trees on farmlands? (2) Is there any significant variation in soil organic carbon stock along with an altitudinal gradient of scattered trees on farmlands of the Western Zone Tigray, Ethiopia? Materials and method Study area description The study was carried out in the Western administrative zone of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia (13° 42′ to 14° 28′ North Latitude and 36° 23′ to 37° 31′ East Longitude) (Fig. 1). The study site is comprised of trees on the agricultural landscape that occupies lower, middle, and upper altitude gradients. Lowland is categorized into two zones namely 500–1000 m a.s.l and 1000–1500 m a.s.l, middle land is categorized into two zones namely 1500–2000 m a.s.l and 2000–2500 m a.s.l, and upper latitude is categorized into one zone namely 2500–3000 m a.s.l. The total land area of the western zone of Tigray is 1.5 million ha. The western zone of Tigray is one of the less densely populated areas in Ethiopia, with an average density of 33 person km−2. The elevation ranges from 500 to 3000 m a.s.l. and the annual rainfall for the zone ranges from 609 to 2316 mm and mean annual temperature ranges (min and max) from 27 to 45 °C and 10 to 22 °C. A range of soil types are found, but the dominant soil types are Vertisols, Luvisols, and Cambisols. The farming is carried out to meet household needs and to derive cash. Mechanized agriculture is practised in the lower altitude. The dominant farming is a mixed crop-livestock farming system solely managed by family labor. The total cultivated area is 573,285 ha (38.2%) (Table 1). Fig. 1 Map of altitudinal classifications of the Western Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Table 1 Characteristics of the five altitudinal gradients of the studied scattered tree on farmland in the Western zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Data collection method Sampling design The study site was stratified into the following altitudinal gradients: 500–1000 m, 1000–1500 m, 1500–2000 m, 2000–2500 m, and 2500–3000 m above sea level based on the Ethiopian Agroecological (Hurni 1998) Zones. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Digital Elevation Model (ASTER-DEM), 30 × 30 m resolution supported by global positioning system (GPS) points were used to classify the gradient. The classification was done in Arc GIS Version 10 software. Sampling techniques and field measurement Inventory of scattered tree on farmlands was conducted from randomly selected rectangular seventy-five (75) plot of 100 m × 50 m (Nikiema 2005) along five altitudinal gradients. Rectangular plots were chosen as they tend to include more of the within-plot heterogeneity and more representative than square or circular plots of the same area (Hairiah et al. 2001). Trees and/or shrubs ≥ 5 cm in DBH, DSH, and height were measured using a diameter tape, diameter caliper (Ponce-Hernandez et al. 2004), and Suunto hypsometer respectively. Woody plants which have multiple stems above 1.3 m height were considered as a single plant and woody plants with multiple stems or fork below 1.3 m height were measured each individual stem. Plant identification was done in the field using their local name and useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia (Bekele-Tesemma and Tengnäs 2007) and Eritrea (Bein et al. 1996). Soil samples were taken from four corners and center of the 0.5 ha rectangular plot using “X” pattern at a 60 cm soil depth (Negash and Starr 2015) and composited to make one representative sample for each quadrant for analysis of soil organic carbon. In addition, from the same quadrant, soil samples for soil bulk density determination were collected using 10 cm length and 3.4 cm diameter core sampler carefully driven into the soil to avoid compaction (Roshetko et al. 2002). In total, 75 disturbed soil samples and 375 non-disturbed soil samples were taken using auger and core sampler. Data analysis Aboveground carbon stock estimation Biomass carbon stocks for each plot (Mg C ha−1) were calculated as the product of dry matter biomass and carbon content. Trees and shrub plant biomass were calculated using the plot inventory data and allometric biomass functions. The allometric equation developed by Eq. 1 (Kuyah et al. 2012a) was used to estimate the aboveground biomass (stem plus bark, branches, and foliage) of the trees and/or shrubs. This equation was selected as it was appropriate to estimate a wide range of parameters ranging from DBH or height to aboveground biomass (Kuyah et al. 2012a) with the lowest prediction error value. Moreover, this equation is developed for trees grown in agroforestry and DBH greater than 2.5 cm. Besides, this equation was developed in areas having similar environmental conditions (climate and soils) in the study area. $$ \mathrm{AGB}=0.0905\ast {\mathrm{DBH}}^{2.4718};{\mathrm{R}}^2=0.98,n=72 $$ Where AGB is the estimation of the aboveground biomass (kg dry matter/plant) and DBH is the diameter (cm) at breast height (1.3 m). Species-specific allometric equations were also used for estimating above-ground biomasses for trees and shrubs on farmland (Table 2). Then the tree biomass was converted into carbon by using Eq. 2 (MacDicken 1997; Brown 2002). $$ \mathrm{AGC}\ \mathrm{or}\ \mathrm{BGC}=\mathrm{AGB}\ \mathrm{or}\ \mathrm{BGB}\ast 0.5 $$ Table 2 Some of the species on which specific allometric equations were applied in the study Belowground carbon stock estimation Belowground biomass was estimated following Eq. 3 developed by Kuyah et al. (2012b). This equation was selected for its easiness to apply, less time consuming, and is non-destructive. It estimates belowground biomass carbon (BGC) through a relationship to aboveground biomass. The belowground biomass was estimated following Eq. 3. $$ \mathrm{BGB}=0.490\ast {\mathrm{AGB}}^{0.923};{\mathrm{R}}^2=0.95,n=72 $$ Where BGB is belowground biomass and AGB is aboveground biomass. Soil organic carbon stock estimation Soil organic carbon stock (SOC) was estimated following Eq. 4 developed by Pearson et al. (2007). SOC was determined following the Walkley-Black oxidation method (Chesworth 2008). Bulk density was determined using the gravimetric method (Grossman and Reinsch 2002). Samples were then sieved with 2 mm mesh size sieve and the coarse fragments (> 2 mm) weighed. Cumulative subsamples were used for estimation of gravimetric water content and bulk density. Finally, soil carbon stock (Mg C ha−1) for each sample plot was calculated using Eq. 4: $$ \mathrm{SOC}\ \left(\mathrm{Mg}\ \mathrm{C}\ {\mathrm{ha}}^{-1}\right)=\left(\frac{C}{100}\right)\ast \rho \ast d\ast \left(1-\frac{frag}{100}\right)\ast 100 $$ Where C is the soil organic carbon concentration determined in laboratory (g kg1), ρ is the bulk density (g cm−3), d is the soil depth of sampled soil layer (cm), and frag is % volume of coarse fragments/100. Total carbon stock estimate Total carbon stock was calculated by summing up of the individual carbon pools following Eq. 5 (Pearson et al. 2005). Carbon stock density of the study area: $$ \mathrm{TC}=\mathrm{AGC}+\mathrm{BGC}+\kern0.5em \mathrm{SOC} $$ Where TC is total carbon, AGC is aboveground carbon, BGC is belowground carbon, and SOC is soil organic carbon. Statistical analysis Data collected from field inventory was organized and recorded in Microsoft Excel 2016 data sheet. The estimated AGB, AGC, BGB, and BGC data were subjected to log transformation [log (n)] before statistical analysis to meet the assumption of normal distribution. Both vegetation and soil data were analyzed using univariate analysis. Variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05 with the help of the R software for Window versions 3.4.3. Whenever statistical difference existed, it was subjected to Tukey’s HSD test to separate the means. Biomass carbon stocks There was a strong variation in the mean aboveground carbon stock between the tree on farmland (Table 3). The upper altitude (2500–3000 m a.s.l) of the scattered tree on farmland had higher AGC by 21.63% as compared to the 2000–2500 m a.s.l. The observed variation in mean AGC along altitudinal gradients was significant (F = 6.1504, p < 0.001). The pattern of variation in belowground carbon (BGC) among altitudinal ranges was similar to that of AGC for scattered trees on farmland (Table 3; Fig. 2). The highest BGC was found in the 2500–3000 m altitudinal class (6.53 Mg C ha−1) followed by 1500–2000 m altitudinal class (3.39 Mg C ha−1). The variation of BGC of the scattered tree on farmland along the altitudinal gradient was statistically significant (F = 6.1168, P < 0.001). Table 3 Mean (± standard error; n = 15) biomass (Mg ha−1), biomass carbon, soil carbon (SOC), and total carbon (total biomass plus SOC 0–60 cm) carbon stocks (Mg C ha−1) for each of the five altitudinal gradient class and results of one-way ANOVA (at α = 0.05, significant differences between altitudinal gradient for any of the C stocks were indicated) Fig. 2 Total carbon stock along altitudinal gradient Soil organic carbon stocks The mean SOC stocks by the altitudinal gradient of the scattered tree on farmland were variable (Table 3; Fig. 2). Similar to biomass carbon stocks, mean SOC stocks were the highest for the 2500–3000 m a.s.l (47.59 Mg C ha−1) and the lowest for the 1000–1500 m a.s.l (10.91 Mg C ha−1). However, similar to our hypothesis, the differences between altitudinal gradient mean SOC stock values were great and significantly different (F = 8.234, P < 0.001) (Table 3). Total carbon stocks The proportion of total biomass carbon to the total carbon stock was averaged 35% for all altitudinal gradient. We hypothesized that carbon stocks would significantly differ between altitudinal gradient, and the differences were found to be significant (Table 3). However, biomass carbon stocks were dominated (> 50%) by tree biomass. Mean carbon stocks did significantly differ between the altitudinal gradient (F = 10.225, P < 0.001), as we had hypothesized. The highest total carbon stock density scores in 2500–3000 m a.s.l (47.59 Mg C ha−1) and the lowest in the 1000–1500 m a.s.l (16.93 Mg C ha−1). Biomass carbon stocks Biomass carbon stock of scattered tree on farmland showed that there is significant variation along an altitudinal gradient. Our result contradicts with the findings from Leuschner et al. (2007) and Zhu et al. (2010) who reported that above- and belowground tree biomass and its carbon stock decline with an increase in altitude. The increasing biomass carbon with altitude in the current study may be attributed to disturbance and diameter class distribution. The lower altitudinal gradient of the study area is highly influenced by the local people through cultivable land expansion and procuring essential forest products which is probably the cause for the lower biomass at lower elevations. On the other hand, the presence of species characterized by large individuals and also posibly due to the favorable conditions for tree growth in the upper altitude, because few large individuals can account for the large amount of above and below ground carbon (Rahayu et al. 2005). This is probably the case in the present study area, where bigger trees with maximum DBH were more frequent at higher altitudes. Total biomass carbon ranges from 1.07 to 209.41 Mg C ha−1 among altitudinal gradients. Therefore, this result was within the range reported at a global scale. Agroforestry system stores 12 to 228 Mg C ha−1 (Dixon 1995), deciduous forests and savannas in Brazil also store 6–24 Mg c ha−1 (Silva et al. 2013), for trees used in the various systems Sub-Saharan Africa stores 7–28 Mg C ha−1 (Unruh et al. 1993), and for the humid tropical Africa for Agrosilvicutural agroforestry System stores 29–53 Mg C ha−1 (Albrecht and Kandji 2003). However, biomass carbon stock values were lower than reported for traditional agroforestry systems in the tropics reported 145 Mg C ha−1 (Kirby and Potvin 2007), smallholder agroforestry system in the tropics which ranges 228–246 Mg C ha−1 (Roshetko et al. 2007), and smallholder cacao (Theobroma cacao Linn.) based agroforestry systems in western and central Africa stores 152.2 Mg C ha−1 (Duguma et al. 2001). Soil organic carbon stocks SOC plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle, forming large carbon pools with long residence times (Post et al. 1982). The SOC stocks scattered trees on the farm of the study area ranged between 2.28 and 40.5 Mg C ha−1 are noticeably lower compared to the SOC stocks of other ecosystems and soils. The SOC stock at 60 cm layer for tropical forest, tropical savannah, and tropical agricultural land has been reported to be 121–123 Mg C ha−1, 110–117 Mg C ha−1, and 80–103 Mg C ha−1 respectively (Lal 2004), for agroforestry-based crop production of semi-arid areas of Northern Ethiopia stores 25.8 Mg C ha−1 (Gelaw et al. 2014), for semi-arid Acacia woodland in southern Ethiopia stores 42.9 Mg C ha−1 (Lemenih and Itanna 2004), and for agrisilviculture agroforestry systems of India stores 27.4 Mg C ha−1 (Swamy and Puri 2005) and for tropical soils estimates 86 Mg C ha−1 (Brown and Lugo 1982). But, significantly higher than the rainfed crop production of semi-arid areas in Northern Ethiopia stores 16.1 Mg C ha−1 (Gelaw et al. 2014). SOC stocks of the study area were also within the ranges of those reported for cultivated and grazing land of East and West Africa 18.5–52.5 Mg C ha−1 and 22.4–54.0 Mg C ha−1 respectively (Brown et al. 2012), and for traditional agroforestry practiced in southern Ethiopia ranges 28.2–98.9 Mg ha−1 (Demessie et al. 2013). SOC stocks in the soils studied showed significant variations with altitude. This could be due to more or less difference in vegetation structure and diversity through all elevation gradient, which may accumulate the different amount of organic matter due to high inputs from root biomass and aboveground. Various studies indicate that soil carbon stocks increase with elevation in mountainous areas (Bolstad et al. 2001). It can also be attributed to the soils in cooler climates usually contain more organic matter due to slower mineralization rates and soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation increases with increasing precipitation. Differences along vegetation gradients reflect a changing balance of soil carbon inputs and soil carbon losses that are related to changes in both abiotic (temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration) and biotic (litter quality) factors (Lal 2004; Garten and Hanson 2006). The low levels of SOC in the 1000–1500 m a.s.l altitudinal gradient imply an effect on soil physical and chemical characteristics, soil fertility status, and biological activities (Weil and Brady 2002). Therefore, a low level of SOC in 1000–1500 m a.s.l affects crop productivity when we compare with the other altitudinal gradient class. Cultivated area management such as crop residue retention and crop rotation contribute to improving SOC stocks (Raffa et al. 2015), and these strategies could be utilized in the 1000–1500 m a.s.l altitudinal areas to enhance crop productivity. Total carbon stocks The distribution of carbon stocks between biomass and soil differs among ecosystems and varies with an altitudinal gradient. The total carbon stocks (biomass carbon + soil carbon) of the study area scattered trees on farmland (2.67–89.62 Mg C ha−1 and averaging 31 Mg C ha−1) were within the range to that of tropical agroforestry 7.9–105 Mg C ha−1 (Montagnini and Nair 2004), traditional agroforestry system of humid sub tropical ranges 10.29–31.86 Mg C ha−1 (Yadava 2010), and Cocoa-based agroforestry practiced in Nigeria that ranged 16–96.01 Mg C ha−1 (Oke and Olatiilu 2011). The difference in carbon stock could be attributed due to farm size, management, socio-economic needs, species diversity, the age of trees, local climate, and tree spacing among agroforestry system (Kumar 2011) and higher levels of disturbance (pruning and damage), intensive management practices, and small land size that forces scattered trees on farmland not only having a higher density of wood perennials but also an accumulation of other plants and crops per unit area. The scattered trees on the farmland of the semi-arid area of western Tigray in Ethiopia are not only for crop production and soil and water conservation but also contributed to adapt the changing climate by providing provisioning, supporting and regulating services. However, there is a total of 31 Mg C ha−1, which suggests that the significant potential of these production systems to store and enhance ecosystem carbon stocks. This could be an attractive opportunity for farmers to benefit economically from scattered trees on farmland if the carbon sequestered is sold to developed countries. The total carbon produced from the upper altitudinal gradient is higher than that of other altitudinal gradient class, highlighting that the elevation gradient can actively influence carbon stock accumulation on farmland. Biomass carbon stocks were significantly less than the SOC stocks in almost all altitudinal gradient class. Scattered trees on farmland in the study area were large potential in carbon sinks. However, illegal exploitations and unmanaged grazing have threatened the system. Hence, this calls for an integrated action to control the problem. 1. Albrecht A, Kandji ST (2003) Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 99(1–3):15–27. 2. Barrios E, Sileshi GW, Shepherd K, Sinclair F (2012) Agroforestry and soil health: linking trees, soil biota, and ecosystem services. 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Pearson Education Ltd 5:359–387 55. Yadava AK (2010) Carbon sequestration: underexploited environmental benefits of Tarai agroforestry systems. Report and opinion 2(11):35–41. 56. Young A (1997) Agroforestry for soil management. CAB international 57. Zhu B, Wang X, Fang J, Piao S, Shen H, Zhao S, Peng C (2010) Altitudinal changes in carbon storage of temperate forests on Mt Changbai, Northeast China. J Plant Res 123(4):439–452. 58. Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Coe R, Place F (2009) Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry, vol 89. ICRAF Working Paper-World Agroforestry Centre. Download references The authors acknowledge the financial support from Tigray Agricultural Research Institute (Humera Agricultural Research Center) and technical support from Mekelle University. We are grateful to the two anonymous referees for constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Availability of data and materials Please contact author for data requests. Author information YG, TG, and EB designed the study. YG conducted the laboratory experiment. YG and EB analyzed the data. YG, TG, KT, and EB wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Yikunoamlak Gebrewahid. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher’s Note Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Gebrewahid, Y., Gebre-Egziabhier, T., Teka, K. et al. Carbon stock potential of scattered trees on farmland along an altitudinal gradient in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Ecol Process 7, 40 (2018). Download citation • Aboveground biomass carbon • Belowground biomass carbon • Soil organic carbon • Total carbon stock
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Spanish 4. > 5. "Ella le respondió a él." "Ella le respondió a él." Translation:She responded to him. January 26, 2013 Doesn't saying "le respondio" imply "him," making "a el" superfluous in this case? "le" is used for him, her, it and formal you, so whether you can drop the "a él" or not would depend on the context I guess. Then is le even necessary? Cant we just say Ella respondió a él? As far as I know, the "le" is necessary and the translation could have been just "ella le respondió" if the context made clear that "le" refered to "him". This page may help: http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/iopro1.htm Thanks a million This is excellent....I get it! StudySpanish.com is the best grammar source What you said is like saying, "She responded to he." It isn't the right way to say it. You Definitely need the "le". i wonder why use le if you're going to add a el at the end. le is obviously so vague that it almost doesn't exist. i understand, i'm learning spanish, but still. Im starting to gather they appreciate grammatical redundancies in spanish. They also encourage double negatives..... but that is neither aqui o alli Look at firemans link above You're basically right, but this is a very common occurrence in Spanish. However, it sometimes helps clear up ambiguities. Could you simply use lo instead of le and then drop a el "lo" and "la" are for direct objects, and "le" is for indirect objects. They can't just be swapped to indicate gender - in this sentence "him" is an indirect object so "le" must be used. If you're not sure why it's an indirect object, this might help: https://www.duolingo.com/comment/1667832 Why not "She responded him"? She can't 'respond him'. That doesn't make sense. Some verbs are more specific in their usage than others. She can respond (end sentence there), or she can respond to something or someone, but she can't respond somebody. I'am Brazilian and I am learning spanish and try to improve my english. So I would like to know, why "You answered to him" is wrong? As far as the verb meaning goes, it should be an accepted meaning, as responder a also indicates being subordinate to... But you might have been marked wrong for saying you instead of she. Nah, "she answered to him" was marked as wrong too, with "responded" being underlined. Thanks manl! High five (Woman) but high five back lol Sorry Hhowell. lol i agree with you! I"m still confused about lo vs le. Can someone help? Thanks lo is direct object, whereas le is an indirect object. may I recommend checking out the lessons on spanishdict.com . Also there is a book I own called "english grammar for students of spanish". It has helped me a lot with the more difficult parts of spanish grammar. especially DOP´s and IOP´s. Isn't it meant to be ella lo respondio instead of le because in the sentence she responded him, him there is a direct object not indirect. please I nid clarifiction. No, I can respond "ow", but I cannot respond him (or her, or it.) The direct object of respond is always the response - the thing said. So "I responded 'ow' to him." I can tickle him, I can hit him, but I cannot respond him. I thought a + el were combined to form "al"? Is that not required in this case? You are right. But el and él are different words. Mystic, winandfx is right; el (The) and él (He) are different words. The contracted al is only used for "a el" (to the), but not for "*a él" (to him). is "him" a direct object pronoun here? if so, should the pronoun be"lo" ?? It's indirect which is why it's "le". Yes keep in mind that le could be her as well which is why without you don't know for sure. Thanks for the clarification guys! What is the infinitiv? [deactivated user] When do you know when to use contestóor respondió? she did not answer him. Why are we using "le" as this is an indirect object pronoun. I am I mistaken with thinking that it should have been the direct object "lo" used here as: Responded is the verb, She is the subject, the subject + verb = direct object, therefore, "she responded" to 'who / what'. This answer should be "him". In an earlier lesson "I see them" was "yo los veo a ellos", where the "los" is a direct object pronoun. Thanks in advance, I was confused too, but I now I get it. When you ask the question: to who/ to what, the answer you get is the INDIRECT object, not the direct. When you ask the question who/what, the answer is the DIRECT object. I think that's what has you confused. Let's take your example. Yo los veo a ellos. Ask yourself, I see who/what. I see them. So los is the DIRECT object. Now, Ella le respondió a él. She responded TO whom/ TO what? To him. In this case, él is the indirect object, (because it answers the question TO WHOM [and not whom] ) so it takes the pronoun le. I hope I've cleared this up for you. And if you need more clarification, watch this guy for direct objects: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcjGv4aiHoU And for indirect objects: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWilradvu6s Preterite: él/ella/Ud. respondió,repuso (SpanishDict). Are there two different variants of preterite form? I see what happened. In general: responder=Respondió, y reponer=repuso. But in some specific instances you would use the irregular preterit for responder. Since duo didn't give us that context, best to stick with the regular form. Cannot find any sources explaining this. So an irregular preterite form of responder is the same as reponer? Basically yes. It's an antiquated use. I'm here in Spain with my friend and just asked her and she said she would never use the irregular, it sounds weird. Check this http://lema.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?key=responder Hi, checked on Spanishdict.com and there seems to be 2 forms of preterite? Can somebody please explain respondí/respondiste/respondió/respondimos/respondisteis/respondieron vs. repuse/repusiste/repuso/repusimos/repusisteis/repusieron? Thanks! They're a little different, check the RAE. I can't go into it right now. Also see above, http://lema.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?key=responder It does finally explain the noun respuesta though! I always wondered why to add on the "le", but I think its sinking in. You could say "Ella le respondió" which in English is like "She him responded to". Although this is not good English, it helps me to remember how Spanish sentences are structured. It's a complete sentence in Spanish. The "a él" is added emphasis on a particular guy in a crowd, like "She him responded to, (that guy over there)". The "a él" or "that guy over there" isn't required but adds emphasis on a certain target of your sentence. Its choppy I know but it helps me understand how it works. Why is "She answered to him." wrong, it is basically synonymous. Maybe it's just a regional thing, but when I hear "she answered to him" I think of it as "she was accountable to him", while when I hear "she answered him" I think of it as "she replied to him". I would never say "she answered to him" when talking about replying. Do you interpret those sentences the same way I do? Responder is definitely the word to use for replying, but when I glance at online dictionaries I'm not seeing it used for accountability. Maybe that's why, but I'm not sure. I put in "she answer to him" and it was wrong It's not grammatically correct. "She answered him" and "she answered to him" are grammatically correct. The first is a correct translation for this sentence, but I'm not sure about the second. You're right. The second one wouldn't be a good translation for this sentence. It looks like Chaya didn't put it into the past tense and had that extra "to" that made it seem like he was her superior. I think it becomes clearer if we think about it as "responded to" or gave a response to. In a previous example the translation was "answered", no? Why is wrong? " She responded him", please help, I speak Spanish and is confused It is because the answer is "She responded TO him" - Ella le respondió a él. " You need to "to" even if "a él" isnt present as you should be asking for Indirect / direct objects. What is doing the action and secondly, to whom is the action being done. So She responded "what" ? and to whom "to him". Another example "I read the book to him". Read is the verb, So I read what? The book. And I read it to who? To him. The Spanish sentence would be: Yo leo el libro a él or replacing "the book" with "it" Yo se lo leo a él The "a él" is only needed as lo can be "him" or "it" I hope that helps, if not I can try and help tomorrow. This has only started to make sense to me recently. Thanks for help me, but I have a question: could be that verbs "to answer" and "to respond" They just must write with "to"? , ej "I answer to him", like a grammar rule?. Sorry about my simple English, I am learning just 3 month ago. I talk as Tarzan ja,ja. Thank you very much for your help This depends on the verb being used, and I think it's just something you have to memorize. Some verbs can't have "to", some can't be without it, some can work either way. In every case I can think of, if "respond" is followed by an object then it needs the word "to" (there may be obscure examples that are different). Eg, "I responded to the question", "I respond to him". There are cases where it is not followed by an object, eg "I responded", "I don't know how he will respond", but the meaning is basically the same. However, "answer" changes it's meaning depending on whether it's followed by "to" or not. These sentences are identical in meaning to the ones above with "respond": • I answered the question • I answer him • I answered • I don't know how we will respond Including the "to" after answer changes the meaning to show responsibility, eg "I answer to him" basically means that I report to my him, like a boss - I do what he says because he is in charge of me (he is responsible for me). "I answer to the question" would just be incorrect grammar. Ok. It is more clear! Thank you! You are very kind! Why does respondió always sound like respondure?! Learn Spanish in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
sleep hygiene The term "sleep hygiene" refers to behaviors or habits that positively affect the sleep of individuals and reduce sleep disorders. For this purpose, certain rules can be followed in relation to sleep, which promote a good and healthy sleep through their continuity. The implementation lies with each individual and, if consistently carried out, is an important building block in the non-drug therapy of sleep disorders. Especially in the case of minor disturbances of sleep, healthy sleep hygiene can bring about a significant improvement. In chronic sleep disorders, however, a cause research should be operated. Rules for sleep hygiene There are some pretty simple rules of conduct that help to promote sleep. Regulated uptime is very important. Also at the weekend and on vacation you should always get up at about the same time. But you should not go to bed until you are really tired. Relaxing sleep rituals can help in the evening. If you realize that you are in bed and can not fall asleep, you should get up again and busy yourself. Only when you feel really sleepy, you should go back to bed. The bed should be a place of sleep, so avoid working or reading in bed. In addition, nap should be avoided if insomnia persists. It should not be done after 3pm, ideally 10-20 minutes. Furthermore, one should avoid exposure to bright screen sources before sleeping. These include televisions, computers and smartphones, because they suppress the production of our sleep hormone melatonin due to their high proportion of blue light. The sleeping environment Create a cozy environment for sleeping, in which you feel comfortable. A comfortable bed is important as well as a quiet and darkened room that should be rather cool with enough fresh air. External noise should be kept as low as possible. Care should be taken that no sumptuous meals are taken at bedtime. Small meals can be sleep promoting, especially if they are milk. Stimulants are substances that have an activating effect on the body. An important representative is caffeine. It increases brain activity and thus negatively influences sleep. Caffeinated drinks, such as coffee, tea and cola and freely available caffeine preparations from the pharmacy should not be taken 3-4 hours before bedtime. Moderate consumption of caffeine throughout the day has no negative effects on sleep. However, excessive intake of caffeine a day can promote withdrawal symptoms and sleep problems. Also important is nicotine. On the one hand, it can disturb sleep and, on the other hand, it can lead to sleep problems due to withdrawal symptoms during the night. Former smokers sleep better and wake up less often at night. At least 3-4 hours before going to bed should no longer be smoked. Furthermore, alcohol should not be drunk 4-6 hours before sleep. Although this facilitates falling asleep, but leads to sleep problems and nightmares. Regular exercise is important for healthy sleep hygiene. However, a very strong physical effort should be avoided until 6 hours before sleep. This means regular exercise is good, but putting yourself under pressure to sleep better usually results in worse sleep. Sleep hygiene in the baby / toddler / child The required bedtime of the child changes in the course of its development. When a baby needs an average of 17 hours of sleep a day after birth, bedtime continues to decline. At the age of two, a child needs about 13.5 hours of sleep on average and only 12 hours at age 4. At the age of 10 years, the bedtime is about 9 hours and decreases in the adolescent age even further. However, these are only average values that can vary from child to child without any evidence of illness. In addition, different sleep types are not negligible. The so-called "larks" are typical morning people who are active early and fatigue in the evening. In contrast, the so-called "owls", who often have problems getting up, but are more powerful in the evening. These two forms can be observed in both children and adults. Especially infants still have very restless phases that make longer sleep difficult. Proximity to parents is especially important at this time. Since the babies often need a meal at night, it makes sense to set up the cot in the master bedroom. Having your own bed for the child is important. In addition, the infant should sleep supine in a sleeping bag with no additional blanket. An environment that is smoke-free is immensely important. No pillows should be used and the mattress should be firm so that the child's head does not sink. The room temperature should be in the range of 16-18 ° C to avoid overheating. In addition, cuddly animals should be avoided in the bed of the babies, since there is a risk that they cover the face of the child. To get the kids used to a day-and-night rhythm, it helps to keep the light subdued during winding or feeding at night. Toddlers and children can use an everyday evening ritual to fall asleep. This can be an age-appropriate story reading or listening to a cassette / CD. It is important that it takes place every evening and does not last longer than 30 minutes. Try to introduce regular bedtime and getting-up-time. The midday sleep of the child should be longer than four hours from the bedtime. To fall asleep, the child is separated from the parents for a while. Therefore, it should also learn during the day, always for a certain time to separate from the parents and then reunite. An environment in which the child feels comfortable is also an important prerequisite for good sleep. Sleep should not be negatively associated, so sleeping or bedtime should not be considered a punishment. All in all, regular bedtime and sleep rituals are important and can support healthy sleep for the children. Sleep hygiene in old age With age, the sleep phases of humans change, deep sleep decreases. Nevertheless, older people do not need less sleep, as is often assumed. Often, however, the day-night rhythm changes due to the circumstances of life. Older people often go to bed earlier and wake up early in the morning, having already met their need for sleep, or have had many short sleep phases throughout the day. In addition, diseases can negatively affect sleep. For example, frequent nocturnal urination and chronic pain lead to increased sleep problems, often in the form of sleep problems. Healthy sleep hygiene can help. Bedtime, for example, should not always be put forward and nap should be avoided as much as possible. A measured activity during the day is particularly important. Sleeping aids in older people should be critically questioned due to numerous side effects and discussed with the doctor. For sleep problems that last over a month and disturb the daily mood, it should be visited. Sleep hygiene in depression Sleep disorders can be observed in almost every depression. Often they are even the first signs of a depressive illness. They can express themselves differently, for example in the form of falling asleep or repeated, short awake phases. Most often, however, is the premature, early morning awakening with a typical low mood. Seasonal depression, characterized by recurrent depressive episodes in autumn and winter, may also result in an increased need for sleep. Therapeutically, always treat the underlying disease, depression. A sole prescription of healthy sleep hygiene or a sleeping pill is a mistake. If the depression is treated with an antidepressant, it should be kept in mind that the effect of the drug will appear only after some time. If the sleep disorder is very stressful, it should be addressed immediately. Non-drug treatment options for healthy sleep hygiene, as described above, and a possible short-term use of sleeping pills are advisable. However, this should be decided in consultation with the attending physician. In addition, a sensible selection of the right antidepressant through, for example, its sleep-inducing effect can positively affect sleep. • How can one recognize a depression? • Seasonal Affective Disorder The right technique The most important technique of sleep hygiene is to find continuity and regularity for itself. It can help to get a sleep diary to measure your own need for sleep and to control yourself. By applying the above rules, sleep patterns can be improved and healthy sleep promoted. A regular time to get up, bedtime depending on tiredness, avoiding stimulants and regular exercise are the basic building blocks of healthy sleep hygiene. However, if sleep disorders persist for a long time, further research into the causes should be carried out with the help of a doctor. A balanced diet promotes sound sleep. Hunger or a full stomach disturbs sleep. Therefore, avoid lavish, high-fat or spicy foods before sleeping. A small meal before sleep can help you fall asleep. Milk-containing products are especially recommended. In order to keep the urination low, no large fluid intake should be done at bedtime. Sleep hygiene after jet lag The so-called "jet lag" arises when crossing multiple time zones in no time, for example, during a flight. Typical symptoms include difficulty sleeping and staying asleep, daytime sleepiness, indigestion and lack of concentration. It can take up to a week for the symptoms to disappear. Prophylactic can already be countered by booking day flights and no night flights. Direct flights during the day disturb the least our day-night-rhythm. At night you should definitely try to sleep, for day flights you should try to avoid this. At the arrival you should adapt to the local time of day and avoid temporary sleep. Physical activity during the day can help. Light plays a key role as a timer. If you want to stay awake, it helps to be exposed to bright light or to avoid bright light for sleeping. If the stay in the new country is less than 48 hours, the usual bedtime can be maintained. When traveling west, you can try to go to bed a few days before your departure. Towards the east, on the other hand, it helps to sleep earlier and wake up earlier in the morning. Sleep Hygiene (February 2020). • Food • parasite • medicinal plants • laboratory values • pathogen • Prefer Preferences Categories Point Of View
