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Recent Posts Social media International Forwarding Association Blog » News » Drones Are about to Change the World of Logistics Drones have applications in small shipments Drones Are about to Change the World of Logistics Today, drone delivery is handy for locations with poor infrastructure and shipments that would otherwise incur significant costs. For many, drones or unmanned aerial devices are soon to become a preferred transportation method in a world of rising population, mass movement to larger cities, and growing urbanization. The result of all this is air pollution, congestion, and shipping delays. Drones have applications in small shipments and postal delivery, food delivery, and healthcare. They can be used to ship perishable goods and products with a short shelf life. In fact, they have already been used to deliver drinks, cocktails, and pizzas. Drones can also deliver medical samples, vaccines, and medications, especially in remote locations that are difficult to access most of the year. Drones have also been tested for mail delivery by postal services in Germany, Switzerland, and other countries. They can be used for high priority shipments, emergency relief supplies, and deliveries to hard-to-reach locations. Drones can also be used for shipments by rail, and the main goal is to improve efficiency and avoid delivery delays. When the train is approaching delivery locations, drones onboard will be set to distribute parcels. Drones equipped with on-demand delivery software allow freight forwarders to track location. Known as last mile delivery, the software can also be used for medicine and retail delivery, food and beverage, and parcel delivery. The system allows companies to track performance, schedule dispatching, and optimize operations. The goal is to improve transparency and efficiency, minimize operational costs, and reduce turnaround time. Drones about Logistics There are drones that can ship cargo of up to 2 kg, maintain 70 km/h average speed, and can fly over a distance of about 8 km. Unmanned aerial devices are also equipped with a sonar, depth cameras, and thermal cameras to identify obstacles and potential hazards. Some drones also feature machine learning capabilities and computer vision to identify moving objects as well as multi-video stereo vision and other advanced sensors to identify static objects. Drones also have sensors to detect close objects during landing and distant objects that can come their way. Machine learning capabilities are also used to spot people during landing. Delivery is delayed if the drone approaches a person or object found in the landing zone. Safety is a key priority during delivery. Some drones are also fitted with visual simultaneous localization and mapping systems that allow them to develop real-time maps of their surroundings. This means that drones are capable of finding their way without the help of GPS. The goal is to move toward fully autonomous flights by using capabilities such as multi-robot intelligence, modular software, and multispectral sensor fusion. To this, manufacturers aim to improve efficiency, speed, and scale by making aerial technology safe, flexible, and autonomous. Visual simultaneous localization and mapping also has applications in warehousing and storage and distribution. Autonomous robots are equipped with advanced sensors to navigate in warehouses and keep track of inventory.
Valid HTML 2.0! Most pages on the World Wide Web are written in computer languages (such as HTML) that allow Web authors to structure text, add multimedia content, and specify what appearance, or style, the result should have. As for every language, these have their own grammar, vocabulary and syntax, and every document written with these computer languages are supposed to follow these rules. The (X)HTML languages, for all versions up to XHTML 1.1, are using machine-readable grammars called DTDs, a mechanism inherited from SGML. However, Just as texts in a natural language can include spelling or grammar errors, documents using Markup languages may (for various reasons) not be following these rules. The process of verifying whether a document actually follows the rules for the language(s) it uses is called validation, and the tool used for that is a validator. A document that passes this process with success is called valid. YouTube.png Study IQ AIWorkshopabout Multiple SclerosisLove and the Soul Zoom Search eBookMarketingSite DevelopmentDesireWindowsCoffee CupWAMP ServerNamecheap Workshop3D PrintingBiotechnologyNanotechnologyRobotics CRISPR Technology \| Genetic Engineering \| Full Biotechnology Documentary 24:22 Biological Science from Wikipedia Biotechnology is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).[1] Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production,environment and medicine.[2] The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.[2] Today IS the very first day of the rest of your life. Yesterday IS History Tomorrow IS a Mystery Today IS a Gift That is why we call it the Present Site developed on: 2020 HP 17.3" Laptop Computer/ 8th Gen Intel Quad-Core i5-8265U Up to 3.9GHz/ 8GB DDR4 RAM/ 256GB PCIe SSD/ DVD/ Bluetooth 4.2/ USB 3.1/ HDMI/ Windows 10 Home/ Black This page was last updated September 23rd, 2020 by Kim.S Where wealth like fruit on precipices grew is Hosted by © Copyright 2020 . Terms of Service . Privacy Policy
From the females because of their views and From the very beginning, society has seen women as inheriting the character flaw of Eve’s original sin. Most people see women as lustful beings because of how Eve tempted Adam in the garden of Eden, meaning they were more susceptible to the Devil. Men target the females because of their views and the roles they play in a male dominated society. Men have a more opinionated view of a woman’s duties. The Crucible portrays women as the very definition of sexual desire, open to demonic command and beneath the common beggar, with little or no reputation attached to their name. Society mistreated most women in Salem 1692. Being a female means she is automatically open to abuse by men and even other women who saw themselves as being above you. When men such as Reverend Parris needed to feel in control, they’d make unnecessary threats such as “I’ll show you a great doin’ on your arse one of these days”, threats as this are unwarranted for and were used just to regain the much needed authority (Miller 21). Another example of men dominating women would be when Mary Warren says, “Mr Proctor! I am eighteen and a woman, however single!” but she has enough guts to stand up for herself (Miller 60). As if it isn’t enough to be abused by men, women such as Abigail add to it by calling good women such as Elizabeth, bitter, cold, and sniveling (Miller 12). Many men even believe they have the right to beat obedience into women. An example of physical abuse to women is when Proctor yells, ” I’ll whip you if you dare leave this house again” (Miller 55). The maidens are to be quiet and submissive to her husband, in other words his personal slave. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now The women in the late 1600’s are to follow a very strict moral and religious role. Their tasks were to take care of the home, the children and tend to their husbands every whim. From the very beginning of the play, there seems to be hidden sexual tension. Men believed, young women were compelled to destroy righteous and dutiful men through erotic means (Alter 60). Puritans believed that Satan assaulted the body through sexual transgressions. The men took the offense of dancing in the woods so seriously because at that age young women were very tempting to the men’s sexual appeal. The mens’ reaction actually seems understandable seeing as John Proctor reacts in the way they are trying to avoid. John Proctor allowed himself to be open to his sexual desires and admits it when he says, “She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! And well she might! For I thought of her softly, God help me, I lusted”(Miller 110 ). Abigail can successfully manipulate many of the characters especially men because of her beauty which causes them not to see the lies that she speaks. Abigail is definitely one of the few women who test their legitimacy as authentic definitions of sexual desire (Alter 60). Women were apparently the only ones the devil could easily convert, at least in the men’s’ eyes. The fact that the young women are claiming to be part of the devil to save their lives only gave the men more reason to believe they were actually involved with him. Most people view women as the weaker of the two sexes. In the eyes of the Puritan society they lacked the physical body to fight off the demonic attacks of Satan. Men such as Reverend Parris must definitely think even less of women since he disagrees about the devil being in his own home and how there are people beneath him in town. In life it’s said that your reputation precedes you, even after death it is what you are remembered by. ” Where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel”, Abigails name is taken to a whole other level when she starts labeling the witches (Miller 53). Elizabeth is another character who knows the importance of a good name and when she is asked whether John cheated she protected him and denied the allegations (Schlueter 113). By the time the trials have been started, there is not much left to hold on to besides family and reputations. John Proctor and Rebecca both are people, “willing to lay down their lives if need be to preserve their dignity” (Schlueter 115). To hold onto something even more than life shows great courage. The tyrant in every situation must fear something in the people he oppresses which is why he feels the need to have authority over them. In this case the tyrants would be the men and their fear of women seems overwhelming. The Puritans strict belief in demons and witchcraft is part of the reason it was so easy to believe the lies told by the girls. If you were not with them in believing you were against them. The ignorance of the people in the 1690’s regarding these things is what gives Abigail so much power and part of what leads to their downfall. The Crucible proves that in the end hard work and a good name will not exempt you from being accused of witchery. I'm Mary! Check it out
Bushy black coral Bushy black coral (Leiopathes sp.) collected from 1643m depth on Bear Seamount. This particular black coral expels a large amount of mucus when agitated. Within the New England Seamount chain, very few associates have been found living on the bushy black coral. Click image for larger view and image credit. A hermit crab crawls along the sediment with an anemone hitching a ride. A hermit crab crawls along the sediment with an anemone hitching a ride. These anemones will live on the shells of the hermit crabs forever. This relationship is beneficial for both parties, the crab gets the protection of the anemones stinging cells, and the anemone is moved around to different places, so maximizes the chances of getting enough food. camera icon Click image to view a slide show. Linnaean Terminology With A Twist! August 14, 2005 Mercer Brugler Graduate Student University of Louisiana at Lafayette Carl Linnaeus? Who's Carl Linnaeus? Does binomial nomenclature ring a bell? If you've ever seen an organism's scientific name (e.g., Homo sapiens , or human), you've encountered the influence of Carl Linnaeus. Dr. Linnaeus added a hierarchical order, with a Latin twist, to the naming of all organisms in the world. Have you ever heard of the phrase King Phillip Came Over From Geneva Switzerland? Many school children are taught phrases or jingles to help remember Linnaeus' hierarchical order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species. By assigning every organism in the world a specific genus and species name, we can keep them separated from one another, know who is related, or quickly reference them when the need arises. So why bring up Linnaeus on a deep-sea research cruise? If Dr. Linnaeus were a fly on the wall of the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) van, he would fall over dead. "Look, it's a groomed poodle," remarks one of the scientists as the ROV Hercules maneuvers over what would later be described as a juvenile Metallogorgia melanotrichos . After the ROV gets underway, another scientist says, "There's one of those candelabra corals ( Candidella imbricata )" or "It's another one of those grapefruit sponges." Even later in the same dive, "Would you please collect that big orange bushy black coral ( Leiopathes sp.)?" Do these phrases sound Linnaean (or specific to a particular organism) to you? A juvenile groomed poodle coral A juvenile groomed poodle coral (Metallogorgia melanotrichos) collected from 1491m depth on Bear Seamount. Click image for larger view and image credit. The R/V Ron Brown currently houses some of the world's most specialized and knowledgeable deep-sea biologists, as well as the latest technology (high definition cameras, 52 inch flat-screen plasma televisions, and high speed computers), yet we oftentimes use common terminology to describe the organisms we encounter. Why? Imagine you're in the ROV van with fish and coral biologists, geologists, ROV pilots, and video technicians. Now imagine the ROV comes across ten corals and you call out "Look, its Parantipathes sp." Are the fish biologists going to know which coral you're referring to? Chances are they're not. Instead, we invent fun names that everyone can use to help describe the organism of interest. In the case of Parantipathes, it's better known among the scientists as the bottlebrush black coral (as opposed to the bottlebrush white coral, Thouarella sp. !) Believe it or not, it actually resembles a bottlebrush that would be used in your Chemistry class to clean glassware. Bottlebrush black coral The branched bottlebrush black coral (Parantipathes sp.) collected from Lyman Seamount (part of the Corner Rise Seamount chain). Unbranched forms of the bottlebrush also occur, oftentimes with two or more chirostyliead crabs living on the colony. Click image for larger view and image credit. Bottlebrush white coral Bottlebrush white coral (Thouarella sp.) collected from 1458m depth on Manning Seamount. The bottlebrush white corals are often branched, with each branch containing hundreds of individual mouths, or polyps. Click image for larger view and image credit. There is another reason, and perhaps a more important one, for why we use common terms to describe the corals we encounter at sea. Quite frankly, we do not know their true scientific, or Linnaean, name until we get back to the lab and conduct numerous analyses. But don't let our fun names fool you. Many corals in the deep-sea look like bottlebrushes, or candelabras, thus, it is of utmost importance that a unique name be given to each and every specimen, a Linnaean name to be exact. It is not until much later after the cruise has come to an end that many of the organisms we collect actually acquire a true Linnaean name. But for now, we continue to use a plethora of descriptive names to identify the organisms we find. Sign up for the Ocean Explorer E-mail Update List.
Thesis the Britons. The unrest concluded in Thesis Statement: The American history has been characterized by many years of war through military struggles, before and after its independence, which includes the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812. The French Indian war was a struggle between the French and the Britons since 1754 to 1763. In the 1750s, the French and Britons rose against each other in Europe although the war extended to North America. The British colonists were pursuing the French’s Northern American territory and conger fur trade in the region extending from Virginia up to Nova Scotia. In return, the French Governor-General, Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissoniere, commanded a military expedition in the region to mark their territory, evaluate the British powers and most importantly, astound the Indians through military show off (Cave, 2004). The British military struggled against the French military as well as the Native Americans, who were afraid that they would lose their land to the Britons. The unrest concluded in 1759 after James Wolfe, British Major general seized Quebec. In the course of the war, a peace treaty was signed in 1763 where the Britons acquired most of the territory that belonged to the French. Consequently, the Britons avenged against the French by colonists taxation. The war modified the social, political as well as economic interactions that existed among the European nations i. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now e. Spain, France and Great Britain, as well as the colonies and the Native Americans. Great Britain and France faced heavy financial costs which affected their economic growth (Cave, 2004). On the other hand, the American Revolution was a political turmoil in the late eighteenth century where 13 North American colonies united to secede from British Empire to comprise the United States of America. It was as a result of social-political as well as intellectual changes better known as the American enlightenment. Its importance in the American history cannot be underestimated since it led to the formation of the United States. Like the French and Indian War, it happened over a period of seven years, which was initiated by the thirteen colonies disregarding orders from Parliament of Great Britain to rule them from abroad with no representation in America. In 1774, the colonies had created provincial congress as autonomous states. As a result, the British reacted by commanding their military to re-inflict direct rule (Wallenfeldt, 2009). The new states united to guard their self governance and control the British forces in 1775 and reject British monarchy or aristocracy. On October 1781, the Revolutionary War came to an end as Americans won and became a sovereign nation while the British surrendered under the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783. Therefore, the result of the struggle was formation of democratically voted delegate administration to serve the interests of the majority population. Issues of national governance were handled to create a federal government through U. S constitution ratification in seventeen eighty eight and United States Bill of Rights in 1791, which offered natural rights and personal liberties to the citizens (Wallenfeldt, 2009). The War of 1812- 1815 was the initial military struggle between the USA and Great British forces after the U.S its gained independence. It was announced by America in June 1812 since they wanted to expand northwest, trade barriers as a result of France unrest with Britain, British aid to American- Indian tribes to oppose American expansion among other reasons. Until 1814, British forces were only defending their interests and repelled various invasions from American military in the Canadian border. Following the American revolutionary war, the British did not leave the American land surrounding great lakes, while imposing trade barrier and supporting Indians to resist expansion. Therefore like the previous wars, the War of 1812 was due to socio-economic and political reasons. The American victory in 1814 led to the amendment of the American foreign policy, its recognition as a world power and its confirmation of independence through signing the Treaty of Ghent (Wallenfeldt, 2009). In conclusion, French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812 were due to socio-economic and political reasons particularly the issue of land. All the three wars were fought within the American boundaries and notably, the Great Britain was involved in all the three wars. The wars are significant in establishment of a liberal republicanism in the U.S characterized by democracy, which formed the basis of a political tradition apparent today. Cave, A. A. (2004). The French and Indian War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wallenfeldt , J. (2009). The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812: People, Politics, and Power. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. I'm Morris! Check it out
Covid-19 and Families: Recent past-present-and beyond The reality is that Covid-19 pandemic is affecting all families. It is interesting to be aware that change to such a strong unpredicted event within a family system does not happen automatically. The Webinar on ‘The effects of Covid-19 on mothers and families’ organized by Women’s Brain Project (WBP) and where I contributed as one of the speakers, started this conversation. Here I would like to highlight particular characteristics of responsive families and the process set in motion. This awareness is helpful for families to continue growing ‘beyond the pandemic’. Before proceeding it is important to keep in mind thatthe term ‘family system’ refers to any family configuration. Reactions to change in families: As a rule, one can argue that families do not look forward to change and strive to maintain homeostasis as much as possible. However when the family system is about to introduce some ‘newness’, in the context of the pandemic coming from the outside environment, this automatically exerts a force on the family system (conscious or unconscious) and puts pressure on the system to react. When this happens, the family can react in different ways: 1 To ignore it and continue not to recognise the need for change. 2. To become aware of it but continue to refuse change. 3. To become aware of it and respond to it. In the first two options, there is a huge risk involved as outside forces continue to exert pressure on the system. The risk is that the family system, unconsciously, might develop symptoms on a cognitive, behavioural and psychological functioning and family members would often fail to identify what is set in motion. Symptoms, such as highly expressed emotions between family members, emotional distancing, conflicts, increased levels of anxiety, mood swings as well as risks of collapsing or developing severe mental health issues may unfold. During the webinar, one of the questions asked was if adults, in particular women, are addressing ‘the sharing of load’. This could be a potential conflict trigger within the family system if families fail to acknowledge the increased load at home as one of the effects of Covid-19. On the other hand, the families who stop to attend to the outside signals impinging on the system are usually the ones who go for option three. Characteristics of responsive families: Families who are open to change are usually those who engage with their environment. They do not look at themselves as an entity on their own but they position themselves as part of a bigger (societal) context. In addition, these families have clear permeable boundaries. They know who they are; where they start and finish; and allow for the possibility of being influenced by society. Their system is able to regulate how much they are able to take in to respond effectively as well as appreciate that in return their contribution influences their environment too. Families who have previously experienced unpredicted forced change, such as the sudden death of a loved one, facing a sudden chronic illness, loss of work or a traumatic experience and have successfully worked through it may all contribute in making their systems more resilient. These families have acquired internal resources-both intra-and inter-personal ones-that help them deal with new challenges. Process of ‘change’: So, we can safely say that change starts with awareness. Families accumulate stimuli from their surroundings that indicate something is happening. They listen and read news and stories. As they do so, a feeling of shock or disbelief might result, especially because they lack understanding around what is evolving. The unknown instigated by Covid-19 triggered some people to formulate conspiracy theories around the virus and its origin. This is a way of dealing with the uncertainty and fear around the unknown. Whilst doing so, these families still denied the possible impact the virus may have on their country, let alone conceptualize the idea that it can affect them personally. However, the more they assembled facts and reliable data the more they appreciated that this pandemic is happening around them and even if it is far, it may eventually hit them too-sooner rather than later. At this point, is important for family members to recognize negative emotions, such as anger and anxiety. These are justified feelings at times of change. “...irrespective of what they recommend I’m not going to rely on anyone to tell me what to do…..” Once the family system builds a comprehensive cognitive idea of what is happening out there – knowledge on Covid-19 virus, its symptoms, its spread and its fatality rates- the family recognizes that there is a risk. Hence, it is time to take further actions. The quicker family systems are in assimilating the knowledge (on the virus as well as on possible stresses and demands) gained,the quicker they are to use it to their own advantage in moving towards embracing change.When one member of a family brings home something new about the virus situation, whether it is the mother, the father or a child and the family systemis ready to take this on, even if at this point in time not all members are in a position to react, they are however offering the possibility to work with it. Families develop a predisposition to take up the new cues sent from the environment and rather than reacting antagonistically to the proposed recommendations announced by government and relevant authorities, they related to them as protective tools -ways of preserving their family system. A new meaning emerges, that of contributing to society-at-large, in this case by lowering the infected/ death curves. “….we follow the necessary measures in order to flatten the curve whilst keeping ourselves and others safe….” At this point families are in a process of active engagement, as they are letting go of rituals and developing new ones. Here, conversations between the family members of a system as well those beyond are the medium through which continued responsiveness is guaranteed. Also, by doing so families find ways of letting go of old behaviours and acquiring new ones. They are acknowledging the outside forces in relation to the consideration of the family life cycle they are in. In many ways the added emotional burden has been the most challenging and the most exhausting…….one good thing is that he has taken on the role as a home educator and I have stepped back and left him to it.” During this pandemic, families cut off most physical exchanges outside of the home. Rather, they made space for more opportunities to be together in the same household as well as found ways of exploiting the current social media to ensure social connectedness. Parents, who are usually travelling around the globe or who contribute to the workforce, are bound within the parameters of their homes, possibly benefitting from quality time with their children. Fathers/Partners who usually carry less of the parenting responsibilities are witnessing what is happening at home, being offered the opportunity to appreciate more mother- children interactions, discovering the motivation to get involved. “ I’m just loving seeing how a brain’s child is doing one plus one and seeing it developing…I am loving this.” “ I now have an understanding of what really goes on whilst I am away…..oh gosh the way she does it is unbelievable…..I now hope that I won’t travel as much so I keep my contribution going.” Mothers/Partners who usually carry more of the parenting responsibilities envy their space and time away from family duties, at the same time feeling less stressed to abide to tight schedules,enjoying their children more freely. “….my kids and husband were ecstatic to be at home indefinitely…well, as for me. it was the opposite” “I suddenly realised that my freedom had dissipated and that this man and these two little people have invaded my space! The house was my space during the day and now there was not a single room with a door, which I could close and create a peaceful space for myself…….. I did panic a little……” For those families who did not necessarily value the input of social media in their children’s life, they had to install the right technology in place to make sure their children have access to online schooling as well as be able to remain in touch with friends and extended families, such as grandparents. Hence, these parents/families may be grieving their once held beliefs. Special challenge of Covid-19: Fathers and mothers who are dual earners, are challenged to think about their work-family life balance and possibly address their respective inputs as parents. Let us acknowledge that Covid-19 pandemic forced most families to juggle with the new reality of working from home while attending to the family needs and demands. Perhaps it presented women with a pronounced reality check-the inequality they suffer as they go on-being socially expected (within the family as well as from society) to carry more of the parental responsibilities. Hence, the changes being experienced are not only in terms of behaviours and interactions but also with regards to core gender beliefs. Stability versus change: Whilst learning to embrace these losses and gains family systems are monitoring the changes, to continue adjusting and adapting to make sure they find their ‘new grounding’, the ‘new stability’. “…I did realize that we all needed to fall into a semblance of a routine and new normality before the tweaking was done…..I quit my role as an LSA and asked the school to have my son’s LSA better organised………. I introduced a fresh routine of an early alarm for my kids….I talked with my husband and insisted that every day, after his work, we go for a walk as his lack of presence in our relationship was what bothered me the most………. by week three of lockdown I started to realize how privileged me and my treasured family life are….my kids are still following school, we are safe, extremely blessed…….my perspective shifted and I felt lighter and had bursts of positivity within………Me and my husband noticed that our son is a generally happier…hardly any signs of stress related to learning…..” They find a new balance of functioning and want to stay with it. They want to enjoy the product of their efforts. So now anxiety, once again, revisits as the ‘easing of lockdown’ threatens the new status quo and they wonder how it is going to be when a certain degree of ‘normality’ starts taking shape. I have experienced various adaptations in life, some harder than others. I’m quite seasoned to big changes…. This time it was quite different. Now I’m not sure I’d like it to change.” Moving beyond: Many countries, such as Switzerland are experiencing some degree of socialization whether it is school, work, shopping, going for appointments at the hairdresser or to doctor’s appointment or meeting up with friends. There is the interplay of anxiety and relief, especially because the threat is still out there. Families have to learn to live with the ambivalence of such feelings, of wanting to move forward and learn to adjust to the new normality and at the same time wanting to be sure that they are not putting their family system at risk.This kind of awareness will help them to keep on processing the further changes that might come their way. Families in mid-2020 are really testing their resilience. Resilience is about falling, having the ability to get up again and incorporating the suffering and move forward. At the time being, families face moving beyond Covid-19 crisis as well as maintaining existence of new dynamics. Whether they like it or not, families are challenged to continue working with change. Upon listening to the webinar, many families’ reactions I received was amazement about the process of change described as they identified themselves with the shared, could acknowledge the hard work it entailed and instilled a sense of courage. This way of understanding the family in response to change offers asystemic perspective of how families develop over time as they interact between themselves and with their environment. It is a constructive way of thinking about families. Take home message: As much as tendency to react to something unpredictable happening out there is usually “stay away”, “this could be dangerous”, “why should we change? family systems do need to acknowledge the initial reactions, recognize the feelings and emotions it provokes and whilst picking up further cues learn to attend to these feelings as slowly they are the source of momentum for further adjustments as they transform to more constructive emotions that allow for further growth. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Stance 101 Stance 101: A Crash Course The word stance is thrown around a lot in the car community, there are several factors and terms that will come into play when going for stance. The most direct definition is the aggressive fitment of the wheels and tires and how it appears on your car. The factors or terms that come into play mostly for a proper “stance” are: offsets (low or high), wider wheels, stretched tires, camber, flush and fender rolling. Fitment of Wheels and Tires The desired look is to have your wheels to sit flush with the fender; there are several factors to achieve this look. Typically this look is achieved by using a wide wheel or rims and stretching the tire to fit; this will give the tire a low profile. The amount of stretch that the tire has is all dependent on how you want it to look, common desired looks are: Tucked, Flushed, and Poked. Tucked is when the wheel and tire are literally tucked under the fender and into the fender well of the car. Flushed look is when the wheel and tire match lines with the fender lines of the car, giving the wheel a look of continuation with the body lines. Lastly, one of the most extreme looks the Poked Look, this is achieved by overstretching the tires to the lowest profile possible and the rim sticks out further from the tire itself. If the wheel is too far in from the fender than desired, you can add a wheel spacer that will push the wheel out a certain distance so you can obtain the correct stance appearance. What also comes into the stance dynamic is the offset of the wheel, which will be explained below. Click Here for a wide variety of wheels in every style, color and size to match your needs. The next important factor that comes into play with achieving the desired stance look is the offset of the wheel (also identified as et). The most basic way to explain offset is the distance between the center of the wheel and where the hub mounting surface. The wheel can have positive, zero, or negative offset, which will be explained below. Positive Offset A positive offset is best defined as when the hub mounting surface is on the street side of the center of the wheel. The offset number is the distance in mm from the center of the wheel to the wheel mounting surface. When looking at wheels this type of offset is usually obtained with a high positive offset. Zero Offset Zero Offset is exactly as it sounds, the hub mounting surface is neither positive nor negative. The mounting surface is exactly at the wheel center. Typically it is hard to achieve a stance with exactly a zero offset, this can sometimes be fixed with wheel spacers, which will be explained later. Negative Offset Negative offset it the exact opposite of positive. This means that the mounting surface is in towards the car further than the wheel center. Typically this will give the rims a deep look. There next step in obtaining the stance you want would be to lower the car. This is achieved by making changes in your suspension system. What this will do is lower the car so the wheels will line up either flush or tucked with the fender. There are several different directions in which to lower your ride. Click Here for all your suspension needs. Lowering Springs The first way to drop the car is to install Lowering Springs. The upside to lowering springs is the relatively low cost when compared to other systems. The down side is they sit at a set height and cannot be adjusted. Typical drop by installing lowering springs is 1-1.5 inches. Coil-Over Suspension One of the most popular choices for adjusting the car to an appropriate height is by installing Coilover suspension. While they do cost more than the lowering springs, they offer you the ability to adjust height, damper and stiffness. This allows you to fine tune the height for the perfect look desired. The last important part of setting up for a proper stance is the camber of the wheels. To put it simply, camber is the vertical angle of the wheels. It can go as simple as a slight angle to align up with the fenders to extreme cases of a huge angle. To achieve the camber you want, there are two suspension parts to achieve the look desired. Click here for all your camber and suspension adjustment needs. Camber Bolts The first option is to install a Camber Bolts kit. These attach in to the control arms (the product will list if it is meant for the front or the rear). For example the ones pictured here are adjustable to 14 mm by how much you insert them by. Camber Kit The other option is to install an adjustable camber kit. These allow you to fine tune the camber to achieve the exactly perfect stance you want.
The Case for Prebiotics Most people have heard of probiotics, the beneficial bacteria found in yogurt and other fermented foods, that optimize the body's microbiome (the digestive tract) to keep us happy, healthy and regular. But many Americans may not be familiar with prebiotics, which nourish these beneficial probiotics. Prebiotics provide a source of "food" for the good bacteria found in our digestive tract and it turns out there's quite a crowd of bacteria to feed. Humans actually have 10 times more microbes in their bodies than human cells. But these bacteria are so tiny they make up less that 3 percent of our body weight. Most of these organisms live in the large intestine and are commonly called gut flora. The scientific community now believes they play an enormous role in maintaining good health. A healthy, balanced microbiome is directly related to better digestion, improved immune function and a lower risk of many chronic conditions, including depression and anxiety. If individuals don't have good gut bacteria, they may not be able to absorb nutrients from food as well as they should. And that can lead to generalized inflammation in the body, resulting in a huge host of diseases and medical conditions. So keeping a good balance of bacteria in our microbiomes is essential in maintaining good health. We can do that by including fermented foods such as yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles and kimchi, which all have beneficial bacteria. But it's also important to keep these beneficial bacteria well fed and that's where prebiotics come into play. They are foods that are high in various forms of fiber, which is basically the stuff we don't digest. So when these foods reach the colon, the good bacteria there get the chance to feast and thrive. Some of the best sources of fiber and prebiotics come from vegetables, apples, garlic, salad greens, asparagus, artichokes, bananas and oats. Adding some or all of these to our daily intake of food will go a long way to keeping our microbiomes healthy and happy and our bodies healthier overall. Featured Posts Recent Posts Search By Tags Follow Us • Facebook Basic Square • Google+ Basic Square • Facebook Clean • Google+ Clean
Crossroads Education Paving Your Path to Success Web Store Think Quick: Persuasive Writing Booklet and Cards Set Think Quick is all about quick 10 minute activities that assist students' in their persuasive writing. This resource is a 2 part resource; Think Quick Cards and Think Quick booklet (the booklet has lines for students to write under each activity card). Item Added. Adding Item.
The definite article the – Exercise 4 Task No. 1229 Do you need the definite article the in the following sentences or not? Choose from the drop down menu. Do you need help? The definite article the 1. is Austria's longest river. 2. Our uncle lives in . 3. belongs to the Carribean islands. 4. was dedicated in 1886. 5. is one of India's most popular attractions. 6. lies below sea level. 7. is in Florida. 8. Aconcagua is outside Asia. 9. is one of Japan's Three Holy Mountains. 10. is of .