Animal Nutrition Jobs: Career Options and Requirements Sep 19, 2019 Degrees in animal nutrition typically cover the animal and food sciences. Find out about the curricula of these programs, and learn about career options, job growth and salary info for animal nutrition graduates. A future in animal nutrition may include choosing a career as an agricultural and food science technician or an animal caretaker. These professionals may work for zoos, aquariums, or dairies, ensuring that the animals are well cared for and fed correctly. If you are considering one of these careers, your best bet is to earn a bachelor's degree before pursuing professional certification, which is also available. Essential Information Helping animals live longer by monitoring their eating habits is just one of the duties of someone working in animal nutrition. Workers in this field use a multidisciplinary approach and include applied research from studies in animal physiology, chemistry, and nutrition. Minoring in business is recommended for those seeking more managerial positions in the industry. Many positions require an undergraduate degree related to animal sciences, but some employers provide training on-site. Career Agricultural and Food Science Technicians Animal Caretakers (non-farm) Education Requirements Bachelor's degree High school diploma; Bachelor's degrees may be required of those who work in larger facilities, such as zoos. Projected Job Growth (2018-2028)* 6% 16% Median Salary (2018)* $40,860 $23,760 Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Career Options While animal caretakers and animal/food scientists may both deal with animal nutrition, the level of study required for their jobs differs. Animal caretakers learn most of their skills on the job and may only require a high school diploma, while more those performing more technical jobs, like dairy consultants, will probably need a bachelor's degree. Animal Caretaker Information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) showed that animal caretakers work for several employers, such as zoos, kennels, veterinary clinics and aquariums ( Position titles vary by business or industry, and common duties include making sure animal habitats are clean and that each animal receives meals that incorporate a balanced diet. Many caretakers also observe animals and record notes about each animal's behavior and eating habits. Dairy Consultant Under the category of animal scientist, the BLS stated that dairy consultants provide farmers with strategies that could help increase and improve dairy production. Most consultants take a broad approach by examining multiple factors involved, such as how well animals are fed and what types of food they consume prior to processing. Comparing all known variables, consultants then make reports that show the current product yield and how particular nutritional changes could potentially improve these numbers. Animal Nutrition Job Requirements Training and Education Many caretaker positions at kennels, veterinary clinics and nonprofit agencies only require a high school diploma, per the BLS. However, zoos and aquariums usually prefer or are required to hire caretakers who have earned at least a bachelor's degree related to animal sciences. Many workers learn their skills on-the-job or through volunteering at animal care facilities where they can watch animals closely and participate in activities, such as animal feeding. In most cases, dairy consultants need to possess a bachelor's degree. The necessary animal science and related business acumen can be achieved by majoring in dairy science with additional electives or a minor in agricultural business. Relevant coursework includes biology, chemistry, farm planning, business management and animal nutrition. Licensing and Certification Animal caretakers and dairy consultants are usually not required to be licensed, but they can pursue voluntary certification. Many nonprofit organizations provide programs that certify workers in such fields as animal rescue or agricultural economics. Some certification organizations, such as the Association of Companion Animal Behavior Counselors, include a component on animal nutrition within a combined didactic and hands-on training program. Certification programs typically require passing one or more exams, and some organizations could include mandatory training sessions prior to testing. Employment Outlook and Salary Information In 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that agricultural and food science technicians in the 90th percentile or higher earned $64,020 or more per year, while non-farm animal caretakers in that same percentile earned $37,250. According to the BLS, projected an increase as fast as the average for animal care and service workers through 2028, while agricultural and food science technicians was predicted to rise much faster than the average during that same time. Agricultural and food science technicians approach animal nutrition from a scientific standpoint, examining how food and nutrition affects animal yields. Animal caretakers work directly with animals ensuring that their needs are met. Both of these careers can benefit from a bachelor's degree in animal sciences, and employers may prefer job candidates with professional certifications and relevant experience. 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Java is one of the best programming languages . The popularity and usage of Java is still rising after two decades which is a big-time for any programming language. Today I am sharing Top 5 reasons why Java is one of the best programming languages and i am also sharing resources to start Top 5 Reasons: Why java is one of the best programming languages JAVA is an object-oriented programming supports object-oriented concepts like Inheritance, Polymorphism, abstraction, encapsulation, Overloading and Overriding. which makes java language powerful. Do you know how to write good code? 2. Platform Independent JAVA is a platform-independent programming language, which means it can run on any platform such as Windows, Linux and Mac. JAVA use byte code, it helps to make java platform independent. 3.Rich API API stands for Application Programming provides APIs for almost everything such as networking, Database connectivity, for desktop application XML parsing ,I/O. 4.Great Big Community and Documentation JAVA has great community of developers,if you stuck at any problem in java you can easily found a solution on the internet. There are lots of questions and solutions available for java programming language on StackOverflow. And you can find awesome official documentation on oracle is easy to understand and explained very well. for offical java documentation click here best java documentation to start learning java programming java documentation By- 5.Simple and Secure. why java is secure programming language why java is secure ? JAVA is easy to understand and simple programming langueage.all writing java code is like writing the English language, which makes easy to understand. Anyone can start right off with Java with an understanding of the basic underlying principles of programming. It is secure programming language, Safety features are built into the language and runtime systems. Bytecode plays important role to make java secure programming language. Do you know what is Network topology? Read Here Resources to learn java programming Download reference book for JAVA Download 2 thoughts on “Top 5 Reasons: Why java is one of the best programming languages” Leave a Reply
Review, part 10b. Why Jesus’ Miracles Appear Historically Natural (Litwa: How the Gospels Became History) Creative Commons License by Neil Godfrey I am continuing my discussion of M. David Litwa’s book, How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths, in the light of my two recent posts* that theorize why Greco-Roman myths were so believable and why it was widely accepted that divine heroes and gods had even acted on earth in historical, even contemporary, times**. Litwa makes an interesting claim: It was a historical judgment that in the so-called heroic age, men were bigger, faster, and stronger than people are today. They were also more pious, which earned them the right of dining with deities and even (as in the case of Heracles) being changed into them. Today one can label the heroic age a “mythic” one, but for the Greeks it was a real time in the past that gradually melted into our own time with its known dates and calendars.10 (Litwa, p. 137) Endnote 10 is to Pausanias, 8.2.4, which I quote: I for my part believe this story; it has been a legend among the Arcadians from of old, and it has the additional merit of probability. For the men of those days, because of their righteousness and piety, were guests of the gods, eating at the same board; the good were openly honored by the gods, and sinners were openly visited with their wrath. Nay, in those days men were changed to gods, who down to the present day have honors paid to them – Aristaeus, Britomartis of Crete, Heracles the son of Alcmena, Amphiaraus the son of Oicles, and besides these Polydeuces and Castor. Pausanias. 2014. Complete Works of Pausanias. Delphi Classics. 8.2.4 What story is it that Pausanias claimed to believe? For Cecrops was the first to name Zeus the Supreme god, and refused to sacrifice anything that had life in it, but burnt instead on the altar the national cakes which the Athenians still call pelanoi. But Lycaon brought a human baby to the altar of Lycaean Zeus, and sacrificed it, pouring out its blood upon the altar, and according to the legend immediately after the sacrifice he was changed from a man to a wolf (Lycos). Pausanias, 8.2.3 Despite Litwa’s wording (“it was a real time in the past that gradually melted into our time”) it is evident that he is relegating the age of mythical heroes and gods on earth to the remote past. But we have seen that though some things changed (the monsters were cleansed from the earth, for instance) those figures were widely believed by the “common people” (as distinct from the highly educated and literate elite) to have had recent, and even contemporary, appearances on earth among mortals. What is interesting is Litwa’s next two paragraphs because they fit so neatly into Sarah Iles Johnston’s explanation for why Greek myths were so “real” and easy to believe: Christians too advertised their own mythic age. This age was not one in the distant past but one recently dawned. Christians called it the “Kingdom of God”; and modern scholars typically refer to it as “the eschatological age” or simply “the eschaton.” The eschaton is no less a mythic age than the age of heroes. The difference is that Christians thought that they lived in the eschaton and invited other people to imagine — and live — the same reality. In this final age, miracles gained a kind of acceptability since they were signs that the new time of the Kingdom had arrived. This notion modified what early Christians were willing to believe about reported wonders. I can accept Litwa’s thesis here. It is not so very far removed from Johnston’s. Greeks were well able to believe that divine heroes could and did appear and work miracles in their present-day and recent history. So it is no great surprise that Christians would embrace similar views about their own mythical figures and beliefs. Yet Litwa does not make this connection even though he knows Johnston’s articles. At the same time, the gospel narration of miracles did not veer into utter fancy. Jesus walks over the sea; he does not fly over it with a cape. He heals people by word, not by magic formulas and mind melds. The daimons that fly into pigs remain invisible, without horns, pointy beards, or pitchforks. The characters in the miracle story remain lifelike, and miracles are represented as responses to real human needs. By depicting the lamentable infirmities that demand the miracle, the stories remained anchored in a reality that corresponds to the unpredictability of “normal” human experience. The point of the miracle story, one might say, is to bring readers out of the gritty normality of their own space and time into the new “reality” of mythic time. Yet to accomplish this transition, the gospel writers still had to represent “real life,” in which tragedies and disappointments were expected and nature ran its course. The evangelists, in short, still sought to authenticate their miracle stories by narrating them in the larger context of “real” (quotidian) human events.11 Endnote 11 is to the Johnston article I discussed in some detail at How Mythic Story Worlds Become Believable (Johnston: The Greek Mythic Story World) In that post I drew several side-references to gospel comparisons. The remainder of Litwa’s discussion of miracles bears out Johnston’s explanation for Greek myths being so credible. In effect, Litwa applies Johnston’s thesis to the gospels. If the Greeks could believe in the recent historicity of appearances of their gods and heroes, then we cannot be surprised that early Christians believed the gospel narratives as equally “historical” — given that Litwa finds the same techniques of storytelling in the gospels as Johnston finds among the Greek myths. Litwa puts his finger on what it is about Jesus’ miracle of walking on water that allows one to read it with some credulity: Compare the way Apollo passes by Jason’s crew with God passing by Moses and Jesus appearing to be about to pass by the disciples in the short post When a God Passes By The feat is impressive; yet amid the whipping wind and mist-like shadows, a sense of realism remains. Jesus is not a giant whose legs stretch to the bottom of the sea. He has no super-sandals or chariot. He does not run like the wind. In fact, he seems to walk over the water rather slowly, with an air of divine authority; His feet appear to float on the water. Or perhaps the reader is meant to assume that Jesus hovered slightly over the surf. This might explain, at any rate, why the disciples thought that he was a ghost. . . . . . . . . The author granted Jesus the water-surmounting powers of Yahweh. Yet the openly mythological images are played down. Sea is not personified. Jesus does not split the sea or trample it like a dragon or dash over it with a chariot. He walks on it like a human would walk on dry land. Despite the wonder of water travel itself, the realism is consistent. Jesus has a motive for crossing the sea, and he does so nonchalantly, without pageantry. The author of Mark evidently wanted the sea miracle to be read as a historical event, on par with Jesus talking and climbing into the boat. The evangelists have outdone Homer: Sometimes ancient authors seem relatively uninterested in a monster’s remarkable features, mentioning them only briefly. Consider this passage from the Iliad in which the story of Bellerophon and the Chimaera is told (Il. 6.171–83): So off went Bellerophon to Lycia, under the excellent escort of the gods. And when he reached the river Xanthus, the king welcomed him and honored him with entertainment for nine solid days, killing an ox each day. But when the tenth dawn spread her rosy light, the king questioned him and asked to see the tokens that his son-in-law Proetus had sent. And when he saw the evil tokens, he ordered Bellerophon to kill the furious Chimaera, a creature that was not human but divine; a lion in front, a serpent in the rear, and a goat in the middle, and breathing fi re. Bellerophon killed her, trusting in signs from the gods. (trans. Lombardo, slightly modified). Homer does not fail to mention the Chimaera’s triple physiognomy and fi ery breath, but he does not take full advantage of their narrative possibilities (nor does Pindar, for instance, who allots to her a single adjectival phrase, “fire-breathing,” at Ο. 13.90). In this and many other cases, moreover, that which is marvelous is situated squarely within familiar activities or against a familiar backdrop: Bellerophon departs to fight the Chimaera after a series of feasts such as Homeric kings typically serve to important visitors; in Pindar’s narration of Jason’s exploits on Colchis, the sheer physical strength that the hero displays while yoking Aeetes’ oxen and guiding their plow merits more attention than the oxen’s fiery breath and brazen hooves (P. 4.232–38). Similarly, Theseus’s visit to the marvelous undersea palace of Poseidon and Amphitrite, as narrated by Bacchylides in his seventeenth dithyramb, is well integrated into an eventful but otherwise realistic voyage across the Aegean. (Johnston, The Greek Mythic Story World, 288 f) The evangelists had a model, though. Seneca in a play about Heracles described the same miracle in equally, if not more, prosaic simplicity and “realism”. Litwa refers to this passage by Seneca: The same [Heracles] had when across the parched desert and the sands, billowing like the stormy sea, he made his way, and across the strait with twice-receding, twice-returning waves ; and when, his barque aban doned, he was stranded, a prisoner on Syrtes’ shoals, and, though his vessel was held fast, he crossed o’er seas on foot. (Seneca, Hercules Furens, 319-324) Litwa compares the same techniques used by both evangelists and Greco-Roman authors in the miracles of stilling a storm, unnatural catches of fish, casting out demons, healings, and apparent resurrections from the dead. Litwa concludes this chapter with The miracle is a counterintuitive element, to be sure, but the counterintuitiveness is kept to a minimum. The miracle might have been considered mythic; but fixed in a textual world of other normal human events, it gained the hook of credibility. Sometimes the characters in the story, who putatively share the ontological expectations of the reader, are depicted as surprised by the miracle but in the end compelled to believe it. For willing but cautious readers, this literary technique also encourages belief I find these words of Litwa particularly interesting: Sometimes the miracles are rationalized, as if Jesus were an expert in healing psychosomatic disorders. Yes, even sophisticated moderns, even learned scholars, are persuaded by the technique to believe that “the miracle” did happen at least in some manner. The believability of a miracle story depends on both the way it is told and the investment of the person who hears it. In the case of Jesus, many Christian believers today still affirm that Jesus’s miracles happened. Sometimes the miracles are rationalized, as if Jesus were an expert in healing psychosomatic disorders. The modern need to believe reflects the ancient cultural expectations as well. To be sure, if we were to resurrect Philostratus or Tacitus or Suetonius and ask him if Jesus’s miracles occurred, he might discount them as drivel fit for superstitious and gullible people. Yet those historians themselves, if somewhat guardedly, reported wonders of a similar stripe, all the while expecting to be believed — at least on some level. So the wheel of mythic historiography grinds on; and the miracle stories themselves — though increasingly hard to credit—have lost none of their wonder. It was not only historians who incorporated this technique of describing the intervention of divine heroes and gods; Greek myths were generally told that way whether by poets or authors of epic narratives. The myths were told with the same techniques any other contemporary or historical event was reported. Litwa is correct in his explanation for why the miracles of the gospels were so easily believed to have been historical. Johnston, Sarah. 2015. “The Greek Mythic Story World.” Arethusa 48 (3): 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1353/are.2015.0008. Litwa, M. David. 2019. How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Pausanias. 2014. Complete Works of Pausanias. Delphi Classics. Seneca the Younger. n.d. “Hercules Furens.” Theoi Classical Texts Library. Accessed January 27, 2020. https://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaHerculesFurens.html. To order a copy of How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths at the Footprint Books Website with a 15% discount click here or visit www.footprint.com.au Please use discount voucher code BCLUB19 at the checkout to apply the discount. The following two tabs change content below. Neil Godfrey Latest posts by Neil Godfrey (see all) • 2020-01-28 13:24:02 GMT+0000 - 13:24 \| Permalink Is “Herades” (mentioned in the first quote from Litwa) a typo for Heracles? • Neil Godfrey 2020-01-28 21:09:37 GMT+0000 - 21:09 \| Permalink Fixed, thanks. • Leave a Reply
Closed adoption (also called "confidential" adoption and sometimes "secret" adoption) is a process by which an infant is adopted by another family, and the record of the biological parent(s) is kept sealed. Often, the biological father is not recorded—even on the original birth certificate. An adoption of an older child who already knows his or her biological parent(s) cannot be made closed or secret. This used to be the most traditional and popular type of adoption, peaking in the decades of the post-World War II Baby Scoop Era. It still exists today, but it exists alongside the practice of open adoption. The sealed records effectively prevent the adoptee and the biological parents from finding, or even knowing anything about each other (especially in the days before the Internet). The International Association of Adopted People does not support any form of closed adoption because it believes that closed adoption is detrimental to the psychological wellbeing of the adopted child. However, the emergence of non-profit organizations and private companies to assist individuals with their sealed records has been effective in helping people who want to connect with biological relatives to do so. Closed adoption has been increasingly criticized in recent years as being unfair to both the adoptee and his or her birth parents. Some people believe that making the identities of a child's parents quite literally a state secret is a gross violation of human rights. On the other hand, the birth mother may have desired the secrecy because of the circumstances of the child's conception. A semi-open adoption in Texas allows you to stay in contact with the adoptive family through American Adoptions without having to share identifying information like your last name or home address. American Adoptions can mediate contact of a semi-open adoption for up to 18 years. However, most adoptive parents and birth parents today share a more open adoption, which involves direct communication without the agency’s involvement. Father Of The Baby - ArticlesHow to Tell the Father About an Unplanned PregnancyHow Do I Tell the Birth Father About My Adoption Plan?Supportive Birth Fathers, Married Couples Choosing AdoptionUnsupportive, Uninterested or Unknown Birth FathersNew Relationships and Unplanned PregnancyWhat Are My Responsibilities as the Father?Unplanned Pregnancy and Marriage: Navigating this Challenging Surprise The nature of adoption has changed greatly over the years, and open adoptions are one of the many ways that birth parents can take charge of their adoption plans. Instead of having to wonder whether or not they chose the right family or how their child is doing, they will always know. In an open adoption, birth parents have the opportunity to get to know the family they have chosen for their child, which puts many people at ease and makes the difficult decision of adoption much easier. Grotevant, however, sounded a note of caution to those who portray it as a panacea. The children of open adoption do not have higher self-esteem than those in closed adoptions, he observed. For children in each group, self-esteem is about the same, his research found. He stressed that more research is needed to assess the impact of open adoption on adolescents. (The research he did with McRoy studies children up to age 12.) When Can You "Give a Child Up" for Adoption? - ArticlesWhen Can You Give a Child Up for Adoption?I Want to Give My Unborn Child Up for AdoptionIt is Never Too Late to Give A Baby Up for AdoptionHow Fast Can I Place My Child for Adoption?Hospital Adoption: Giving Baby Up at the HospitalCan You Put a Baby Up for Adoption After You Take it Home?Is It Possible to Give an Older Child Up for Adoption? The Facts You Need to Know About Temporary AdoptionPlacing a Child for Adoption by Age The cost for a confidential intermediary and related court fees can be around $500, but varies by state and agency. For persons who cannot afford the fees, there is usually assistance available from the tax-payer supported state department or the non-profit agency, and anyone can request from them how-to request this help. Most agencies charge a fixed fee which includes everything, and only in the most extreme and unusual circumstances ask for additional funds. If the adoptee is unable to locate (or would prefer to use a third person) to find his or her birth father, often the same confidential intermediary can be used for an additional fee. Closed adoption may be beneficial in allowing a child to live a life without fear that he or she will be found by anyone who has caused harm in the past. Especially in cases where a child has been placed with a family through the foster care system, it may be necessary and provide the benefit of safety and security for the child. If the child was placed because of abuse, a closed adoption would allow for the adoptive family to feel safe and for their child to not worry about his or her well-being. Decades ago, virtually all adoptions were closed. A closed adoption means that there is no contact whatsoever between the birthparents and the adoptive parents and child after the adoption takes place. In fact, there may also be no contact before the adoption. Nowadays, however, the trend in the United States is toward open adoptions, in which all the parties to an adoption meet and often remain in each other's lives. In an open adoption, as I define it, the adopters and the birthparents both know each other's full names, both first and last names. (It is not open if only one side has identifying information about the other.) They may agree to exchange photos and letters directly, without using the agency or attorney as a middleman. Sometimes a semi-open adoption later becomes an open adoption, if both parties decide that they want it that way. Adoption has changed a great deal over time. Today, birth mothers and birth fathers often choose to be actively involved in all facets of the process of adoption planning. Many times they opt to choose their child’s adoptive parents, and they are requesting consistent communication and interaction with the children they place for adoption throughout the life cycle of the adoption. Does this benefit the children? LifeLong Adoptions supports three types of adoption: open adoption, semi-open adoption, and closed adoption. Each birthmother chooses the type of adoption she would like to have. We then ensure she is matched with an adoptive family that is interested in the same type of adoption. Though you may prefer a specific adoption type, it is beneficial to remain open minded in case the birthmother who choses you prefers a different arrangement. Like other, more open adoptions, what a semi-open adoption looks like will vary based on the preferences of the birth parents involved. As prospective adoptive parents, you should prepare to be flexible on communication in a semi-open adoption, as birth parents’ comfort levels (and communication preferences) may change over time as you build a relationship with them. Reunion registries were designed so adoptees and their birth parents, siblings or other family members can locate one another at little or no cost. In these mutual consent registries, both parties must have registered in order for there to be a match. Most require the adoptee to be at least 18 years old. Though they did not exist until late in the 20th century, today there are many World Wide Web pages, chat rooms, and other online resources that offer search information, registration and support. Whether you are seeking to adopt or considering placing your child for adoption, it is a good idea to decide whether open adoption is the right choice for you and your child. Today, it is increasingly common for birth parents and adoptive parents to communicate directly with one another before, during, and after the adoption process is complete. That contact can take place in many different ways including through the exchange of emails, letters, phone calls, Skype calls, and in-person visits. About American Adoptions - ArticlesAbout Us: American Adoptions American Adoptions' Office LocationsWelcome to American AdoptionsAsk Michelle an Adoption QuestionOur Agency StaffGetting to Know American Adoptions Co-Founder Scott MarsA Life of Love and Opportunity - Scott's StoryThe Greatest Gift of All - Our SonAdoption Agency CertificationsAmerican Adoptions' NewsletterMore . . . “A lot of birth parents went into it thinking it was a privilege to them,” said Brenda Romanchik, executive director of Insight: Open Adoption Resources and Support, an adoption education and support organization in Royal Oak, Michigan. “So when things got tough, they thought, this isn’t working for me, so I’m going to leave. They didn’t take the child into account.” Likely the most common arrangement in open adoptions is for the adoptive parents to commit to sending the birth mother photos of the child (and themselves as a family) each year, and short written updates, until the child reaches the age of 18.[19] Often these photos and updates will be sent more than just once a year, such as the child's birthday or other significant events. Sometimes an intermediary is selected to receive and forward the updates, and sometimes it is done directly. This can be through mail or email. Some adoptions are more open than just sending photos and updates and include face-to-face contact. The amount of contact can vary greatly from just once in the first year, to multiple times annually throughout the child's life.[13][20] Some of the adoptees raised in open adoption are now in adulthood and are writing about the experience of growing up in an open adoption.[21] Closed adoption refers to an adoption process where there is no interaction of any kind between birth mothers and prospective adoptive families. This means that there is no identifying information provided either to the birth families or adoptive families. However, non-identifying information such as physical characteristics and medical history may be made available to those involved. Our therapy will provide individuals and families with clarity, openness and honesty through the profound life experiences and choices they are facing. Do you have unresolved issues and emotions regarding your origins? Your child’s origins? Your role in helping others build their family? We’ll meet you wherever you are on your journey. We can help. For many years in New York State, adoptees had to obtain the permission of their adoptive parents (unless deceased) to be included in a state-sponsored reunion registry regardless of the age of the adoptee. In some cases, older adults or even senior citizens felt like they were being treated like children, and required to obtain their parents' signature on the form. In a broader sense, they felt it could be inferred that adopted children are always children, and thus second-class citizens subject to discrimination. The law has since been changed.[6] Choosing between an open and closed adoption depends entirely on the adoptive family's preferences. It's strongly advised that couples that do not entirely support an open adoption should not engage in one. However, it's more rare to find an agency or attorney that is completely comfortable with a closed adoption and will not suggest a semi-open adoption to a birth mother. Prior to adoption, the infant would often be placed in temporary and state-mandated foster care for a few weeks to several months until the adoption was approved. This would also help ensure that he or she was healthy, that the birthparent was sure about relinquishment, and that nothing was overlooked at the time of birth. Nowadays[when?], this practice is discouraged, as it prevents immediate bonding between the mother and child. Also, much better medical testing is available, both prenatally and postnatally. Many children also developed orphanage-type behavior including head banging, rocking and hand flapping. Many adopted adults still retain this rocking behavior especially when tired.[citation needed] “It removes the mystery, but it doesn’t remove the grief,” said Claude Riedel, a psychologist and family therapist who co-directs the Adoptive Family Counseling Center in Minnesota. “The reality is that, at certain stages, it’s normal to have questions: why did you choose not to parent me, not to keep me? And there may be complexities: have you kept your other children, but not me?” All states allow an adoptive parents access to non-identifying information of an adoptee who is still a minor. Nearly all states allow the adoptee, upon reaching adulthood, access to non-identifying information about their relatives. Approximately 27 states allow biological parents access to non-identifying information. In addition many states give such access to adult siblings. Identifying information is any data that may lead to the positive identification of an adoptee, biological parents, or other relatives. Nearly all states permit the release of identifying information when the person whose information is sought has consented to the release. Many states ask biological parents to specify at the time of consent or surrender whether they are willing to have their identity disclosed to the adoptee when he or she is age 18 or 21.5. If consent is not on file, the information may not be released without a court order documenting good cause to release the information. A person seeking a court order must be able to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that there is a compelling reason for disclosure that outweighs maintaining the confidentiality of a party to an adoption.[24] In Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Kansas, New Hampshire, and Oregon, there is no requirement to document good cause in order to access their birth certificates.[25][26][27][28] Some groups, such as Bastard Nation, One Voice,[29] and Origins USA,[30] campaign for adoptees' automatic access to birth certificates in other US states. In all adoption searches, it is uncommon to find both the birth mother and father at the same time. A separate search, if desired, can be done afterwards for the father. Since males seldom change their surnames, and the mother might have additional information, it is usually easier than the initial search for the birth mother. In many cases, adoptees are able to do this second search for their birth father by themselves (or they try before paying for assistance). It's equally important adopters understand that in a closed adoption little to no information will be exchanged with the birth parents, including their choice to arrange an adoption with the couple. This can feel like a distant business deal for some adoptive couples who want to know the nuances and personality of the mother of the child they're being placed with. Other adoptive parents may feel the separation of adoptive and birth parent eliminates possible instability an openly known birth mother's lifestyle may bring into a family dynamic. Also, in an open adoption, if communication is lost between the birth mother and adoptee, the child may become confused and hurt.