X-ray Detectors & EDS Comparisons in SEM/TEM/STEM - Practical Electron Microscopy and Database - - An Online Book - Electron microscopy Microanalysis \| EM Book https://www.globalsino.com/EM/ Table 4532a lists the properties of common X-ray detectors. Table 4532a. Properties of common X-ray detectors. Detector Energy range (keV) ΔE/E at 5.9 keV (%) Dead time/event (µs) Maximum count rate (s-1) Gas ionization 0.2 - 50 1011 Gas proportional 0.2 - 50 15 0.2 106 Multiwire and microstrip proportional 3 - 50 20 0.2 106/mm2 Scintillation [NaI(Tl)] 3 - 10,000 40 0.25 2 × 106 Energy-resolving semiconductor 1 - 10,000 3 0.5 - 30 2 × 105 Surface-barrier 0.1 - 20 108 Avalanche photodiode 0.1 - 50 20 0.001 108 CCD 0.1 - 70 Superconducting 0.1 - 4 < 0.5 100 5 × 103 Image plate 4 - 80 * ΔE is measured as FWHM (full width at half maximum). The X-ray detector crystal is behind the EDS detector window, and is commonly made up of a lithium (Li) impregnated silicon (Si) wafer that is maintained at cold temperatures by liquid nitrogen (N2) stored in a Dewar located on the outside of the microscope. The main requirements of EDS detectors for EMs are: i) Detect the entire energy range of x-rays, namely from 50 eV (Li-K) to incident beam energy of the microscope. i.a) For SEMs, the energy range of X-rays is up to 30 keV. i.b) For (S)TEMs with accelerating voltages up to 300 keV, the realistic energy range of X-rays is up to 50 keV. ii) High x-ray detection rates, resulting in reduced collection times. iii) Optimized physical geometry to maximize the x-ray collection by shortening the specimen-to-detector distance and leaving enough physical room for other detectors and accessories. The background counts in TEM-EDS are much lower than those in SEM-EDS spectrum. Due to the high background counts in SEM-EDS, an artificial carbon (C) peak is always visible and thus a value of more than 2% carbon is normally measured even though there is no carbon in the specimen. This artefact is due to the window in the detector. The EDS windows are normally SATW windows and their material has a specific transmission profile with a strong absorption edge just above but very close to the C X-ray energy, resulting in an artificial peak at the C energy position. Therefore, it is the strong absorption of the background (continuum) X-rays that produces the artefact peak. Note that SATW detector windows are AP* ultrathin polymer windows manufactured by Moxtek and are almost supplied by all EDS detector companies. However, a TEM-EDS spectrum taken from the same specimen materials does not show such a artefact peak at the carbon energy because the spectrum consists mostly of characteristic X-rays. Table 4532b lists the main reasons why EDS measurements in low-energy SEM or high-energy (S)TEM have not replaced each other. Table 4532b. Comparison between the EDS measurements in low-energy SEM and high-energy (S)TEM. Low-energy SEM High-energy (S)TEM Take-off angle 30 - 45° (for side-entry detectors) 11 - 26° (for side-entry detectors) Spatial resolution Greater than the probe size due to scattering of the beam in a thick specimen High: the same as the electron probe size due to thin TEM specimen and much higher energy of incident beam Depth information Is possible using various excitation voltages and modeling techniques such as Monte Carlo simulations Is impossible X-ray generation More Less Count rate High due to bulk materials Low due to thin film Electron scattering More Less Background counts High Low Artificial peaks More Less Number of peaks in spectrum Less due to lower accelerating voltages More due to higher accelerating voltages Peak intensities (Very) complicated, related to atomic-number, absorption effect, and fluorescence effect. (see page1746 and page1745). Very simple, just proportional to concentration and specimen thickness Bremsstrahlung X-rays For thin films in (S)TEM mode, the maximum of Bremsstrahlung is at lower energies [1]. Significant absorption No significant absorption Cannot be ignored Can be ignored Atomic-number correlation Yes Yes Overall characteristics Worse Better Note: To have high spatial resolution, EDS measurement in (S)TEM has to be performed in STEM mode. Note that the use of a large convergence angle, as occurs in the STEM mode with a focused probe minimizes the problem of channeling enhanced X-ray emission. The schematics in Figure 4532 shows the electron optical column in a modern analytical electron microscope operated in STEM mode. Schematics of the electron optical column in a modern analytical electron microscope operated in STEM mode Figure 4532. Schematics of the electron optical column in a modern analytical electron microscope operated in STEM mode. [1] Ralf Terborg, Bruker.
Hans Keller and Internment: The Development of an Emigré Musician 1938-48 1This book examines the effect of exile and internment on the intellectual development of the young Hans Keller, setting his personal story in the context of what is still a too-little-remembered part of British wartime history. It includes several important Keller texts, including that of his famous broadcast describing his escape from Nazi-occupied Vienna, together with his letters from British internment camps, set within the wider story of what was going on outside, where an intense political debate was taking place during Britain’s ‘finest hour’ about the rights of the individual in times of national emergency. The final section of the book shows the profound effect on Keller of his enforced change of language and culture, as he rediscovered his Viennese heritage through the very different culture of 1940s London. Purchase the Book
What is stress corrosion cracking? Corrosion Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is identified by cracks propagating through alloys, typically along grain boundaries. It requires at least two conditions to be acting in combination: 1/ Tensile stresses in the material, although below the actual yield strength. The stress seen by the metal is normally from an external tensile load, but in extreme circumstances can also be associated with internal stresses i.e. in larger sections or welded regions. The poor design of components to include sharp edges or notches will also raise the internal stresses experienced. 2/ A corrosive medium, primarily chloride-containing or sour i.e. hydrogen-sulphide containing. Pitting corrosion can often be a precursor, both accelerating the corrosion witnessed by the metal and acting as a stress-concentrator in the component. This failure mechanism was a major concern for oil and gas applications, particularly in sour (H2S) environments. The NACE MR-1075 standard was developed to identify alloys that could be confidently specified in a range of operating conditions. As well as the temperature and chloride concentration, it also considers the partial pressure of H2S observed. Stress corrosion cracking can be prevented by using more corrosion resistant alloys; introducing compressive stresses to a component, through shot-peening the surface; reducing internal residual stresses through heat treatment; using SCC-resistant alloys and controlling their mechanical properties. The NACE MR-1075 standard suggests hardness limits for relevant alloys that should help to limit the likelihood of stress corrosion cracking. The combination of the mixed austenitic and ferritic grains within duplex and super duplex stainless steels infers some resistance to stress corrosion cracking. When combined with their higher strength and excellent initial corrosion resistance it makes them well-suited to many applications. Got any more questions? Get in Touch If you have any more questions about our range of austenitic, duplex and super duplex stainless steels, please contact us today. A member of our team will be more than happy to help and can also advise you on the best option for your application.
The Colosseum: A monument that has been in constant evolution for 2,000 years André Forissier, translated by Hugo Sylvestre 7 Février 2015 The Colosseum has been the symbol of Rome’s greatness and eternity for 2,000 years. Built in 70 AD, it has resisted nature's anger and humanity’s hazards. The restoration of its frontage began a year ago in order to give it a second wind. The monument is now seeking a new future. Credit André Forissier Credit André Forissier At the instigation of Diego della Valle, C.E.O. of shoe brand Tod’s, the most known of the Eternal City’s monument has been covered by scaffoldings in December 2013. What was the objective? To give back the Colosseum a near-white colour and the aspect it had during Roman Empire. Now that it has been cleaned, some members of the Renzi government suggest that the historic arena where gladiator battles took place should be rebuilt. A Rome’s symbolic monument Requested by the Emperor Vespasian, the Flavian Amphitheatre –which is the real Colosseum’s name- has been standing in the Roman’s landscape since the second half of the 1st century AD. However, the origins of its nickname are uncertain. Indeed, some people suggest it’s called that because of its huge size while others tend to think that it comes from the near 30 meters high gigantic statue of the Colossus of Nero which was standing close to the building. Such as the Eternal City, the monument is a syncretism between the antique Roman civilisation and Christendom. The Pantheon, Roman temple built a century before Christ, has been replaced by a church from the 7th century. This is where is buried the “Father of the Country” Victor-Emanuel II. As for the Baths of Diocletian that are located on the Viminal Hill, they are now home to the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels and the Martyrs and the grave of Marshal Armando Diaz who led Italy to victory through the Battle of Vittorio Veneto (1918) during World War I. Finally, before it becomes the end of the Stations of the Cross every Good Friday, the Colosseum saw gladiators fight each other. Indeed, the monument has been a bystander to various events which have shaken the city during the last twenty centuries. For instance, it witnessed the persecution of early Christians even though only two out of them were killed within the monument, the Capture of Rome in 1870, the decline of the Roman Empire in 476, the downfall of the city in the Middle Age and its great revival through the Renaissance. However, those different chapters of History have weakened the Colosseum. The several earthquakes that have been hitting the Rome’s region Lazio have damaged the monument. The 1349 earthquake led to the fall of an entire part of its frontage in front of the plebs Aventine Hill. Time’s relentless passage also carried a bunch of inconveniences. A few years ago, a section of the monument fell. That was the trigger of the Colosseum’s restoration. Private funds to work on renovation Lately, Rome has been freshening up and several of its monuments got back their original aspect. For instance, the Bernini’s colonnades that are like guardians for St. Peter’s Square have been cleaned and the Fontana della Barcaccia located on the Piazza di Spagna is shining bright white again. Stuck between the Protestant cemetery and the Porta San Paolo, the Pyramid of Cestius is as noticeable as it was under ancient history. The Trevi Fountain is currently under an ongoing restoration to give it back its former glow. Nevertheless, Colosseum’s restoration has caused a certain disorder. Italy annually earns about €40 million by selling tickets to access the Forum and the Flavian Amphitheatre, but although renovation’s works cost half this sum of money, the State asked a private company, Tod’s, to finance the monument’s restoration campaign. Furthermore, the Colosseum isn’t the only monument to be restored thanks to private funds. As a result, luxury brand Fendi is financing the Trevi Fountain’s renovation and jewelry brand Bulgari the church of the Santissima Trinità dei Monti’s one. As for the Colosseum, it is as beautiful as it was 2,000 years ago. Pragmatics would say that the essential is done while skeptical ones would point out the surprising failing of the Ministry of Heritage and Cultural Activities maintaining the Bel Paese’s heritage. With 47 UNESCO World Heritage sites, Italy can be proud to be the country with the most exceptional sites. Indeed, more than 60% of the world’s remains are located in the peninsula. However, the Colosseum’s isn’t the only monument that is poorly maintained and managed by public institutions. Since the early 2010’s, some houses in Pompeii have fallen down. Even worse, almost half of the site is in danger of falling down. In Rome’s suburb, the magnificent Hadrian’s Villa located in Tivoli is showing signs of weakness. A fresco of the well-known Uffizi Gallery in Florence is slowly disintegrating. Some people have therefore declared a state of “Cultural disaster” in Italy. Herculaneum’s former mayor and member of Democratic Party, Luisa Bossa, claims that Berlusconi’s governments (2001-2006 and 2008-2011) are the culprits of all this mess. According to her, old satyr’s soldiers never considered culture, which is not entirely false. Indeed, in 2010, Minister of Finances Giulio Tremonti stated without shame that “you don’t eat with culture”. As a result, barely 0.20% of Italy’s budget is dedicated to culture and maintenance of heritage. Just to compare, almost 1% of France’s Government spending is dedicated to this, which is five times as much as Italy. Furthermore, the belt-tightening plan set by controversial seventy year-old man’s successors Mario Monti and Matteo Renzi does not make things better. Therefore, Rome seems to be only the visible part of the iceberg. Indeed, as it is the Capital city, it is just a “showcase” of the whole peninsula and because tourists from all around the world come to visit it, it is spoiled and benefits from special maintenance works while some towns are left behind. As for the Colosseum, it seems to particularly benefit from recent years’ renovation and restoration campaigns. The Colosseum keeps its eyes focused on the future Credit André Forissier Credit André Forissier The restoration of the Flavian Amphitheatre’s frontage is probably the most important step of its revival. From the other end of Imperial Fora’s way, built under Mussolini to link the plurimillenary giant to the Piazza Venezia, nobody can miss the spotless Colosseum. At the end of 2014, the first step of renovation works was completed. The north frontage is now clean and works will begin on monument’s south side. All this process will be over by spring 2016. In the meantime, lots of efforts have been put within the Colosseum. In 2010, the « Death corridor » where beasts and gladiators used to be stacked before they entered the arena and Amphitheatre’s third floor have both been opened to the public. Recently, even a part of the arena has been rebuilt. Tourists can probably feel similar emotions as ancient gladiators as they enter the arena. Current Minister of Heritage and Cultural Activities Dario Franceschini wants to go further and would like the arena entirely rebuilt. An idea that he shares with archeologist and teacher at Roma Tre University Daniele Manacorda who “doesn’t see any problem giving back tunnels their tunnel aspect”, adding that “the arena’s disappearance transformed the Colosseum into a surreal place. Rebuild it would let the giant get back its status of a monument that is not only home to mass tourism but of every contemporary life events so far as possible.” Be that as it may, the Colosseum looks back on its past to find its future. This Eternal City symbol will keep shining through the years and as has said English writer Byron “as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world.”
\| January 13, 2016 EET205 Fall 2015 (Due 11/24 via email or hard copy by the start of class; email me if you have any questions. Some of the questions are subtle.) Read Kleitz, Chp. 12 (and review Chp. 13). You may want to review chp.10. 1. Create a divide-by-ten counter out of flip-flops (you may use J/K, S/R, D, and/or T flip-flops) and any basic logic gates (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT, XOR, XNOR) that you need). Draw the schematic and briefly describe how it works. I recommend using MultiSim or a similar program to draw the schematics (that’s how I draw many of the ones in the lectures and labs), but hand-drawn schematics are fine if you prefer to do that. You’re welcome to use MultiSim in the Electronics lab, when the room is available. 1. One of the most important concepts in electronics – especially in digital electronics – is modularity. Once a circuit has been designed to do a particular function (like the divide-by-ten circuit above), it can be kept as part of a circuit library, and reused – without having to re-invent it each time. Using three divide-by-ten “black boxes,” each with a clock input and four outputs (Q3, Q2, Q1, Q0), design a divide-by-1,000 counter. (You don’t need to redraw the schematic from #1 above; just assume that it works and use a “black box” for each instance of it, with the inputs and outputs labeled. 1. How many (legal) states does your design from #2 above have? Why? 1. Since each flip-flop might power up in either the Set or Reset state, a counter which uses N flip-flops might power up in any of 2^N possible states. How many total (legal and illegal) states does your design from #2 above have? 1. (extra credit, since this is tricky) How many possible states could your design from #2 above be in, after it is powered up in an unknown state and fifty (50) clock cycles have been input? (Hint: after that many cycles, you know the ones’ place counter will be in a legal state. What about the others? What states could they be in?) Explain your reasoning for full credit. Get a 5 % discount on an order above $ 150 Use the following coupon code : C programing Category: Homework Help Our Services: Order a customized paper today! Open chat Hello, we are here to help with your assignments
• Yehoshua Paul 1937 - The Hobbit 1937. A busy year. In the United States, the Ohio river floods, leaving a million people homeless and 385 people dead, FDR is sworn in to a second term, and the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic. In the Soviet Union, Trotskyists are executed, and the Great Purge is approved; over the next year at least 724,000 people are going to be killed, and many more will be sent to the Gulag. In Spain there is a civil war, and the German Luftwaffe enthusiastically helps out by bombing the Spanish cities of Jaen and Guernica. China and Japan are also busy; they’ve got the Second Sino-Japanese War to fight out. Finally, in the United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and “Peace in our time” is just around the corner. Less important, but possibly more interesting: Amelia Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, mysteriously go missing while attempting to circumnavigate the globe, the first issue of Detective Comics is published, flying cars are invented (but fail to sell), spam (the canned meat) is invented, and J. R. R. Tolkien writes The Hobbit – arguably the second most important book in human history after the bible. Waterman Arrowbile flying car John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973), CBE (Commander of the order of the British Empire), FRSL (Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature) is the father of modern fantasy and creator of hobbits. Tolkien’s accomplishments are many, but he is best remembered for creating Middle Earth, a fully fleshed out fantasy world with its own geography, botany, religions, languages, and history. Tolkien began working on Middle Earth during the Great War. While fighting in the Battle of the Somme, he came down with trench fever and was discharged and sent back to England. During his recovery, he began to work on The Book of Lost Tales, which would serve as the future basis for The Silmarillion, the mythology of Middle Earth. After his recovery, he and his wife, Edith went for a walk in the woods where she danced for him in a clearing, an incident in which Edith briefly became the beautiful elf Luthien, in Tolkien’s imagination, and inspired the story of "Beren and Luthien”. After the war, Tolkien went into academia. He worked on the Oxford English Dictionary project, became the youngest English professor at the University of Leeds, and then a Professor of Anglo Saxon at Pembroke College. While at Pembroke he created the Elvish languages and an accompanying mythology, and in the early 1930s wrote The Hobbit for his children. By 1932, he had finished the manuscript and lent it to several friends, including C. S. Lewis (who wrote Narnia), and a student Elaine Griffiths. Griffiths lent the manuscript to Susan Dagnall who lent it to her boss, Stanley Unwin, founder of the George Allen & Unwin publishing house. Unwin paid his 10 year old son, Rayner, a shilling to read the story and write a book report on it. Rayner immensely enjoyed this experience, and after submitting some very positive feedback ("This book, with the help of maps, does not need any illustrations it is good and should appeal to all children between the ages of 5 and 9"), his father decided to publish the book – and all was good in the world. The Hobbit is the first published book story to take place in Middle Earth. It tells the story of Bilbo Baggins, a Hobbit. Hobbits are a diminutive race, half the height of humans, a bit smaller than dwarves, who wear no shoes because their feet grow natural leathery soles and thick warm hair. Hobbits are a good natured people who prefer living comfortable quiet unadventurous lives from the comfort of their homes where they can enjoy second breakfast. Bilbo Baggins is a typical hobbit, of mixed ancestry. On his father’s side, he is descended from a respectable line of Baggins hobbits who would never dream of doing anything remarkable. However, his mother was Beladonna Took, and his grandfather was the Old Took, head of a clan whose members would discreetly go off on adventures. Bilbo was a respectable hobbit, who never ever dreamed of adventuring, but one day he had the fortune to wish good morning to the Wizard Gandalf. Gandalf remembered Bilbo’s grandfather, and decided to do him a favor – he falsely advertised Bilbo as a burglar to Thorin Oakenshield and his party of 13 dwarves who were on their way to slay a dragon and reclaim a kingdom. This mix up results in Bilbo joining the party (in exchange of one fourteenth of all treasure gained) and he embarks on a journey that takes him over hills and under hills, across the Misty Mountains and through Mirkwood, until they reach the Lonely Mountain where the dragon Smaug slumbers. In the process Bilbo and the dwarves get captured by trolls, goblins, spiders, and wood elves, spend several uncomfortable nights with no shelter, or in trees after being chased by Wargs (giant wolves), and several meals are skipped. New friendships are made with Elrond and the elves of Rivendell, giant eagles, the shapeshifting Beorn and intelligent crows, and Bilbo discovers a magic ring which turns him invisible. All in all the hobbit is a very fun book, and definitely one older kids can enjoy. The first thing you notice when opening the book is the runes and the map, which immediately stirs your imagination. And then you start reading the first chapters and the characters are brought to life in a way that further draws you in and makes you want to know even more what happens next. Later on the book gets a bit tedious as there is a large amount of journeying, which on the one hand really helps flesh out Middle Earth, but on the other hand gets repetitive as the plot in each location follows a pretty fixed pattern. However, there are enough other fun elements to make you want to keep reading. I’ve now got Durin’s Day marked in my calendar (October 29, 2019), and I enjoyed reacquainting myself with the Dwarvish runic system. I also enjoyed the poetry and songs as well as the riddle game with Gollum, an ancient tradition which should be practiced more often. It is always worth making a visit to Middle Earth, and if you haven’t read any of Tolkien’s work yet, The Hobbit is a good and easy place to start. Thror's map with runic instructions for accessing the Lonely mountain The Omer today is courage in foundation. The Hobbit is the foundation of modern fantasy. Without it you wouldn’t have pointy eared elves, good-hearted dwarves, and of course hobbits, which later inspired the D&D races of halfling and kender. And Middle Earth is the progenitor of all the shared fantasy worlds created ever since from Krynn to Toril to Athas. Courage is also not lacking, as Middle Earth was literally conceived in the middle of the great war, and the characters of The Hobbit embody this pretty well from Bilbo Baggins who chases after the dwarves to join them on their adventure to Thorin Oakenshield and his party, determined to reclaim their kingdom and slay a dragon. However, there is another more important, more fundamental courage, which is often neglected when discussing The Hobbit - the courage to share your writing with others. Tolkien wrote The Hobbit for his children, not the wider world, and originally the manuscript was only shared with close friends. It takes a lot of courage to publish a book. You never know how the readers will react (or even if the publisher will accept the manuscript), and yet somehow Tolkien managed to find the courage to lend his book to a student – and modern fantasy was brought to life. ©2019 by Sefer HaOmer ספר העומר. Proudly created with • White Facebook Icon
Encyclopedia > Nuclear disarmament Article Content Nuclear disarmament Nuclear disarmament is the proposed undeployment and dismantling of nuclear weapons particularly those the US and USSR targeted on each other. Proponents of nuclear disamament said that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring. Critics of nuclear disarmament said that it would undermine the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction. Arms control advocates had campaigned for the adoption of a treaty banning all nuclear explosions since the early 1950s, when public concern was aroused as a result of radioactive fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests and the escalating arms race. Over 50 nuclear explosions were registered between July 16, 1945, when the first nuclear explosive test was conducted by the United States at Alamogordo, New Mexico, and December 31, 1953. Prime Minister Nehru of India voiced the heightened international concern in 1954, when he proposed the elimination of all nuclear test explosions worldwide. However, within the context of the cold war, scepticism in the capability to verify compliance with a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty posed a major obstacle to any agreement. Partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1968 Negotiations for the CTBT Given the political situation prevailing in the subsequent decades, little progress was made in nuclear disarmament until 1991. Parties to the PTBT held an amendment conference that year to discuss a proposal to convert the Treaty into an instrument banning all nuclear-weapon tests; with strong support from the United Nations General Assembly, negotiations for a comprehensive test-ban treaty began in 1993. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 1996 Intensive efforts were made over the next three years to draft the Treaty text and its two annexes, culminating in the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on September 10 1996 by the United Nations General Assembly in New York. See also: nuclear warfare, nuclear weapon, nuclear proliferation, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, United Nations, Disarmament of Iraq Search Encyclopedia Search over one million articles, find something about almost anything! Featured Article ... the British Aerospace EAP prototype which had first flown in 1986, and culminating in the first flight of the Typhoon prototype in 1994 (then just known as the Eurofighter ... This page was created in 62.5 ms
TR 096 – Trends in Children’s Health and the Role of Chemicals TR 096 : Trends in Children’s Health and the Role of Chemicals \| July 2005 Children, compared to adults, can be more sensitive, less sensitive, or equally sensitive to changes in health status as a consequence of exposure to chemicals. Broadly based statements indicating that children are generally more sensitive to chemical insults are not supported by existing scientific data. The susceptibility of children is related to the specific physical, toxicological, and age-related pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular chemical as well as the stage of a child’s development. The likelihood of a specific health outcome following exposure of children is also related to the patterns of exposure that reflect both the presence of chemicals in the environment as well as behavioural characteristics of the developing child. The overall effect of these variations in both susceptibility and exposure is to create specific time frames during which vulnerability to adverse effects is elevated; so called ‘windows of vulnerability’. Trends in Children’s Health In comparing time trends of disease, a number of factors must be taken into account. These include: improved reporting systems; changes in diagnostic criteria/procedures; a more active approach to early detection of cases to improve prognosis and a better health care system in general. There is clear evidence of increasing rates of asthma in children, although rates in some countries may now have stabilised. There is no convincing evidence of widespread trends in other acute or chronic childhood respiratory diseases. Indoor air quality appears to be related to both asthma and, in some cases, to other respiratory-related diseases (such as otitis media). Interpretation of the available information on asthma and allergies is made difficult by inconsistent application of diagnostic criteria over place and time. Contemporaneous with the increasing frequency of asthma, data also suggest that other atopic disorders such as upper respiratory tract and food allergy may be increasing. Atopic dermatitis remains the most common skin disorder in young children. Although the frequency of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly believed by the public to be increasing, the limited data available do not support this perception. Besides, diagnostic criteria have changed significantly over time. Data on reproductive effects are also limited and often suffer from serious data quality issues. Whilst geographic heterogeneity is apparent, broad population trends for these outcomes (e.g. sperm quality, hypospadias, cryptorchidism) are difficult to identify. However, there is clear evidence for decreasing puberty age in females. There is no evidence for major trends in the frequency of childhood cancer. Data indicate that developed countries tend to have a gradually increasing incidence of leukaemia with a corresponding drop in the incidence of lymphoma. Increases in brain tumour frequency are possibly related to the development of new diagnostic capabilities rather than to a true change in the incidence in the rate of malignant disease. With the increasing number of childhood cancer survivors, secondary cancers following chemotherapy appear to be on the increase. Role of Environmental Exposure, including Chemicals A wide range of environmental factors is thought to have an impact on children’s health, extending well beyond industrial chemicals. These factors include nutrition (protein, vitamins, antioxidants), lifestyle and behaviour choices such as tobacco and alcohol use, parental health, socio-economic status, choice of living environment (urban vs. rural, etc.), and parent-sibling behaviour. From the available data, no general conclusions on the contribution of specific chemicals can be drawn across the multiple health outcomes addressed in this report. There is a need to distinguish between factors causing asthma from those acutely exacerbating an existing state of the disease. It remains difficult to make this distinction in practice, as some non-allergenic chemical agents may modulate the ability of other materials to cause asthma. Overall, genetic propensity and exposure to antigens (mainly proteins) remain the most important determinants of childhood atopic disease. Primary chemical contributors to exacerbation of childhood asthma appear to be ambient air pollutants (particulates, NOx, SOx, ozone, etc.) and lifestyle-related indoor air pollutants such as environmental tobacco smoke. Some evidence suggests that volatile organic chemicals can play a role in the exacerbation of childhood asthma, primarily as a result of airway irritant effects. Primary allergens responsible for asthma, and respiratory food allergies, are almost invariably proteins, not environmental industrial chemicals. Nickel is probably the most common allergen for chronic skin sensitisation in the general public. Early exposure not only to allergens but also to infectious diseases, immunisations, and other environmental immune stimuli appears to reduce the frequency of asthma and atopic diseases (‘hygiene hypothesis’). Conversely, lack of environmental exposure to these factors seems to increase the risk of allergic disease. No widespread trend attributable to industrial chemicals is apparent. Exposure to lead, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the relationship of neurobehavioural changes to these chemicals at general environmental levels has not been well established, except for lead. Neurodevelopmental disorders in the general population are probably largely the result of genetic, socio-economic, and lifestyle choices (particularly smoking) as well as important gene-environment interactions, for example parents and siblings with ADHD have a profound effect on the child’s environment. The risk for cryptorchidism and hypospadias appears to be related to a variety of non-environmental factors. While it is established that high-level hormonal stimuli can affect reproductive tissues and processes, the actual contribution of lower-level exposure to endocrine agents to reproductive alterations in intact, homeostatic organisms is unclear. The one clearly identified trend in reproductive health in the developed world, the earlier onset of puberty in girls, is probably due to lifestyle changes leading to improved health and nutrition. Sperm quality varies widely over time and place, with no clearly established global trend. Many genetic and lifestyle factors may affect sperm quality from pre-natal to adult life. Genetic factors are important in childhood cancer. There is no evidence that environmental chemicals other than chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of initial malignancies play any significant role in the aetiology of child cancers. A number of factors related to pregnancy and lifestyle (e.g. parental smoking, birth weight, gestational illness such as pre-eclampsia) have been associated with alterations in the frequency of adult cancers as a result of childhood exposure. Assessing Risks to Children The regulatory requirements for safety testing vary between different classes of chemicals. Data from a core set of toxicological studies are not available for all chemicals. It is increasingly recognised that a ‘blanket’ approach to toxicological testing is not required. A tiered and integrated approach involving use patterns and exposure potential, degree of concern from existing hazard information, together with the use of predictive tools (e.g. QSARs and read-across between chemical categories) are likely to provide adequate hazard data for a risk assessment. Risk assessment methodology currently in use incorporates significant uncertainty factors, usually based on a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) in animals, to account for potential interspecies and intraspecies differences in susceptibility to chemical toxicity. Additional uncertainty factors can be added for data insufficiency (i.e. lack of a NOAEL). Analyses suggest that the existing uncertainty factors are likely to be adequately protective for children. Future risk assessments will benefit from on-going research into exposures specific to children. Future Developments There are a number of scientific developments that could increase the accuracy of assessing risks to children. Large mother-child and child-youth cohort studies are emerging, but will not yield significant information for many years. Limitations in statistical power for rare disease outcomes mean that studies must be large (with cost and logistic consequences) to make a meaningful contribution. Further, with studies testing multiple hypotheses, findings will need to be externally validated via mechanistic or specifically targeted additional epidemiological research. The future role of genomics and proteomics as biomarkers for exposure or adverse outcome in assessing risks to children’s health is unclear but such techniques could allow for a more rigorous toxicity evaluation as well as provide biological information on the lifestage-specific consequences of environmental exposures. The use of biomarkers for both exposure and disease outcomes offers challenges, especially if incorporated into cohort studies. Biomarkers of either exposure or effect suffer from various limitations, but may offer significant advantages when they improve accuracy of exposure estimation and/or diagnosis of disease.