Difference between revisions of "Benedetto Marcello (1686-1739)" From CCARH Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Line 35: Line 35: Marcello's <i>intreccio scenico musicale</i> called </i>Arianna</i> was based (like <i>Psiché</i>) on a text by Vincenzo Cassani, a local poet and dramatist. it is scored for five voices, chorus(es), strings, two trumpets, and basso continuo. It may have been intended for the extended visit of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni to Venice in 1726. It is not clear whether the trumpet parts originated with Marcello. Revision as of 02:16, 5 January 2018 The Man Born in 1686 to a noble Venetian family, Marcello was the youngest of three surviving sons. All three studied jurisprudence. All three indulged in various artistic and literary undertakings. Alessandro and Benedetto were musicians and composers, though between them Benedetto Marcello composed far more than his brother. Their creative efforts can be distinguished from those of earlier and later generations by the intensity of their intellectual orientation, their attempts to excel in multiple areas of artistic enterprise, and, in the case of Benedetto and Gerolamo, their moralizing tone. Alessandro, the eldest, was as much a bon vivant as a man of letters. All three served in a variety of government offices, as was required by the sons of noblemen. (The Marcellos were one of the oldest families in Venice.) By the time Benedetto Marcello was born, many distinguished families in the Venetian nobility were investing considerable time in their intellectual and cultural pursuits. The influence of the Republic of Venice was waning, its trade markets contracting in the face of Austria's rise. Despite the decline of family fortunes, Marcello chose to commit his most important musical works to scores produced in elegant formats with utmost attention to graphical detail (and probably, therefore, at great personal expense). In comparison to Venetian music publishing, which had declined sharply in 1700, Benedetto chose to issue all of his printed music with Italian presses. Yet none of his secular or sacred vocal music was printed. This privilege was reserved for his early sonatas, his madrigals, and his Psalms of David as well as his satirical treatise on opera, Il teatro alla moda. Contrasting Profiles: Marcello vs Vivaldi Benedetto Marcello, a Venetian polymath, was a direct contemporary of Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741). The difference between them could not have been greater. Marcello descended from a noble family that had made numerous contributions to the civic and governmental life of the Venetian Republic, while Vivaldi descended from a family of small merchants. Marcello was educated in the manner of most noble Venetian males: at the Colleggio dei Nobili and at the University of Padua. Vivaldi was a day student at a district seminary. Marcello was a cellist, Vivaldi a violinist. Marcello was also an accomplished keyboard player. As adults, Marcello served in a long series of magistracies and government posts in Pula (then part of the Venetian peninsula, now within the borders of Slovenia) and, finally, in Brescia, where he died. He was something of an outcast in the last decade of his. Vivaldi accrued one accolade after another as a virtuoso but increasingly involved himself in the world of opera. He too suffered various career setbacks in the final decade of his life and died a pauper in Vienna. Marcello was sometimes envious of Vivaldi's fame, particularly in the face of musical and theatrical practices the nobleman considered specious and superficial. Recent research suggests that there were deeper motives for this antagonism. They issued from confrontations between the two in the equivalent of small-claims courts. Many of Vivaldi's operatic productions were financial disasters. Local magistracies had the duty of setting things to rights. Marcello's Music The recent popularity of Vivaldi's music has completely eclipsed the substantial repertory that Marcello created. Marcello's numerous achievements fall in very different places from those of Vivaldi. The course of his career as a composer, which was interwoven with his career as a magistrate, moved from one genre to another. Marcello's music is wholly unlike Vivaldi's. The genres in which he specialized reflect his learnedness as a Venetian nobleman. Many of his peers were far less bookish, but Benedetto's family was one of the oldest in Venice. Other members of his family--especially his brothers Alessandro and Gerolamo and his mother, Paolina Capello--were all noted intellectuals. All centered their friendships on members of the learned academies they frequented. (Academies of the time were not institutions granting diplomas or degrees but groups of talented persons who met at frequent intervals to share interests, curiosities, and newly created works.) Cantatas and Duets The illuminated first leaf of Marcello's pastoral cantata "Un guardo solo" in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice, MS 10742. The date 6 October (6 ott) 1713 probably indicates its first perforformance. The illuminated capital letter V was synonymous with U in Italian. Most of Marcello's cantatas, duets, madrigals, and serenatas ower there existence indirectly to Marcello's fundamental commitment to the Arcadian movement. Noblemen and women were admitted to the Arcadian Academy after demonstrating superior intellectual and civil virtues. Upon entry, they took an Arcadian pseudonym and usually published their creative works under that name. Since, however, Marcello's Arcadian works survive almost entirely in manuscript, his nickname was rarely used. Arcadians emphasized simplicity in both their poetry and their music, but they also like clever jokes and forms of literature for which ancient models existed. Horatian satires and myths as conveyed through Ovid's Metamorphoses were particular favorites. There are numerous evidences that Marcello was well acquainted with both. More than two dozen of Marcello's cantatas for solo voice were written for weekly meetings of the Venetian branch of the Arcadian Academy in Venice. We know from dates penned onto the first page of each exactly when they were first performed (a rarity at the time), but we are led to believe that the singers would have been members of the academy. Marcello himself could have played the keyboard, or the cello. Pastoral cantatas Marcello's pastoral cantatas were composed, like much of the rest of his music, in the 1710s. They constitute the overwhelming majority of his roughly 500 secular vocal works. Most relate an incident in a bucolic but at times arcane variety of pastoral life in which nymphs and shepherds taunted one another in order to deceive a third one of their number. The skeleton of the tale mattered little. It was the literary and dramatic devices, together with the music, used that gave their works their cachet. Pastoral cantatas invited melodious arias in regular meter. In most cases, a cantata had two arias separated by a recitative. Most opened with a recitative as well. Epic and tragic cantatas After setting the paraphrases of the Psalms of David and long after he had abandoned the composition of pastoral cantatas, Marcello turned to epic tragedies, in which he exploited the full potential of what later became known as expressionism. The two signal works of this turn were Arianna and Timoteo, o Gli effetti della musica sulla poesia (Timothy, or The Effects of Music on Poetry). Both were composed in 1727. • Arianna • Timoteo Antonio Conti wrote the text for Timoteo. He also wrote a commentary on March 4, 1727, describing its first performance, which was received with great acclaim. A chromatic canon on the word "distruggo" (I destroy) was striking to audiences. Both Timoteo and Handel's later Alexander's Feast (HWV 75, 1736) were inspired by Dryden's epic for the feast of St. Cecilia ("From harmony, from heavenly Harmony"). Marcello's work was scored for two voices the ranges of which varied considerably over the large number of copies that survive. It was not published until modern times. Marcello's Canzoni madrigalesche Op. 4 (Bologna, 1717) seem to have enjoyed almost as much respect as his Psalms of David. Marcello had made several visits to Bologna in connection with his acceptance by the Accademia Filarmonica (1711), the musical equivalent of a literary academy in which judgment was passed on newly presented works. (His acceptance was based on a mass in honor in Clement XI.) Marcello addressed his preface to "sages and wizards of counterpoint" (dotti e savii contrapuntisti). He held that there should be a difference between vocal chamber music and ecclesiastical music. With respect to the nomenclature of musical genres, Marcello said this volume contained canzoni (songs) and arie (arias), which collectively bore the label madrigali (madrigals). contained xx madrigals for various numbers of voices. Marcello wrote a diatribe (his Lettera famigliare) against the madrigals of Antonio Lotti (1667-1740). A noted San Marco organist, Lotti enjoyed great recognition both for his operas. His life was markedly contrasted to Marcello's, for Marcello sought no role in music for the theater or the church. As a nobleman he was duty-bound to spend all of his adult life in government offices that were originally concentrated in Venice but by 1730 began to stretch eastward to an outpost in Pula on the Istrian peninsula, then westward to Brescia, where he died in 1739. (Marcello is buried in the church of San Giuseppe, where Costanza Antegnati was once an organist and where a diocesan museum is now found.) In his Op. 4 Marcello reset several madrigals from Lotti's set of Duetti, terzetti e madrigali a piu voci (Venice, 1705). He had held that Lotti's polyphony was marred by an excess of melismatic passagework and arbitrary treatment of dissonance. (It appears that Lotti's understanding of Renaissance chromaticism was incomplete.) In Marcello's volume, the the two-voice works are relatively short and simple. It is the four canzonas for three voices and the two madrigals for four in which he invests his great love of Renaissance polyphonic practices. The three-voice works were "Il quel sol che in grembo al Tago", "In una siepe ombrose", and Piange l'amante ucciso." The first had been set earlier by Alessandro Stradella, the second (a 5) and third (a 4) by Lotti. Through the intermediation of Maurice Greene, G. B. Bononcini passed off Lotti's setting of "In una siepe ombrosa" as his own at London's Academy of Vocal Music (1731). This precipitated an investigation by the Academy of Ancient Music (1732), as a result of which both figures resigned from the Academy. Marcello's legitimately attributed serenatas were few. We can count four serenatas on pastoral subjects and four of an encomiastic nature. Most were probably performed only once for a specific occasion. Several works of the time are falsely attributed to Marcello. The legitimate ones include Calisto in orsa for five voices and strings (1725?); La gara amorosa for three voices and strings; La morte d'Adone for three voices, strings, and oboe (performed in Rome in 1709); two versions of Le nozze di Giove e Giunone for double chorus and strings (possibly 1720); a serenata (possibly spurious) for the name-day of the emperor Charles VI; and the intreccio scenico musicale (musical intrigue) called Psiché for five voices (1711?). Instrumental Music Marcello's best known instrumental pieces come from lost Op. 1, a set of 12 concertos for violin, strings, and harpsichord (Venice: Sala, 1708), for which no part for Violino Principale survives. It is clear that the pieces were well known and widely circulated in the year after their publication. Op. 1, No. 2, is especially well known for its fugal subject, which finds an analogue in Vivaldi's violin concerto Op. 3, No. 11 (1711). The same theme also appeared in J. S. Bach's transcription of a "Concerto di Marcello," which is preserved in a Berlin manuscript associated with J. G. Walther. One concerto from Op. 1 has been reconstructed from a manuscript in Berlin and another is partially retrievable from J. S. Bach's keyboard transcription. Marcello's instrumental works otherwise consist of more than 40 sonatas for harpischord circulated only in manuscript; a set of six cello sonatas (Amsterdam: Witvogel, 1732); a further set of six sonatas for two cellos (Amsterdam: Witvogel, 1734); and a dozen sonatas for recorder and basso continuo (Venice: Sala, 1712, as Op. 2; reprinted in Amsterdam, 1715, and London, 1732). A handful of sinfonias, probably composed to introduce longer vocal works, also survive in manuscript. Miscellaneous instrumental pieces involving oboe and cross-flute raise questions of attribution because Alessandro Marcello composed pieces pieces of similar instrumentation and style. The popular Oboe Concerto in D Minor (1717) is by Alessandro. Psalms of David Marcello's settings of the Psalms of David (1724-1726) were truly famous throughout Europe from about the time of their composer's death (1739) until the early twentieth century. They were translated, reprinted, arranged, and segmented into smaller forms (such as "motets" and "anthems") ad infinitum. See principal coverage here. Most of Marcello's few oratorios fell relatively late in his career as a composer. He had composed a number of sacred vocal works, although many itemized in earlier centuries have no known source today. • La Giuditta (1709), for which he composed the poetry as well as the music, was dedicated to a Roman patroness, Livia Spinola Borghese, whose family was resident in Venice during that year. It is an accomplished work displaying great imagination and careful articulation in the scoring. Of the three known copies, one was owned by Domenico Dragonetti, who gave it to the published Vincent Novello (1781-1861). Judith was the subject of many oratorios of the period from 1690 through 1720, the best known today being that of Vivaldi (Juditha triumphans, 1716/7). • Joaz (1727) was based on a text by the Venetian dramatist https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolo_Zeno Apostolo Zeno] (1669-1750), now court poet at the Hapsburg court in Vienna. Antonio Caldara (1670-1736), the court Kapellmeister who had received his early training in Venice and elsewhere, had set the text for court use in April 1726. The occasion for the composition of Marcello's work is unknown. Set for chorus, strings, and basso continuo, it may have had some intellectual relationship with the Psalms of David, which Marcello finished setting the year before. A second-hand copy of Marcello's work was performed on Easter 1729 at the Jacobite monastery in Florence. • Il pianto e il riso delle quattro stagione (The Sorrows and Joys of the Four Seasons). This oratorio for four voices, strings, and continuo was given at the Jesuit monastery in Macerata in 1731. Its librettist was Giulio Vitelleschi, a resident in the institution. Its seasonal images include thunder, lightening, and ice; jasmine, olives, myrtle; roses, apples, and other fruits. • Il trionfo della poesia e della musica (The Triumph of Poetry and Music). Scored for six voices, strings, and basso continuo, this work calls for choirs of the Liberal Arts and of Veteran Musicians. It was performed in Macerata in 1733, again in celebration of the Blessed Virgin, but may also have been performed at the Clementine College in Rome. As in Il pianto, the instrumental parts are carefully articulated. Marcello's satire on opera, Il teatro alla moda (1720), is a work that has not been out-of-print for 300 years. It is a slender volume that appeared at the start of the winter season 1720-21. To those involved in opera at the time, its targets were transparent. Succeeding generations have turned over and over the Marcello's comments (now seen s generic) on composers, prime donne, violinists, stage-mothers, and the many other contributing entities of theatrical life. Marcello also composed musical satires, for which he likely wrote the text. Satirical madrigals The madrigals, which are included in Op. 4, are likely all to have been composed in 1715 or 1716. They satirize the relationship between a choir of mixed voices and a choir of castrati. This pair, collectively called Il flagello dei musici, are separately entitled: • No' che lassù ne' cori almi e beati ("You, up there in the pious, blessed choirs") • Si che laggiù nell'Erebo profondo ("You, down there in the depths") The first, labeled a Capriccio for five voices (soprano, two tenors, two basses), is one of the most widely circulated of Marcello's works. Its popularity was greatest in Italy and Germany, but the madrigal also found its way to England, Poland, and the United States. Tenors and basses predict that castrati will burn in eternal damnation. The castrati respond gaily at the start of the second work, scored for two sopranos and two altos. They demonstrate their ability to sing in "good taste" (Marcello crusaded for singing uncluttered by endless ornamentation), then show their accuracy in singing contrapuntally. Then they launch into a series of diminutions which lead them, at ever an ever faster tempo and and an ever high pitch, to the final phrase, "Those who are castrati will be blessed. When they reach the second syllable ("ah")of the word "beati", they find themselves lured into a musical maze from which they cannot escape. Satirical cantata and intermezzi Letter cantatas were a minor sub-genre spun off from letter scenes in operas, where letters served to conveying action that took place off-stage. Marcello's "Carissima figlia" is an entirely different species of work. • Carissima figlia This work purports to convey advice to the prima donna Vittoria Tesi from her father in Bologna. In it the singer satirizes the styles of several ranking donne of the time. It is the portrayal of the styles of each that makes gives the work its force. Since we have no recordings of singing at any time in the eighteenth century, it gives us a faint notion (probably exaggerated) of how each of the singers represented a unique style. • Spago e Filetta In the performance of dramatic tragedies on stage, it was usual in the 1720s to separate the acts musical intermezzi. As in opera, they were often farcical. Marcello's intermezzi for Spago e Fileta, which was intended for performance with the tragedy Lucio Commodo (1719), is as much a satire on comic intermezzi in opera as it is an autonomous musical work. (Comic intermezzi frequently focused on an unlikely pairing (e.g. a serving maid in pursuit of a rich widower). Spago enters with the recitative, "How much would it cost me to get married?" and continues with the aria "I would like Fileta." Fileta takes pride in her ability to teach other young women how to attract a man. To strength Spago's interest, she demonstrates the steps of the minuet, recently imported from Paris, in response to which Spago makes unflattering asides. Commentary (2017) by Eleanor Selfridge-Field. Website managed by Craig Stuart Sapp. • Bizzarini, Marco. Benedetto Marcello. Palermo: L'Epos, 2006. ISBN 978-888-3022968. • Burden, Michael (ed.). Benedetto Marcello: Il pianto e il riseo delle quattro stagioni. Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., 2002. • Burden, Michael (ed.). Benedetto Marcello: Il trionfo della Poesia, e della Musica. Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, Inc., 2016. • Canfori, Tiziana. Benedetto Marcello. Un dilettante di contrappunto nella Venezia del Settecento (Benedetto Marcello: A counterpoint dilettante in eighteenth-century Venice). Genoa: San Marco dei Giustiniani, 2005. ISBN 978-887-4941674. • Selfridge-Field, Eleanor. The Music of Benedetto and Alessandro Marcello. A Thematic Catalogue, with Commentary on the Composers, Repertory and Sources. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-316126-5.
add share buttons How To Trap A Gopher Easily By Using The Right Traps And Strategies The majority of homeowners spend a lot of their hard-earned money, precious time, and effort in improving not just the aesthetic value of the interior of their homes, but also the anterior parts. This means that they are making sure that their gardens are beautiful and free from rodents. This is because rodents can destroy their perfectly manicured yards. Hence, they need to know how to trap a gopherthe easy way by using the right traps and strategies. Gophers will use their sharp claws to dig into their gardens and reside there. These pests will find make sure they find the perfect spots in the area, and will need to pull out some roots of your beautiful flowers which you have taken care for in many months. Indeed, if there is the presence of these gophers, all your effort and time invested on beautifying your garden will go to waste. An indication that there is the presence of a gopher living in underground your garden is mounts of dirt sporadically situated in the area. These mounds are due to the digging that the rodent has done in order to bury themselves down to the soil. Another indication is their flowers being uprooted as mentioned above, and also some hardscapes being scratched. In this progressive world, there are some manufacturers who are using chemical-based materials in their products that the consumers buy. There are also chemicals that are used in products that are to kill these gophers. However, this is not the best way for people to do so since it can mean risks to their loved ones from breathing in pollutants from the chemicals. Therefore, the best way in dealing with these pests is through the usage of traps. However, homeowners are not just to place traps before doing any research on how these creatures move, and act. They should conduct enough research on the behavior of these animals enable to ensure success, and have the appropriate counter-measures if a gopher is present. The owner should first trace the movements of the animal. They should follow the path of the mounds. They can know this since the gopher will leave traces like footprints or underground debris on their lawns. They are able to track the recent activities of such pest and will be able to know which mound was recently made. Residents should have the diligence, as well, in checking the traps daily. If they notice that they are not getting the results they need, then maybe they should think about repositioning the traps or looking for another spot to set it up at. This will increase their chances of success since they are able to determine which spots are likely the point of access and exit of the animal. When they have successfully caught one, they should also get rid of it the right way. Furthermore, this would mean that people should check if there is already a dead rodent inside the trap in order to prevent their little kids or dogs from playing with a dead animal. Therefore, they will ensure that their families are totally safe.
Question: How free is the internet? Answer: Less than free in certain countries. Further answer: And becoming even less free in other countries — witness Vietnam, discussed briefly below. At the start of this month, a law went into effect in Vietnam that mandates removal of online content considered offensive to the Vietnamese government. According to, the law was put on the books "under the pretenses" of Cybersecurity, but what it actually does is require the takedown of content deemed "toxic" by the government. Moreover, under the new law, user data will have to be provided to the Vietnamese government by tech companies such as Google and Facebook if requested by the government. They also may be required to open up representative offices in Vietnam. Internet users in Vietnam also are banned under the new law from communicating information considered to be adverse to the government or that could cause confusion and damage to socio-economic activities. There has been international concern and criticism that the new Vietnamese law will lead to internet censorship like has been seen in China. Facebook, for one, has said in reaction to the Vietnamese law that it believes in the rights of its users and that it wants to enable people to express themselves safely. Facebook also has stated that it removes content that violates its own standards when made aware that those standards have been transgressed, and further that it has a process to manage requests from around the world. Of course, how Facebook precisely balances these competing interests is not entirely clear. Vietnam has attracted technology business in recent years. One must wonder whether internet restrictions like those caused by the new law might act as a deterrent to such business development in Vietnam from the outside. Or, perhaps further pressure from the international community, including tech businesses, could cause the Vietnamese government to rethink its position. But that likely would take time, even if such change could be effectuated, which is far from certain.
girl sneezingSeasonal allergies are a term that is used to describe allergic reactions as a result of the change in seasons. What this simply means is that during spring, as the flowers bloom and the trees come to life, you are one of the millions of individuals affected by these changes. This allergy is usually accompanied by a running nose, chest congestion, sneezing and watery eyes. Like any other allergy, seasonal allergy develops as a result of an over-sensitized immune system in the presence of the allergens. In this case, some of the most common causes of seasonal allergies include grass, pollen and mold. Since these triggers are commonly found in the environment, it does prove to be a challenge to manage the allergy effectively. There are a number of home remedies you may use and preventive measures you may put in place to manage the allergies. These solutions not only alleviate the symptoms of the allergies, they also reduce the characteristic discomfort that accompanies seasonal allergies. Granted, it is not possible to reduce the amount of pollen in the environment, but with natural treatments, it is possible to ensure the body is able to deal with the allergies. Find below some of the home remedies for the natural treatment of seasonal allergies (this condition is sometimes referred to as allergic rhinitis or hay fever). 1. Be Aware of Your Allergy Triggers: Time Required: Varies from one person to another. What You Need: A journal to record details of seasonal changes and the accompanying symptoms. Difficulty: Easy One of the most fundamental home remedies in the management of seasonal allergies is to be intimately aware of what your triggers are. This is one of the ways to take preventive measures so as to reduce the intensity of the symptoms when they do occur. Additionally, knowing these triggers allows you to steer clear of the causative agents as and when it is possible. In light of this, the triggers for seasonal allergies are divided into two categories: ragweed and other types of weed pollen as well as mold. Ragweed is a common plant that flourishes in many places, usually in open fields, vacant tracts of land as well as by the roadside. This plant produces billions of pollen grains during pollination. these pollen rains are transported by wind for hundreds of miles thanks to their lightweight nature. It is these factors that make the pollen from the plant one of the most common causes of seasonal allergies. Mold on the other hand, thrives in places with dense vegetation. It is also found in abundance in hay and raked dead leaves. Mold tends to increase after the rains and is common during seasonal changes accompanied by the rains. Since it is virtually impossible to predict the extent of an allergic reaction, it helps to use general guides. For instance, during the wet season, there tends to be higher pollen production. The same is true for mold. For this reason, if you live in an area where summer and spring are accompanied by heavy rains, it is safe to expect more intense symptoms associated with seasonal allergies. 1. This exercise will take time, so you need to be patient to establish a pattern and discern what the allergens are. 2. Make sure you jolt down the symptoms experienced as the seasons change, preferably alongside the intensity of the same. 2. Preventive Measures for the Management of Seasonal Allergies: Time Required: Varies from one person to the other. What You Need: To make lifestyle changes. Difficulty: Easy Once you have noted the triggers of the seasonal allergies as mentioned above, the next step is to take preventive measures to provide much-needed relief from the symptoms of the condition. this is important because it reduces your exposure to the allergens, and consequently helps manage the symptoms. As it is not always possible to benefit 100% from these measures, it is important to combine these guidelines with the home remedies listed below. Relevant preventive measures to reduce exposure to triggers that cause seasonal allergies 1. Stay indoors as much as you can, particularly during dry and windy days. This is because the dry and windy conditions aid in the transportation of pollen across a wide region, during which it is likely to get the symptoms of the allergy attack. 2. If possible, avoid hanging your laundry in the outdoors. Pollen grains tend to be blown and stick on the surface of the clothes. Wearing these clothes places you in close proximity to the pollen grains and is likely to trigger an allergic attack. 3. In the same breath, if you must spend time outside, make sure you change your clothes and shower to rinse off the pollen grains. 4. A no-brainier preventive measure is to leave gardening chores to someone else. Weeding, pruning and mowing the lawn are tasks that will only stir up the pollen grains and mold, resulting in sneezing, coughing, a runny nose and itchy eyes. 5. If you really must do any of these tasks, invest in a pollen mask to ensure minimal contact with the pollen grains. 6. In the event that there is an alert for high pollen count, remember to close all windows and doors to prevent the grains from entering the house. 7. Use air conditioner indoors. High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are recommended for the AC units as they are most effective in trapping dust, pollen grains and other allergens. Do not forget to follow a regular maintenance schedule to clean these filters too. 8. Check the pets. Cats and dogs can also bring in pollen after spending time in the outdoors. Consider cleaning them up to eliminate pollen grains. 9. Check your house for mold development especially in hidden corners, the basement and the attic where the environment is conducive for mold development. Getting a dehumidifier should be effective in preventing the growth of the mold. 10. Lastly, be aware of the foods that trigger the same symptoms as hay fever. This is because studies show that a large population affected by ragweed pollen grains typically tend to be more sensitive to certain foods. These include, but are not limited to cucumbers, melons, chamomile tea and sunflower seeds among others. 3. Nettle and Peppermint Tea: Time Required: 30 Min What You Need: 1 Teaspoon each of dried peppermint and dried nettle leaf, 1 tablespoon of honey, the juice of 1/2 a lemon and 2 cups of water. Difficulty: Easy Nettle is one of the most amazing herbs in the world of natural remedies. This herb is effective in the management of seasonal allergy symptoms because it helps reduce the production of histamine levels which are responsible for the flare-up of symptoms. When combined with peppermint tea, the remedy becomes an effective solution. Peppermint is added because it is rich in a compound known as luteolin-7-O-rutinoside. This active ingredient acts as an inhibitor for the production of histamine. Prepare this tea to get relief from the symptoms of seasonal allergies. 1. Place the dried peppermint and nettle leaf in a cup and mix well. 2. Add boiling water to the dried herbs and stir. 3. Let the herbs steep for 15 minutes and then strain the mixture. 4. Stir in the honey and lemon juice to sweeten the nettle-peppermint tea. 5. Drink this tea twice daily to manage seasonal allergies. 4. Citrus Drink: Time Required: 20 Min What You Need: Preferred citrus fruits (lemon, lime and oranges), manual juicer and raw organic honey. Difficulty: Easy Most seasonal allergies flareups occur during summer and spring, and as such, they tend to happen alongside soaring temperature levels. Summer and spring are wonderful seasons to spend in the outdoors, but if you are one of many who suffer hay fever, this could be a torturous period. To counter this, prepare a refreshing glass of a citrus juice. Choose from any of the citrus fruits available, including lemons, oranges and lime among others. These fruits have excellent health benefits as they are packed with Vitamin C which is an incredible immune booster. This is an appropriate remedy because at a time when the immune system is struggling to function properly, these immune-boosting healing properties are more than welcome. Add to this the refreshing effect of the drink on a hot summer afternoon and it is easy to see why this is a must-use remedy. Add honey to sweeten the mixture and prevent the allergies from escalating to respiratory infections. 1. Roll the fruits between the palms of your hand in order to stimulate the succulent fibers to release as much juice as possible. 2. Wash the fruits well to ensure they are clean before juicing. 3. Squeeze each of the fruits using the manual juicer until you have a glass of the fresh juice. 4. Refrigerate the juice for half an hour (or more if you would like). 5. Stir in the honey and enjoy the drink. 5. Bee Pollen: Time Required: Varies from one person to the other What You Need: Bee pollen Difficulty: Moderate as there are specific guidelines to abide by if this remedy is to be effective. One of the natural remedies that is slowly gaining popularity in the natural treatment of seasonal allergies is bee pollen. This remedy draws from the concept that exposure to the pollen before the seasons changes allows the immune system to cope and adjust so that once there is high pollen count in the environment, the body does not suffer a huge blow. This is the same notion when kids, in their childhood, are exposed to germs and slowly build a resistance against them so that their immune system is strengthened. There is a catch however: it is extremely important that you are not allergic to bees as this could have devastating effects resulting in anaphylaxis. Secondly, ensure that your body does not respond strongly to bee allergy as this could cause you to go into anaphylactic shock. Lastly, get pollen locally. Failure to do so makes the remedy ineffective because the body needs to be able to tolerate the allergens in your immediate environment. At the time of purchase, check that the bee pollen is insecticide-free to prevent health complications. 1. Get the bee pollen from a reliable source. Choose from any of the forms of pollen available: powder, capsules and granules. Each of the forms have their pros and cons, but if you generally suffer from allergies, you want to avoid the powder form. 2. The granulated bee pollen has a delightful crunchy texture that makes it easy to chew on directly or add to cereal. 3. With the capsules, simply swallow the recommended dosage alongside a cup of water. 4. Take the bee pollen at least 4 months before the typical period when the allergies flare up. 5. Start on low dosage and gradually increases it as you monitor your body’s response. 6. With no serious reactions, you may take up to 1 tablespoon of the granulated bee pollen during the allergy season. 7. If in doubt about this remedy, make sure you consult an allergist for the way forward. 6. Red Onions: Time Required: 10 Min for the preparation, 12 Hr for the infusion period. What You Need: 1 Large red onion, 4 cups of drinking water and raw honey as a natural sweetener. Difficulty: Easy Onions are a versatile home remedy for a myriad of conditions, among them seasonal allergies. Red onions, which are the specific type of onion required for this remedy, are rich in an active ingredient known as quercetin. When present in the body, this active ingredient has been shown to reduce the production of histamine, thus alleviating the symptoms of hay fever. In reality, this has been equated to nature’s own original anti-histamine. Additionally, the presence of quercetin has been shown to reduce inflammation. This allows for the dilation of the respiratory passages and eases breathing. Prepare this simple remedy by following the simple directions below. You will need raw honey to sweeten the mixture and reduce the intensity of the onion flavor. 1. Peel the onion to get rid of the paper-like layers and then wash well. 2. Chop thin slices of the onion and place in a bowl. 3. Add the water and leave the onions in for 12 hours. 4. This allows the active ingredients to diffuse into the water and makes for a rich remedy. 5. Add some raw honey and drink at least half a cup twice daily. 6. Refrigerate the rest of the mixture and it will remain potent for 3 days. 7. If you are concerned about the characteristic aroma of onions, wash the red onion water with fresh lemon juice, which incidentally, is also packed with healing properties to manage seasonal allergies. 7. Saline Water: Time Required: 10 Min What You Need: 1/4 Teaspoon of salt, 1 cup of warm sterile water and a nasal spray bottle/neti pot. Difficulty: Easy A general rule when managing seasonal allergies is to get rid of the allergens from the nasal passages. There is no better way to do this than to perform nasal flushing using salt solution. the alt not only clears the allergens, it also eliminates the nasal congestion that is likely to result from all the sneezing. The most important thing when it comes to using this remedy is to make sure that you use sterile or boiled water. Water sourced directly from the tap is likely to harbor microorganisms that may cause serious infections of the respiratory system. You will need a nasal spray bottle for this remedy. 1. Prepare the saline solution by dissolving the salt in the sterile water. 2. Stir for complete dissolution before filling the nasal spray bottle with the solution. 3. Lean forward so that your head is tilted sideways. 4. Squeeze some of the saline solution into the top nostril and let it flow downwards. 5. Switch and tilt your head in the opposite side. 6. Squeeze the saline solution and remain in this position for a few minutes. 7. Use this remedy at least thrice daily to treat seasonal allergies. Other additional tips for the natural management of seasonal allergies include increased intake of fish oil supplements that help manage inflammation as well as turmeric. The latter is rich in curcumin whose decongestant properties help reduce the symptoms and keep infections at bay. For any clarification, or in case the symptoms are accompanied by wheezing, make sure you seek medical attention immediately.
The Risks of Texting and Driving Free Case Evaluation Injury Attorneys \| Restoring LivesTM July 28, 2017 \| Auto Accidents \| Life is more complex than it used to be, and there are a lot of things fighting for our attention. Stress at our jobs, busy lives outside of work, and technology, among other things, all take up space in our minds. When these distractions get in the way of a task as important and dangerous as driving, however, accidents happen. Any activity that takes your mind, eyes, or hands off of the steering while is considered a distraction when you’re driving, including activities like eating, grooming, adjusting the air conditioning controls, or talking to your passengers. It today’s world, distracted cell phone use now includes cell phone use of any kind. Here is what we know about the effects of cell phones on motorists. Why Cell Phones Are So Dangerous Today’s cell phones do a lot more than just make calls. They can be used for talking, texting, taking pictures, entertainment, and navigation. Texting on your cell phone is one of the most dangerous types of distracted driving simply because it requires so much attention: You’re looking at your phone, thinking about what you’re about to type, and taking a hand off of the steering while to do it. Some motorists think that, because cell phones are a big part of their lives, they can text and drive. The fact of the matter is that humans aren’t wired to multi-task to that degree: No one is “good” at texting and driving at the same time, and people pay for these decisions with their lives. Looking at your phone to read or respond to a text message takes an average of five seconds. When you’re driving at 55 miles per hour, you would have traveled the length of a football field—all without looking at the road. It doesn’t matter if you look up frequently during that time or if you’ve stopped at a red light; it takes about three seconds for your mind to focus again after you’ve checked your phone. There simply isn’t enough time to text and drive. Indiana’s Cell Phone Laws Each state makes its own laws about distracted driving and cell phones, and Indiana is no exception. In Indiana, drivers under 18 aren’t allowed to use cell phones or other electronic devices while operating a vehicle. It doesn’t matter if they’re talking or texting or if the device is hands-free. Drivers over the age of 18 are allowed to use hands-free cell phones while driving with restrictions on typing, transmitting, or reading emails and text messages. Both laws are primary laws, meaning that a police officer can pull you over for cell phone use without seeing another violation. The maximum fine for cell phone use while driving is $500. How to Prevent Texting and Driving Accidents The easiest way to prevent distracted driving accidents is to stay focused. If you’re behind the wheel of a vehicle, your job is to make sure that you’re alert, attentive, and driving defensively. You can’t control whether a driver in another car is using a cell phone, but by staying distraction-free, you can be alert enough to react to their driving. Parents can talk to their children about this early and model good driving behavior. Set rules about never using wireless devices while driving, and have conversations with your teenagers about keeping their eyes and minds on the road. Get involved with local campaigns and organizations to raise awareness of the problems of texting and driving. Thousands of people are injured or killed in distracted driving accidents every year, and we would much rather that not be the case. Contact an Automobile Accident Attorney Today The prevalence of cell phones in today’s world means that, unfortunately, accidents involving distracted drivers on their phones will happen. It’s a tragedy when a preventable accident happens because of a few seconds of distraction. If you or someone you love was injured in a traffic accident as a result of a distracting cell phone, contact an Indianapolis auto accident attorney from Wilson Kehoe Winingham. The lawyers at WKW can help you get the compensation you deserve. Call 317.920.6400 or fill out an online contact form for a free, no-obligation case evaluation. Related Posts Request A Free Case Evaluation
Tel: 09-7674881 General anesthesia Dental Surgery Under Conscious Sedation or General Anaesthesia • For most patients, especially those belonging to the older generation, a visit at the dentist is an unpleasant or even somewhat stressful event, and thus many tend to postpone their dental treatment as much as possible. The above is true even for people who take care of their general health, maintain their lifestyle and don’t neglect other health issues. In these cases, dental care can be provided under general anaesthesia or conscious sedation (numbing with oral or intravenous medication). Dental treatment under sedation can be carried out only by a dentist specifically licensed by the Ministry of Health. The sedation or anaesthesia per se would be performed by an anaesthesiologist, who will monitor the patient’s vital signs while the dentist performs the treatment. In addition, the operatory should be equipped with special monitoring devices, as well as a gas and air exchange system, and the medical personnel should undergo special training (such as an advanced life support course.) However, in older and younger patients alike, complex surgical procedures such as extractions of retained teeth, bone augmentation and dental implant placement, sinus lifting and other surgical procedures, may still cause significant mental stress due to the long duration of the treatment and the uniquely uncomfortable experience. Younger patients, on the other hand, are used to much more comfortable treatments, where various local anaesthetic materials are used to provide a completely painless experience, together with tender and loving care by the dentist. Mild sedation, deep sedation and general anaesthesia: 1. Mild sedation is a state of conscious numbing, as the patient can react to voice or touch. It can be compared with drunkenness – the patient responds and cooperates, but is not fully aware to his surroundings, and partially loses sensation of time, similar to a night in a cocktail bar. 2. Deep sedation is a deepening of a mild sedation towards a state of unconsciousness, as the patient can breathe independently and maintains diminished vital reflexes. In this state, the patient does not respond to voice or touch. 3. General anaesthesia is a state of complete unconsciousness, when the patient can no longer maintain breathing and blood circulation and requires external assistance to remain alive. Most of us are familiar with general anaesthesia from general surgery, usually performed in hospitals. Like any other medical treatment, sedation and general anaesthesia involve risks stemmingfrom the narcotic materials in use. The Israel Ministry of Health states that dental treatment will be performed under sedation or general anaesthesia only when these means are medically justified and the patient’s health allows their use. Therefore, in any case there should be a solid proof that the use of sedation or general anaesthesia would allow an otherwise impossible dental treatment to be performed successfully. When would the dentist consider performing dental treatment under sedation or general anaesthesia? • A specifically complex dental treatment, requiring numerous procedures in the same appointment. • In people suffering of dental anxiety (fear of dental treatment). • In people with an increased gag reflex. • In people suffering of systemic / mental disorders, which prevent them from calmly sitting in the dental chair. As was already mentioned above, dental treatment under sedation requires complex preparation of the clinic, proper equipment, rigorous licensing by the Ministry of Health, and training of professional personnel, capable of performing dental care under such conditions. The patient also must comply with several requirements so that the treatment would be completed safely. After treatments under mild or deep sedation, the patient must be monitored in a recovery room for an additional hour and will only be allowed to leave the clinic with an accompanying person. Despite their complexity, conscious sedation and general anaesthesia allow the performance of lengthy surgical procedures without causing discomfort to the patient, and without the patient even remembering the treatment process. In addition, treating a calm (or sleeping) patient allows the dentist to complete his work in the best possible way, especially when numerous procedures are performed in a single appointment.