Information on heavy metals in Ambronite Heavy metals are omnipresent in the environment and trace amounts exist in nearly all types of food. Both European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitor general intake of heavy metals. By all means the heavy metal content in Ambronite is considered very low. We do pay close attention to the quality of our product and control for all general contaminants and assure that Ambronite contains only very low or zero amounts of heavy-metals and other contaminants. Our test results consistently show that the heavy metal content in Ambronite complies with EFSA standards and is not toxic by any means as reference to the scientific opinion of EFSA. Based on their research, EFSA has set limits for maximum levels for heavy metals in foods. Depending on the type of food, limit ranges set by the EFSA for heavy metal contaminants are following (mg/kg, wet weight): Based on the latest CoA, Ambronite* contains following levels of heavy metals (mg/kg, wet weight): * Prepared Ambronite meals, mixed in the ratio of 1 serving (4.2oz/120g) of Ambronite per 550ml of clean water. For arsenic in general, EFSA has not set maximum limits. There are both organic and inorganic forms of arsenic. Inorganic arsenic is precisely what is harmful for humans, not organic. Most of the arsenic found in food products (e.g. rice protein) can be assumed to be organic. There are several arsenic compounds, the two most detrimental for humans are arsenite and arsenate. Finland is global front runner in arsenic research and Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA) is developing better methods for more accurate identification of harmful compounds (e.g. inorganic arsenic) in foods. For inorganic arsenic, EFSA suggests a safety range of 0.3 - 8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day. This implies that for an average 70 kg person intake of inorganic arsenic should be below 290 µg/day. The total arsenic content of four Ambronite meals does not exceed this level. FDA does not have any limits that would apply to the heavy metal levels in Ambronite. FDA does monitor general intake of heavy metals, but in most circumstances there are no set limits for naturally occurring heavy metals (i.e. in the rice protein). By any FDA standards, heavy metal levels in Ambronite are low. For instance, FDA has set an action level of 0.5 µg/mL for lead in products intended for use by infants and children. One prepared Ambronite meal contains 0.01 µg/mL of lead. California residents, please check here for Proposition 65 information on heavy metals.
Select Page Using tech to heal Using tech to heal By Kehad Snydewel. Medicine, healthcare and going to the doctor or hospital has for centuries been the procedure when we feel sick. These days, even in Namibia, we now often first reach for our phones or surf the Internet to check our ailment. Both Google and WebMD are just two very popular diagnostic tools when we feel there’s something wrong with us. It doesn’t have all the answers, but it gives a feeling of being able to self-diagnose and anticipate what may happen if we finally do go to the doctor with our symptoms. If we start looking at healthcare more closely, we are seeing that technology is playing a larger role in it. Machines now stop invasive procedures, to tests that no longer require blood samples. The developments are endless and very welcome. One thing that is almost certainly true, but not focused upon nearly enough; is how technology has improved the lives of humans across the globe, none are as important as the technological advances in medicine. From the invention of X-ray machines to developments in surgical practices, technology has made us healthier and increased life expectancy. The field of healthcare and technology has different names and is called; E-health, Health Informatics or simply Medical Technology. Waiting lists are cut, medical errors are reduced because of good record keeping, all with the aid of technology. Better screening, quicker diagnosis and access to treatment for patients due to technological advances, computerised databases and the ability to share information over vast distances in a blink of an eye has meant great improvements of peoples’ healthcare across Africa and Namibia. Every aspect of healthcare has been improved through technology and will continue to do so. Investment in these areas are crucial if we are to give Namibians a better and healthier life. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) In the past, hospitals had separate and different information systems that prohibited information from being readily and easily as well as securely shared amongst the medical professionals that required the often-vital information and patient records. With the advent of EHRs, systems are now connected, allowing for faster information transfers and more integrated and efficient care. Also ensuring that information is backed up and there’s less chance of information going missing. Telemedicine / Telehealth Telemedicine, which has taken a real flight with the evolution and increased speeds and accessibility of the Internet. It refers to methods of advancing healthcare based on telecommunications technologies. There are several reasons telehealth is becoming more popular and successful. First, in rural areas, of which Namibia has lots, where access to hospitals and other health related services are lacking, patients can use their computer to meet virtually with a doctor. Secondly, the cost benefits associated with telehealth are substantial, no more commutes, no waiting in waiting rooms or taking precious and valuable time off work needed. Remote Monitoring Tools When patients monitor their health at home, they can save money and reduce unnecessary visits to the doctor’s office. Pacemakers for patients with heart disease can automatically send data to remote health centres. From checking blood pressure, blood sugar or even weight and mailing the results to the healthcare provider means that the doctor or nurse can keep an eye on developments from a distance and only act if and when needed. Wearable Technology The wearable medical device market is more than just a fashionable and trendy accessory with straps ranging from gold, platinum and genuine leather. These devices collect data, which helps doctors and patients alike monitor and assess the health of individuals. In addition to devices that alert authorities about serious medical issues, there are very popular wearables like wristbands and watches that are allowing users to take an active role in their health. Even something as simple as the Fitbit or Apple watch which lots of us are wearing can be seen as a monitoring device and can help track your health. Awareness of health status leads to better decisions about your activity levels and diet which ultimately may reduce health complications and allow individuals to reach their health goals. Healthcare and the integration of technology within it in Africa is still in its infancy due to the high regulations with stringent legislation. The stakes are high in medicine so we cannot afford to adopt innovation that may cost people their lives. All this technology really improves the care that doctors, nurses and hospitals can provide. Leading to a healthier population and reduction in waiting lists and quicker diagnosis of ailments ensuring that what could potentially be dangerous, critical or untreatable now can be circumvented before it becomes a problem. Healthcare and tech really save lives when working in unison and should be stimulated at every turn.
30 Crazy Animal Facts You Never Knew 1. Crows remember you Crows recognize human faces, particularly those who pose harm to them and their habitat. They live up to fifteen years and can pass on this information to their offspring, so there’s no chance they’ll forget you anytime soon. Crows recognize human faces. Photo by Kasturi Roy on Unsplash 2. Pangolins ride their mothers tail Newborn Pangolins tend to travel on their mother’s tail. When danger is close, the mom will ball herself up around the baby. Baby Pangolins will travel on their mother's tail 3. Cats used to deliver mail For a brief period, cats delivered mail in Belgium. During the 1970s, the city of Liège “hired” 37 cats to deliver mail in waterproof bags. As expected, the cats weren’t effective mailmen. The shortest time spent on delivering a letter? 5 hours. Cans hired to deliver mail 4. Cougars are natural gardeners Cougars are nature’s gardeners. They eat herbivores with seeds in their stomachs and then spread them far and wide through their poop. As a result, some can plant up to 94,000 plants a year. Photo by Priscilla Du Preez on Unsplash 5. Termites mate for life Many species of termites will mate for life. A female “queen” and male “king” will give birth to an entire colony. They might stay together for as long to 20 years, depending on the species’ lifespan. The rare cases of relationships ending can result in violence like Termites chewing off each other’s antennae. King and queen termites Photo by Dr. Benoit Guenard 6. Careful of what you eat! The red-factor canary’s coat changes color depending on its diet. Feed it any natural orange and red food like beets, and its feathers will change to match it. David Carroll 7. Clownfish change gender Clownfish are one of many sea creatures that can change gender. Generally, one female will school with multiple males. When the female dies, the dominant male will change their gender to take her place. David Clode 8. Quokkas sacrifice their babies There’s a common misconception that Quokkas will throw their offspring at predators to distract them. While not technically correct, Quokka’s evolution makes them terrible parents. They will instinctually jettison their babies from their pouches when predators are close. The babies writhing and hissing attract the predator while the mom escapes. They don’t technically throw their young, but the truth is close enough. David Clode 9. Dolphins can kill themselves Unlike humans, dolphins have to decide when to breathe consciously. There are documented cases of dolphins in captivity killing themselves by refusing to breathe in a form of dolphin suicide. Fabrizio Frigini 10. Kakapo attracts predators The endangered Kakapo bird emits a musty, sweet odor that leads predators straight to it. This is why it is endangered. 11. Mammals can lay eggs? There are only two mammals on Earth that lay eggs, and they are both from Australia – the platypus and echidna. Emmanuel Higgins 12. Woodpeckers have long tongues Woodpecker’s tongues are very long and are wrapped around the skull. This is to provide a brain cushion while they peck. John Yunker 13. A Polar Bear’s liver can kill you Polar Bear’s bodies are incredibly efficient at storing Vitamin A. If you were to eat a polar bear liver, you would die. It contains enough Vitamin A to kill you 52 times. Peter Neumann 14. Rodents can’t puke Rodents ranging from mice to guinea pigs, to squirrels all cannot vomit. They lack the brain circuit required for this behavior. Good Free Photos 15. Giraffes taste pee Male giraffes taste the pee of females to determine if they are ready to mate. This is to detect hormones that show that the female is ovulating. Sutirta Budiman 16. Goldfish have a decent memory Goldfish don’t have a 3-second memory. Though not the smartest, goldfish boast a memory span of three months – better than most people I know. Foad Memariaan 17. Platypuses don’t have nipples Female platypuses don’t have nipples. To feed their children, they sweat milk out of their pores, and the babies lick it off their skin. 18. Tigers have striped skin Not only is a tiger’s fur striped, but his skin as well. via tyracampbellcharles on reddit 19. Otters hold hands As if they weren’t cute enough, sea otter’s hold hands while they’re sleeping so they don’t drift apart. Photo credit: meckert75 via photopin cc 20. White Flamingos Flamingos are naturally white. A diet of shrimp, brine, and algae actually turns them pink. Dr. Roy Winkelman 21. Blind as a bat Bats aren’t actually blind – in fact, their eyesight is considered better than humans. Echolocation is just an added bonus to help them hunt at night. Geoff Brooks 22. European Lions Lions used to inhabit Europe, but they were hunted to extinction before 100 BCE. Jeremy Avery 23. A cats meow Cats do not meow at each other. It is solely used as a way to get the attention of humans. Raul. Varzar 24. Kangaroo’s balance Kangaroo’s need their tails to balance – if you lift their tale off the ground, they can’t hop. John Torcasio 25. Slow beating heart Whale hearts only beat nine times per minute – by comparison, human hearts beat between 60 to 100 times per minute. Richard Sagredo 26. Puffin ingenuity Puffins will use twigs to scratch themselves. Clive Holin 27. Skin breathing Frogs can breathe through their skin. This isn’t the primary way they breathe, but a result of their blood flowing near the skin’s surface, allowing it to absorb oxygen. Martin Woortman 28. Strange friendships Some burrowing tarantulas befriend frogs. They will protect each other’s eggs and share food. Oleg Didenko 29. Nightmare fish The tongue-eating louse is what nightmares are made of. It will invade a fish through its gills and destroy its tongue’s blood supply, causing it to falls off. From there, it takes up residence and lets the fish find all the food. Image: Wikimedia Commons 30. Massive blue whales The blue whale has a heart the size of a small car and as heavy as a small elephant. You can hear it beat from up to 3km away. Georg Wolf Alan Behrens Spread the love • 57 Leave a Comment
How to Deal with Toddler Tantrums Go back to Blogs According to the Mayo Clinic, a tantrum occurs when a child needs to express frustration with a situation. Tantrums can happen when your toddler struggles with a task, or they disagree with a choice you made. If your child is tired or hungry, a tantrum might be triggered more easily or over something small. A tantrum can signal that the child does not have the words to communicate their feelings. For kids around the age of 1 or 2, a tantrum will generally center around something that the child wants, but cannot express clearly. As they get older and more independent, meltdowns are more likely to stem from their desire to perform tasks independently. Types of Tantrums Types of Tantrums Behavior experts have developed different categories for tantrums that can guide the way that you handle their frustration. 1. "I want that" Tantrum: These tantrums will occur when a child wants something. This kind of tantrum is most likely to occur in a store or the kitchen when they can see something that they want, but you are unwilling to give in. 2. "I want attention" Tantrum: This kind of tantrum is self-explanatory. Your child wants attention, and a total meltdown is a clear way to get it. 3. "I want my way" Tantrum: A power struggle can occur when you have decided something with which they disagree. From brushing their teeth to doing up a seatbelt, this tantrum can be set off by almost anything. Preventing Tantrums One of the best ways of dealing with tantrums is to do everything you can to keep them from starting. If you know you need to run to the store, avoid going right before naptime or lunch. Keep your child comfortable and communicate openly with the things that you are doing. Since most kids cannot tell time, giving them more concrete warnings or ways to countdown their time can help them feel more in control. Similarly, giving your child control in scenarios such as providing them with a list when grocery shopping that they can cross off as you shop. A checklist or a goal to meet will give them a positive ending to the chore or errand. Dealing with Tantrums Dealing with Tantrums Helping your child learn to self-regulate and manage their emotions is a long-term way to cope with tantrums and hopefully lessen their length or gravity. However, if you find yourself with a child having a full-on public meltdown, we have some tips for you. • Stay Calm. Getting angry will only intensify the situation. Your role as a parent is to help your child learn how to calm down. You can model that for them by speaking and acting calmly. • Ignore the tantrum and wait it out. Unless your child is acting out because of an immediate physical need like hunger or tiredness, or if they are in danger of harming themselves or others, your best bet is to wait things out. Don't try to reason with them or give an explanation. It's too late at that point. • Use timeouts if necessary. If a tantrum escalates to the point that you need to remove your child from the situation, find a quiet, isolated spot to stay with them until they calm down. Don't set a specific time limit; instead, let your child's behavior dictate when the timeout should end. If they were throwing a tantrum in response to being told to do something they do not want to do, be sure to return to the task in question after they calm down; otherwise, they may learn to use timeouts as a way to escape situations completely. • Be consistent. If your child learns that even some of their tantrums are an effective way to get what they want, they'll likely employ them more often. What to do After a Tantrum What to do After a Tantrum Praise your child for regaining control and speak to their vulnerable state by reassuring them that you still love them. Promote proper communication by explaining that a tantrum is not how you get mom or dad's attention. Encourage them to use their words (assuming they can) to describe how they feel. Relate to their emotions by saying something like, "I know it's frustrating that you can't have a cookie right now." Don't judge yourself, or other parents for that matter, if tantrums are a common occurrence. Tantrums are a completely normal part of childhood. The frequency and intensity of them have a lot to do with a child's temperament, where they are at in their development and countless situational and emotional factors. Remember, your child is not having a tantrum to spite you. Usually, they simply don't have the proper skills to handle the situation they are in at the moment. It takes time for them to develop these self-regulation skills, and they are looking to you to help guide them through this process. When to Seek Professional Help If your child's tantrums increase in frequency and intensity after the age of four, if they are often causing harm to themselves or others, or if they are exhibiting emotional outbursts beyond typical behavior problems, you should talk to your child's doctor. Likewise, if you often find yourself unable to control your own anger and frustration when dealing with tantrums, if you keep giving in to their demands or if you start developing consistently negative feelings toward your child, please consult a medical professional. Learn about the benefits of a co-parenting app
Capel Braided Rugs The braided rug was a staple in early North American culture. Settlers used scraps of clothing and excess materials to make floor coverings that would provide warmth and comfort in a home. Even with the braids commercially available today, they're often made from the waste material of other textile products. This is the sort of resourcefulness and austerity that so characterized colonial life and remains today, a great source of pride and meaning. Similar to quilt making, rug weaving remains an heirloom tradition. Many guests in the store share memories of learning the tradition at a parent or grandparent's side. We've sold Capel braided rugs for years and years and the feedback has always been positive. Not once, have we had a rug returned for lack of quality. Braided rugs by Capel Established in 1917, Capel is a third generation family business, and today, is recognized as America's oldest and largest manufacturer and importer of area rugs. After Henry Ford invented the tractor, Leon Capel fashioned the raw material from his plough line company into braids and sewed them into spirals to make reversible braided rugs. Mules and the plough lines used to steer them were obsolete, but as sales grew Leon realized that nearly every family could use a braided rug. Today Capel employees 400 people and does its own dyeing, spinning, braiding and sewing, in its Troy, North Carolina factory. At The Emporium, we love Capel rugs for their quality, their lasting appeal and their heritage of resourcefulness and austerity. Ourselves, a family business, we love the Capel story. It reminds us that working together, a family can build something substantial and can make a real contribution. Braided rugs by Capel
Growing Climbing Plants In Greenhouses Getting plants to grow up your greenhouse walls is indeed an art to behold. Climbing plants can cause greenhouses to become an eye sore if not looked after properly, however if they are cared for correctly they can add beauty and space to your greenhouse. Make sure that you match your plant to the correct support. Plants can climb the greenhouse in different ways with some requiring vertical support whilst others require horizontal support. Some even require both. Follow this steps and your greenhouse could be filled with breathtaking foliage and a healthy supply of food and plants. The only danger is that if you do not keep your climbing plants trimmed you may become overrun by wild foliage. There are several types of climbing plants that you can successfully grow in your Gabriel Ash greenhouse – tendrils, twines, scramblers and stickers. Tendrils are slender with wiry growths that extend about an inch from the stems and curl when they encounter horizontal support, no more than one-quarter inch in diameter. You can also use two inch square netting. Most greenhouse owners use horizontal strings attached to vertical poles. Examples include passionflowers and passion vines. Ensure that you train the vines in the direction you wish them to grow otherwise they may occupy any space in your greenhouse and become unmanageable. Twiners include morning glories, Dutchman's pipe, honeysuckle, and clematis. Twiners, especially honeysuckle and wisteria, can grow quite large and need a strong support for their weight. Twiners have either twining leaves or twining stems that need something vertical to twist and turn around. To help twiners climb, give them a trellis, string, wire, or a post. Just make sure that it is horizontal. Bougainvillea and rambling roses are examples of scramblers that you can grow in your greenhouse. Since they are unable to climb on their own, they will need to be secured in place with either gardening string or a sturdy wire. Do take care when handling though and watch out for the thorns. Their tendrils come with their own adhesive, which allows them to climb virtually anything. All you will need is to provide additional support other than a vertical structure and they will do the rest of the climbing for you. They include the Boston ivy and the Virginia creeper. Stem roots like English Ivy are climbing plants but it is best that they are not grown in your Gabriel Ash greenhouse as they can damage the structure. If you must grow them they are preferred outside to allow them free reign. The post Growing Climbing Plants In Greenhouses appeared first on Gabriel Ash - Gardeners Corner.
The Basics of Case Fan Noise, Airflow, and Quieter Gaming By Published December 30, 2011 at 1:25 am With the myriad of fan sizes available today it can be tough to truly understand the difference of larger fans without hands-on experience -- that's what we're here for. Our previous guide explained the basics of fan placement and our recommended number of fans per system, this guide will go into depth on fan sizes, quieter gaming fans, and we'll set the stage for our next article, which will cover case fan bearing types and technologies. 120mm fans used to be the prevailing option for gaming cases, but in the last year or two, companies like Cooler Master, Antec, and Thermaltake have pushed the combinatory usage of 140mm, 200mm, and even 220mm+ fans in their larger cases. 120mm fans are still abundant in the sub-$100 range, but the larger variations do have a noticeable impact on noise-levels and cooling efficiency. This is for reasons that are much more transparent than most would think -- let's make it easy by looking again at the physical properties of fan size: Larger holes allow more substance (in this case, air) to pass through them - right? The bigger the fan slot, the more air can pass through it. However, the size advantage doesn't necessarily increase the overall CFM (cubic feet per minute) of air displaced for a simple reason: larger fans spin slower, making them quieter -- but they're also bigger, making them displace the same amount of air as a smaller fan with a fraction of the effort (generally increasing lifespan and decreasing fan volume). Let's compare these two sleeve bearing fans (120mm and a 200mm): Scythe 120mm Cooler Master 200mm CFM 110.31CFM 110CFM RPM 1900RPM 700RPM dBA 37dBA 19dBA These aren't set-in-stone figures and will vary heavily based on manufacturer, operational speed, and bearing type (we'll discuss that in tomorrow's posting). That said, from the numbers above, we can see that the two fans compared in this chart are almost identical in terms of air displacement -- a larger hole, arguably, may have greater access to grab a wider area of heat, but the concept is the same: each fan forces ~110 cubic feet of air per minute through the ports (which is a pretty standard amount). The difference, as you may have noticed, comes from the RPM (revolutions per minute) of the fan blades -- the higher the rotary speed, the louder the fan. Sometimes it's hard to understand exactly how loud '19 decibels' or '37 decibels' is in a real-world environment, but I'll try to break it down for you: 19dBA is my personally-imposed requirement for fans -- in fact, I rarely recommend fans on our hardware forums that are louder than this setting. Speaking idiosyncratically, fans start to "annoy" me at around 27dBA (meaning I can notice the whirring noise to a point that it's more than just background sound). I've had fans that are ~47dBA in my old Antec 900 case and I could hear them in every room adjacent to mine as well as at the foot of the stairs (granted, you'd be a major creep if you knew the distance from the foot of my stairs to my room). It was annoying up to around 30ft away, which eventually led to me getting new fans. And a new case. Actually, I just got a new computer. Yeah, I know, I have to distance myself from hardware shopping websites. If you're not sure what noise level you can tolerate, play it safe and aim for 19dBA to 25dBA fans. Remember: bigger fans push more air through the hole, but they often spin slower, which results in the same end-result of air displacement but at a much quieter, often life-extending rate (faster fans have a tendency to heat up sleeve bearings rapidly, resulting in early death of the fans). If possible, we always recommend 140mm and 200mm fan setups; 120mm fans aren't bad, but bigger fans are definitely more friendly to the ears and streamlines heatflow. OK... but how do I decrease case fan volume? haf x lighting case modMy precious...Short of buying newer, quieter fans, you can go the route of controlling existing fans through the use of front-panel fan controllers (as we discussed in our 'how to soup-up your PC' article). Fan controllers are an inexpensive (and flashy) way to monitor your computer's temperatures and adjust fan levels accordingly -- many of them use thermometers that can be manually placed in hot-zones of the case, and since the thermometers correspond with the local fan, singular fans can be adjusted automatically or manually for quick blasts of air to return to normal levels. While I'm not comfortable enough with it yet to write a review, I recently added the NZXT Sentry 2 to my case (primarily for looks, if I'm honest) to control fans. It operates by plugging into the 4-pin molex power connector of each fan, then modifies the level of power supplied dependent on the monitored heat levels. What does this mean? Well, if you have a case fan that does not have a manual adjustment, front-panel fan controllers will implement one through use of power throttling. If you're just using desktop applications and are not currently gaming, or you want to go to sleep for whatever reason, you could set the fan controller to lower fan speeds. This would diminish the power that the fans draw, which then makes them slower and decreases noise levels. The best option to a quieter gaming PC, though, is a better understanding of fan bearing technology. Sleeve bearings are the most common and the loudest, but our next guide will explain ball bearings, fluid-dynamic systems, and rifle bearing systems. As always, leave comments below if you need questions answered! Alternatively, join the community and post on the forums for in-depth hardware discussions! Last modified on December 30, 2011 at 1:25 am Steve Burke First world problems, Steve. First world problems. Leave a comment VigLink badge
toys cleaning glasses As we age, so do our eyes. Few people get away with perfect vision, especially once they are over age 40. Vision problems seem to be a commonly accepted part of ageing. However, there are many ways you can take care of your eyes and keep them as healthy as possible. The most common cause of eye problems is refractive errors. These can happen any time in one’s life and include far-sightedness, near-sightedness, and astigmatism. Problems that develop later in life are the next common causes. Cataracts are the most common cause of blindness, followed by glaucoma. Fortunately, there are a few things we can do to minimize our risk of experiencing problems. 8 Ways to Promote Eye Health There are several things that you can do to ensure that you maintain the best possible eye health and avoid vision loss. Here are some basics to keep in mind: 1. Schedule an annual eye exam. As we age, our bodies change and it is important to monitor any changes in our vision. Make sure to meet with your eye doctor regularly. 2. Be aware of hazards. If you ever use power tools like drills or saws, use protective goggles to prevent anything from flying into your eyes and possibly scratching them. 3. Avoid harmful elements. Cigarette smoke, UV rays, or sitting in front of a computer all day can all increase the risk of developing eye diseases like macular degeneration later on in life. Be mindful of household cleaners and chemicals as well. Keep eye drops in your medicine cabinet for those times you get something in your eye. They are also good to have on hand if you begin to experience dry eyes. 4. Ask about multifocal lenses. During your eye examinations, have a talk with your optometrist about presbyopia. A tell-tale sign you might have this is if you begin to find that your arms are too short when reading a menu. 5. Pay attention to vision changes. This might be blurred vision, pain, or double vision. Take it seriously and see your doctor. 6. Understand how hypertension or diabetes affects your eyes. It is especially important to monitor your vision if you have either of these conditions. You need to be checked at least annually for conditions such as glaucoma. 7. Get tested for cataracts. Cataracts are classified as an age-related disease. It is assumed by doctors that if we live long enough, we will develop cataracts. If your vision seems dim, let your optometrist or ophthalmologist know to test you. Cataract surgery has become very sophisticated and is done safely and with great results. 8. Develop healthy eating habits and move your body. As with every other part of our body, making healthy lifestyle and dietary choices does make a difference that will help keep you as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Read: How Vision Changes with Dementia eye chart 7 Easy Eye Exercises that Slow Age-Related Vision Changes As we get older, our eyes begin to degenerate resulting in decreased sharpness of vision and ability to focus. Doing daily exercises as part of an eye care routine can help them maintain, and over time improve their shape, and can slow the rate of eye deterioration. These exercises are easy and can be done in a few short minutes every day. Just a reminder, don’t do any exercise that hurts. Be gentle with yourself. Here are seven simple exercises for naturally improving eyesight: 1. Tracing. Trace the outlines of the objects around you with your eyes. Practice following the contours of the objects at various speeds. Doing this exercise for a few minutes each day can help strengthen eye muscles and increase their flexibility. 4. Zooming. This should be done slowly. Stretch your arm out in front of you with your hand in the “thumbs up” position. Focus on your thumb as your arm is extended out in front of you. Follow it with your eyes as you and bring your thumb closer to your face. Stop when your thumb is about 3 inches away from your face. Then, while maintaining focus on your thumb, slowly begin extending your arm out in front of you again. 5. Squeeze Blinks. If you have been sitting in front of your computer for too long give your eyes a break. Take off your glasses, close your eyelids and gently squeeze them shut. You want to gently stimulate your eyes with a little squeeze. Squeeze for half a second, then relax. Repeat 10 times. 6. Pencil Exercises. Take a pencil and hold it about 18 inches from your face at eye level. Then move it from left to right as far as you can see without moving your head. This will help your peripheral vision. 7. Computer Games. Finally, there are computer games that help with developing your peripheral vision as well as other aspects of vision. One that is free is from Eye Can Learn. It is also worth checking out Lumosity for more sophisticated games. There are many things that we can do to avoid age-related eye issues. While our eyes are considered by many to be the window to the soul, they also reflect our overall health.
The IoT and Big Data: Making The Connection The future of technology lies in data and its analysis. More objects and devices are now connected to the Internet, transmitting the information they gather back for analysis. The goal is to harness this data to learn about patterns and trends that can be used to make a positive impact on our health, transportation, energy conservation, and lifestyle. However, the data itself doesn't produce these objectives, but rather it's solutions that arise from analyzing it and finding the answers we need. Two terms that have been discussed in relation to this future: big data and The Internet of Things (IoT); It's hard to talk about one without the other, and although they are not the same thing, the two practices are closely intertwined. Let's take a closer look at the two practices before we examine their connection: Big Data Big data has existed long before the IoT burst out into the scene to perform analytics; information is defined as big data when it demonstrates the 4 V's: volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. This equates to a massive quantity of data that can be both structured and unstructured, while velocity refers to the speed of data processing, and veracity determines its uncertainty. The Internet of Things The concept of IoT aims to take a wide range of "things" and turn them into smart objects -- anything from watches to fridges, cars and train tracks. Products that normally wouldn't be connected to the Internet and able to obtain and process data, are equipped with sensors and computer chips for data gathering. However, unlike chips used in PCs, smartphones, and mobile devices, these chips are used mostly for gathering data that indicates customer usage patterns and product performance. The IoT is essentially the means that collects and sends data. Information from IoT devices resides in big data and is measured against it. And IoT will soon touch every aspect of our lives: transportation (cars, smart train tracks and traffic lights), manufacturing, Smart Homes (thermostats and voice activated appliances), and of course -- consumer goods such as smartphones, wearables, and more. Bringing the two practices together This disruptive technology requires new infrastructures, including hardware and software applications, as well as an operating system; enterprises will need to deal with the influx of data that starts flowing in and analyze it in real-time as it grows by the minute. That's where big data comes in; big data analytics tools are capable of handling masses of data transmitted from IoT devices that produce a continuous stream of information. But just to differentiate the two, the IoT delivers the information from which big data analytics can draw the information to create the insights required of it. However, the IoT brings data on a different scale, so the analytics solution should accommodate its needs of rapid ingestion and processing followed by an accurate and fast extraction. Solutions like SQream Technologies deliver near real-time analytics on massive sized datasets, and essentially condense a full-rack database into a small server processing up to 100TB, so minimal hardware is required. The next generation analytics database leverages GPU technology, allowing an even further downsizing of the hardware, i.e. big database in the car, or 5 TB on a laptop. This helps IoT companies correlate the growing number of data sets, which helps them get real-time responses and adapt to changing trends, solving the size challenge without compromising on the performance. The challenges By 2020, it is projected that 20.8 billion "things" will be used globally, as the Internet of Things continues its expansion; as a result, we will also see major cybersecurity issues and safety concerns arise, as cybercriminals could potentially break into the power grid, into traffic systems, and any other connected system that contains sensitive data that can shut down cities. Internet security platforms like Zscaler offer IoT devices protection against security breaches with a cloud based solution. You can route the traffic through the platform and set policies for the devices so they won't communicate with unnecessary servers. The Internet of Things and big data share a closely knitted future. There is no doubt the two fields will create new opportunities and solutions that will have a long and lasting impact.