Adjectives Starting with I Iambic (a.) Consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented; as, an iambic foot. Iambic (a.) Pertaining to, or composed of, iambics; as, an iambic verse; iambic meter. See Lambus. Iambical (a.) Iambic. Iatraliptic (a.) Treating diseases by anointing and friction; as, the iatraliptic method. Iatric (a.) Alt. of Iatrical Iatrical (a.) Of or pertaining to medicine, or to medical men. Iatromathematical (a.) Of or pertaining to iatromathematicians or their doctrine. Iberian (a.) Of or pertaining to Iberia. Icarian (a.) Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight. Ice-built (a.) Composed of ice. Ice-built (a.) Loaded with ice. Iced (a.) Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as, iced water. Iced (a.) Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as, iced cake. Icelandic (a.) Of or pertaining to Iceland; relating to, or resembling, the Icelanders. Ichneumonidan (a.) Of or pertaining to the Ichneumonidae, or ichneumon flies. Ichnographic (a.) Alt. of Ichnographical Ichnological (a.) Of or pertaining to ichnology. Ichorous (a.) Of or like ichor; thin; watery; serous; sanious. Ichthyic (a.) Like, or pertaining to, fishes. Ichthyoid (a.) Alt. of Ichthyoidal Ichthyoidal (a.) Somewhat like a fish; having some of the characteristics of fishes; -- said of some amphibians. Ichthyologic (a.) Alt. of Ichthyological Ichthyological (a.) Of or pertaining to ichthyology. Ichthyomorphic (a.) Alt. of Ichthyomorphous Ichthyosaurian (a.) Of or pertaining to the Ichthyosauria. Icicled (a.) Having icicles attached. Iconical (a.) Pertaining to, or consisting of, images, pictures, or representations of any kind. Iconoclastic (a.) Of or pertaining to the iconoclasts, or to image breaking. Iconographic (a.) Of or pertaining to iconography. Iconographic (a.) Representing by means of pictures or diagrams; as, an icongraphic encyclopaedia. Iconomical (a.) Opposed to pictures or images as objects of worship. Icosahedral (a.) Having twenty equal sides or faces. Icosandrian (a.) Alt. of Icosandrous Icosandrous (a.) Pertaining to the class Icosandria; having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx. Icteric (a.) Alt. of Icterical Icterical (a.) Good against the jaundice. Icteritious (a.) Alt. of Icteritous Icteritous (a.) Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice. Icteroid (a.) Of a tint resembling that produced by jaundice; yellow; as, an icteroid tint or complexion. Icterus (a.) The jaundice. Ictic (a.) Pertaining to, or caused by, a blow; sudden; abrupt. Icy-pearled (a.) Spangled with ice. Ideal (a.) Imaginary. Idealess (a.) Destitute of an idea. Identic (a.) Identical. Identifiable (a.) Capable of being identified. Ideogenical (a.) Of or relating to ideology. Ideographic (a.) Alt. of Ideographical Ideological (a.) Of or pertaining to ideology. Idiocratic (a.) Alt. of Idiocratical Idiocyclophanous (a.) Same as Idiophanous. Idiographic (a.) Alt. of Idiographical Idiographical (a.) Of or pertaining to an idiograph. Idiomatic (a.) Alt. of Idiomatical Idiomorphic (a.) Idiomorphous. Idiomorphous (a.) Having a form of its own. Idiopathetic (a.) Idiopathic. Idiopathic (a.) Alt. of Idiopathical Idiosyncratic (a.) Alt. of Idiosyncratical Idioted (a.) Rendered idiotic; befooled. Idiotic (a.) Alt. of Idiotical Idiotical (a.) Common; simple. Idiotish (a.) Like an idiot; foolish. Idle-headed (a.) Foolish; stupid. Idle-headed (a.) Delirious; infatuated. Idolatrical (a.) Idolatrous. Idolish (a.) Idolatrous. Idolographical (a.) Descriptive of idols. Idolous (a.) Idolatrous. Idyllic (a.) Of or belonging to idyls. Ifere (a.) Together. Igasuric (a.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, nux vomica or St. Ignatius's bean; as, igasuric acid. Igneous (a.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, fire; containing fire; resembling fire; as, an igneous appearance. Igneous (a.) Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire; as, lavas and basalt are igneous rocks. Ignescent (a.) Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating; as, ignescent stones. Igniferous (a.) Producing fire. Ignifluous (a.) Flowing with fire. Ignigenous (a.) Produced by the action of fire, as lava. Ignipotent (a.) Presiding over fire; also, fiery. Ignitible (a.) Capable of being ignited. Ignivomous (a.) Vomiting fire. Ignoble (a.) Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; plebeian; common; humble. Ignoble (a.) Not honorable, elevated, or generous; base. Ignoble (a.) Not a true or noble falcon; -- said of certain hawks, as the goshawk. Ignominious (a.) Marked with ignominy; in curring public disgrace; dishonorable; shameful. Ignominious (a.) Deserving ignominy; despicable. Ignominious (a.) Humiliating; degrading; as, an ignominious judgment or sentence. Ignorant (a.) Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened. Ignorant (a.) Unacquainted with; unconscious or unaware; -- used with of. Ignorant (a.) Unknown; undiscovered. Ignorant (a.) Resulting from ignorance; foolish; silly. Ignoscible (a.) Pardonable. Ignote (a.) Unknown. Iguanian (a.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the iguana. Iguanid (a.) Same as Iguanoid. Iguanodont (a.) Like or pertaining to the genus Iguanodon. Iguanoid (a.) Pertaining to the Iguanidae. Ileac (a.) Pertaining to the ileum. Ileac (a.) See Iliac, 1. Ileocaecal (a.) Pertaining to the ileum and caecum. Iliac (a.) Pertaining to ancient Ilium, or Troy. Iliac (a.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ilium, or dorsal bone of the pelvis; as, the iliac artery. Iliac (a.) See Ileac, 1. Iliacal (a.) Iliac. Ilial (a.) Pertaining to the ilium; iliac. Ilicic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants; as, ilicic acid. Iliofemoral (a.) Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as, iliofemoral ligaments. Iliolumbar (a.) Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as, the iliolumbar artery. Ilk (a.) Same; each; every. Ilke (a.) Same. Illabile (a.) Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable. Illacerable (a.) Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. Illacrymable (a.) Incapable of weeping. Illapsable (a.) Incapable of slipping, or of error. Illaqueable (a.) Capable of being insnared or entrapped. Illative (a.) Relating to, dependent on, or denoting, illation; inferential; conclusive; as, an illative consequence or proposition; an illative word, as then, therefore, etc. Illaudable (a.) Not laudable; not praise-worthy; worthy of censure or disapprobation. Ill-boding (a.) Boding evil; inauspicious; ill-omened. Ill-bred (a.) Badly educated or brought up; impolite; incivil; rude. See Note under Ill, adv. Illecebrous (a.) Alluring; attractive; enticing. Illegible (a.) Incapable of being read; not legible; as, illegible handwriting; an illegible inscription. Illegitimate (a.) Not according to law; not regular or authorized; unlawful; improper. Illegitimate (a.) Unlawfully begotten; born out of wedlock; bastard; as, an illegitimate child. Illegitimate (a.) Not legitimately deduced or inferred; illogical; as, an illegitimate inference. Illegitimate (a.) Not authorized by good usage; not genuine; spurious; as, an illegitimate word. Illesive (a.) Not injurious; harmless. Illeviable (a.) Not leviable; incapable of being imposed, or collected. Ill-favored (a.) Wanting beauty or attractiveness; deformed; ugly; ill-looking. Illicit (a.) Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as, illicit trade; illicit intercourse; illicit pleasure. Illicitous (a.) Illicit. Illimitable (a.) Incapable of being limited or bounded; immeasurable; limitless; boundless; as, illimitable space. Illimited (a.) Not limited; interminable. Illish (a.) Somewhat ill. Illiteral (a.) Not literal. Illiterate (a.) Ignorant of letters or books; unlettered; uninstructed; uneducated; as, an illiterate man, or people. Ill-judged (a.) Not well judged; unwise. Ill-lived (a.) Leading a wicked life. Ill-looking (a.) Having a bad look; threatening; ugly. See Note under Ill, adv. Ill-mannered (a.) Impolite; rude. Ill-minded (a.) Ill-disposed. Ill-natured (a.) Of habitual bad temper; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly; as, an ill-natured person. Ill-natured (a.) Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful. Ill-natured (a.) Intractable; not yielding to culture. Ill-nurtured (a.) Ill-bred. Ill-omened (a.) Having unlucky omens; inauspicious. See Note under Ill, adv. Ill-starred (a.) Fated to be unfortunate; unlucky; as, an ill-starred man or day. Ill-tempered (a.) Of bad temper; morose; crabbed; sour; peevish; fretful; quarrelsome. Ill-tempered (a.) Unhealthy; ill-conditioned. Ill-timed (a.) Done, attempted, or said, at an unsuitable or unpropitious time. Illuminable (a.) Capable of being illuminated. Illuminary (a.) Illuminative. Illuminate (a.) Enlightened. Illuminating (a.) Giving or producing light; used for illumination. Illuminative (a.) Tending to illuminate or illustrate; throwing light; illustrative. Illuministic (a.) Of or pertaining to illuminism, or the Illuminati. Illuminous (a.) Bright; clear. Ill-used (a.) Misapplied; treated badly. Illusionable (a.) Liable to illusion. Illusive (a.) Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal. Illusory (a.) Deceiving, or tending of deceive; fallacious; illusive; as, illusory promises or hopes. Illustrable (a.) Capable of illustration. Illustrate (a.) Illustrated; distinguished; illustrious. Illustrative (a.) Tending or designed to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate. Illustrative (a.) Making illustrious. Illustratory (a.) Serving to illustrate. Illustrious (a.) Possessing luster or brightness; brilliant; luminous; splendid. Illustrious (a.) Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; eminent; conspicuous; distinguished. Illustrious (a.) Conferring luster or honor; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles. Illustrous (a.) Without luster. Illuxurious (a.) Not luxurious. Imageable (a.) That may be imaged. Imageless (a.) Having no image. Imaginable (a.) Capable of being imagined; conceivable. Imaginal (a.) Of or pertaining to an imago. Imaginant (a.) Imagining; conceiving. Imaginate (a.) Imaginative. Imaginative (a.) Unreasonably suspicious; jealous. Imaginous (a.) Imaginative. Imbannered (a.) Having banners. Imbellic (a.) Not warlike or martial. Imbricate (a.) Alt. of Imbricated Imbricative (a.) Imbricate. Imitable (a.) Capble of being imitated or copied. Imitative (a.) Inc Immalleable (a.) Not maleable. Immanifest (a.) Not manifest. Immarcescible (a.) Unfading; lasting. Immartial (a.) Not martial; unwarlike. Immatchable (a.) Matchless; peerless. Immateriate (a.) Immaterial. Immatured (a.) Immature. Immeasured (a.) Immeasurable. Immechanical (a.) Not mechanical. Immedicable (a.) Not to be healed; incurable. Immelodious (a.) Not melodious. Immemorable (a.) Not memorable; not worth remembering. Immensible (a.) Immeasurable. Immensive (a.) Huge. Immensurable (a.) Immeasurable. Immensurate (a.) Unmeasured; unlimited. Immerited (a.) Unmerited. Immeritous (a.) Undeserving. Immersable (a.) See Immersible. Immersible (a.) Capable of being immersed. Immersible (a.) Not capable of being immersed. Immetrical (a.) Not metrical or rhythmical. Immixable (a.) Not mixable. Immixed (a.) Unmixed. Immoble (a.) See Immobile. Immoment (a.) Trifling. Immomentous (a.) Not momentous; unimportant; insignificant. Immorigerous (a.) Rude; uncivil; disobedient. Immortal (a.) Great; excessive; grievous. Immund (a.) Unclean. Immune (a.) Exempt; protected by inoculation. Immusical (a.) Inharmonious; unmusical; discordant. Immutate (a.) Unchanged. Impacable (a.) Not to be appeased or quieted. Impacted (a.) Driven together or close. Impair (a.) Not fit or appropriate. Impalatable (a.) Unpalatable. Impalpable (a.) Not material; intangible; incorporeal. Imparalleled (a.) Unparalleled. Impardonable (a.) Unpardonable. Imparipinnate (a.) Pinnate with a single terminal leaflet. Impartially (a.) In an impartial manner. Impartible (a.) Capable of being imparted or communicated. Impassionable (a.) Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion. Impassionate (a.) Strongly affected. Impassionate (a.) Without passion or feeling. Impatient (a.) Not to be borne; unendurable. Impavid (a.) Fearless. Impeccant (a.) Sinless; impeccable. Impedible (a.) Capable of being impeded or hindered. Impedite (a.) Hindered; obstructed. Impeditive (a.) Causing hindrance; impeding. Impellent (a.) Having the quality of impelling. Impendent (a.) Impending; threatening. Imperant (a.) Commanding. Imperatorial (a.) Commanding; imperative; authoritative. Imperatorian (a.) Imperial. Imperatory (a.) Imperative. Imperceivable (a.) Imperceptible. Imperceived (a.) Not perceived. Imperceptive (a.) Unable to perceive. Imperdible (a.) Not destructible. Imperfectible (a.) Incapable of being mad perfect. Imperforate (a.) Alt. of Imperforated Imperious (a.) Imperative; urgent; compelling. Imperiwigged (a.) Wearing a periwig. Impermanent (a.) Not permanent. Impermissible (a.) Not permissible. Imperseverant (a.) Not persevering; fickle; thoughtless. Impertinent (a.) Trifing; inattentive; frivolous. Impertransible (a.) Incapable of being passed through. Imperturbed (a.) Not perturbed. Imperviable (a.) Not pervious; impervious. Impetrate (a.) Obtained by entreaty. Impetratory (a.) Containing or expressing entreaty. Impictured (a.) Pictured; impressed. Impingent (a.) Striking against or upon. Imppiteous (a.) Pitiless; cruel. Impleasing (a.) Unpleasing; displeasing. Impliable (a.) Not pliable; inflexible; inyielding. Implicative (a.) Tending to implicate. Imploded (a.) Formed by implosion. Imploratory (a.) Supplicatory; entreating. Imploring (a.) That implores; beseeching; entreating. Implosive (a.) Formed by implosion. Impolitical (a.) Impolitic. Imponderous (a.) Imponderable. Importable (a.) Capable of being imported. Importing (a.) Full of meaning. Importless (a.) Void of meaning. Importunable (a.) Heavy; insupportable. Importunate (a.) Hard to be borne; unendurable. Importunee (a.) Inopportune; unseasonable. Importune (a.) To import; to signify. Importuous (a.) Without a port or harbor. Imposing (a.) Laying as a duty; enjoining. Imposing (a.) Deceiving; deluding; misleading. Imposthumate (a.) Imposthumated. Impostured (a.) Done by imposture. Imposturous (a.) Impostrous; deceitful. Impractical (a.) Not practical. Impregnant (a.) Not pregnant; unfertilized or infertile. Impregnate (a.) Impregnated; made prolific. Imprejudicate (a.) Not prejuged; unprejudiced; impartial. Imprenable (a.) Impregnable. Impressive (a.) Capable of being impressed. Impreventable (a.) Not preventable; invitable. Improbative (a.) Alt. of Improbatory Improfitable (a.) Unprofitable. Improgressive (a.) Not progressive. Improlific (a.) Not prolific. Imprompt (a.) Not ready. Impropitious (a.) Unpropitious; unfavorable. Improportionable (a.) Not proportionable. Improportionate (a.) Not proportionate. Improsperous (a.) Not prosperous. Improvisate (a.) Unpremeditated; impromptu; extempore. Improvisatorial (a.) Alt. of Improvisatory Impuissant (a.) Weak; impotent; feeble. Impunctate (a.) Not punctuate or dotted. Impunctual (a.) Not punctual. Impune (a.) Unpunished. Imputable (a.) Accusable; culpable. Imputrescible (a.) Not putrescible. Inabstracted (a.) Not abstracted. Inaccessible (a.) Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached; as, an inaccessible rock, fortress, document, prince, etc. Inaccordant (a.) Not accordant; discordant. Inaccurate (a.) Not accurate; not according to truth; inexact; incorrect; erroneous; as, in inaccurate man, narration, copy, judgment, calculation, etc. Inacquaintance (a.) Want of acquaintance. Inacquiescent (a.) Not acquiescent or acquiescing. Inactive (a.) Not active; having no power to move; that does not or can not produce results; inert; as, matter is, of itself, inactive. Inactive (a.) Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer. Inactive (a.) Not active; inert; esp., not exhibiting any action or activity on polarized light; optically neutral; -- said of isomeric forms of certain substances, in distinction from other forms which are optically active; as, racemic acid is an inactive tartaric acid. Inadequate (a.) Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as, inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc. Inadherent (a.) Not adhering. Inadherent (a.) Free; not connected with the other organs. Inadmissible (a.) Not admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received; as, inadmissible testimony; an inadmissible proposition, or explanation. Inadvertent (a.) Not turning the mind to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive. Inadvisable (a.) Not advisable. Inaffable (a.) Not affable; reserved in social intercourse. Inaffected (a.) Unaffected. Inaidable (a.) Incapable of being assisted; helpless. Inalienable (a.) Incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; not alienable; as, in inalienable birthright. Inalimental (a.) Affording no aliment or nourishment. Inalterable (a.) Not alterable; incapable of being altered or changed; unalterable. Inamiable (a.) Unamiable. Inamissible (a.) Incapable of being lost. Inamorate (a.) Enamored. Inamovable (a.) Not amovable or removable. Inane (a.) Without contents; empty; void of sense or intelligence; purposeless; pointless; characterless; useless. Inangular (a.) Not angular. Inaniloquent (a.) Alt. of Inaniloquous Inaniloquous (a.) Given to talking inanely; loquacious; garrulous. Inanimate (a.) Not animate; destitute of life or spirit; lifeless; dead; inactive; dull; as, stones and earth are inanimate substances. Inanimated (a.) Destitute of life; lacking animation; unanimated. Inappealable (a.) Not admitting of appeal; not appealable. Inappeasable (a.) Incapable of being appeased or satisfied; unappeasable. Inappellable (a.) Inappealable; final. Inapplicable (a.) Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not adapted; not suitable; as, the argument is inapplicable to the case. Inapposite (a.) Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not pertinent. Inappreciable (a.) Not appreciable; too small to be perceived; incapable of being duly valued or estimated. Inapprehensible (a.) Not apprehensible; unintelligible; inconceivable. Inapprehensive (a.) Not apprehensive; regardless; unconcerned. Inapproachable (a.) Not approachable; unapproachable; inaccessible; unequaled. Inapt (a.) Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; inept. Inaquate (a.) Embodied in, or changed into, water. Inarable (a.) Not arable. Inarticulate (a.) Not uttered with articulation or intelligible distinctness, as speech or words. Inarticulate (a.) Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as, an inarticulate worm. Inarticulate (a.) Without a hinge; -- said of an order (Inarticulata or Ecardines) of brachiopods. Inarticulate (a.) Incapable of articulating. Inarticulated (a.) Not articulated; not jointed or connected by a joint. Inartificial (a.) Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural; simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an inartificial character. Inattentive (a.) Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless; careless; negligent; regardless; as, an inattentive spectator or hearer; an inattentive habit. Inaudible (a.) Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. Inaugurate (a.) Invested with office; inaugurated. Inauguratory (a.) Suitable for, or pertaining to, inauguration. Inaurate (a.) Covered with gold; gilded. Inauspicate (a.) Inauspicious. Inauspicious (a.) Not auspicious; ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky; unfavorable. Inauthoritative (a.) Without authority; not authoritative. Inblown (a.) Blown in or into. Inborn (a.) Born in or with; implanted by nature; innate; as, inborn passions. Inbred (a.) Bred within; innate; as, inbred worth. Inburning (a.) Burning within. Inburnt (a.) Burnt in; ineffaceable. Incalculable (a.) Not capable of being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. Incalescent (a.) Growing warm; increasing in heat. Incan (a.) Of or pertaining to the Incas. Incandescent (a.) White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; as, incandescent carbon or platinum; hence, clear; shining; brilliant. Incanescent (a.) Becoming hoary or gray; canescent. Incanous (a.) Hoary with white pubescence. Incantatory (a.) Dealing by enchantment; magical. Incanting (a.) Enchanting. Incapable (a.) As a term of disgrace, sometimes annexed to a sentence when an officer has been cashiered and rendered incapable of serving his country. Incapacious (a.) Not capacious; narrow; small; weak or foolish; as, an incapacious soul. Incarcerate (a.) Imprisoned. Incarnadine (a.) Flesh-colored; of a carnation or pale red color. Incarnate (a.) Not in the flesh; spiritual. Incarnate (a.) Invested with flesh; embodied in a human nature and form; united with, or having, a human body. Incarnate (a.) Flesh-colored; rosy; red. Incarnative (a.) Causing new flesh to grow; healing; regenerative. Incastellated (a.) Confined or inclosed in a castle. Incastelled (a.) Hoofbound. Incautious (a.) Not cautious; not circumspect; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend; heedless; careless; as, an incautious step; an incautious remark. Incavated (a.) Made hollow; bent round or in. Incaved (a.) Inclosed in a cave. Incaverned (a.) Inclosed or shut up as in a cavern. Incendiary (a.) Of or pertaining to incendiarism, or the malicious burning of valuable property; as, incendiary material; as incendiary crime. Incendiary (a.) Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; seditious. Incendious (a.) Promoting faction or contention; seditious; inflammatory. Incensant (a.) A modern term applied to animals (as a boar) when borne as raging, or with furious aspect. Incensebreathing (a.) Breathing or exhaling incense. Incensed (a.) Angered; enraged. Incensed (a.) Represented as enraged, as any wild creature depicted with fire issuing from mouth and eyes. Incensive (a.) Tending to excite or provoke; inflammatory. Incensurable (a.) Not censurable. Incentive (a.) Inciting; encouraging or moving; rousing to action; stimulative. Incentive (a.) Serving to kindle or set on fire. Inceptive (a.) Beginning; expressing or indicating beginning; as, an inceptive proposition; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action; -- called also inchoative. Incerative (a.) Cleaving or sticking like wax. Incertum (a.) Doubtful; not of definite form. Incessable (a.) Unceasing; continual. Incessant (a.) Continuing or following without interruption; unceasing; unitermitted; uninterrupted; continual; as, incessant clamors; incessant pain, etc. Incesttuous (a.) Guilty of incest; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest; as, an incestuous person or connection. Incharitable (a.) Uncharitable; unfeeling. Inchoate (a.) Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. Inchoative (a.) Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as, an inchoative verb. Incicurable (a.) Untamable. Incident (a.) Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. Incident (a.) Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous. Incident (a.) Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining. Incident (a.) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal. Incinerable (a.) Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Incipient (a.) Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as, the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. Incircumscriptible (a.) Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Incircumspect (a.) Not circumspect; heedless; careless; reckless; impolitic. Incised (a.) Cut in; carved; engraved. Incised (a.) Having deep and sharp notches, as a leaf or a petal. Incisive (a.) Having the quality of incising, cutting, or penetrating, as with a sharp instrument; cutting; hence, sharp; acute; sarcastic; biting. Incisive (a.) Of or pertaining to the incisors; incisor; as, the incisive bones, the premaxillaries. Incisor (a.) Adapted for cutting; of or pertaining to the incisors; incisive; as, the incisor nerve; an incisor foramen; an incisor tooth. Incisory (a.) Having the quality of cutting; incisor; incisive. Incitant (a.) Inciting; stimulating. Incito-motory (a.) Incitomotor. Incivil (a.) Uncivil; rude. Inclaudent (a.) Not closing or shutting. Inclavated (a.) Set; fast; fixed. Inclave (a.) Resembling a series of dovetails; -- said of a Inclement (a.) Not clement; destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe; harsh. Inclement (a.) Physically severe or harsh (generally restricted to the elements or weather); rough; boisterous; stormy; rigorously cold, etc.; as, inclement weather. Inclinable (a.) Leaning; tending. Inclinable (a.) Having a propensity of will or feeling; leaning in disposition; disposed; propense; as, a mind inclinable to truth. Inclinatory (a.) Having the quality of leaning or inclining; as, the inclinatory needle. Inclining (a.) Same as Inc Included (a.) Inclosed; confined. Includible (a.) Capable of being included. Inclusive (a.) Inclosing; encircling; surrounding. Inclusive (a.) Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as, from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday; -- opposed to exclusive. Incoact (a.) Alt. of Incoacted Incoacted (a.) Not compelled; unconstrained. Incoagulable (a.) Not coagulable. Incocted (a.) Raw; indigestible. Incoercible (a.) Not to be coerced; incapable of being compelled or forced. Incoercible (a.) Not capable of being reduced to the form of a liquid by pressure; -- said of any gas above its critical point; -- also particularly of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, formerly regarded as incapable of liquefaction at any temperature or pressure. Incoercible (a.) That can note be confined in, or excluded from, vessels, like ordinary fluids, gases, etc.; -- said of the imponderable fluids, heat, light, electricity, etc. Incogitable (a.) Not cogitable; inconceivable. Incogitant (a.) Toughtless; inconsiderate. Incogitative (a.) Not cogitative; not thinking; wanting the power of thought; as, a vegetable is an incogitative being. Incognitant (a.) Ignorant. Incognito (a.) One unknown or in disguise, or under an assumed character or name. Incognito (a.) The assumption of disguise or of a feigned character; the state of being in disguise or not recognized. Incognizable (a.) Not cognizable; incapable of being recognized, known, or distinguished. Incognizant (a.) Not cognizant; failing to apprehended or notice. Incognoscible (a.) Incognizable. Incoherentific (a.) Causing incoherence. Incoincident (a.) Not coincident; not agreeing in time, in place, or principle. Incombustible (a.) Not combustible; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire; uninflammable; as, asbestus is an incombustible substance; carbon dioxide is an incombustible gas. Incoming (a.) Coming in; accruing. Incoming (a.) Coming in, succeeding, or following, as occupant or possessor; as, in incoming tenant. Incommensurable (a.) Not commensurable; having no common measure or standard of comparison; as, quantities are incommensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of both; the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable. Incommensurate (a.) Not commensurate; not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable. Incommensurate (a.) Not of equal of sufficient measure or extent; not adequate; as, our means are incommensurate to our wants. Incommiscible (a.) Not commiscible; not mixable. Incommodious (a.) Tending to incommode; not commodious; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble; inconvenient; annoying; as, an incommodious seat; an incommodious arrangement. Incommunicable (a.) Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, shared, told, or imparted, to others. Incommunicated (a.) Not communicated or imparted. Incommunicating (a.) Having no communion or intercourse with each other. Incommunicative (a.) Not communicative; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation; reserved; silent; as, the messenger was incommunicative; hence, not disposed to hold fellowship or intercourse with others; exclusive. Incommutable (a.) Not commutable; not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, another. Incompact (a.) Alt. of Incompacted Incompacted (a.) Not compact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid; incoherent; loose; discrete. Incomparable (a.) Not comparable; admitting of no comparison with others; unapproachably eminent; without a peer or equal; matchless; peerless; transcendent. Incompared (a.) Peerless; incomparable. Incompassionate (a.) Not compassionate; void of pity or of tenderness; remorseless. Incompatible (a.) Not compatible; so differing as to be incapable of harmonious combination or coexistence; inconsistent in thought or being; irreconcilably disagreeing; as, persons of incompatible tempers; incompatible colors, desires, ambition. Incompatible (a.) Incapable of being together without mutual reaction or decomposition, as certain medicines. Incompetent (a.) Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifications, or the like; incapable; unable; inadequate; unfit. Incompetent (a.) Not lying within one's competency, capacity, or authorized power; not permissible. Incompetible (a.) See Incompatible. Incomplete (a.) Not complete; not filled up; not finished; not having all its parts, or not having them all adjusted; imperfect; defective. Incomplete (a.) Wanting any of the usual floral organs; -- said of a flower. Incomplex (a.) Not complex; uncompounded; simple. Incompliable (a.) Not compliable; not conformable. Incompliant (a.) Not compliant; unyielding to request, solicitation, or command; stubborn. Incomposed (a.) Disordered; disturbed. Incomposite (a.) Not composite; uncompounded; simple. Incompossible (a.) Not capable of joint existence; incompatible; inconsistent. Incomprehense (a.) Incomprehensible. Incomprehensible (a.) Not capable of being contained within limits. Incomprehensible (a.) Not capable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of the human intellect; inconceivable. Incomprehensive (a.) Not comprehensive; not capable of including or of understanding; not extensive; limited. Incomputable (a.) Not computable. Inconcealable (a.) Not concealable. Inconceivable (a.) Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived by the mind; not explicable by the human intellect, or by any known principles or agencies; incomprehensible; as, it is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion. Inconceptible (a.) Inconceivable. Inconcerning (a.) Unimportant; trifling. Inconcinne (a.) Dissimilar; incongruous; unsuitable. Inconcinnous (a.) Not concinnous; unsuitable; discordant. Inconcludent (a.) Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive. Inconcluding (a.) Inferring no consequence. Inconclusive (a.) Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubtful question; as, evidence is inconclusive when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to debate or doubt. Inconcoct (a.) Inconcocted. Inconcocted (a.) Imperfectly digested, matured, or ripened. Inconcrete (a.) Not concrete. Inconcurring (a.) Not concurring; disagreeing. Inconcussible (a.) Not concussible; that cannot be shaken. Incondensable (a.) Alt. of Incondensible Incondensible (a.) Not condensable; incapable of being made more dense or compact, or reduced to liquid form. Incondite (a.) Badly put together; inartificial; rude; unpolished; irregular. Inconditional (a.) Unconditional. Inconditionate (a.) Not conditioned; not limited; absolute. Inconform (a.) Unconformable. Inconformable (a.) Unconformable. Inconfused (a.) Not confused; distinct. Inconfutable (a.) Not confutable. Incongealable (a.) Not congealable; incapable of being congealed. Incongenial (a.) Not congenial; uncongenial. Incongruent (a.) Incongruous. Incongruous (a.) Not congruous; reciprocally disagreeing; not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating; inharmonious; inappropriate; unsuitable; not fitting; inconsistent; improper; as, an incongruous remark; incongruous behavior, action, dress, etc. Inconnected (a.) Not connected; disconnected. Inconscionable (a.) Unconscionable. Inconscious (a.) Unconscious. Inconsequent (a.) Not following from the premises; not regularly inferred; invalid; not characterized by logical method; illogical; arbitrary; inconsistent; of no consequence. Inconsequential (a.) Not regularly following from the premises; hence, irrelevant; unimportant; of no consequence. Inconsiderable (a.) Not considerable; unworthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; as, an inconsiderable distance; an inconsiderable quantity, degree, value, or sum. Inconsiderate (a.) Inconsiderable. Inconsistent (a.) Not consistent; showing inconsistency; irreconcilable; discordant; at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or action; incompatible; incongruous; contradictory. Inconsistent (a.) Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc.; unequal; fickle; changeable. Inconsisting (a.) Inconsistent. Inconsolable (a.) Not consolable; incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond susceptibility of comfort; disconsolate. Inconsonant (a.) Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant. Inconspicuous (a.) Not conspicuous or noticeable; hardly discernible. Incomsumable (a.) Not consumable; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent. Inconsummate (a.) Not consummated; not finished; incomplete. Inconsumptible (a.) Inconsumable. Incontaminate (a.) Not contaminated; pure. Incontestable (a.) Not contestable; not to be disputed; that cannot be called in question or controverted; incontrovertible; indisputable; as, incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. Incontested (a.) Not contested. Incontiguous (a.) Not contiguous; not adjoining or in contact; separate. Incontinent (a.) Not continent; uncontrolled; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; indulging unlawful lust; unchaste; lewd. Incontinent (a.) Unable to restrain natural evacuations. Incontracted (a.) Uncontracted. Incontrollable (a.) Not controllable; uncontrollable. Incontrovertible (a.) Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute; indisputable. Inconvenient (a.) Not becoming or suitable; unfit; inexpedient. Inconvenient (a.) Not convenient; giving trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance; hindering progress or success; uncomfortable; disadvantageous; incommodious; inopportune; as, an inconvenient house, garment, arrangement, or time. Inconversable (a.) Incommunicative; unsocial; reserved. Inconversant (a.) Not conversant; not acquainted; not versed; unfamiliar. Inconverted (a.) Not turned or changed about. Inconvertible (a.) Not convertible; not capable of being transmuted, changed into, or exchanged for, something else; as, one metal is inconvertible into another; bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Inconvincible (a.) Not convincible; incapable of being convinced. Incony (a.) Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. Incoordinate (a.) Not coordinate. Incoronate (a.) Crowned. Incorporal (a.) Immaterial; incorporeal; spiritual. Incorporate (a.) Not consisting of matter; not having a material body; incorporeal; spiritual. Incorporate (a.) Not incorporated; not existing as a corporation; as, an incorporate banking association. Incorporate (a.) Corporate; incorporated; made one body, or united in one body; associated; mixed together; combined; embodied. Incorporated (a.) United in one body; formed into a corporation; made a legal entity. Incorporeal (a.) Not corporeal; not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter; immaterial. Incorporeal (a.) Existing only in contemplation of law; not capable of actual visible seizin or possession; not being an object of sense; intangible; -- opposed to corporeal. Incorrect (a.) Not correct; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules; inaccurate; faulty. Incorrect (a.) Not in accordance with the truth; inaccurate; not exact; as, an incorrect statement or calculation. Incorrect (a.) Not accordant with duty or morality; not duly regulated or subordinated; unbecoming; improper; as, incorrect conduct. Incorresponding (a.) Not corresponding; disagreeing. Incorrigible (a.) Not corrigible; incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction; irreclaimable; as, incorrigible error. Incorrodible (a.) Incapable of being corroded, consumed, or eaten away. Incorrupt (a.) Not affected with corruption or decay; unimpaired; not marred or spoiled. Incorrupt (a.) Not defiled or depraved; pure; sound; untainted; above the influence of bribes; upright; honest. Incorrupted (a.) Uncorrupted. Incorruptible (a.) Not corruptible; incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; as, gold is incorruptible. Incorruptible (a.) Incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright. Incorruptive (a.) Incorruptible; not liable to decay. Incrassate (a.) Alt. of Incrassated Incrassated (a.) Made thick or thicker; thickened; inspissated. Incrassated (a.) Thickened; becoming thicker. Incrassated (a.) Swelled out on some particular part, as the antennae of certain insects. Incrassative (a.) Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Increasable (a.) Capable of being increased. Increaseful (a.) Full of increase; abundant in produce. Increate (a.) Alt. of Increated Increated (a.) Uncreated; self-existent. Incredible (a.) Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous. Incredited (a.) Uncredited. Incredulous (a.) Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Incredulous (a.) Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. Incredulous (a.) Incredible; not easy to be believed. Incremable (a.) Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Incremental (a.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, the process of growth; as, the incremental Increscent (a.) Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling; enlarging. Increscent (a.) Increasing; on the increase; -- said of the moon represented as the new moon, with the points turned toward the dexter side. Incriminatory (a.) Of or pertaining to crimination; tending to incriminate; criminatory. Incruental (a.) Unbloody; not attended with blood; as, an incruental sacrifice. Incrustate (a.) Incrusted. Incrystallizable (a.) Not crystallizable; incapable of being formed into crystals. Incubative (a.) Of or pertaining to incubation, or to the period of incubation. Incubatory (a.) Serving for incubation. Incubous (a.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one covers the base of the leaf next above it, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Frullania. See Succubous. Inculpable (a.) Faultless; blameless; innocent. Inculpatory (a.) Imputing blame; criminatory; compromising; implicating. Incult (a.) Untilled; uncultivated; crude; rude; uncivilized. Incultivated (a.) Uncultivated. Incumbrous (a.) Cumbersome; troublesome. Incurable (a.) Not capable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine to remedy; as, an incurable disease. Incurable (a.) Not admitting or capable of remedy or correction; irremediable; remediless; as, incurable evils. Incurious (a.) Not curious or inquisitive; without care for or interest in; inattentive; careless; negligent; heedless. Incursive (a.) Making an incursion; invasive; aggressive; hostile. Incurvate (a.) Curved; bent; crooked. Incurved (a.) Bending gradually toward the axis or center, as branches or petals. Incysted (a.) See Encysted. Indagative (a.) Searching; exploring; investigating. Indamaged (a.) Not damaged. Inde (a.) Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. Indebted (a.) Brought into debt; being under obligation; held to payment or requital; beholden. Indebted (a.) Placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due; as, we are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy; indebted to friends for help and encouragement. Indecent (a.) Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; as, indecent language. Indeciduate (a.) Indeciduous. Indeciduate (a.) Having no decidua; nondeciduate. Indeciduous (a.) Not deciduous or falling, as the leaves of trees in autumn; lasting; evergreen; persistent; permanent; perennial. Indecimable (a.) Not decimable, or liable to be decimated; not liable to the payment of tithes. Indecisive (a.) Not decisive; not bringing to a final or ultimate issue; as, an indecisive battle, argument, answer. Indecisive (a.) Undetermined; prone to indecision; irresolute; unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; as, an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive character. Indecinable (a.) Not declinable; not varied by inflective terminations; as, nihil (nothing), in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. Indecomposable (a.) Not decomposable; incapable or difficult of decomposition; not resolvable into its constituents or elements. Indecorous (a.) Not decorous; violating good manners; contrary to good breeding or etiquette; unbecoming; improper; out of place; as, indecorous conduct. Indefatigable (a.) Incapable of being fatigued; not readily exhausted; unremitting in labor or effort; untiring; unwearying; not yielding to fatigue; as, indefatigable exertions, perseverance, application. Indefeasible (a.) Not to be defeated; not defeasible; incapable of being annulled or made void; as, an indefeasible or title. Indefectible (a.) Not defectible; unfailing; not liable to defect, failure, or decay. Indefective (a.) Not defective; perfect; complete. Indefeisible (a.) Indefeasible. Indefensive (a.) Defenseless. Indeficient (a.) Not deficient; full. Indefinable (a.) Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable. Indefinite (a.) Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight Indefinite (a.) Boundless; infinite. Indefinite (a.) Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; -- said of the parts of a flower, and the like. Also, indeterminate. Indehiscent (a.) Remaining closed at maturity, or not opening along regular Indelectable (a.) Not delectable; unpleasant; disagreeable. Indeliberate (a.) Done without deliberation; unpremeditated. Indeliberated (a.) Indeliberate. Indelible (a.) That can not be annulled; indestructible. Indelicate (a.) Not delicate; wanting delicacy; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind; coarse; rude; as, an indelicate word or suggestion; indelicate behavior. Indemonstrable (a.) Incapable of being demonstrated. Indented (a.) Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface. Indented (a.) Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Indented (a.) Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as, an indented border or ordinary. Indented (a.) Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as, an indented servant. Indented (a.) Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds. Independent (a.) Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as, few men are wholly independent. Independent (a.) Affording a comfortable livelihood; as, an independent property. Independent (a.) Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as, a man of an independent mind. Independent (a.) Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as, an independent air or manner. Independent (a.) Separate from; exclusive; irrespective. Independent (a.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents. Independent (a.) Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; -- said of quantities or functions. Independent (a.) Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party. Indeposable (a.) Incapable of being deposed. Indepravate (a.) Undepraved. Indeprecable (a.) Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Indeprehensible (a.) Incapable of being found out. Indeprivable (a.) Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away. Indescribable (a.) Incapable of being described. Indescriptive (a.) Not descriptive. Indesinent (a.) Not ceasing; perpetual. Indesirable (a.) Undesirable. Indestructible (a.) Not destructible; incapable of decomposition or of being destroyed. Indeterminable (a.) Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. Indeterminate (a.) Not determinate; not certain or fixed; indefinite; not precise; as, an indeterminate number of years. Indetermined (a.) Undetermined. Indevirginate (a.) Not devirginate. Indevote (a.) Not devoted. Indevout (a.) Not devout. Indian (a.) Of or pertaining to India proper; also to the East Indies, or, sometimes, to the West Indies. Indian (a.) Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as, Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk. Indian (a.) Made of maize or Indian corn; as, Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like. Indical (a.) Indexical. Indicant (a.) Serving to point out, as a remedy; indicating. Indicated (a.) Shown; denoted; registered; measured. Indicative (a.) Pointing out; bringing to notice; giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible or obvious. Indicative (a.) Suggestive; representing the whole by a part, as a fleet by a ship, a forest by a tree, etc. Indicible (a.) Unspeakable. Indictable (a.) Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as, an indictable offender or offense. Indictive (a.) Proclaimed; declared; public. Indifferent (a.) Not inc Indifferent (a.) Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested. Indigenous (a.) Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported. Indigenous (a.) Native; inherent; innate. Indigent (a.) Wanting; void; free; destitute; -- used with of. Indigent (a.) Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous. Indigest (a.) Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. Indigested (a.) Not digested; undigested. Indigested (a.) Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as, an indigested array of facts. Indigested (a.) Not in a state suitable for healing; -- said of wounds. Indigested (a.) Not ripened or suppurated; -- said of an abscess or its contents. Indigested (a.) Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam. Indigestible (a.) Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption. Indigestible (a.) Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as, an indigestible simile. Indign (a.) Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Indigo (a.) Having the color of, pertaining to, or derived from, indigo. Indigotic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, indigo; as, indigotic acid, which is also called anilic or nitrosalicylic acid. Indilatory (a.) Not dilatory. Indiligent (a.) Not diligent; idle; slothful. Indiminishable (a.) Incapable of being diminished. Indirect (a.) Not direct; not straight or recti Indirect (a.) Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially; by remote means; as, an indirect accusation, attack, answer, or proposal. Indirect (a.) Not straightforward or upright; unfair; dishonest; tending to mislead or deceive. Indirect (a.) Not resulting directly from an act or cause, but more or less remotely connected with or growing out of it; as, indirect results, damages, or claims. Indirect (a.) Not reaching the end aimed at by the most plain and direct method; as, an indirect proof, demonstration, etc. Indirected (a.) Not directed; aimless. Indiscernible (a.) Not to be discerned; imperceptible; not discoverable or visible. Indiscerpible (a.) Alt. of Indiscerptible Indiscerptible (a.) Not discerpible; inseparable. Indisciplinable (a.) Not disciplinable; undisciplinable. Indiscoverable (a.) Not discoverable; undiscoverable. Indiscreet (a.) Not discreet; wanting in discretion. Indiscrete (a.) Indiscreet. Indiscrete (a.) Not discrete or separated; compact; homogenous. Indiscriminate (a.) Not discriminate; wanting discrimination; undistinguishing; not making any distinction; confused; promiscuous. Indiscriminating (a.) Not discriminating. Indiscriminative (a.) Making no distinction; not discriminating. Indiscussed (a.) Not discussed. Indispensable (a.) Not dispensable; impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared; absolutely necessary or requisite. Indispensable (a.) Not admitting dispensation; not subject to release or exemption. Indispensable (a.) Unavoidable; inevitable. Indispersed (a.) Not dispersed. Indisputable (a.) Not disputable; incontrovertible; too evident to admit of dispute. Indisputed (a.) Undisputed. Indissipable (a.) Incapable o/ being dissipated. Indissoluble (a.) Not dissoluble; not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied; insoluble; as few substances are indissoluble by heat, but many are indissoluble in water. Indissoluble (a.) Incapable of being rightfully broken or dissolved; perpetually binding or obligatory; firm; stable, as, an indissoluble league or covenant. Indissolvable (a.) Not dissolvable; incapable of being dissolved or separated; incapable o/ separation; perpetually firm and binding; indissoluble; as, an indissolvable bond of union. Indistinct (a.) Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as, the indistinct parts of a substance. Indistinctible (a.) Indistinguishable. Indistinctive (a.) Having nothing distinctive; common. Indistinguishable (a.) Not distinguishable; not capable of being perceived, known, or discriminated as separate and distinct; hence, not capable of being perceived or known; as, in the distance the flagship was indisguishable; the two copies were indisguishable in form or color; the difference between them was indisguishable. Indistinguished (a.) Indistinct. Indistinguishing (a.) Making no difference; indiscriminative; impartial; as, indistinguishing liberalities. Indivertible (a.) Not to be diverted or turned aside. Individable (a.) Indivisible. Individed (a.) Undivided. Individualistic (a.) Of or pertaining to the individual or individualism. Individuate (a.) Undivided. Indivisible (a.) Not divisible; incapable of being divided, separated, or broken; not separable into parts. Indivisible (a.) Not capable of exact division, as one quantity by another; incommensurable. Indo-Chinese (a.) Of or pertaining to Indo-China (i. e., Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges). Indocible (a.) Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed; dull in intellect; intractable; unteachable; indocile. Indocile (a.) Not teachable; indisposed to be taught, trained, or discip Indo-English (a.) Of or relating to the English who are born or reside in India; Anglo-Indian. Indo-Germanic (a.) Same as Aryan, and Indo-European. Indo-Germanic (a.) Pertaining to or denoting the Teutonic family of languages as related to the Sanskrit, or derived from the ancient Aryan language. Indolent (a.) Free from toil, pain, or trouble. Indolent (a.) Indulging in ease; avoiding labor and exertion; habitually idle; lazy; inactive; as, an indolent man. Indolent (a.) Causing little or no pain or annoyance; as, an indolent tumor. Indomable (a.) Indomitable. Indomitable (a.) Not to be subdued; untamable; invincible; as, an indomitable will, courage, animal. Indomite (a.) Not tamed; untamed; savage; wild. Indomptable (a.) Indomitable. Indoor (a.) Done or being within doors; within a house or institution; domestic; as, indoor work. Indorsable (a.) Capable of being indorsed; transferable; convertible. Indorsed (a.) See Addorsed. Indoxylic (a.) Of or pertaining to, or producing, indoxyl; as, indoxylic acid. Indrawn (a.) Drawn in. Indubious (a.) Not dubious or doubtful; certain. Indubious (a.) Not doubting; unsuspecting. Indubitable (a.) Not dubitable or doubtful; too evident to admit of doubt; unquestionable; evident; apparently certain; as, an indubitable conclusion. Indubitate (a.) Not questioned or doubtful; evident; certain. Inducible (a.) Capable of being induced, caused, or made to take place. Inducible (a.) Obtainable by induction; derivable; inferable. Inductile (a.) Not ductile; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal; inelastic; tough. Inductional (a.) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, induction; inductive. Inductive (a.) Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; -- usually followed by to. Inductive (a.) Tending to induce or cause. Inductive (a.) Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as, inductive reasoning. Inductive (a.) Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical machine. Inductive (a.) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as certain substances have a great inductive capacity. Inductric (a.) Alt. of Inductrical Inductrical (a.) Acting by, or in a state of, induction; relating to electrical induction. Indulgent (a.) Prone to indulge; yielding to the wishes, humor, or appetites of those under one's care; compliant; not opposing or restraining; tolerant; mild; favorable; not severe; as, an indulgent parent. Indulgential (a.) Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. Induplicate (a.) Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis; -- said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in aestivation. Induplicate (a.) Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about the axis without overlapping; -- said of leaves in vernation. Induplicative (a.) Having induplicate sepals or petals in aestivation. Induplicative (a.) Having induplicate leaves in vernation. Indurate (a.) Hardened; not soft; indurated. Indurate (a.) Without sensibility; unfeeling; obdurate. Indurated (a.) Hardened; as, indurated clay; an indurated heart. Indusial (a.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, the petrified cases of the larvae of certain insects. Indusiate (a.) Alt. of Indusiated Indusiated (a.) Furnished with an indusium. Industrious (a.) Steadily and perseveringly active in a particular pursuit or aim; as, he was negligent in business, but industrious in pleasure; an industrious mischief maker. Indutive (a.) Covered; -- applied to seeds which have the usual integumentary covering. Induviate (a.) Covered with induviae, as the upper part of the trunk of a palm tree. Inebriant (a.) Intoxicating. Inebriate (a.) Intoxicated; drunk; habitually given to drink; stupefied. Inebrious (a.) Intoxicated, or partially so; intoxicating. Inedited (a.) Not edited; unpublished; as, an inedited manuscript. Ineffable (a.) Incapable of being expresses in words; unspeakable; unutterable; indescribable; as, the ineffable joys of heaven. Ineffaceable (a.) Incapable of being effaced; indelible; ineradicable. Ineffectible (a.) Ineffectual; impracticable. Ineffective (a.) Not effective; ineffectual; futile; inefficient; useless; as, an ineffective appeal. Ineffectual (a.) Not producing the proper effect; without effect; inefficient; weak; useless; futile; unavailing; as, an ineffectual attempt; an ineffectual expedient. Ineffervescent (a.) Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence; quiescent. Ineffervescible (a.) Not capable or susceptible of effervescence. Inefficacious (a.) Not efficacious; not having power to produce the effect desired; inadequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. Inefficient (a.) Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious; as, inefficient means or measures. Inefficient (a.) Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or remiss; effecting little or nothing; as, inefficient workmen; an inefficient administrator. Inelaborate (a.) Not elaborate; not wrought with care; unpolished; crude; unfinished. Inelastic (a.) Not elastic. Ineligible (a.) Not eligible; not qualified to be chosen for an office; not worthy to be chosen or prefered; not expedient or desirable. Ineloquent (a.) Not eloquent; not fluent, graceful, or pathetic; not persuasive; as, ineloquent language. Ineluctable (a.) Not to be overcome by struggling; irresistible; inevitable. Ineludible (a.) Incapable of being eluded or evaded; unvoidable. Inembryonate (a.) Not embryonate. Inernarrable (a.) Incapable of being narrated; indescribable; ineffable. Inept (a.) Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; unbecoming. Inept (a.) Silly; useless; nonsensical; absurd; foolish. Inequable (a.) Unequable. Inequal (a.) Unequal; uneven; various. Inequidistant (a.) Not equally distant; not equidistant. Inequilobate (a.) Unequally lobed; cut into lobes of different shapes or sizes. Inequitable (a.) Not equitable; not just. Inequivalve (a.) Alt. of Inequivalvular Inequivalvular (a.) Having unequal valves, as the shell of an oyster. Ineradicable (a.) Incapable of being /radicated or rooted out. Inergetic (a.) Alt. of Inergetical Inergetical (a.) Having no energy; sluggish. Inerm (a.) Alt. of Inermous Inermous (a.) Same as Inermis. Inermis (a.) Unarmed; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Inerrable (a.) Incapable of erring; infallible; unerring. Inerratic (a.) Not erratic or wandering; fixed; settled; established. Inert (a.) Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion; as, matter is inert. Inert (a.) Indisposed to move or act; very slow to act; sluggish; dull; inactive; indolent; lifeless. Inert (a.) Not having or manifesting active properties; not affecting other substances when brought in contact with them; powerless for an expected or desired effect. Inerudite (a.) Not erudite; unlearned; ignorant. Inescapable (a.) Not escapable. Inessential (a.) Having no essence or being. Inessential (a.) Not essential; unessential. Inestimable (a.) Incapable of being estimated or computed; especially, too valuable or excellent to be measured or fully appreciated; above all price; as, inestimable rights or privileges. Inevasible (a.) Incapable of being evaded; inevitable; unavoidable. Inevident (a.) Not evident; not clear or obvious; obscure. Inevitable (a.) Not evitable; incapable of being shunned; unavoidable; certain. Inevitable (a.) Irresistible. Inexact (a.) Not exact; not precisely correct or true; inaccurate. Inexcitable (a.) Not susceptible of excitement; dull; lifeless; torpid. Inexcusable (a.) Not excusable; not admitting excuse or justification; as, inexcusable folly. Inexecrable (a.) That can not be execrated enough. Inexecutable (a.) Incapable of being executed or performed; impracticable; infeasible. Inexhalable (a.) Incapable of being exhaled. Inexhausted (a.) Not exhausted; not emptied; not spent; not having lost all strength or resources; unexhausted. Inexhaustive (a.) Inexhaustible. Inexistant (a.) Inexistent; not existing. Inexistent (a.) Not having being; not existing. Inexistent (a.) Inherent; innate; indwelling. Inexpansible (a.) Incapable of expansion, enlargement, or extension. Inexpectable (a.) Not to be expected or anticipated. Inexpectant (a.) Not expectant. Inexpected (a.) Unexpected. Inexpensive (a.) Not expensive; cheap. Inexperienced (a.) Not having experience unskilled. Inexpert (a.) Destitute of experience or of much experience. Inexpert (a.) Not expert; not skilled; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. Inexpiable (a.) Admitting of no expiation, atonement, or satisfaction; as, an inexpiable crime or offense. Inexpiable (a.) Incapable of being mollified or appeased; relentless; implacable. Inexpiate (a.) Not appeased or placated. Inexplainable (a.) Incapable of being explained; inexplicable. Inexplicable (a.) Not explicable; not explainable; incapable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for; as, an inexplicable mystery. Inexplicit (a.) Not explicit; not clearly stated; indefinite; vague. Inexplorable (a.) Incapable of being explored, searched out, or discovered. Inexplosive (a.) Not explosive. Inexpressible (a.) Not capable of expression or utterance in language; ineffable; unspeakable; indescribable; unutterable; as, inexpressible grief or pleasure. Inexpressive (a.) Inexpressible. Inexpressive (a.) Without expression or meaning; not expressive; dull; unintelligent; as, an inexpressive countenance. Inexpugnable (a.) Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable; unconquerable. Inexsuperable (a.) Not capable of being passed over; insuperable; insurmountable. Inextended (a.) Not extended. Inextensible (a.) Not capable of being extended; not elastic; as, inextensible fibers. Inexterminable (a.) Incapable of extermination. Inextinct (a.) Not quenched; not extinct. Inextinguible (a.) Inextinguishable. Inextinguishable (a.) Not capable of being extinguished; extinguishable; unquenchable; as, inextinguishable flame, light, thirst, desire, feuds. Inextirpable (a.) Not capable of being extirpated or rooted out; ineradicable. Inextricable (a.) Incapable of being extricated, untied, or disentangled; hopelessly intricate, confused, or obscure; as, an inextricable knot or difficulty; inextricable confusion. Inextricable (a.) Inevitable. Infabricated (a.) Not fabricated; unwrought; not artificial; natural. Infallible (a.) Not fallible; not capable of erring; entirely exempt from liability to mistake; unerring; inerrable. Infallible (a.) Not liable to fail, deceive, or disappoint; indubitable; sure; certain; as, infallible evidence; infallible success; an infallible remedy. Infallible (a.) Incapable of error in defining doctrines touching faith or morals. See Papal infallibility, under Infallibility. Infamous (a.) Causing or producing infamy; deserving detestation; scandalous to the last degree; as, an infamous act; infamous vices; infamous corruption. Infamous (a.) Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime; as, at common law, an infamous person can not be a witness. Infamous (a.) Having a bad name as being the place where an odious crime was committed, or as being associated with something detestable; hence, unlucky; perilous; dangerous. Infandous (a.) Too odious to be expressed or mentioned. Infant (a.) Of or pertaining to infancy, or the first period of life; tender; not mature; as, infant strength. Infant (a.) Intended for young children; as, an infant school. Infanticidal (a.) Of or pertaining to infanticide; engaged in, or guilty of, child murder. Infantile (a.) Of or pertaining to infancy, or to an infant; similar to, or characteristic of, an infant; childish; as, infantile behavior. Infantine (a.) Infantile; childish. Infantlike (a.) Like an infant. Infantly (a.) Like an infant. Infashionable (a.) Unfashionable. Infatigable (a.) Indefatigable. Infatuate (a.) Infatuated. Infatuated (a.) Overcome by some foolish passion or desire; affected by infatuation. Infaust (a.) Not favorable; unlucky; unpropitious; sinister. Infeasible (a.) Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. Infectible (a.) Capable of being infected. Infectious (a.) Having qualities that may infect; communicable or caused by infection; pestilential; epidemic; as, an infectious fever; infectious clothing; infectious air; infectious vices. Infectious (a.) Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or contaminate; vitiating; demoralizing. Infectious (a.) Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seizure and forfeiture. Infectious (a.) Capable of being easily diffused or spread; sympathetic; readily communicated; as, infectious mirth. Infective (a.) Infectious. Infecund (a.) Unfruitful; not producing young; barren; infertile. Infecundous (a.) Infertile; barren; unprofitable; unproductive. Infelicitous (a.) Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate; not fortunate or appropriate in application; not well said, expressed, or done; as, an infelicitous condition; an infelicitous remark; an infelicitous description; infelicitous words. Infelonious (a.) Not felonious, malignant, or criminal. Infelt (a.) Felt inwardly; heartfelt. Inferable (a.) Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. Inferential (a.) Deduced or deducible by inference. Inferior (a.) Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath. Inferior (a.) Poor or mediocre; as, an inferior quality of goods. Inferior (a.) Below the horizon; as, the inferior part of a meridian. Inferior (a.) On the side of a flower which is next the bract; anterior. Inferior (a.) Junior or subordinate in rank; as, an inferior officer. Inferobranchiate (a.) Having the gills on the sides of the body, under the margin of the mantle; belonging to the Inferobranchiata. Inferrible (a.) Inferable. Infertile (a.) Not fertile; not productive; barren; sterile; as, an infertile soil. Infestive (a.) Having no mirth; not festive or merry; dull; cheerless; gloomy; forlorn. Infestuous (a.) Mischievous; harmful; dangerous. Infidel (a.) Not holding the faith; -- applied esp. to one who does not believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the supernatural origin of Christianity. Infiltrative (a.) Of or pertaining to infiltration. Infinite (a.) Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; as, infinite duration or distance. Infinite (a.) Indefinitely large or extensive; great; vast; immense; gigantic; prodigious. Infinitival (a.) Pertaining to the infinite mood. Infinito (a.) Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5. Infinituple (a.) Multipied an infinite number of times. Infirm (a.) Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as, an infirm body; an infirm constitution. Infirm (a.) Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. Infirm (a.) Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious. Infirmative (a.) Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. Infirmity (a.) The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as, infirmity of body or mind. Infirmity (a.) A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect. Inflammable (a.) Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as, inflammable oils or spirits. Inflammable (a.) Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as, an inflammable temper. Inflammative (a.) Inflammatory. Inflammatory (a.) Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate. Inflammatory (a.) Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as, inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Inflammatory (a.) Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as, an inflammatory disease. Inflatable (a.) That may be inflated. Inflated (a.) Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as, a balloon inflated with gas. Inflated (a.) Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as, an inflated style. Inflated (a.) Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Inflated (a.) Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as, inflated prices, etc. Inflected (a.) Bent; turned; deflected. Inflected (a.) Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective. Inflectional (a.) Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Inflective (a.) Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as, the inflective quality of the air. Inflective (a.) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection. Inflexed (a.) Turned; bent. Inflexed (a.) Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower. Inflexible (a.) Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding. Inflexible (a.) Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn. Inflexible (a.) Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable. Inflexive (a.) Inflective. Inflexive (a.) Inflexible. Inflictive (a.) Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Influencive (a.) Tending toinfluence; influential. Influent (a.) Flowing in. Influent (a.) Exerting influence; influential. Inflential (a.) Exerting or possessing influence or power; potent; efficacious; effective; strong; having authority or ascendency; as, an influential man, station, argument, etc. Influxious (a.) Influential. Influxive (a.) Having a tendency to flow in; having influence; influential. Inform (a.) Without regular form; shapeless; ugly; deformed. Informal (a.) Deranged in mind; out of one's senses. Informative (a.) Having power to inform, animate, or vivify. Informatory (a.) Full of, or conveying, information; instructive. Informed (a.) Unformed or ill-formed; deformed; shapeless. Informidable (a.) Not formidable; not to be feared or dreaded. Informity (a.) Want of regular form; shapelessness. Informous (a.) Of irregular form; shapeless. Infortunate (a.) Unlucky; unfortunate. Infortuned (a.) Unfortunate. Infra-axillary (a.) Situated below the axil, as a bud. Infraclavicular (a.) Below the clavicle; as, the infraclavicular fossa. Infract (a.) Not broken or fractured; unharmed; whole. Infractible (a.) Capable of being broken. Infragrant (a.) Not fragrant. Infrahyoid (a.) Same as Hyosternal (a). Infralabial (a.) Below the lower lip; -- said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes. Infralapsarian (a.) Of or pertaining to the Infralapsarians, or to their doctrine. Inframaxillary (a.) Under the lower jaw; submaxillary; as, the inframaxillary nerve. Inframaxillary (a.) Of or pertaining to the lower iaw. Inframedian (a.) Of or pertaining to the interval or zone along the sea bottom, at the depth of between fifty and one hundred fathoms. Inframundane (a.) Lying or situated beneath the world. Infrangible (a.) Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; as, infrangible atoms. Infrangible (a.) Not to be infringed or violated. Infraocular (a.) Situated below the eyes, as the antenna of certain insects. Infraorbital (a.) Below the orbit; as, the infraorbital foramen; the infraorbital nerve. Infrascapular (a.) Beneath the scapula, or shoulder blade; subscapular. Infraspinal (a.) Below the vertebral column, subvertebral. Infraspinal (a.) Below the spine; infraspinate; infraspinous. Infraspinate (a.) Alt. of Infraspinous Infraspinous (a.) Below the spine; infraspinal; esp., below the spine of the scapula; as, the infraspinous fossa; the infraspinate muscle. Infrastapedial (a.) Of or pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which in many animals projects below the connection with the stapes. Infrasternal (a.) Below the sternum; as, the infrasternal depression, or pit of the stomach. Infraterritorial (a.) Within the territory of a state. Infratrochlear (a.) Below a trochlea, or pulley; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. Infrequent (a.) Seldom happening or occurring; rare; uncommon; unusual. Infructuose (a.) Not producing fruit; unfruitful; unprofitable. Infrugiferous (a.) Not bearing fruit; not fructiferous. Infumated (a.) Clouded; having a cloudy appearance. Infumed (a.) Dried in smoke; smoked. Infundibular (a.) Alt. of Infundibulate Infundibulate (a.) Having the form of a funnel; pertaining to an infundibulum. Infundibuliform (a.) Same as Funnelform. Infuriated (a.) Enraged; furious. Infuscated (a.) Darkened with a blackish tinge. Infusible (a.) Not fusible; incapble or difficalt of fusion, or of being dissolved or melted. Infusive (a.) Having the power of infusion; inspiring; influencing. Infusorial (a.) Belonging to the Infusoria; composed of, or containing, Infusoria; as, infusorial earth. Infusory (a.) Infusorial. Ingelable (a.) Not congealable. Ingeminate (a.) Redoubled; repeated. Ingenerable (a.) Incapble of being engendered or produced; original. Ingenerate (a.) Generated within; inborn; innate; as, ingenerate powers of body. Ingenious (a.) Proseeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as, an ingenious model, or machine; an ingenious scheme, contrivance, etc. Ingenious (a.) Witty; shrewd; adroit; keen; sagacious; as, an ingenious reply. Ingenious (a.) Mental; intellectual. Ingenite (a.) Alt. of Ingenit Ingenit (a.) Innate; inborn; inbred; inherent; native; ingenerate. Ingenuous (a.) Of honorable extraction; freeborn; noble; as, ingenuous blood of birth. Ingenuous (a.) Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; open; frank; as, an ingenuous man; an ingenuous declaration, confession, etc. Ingenuous (a.) Ingenious. Ingirt (a.) Surrounded; encircled. Inglorious (a.) Not glorious; not bringing honor or glory; not accompanied with fame, honor, or celebrity; obscure; humble; as, an inglorious life of ease. Inglorious (a.) Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, inglorious flight, defeat, etc. Ingluvious (a.) Gluttonous. In-going (a.) Going; entering, as upon an office or a possession; as, an in-going tenant. Ingracious (a.) Ungracious; unkind. Ingrain (a.) Dyed with grain, or kermes. Ingrain (a.) Dyed before manufacture, -- said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance. Ingrate (a.) Ingrateful. Ingrateful (a.) Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Ingrateful (a.) Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive. Ingredient (a.) Entering as, or forming, an ingredient or component part. Ingrowing (a.) Growing or appearing to grow into some other substance. Inguilty (a.) Not guilty. Inguinal (a.) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the inguen or groin; as, an inguinal canal or ligament; inguinal hernia. Ingustable (a.) Tasteless; insipid. Inhabile (a.) Not apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; inappropriate; unsuitable; as, inhabile matter. Inhabile (a.) Unskilled; unready; awkward; incompetent; unqualified; -- said of person. Inhabitable (a.) Capable of being inhabited; habitable. Inhabitable (a.) Not habitable; not suitable to be inhabited. Inhabited (a.) Uninhabited. Inhalant (a.) Inhaling; used for inhaling. Inhalent (a.) Used for inhaling; as, the inhalent end of a duct. Inharmonic (a.) Alt. of Inharmonical Inharmonious (a.) Not harmonious; unmusical; discordant; dissonant. Inharmonious (a.) Conflicting; jarring; not in harmony. Inheritable (a.) Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as, an inheritable estate or title. Inheritable (a.) Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as, inheritable qualities or infirmities. Inheritable (a.) Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir. Inhibitory (a.) Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as, the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center. Inhibitory-motor (a.) A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. Inhospitable (a.) Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as, an inhospitable person or people. Inhospitable (a.) Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. Inhuman (a.) Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as, an inhuman person or people. Inhuman (a.) Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as, an inhuman act or punishment. Inial (a.) Pertaining to the inion. Inimaginable (a.) Unimaginable; inconceivable. Inimical (a.) Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; -- chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity. Inimical (a.) Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant. Inimicitious (a.) Inimical; unfriendly. Inimicous (a.) Inimical; hurtful. Inimitable (a.) Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as, an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. Iniquitous (a.) Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as, an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding. Iniquous (a.) Iniquitous. Inirritable (a.) Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. Inirritative (a.) Not accompanied with excitement; as, an inirritative fever. Initial (a.) Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as, the initial symptoms of a disease. Initial (a.) Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as, the initial letters of a name. Initiate (a.) Unpracticed; untried; new. Initiate (a.) Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted. Initiative (a.) Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary. Initiatory (a.) Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Initiatory (a.) Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary. Injudicable (a.) Not cognizable by a judge. Injudicial (a.) Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. Injudicious (a.) Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser. Injudicious (a.) Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure. Injurious (a.) Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. Injurious (a.) Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as, acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc. Injury (a.) Any damage or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as, his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character. Inkhorn (a.) Learned; pedantic; affected. Inking (a.) Supplying or covering with ink. Inkneed (a.) See Knock-kneed. Inky (a.) Consisting of, or resembling, ink; soiled with ink; black. Inland (a.) Within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as, an inland town. Inland (a.) Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as, inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc. Inland (a.) Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreing; as, an inland bill of exchange. See Exchange. Inlandish (a.) Inland. Inly (a.) Internal; interior; secret. Inmate (a.) Admitted as a dweller; resident; internal. Inmost (a.) Deepest within; farthest from the surface or external part; innermost. Innate (a.) Inborn; native; natural; as, innate vigor; innate eloquence. Innate (a.) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament; as, an innate anther. Innative (a.) Native. Innavigable (a.) Incapable of being navigated; impassable by ships or vessels. Inner (a.) Further in; interior; internal; not outward; as, an spirit or its phenomena. Inner (a.) Not obvious or easily discovered; obscure. Innermost (a.) Farthest inward; most remote from the outward part; inmost; deepest within. Innocent (a.) Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as, an innocent medicine or remedy. Innocent (a.) Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright. Innocent (a.) Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as, a man is innocent of the crime charged. Innocent (a.) Simple; artless; foolish. Innocent (a.) Lawful; permitted; as, an innocent trade. Innocent (a.) Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as, innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation. Innocuous (a.) Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent. Innominable (a.) Not to be named. Innominate (a.) Having no name; unnamed; as, an innominate person or place. Innominate (a.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava. Innovative (a.) Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Innoxious (a.) Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. Innoxious (a.) Free from crime; pure; innocent. Innubilous (a.) Cloudless. Innuent (a.) Conveying a hint; significant. Innumerable (a.) Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number. Innumerous (a.) Innumerable. Innutritious (a.) Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment. Innutritive (a.) Innutritious. Inobedient (a.) Not obedient; disobedient. Inobservable (a.) Not observable. Inobservance (a.) Want or neglect of observance. Inobservant (a.) Not observant; regardless; heedless. Inobtrusive (a.) Not obtrusive; unobtrusive. Inoculable (a.) Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation. Inocular (a.) Inserted in the corner of the eye; -- said of the antenn/ of certain insects. Inodorate (a.) Inodorous. Inodorous (a.) Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. Inoffensive (a.) Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as, an inoffensive man, answer, appearance. Inoffensive (a.) Harmless; doing no injury or mischief. Inoffensive (a.) Not obstructing; presenting no interruption bindrance. Inofficial (a.) Not official; not having official sanction or authoriy; not according to the forms or ceremony of official business; as, inofficial intelligence. Inofficious (a.) Indifferent to obligation or duty. Inofficious (a.) Not officious; not civil or attentive. Inofficious (a.) Regardless of natural obligation; contrary to natural duty; unkind; -- commonly said of a testament made without regard to natural obligation, or by which a child is unjustly deprived of inheritance. Inoperative (a.) Not operative; not active; producing no effects; as, laws renderd inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies or processes. Inopercular (a.) Alt. of Inoperculate Inoperculate (a.) Having no operculum; -- said of certain gastropod shells. Inopinable (a.) Not to be expected; inconceivable. Inopinate (a.) Not expected or looked for. Inopportune (a.) Not opportune; inconvenient; unseasonable; as, an inopportune occurrence, remark, etc. Inoppressive (a.) Not oppressive or burdensome. Inopulent (a.) Not opulent; not affluent or rich. Inordinate (a.) Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; irregular; excessive; immoderate; as, an inordinate love of the world. Inorganic (a.) Not organic; without the organs necessary for life; devoid of an organized structure; unorganized; lifeness; inanimate; as, all chemical compounds are inorganic substances. Inorganical (a.) Inorganic. Inorganized (a.) Not having organic structure; devoid of organs; inorganic. Inosinic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, inosite; as, inosinic acid. Inoxidizable (a.) Incapable of being oxidized; as, gold and platinum are inoxidizable in the air. Inquirable (a.) Capable of being inquired into; subject or liable to inquisition or inquest. Inquirent (a.) Making inquiry; inquiring; questioning. Inquiring (a.) Given to inquiry; disposed to investigate causes; curious; as, an inquiring mind. Inquisible (a.) Admitting judicial inquiry. Inquisitionary (a.) Inquisitional. Inquisitive (a.) Disposed to ask questions, especially in matters which do not concern the inquirer. Inquisitive (a.) Given to examination, investigation, or research; searching; curious. Inquisitorious (a.) Making strict inquiry; inquisitorial. Inquisiturient (a.) Inquisitorial. Insalubrious (a.) Not salubrious or healthful; unwholesome; as, an insalubrious air or climate. Insalutary (a.) Not salutary or wholesome; unfavorable to health. Insalutary (a.) Not tending to safety; productive of evil. Insanable (a.) Not capable of being healed; incurable; irremediable. Insane (a.) Exhibiting unsoundness or disorded of mind; not sane; mad; deranged in mind; delirious; distracted. See Insanity, 2. Insane (a.) Used by, or appropriated to, insane persons; as, an insane hospital. Insane (a.) Causing insanity or madness. Insane (a.) Characterized by insanity or the utmost folly; chimerical; unpractical; as, an insane plan, attempt, etc. Insanitary (a.) Not sanitary; unhealthy; as, insanitary conditions of drainage. Insapory (a.) Tasteless; unsavory. Insatiable (a.) Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy; as, an insatiable appetite, thirst, or desire. Insatiate (a.) Insatiable; as, insatiate thirst. Insaturable (a.) Not capable of being saturated or satisfied. Inscient (a.) Having little or no knowledge; ignorant; stupid; silly. Inscient (a.) Having knowledge or insight; intelligent. Inscribable (a.) Capable of being inscribed, -- used specif. (Math.) of solids or plane figures capable of being inscribed in other solids or figures. Inscriptible (a.) Capable of being inscribed; inscribable. Inscriptive (a.) Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription. Inscrutable (a.) Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as, an inscrutable design or event. Insecable (a.) Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible. Insect (a.) Of or pertaining to an insect or insects. Insect (a.) Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral. Insected (a.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Insectile (a.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Insectivorous (a.) Feeding or subsisting on insects; carnivorous. Insectivorous (a.) plants which have some special adaptation for catching and digesting insects, as the sundew, Venus's flytrap, Sarracenia, etc. Insectivorous (a.) the Insectivora, and to many bats, birds, and reptiles. Insecure (a.) Not secure; not confident of safety or permanence; distrustful; suspicious; apprehensive of danger or loss. Insecure (a.) Not effectually guarded, protected, or sustained; unsafe; unstable; exposed to danger or loss. Insensate (a.) Wanting sensibility; destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. Insensible (a.) Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; wanting bodily sensibility. Insensible (a.) Incapable of being perceived by the senses; imperceptible. Hence: Progressing by imperceptible degrees; slow; gradual; as, insensible motion. Insensible (a.) Not sensible or reasonable; meaningless. Insensitive (a.) Not sensitive; wanting sensation, or wanting acute sensibility. Insensuous (a.) Not sensuous; not pertaining to, affecting, or addressing, the senses. Insentiment (a.) Not sentient; not having perception, or the power of perception. Inseparable (a.) Not separable; incapable of being separated or disjoined. Inseparable (a.) Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root; as, the inseparable particle un-. Inseparate (a.) Not separate; together; united. Inservient (a.) Conducive; instrumental. Insessorial (a.) Pertaining to, or having the character of, perching birds. Insessorial (a.) Belonging or pertaining to the Insessores. Inseverable (a.) Incapable of being severed; indivisible; inseparable. Inshaded (a.) Marked with different shades. Inshore (a.) Being near or moving towards the shore; as, inshore fisheries; inshore currents. Inside (a.) Being within; included or inclosed in anything; contained; interior; internal; as, the inside passengers of a stagecoach; inside decoration. Inside (a.) Adapted to the interior. Insidious (a.) Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; deceitful; sly; treacherous; -- said of persons; as, the insidious foe. Insidious (a.) Intended to entrap; characterized by treachery and deceit; as, insidious arts. Insignificant (a.) Not significant; void of signification, sense, or import; meaningless; as, insignificant words. Insignificant (a.) Having no weight or effect; answering no purpose; unimportant; valueless; futile. Insignificant (a.) Without weight of character or social standing; mean; contemptible; as, an insignificant person. Insignificative (a.) Not expressing meaning; not significant. Insincere (a.) Disappointing; imperfect; unsound. Insinuant (a.) Insinuating; insinuative. Insinuating (a.) Winding, creeping, or flowing in, quietly or stealthily; suggesting; winning favor and confidence insensibly. Insinuative (a.) Stealing on or into the confidence or affections; having power to gain favor. Insinuative (a.) Using insinuations; giving hints; insinuating; as, insinuative remark. Insinuatory (a.) Insinuative. Insipid (a.) Wanting in the qualities which affect the organs of taste; without taste or savor; vapid; tasteless; as, insipid drink or food. Insipid (a.) Wanting in spirit, life, or animation; uninteresting; weak; vapid; flat; dull; heavy; as, an insipid woman; an insipid composition. Insipient (a.) Wanting wisdom; stupid; foolish. Insistent (a.) Standing or resting on something; as, an insistent wall. Insistent (a.) Insisting; persistent; persevering. Insistent (a.) See Incumbent. Insociable (a.) Incapable of being associated, joined, or connected. Insociable (a.) Not sociable or companionable; disinc Insociate (a.) Not associate; without a companion; single; solitary; recluse. Insolent (a.) Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual. Insolent (a.) Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as, an insolent master; an insolent servant. Insolent (a.) Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as, insolent words or behavior. Insoluble (a.) Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as, chalk is insoluble in water. Insoluble (a.) Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as, an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty. Insoluble (a.) Strong. Insolvable (a.) Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as, an insolvable problem or difficulty. Insolvable (a.) Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts. Insolvable (a.) Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable. Insolvent (a.) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one's debts; unable to pay one's debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as, in insolvent debtor. Insolvent (a.) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as, an insolvent estate. Insolvent (a.) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts. Insomnious (a.) Restless; sleepless. Insonorous (a.) Not clear or melodious. Insouciant (a.) Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. Inspective (a.) Engaged in inspection; inspecting; involving inspection. Inspectorial (a.) Of or pertaining to an inspector or to inspection. Inspirable (a.) Capable of being inspired or drawn into the lungs; inhalable; respirable; admitting inspiration. Inspirational (a.) Pertaining to inspiration. Inspirtory (a.) Pertaining to, or aiding, inspiration; as, the inspiratory muscles. Inspired (a.) Breathed in; inhaled. Inspiring (a.) Animating; cheering; moving; exhilarating; as, an inspiring or scene. Inspissate (a.) Thick or thickened; inspissated. Instable (a.) Not stable; not standing fast or firm; unstable; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; inconstant. Instant (a.) Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest. Instant (a.) Closely pressing or impending in respect to time; not deferred; immediate; without delay. Instant (a.) Present; current. Instant (a.) A point in duration; a moment; a portion of time too short to be estimated; also, any particular moment. Instant (a.) A day of the present or current month; as, the sixth instant; -- an elliptical expression equivalent to the sixth of the month instant, i. e., the current month. See Instant, a., 3. Instantaneous (a.) Done or occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible duration of time; as, the passage of electricity appears to be instantaneous. Instantaneous (a.) At or during a given instant; as, instantaneous acceleration, velocity, etc. Instanter (a.) Immediately; instantly; at once; as, he left instanter. Instilllatory (a.) Belonging to instillation. Instinct (a.) Urged or stimulated from within; naturally moved or impelled; imbued; animated; alive; quick; as, birds instinct with life. Instinct (a.) Natural inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any mode of action, whether bodily, or mental, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object to be accomplished. Instinct (a.) Specif., the natural, unreasoning, impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance of any action, without of improvement in the method. Instinct (a.) A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as, an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct. Instinctive (a.) Of or pertaining to instinct; derived from, or prompted by, instinct; of the nature of instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; acting or produced without reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience; spontaneous. Instipulate (a.) See Exstipulate. Institute (a.) The act of instituting; institution. Institute (a.) That which is instituted, established, or fixed, as a law, habit, or custom. Institutional (a.) Instituted by authority. Institutional (a.) Elementary; rudimental. Institutionary (a.) Relating to an institution, or institutions. Institutionary (a.) Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary. Institutive (a.) Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Institutive (a.) Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. Instratified (a.) Interstratified. Instruct (a.) Arranged; furnished; provided. Instruct (a.) Instructed; taught; enlightened. Instructible (a.) Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Instructive (a.) Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as, experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Instrumental (a.) Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as, he was instrumental in conducting the business. Instrumental (a.) Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as, instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. Instrumental (a.) Applied to a case expressing means or agency; as, the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms. Instrumentary (a.) Instrumental. Insubmergible (a.) Not capable of being submerged; buoyant. Insubordinate (a.) Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous. Insubstantial (a.) Unsubstantial; not real or strong. Insufferable (a.) Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as, insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Insufferable (a.) Offensive beyond endurance; detestable. Insufficient (a.) Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as, the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. Insufficient (a.) Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as, a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office. Insuitable (a.) Unsuitable. Insular (a.) Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as, an insular climate, fauna, etc. Insular (a.) Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as, insular habits, opinions, or prejudices. Insulary (a.) Insular. Insulous (a.) Abounding in islands. Insulse (a.) Insipid; dull; stupid. Insultable (a.) Capable of being insulted or affronted. Insulting (a.) Containing, or characterized by, insult or abuse; tending to insult or affront; as, insulting language, treatment, etc. Insuperable (a.) Incapable of being passed over or surmounted; insurmountable; as, insuperable difficulties. Insupportable (a.) Incapable of being supported or borne; unendurable; insufferable; intolerable; as, insupportable burdens; insupportable pain. Insupposable (a.) Incapable of being supposed; not supposable; inconceivable. Insuppressible (a.) That can not be suppressed or concealed; irrepressible. Insuppressive (a.) Insuppressible. Insurable (a.) Capable of being insured against loss, damage, death, etc.; proper to be insured. Insurgent (a.) Rising in opposition to civil or political authority, or against an established government; insubordinate; rebellious. Insurmountable (a.) Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable; as, insurmountable difficulty or obstacle. Insurrectional (a.) Pertaining to insurrection; consisting in insurrection. Insurrectionary (a.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, insurrection; rebellious; seditious. Insusceptible (a.) Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed; that can not feel, receive, or admit; as, a limb insusceptible of pain; a heart insusceptible of pity; a mind insusceptible to flattery. Insusceptive (a.) Not susceptive or susceptible. Intact (a.) Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Intactible (a.) Alt. of Intactable Intactable (a.) Not perceptible to the touch. Intagliated (a.) Engraved in intaglio; as, an intagliated stone. Intaminated (a.) Uncontaminated. Intangible (a.) Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Intastable (a.) Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. Integrable (a.) Capable of being integrated. Integrant (a.) Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Integropallial (a.) Having the pallial Intellected (a.) Endowed with intellect; having intellectual powers or capacities. Intellective (a.) Pertaining to, or produced by, the intellect or understanding; intellectual. Intellective (a.) Having power to understand, know, or comprehend; intelligent; rational. Intellective (a.) Capable of being perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses. Intellectual (a.) Belonging to, or performed by, the intellect; mental; as, intellectual powers, activities, etc. Intellectual (a.) Suitable for exercising the intellect; formed by, and existing for, the intellect alone; perceived by the intellect; as, intellectual employments. Intellectual (a.) Relating to the understanding; treating of the mind; as, intellectual philosophy, sometimes called "mental" philosophy. Intelligencing (a.) Informing; giving information; talebearing. Intelligent (a.) Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; as, man is an intelligent being. Intelligent (a.) Gognizant; aware; communicate. Intelligential (a.) Of or pertaining to the intelligence; exercising or implying understanding; intellectual. Intelligential (a.) Consisting of unembodied mind; incorporeal. Intemerate (a.) Alt. of Intemerated Intemerated (a.) Pure; undefiled. Intemperant (a.) Intemperate. Intemperate (a.) Indulging any appetite or passion to excess; immoderate to enjoyments or exertion. Intemperate (a.) Specifically, addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors. Intemperate (a.) Excessive; ungovernable; inordinate; violent; immoderate; as, intemperate language, zeal, etc.; intemperate weather. Intempestive (a.) Out of season; untimely. Intenable (a.) Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as, an intenable opinion; an intenable fortress. Intendant (a.) Attentive. Intended (a.) Made tense; stretched out; extended; forcible; violent. Intended (a.) Purposed; designed; as, intended harm or help. Intended (a.) Betrothed; affianced; as, an intended husband. Intenerate (a.) To make tender or sensitive; to soften. Intenerate (a.) Made tender or soft; softened. Intenible (a.) Incapable of holding or containing. Intensative (a.) Adding intensity; intensifying. Intense (a.) Strained; tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; strict; very close or earnest; as, intense study or application; intense thought. Intense (a.) Extreme in degree; excessive; immoderate; as: (a) Ardent; fervent; as, intense heat. (b) Keen; biting; as, intense cold. (c) Vehement; earnest; exceedingly strong; as, intense passion or hate. (d) Very severe; violent; as, intense pain or anguish. (e) Deep; strong; brilliant; as, intense color or light. Intensitive (a.) Increasing the force or intensity of; intensive; as, the intensitive words of a sentence. Intensive (a.) Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Intensive (a.) Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. Intensive (a.) Serving to give force or emphasis; as, an intensive verb or preposition. Intentional (a.) Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as, the act was intentional, not accidental. Interadditive (a.) Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence. Interalveolar (a.) Between alveoli; as, the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs. Interambulacral (a.) Of or pertaining to the interambulacra. Interamnian (a.) Situated between rivers. Interarticular (a.) Situated between joints or articulations; as, interarticular cartilages and ligaments. Interatomic (a.) Between atoms; situated, or acting, between the atoms of bodies; as, interatomic forces. Interaulic (a.) Existing between royal courts. Interauricular (a.) Between the auricles; as, the interauricular partition of the heart. Interaxal (a.) Situated in an interaxis. Interaxillary (a.) Situated within or between the axils of leaves. Interbrachial (a.) Between the arms. Interbranchial (a.) Between the branchiae. Intercalar (a.) Intercalary. Intercarotid (a.) Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as, an intercarotid ganglion. Intercarpal (a.) Between the carpal bone; as, intercarpal articulations, ligaments. Intercartilaginous (a.) Within cartilage; endochondral; as, intercartilaginous ossification. Intercavernous (a.) Between the cavernous sinuses; as, the intercavernous sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses at the base of the brain. Intercedent (a.) Passing between; mediating; pleading. Intercellular (a.) Lying between cells or cellules; as, intercellular substance, space, or fluids; intercellular blood channels. Intercentral (a.) Between centers. Interceptive (a.) Intercepting or tending to intercept. Intercessional (a.) Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty. Intercessorial (a.) Intercessory. Interchangeable (a.) Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. Interchangeable (a.) Following each other in alternate succession; as, the four interchangeable seasons. Intercident (a.) Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. Intercipient (a.) Intercepting; stopping. Interclavicular (a.) Between the clavicles; as, the interclavicular notch of the sternum. Interclavicular (a.) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle. Intercollegiate (a.) Existing or carried on between colleges or universities; as, intercollegiate relations, rivalry, games, etc. Intercolumnar (a.) Between columns or pillars; as, the intercolumnar fibers of Poupart's ligament; an intercolumnar statue. Intercommunicable (a.) Capable of being mutually communicated. Intercondylar (a.) Alt. of Intercondyloid Intercondyloid (a.) Between condyles; as, the intercondylar fossa or notch of the femur. Intercontinental (a.) Between or among continents; subsisting or carried on between continents; as, intercontinental relations or commerce. Interconvertible (a.) Convertible the one into the other; as, coin and bank notes are interconvertible. Intercostal (a.) Between the ribs; pertaining to, or produced by, the parts between the ribs; as, intercostal respiration, in which the chest is alternately enlarged and contracted by the intercostal muscles. Intercrural (a.) Between crura; -- applied especially to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fishes. Intercurrent (a.) Running between or among; intervening. Intercurrent (a.) Not belonging to any particular season. Intercurrent (a.) Said of diseases occurring in the course of another disease. Intercutaneous (a.) Subcutaneous. Interdental (a.) Situated between teeth; as, an interdental space, the space between two teeth in a gear wheel. Interdental (a.) Formed between the upper and lower teeth; as, interdental consonants. Interdependent (a.) Mutually dependent. Interdictive (a.) Having the power to prohibit; as, an interdictive sentence. Interdictory (a.) Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory. Interdigital (a.) Between the fingers or toes; as, interdigital space. Interequinoctial (a.) Coming between the equinoxes. Interesting (a.) Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as, an interesting story; interesting news. Interfacial (a.) Included between two plane surfaces or faces; as, an interfacial angle. Interfascicular (a.) Between fascicles or bundles; as, the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue. Interfluent (a.) Alt. of Interfluous Interfluous (a.) Flowing between or among; intervening. Interfoliaceous (a.) At the same node with opposite or whorled leaves, but occupying a position between their places of attachment. Interfretted (a.) Interlaced; linked together; -- said of charges or bearings. See Fretted. Interfulgent (a.) Shining between. Interganglionic (a.) Between and uniting the nervous ganglions; as, interganglionic cords. Interglobular (a.) Between globules; -- applied esp. to certain small spaces, surrounded by minute globules, in dentine. Interhemal (a.) Alt. of Interhaemal Interhaemal (a.) Between the hemal arches or hemal spines. Interior (a.) Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as, the interior parts of a region or country. Interjacent (a.) Lying or being between or among; intervening; as, interjacent isles. Interjectional (a.) Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations. Interjectionary (a.) Interjectional. Interlamellar (a.) Alt. of Interlaminar Interlaminar (a.) Between lammellae or laminae; as, interlamellar spaces. Interlaminated (a.) Placed between, or containing, laminae or plates. Interlobar (a.) Between lobes; as, the interlobar notch of the liver; the interlobar ducts of a gland. Interlobular (a.) Between lobules; as, the interlobular branches of the portal vein. Interlocutory (a.) Consisting of, or having the nature of, dialogue; conversational. Interlocutory (a.) Intermediate; not final or definitive; made or done during the progress of an action. Interlucent (a.) Shining between. Interluded (a.) Inserted in the manner of an interlude; having or containing interludes. Interlunar (a.) Alt. of Interlunary Intermandibular (a.) Between the mandibles; interramal; as, the intermandibular space. Intermaxillary (a.) Between the maxillary bones. Intermaxillary (a.) Of or pertaining to the intermaxillae. Intermeddlesome (a.) Inc Intermedial (a.) Lying between; intervening; intermediate. Intermedian (a.) Intermediate. Intermediary (a.) Lying, coming, or done, between; intermediate; as, an intermediary project. Intermediate (a.) Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; coming or done between; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as, an intermediate space or time; intermediate colors. Intermedious (a.) Intermediate. Intermembral (a.) Between members or limbs; as, intermembral homology, the correspondence of the limbs with each other. Intermembranous (a.) Within or beneath a membrane; as, intermembranous ossification. Intermesenteric (a.) Within the mesentery; as, the intermesenteric, or aortic, plexus. Intermetacarpal (a.) Between the metacarpal bones. Intermetatarsal (a.) Between the metatarsal bones. Interminable (a.) Without termination; admitting no limit; boundless; endless; wearisomely protracted; as, interminable space or duration; interminable sufferings. Interminate (a.) Endless; as, interminate sleep. Interminated (a.) Interminable; interminate; endless; unending. Intermissive (a.) Having temporary cessations; not continual; intermittent. Intermittent (a.) Coming and going at intervals; alternating; recurrent; periodic; as, an intermittent fever. Intermontane (a.) Between mountains; as, intermontane soil. Intermundane (a.) Being, between worlds or orbs. Intermundian (a.) Intermundane. Intermural (a.) Lying between walls; inclosed by walls. Intermuscular (a.) Between muscles; as, intermuscular septa. Intermutual (a.) Mutual. Intern (a.) Internal. Internal (a.) Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as, the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures. Internal (a.) Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war. Internal (a.) Pertaining to the inner being or the heart; spiritual. Internal (a.) Intrinsic; inherent; real. Internal (a.) Lying toward the mesial plane; mesial. Internasal (a.) Between the nasal cavities; as, the internasal cartilage. Interne (a.) That which is within; the interior. Interneciary (a.) Alt. of Internecinal Internecinal (a.) Internecine. Internecine (a.) Involving, or accompanied by, mutual slaughter; mutually destructive. Internecive (a.) Internecine. Interneural (a.) Between the neural arches or neural spines. Internodal (a.) Of or pertaining to internodes; intervening between nodes or joints. Internodial (a.) Internodal. Internuncial (a.) Of or pertaining to an internuncio. Internuncial (a.) Communicating or transmitting impressions between different parts of the body; -- said of the nervous system. Interoceanic (a.) Between oceans; connecting oceans; as, interoceanic communication; an interoceanic canal. Interocular (a.) Between, or within, the eyes; as, the interocular distance; situated between the eyes, as the antennae of some insects. Interpercular (a.) Of or pertaining to the interoperculum. Interorbital (a.) Between the orbits; as, the interorbital septum. Interosculant (a.) Mutually touching or intersecting; as, interosculant circles. Interosseal (a.) Alt. of Interosseous Interosseous (a.) Situated between bones; as, an interosseous ligament. Interpellant (a.) Interpelling; interrupting. Interpenetrative (a.) Penetrating among or between other substances; penetrating each the other; mutually penetrative. Interpetalary (a.) Between the petals of a flower. Interpetiolar (a.) Being between petioles. Cf. Intrapetiolar. Interplanetary (a.) Between planets; as, interplanetary spaces. Interpolable (a.) That may be interpolated; suitable to be interpolated. Interpolated (a.) Inserted in, or added to, the original; introduced; foisted in; changed by the insertion of new or spurious matter. Interpolated (a.) Provided with necessary interpolations; as, an interpolated table. Interpolated (a.) Introduced or determined by interpolation; as, interpolated quantities or numbers. Interpretable (a.) Admitting of interpretation; capable of being interpreted or explained. Interpretative (a.) Designed or fitted to interpret; explanatory. Interpretative (a.) According to interpretation; constructive. Interpretive (a.) Interpretative. Interpubic (a.) Between the pubic bones or cartilages; as, the interpubic disk. Interradial (a.) Between the radii, or rays; -- in zoology, said of certain parts of radiate animals; as, the interradial plates of a starfish. Interrelated (a.) Having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallelism; correlative. Interrenal (a.) Between the kidneys; as, the interrenal body, an organ found in many fishes. Interrepellent (a.) Mutually repellent. Interrogative (a.) Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question; as, an interrogative sentence; an interrogative pronoun. Interrogatory (a.) Containing, expressing, or implying a question; as, an interrogatory sentence. Interrupted (a.) Broken; intermitted; suddenly stopped. Interruptive (a.) Tending to interrupt; interrupting. Interscapular (a.) Between the scapulae or shoulder blades. Interscapular (a.) Pertaining to the upper back, or the part between the shoulders; as, the interscapular feathers. Interscendent (a.) Having exponents which are radical quantities; -- said of certain powers; as, xA2, or xAa. Intersecant (a.) Dividing into parts; crossing; intersecting. Intersectional (a.) Pertaining to, or formed by, intersections. Interseptal (a.) Between septa; as, the interseptal spaces or zones, between the transparent, or septal, zones in striated muscle; the interseptal chambers of a shell, or of a seed vessel. Intersesamoid (a.) Between sesamoid bones; as, intersesamoid ligaments. Intersocial (a.) Pertaining to the mutual intercourse or relations of persons in society; social. Intersomnious (a.) Between the times of sleeping; in an interval of wakefulness. Interspinal (a.) Alt. of Interspinous Interspinous (a.) Between spines; esp., between the spinous processes of the vertebral column. Interstapedial (a.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, between the stapes and the mediostapedial. Interstate (a.) Pertaining to the mutual relations of States; existing between, or including, different States; as, interstate commerce. Interstellar (a.) Between or among the stars; as, interstellar space. Interstellary (a.) Interstellar. Intersternal (a.) Between the sternal; -- said of certain membranes or parts of insects and crustaceans. Intersticed (a.) Provided with interstices; having interstices between; situated at intervals. Interstinctive (a.) Distinguishing. Interstitial (a.) Of or pertaining to interstices; intermediate; within the tissues; as, interstitial cavities or spaces in the tissues of animals or plants. Interstratified (a.) Stratified among or between other bodies; as, interstratified rocks. Intertarsal (a.) Between the tarsal bones; as, the intertarsal articulations. Interthoracic (a.) In the thorax. Intertissued (a.) Interwoven. Intertranspicuous (a.) Transpicuous within or between. Intertransverse (a.) Between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Intertrochanteric (a.) Between the trochanters of the femur. Intertropical (a.) Situated between or within the tropics. Intertubular (a.) Between tubes or tubules; as, intertubular cells; intertubular substance. Interungular (a.) Alt. of Interungulate Interungulate (a.) Between ungulae; as, interungular glands. Interveined (a.) Intersected, as with veins. Intervenient (a.) Being or coming between; intercedent; interposed. Interventricular (a.) Between the ventricles; as, the interventricular partition of the heart. Intervertebral (a.) Between vertebrae. Intervisible (a.) Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations. Intervital (a.) Between two lives. Intestable (a.) Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Intestate (a.) Without having made a valid will; without a will; as, to die intestate. Intestate (a.) Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as, an intestate estate. Intestinal (a.) Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as, the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments. Intestine (a.) Internal; inward; -- opposed to external. Intestine (a.) Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; -- applied usually to that which is evil; as, intestine disorders, calamities, etc. Intestine (a.) Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective. Intestine (a.) Shut up; inclosed. Intestine (a.) That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. Intestine (a.) The bowels; entrails; viscera. Intextured (a.) Inwrought; woven in. Intimate (a.) Near; close; direct; thorough; complete. Intimate (a.) Close in friendship or acquaintance; familiar; confidential; as, an intimate friend. Intimate (a.) To announce; to declare; to publish; to communicate; to make known. Intimate (a.) To suggest obscurely or indirectly; to refer to remotely; to give slight notice of; to hint; as, he intimated his intention of resigning his office. Intime (a.) Inward; internal; intimate. Intimidatory (a.) Tending or serving to intimidate. Intolerable (a.) Not tolerable; not capable of being borne or endured; not proper or right to be allowed; insufferable; insupportable; unbearable; as, intolerable pain; intolerable heat or cold; an intolerable burden. Intolerable (a.) Enormous. Intolerant (a.) Not enduring; not able to endure. Intolerant (a.) Not tolerating difference of opinion or sentiment, especially in religious matters; refusing to allow others the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unjustly impatient of the opinion of those disagree with us; not tolerant; unforbearing; bigoted. Intolerated (a.) Not tolerated. Intolerating (a.) Intolerant. Intoxicate (a.) Intoxicated. Intoxicate (a.) Overexcited, as with joy or grief. Intoxicating (a.) Producing intoxication; fitted to intoxicate; as, intoxicating liquors. Intraaxillary (a.) Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem. Intracellular (a.) Within a cell; as, the intracellular movements seen in the pigment cells, the salivary cells, and in the protoplasm of some vegetable cells. Intracolic (a.) Within the colon; as, the intracolic valve. Intracranial (a.) Within the cranium or skull. Intractable (a.) Not tractable; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, discip Intractile (a.) Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out or extended. Intrafoliaceous (a.) Growing immediately above, or in front of, a leaf; as, intrafoliaceous stipules. Intralobular (a.) Within lobules; as, the intralobular branches of the hepatic veins. Intramarginal (a.) Situated within the margin. Intramercurial (a.) Between the planet Mercury and the sun; -- as, the hypothetical Vulcan is intramercurial. Intramolecular (a.) Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies. Intramundane (a.) Being within the material world; -- opposed to extramundane. Intramural (a.) Being within the walls, as of a city. Intramural (a.) Being within the substance of the walls of an organ; as, intramural pregnancy. Intranscalent (a.) Impervious to heat; adiathermic. Intransgressible (a.) Incapable of being transgressed; not to be passes over or crossed. Intranssient (a.) Not transient; remaining; permanent. Intransigent (a.) Refusing compromise; uncompromising; irreconcilable. Intransitive (a.) Not passing farther; kept; detained. Intransmissible (a.) Not capable of being transmitted. Intransmutable (a.) Not capable of being transmuted or changed into another substance. Intrant (a.) Entering; penetrating. Intranuclear (a.) Within the nucleus of a cell; as. the intranuclear network of fibrils, seen in the first stages of karyokinesis. Intrapetiolar (a.) Situated between the petiole and the stem; -- said of the pair of stipules at the base of a petiole when united by those margins next the petiole, thus seeming to form a single stipule between the petiole and the stem or branch; -- often confounded with interpetiolar, from which it differs essentially in meaning. Intraterritorial (a.) Within the territory or a territory. Intrathoracic (a.) Within the thora/ or chest. Intratropical (a.) Within the tropics. Intrauterine (a.) Within the uterus or womb; as, intrauterine hemorrhage. Intravalvular (a.) Between valves. Intravenous (a.) Within the veins. Intraventricular (a.) Within or between ventricles. Intreatable (a.) Not to be entreated; inexorable. Intreatful (a.) Full of entreaty. Intrenchant (a.) Not to be gashed or marked with furrows. Intrepid (a.) Not trembling or shaking with fear; fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; courageous; as, an intrepid soldier; intrepid spirit. Intricable (a.) Entangling. Intricate (a.) Entangled; involved; perplexed; complicated; difficult to understand, follow, arrange, or adjust; as, intricate machinery, labyrinths, accounts, plots, etc. Intrinse (a.) Tightly drawn; or (perhaps) intricate. Intrinsic (a.) Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essential; inherent; not merely apparent or accidental; -- opposed to extrinsic; as, the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness of a person. Intrinsic (a.) Included wholly within an organ or limb, as certain groups of muscles; -- opposed to extrinsic. Intrinsical (a.) Intrinsic. Intrinsical (a.) Intimate; closely familiar. Intrinsicate (a.) Intricate. Introductive (a.) Serving to introduce; introductory. Introductory (a.) Serving to introduce something else; leading to the main subject or business; preliminary; prefatory; as, introductory proceedings; an introductory discourse. Introflexed (a.) Flexed or bent inward. Intromittent (a.) Throwing, or allowing to pass, into or within. Intromittent (a.) Used in copulation; -- said of the external reproductive organs of the males of many animals, and sometimes of those of the females. Introrse (a.) Turning or facing inward, or toward the axis of the part to which it belongs. Introspective (a.) Inspecting within; seeing inwardly; capable of, or exercising, inspection; self-conscious. Introvenient (a.) Coming in together; entering; commingling. Intrusional (a.) Of or pertaining to intrusion. Intrusive (a.) Apt to intrude; characterized by intrusion; entering without right or welcome. Intuitional (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, intuition; characterized by intuition; perceived by intuition; intuitive. Intuitive (a.) Seeing clearly; as, an intuitive view; intuitive vision. Intuitive (a.) Knowing, or perceiving, by intuition; capable of knowing without deduction or reasoning. Intuitive (a.) Received. reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition; as, intuitive judgment or knowledge; -- opposed to deductive. Intumescent (a.) Swelling up; expanding. Intumulated (a.) Unburied. Intussuscepted (a.) Received into some other thing or part, as a sword into a sheath; invaginated. Inuncted (a.) Anointed. Inundant (a.) Overflowing. Inunderstanding (a.) Void of understanding. Inurbane (a.) Uncivil; unpolished; rude. Inusitate (a.) Unusual. Inust (a.) Burnt in. Inutile (a.) Useless; unprofitable. Inutterable (a.) Unutterable; inexpressible. Invaginate (a.) Alt. of Invaginated Invaginated (a.) Sheathed. Invaginated (a.) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion. Invaletudinary (a.) Wanting health; valetudinary. Invalid (a.) Of no force, weight, or cogency; not valid; weak. Invalid (a.) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null; as, an invalid contract or agreement. Invalid (a.) A person who is weak and infirm; one who is disabled for active service; especially, one in chronic ill health. Invalorous (a.) Not valorous; cowardly. Invaluable (a.) Valuable beyond estimation; inestimable; priceless; precious. Invalued (a.) Inestimable. Invariable (a.) Not given to variation or change; unalterable; unchangeable; always uniform. Invasive (a.) Tending to invade; characterized by invasion; aggressive. Invected (a.) Having a border or out Invective (a.) Characterized by invection; critical; denunciatory; satirical; abusive; railing. Invendible (a.) Not vendible or salable. Inventful (a.) Full of invention. Inventible (a.) Capable of being invented. Inventious (a.) Inventive. Inventive (a.) Able and apt to invent; quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; as, an inventive head or genius. Inventorial (a.) Of or pertaining to an inventory. Inverse (a.) Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; inverted; reciprocal; -- opposed to direct. Inverse (a.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual. Invert (a.) Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as, invert sugar. Invertebral (a.) Same as Invertebrate. Invertebrate (a.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebrae; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata. Invertebrated (a.) Having no backbone; invertebrate. Inverted (a.) Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion. Inverted (a.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval. Invertible (a.) Capable of being inverted or turned. Invertible (a.) Capable of being changed or converted; as, invertible sugar. Invertible (a.) Incapable of being turned or changed. Investient (a.) Covering; clothing. Investigable (a.) Capable or susceptible of being investigated; admitting research. Investigable (a.) Unsearchable; inscrutable. Investigative (a.) Given to investigation; inquisitive; curious; searching. Investive (a.) Investing. Inveterate (a.) Old; long-established. Inveterate (a.) Firmly established by long continuance; obstinate; deep-rooted; of long standing; as, an inveterate disease; an inveterate abuse. Inveterate (a.) Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habitual; as, an inveterate idler or smoker. Inveterate (a.) Malignant; virulent; spiteful. Invict (a.) Invincible. Invidious (a.) Envious; malignant. Invidious (a.) Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable. Invidious (a.) Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as, invidious distinctions. Invincible (a.) Incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued; unconquerable; insuperable; as, an invincible army, or obstacle. Inviolable (a.) Not violable; not susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm (used with respect to either physical or moral damage); not susceptible of being profaned or corrupted; sacred; holy; as, inviolable honor or chastity; an inviolable shrine. Inviolable (a.) Unviolated; uninjured; undefiled; uncorrupted. Inviolable (a.) Not capable of being broken or violated; as, an inviolable covenant, agreement, promise, or vow. Inviolate (a.) Alt. of Inviolated Inviolated (a.) Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken. Inviolated (a.) Not corrupted, defiled, or profaned; chaste; pure. Invious (a.) Untrodden. Invirile (a.) Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effeminate. Inviscerate (a.) Deep-seated; internal. Invisible (a.) Incapable of being seen; not perceptible by vision; not visible. Invitatory (a.) Using or containing invitations. Invitiate (a.) Not vitiated. Inviting (a.) Alluring; tempting; as, an inviting amusement or prospect. Invitrifiable (a.) Not admitting of being vitrified, or converted into glass. Invocatory (a.) Making or containing invocation; invoking. Involucellate (a.) Furnished with involucels. Involucral (a.) Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum. Involucrate (a.) Alt. of Involucrated Involucrated (a.) Having an involucre; involucred. Involucred (a.) Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc. Involuntary (a.) Not having will or the power of choice. Involuntary (a.) Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as, the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers. Involuntary (a.) Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as, involuntary submission. Involute (a.) Alt. of Involuted Involuted (a.) Rolled inward from the edges; -- said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in aestivation. Involuted (a.) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. Involuted (a.) Rolled inward spirally. Involved (a.) Same as Involute. Invulgar (a.) Not vulgar; refined; elegant. Invulnerable (a.) Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury. Invulnerable (a.) Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as, an invulnerable argument. Invulnerate (a.) Invulnerable. Inward (a.) Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. Inward (a.) Intimate; domestic; private. Inward (a.) Alt. of Inwards Inwards (a.) Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing inward. Inwards (a.) Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as, to turn the attention inward. Iodic (a.) to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as, iodic acid. Ionian (a.) Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. Ionic (a.) Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. Ionic (a.) Of or pertaining to an ion; composed of ions. Ipomoeic (a.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomoea purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid. Iracund (a.) Irascible; choleric. Iranian (a.) Of or pertaining to Iran. Iranic (a.) Iranian. Irascible (a.) Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as, an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. Irate (a.) Angry; incensed; enraged. Ireful (a.) Full of ire; angry; wroth. Irenic (a.) Alt. of Irenical Irenical (a.) Fitted or designed to promote peace; pacific; conciliatory; peaceful. Irian (a.) Of or pertaining to the iris. Iridaceous (a.) Alt. of Irideous Irideous (a.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of endogenous plants (Iridaceae), which includes the genera Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, and many others. Iridal (a.) Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow; prismatic; as, the iridal colors. Iridescent (a.) Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as, iridescent glass. Iridian (a.) Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow. Iridiated (a.) Iridescent. Iridic (a.) Of or pertaining to the iris of the eye. Iridic (a.) Of or pertaining to iridium; -- said specifically of those compounds in which iridium has a relatively high valence. Iridious (a.) Of or pertaining to iridium; -- applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence. Irisated (a.) Exhibiting the prismatic colors; irised; iridescent. Irised (a.) Having colors like those of the rainbow; iridescent. Irish (a.) Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland. Irksome (a.) Wearisome; tedious; disagreeable or troublesome by reason of long continuance or repetition; as, irksome hours; irksome tasks. Irksome (a.) Weary; vexed; uneasy. Ironbound (a.) Bound as with iron; rugged; as, an ironbound coast. Ironbound (a.) Rigid; unyielding; as, ironbound traditions. Iron-cased (a.) Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad. Ironclad (a.) Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare. Ironclad (a.) Rigorous; severe; exacting; as, an ironclad oath or pledge. Iron-gray (a.) Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. Iron-hearted (a.) Hard-hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as, an iron-hearted master. Ironic (a.) Ironical. Ironical (a.) Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as, an ironical remark. Ironical (a.) Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony. Ironish (a.) Resembling iron, as in taste. Iron-sick (a.) Having the ironwork loose or corroded; -- said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky. Iron-sided (a.) Having iron sides, or very firm sides. Irony (a.) Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as, irony chains; irony particles. Irony (a.) Resembling iron taste, hardness, or other physical property. Irous (a.) Irascible; passionate. Irp (a.) Making irps. Irradiant (a.) Irradiating or illuminating; as, the irradiant moon. Irradiate (a.) Illuminated; irradiated. Irrational (a.) Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as, brutes are irrational animals. Irrational (a.) Not according to reason; absurd; foolish. Irrational (a.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; -- said especially of roots. See Surd. Irrebuttable (a.) Incapable of being rebutted. Irreceptive (a.) Not receiving; incapable of receiving. Irreclaimable (a.) Incapable of being reclaimed. Irrecognizable (a.) Not recognizable. Irreconcilable (a.) Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as, irreconcilable enemies, statements. Irrecordable (a.) Not fit or possible to be recorded. Irrecoverable (a.) Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as, an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury. Irrecuperable (a.) Irrecoverable. Irrecured (a.) Incurable. Irrecusable (a.) Not liable to exception or rejection. Irredeemable (a.) Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; -- used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. Irreflective (a.) Not reflective. Irrefromable (a.) Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Irrefragable (a.) Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as, an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. Irrefrangible (a.) Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. Irregulous (a.) Lawless. Irrejectable (a.) That can not be rejected; irresistible. Irrelapsable (a.) Not liable to relapse; secure. Irrelate (a.) Irrelative; unconnected. Irrelative (a.) Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. Irrelavant (a.) Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as, testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. Irrelievable (a.) Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless. Irremeable (a.) Admitting no return; as, an irremeable way. Irremediable (a.) Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as, an irremediable disease or evil. Irremissible (a.) Not remissible; unpardonable; as, irremissible crimes. Irremissive (a.) Not remitting; unforgiving. Irremittable (a.) Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Irremovable (a.) Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Irremunerable (a.) Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration. Irrenowned (a.) Not renowned. Irrepealable (a.) Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. Irrepleviable (a.) Alt. of Irreplevisable Irreplevisable (a.) Not capable of being replevied. Irreprehensible (a.) Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. Irrepresentable (a.) Not capable of being represented or portrayed. Irrepressible (a.) Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as, irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. Irreproachable (a.) Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless. Irreprovable (a.) Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. Irreptitious (a.) Surreptitious; spurious. Irreputable (a.) Disreputable. Irresistible (a.) That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as, an irresistible attraction. Irresistless (a.) Irresistible. Irresoluble (a.) Incapable of being relieved or assisted. Irresolute (a.) Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution. Irresolvable (a.) Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts. Irrespective (a.) Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as, an irrespective judgment. Irrespective (a.) Disrespectful. Irrespirable (a.) Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as, irrespirable air. Irresponsible (a.) Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer fro consequences; innocent. Irresponsible (a.) Not to be trusted; unreliable. Irresponsive (a.) Not responsive; not able, ready, or inc Irresuscitable (a.) Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. Irretraceable (a.) Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable. Irretractile (a.) Not retractile. Irretractile (a.) Not tractile or ductile. Irretrievable (a.) Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as, an irretrievable loss. Irreturnable (a.) Not to be returned. Irrevealable (a.) Incapable of being revealed. Irreverend (a.) Irreverent. Irreversible (a.) Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as, an irreversible engine. Irreversible (a.) Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as, an irreversible sentence or decree. Irrevokable (a.) Irrevocable. Irrhetorical (a.) Not rethorical. Irriguous (a.) Watered; watery; moist; dewy. Irriguous (a.) Gently penetrating or pervading. Irrisible (a.) Not risible. Irritable (a.) Capable of being irriated. Irritable (a.) Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as, an irritable temper. Irritable (a.) Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli. Irritable (a.) Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3. Irritant (a.) Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating. Irritant (a.) Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation. Irritate (a.) Excited; heightened. Irritative (a.) Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as, an irritative agent. Irritative (a.) Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as, an irritative fever. Irritatory (a.) Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. Irrorate (a.) Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand. Irrubrical (a.) Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical. Irrupted (a.) Broken with violence. Irruptive (a.) Rushing in or upon. Isagelous (a.) Containing the same information; as, isagelous sentences. Isagogic (a.) Alt. of Isagogical Isagogical (a.) Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology. Isagon (a.) A figure or polygon whose angles are equal. Isapostolic (a.) Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings. Isatic (a.) Alt. of Isatinic Isatinic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as, isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol. Ischias (a.) See Ischial. Ischiadic (a.) Ischial. Ischial (a.) Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic. Ischiatic (a.) Same as Ishial. Ischiocapsular (a.) Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as, the ischiocapsular ligament. Ischiorectal (a.) Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity. Ischuretic (a.) Having the quality of relieving ischury. Isentropic (a.) Having equal entropy. Isethionic (a.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C2H4.SO3H, obtained as an oily or crystal Ishmaelitish (a.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites. Isiac (a.) Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as, Isiac mysteries. Isidorian (a.) Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as, the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century. Islamitic (a.) Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan. Islandy (a.) Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Isobaric (a.) Denoting equal pressure; as, an isobaric Isobarometric (a.) Indicating equal barometric pressure. Isobathythermic (a.) Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth. Isochasmic (a.) Indicating equal auroral display; as, an isochasmic Isocheimal (a.) Alt. of Isochimal Isocheimenal (a.) Alt. of Isochimenal Isochimenal (a.) The same as Isocheimal. Isocheimic (a.) The same as Isocheimal. Isochromatic (a.) Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as Isochronal (a.) Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; isochronal vibrations or oscillations. Isochronic (a.) Isochronal. Isochronous (a.) Same as Isochronal. Isochroous (a.) Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored. Isoclinal (a.) Alt. of Isoclinic Isoclinic (a.) Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip. Isocrymic (a.) Isocrymal. Isocyanic (a.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. Isocyanuric (a.) Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric. Isodiabatic (a.) Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Isodiametric (a.) Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; -- said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems. Isodiametric (a.) Having the several diameters nearly equal; -- said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma. Isodimorphic (a.) Isodimorphous. Isodimorphous (a.) Having the quality of isodimorphism. Isodynamic (a.) Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. Isodynamous (a.) Of equal force or size. Isogeothermal (a.) Alt. of Isogeothermic Isogeothermic (a.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as, an isogeothermal Isogonic (a.) Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. Isogonic (a.) Characterized by isogonism. Isographic (a.) Of or pertaining to isography. Isohyetose (a.) Of or pertaining to Isolable (a.) Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as, gold is isolable. Isolated (a.) Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others. Isologous (a.) Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; -- said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series. Isomeric (a.) Having the same percentage composition; -- said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as, acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proport> Isometric (a.) Alt. of Isometrical Isometrical (a.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure. Isomorphic (a.) Isomorphous. Isomorphous (a.) Having the quality of isomorphism. Isonephelic (a.) Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as, isonephelic regions; an isonephelic Isonicotinic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. Isonicotinic (a.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid. Isonomic (a.) The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Isoperimetrical (a.) Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as, isoperimetrical figures or bodies. Isopiestic (a.) Having equal pressure. Isopod (a.) Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. Isopodiform (a.) Having the shape of an isopod; -- said of the larvae of certain insects. Isopodous (a.) Same as Isopod. Isopogonous (a.) Having the two webs equal in breath; -- said of feathers. Isopycnic (a.) Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as, an isopycnic Isorropic (a.) Of equal value. Isosceles (a.) Having two legs or sides that are equal; -- said of a triangle. Isospondylous (a.) Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebrae separate and normal. Isosporic (a.) Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic. Isostemonous (a.) Having exactly as many stamens as petals. Isothermal (a.) Relating to equality of temperature. Isothermal (a.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as, an isothermal Isothermobathic (a.) Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean. Isotonic (a.) Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension. Isotrimorphic (a.) Isotrimorphous. Isotropic (a.) Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions. Isotropous (a.) Isotropic. Israelitic (a.) Alt. of Israelitish Issuable (a.) Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Issuable (a.) Lawful or suitable to be issued; as, a writ issuable on these grounds. Issuant (a.) Issuing or coming up; -- a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another. Issueless (a.) Having no issue or progeny; childless. Isthmian (a.) Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece. Itaconic (a.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystal Italian (a.) Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language. Italianate (a.) Italianized; Italianated. Italic (a.) Relating to Italy or to its people. Itchless (a.) Free from itching. Itchy (a.) Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Iterable (a.) Capable of being iterated or repeated. Iterant (a.) Repeating; iterating; as, an iterant echo. Iterate (a.) Uttered or done again; repeated. Iterative (a.) Repeating. Ithyphallic (a.) Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene. Itinerant (a.) Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as, an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler. Itinerant (a.) One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled. Itinerary (a.) Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey. Itinerary (a.) An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as, the Itinerary of Antoninus. Ivied (a.) Overgrown with ivy. Ivy-mantled (a.) Covered with ivy. About the author Mark McCracken Copyright © 2011 Mark McCracken , All Rights Reserved. , found 2335 occurrences in 1 file(s)
White Canes are a Vital Aid for Visually Impaired KITCHENER — Friendly help from strangers is a pleasant surprise for Carrie Speers as she finds her way with a white cane. “Some people are so helpful, they go out of their way and it’s just so heart warming,” the Kitchener woman said. But she’s also been surprised by people who are annoyed or yell when she accidentally bumps into them, even after explaining her limited vision. Some people avoid her. “They’ve actually gone completely around,” Carrie said. “It’s almost like they feel the white cane is contagious.” February 5 to 11 is White Cane Week, an annual awareness campaign of the Canadian Council of the Blind. “It’s important that people know people with white canes have vision issues,” Carrie said. “There’s a lot of people who do not realize what the white cane is for.” Not all people who use white canes are blind. Many are visually impaired from a variety of common eye conditions, including glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Both Carrie and her husband Gary Speers have some sight and both rely on white canes to navigate the community. Optic nerve damage, likely caused by a medication, caused Carrie’s vision loss. First went her ability to see colour, then her sight became blurry and limited to a few feet. Carrie, 52, also uses a special scope to focus on what’s around her. A magnifying glass is always tucked in her pocket, as well as Gary’s, for a quick close-up look at something, like when they’re in a store. Gary, 60, has tunnel vision from glaucoma and has been legally blind for about half his life. Along with using a white cane to alert them to objects and changes in the walking surface in front of them, the couple have learned ways to stay safe when they’re out. Carrie tries to stay on the left-hand side of the sidewalk because her vision is especially limited in that eye and people walking past can startle her because she doesn’t see them coming. When out together, they walk side-by-side to widen the area covered by their white canes. They avoid being out at night because the dark further limits their vision and also makes it harder for pedestrians and motorists to see them. Even with a white cane, there’s little warning when something moves quickly in their path, like a runner or cyclist. “If you see a white cane, slow down,” Gary said. He appreciates it when people offer to help, such as helping across the street, pointing out the light has changed at an intersection or that the sidewalk suddenly ends. Often Gary asks for assistance in a store to find the items he needs. Sometimes people trying to be helpful may not realize their directions need to be more specific, rather than just saying ‘go this way.’ Not everybody with vision problems use a white cane, Carrie said. And sometimes those who depend on one may seem to a passerby as though they can see normally because they’re able to discern some things or remember obstacles on regular walking routes. Carrie encourages people to be courteous when they see a white cane knowing that’s a sign the person holding it has limited vision. “The purpose of the white cane is to let people know.” Reproduced from http://www.therecord.com/news/local/article/666101–white-canes-are-a-vital-aid-for-visually-impaired
The Night Journey by Kathryn Lasky. Novel. 160 pages. Grades 4-7. Find this book: Amazon Teacher's Guide cover art A terrifying escape is the central plot of Kathryn Lasky's The Night Journey. Nana Sashie has a story to tell and it's her great-granddaughter, Rachel, who hears it. Rachel's assignment of keeping Nana Sashie company is, at first, a chore for the thirteen year old. Her mother and grandmother love Nana Sashie but treat her as something fragile, not wanting to see her saddened by remembering other times. Little by little the story is told to Rachel, often in the middle of the night and there is a strong contrast between Rachel's current life and the life recreated by her great grandmother. Sashie's family escaped from Russia rather than serve in the Czar's army or be annihilated in one of the pogroms and the ruse they used was one devised by Sashie, a young child at the time. When, at last, Sashie's story is told, she dies knowing that her story has been passed on and understood by a future generation. Sashie's role in her family at the turn of the century is not a typical female role and, even in the present day, it is Sashie who can master the intricacies of some of the household needs. In the past as today she was bright and spunky and respected by her family. Using the cover of the festival of Purim, Sashie's family, after being transported underneath crates of live chickens, manages to get from village to village, ever farther from their home. The characters of Rachel and Sashie dominate the book, but it is haunted by another character, Wolf. This man with eyes that frighten all who glance his way is a recluse in the time of the escape. People know he is the sole survivor of a village destroyed by the Czar's armies, but they fear the man and shun him. They refer to him as "the living dead." It is Wolf, however, who functions as an unlikely savior and helps the family escape. (Continued Below) Free Welcome To Homeschool Guide: Download Here! Time4Learning is a PreK-12th grade online homeschool curriculum. Grammar \| Sentences \| Paragraphs \| Essays How Time4Writing Works Things to Talk About and Notice • There's so much to talk about and think about in this book. First, of course, as in any good story, there are the characters. Each member of Sashie's family had a role to play in the escape. Without each person's cooperation, the plot would fail and they would be captured and probably killed. • Talking about why Wolf did what he did with his own family and with Sashie's could delve into such themes as cowardice and bravery. Why was the discovery of the dead squirrels so important? What did it mean? Why did Sashie wait to tell Rachel about it in the letter to be read after her death? • Rachel, at the time of this book, is almost the same age Sashie was during her story. Both were at the threshhold of becoming a woman. The contrast between Rachel's life and Sashie's then and now is strong and touching. • Each person in Sashie's family choses one thing to take with them. The samovar, symbol of their family and the source, not only of tea but of sociability and solace, is taken apart and brought out in separate pieces, one of which Rachel finds in their cellar. What would you take? • This is a strong book with a serious theme, but there is much joy in the book. Concentrate a bit on how the author did that. Why did she use Rachel as a vehicle for the story? Why not just tell us Sashie's story? What is the author's message here? What will you take from the story? Who is the character you will remember longest? • You'll need to find out about Purim, of course, what it is and why it is celebrated and how it is celebrated today. • There is a paradox here: the family's Jewishness is the reason why they had to flee but it is also the reason why they survived. The pogroms and the Holocaust will surely be a topic for research and discussion. • The book is full of references to food. You'll need to find someone who can at least tell you about the different foods, especially the cookies that hid the gold. Locate or make some of them and have a tasting party of these and other foods from the book. • There are references in the book to such disparate personages as Nicholas and Alexandra, Debbie Reynolds and Barbra Streisand as well as the play "Oklahoma". Students might want to know more about them. • "Fiddler on the Roof" is set in approximately the same time and place as Night Journey. At least, play the record; at most, put on a performance of a scene from it. (Continued Below) Related Books • Number the Stars cover This book contrasts nicely with another Featured Book: Number the Stars by Lois Lowry. You'll want to trace some of the parallels. The time is different but the problem is the same and the working together of a family in order to escape is very similar. Read our Featured Book Teachers' Guide for this book including discussion ideas, classroom activities, related books and links. A quiet fictionalized biography about the work of Lutie Stearns in bringing boxed sets of books which circulated from town to town around the turn of the century providing the first free libraries many communities had ever had access to. A good nonfiction companion to novels and picture books set in this time period. (Continued Below) Related Areas Within Carol Hurst's Children's Literature Web Site Related Areas Elsewhere on the Internet
Eyes, JAPAN Blog > Introduction to Virtual Private Networks Introduction to Virtual Private Networks With net neutrality gone thanks to the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), maintaining your right to privacy on the Internet has become more difficult than ever. If your Internet connection is not secure, Internet service providers (ISPs), potential hackers, and spies have the ability to intercept and view any information you send and receive through the Internet. And even if you have a secure connection, ISPs can still log as much information about the transmitted data as they wish (at least within their privacy policy). In this article, I will show how you can use the power of virtual private networks (VPN) not only to protect your information and privacy online, but also to enhance your online experience in ways you might not have known before, regardless of the future of net neutrality. What is a VPN? As the name suggests, a VPN creates a private network connection across a public network, such as the Internet. When you connect to a public network through a VPN, you are able to send and receive data as if you are connected to a private network. For example, when you make a secure shell (SSH) connection, although it is more limited in scope compared to a VPN connection, you are still making a private connection between your machine and a remote machine through which encrypted communications could flow between them, regardless of whether or not your original network connection is secure. Thus, public networks can still enjoy the additional benefits of private networks, such as data encryption and user authentication. It is important to note that these features are not necessarily required to establish a VPN, but most VPNs and online VPN services do. Why should I use a VPN? In regards to simply protecting yourself online, the most important time to use a VPN is when you have to use an insecure Internet connection, such as to an unencrypted, public Wi-Fi network. A VPN by itself could prevent a man-in-the-middle attack which would otherwise allow attackers to view all data traffic sent through the network, so it would be unwise to send sensitive data such as passwords and credit card information through the network without a VPN. And even if you are connected to a secure, private Wi-Fi network, your local ISP still has the ability to view and monitor the data traffic as much as they wish (within their terms of service or privacy policy), which a VPN can still prevent. Besides that, VPNs provide many more use cases that both individuals and organizations can use to their advantage. For individuals using any one of many VPN services out there, you typically choose from one of several servers located around the world to which you want to connect, where you can then browse the Internet as if you were physically at the server’s location, giving you access to information that would normally be restricted by country or region. Software developers can also use this service to test any apps that rely on the user’s location, such as web sites that are accessible in multiple languages. For organizations that rely on a local intranet, one could setup a custom VPN server so that authorized users could remotely access sensitive or confidential information without the possibility of outside leaks. These are plenty more reasons to use a VPN than what I have listed here, but these are some of the most popular (and perhaps most important) ones. Now I should mention that there are a few downsides to using a VPN. Most notably, a VPN adds a variable amount of latency to your Internet connection, since all of your Internet traffic has to go through the VPN server rather than a more direct route. So the farther the distance from the server’s location to your location, the more time it would take for information to be sent and received. If you want to add as little latency as possible in your VPN connection, you typically want to choose a server that is closest to your actual location, and some VPN services offer speed tests that can automatically determine the best server for you. In addition, there are some websites, most famously Netflix, that attempt to block VPNs from accessing their content with mixed results, so your mileage may still vary if you are looking to access these sites. If these are not deal breakers for you, then keep reading on. How can I get started using a VPN? For general Internet usage, the first step is usually choosing one of many VPN service providers out there. While I will not endorse any specific VPN provider in this article, there are several important factors that you have to take into consideration when choosing a provider. 1. Privacy policy This is a service where reading the privacy policy matters more than ever before. More specifically, it tells you what kind of information about the VPN server is monitored and kept in a log, if any. After all, it would be kind of pointless to pay for a VPN if it monitors you in the same way an ISP does. 2. Cross-platform compatibility Now if and when you subscribe to a VPN service, pretty much any device that can be connected to the Internet can also connect via a VPN. As long as the device’s operating system is supported (typically Windows, macOS, and Linux computers, as well as Android and iOS mobile phones), setting up a VPN can be as simple as installing a client application provided by the service. However, the option to connect one’s router to a VPN is becoming more popular, meaning that all devices connected to the router, including game consoles and IoT devices, are automatically connected to the VPN as well. Be sure to check that the VPN service provides compatibility with the operating systems or routers you wish to connect. 3. Available server locations If you want to access information from a certain country, you should make sure that there is a VPN provider that has at least one server located in that country as well. Some countries, especially large or popular countries such as the United States, can have tens or hundreds of servers inside them, which can be useful, for reducing as much added latency as possible, for instance. 4. Country of origin The country in which a VPN service is based can matter at lot in terms of privacy from larger government agencies, as data retention and censorship laws can vary wildly from country to country. While I will not go into much more detail at this time, if you are serious about protecting your online identity, I would recommend avoiding VPN services based in countries that perform censorship and/or global surveillance on the Internet (and there are plenty of VPN services that fail this test). You can research the data retention, censorship, and privacy laws of any countries you are interested in and make decisions from there. In an ideal world, where net neutrality and privacy laws are actually enforced and all Internet data is encrypted by default, a VPN service would not be required to browse the Internet at all. Nevertheless, VPNs can still provide much more than just the bare necessities for your Internet connection. Regardless of the future of net neutrality, I believe they are the best means of securing not only your right to online privacy, but also your right to freedom of information in a world that is becoming more and more interconnected on a global scale. Regardless of whether or not you decide to use a VPN, taking control of your online rights is a skill that is becoming more important than ever for every Internet user to learn. • このエントリーをはてなブックマークに追加
Zakat and Ushr Aziz, F., Fahim, S. M., Saleem, F. & Khan, M. F. U. (2013).Al-Zakat: Taxation Model in Public Finance. The authors discuss Islam’s perspective on Zakat and its link with what they believe is tax in an Islamic economy. A fixed percentage i.e. 2.5% is imposed as a religious tax on the Muslims that have gold, silver and some animals above a threshold level. The rate for zakat is considered fixed. The authors suggest that Quran has used this term for the taxation system of an Islamic state. Different reasons from Quran can be given to prove this claim, e.g. Quran has separated al-zakat from al-sadaqat and expenditure in the way of Allah and do not consider it as a donation, imposition of al-zakat is associated with trying to obtain power. The authors discuss the claims made regarding its sufficiency in an Islamic economic system. Authors highlight the difference between al-zakat and infaq. The authors claim that the rates defined for zakat in Quran are actually defined for al-sadqas and hence zakat payment scale is relative and can be changed over time. Lorenz, C. (2013). Informal taxation systems- Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan as example for the relevance of parallel/ semi- public dues. This article provides an overview of the religious background of Zakat and the organization of Zakat collection in several Islamic countries. Zakat and Ushr collected in Pakistan is targeted on areas like social welfare, education and health care for certain population groups. The article discusses whether an Islamic state according to Islamic laws is entitled to collect additional revenues like taxes apart from Zakat. Taking into account the religious actors and involvement of Mullahs, the authors try to determine the impact of their promotion on public awareness. Formally the tax to GDP ratio does not change since Zakat is statistically classified as social assistance benefits, which do not become part of the tax to GDP indicator. The authors also specify the types of Zakat that are included in the calculation of the tax to GDP ratio. Meet Our Partners CDPR Weekly Update
Tredyffrin Township, PA Few townships in Pennsylvania are as rich in history as Tredyffrin Township, which is located at the easternmost edge of Chester County, Pennsylvania. In the center of the Township lies the rich and fertile Great Valley, beginning at Valley Forge and running west toward Coatesville. The earliest settlers were Welsh, and to them, the Township owes its name. Ten or Tre is the Welsh word for town or township, and Dyffrin means a wide cultivated valley; from these words comes the compound tre (tree) dyffryn (valley), or Tredyffrin, meaning a township in a wide cultivated valley. The Township had its beginning in 1682 when a group of Welsh Quakers went to William Penn in England and purchased, at a price of ten cents an acre, forty thousand acres of land in southeastern Pennsylvania. Penn promised the Quakers that here they could enjoy their customs and language in a little “barony” of their own. This land was originally known as the Welsh Tract and included within its boundaries parts of nine subsequent townships in four counties. By 1707, Tredyffrin’s population was large enough for it to be incorporated as a township. After they had cleared their land and established farms, the most pressing requirements for the early settlers became a mill to grind grain, a meetinghouse for their spiritual needs, and a market where they could sell produce. An example of meeting these needs was the construction of the Great Valley Mill, one of Tredyffrin’s first mills. It was in operation by 1710, possibly even earlier, and was built by Thomas Jarman, a noted preacher and miller, on 300 acres of land by Valley Creek (it is now located on North Valley Road in Malvern). Sorry we are experiencing system issues. Please try again.