09.02.2020 Europe Venice has been taking high tides in its stride for centuries By Sabina Castelfranco - RFI REUTERS/Manuel Silvestri LISTEN FEB 9, 2020 REUTERS/Manuel Silvestri High tides in Venice have been par for the course in recent months, with the lagoon city sustaining significant damage to its buildings, churches and cultural heritage after a particularly destructive episode in November. Now the water levels have receded and tourists are again able to enjoy the wonders of this unique city without having to wear rubber waders. As they walk around the city in colourful masks and elaborate costumes for Carnival month, it is difficult to imagine what occurs when the waters rise. Venetians are certainly accustomed to the water coming up and then going down; they have lived with this all their lives and for centuries. The Tides Centre in Venice is able to accurately predict the rising levels of the water, and has an extremely efficient method of informing the city's residents which neighbourhoods will go under water and for how long. November tide 'a perfect storm' Alvise Papa of the Tides Centre said the 12 November tide was a rare event caused by several factors leading to a “perfect storm”. It is without question that maintaining this world jewel of a city is no easy matter, and the costs are high. Venetians deal with the high waters in their stride and as quickly as possible endeavour to clean-up, remove the water and immediately return to going about their lives. They stress that Venice is safe and clean and that it should be visited not just for a few hours or a just a day but for a longer period so as to fully appreciate what the city has to offer. As one walks around the narrow alleys, it is as if the high tides never happened. Clean-up operation driven by volunteers Residents of Venice and local authorities are very proud of their city and take huge care in ensuring that no garbage is seen lying in the streets or in its canals. The cleaning operations do not only involve homes and shops flooded by the waters. Another significant and delicate clean-up effort carried out once a month in Venice involves gondolier divers inside the canals, supported by volunteers. For a number of hours they submerge themselves inside the canal waters as tourists visiting the city watch these strangely equipped divers with special suits bring up all kinds of objects including bottles, cans, tyres, bricks and pieces of iron that fall off transport boats, and much more. Hundreds of kilos of garbage come to the surface from the city's many canals every time these recovery operations occur. In addition to this, the city council has charged a company called Insula to dig up 30 canals and remove 30,000 cubic meters of mud in this way lowering the canal beds. “There is a dual objective: one is to ensure hygiene and health conditions are maintained and the other is to guarantee the canals can be safely navigated by the boats”, said Insula president Nicola Picco, adding the cost of the operation over the past two years has been 5 million euros. Powered By Modern Ghana
Monday, April 20, 2015 Monday Musings: The Importance of Making Mistakes -- Ralph Waldo Emerson More than many other subjects, learning a new language involves taking risks. To be successful, students must practice using the language. That means both speaking it and writing it. And when you are in the process of learning a language, it is inevitable that you will make mistakes. ELLs who are willing to make mistakes and learn from them will learn the language more quickly than students who are afraid of making a mistake and never try to use the language. ELLs who have some knowledge of English and are willing to risk embarrassment when talking or writing are going to acquire the language faster because they will be corrected by their teacher(s) and perhaps even by their classmates and as a result, they will learn the correct ways to say or write things. Of course, ELLs who are at a lower level of proficiency are going to make lots and lots of mistakes. That is why it is so important to correct errors in a sensitive manner. If a teacher interrupts a student every time s/he says something wrong, that student might never finish a sentence and will likely be too discouraged from attempting to speak again. Likewise, if a paper is so filled with red pen markings that the original piece of writing cannot be read, a student might never want to write something else. Judicious use of error correction is crucial to supporting the efforts of ELLs in acquiring English. Rubrics are very useful in this regard. The importance of making mistakes Rubrics used with ELLs to support their writing; source: The ESL Nexus Teachers can create a supportive classroom atmosphere that encourages students to take risks as they learn the English language. Besides not pointing out every single mistake a student makes, it's also important to not laugh when an ELL makes mistakes when speaking, although it's often hard not to. Even more important is making sure the other students don't laugh at an ELL's mistakes. Nothing shuts down a kid more quickly than being ridiculed by classmates. Teachers should explicitly tell ELLs that it's okay to make mistakes. I even told my students that I liked it when they made mistakes because that showed me they were trying to learn. When my students tried to use a new grammar structure or new vocabulary word in their speaking or writing, and it didn't quite come off, I praised them for making the attempt and encouraged them to try again. Teachers who came into my room were amazed at how much the ELLs talked because in their rooms, they rarely spoke. (Sometimes I wished they wouldn't talk quite so much but that was a different issue!) When ELLs are fearful of making mistakes, they are going to play it safe and only use language they are confident with--and they will plateau and not develop their English skills further. But when ELLs understand that errors are a natural part of learning a language and that being able to communicate effectively does not mean never making a mistake, they will feel more comfortable about taking risks to express themselves. The ELLs who do not let fear defeat them are the students who will be more successful learners of English. No comments Post a Comment
Historic Warnings per Commodity Select specific Date Background information The lower middle-income country has been slowly transforming to a more open and export-driven economy. Instead of agriculture, the economy is increasingly dependent on a more diversified industry including food processing, garments, machine-building and cement industry. The industrial production growth rate ranks among the highest worldwide. Natural resources include phosphates, coal and rare earth elements. The agricultural sector employs roughly half of the total labor force. In terms of GDP, the sector is losing importance: the share decreased from one quarter to one fifth within the past 15 years. One-fifth of the total land area is used as arable land for rice, coffee, rubber, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanut or bananas. With the extensive coastlines, many families also depend on fishery as a source of income. Occasional typhoons threaten the harvests. Overall, Vietnam is a net cereals exporter. The densely populated country with close to 95 million inhabitants has seen improvement in socioeconomic indicators such as a significant reduction in the poverty rate or very low unemployment rates. Child labor however remains a challenge since roughly one in ten youngsters aged 5-17 is engaged child labor. Malnutrition is another challenge in the medium human development country: one-tenth of the children under five is underweight and also 10% of the population is undernourished according to the GHI (2015).
Striving to fill voids in Hiroshima 75 years after the atomic bombing—Recreating cityscapes: Shima Hospital standing at hypocenter \| Hiroshima Peace Media Center by Miho Kuwajima, Staff Writer Shima Hospital, which has become synonymous with the hypocenter, was opened in Saiku-machi, Hiroshima City (now part of Ote-machi, Naka Ward) by the late Kaoru Shima in 1933. On the morning of August 6, 1945, the hospital was devastated in the atomic bombing, which took the lives of about 80 people, including doctors, nurses and patients. The Shima family, which still operates the hospital at the same site, takes great care of pre-atomic bombing photographs that escaped the fires in their locations at the homes of hospital staff. Herein, we will trace the appearance of the hospital long ago using, among other materials, a recently discovered list of people who were at the hospital and killed in the atomic bombing. The list was written by Kaoru himself. Providing for the community even during the war Medical officers with a brassard on their left arm grip military swords—this commemorative photograph was likely taken before the officers went to the front. A little boy in the lap of the late Kaoru Shima holds a small Japanese national flag in his hand. “It was taken in the inner courtyard of the hospital. The little boy is me, at around four years old,” said Kaoru’s eldest son, Kazuhide, 85, recalling distant memories. “Next to my father are my mother and my sister, who was two years younger than I.” The Saiku-machi area was located on the east side of Motoyasu River. Across the river was the former Nakajima district, a bustling shopping district before the war. The area around Saiku-machi was lined with Western-style buildings, such as the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall (now known as the A-bomb Dome) and the Hiroshima Post Office. Shima Hospital, which stood on a piece of property of about 1,300 square meters, especially captured the attention of people with its modern appearance. The hospital building was modeled on the design of an U.S. hospital. There was a cage in the inner courtyard in which five or six monkeys lived. Neighbors often came to see the animals. Kazuhide said, “I think my father wanted to entertain patients with the monkeys. They frequently got out of the cage whenever we fed them.” “With walls more than one-meter thick, the hospital should withstand air-raids,” Kaoru used to boast of the two-story brick building. However, because of the atomic bombing, it fell into ruin, with only a mere trace left of its entrance. All doctors, nurses, and patients perished in the bombing. Their bleached bones were scattered about the site. The list of A-bomb victims kept by the Shima family speaks to the fact that the hospital received patients from all parts of Hiroshima Prefecture, as well as people from Yamaguchi Prefecture, and those who came to Japan from the Korean Peninsula. It shows that Kaoru, who was called the “father of the Hiroshima surgical society,” was well-known for his medical skills even before the war. He never refused to treat people who were unable to pay medical expenses. They sometimes brought vegetables to him as a token of their gratitude. On that day, August 6, he had left Hiroshima to perform an operation in the area of Kozan-cho (now part of Sera-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture). He rushed back to Saiku-machi as soon as he heard the news that Hiroshima City had been annihilated, but the heat from fires prevented him from returning to the hospital. He busily engaged in treating the wounded at Fukuromachi National School (now Fukuromachi Elementary School), which functioned as a temporary relief station, while staying at a bank that had escaped the fires. According to his memoirs, published in 1983, he walked around looking for his staff and patients. When their surviving families visited, he would tell them to take a handful of dirt home instead of bones, as it was impossible to identify exactly whose bones they were. As a surgeon and a civil defense volunteer, Kaoru regretted not being at the hospital on that day, feeling pain as if a long nail was piercing his chest. He hardly spoke about his A-bomb experience in public. Kazuhide’s wife, Naoko, 76, said, “My father-in-law once told me, ‘A maid begged me for a vacation when August came, but I asked her to wait until the Obon Festival holidays, because we were very busy,’ as he held back his tears.” Naoko would never forget his recollection. Kazuhide was safe that day, as he had been evacuated to the northern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. Three years after the war, Kaoru rebuilt the hospital on the ruined site. When he passed away in 1977 at the age of 79, Kazuhide took over running the hospital. The hospital is now operated by Hideyuki, 49, Kaoru’s grandson and a physician. There is a board standing next to the entrance explaining that the location marks “the hypocenter.” Many people visit the location from both Japan and overseas. “Even though times and the surrounding scenery have changed, we will continue to be a clinic that provides the community with healthcare as we have been since the pre-war period,” Hideyuki emphasized. (Originally published on July 20, 2020)
Lead-in text (p format): This is lead-in text, and should be used for an introductory sentence or short paragraph. There should never be more than one paragraph of intro text. The opening <p> tag should look like this: <p class="lead">. Heading 1 P: This is paragraph text which should be used for the majority of all text content on the page. Inline links, which look like this, may be added to paragraph text using the link icon. Paragraphs are ended with the return key, which will create a large margin at the end of the paragraph: Within each paragraph a “single-line break” may also be created by holding down shift, and then hitting return: Nicholas Stefaneli - Michelin Star Chef Heading 2 Heading 2 should be used to break up content into headed sub-sections. • This is • an “unordered” • or bulleted • list • This is a sub bullet Heading 3 Heading 3 should be used only within sub-sections (headed by a sub-heading), and for very granular content. 1. This is 2. an “ordered” 3. or numbered 4. list 1. This is a sub bullet This is bold text and should be used inline and never for headings. This is italic text. This is a link. Blockquote: This can be used to highlight important information or share a testimonial. Below is a horizontal rule. Horizontal rules should be used sparingly (once or twice per page) to separate content of completely different subject matters. Heading 4 Heading 4 is identical to Heading 3. Heading 5 Heading 5 is identical to Heading 3. Heading 6 Heading 6 is identical to Heading 3.
Top Nutrients to Protect Your Skin From Summer Sun Analysis by Dr. Joseph Mercola Fact Checked nutrients to protect skin from summer sun Story at-a-glance - • You can support healthy skin and protect it from ultraviolet damage from the inside. Scientists have identified several nutrients that have UV protective activity, reducing your risk of sunburn and related skin damage • Astaxanthin, lycopene, beta carotene, vitamins D, E and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have all been shown to help protect your skin against sun damage • Astaxanthin specifically helps protect against UV-induced cell death. Unlike topical sun block, astaxanthin does not actually block UV rays, so it doesn’t prevent UVB from converting into vitamin D in your skin; it simply protects your skin against damage • Lycopene also acts as an internal sunscreen, although it’s not nearly as protective as astaxanthin. A 2001 study found tomato paste helped protect fair-skinned individuals with a tendency to burn rather than tan • Vitamin E absorbs energy from UV light, thus plays an important role in photoprotection, preventing UV-induced free radical damage to skin Summer and sunshine-filled days are upon us and, with that, increased calls for the use of sunscreen. Unfortunately, most sunscreens contain toxic ingredients that are easily absorbed through your skin and can jeopardize your health. The good news is you can support healthy skin and protect it from ultraviolet damage from the inside. Scientists have identified several nutrients that have UV protective activity which can reduce your risk of sunburn and related skin damage. Here, I'll review the top contenders: astaxanthin, lycopene and beta carotene, vitamins D and E, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Astaxanthin — Most Potent Nature-Made Sunscreen Astaxanthin, one of nature's most potent antioxidants, has been shown to offer significant protection against UV radiation damage by acting as internal sunscreen. It has very strong free radical scavenging activity that protects your cells, organs and body tissues from oxidative damage. Astaxanthin is produced by the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis when its water supply dries up, forcing it to protect itself from ultraviolet radiation. Astaxanthin is essentially the algae's survival mechanism. It is this "radiation shield" that explains how astaxanthin can protect you from similar radiation, thereby helping prevent skin photo-aging and wrinkles. As noted in a 2010 study:1 "Repetitive exposure of the skin to UVA radiation elicits sagging more frequently than wrinkling, which is mainly attributed to its biochemical mechanism to up-regulate the expression of matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and skin fibroblast elastase (SFE)/neutral endopeptidase (NEP), respectively. In this study, we examined the effects of a potent antioxidant, astaxanthin (AX), on the induction of MMP-1 and SFE by UVA treatment of cultured human dermal fibroblasts … UVA radiation elicited a significant increase in the gene expression of MMP-1 as well as SFE/NEP (to a lesser extent) which was followed by distinct increases in their protein and enzymatic activity levels … These findings indicate that, based on different effective concentrations of AX, a major mode of action leading to the inhibition elicited by AX depends on inhibition of UVA effects of the reactive oxygen species-directed signaling cascade, but not on interruption of the IL-6-mediated signaling cascade. We hypothesize that AX would have a significant benefit on protecting against UVA-induced skin photo-aging such as sagging and wrinkles." A second paper,2 "Cosmetic Benefits of Astaxanthin on Human Subjects" published online in 2012, noted a combination of 6 milligrams taken internally with 2 milliliters per day of topical astaxanthin led to "significant improvements" in skin wrinkling, age spots and skin elasticity, texture and moisture content by week eight. Astaxanthin Protects Against UV-Induced Cell Death When it comes to UV radiation protection, astaxanthin specifically helps protect against UV-induced cell death. Unlike topical sun block, astaxanthin does not actually block UV rays, so it doesn't prevent UVB from converting into vitamin D in your skin; it simply protects your skin against damage. This protective effect is so potent studies even show it helps protect against: • Total body irradiation,3 primarily by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species and reducing cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) • Burn-wound progression, by reducing oxidative stress-induced inflammation and mitochondrial-related apoptosis4 Cyanotech Corporation funded a study5 through an independent consumer research laboratory to measure the skin's resistance to both UVA and UVB light, before and after astaxanthin supplementation. After taking 4 mg of astaxanthin per day for two weeks, subjects showed a significant increase in the amount of time necessary for UV radiation to redden their skin. According to the authors:6 "Results ranged from over 50% more energy needed to burn the skin on some subjects to little or no effect on some subjects. The average of all subjects was approximately 20% more energy, a statistically significant improvement." Animal studies lend further evidence to astaxanthin's effects as an internal sunscreen. For example, in a 1998 in vitro study7 using fibroblasts from rat kidneys, beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin were all found to protect against UVA-induced oxidative stress, "with astaxanthin exhibiting superior protective properties." Another study demonstrated the UV protective properties of other carotenoids: lutein and zeaxanthin. Here, lutein and zeaxanthin were found to provide a fourfold increase in protection when taken internally, and a sixfold increase