We previously engaged in a short version of Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) theory of religion as it is of use to Religious Studies as an academic discipline. There we concluded that his theory holds little value as a theory of religion given Freud’s own clear philosophical convictions and his intention to explain religion away rather than explain religion itself. Our purpose in this entry is similar given that we will return to these criticisms and limitations, as well as to Freud’s theories on religion proposed in two principle works: Totem and Taboo (1913) and The Future of an Illusion (1927). Freud’s engagement with religion was not limited to these two works because there is a third: Moses and Monotheism (1939). Moses and Monotheism will not feature in this post (given personal time limitations) but will be explored in a subsequent entry in the following days. As seems apparent, once Freud had developed the basic ideas of psychoanalysis he found religion a promising subject of study. It is likely that during his childhood he had a basic acquaintance with the teachings of Judaism and Christianity, while it also seems that religious ideas and imagery featured prominently in the neuroses of some of his patients. However, Freud’s personal view of religion and God was complete rejection; as one biographer states, Freud “went through life from beginning to end a natural atheist… One who saw no reason for believing in the existence of any supernatural Being and who felt no emotional need for such belief” (1). Freud found no reason to believe in God and also, by consequence, saw no value or purpose in the ritual of religious life. Instead religious beliefs are superstitions, which were nonetheless interesting because they raised interesting questions concerning human nature and the mind. For example, why if religious beliefs are so obviously false do so many people still hold to them and often with such deep conviction? Freud believed that the answer to this question would be found in psychoanalysis. In an early paper on religion titled Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices (1907), Freud observes what to him is a close resemblance between the activities of religious people and the behaviours of his neurotic patients. He claims that both emphasize doing things in a patterned, ceremonial fashion while both also feel guilty unless they follow the rules of their rituals to perfection. Further, the ceremonies in both require the repression of basic instincts. For example, psychological neuroses typically surface due to the repression of the sex drive while religions demand repression of selfishness and control of the ego instinct. Just as sexual repression results in an obsessional neurosis within a patient, religion, which is embraced and practiced widely across the human race, seems to be “a universal obsessional neurosis” (2). According to Freud, religious behaviour always resembles mental illness. Totem and Taboo (1913) One of his preferred books, Totem and Taboo, presents a psychological interpretation of the lives of ‘primitive’ peoples through an employment of psychoanalysis and evolutionary thinking. This includes not only biological evolution (Charles Darwin), but also intellectual and social evolution. Freud believes that it is not only our bodies that have evolved but also our intellect. Social organization also appears to have had an unsteady yet upward line of progress, and Freud claims that should one look back into history he will discover clues about the way modern civilization functions. This includes not only looking back at the ancient civilizations of the Greeks and Romans but also prehistorical cultures and peoples, particularly the first human beings to have descended from their animal ancestors. As it turns out in Totem and Taboo, the origin of religion is in what Freud terms the Oedipus complex. This is inspired by a mythological story that goes back to ancient Greece and tells of a son who murders his father and marries his father’s wife, an idea Freud will use in his theory of religion. Freud turns to examine the use of “totems” and the custom of “taboo” in prehistorical clans and tribes. He wasn’t the first to examine totems given that others such as E. B. Tylor (1832-1917) and James Frazer (1854-1941) already showed interests in sacred objects among “primitive” peoples and tribes. But Freud was also very interested in taboos, namely things that early societies strictly prohibited, two of which he said can be found (3). First, there is to be no incest and marriage is to always fall outside of the immediate family or clan. Freud calls this phenomenon the “horror of incest.” Second there could be no killing or eating of the totem animal except on rare ceremonial occasions. Freud states that the acts which became taboos demonstrate that, at some point, people actually wanted to do them. But Freud wonders why this was the case. Why did the behaviours of incest and murder become taboos, which are rules that would have made clan members unhappy if they wanted to engage in them at some point? Freud believes he can explain this through the unconscious. Both neurotic patients and normal people alike are strongly marked by an ambivalence through powerful opposing desires: they want to do certain things yet at the same time they do not. Totems and taboos are primitive practices that demonstrate this psychological ambivalence, which, in a sense, opens a window on the power of human emotions in the very earliest age of humanity. This took place within “primal-hordes,” namely the first human beings who lived like their animal ancestors, and which would have included extended families of women and children dominated by one powerful male. These groups were characterized by a number of conflicting emotions such as loyalty and affection, and, particularly for the young males, frustration and envy. How so? The young males, says Freud, feared and respected their father but they also sexually desired the females, all of whom were the father’s wives. Conflicted over the desire for the security of the horde and for sex, they suppressed their sexual urges but later banded together to murder their father. Given they were cannibals, they consumed the father’s body, and then took possession of his wives. This was followed by great joy, but soon after feelings of intense guilt and remorse emerged. Overcome with intense guilt, the sons wished to restore the father they had just killed, and found a “father substitute” in a totem animal. The sons agreed to worship the totem, and then ushered in the oldest taboo: “Thou shalt not kill the totem animal.” This taboo became a rule that was generalized to the entire horde and became the universal commandment against murder. It became the first moral rule of the human race. Moreover, the feelings of guilt and remorse also led to a taboo against incest. The sons realized that taking possession of their father’s wives led to new conflicts between them, and thus emerged the second commandment: “Though shalt not take thy father’s wives.” Henceforth, in order to live together, the sons agreed to find wives outside of the horde. Freud then also wished to find and answer to why at certain times the taboo to not kill the totem animal was reversed, such as on ceremonial occasions. On occasion the totem animal would be killed and eaten by all members of the horde in a ritual feast. Freud claims that this behaviour is a ritualistic, emotional, and ceremonial re-enactment of the primeval murder of the first father who, through his death at the hands of the sons, had become a god. The ritual functioned as a means for the sons to publicly affirm their love for the father, as well as to unconsciously release the hate caused by the sexual renunciation they now endure. On the level of conscious activity, the members of the horde identify the animal in the totem sacrifice with their dead father and, by projection, give him the status of divinity. They offer the dead father worship by eating the flesh of the totem animal and by suppressing their sexual desires. On the unconscious level, the opposite emotions are being expressed, as the sons release the frustration and hate arising from the ongoing denial of their Oedipal urges. According to Totem and Taboo, the origins of religion are a result of deep psychological tensions, namely in the Oedipus complex’s powerful emotions that led humanity to commit its first crime, then to turn the murdered father into a god, and finally to promise sexual renunciation as a way to serve and honour him (4). Freud concludes that, The Future of an Illusion (1927) Freud returned to the topic of religion just 14 or so years after he had completed his Totem and Taboo. In The Future of an Illusion, Freud begins by acknowledging that although human life evolved out of the natural world, the natural world is not necessarily friendly to human beings. Although it produced us it yet threatens to destroy us, whether that be through environmental threats such as in predators, natural disasters, or disease. In order to safeguard themselves and find protection, human beings joined together into clans and communities, and this in turn created civilization. But although civilization afforded human beings a level of safety and security it also came at a cost. Society could only survive if humans subjected their personal desires to its rules and restraints of the overall society. For example, one cannot just take the belongings of others if she desires it, kill whoever angers her, or have sex with whomever she wants. In short, human beings have to restrain their instincts and compensate themselves (in a limited fashion) with other satisfactions that bring them joy, such as art, leisure, family, community, and so on. At the same time, humans have to face the prospect of death and that ominous realities such as disease and disaster render them helpless. This is an unhappy truth that no-one wants to accept. People, says Freud, would rather return to childhood where they experienced the greatest assurance and protection. There was always a father to reassure us against our fears, and we had a voice of strength who would promise us that all would be well in the end. Adults, Freud believes, crave this childhood security although in reality they cannot have it. But there is an exception, and this exception is religion. Religion provides human beings with the illusion of security they so crave. Freud claims that religious belief projects onto the external world a God, and that this God, through his power, dispels the terrors of nature, gives humans comfort in the face of death, and rewards them for accepting the moral restrictions imposed by civilizations. According to Freud, religious beliefs claims that, For such a religious believer one need not fear death because he believes that his eternal spirit will one day be released from his body upon death to live with God. But Freud describes these beliefs as “illusions, fulfillment of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind” (7). They are beliefs people very much hope and want to be true as “their strength lies in the strength of those wishes.” Freud is not claiming that belief in God is a delusion given that ‘illusion’ and ‘delusion’ do not mean the same thing. A delusion is something one believes is true when everyone knows that it is not. An illusion, however, could be true, which makes it unlike a delusion. But despite such a distinction Freud clearly thinks that religious beliefs are delusions. Such beliefs in his view possess no rational or epistemic warrant, and constitute nothing more than an individual’s personal intuitions, feelings, and emotions that are known to often be mistaken. Freud admits that despite their status of illusion, religious beliefs have indeed provided humanity with some level of assistance during the growth of civilization. For instance, he thinks that the early totems and taboos played a role in denouncing murder and incest, and that later religions not only prohibited these same crimes but also others, and often presented them as offenses deserving of punishment in hell. But Freud believes that civilization has since matured and therefore progressed beyond religion. Religious teachings and beliefs were only suitable during the childhood phase of the human race, which assists in Freud’s perception of religion as a disorder and as a sign of illness. For example, when the psychoanalyst is treating a patient but discovers that the patient has failed to overcome trauma and repressions of earlier life then he knows that the neurosis has continued to persist into the patient’s adulthood. It is clear that the disorder remains in the patient. Freud explains it this way, Religious teachings are best viewed as “neurotic relics, and we may now argue that the time has probably come, as it does in an analytic treatment, for replacing the effects of repression by the results of the rational operation of the intellect” (9). Essentially as humanity progresses into adulthood from its childhood, it must discard religion with thinking that evidences maturity. Critical Evaluation of Freud’s Theory of Religion One can appreciate Freud’s theory given it evidences a passionate willingness to look through the lens of psychoanalysis into the question of religion and how it relates to the human mind. His ideas have certainly motivated many, including theologians and clergy, to look beneath the surface of doctrine into the way the unconscious shapes religion and faith. However, Freud’s theories presented in these two works, Totem and Taboo and The Future of an Illusion, has its critics, as wells its challenges and limitations which require some notice. First, it is important to acknowledge that although Freud possessed a negative view of religion other psychoanalysts do not share this, and many have used his insights and adapted them into a more sympathetic view of religion. A figure within this tradition would be Carl Jung (d. 1961) who did not believe that religion is a neurosis. Jung believed religion draws on images and ideas that belong collectively to the human being and which alongside religion also find expression within philosophy, folklore, mythology, and literature. Religion is thus not an unhealthy phenomenon but something representative of true humanity. Perhaps the greatest limitation of Freud’s theory is that these two books (and, as we will see in our next entry, Moses and Monotheism) focus on a monotheistic (belief in one God), specifically Judaeo-Christian, concept of God. But this is not the only concept of God, and it is not at all clear how Freud’s idea of the origin of religion in the Oedipus complex, which emphasizes the need for a father figure, can be applied to other religious beliefs which are not monotheistic. For example, it unclear how Freud’s theory applies to polytheism (the belief in many gods), goddesses, or religions that are not personal and therefore fall external to Freud’s thinking. One challenge to Freud’s ideas presented in The Future of an Illusion is through his use of analogy. For example, he claims that religion is very similar to a neurosis, and that therefore religious persons engage in irrational behaviours. Following Freud’s thought, neurosis in patients afflicts individuals whereas in religions it afflicts entire communities and cultures. The former affliction is individualistic whereas the latter is universal, but it is not clear whether one can make such a leap from the individual to the universal. Further, there is circularity involved in Feud’s thought because he always starts out with the assumption that religious behaviour is a neurosis. He begins with the conviction that religious behaviour is irrational and located within the unconscious, and he seeks out to prove exactly that. Freud’s work can not therefore be regarded as a neutral, objective, and scientific project but one motivated by what he wishes to affirm, which is certainly influenced by his negative views of religion and that has struck many academics as an unsound and unacceptable methodology. In fact, some academics have noted how Freud bent evidence in his favour, ignored valid criticisms, and misused people within his studies (10). On a historical level concerning Freud’s ideas presented in Totem and Taboo, his ideas have failed to achieve consensus among historians and anthropologists given some of its ideas are speculative and unconvincing (11). For example, it is fanciful to state that within prehistorical tribes the sons would kill and devour their fathers, and it is also speculative to say that that the taboos of murder and incest are the oldest of all taboos (12). In the early 20th century the anthropologist A. L. Kroeber (d. 1960) stated that we do not even know if these events even occurred on a single occasion within prehistoric tribes let alone for it to have been a common practice. According to Kroeber, as history Freud’s idea of sons killing and devouring their fathers remains “wholly unfounded” although they may prove to contain elements “contributing to understanding of the generic human psychology underlying the history of human culture, especially its recurrent or repetitive features.” But regarding psychology, many have expressed skepticism concerning Freud’s psychoanalysis as constituting a science. Since the beginning it has always postured itself as a science (its inferences based upon patient observations, included testing hypotheses, and presented its ideas in journals), at least a science of the mind, but this has been increasingly challenged. Critics, such as Adolf Grünbaum (d. 2018), do not believe psychoanalysis is a science (13). Grünbaum argues that psychoanalysts have frequently assumed what they they wish to prove, thus making their approach circular. This is visible in how they have approached their patients, while their techniques and methods of obtaining data have also been unsound. Further, the usable evidence brought forward has not supported the elaborate Freudian conclusions drawn from it. Grünbaum further states that psychoanalysis has not established for itself scientific methods for testing its claims, with which some others agree (14). In conclusion it is apparent why Freud’s theory of religion is not an accepted one within the study of religion. As it stands, it remains very speculative, has its limitations and challenges, and is not based upon neutral premises but one with a clear ideological axe to grind. This is not to say that Freud has not contributed to the field of religion, for he surely has, but that further exploration of psychology and religion is needed to produce more appropriate explanations and theories accounting for religious behaviour as well as its origins. Let me know your thoughts! 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Our Very Own Super Massive Black Hole – SMBH One of the weirdest and most fascinating objects in the universe are black holes and the king of the black holes are the Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH). In our galaxy we are lucky enough to have one right in the middle, infact most galaxies appear to have one at their centres. The beauty of our SMBH is that we can observe it, sort of. The monster at the centre of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. Basically we can observe what is happening around it and right now there’s a lot going on around our pet SMBH. One of the things that such a massive and wild object can allow scientists to do is test Einstein’s theory of General Relativity. Our very own SMBH is somewhere in there (Credit: NASA) Last year, a group of scientists from the Czech Republic and Germany lead by Andreas Eckart from the University of Cologne observed three stars that were getting a bit close to the SMBH at the centre of our galaxy to see if they could confirm the theory of general realivity, which basically states that something big enough will bend space/time enough so it can be measured. The three stars that the team looked at are called S stars and there’s a bunch of them whizz around the SMBH, some of them get to within a 100 AU of the monster (an AU is th distance between the Earth and the Sun). The SMBH is so massive that it weighs about as much as 4 million Suns so it’s massive gravitational effect can speed up the stars orbiting it to some truly impressive speeds. The stars that the team observed get up to 1-2% of the speed of light. They used data from the Very Large Telescope in Chile and tracked the movement of the stars as they tracked around the SMBH. They observed that one of the stars, known as S2 showed some deviations in it’s orbit. These deviations might be an indicator of relativistic effects and could be further proof of Einsteins theory of general realivity. Luckily there’s another chance to make some measurements of a star getting up close and personal with our SMBH. What scientists are expecting to see is a red shift of the stars signature and a deviation in the orbit. The star that is going to be observed is called S0-2 and it’s one of two that get the closest to the SMBH. During its closest approach S0-2 will get to within a distance that is the equivalent of about four times the distance between Neptune and the Sun (about 17 light hours). The star will accelerate to around 3% of the speed of light and give one of th best chances to confirm the observations of last year’s team and to test the theory of general relativity. Astronomers are hoping that the S0-2 is not a binary star as that could complicate the calculations but observations so far suggest that the star probably doesn’t have a binary and even if it did it probably wouldn’t be big enough to have an effect on any deviations. Orbits of the stars around Sagittarius A (Credit: Wikipedia) The existence of the SMBH at the centre of our galaxy hasn’t always been known about and it was only in 2002 when a team of astronomers who were tracking the S stars at the centre of the galaxy had collected enough data to pin point that a huge gravitational source was at the centre of their orbits. More data was collected and by 2008 27 stars had been mapped so the position and size of the SMBH was able to be estimated more accurately. The current estimation is the SMBH is at 4.31 million solar masses. Calculations suggest that the event horizon for this monster is 15.4 million kms – about 11 times the diameter of the Sun. Further observations have led scientists to estimate that the massive black hole is spinning at about 30% of the speed of light, meaning it does one rotation every 11 minutes. The image at the top of the article is an x-ray image of the area around Sagittarius A* from NASA. This is a fascinating object at the centre of our galaxy and will no doubt continue to give up its secrets.
Example sentences for: inoculate How can you use “inoculate” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary: • The ears from one mouse were pooled (passage number 1 inoculation) and used to inoculate the ear pinnae of one mouse (passage number 2). • Homogenates of lungs from non-infected and P. carinii -infected rats were used to inoculate a human cell line, the HEL cell line, to determine whether P. carinii would up-regulate or induce gene expression in infected HEL cells. • His indisputable bravery and honor inoculate him against charges of base motives. • One mL of the broth was used to inoculate 10 mL of LB broth containing ampicillin and incubated at 37°C (200 rpm). Search for example sentences Loading Loading...
I'd like to be able to say, "The Kármán line has been calculated to lie between ___ and ___ km." The "accepted" altitude of the Kármán line is 100 km. In practice, the results of calculating the Karman line can vary wildly (e.g. different aircraft shapes, elliptical orbits, local variations of the gravitational field, effects of solar wind, etc ad nauseum). To this end, what are largest and smallest calculated and published values for the Kármán altitude? If a source uses a different mathematical model, it should still be in the spirit of the Kármán definition: the transition between flying and in orbit. Related, perhaps helpful: Where does the definition of the Kármán line on Wikipedia come from? Philosophical approach Teacher: Do not try to define the Kármán line, that's impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth. Student: What truth? Teacher: There is no Kármán line Student: There is no Kármán line? Teacher: Then you'll see that it isn't Kármán who draws the line, it is only yourself. Practical approach I think your premise and that the line can be recalculated is incorrect. The Kármán line is defined to be exactly 100 km. The aerodynamic justification is murky history, and even at the time was just hand-waving for space lawyers. While I don't know where exactly the 100 kilometers is measured from (it could be from the local surface of the Earth, or a standard reference radius of 6378.137 km), it's just a fixed number. The history is messy and discussions here have been messier still but it's just a flat 100 km, no ifs, ands, or buts. As far as Where does the definition of the Kármán line on Wikipedia come from? is concerned, that's not a definition. That's an internet explanation and not an authoritative source. Theodore von Kármán was a great scientist, but discussions of the definition of the Kármán line is persona non grata here in Space Exploration Stack Exchange! Until it isn't, see Why is FAI considering lowering the Karman Line to 80km? • 1 $\begingroup$ Please answer the question in the context given. Kármán's definition leads to calculations, which lead to calculated results, which vary based on the assumptions used for the calculations. I'm not looking for the merits of one approach versus another, just the minimum and maximum. Some would claim that the Kármán calculations are meaningless; actually making the calculations and then showing they vary too much would support that premise. $\endgroup$ – DrSheldon May 8 '19 at 3:36 • $\begingroup$ So if you're trying to stop Kármán discussions, answering this question would actually make the point that they are meaningless. $\endgroup$ – DrSheldon May 8 '19 at 3:38 • 2 $\begingroup$ My point is that there is no such thing as "Kármán's definition" other than the number 100 kilometers. There are some murky recounts of handwaving for space lawyers a half-century ago, but this has not been documented in a definitive way. Look for it, and I believe you will not find it. You are asking me to answer the question in the context of a fictional or hypothetical scenario. $\endgroup$ – uhoh May 8 '19 at 3:38 • 1 $\begingroup$ Kármán's autobiography says, "This is certainly a physical boundary, where aerodynamics stops and astronautics begins". That sounds like a definition, even if perhaps informal. Wikipedia makes a referenced claim that Kármán himself calculated the line to 83.6 km. It sounds to me that the calculation can be done, and has been published, and that this question can be answered. $\endgroup$ – DrSheldon May 8 '19 at 5:07 • $\begingroup$ @DrSheldon it's mentioned in answers or comments to several of the questions linked here that the autobiography was written in part after Kármán died by a family member or friend, don't remember which. A Wiki-claim is a Wiki-cliam. Anyone can do a calculation, see What would a “Kármán plane” look like, a bird, or a plane? which preceded the era of Kármán unpleasantness. That the answer for the wing loading is a guess should suggest there is no published calculation. $\endgroup$ – uhoh May 8 '19 at 5:16 Your Answer
How does Creatine Work? Nov 28, 2014 by R.G Sihombing in Creatine Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is found in the body and stores energy for the muscles to use. After it has been ingested, it will enter the blood stream in order to enhance workouts and muscle building efforts. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP supplies the muscles the energy that they need to function after it is converted from ADP. Creatine is the element that provides the replenishment of ATP and if ATP was not replenished, the muscles of the body would not be able to function any longer. ATP is responsible for providing your body with the energy that it needs to preform muscle contractions. How Creatine Works You are likely to be amazed at how creatine works. It is a fantastic way to keep your muscles fresh and your workouts at their maximum levels. These reserves need to be replenished after just 5 to 10 seconds of intense contractions and although glucose is converted to ATP, this process needs about 20 seconds before it can begin working. For this reason, creatine is very important. Creatine is produced in the liver and the kidneys by about 2 grams per day. Nearly all of the body’s creatine travels to the muscles, heart and other cells through the blood and the majority of it is stored in the skeletal muscle. After it is consumed it is changed into creatine phosphate. This is very important in regards to short term energy bursts such as strength training or other exercises and sports that typically require fast, short bursts of activity and require lots of energy. Although creatine is found naturally in some red meats and fish, it is only available in small amounts. Plus, much of the amount that is available is destroyed during the cooking process. For this reason, many athletes decide to take supplements to help achieve benefits from more intense workouts. Recommended Creatine Supplements that Really Work When you are looking for supplements of your own, you may find it difficult to decide which supplement is right for you. However, there are certain brands that offer more benefits and you should review the following information in order to determine which one is right for you and your needs. The first option that you should consider is Pharmamuscle Creaplus. This has been designed to support your high intensity exercises and has been shown to enhance your muscular performance. It is completely pure and has been created using the latest technology and the highest quality ingredients Another option is SNI Creatine Ethyl Ester. This is actually available in a capsule form and has been shown to be 40 times more effective than other forms because of the Ester molecule. Ester helps the creatine to absorb more quickly and this is one of the best options if you are looking to avoid powders. Pharmamuscle Mega Cee is also a fantastic option for a creatine supplement. It has also been specifically designed to contain the ester molecule; helping it absorb quickly. With its revolutionary makeup, you will also need to take less of it in order to receive the same results. Creatine X3 Elite series is a fantastic product to jump start your results and you will begin seeing them in a matter of days. It has been engineered for rapid muscle growth and those who have chosen it have also been very pleased with its pleasant taste and moderate serving size. You may also want to consider BodyTech Creatine Monohydrate as one of the best creatine supplements today. It is one of the most popular supplements among the body building industry because of the great muscle and strength gains that can be seen as well as the reduced recovery time that those who use it have grown to love. You may interested: TOP 5 BEST CREATINE SUPPLEMENTS 2014 Creatine is an important part in the way our bodies function and if you are an athlete, it pays for you to consider taking a supplement. Supplements are a great way to increase the results that you will receive and can make your workouts more beneficial and your recovery time faster. When you are looking for a creatine supplement, you should choose one that has a proven record for success and that you know you can trust. The above examples have all worked in the past for many athletes. It is estimated that nearly half of all professional athletes use some form of creatine supplement. You owe it to yourself to try one for yourself if you are looking to step your workouts up to the next level. Creatine is a fantastic way to keep you muscles fresh and your workouts at their maximum levels. Try a supplement for yourself and begin learning just what you can achieve with your workouts. You are likely to be amazed at the results when you begin to realize just how creatine works and how you can use it to your advantage.
You are here The General Union of agricultural and Livestock Cooperatives of Maputo The General Union of Agricultural and Livestock Cooperatives of Maputo (UGC, 1980) is a multi-sector organisation working in the poorer sectors of society, and is a system based on the principles of self-management. Its philosophy for growth is based on a principle of needing to create the economic and social conditions that enable the members of the cooperative, who are mostly women, to gain access and control of economic and social resources, and thus to empower them to take decisions that lead to an improvement in economic and social development. The context for the emergence of the UGC – during the period of independence – was favourable for its development because the State was encouraging the cooperative movement at that time. During that period, Maputo's fertile and productive greenbelt was occupied by countless cooperatives aiming to implement the local policy that gave power to individuals living in cities. During the country’s economic crisis during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of various episodes of violence, the green areas were one of the cornerstones guaranteeing food security. Several areas occupied by UGC were affected by increasing disputes over land (between land for agriculture and land for urban construction) from the 1990s onwards. However, due to the cooperatives' organisational need to survive in this context, as well as the concept of the opportunity to mitigate the community's economic difficulties, the UGC succeeded in becoming consolidated as a democratic management body and as a driving force behind economic development. In terms of political objectives, the UGC is currently committed to increasing the role of cooperatives as a platform for raising awareness of their members' social position, and as cornerstones in the struggle to solve their problems. Providing access to production resources, such as land and credit, for cooperative members; providing formal education for members and training in modern production technologies; and creating means for democratic control of the Union's activities and participation in decisions are some of the priorities of the UGC, for which the struggle for access to land and economic support is a means of empowerment. Beneficiaries and achievements • Beneficiaries: The UGC, local cooperatives, and member farmers. The UGC aims to provide its members with food supplements and additional income to minimise the shortcomings of family units. • Participation processes implemented: All the organisation’s initiatives, measures, and the organisational structure are decided upon democratically by the UGC members. • Institutionalization processes: The most important institutionalization processes are the creation of democratic management institutions such as the General Assembly, the Board of Directors, the Fiscal Committee, the Management Committee, and the Monitoring Committee. All these bodies are at the service of the members. A democratic structure has also been created and implemented so that the UGC can take decisions and ensure representation for members on the various management bodies. • Financing: Today, the UGC is self-financing based on the results of its management activities. • Key results and achievements: The UGC has had economic and social effects on more than 5,500 members in 12 areas around Maputo. Of particular importance are: the diversification of the organisation of production, the modernisation of member cooperatives, the implementation of production mechanisms in order to compete with large-scale producers, and the creation of a national and international network of cooperatives. Among initiatives in the social arena that are taking place are: the establishment of a space for solving members' problems, a forum for participatory and democratic decision-making, technical training for members, social activities such as children's nurseries, community health centres, and access to a basic education service for members and their relatives. Challenges and limitations The obstacles have also had economic and social consequences, such as the low productivity levels of some cooperatives; the lack of internal organisation of some member cooperatives, which has hindered efficient economic management; unfair competition from large businesses; and also, to a certain extent, the limited interest among its members in the economic development of the UGC and unfair competition in product prices due to imports from other countries (South Africa and Brazil). There also have been changes in social structures as a result of factors such as immigration, the low levels of quality of life in the region, and the underlying need to improve access to local public services. Finally, the growing demand for land used for real estate speculation in Maputo's green belt endangers not only the area's fragile environmental balance but also the survival of the city's green areas.
Skip to main content Using weeds and the power of ecosystems to improve farm profitability An agri-ecologist is challenging traditional farming methods, claiming growing food could be made more profitable by taking a lead from nature. Wendy Seabrook runs Learning from Nature workshops, focused on improving horticulture profitability and reducing fertiliser, chemical and labour costs by harnessing the power of ecosystems. She has taken farmers on a field trip to Tracey Hinner's Kin Kin lime orchard, where the grower has given up the battle against weeds and grass in some areas to concentrate on her more profitable Noosa Black coffee crop. "I don't have the time between the coffee and everything else — selling, marketing everything. There's just no time," Ms Hinner said. "This side I haven't sprayed for over two years. I haven't fertilised the citrus for about five years. I just don't have time and I don't have enough markets for the limes." Dr Seabrook cast her eyes over the orchard, telling the group that weeds could provide worth as well as worries. "Weeds are initial soil improvers. What I'm concerned about here is the grass growing over the trees. "But all of these so-called weeds, they're not actually affecting your fruit trees and in fact they're attracting beneficial insects. "Their roots are going down. They're your living mulch without you doing anything." Using plants that help the soil Dr Seabrook used the example of weeds that grew after road verges were sprayed with herbicides. "A lot of them are legumes. They start accumulating biomass, they start changing the microclimate, shading the soil," she said. "We know that underground what's happening is the soil invertebrate population is increasing. Dr Seabrook said there was visual evidence that chemicals had compacted the soil and reduced organic matter and worms in areas of the orchard that had been sprayed, and compared it with the weedy rows that had not been touched for years. "Initially you'd think oh my gosh, look at this, this is getting worse, but in fact while Tracey's been struggling with trying to develop markets for this place, the soil is actually improving. "Look at how much more organic matter there is on the top of the soil and how it's starting to break down. We saw an earthworm, there's a whole lot of critters in here too." The ecologist said while orchards were planted in grasslands, most fruit trees, including Ms Hinner's finger limes, originated in semi-shaded woodland environments. "Utilising perennial self-seeding plants that are beneficial insect-attracting, a mixture of legumes, and then while the orchard's growing, interplanting with some shorter-lived plants, paw paws, bananas that will provide an income while the fruit trees are growing." Building soil health and ditching fertilisers Landcare provided funding for Healthy Land and Water to bring the agri-ecologist from her permaculture-inspired Hill Top Farm at Cooktown to Kin Kin. "By carefully managing shade we can increase production, diversify enterprises, create more biomass to feed our soil organisms, improve our soils and really bring the joy of attracting more beneficial insects and birds back into our agricultural landscapes," Dr Seabrook said. "At Hill Top Farm we're also looking at planting an open canopied legume overstory, because in most tropical and sub-tropical environments light is not at a shortage. "By ten o'clock in the day until about four o'clock most of our plants stop photosynthesising because they need to close the holes, the stomata under their leaves once they're not getting enough water." She used Americans Gabe Brown and David Brandt and New South Wales central-west regenerative farmer Colin Seis as successful examples of regenerative agriculture practices. "They no longer need to use fertilisers. They've built the health of their soil to such a degree that the soil biology is returning those nutrients and extracting those nutrients from the mineral components in the soil." Organic bean growers Dave and Sandi Cohen were keen to experiment with the concepts they learned in the workshop, including living mulch, on their farm at Goomboorian near Gympie. "Like all organic farmers we get a bit of a fetish about our soil carbon and trying to keep our soil carbon up," Mr Cohen said. "Doesn't matter what we do, we don't seem to ever get it high enough. "We have to find the right groundcovers that won't interfere with our crops and our picking procedures, that we can plant into that won't grow too high and that will keep doing that nutrient transfer without exposing the bare ground."
Skip site navigation (1)Skip section navigation (2) FreeBSD Manual Pages home \| help DELAY(1) OneGeek Software DELAY(1) delay - counts down a specified number of seconds. delay [options] <length> [-- command] delay [options] until <timespec> [-- command] The delay program counts down a length of time specified on the command line. By default, it prints out the time remaining once a second. The rate and style of printing can be controlled using options to the pro- gram. This includes the ability to supress the printing entirely. It also somewhat supports delaying for fractional seconds. Delay attempts to compensate for the time it spends printing the up- dates. There should be no error that is a multiple of the time spent delaying. (There is a bit of error on the startup and termination of the program, but that's unavoidable.) There are several ways that the time to delay can be specified. The first is that it can be specified as an absolute length of time to de- lay. This can be in several formats. All of the following formats are allowable. (And equivalent.) delay 1d 2:03:04.5 delay 1d 2h 3m 4.5s delay 93785.5 Please note that the fractional seconds code will only work for actual fractional seconds. So, doing things like '0.5h' will delay for half a second, and not for half an hour as one may expect. (But don't rely on this behavior, as it may change in future versions.) The second format is for a time to delay until be specified. The time parsing code is derived from that used it at, and as a result the time specifications should be described on at(1). For example: delay until 4 pm delay until noon tomorrow delay until midnight 13 september 2000 delay until now + 5 minutes Please note that the parsing code has a resolution of a minute. So, the last specification would calculate the 5 minutes from the beginning of the current minute, and delay to that absolute point in time. If you need more precision, you can use the first time format, which allows an the delay length to be specified precisely. If delay sees "--" while parsing it's command line, it stops argument processing. Instead, the argument after the "--" is interpreted as a command to be run when delay completes, and any further arguments are used as arguments to that command. For example: delay until 9:30 -- cdplay Delay allows you to use command line options to control aspects of its behavior. Here's a list: -q This enables quiet mode. This prevents delay from outputting the time remaining as it usually does. (This is the default if delay is called with "sleep" as part of the program name.) -m This enables a minimalistic count of the time remaining, with only the number of seconds left being displayed. This was the default for delay 1.0. -d This enables the default display. The day, hour, minute, and second are all broken out into seperate entrys. (This is the default, ex- cept for the cases where -q is the default.) -v This enables a more verbose mode of display. (It adds some explani- tory text, as compared to -d.) -c This allows you to specify a custom time prompt. Printf-style for- matting is performed, with the following being allowed as the pos- sible percent substitutions: %d Days remaining %h Hours remaining (modulo 24) %m Minutes remaining (modulo 60) %s Seconds remaining (modulo 60) %n Total seconds remaining For best results, you'll want to make sure that your custom format stays the same length throughout the count. Printf-style formatting is done on these codes. Use of percent-codes other than the ones listed above will lead to undefined behavior. (Crashes, usually.) The following escapes are also supported: \n Newline \r Carriage Return \b Backspace \\ Backslash \% Percent Since the custom format no longer implicitly begins with a carriage return, it usually makes sense to either begin a custom code with \r or end it with \n. The standard formats can be expressed as custom codes. Here's a list of translations. -m \r% 8n -d \r% 3d %02h:%02m:%02s -v \rTime Remaining: %d days, %02h:%02m:%02s. -C This option enables the display of time remaining in big ugly curses numerals. This only displays the hours, minutes, and seconds remaining, although the number of hours to go may range above 24. -u This option takes a single parameter, the time in seconds between updates of the time remaining. It need not be a factor of the delay length. It defaults to 1 second, and must be at least that value. -b If this option is given, a bell character will be sent when time expires. This may be useful in cases where an xterm is send to de- iconify on a bell. -V If given, delay will display it's version and a short copyright message, and will then exit. The default format is only good for delays of less than 1000 days. Improper use of the -c option can lead to various problems, and may even have some security implications. execvp(2) is used to run the command, and this may run programs in the current directory rather than fully respecting your path. Please see execvp(2) for more details. Tom Rothamel <> The delay web site is located at: sleep(1), printf(3), at(1) 3rd Berkeley Distribution 2002-02-09 DELAY(1) Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL: home \| help

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