when used topically as well as internally.8,9 For general skin health and protection against the sun, a daily dose of 4 mg is likely sufficient, although if you're an outdoorsman or athlete who exercises outdoors on a regular basis, you may want to consider a dose between 8 mg and 12 mg/day, at which you'll also start reaping benefits in exercise performance and recovery. Click here to read moreClick here to read more Lycopene and Beta Carotene Also Improve Skin's Natural SPF Lycopene also acts as an internal sunscreen, although it's not nearly as protective as astaxanthin. A study10,11 published in 2001 found tomato paste helped protect fair-skinned individuals with a tendency to burn rather than tan. Nineteen men and women with fair complexions, blue eyes and light-colored hair were instructed to add either 10 grams of olive oil or a combination of 10 grams of olive oil plus 40 grams of tomato paste (about 5 tablespoons or half a small can) to their daily diet. Previous work by this research team had shown cooking improves the bioavailability of lycopene in tomatoes;12 hence the use of tomato paste in this study. The oil further facilitates your body's uptake of the nutrient. During the 10-week trial, the researchers periodically tested the participants' tolerance to sunlight by irradiating a small patch of skin on their backs with a sun lamp, to see how long it took for reddening (erythema) to occur. The olive oil only group experienced no change in tolerance over the course of the study, but those who ate oil and tomato paste combo experienced 40% less reddening at the end of the 10 weeks compared to the first four weeks. According to the authors, "The data demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve protection against UV light-induced erythema by ingestion of a commonly consumed dietary source of lycopene."13 Similarly, a 2008 systematic review14 of feeding studies evaluating the effectiveness of beta carotene for the protection against sunburn concluded that: " … (1) beta-carotene supplementation protects against sunburn and (2) the study duration had a significant influence on the effected size. Regression plot analysis revealed that protection required a minimum of 10 weeks of supplementation with a mean increase of the protective effect of 0.5 standard deviations with every additional month of supplementation. Thus, dietary supplementation of humans with beta-carotene provides protection against sunburn in a time-dependent manner." Vitamin D Lowers Skin Cancer Risk If you're like most people, you've probably fallen for the misguided advice from most dermatologists and public health officials to stay out of the sun to avoid skin cancer. Unfortunately, total sun avoidance is inadvisable, as it can actually increase your risk rather than lower it. In a nutshell, the vitamin D your body produces in response to UVB radiation helps protect against melanoma. As noted in one Lancet study:15 Optimizing your vitamin D through sensible sun exposure can also help protect against many internal cancers, the death tolls of which are far greater than melanoma. Vitamin D is also crucial for the prevention of many chronic diseases, and has been shown to be an important criteria for longevity. For example, a Swedish study16 published in 2014, which followed 29,518 middle-aged to older women for up to 20 years, found women who avoided sun exposure and tanning beds were twice as likely to die over the course of the study. The researchers attributed this finding to the protective influence of vitamin D. As noted by the authors: "We found that allcause mortality was inversely related to sun exposure habits. The mortality rate amongst avoiders of sun exposure was approximately twofold higher compared with the highest sun exposure group, resulting in excess mortality with a population attributable risk of 3%." The key is to optimize your vitamin D level while avoiding sunburn, as sunburn is the factor that raises your risk of skin cancer (including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma). As noted in one 2009 paper on vitamin D synthesis versus cancer development:17 "Concerning MM [malignant melanoma], numerous epidemiologic investigations analysing solar UV-exposure parameters have consistently reported an association between the development of MM and short-term intense UV-exposure, particularly burning in childhood. It has been convincingly demonstrated by many investigators, that the incidence of MM increases with decreasing latitude towards the equator. However, in contrast to short-term intense exposure, more chronic less intense exposure has not been found to be a risk factor for the development of MM and in fact has been found in several studies to be protective." Vitamin E Plays Important Role in Photoprotection, but Choose Your Supplement With Care Another vitamin that helps prevent sun-related skin damage is vitamin E, especially when combined with vitamin C.18 An article19 on Oregon State University's Micronutrient Information Center website discusses the many functions of vitamin E in skin, noting that "vitamin E can absorb the energy from UV light. Thus, it plays important roles in photoprotection, preventing UV-induced free radical damage to skin." Food is your best source of vitamin E, since food contains a combination of the eight types of vitamin E. If you're using a supplement, there are key considerations that need to be heeded. Synthetic vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is derived from petrochemicals and has known toxic effects. 1. Tocopherols a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta 2. Tocotrienols a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta Tocopherols are considered the "true" vitamin E, and many claim it's the only kind that has health benefits. Part of the problem with tocotrienols is that they simply haven't received as much scientific attention. In my view, it's safe to assume you would benefit from a balance of all eight and not just one. Synthetic vitamin E supplements typically include only alpha-tocopherol, and research20,21 published in 2012 concluded that synthetic alpha tocopherols found in vitamin E supplements provided no discernible cancer protection while gamma and delta tocopherols found in foods do help prevent colon, lung, breast and prostate cancers. Bear in mind that a supplement will not actually tell you it's synthetic, so you have to know what to look for on the label. • Synthetic alpha-tocopherol is typically listed with a "dl" (i.e., dl-alpha-tocopherol) • Nonsynthetic or naturally-derived is typically listed with a "d" (d-alpha-tocopherol). Note that when vitamin E is stabilized by adding either succinic acid or acetic acid, the chemical name changes from tocopherol to tocopheryl (as in d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, for example). Vitamin E Recommendations I strongly recommend avoiding synthetic vitamin E supplements as they've been shown to have toxic effects in higher amounts and/or over the long term. Synthetic vitamin E has also been linked to an increased tumor progression and accelerated lung cancer in mice.22 So, if you opt for a supplement, make sure you're getting a well-balanced all-natural vitamin E supplement, not a synthetic one. Also look for a supplement that is free of soy, soybean oil derivatives and genetically engineered (GE) ingredients (some of the most common GE ingredients found in supplements are derivatives of corn, soy and cotton seed). According to a scientific review23,24,25 published in 2015, a mere 21 percent of the global populations studied had a vitamin E serum level of 30 micromol per liter (μmol/L) or higher, which appears to be the threshold above which beneficial health effects are obtained.26 According to the paper27 "100 Years of Vitamins," a special issue in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research published in 2012, achieving a level of 30 μmol/L requires a daily intake of 15 to 30 mg of vitamin E. A primary reason for such widespread deficiency is that most people eat a primarily processed food diet, which tends to be lacking in vitamin E and other important nutrients. Moreover, following a low-fat diet can have the undesirable side effect of lowering your vitamin E level, as your ability to absorb the vitamin E present in the foods you eat or supplements you take is then impaired. Since vitamin E is fat-soluble, taking it with some healthy fat, such as coconut oil or avocado, will increase its bioavailability. Green Tea Antioxidant Helps Prevent Genetic Damage in UV-Exposed Skin The antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), found in green tea, has also been shown to prevent genetic damage in skin cells exposed to UV radiation. The study,28 published in The Journal of Nutrition in 2011, found women who drank a beverage with green tea polyphenols (total catechin content 1,402 mg) reduced their risk of sunburn compared to controls. As reported in this study: "Skin photoprotection, structure, and function were measured at baseline (wk 0), wk 6, and wk 12. Following exposure of the skin areas to 1.25 minimal erythemal dose of radiation from a solar simulator, UV-induced erythema decreased significantly in the intervention group by 16 and 25% after 6 and 12 wk, respectively. Skin structural characteristics that were positively affected included elasticity, roughness, scaling, density, and water homeostasis … In summary, green tea polyphenols delivered in a beverage were shown to protect skin against harmful UV radiation and helped to improve overall skin quality of women." To boost the benefits of green tea further, add a squirt of lemon juice to your cup. Research29 has demonstrated vitamin C significantly increases the amount of tea catechins available for your body to absorb. The addition of 30mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to 250 ml of tea boosted EGCG recovery to 56% to 76%, while normally less than 20% of green tea catchins remain post-digestion. Another study30 published in 2012 confirmed plant polyphenols in green tea "exhibit significant antioxidant, chemopreventive, and immunomodulatory effects in protecting the skin," noting that: "UVA radiation is far more abundant (90%) and penetrates much deeper into the epidermis and dermis of the skin. It is weakly absorbed by DNA but reacts with other nonDNA chromophores that lead to the formation of ROS which damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in the skin. Singlet molecular oxygen produced by UVA targets DNA base guanine producing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-odHG) which is an important marker of oxidative stress … Additionally, stress signals created by UVR [ultraviolet radiation] trigger protective signaling responses in the cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria that lead to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Chronic and excessive UVR exposure overwhelms and depletes these cutaneous defense mechanisms. Therefore, compounds with antioxidant and cell repair potential are promising additions to our sun protection armamentarium … Topical application of EGCG in a hydrophilic ointment demonstrated better photoprotective properties versus oral consumption in mice …Earlier studies using topical and orally consumed GTPP [green tea polyphenols] in mice decreased UVR-induced carcinogenesis, by inhibiting the activity of chemical tumor initiators and promoters … Photoaging is caused by chronic UV exposure. In vitro studies using cultured human skin fibroblasts pretreated with GTPP showed a decrease in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced ROS … As discussed in this paper, GTPPs have important antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and photoprotective functions. Their ability to modulate critical biochemical functions through topical and oral formulations makes GTPPs a promising candidate for chemoprevention and treatment of disease." Healthy Skin and Natural Sun Protection Are Created From the Inside Out As you can see, there are many ways to improve your skin's ability to withstand the sun's rays, thereby allowing you to get the benefits without adding much risk. As mentioned, the key to preventing skin damage and skin cancer is to avoid burning. As soon as your skin starts turning the lightest shade of pink (which will be relative, depending on your base skin color), it's time to get out of the sun or put on protective clothing. A wide-brimmed hat to protect your face is advisable at all times. A majority of your vitamin D production comes from exposing large areas of your body — not your face. Topping the list of nutrients that protect your skin from sun damage is astaxanthin. Taking somewhere between 4 mg and 12 mg daily can allow you to spend far more time outdoors without risking a sunburn. Just remember — it will take a few weeks before the effects become apparent, so start early. That said, optimizing your vitamin D and taking natural vitamin E can further add to your body's natural sun protection, as can drinking green tea or taking an ECGC supplement.
The Little Mermaid and the American Dream Essay 1. Individualism The “American Dream” has powered the hopes and aspirations of Americans for generations. It began as a plain but revolutionary notion; each person has the right to pursue happiness, and the freedom to strive for a better life through hard work and fair ambition. But over time, this dream has come to represent a set of expectations about owning things and making money. The Little Mermaid is a film full of hopes and dreams, Ariel the main character; is a young mermaid who lives the life of wanting to walk on land and explored the world from the human perspective. We will write a custom essay on The Little Mermaid and the American Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now She lives in the ocean with the desire to collect and learn from objects she found in the deep sea which are from the human world. As a individual, Ariel would always go out to forbidden places by her own, which show that she don’t relied much on other. She gets herself in trouble and sometime gets herself out of trouble. Also, in the film she made her own choice of letting Ursula take her voice in place of giving her human legs also show that she don’t need other to make decision for her. This can relate to the “American” because we like to consider ourselves as an independent hard working individual. When we start making our own choices and decisions we like to feel that we are unstoppable and can achieve anything. With this notion of thought we try to strive for achievement and success. 2. Achievement In the film Ariel were determine to be able to walk side by side with Prince Eric on land; with her determination she have strive to achieve it. Without hesitation she disobeys her father, King Triton rules of never to appear above the surface of the ocean and to never go near a human being. Her curiosities of the human world have made her break many of the rules and even found herself fallen in love with a human being. Living in the world of the “American” we as the individual find it very pleasant that we achieve what we want even if it means breaking some rules. A great example would be, breaking your parents’ rules, the golden rule. For my family, our golden rule is to never wear your shoes inside another family house; it’s a sign of great respect. If you wear your shoes inside another family house it would mean that you looked at them the same as the looked at the dirty outside. A house is a family pride and source of energy; ever heard of, “you are what you eat? ” Same logic applies to this golden rule. 3. Success In order to success in this goal that was set, Ariel did anything possible to be able to walk on land and be with Prince Eric. She went to Ursula, the Witch of the Sea, to help give her human legs. Even though she knew that her price would be to give up her voice, which is the only way she can communicate with Prince Eric and possibly can become Ursula prisoner. She basically give herself up for the possibly of Prince Eric not even knowing who she is. With all the risk and the disobedient, King Triton finally granted her wish of becoming a human, she finally success because she never give up; giving up was a option for her. Taking Great Risk is what “American” likes to called it. We risked and take many chances to successfully get what we desire and are determine to get. For example, sleeping is a great factor in our everyday life but in order to success we can’t just sleep our life away. READ: Nanotechnology in the automotive idustry Essay We need to achieve and success in order to better ourselves on the future and make life easier. 4. Work Hard The human world was a place of excitement and wonder for Ariel; she wanted to roam the world on foot. She had always wanted to see and explore what the human world is like. By doing so she have work hard to collect all human items, even if it mean putting her life in danger. This can relate to American achievement and success because we all need to work hard so we can achieve and be successful. For example, if we want to buy a new pair of shoes, we will need to work hard, go to work, and wait until we get paid to buy those shoes. 5. Education Ariel also tries to educate herself from her friend Scuttle, the seagull, about the human culture. Scuttle is very inaccurate when it come to the human world but with the knowledge that she have she need to relied on Scuttle. She wants to know what human use the fork for and Scuttle told it’s used a comb. She’s trying to learn the things of human so when she can finally reach her goal she will have some ideas of what each item is used for. For example, when we learn about a new culture we tend to asked question and want to educate ourselves to better understand of the culture. 6. Technology Innovation When Ariel was finally transform into a human being she was amazed and astonish by the human technology; everything that she have learn from Scuttle was incorrect. She was amazed of the horse carriage, how they make boat float on water, how they ride on horses, and etc. everything was new to her; this is when education come to play also. American technology is a big factor in everyday life, we need technology to survive. We have depended so much on technology now that we have to be waking up every morning with an alarm clock, we can’t just normally wake our body up on our own. 7. Material Comfort From the way how the human food was made to the way how it was properly consume, Ariel was surprised and enjoy the material comfort of Price Eric home. She was used to sleeping in her clam shell and pretty much just float but when she was with Prince Eric, she got her bed and room. The beauty of not getting to walk by foot, having transportation was a blessing to her; unlike in the ocean everything she do she will need to swim. Coming from a very countryside hometown to the city would be a great change of technology and material comfort. Don’t always have to worry about fixing your own electricity, the dirt road and the problem of using old furniture for something else. 8. Freedom Roaming the sea from one end to another; even swimming in circle, Ariel was supposedly free to do whatever she wanted to do. Even though she was free, her freedom wasn’t granted, she has rules that she have to go by and obey them. Her Father even says “if you live in under my ocean you go by my rule. This is a great example of “American” even though we lived in a country which is consider freedom to all, there’s set of many rules that we have to follow. Doesn’t matter if we are talking about the whole United States it can be as small a set of rules for driving, eating, drinking, and even for when to sleep. 9. Religion Born in the community of Mermaid and are classify as fish in the human world. King Triton already knew that it would be difficult for the two classes to meet and reconcile. READ: Sickle Cell Disease Essay Merpeople and human can’t be together, say King Triton; human are too dangerous for us. Ariel despite the fact that she’s a mermaid, she wants to interact with Prince Eric. She fall in love with him and want to become like him so she can stay by his side. In “American” we have a great diversity of people, and I can relate to this being born into one community and dating into another. With our belief or should I say just my parents; it was a great amount of pressuring and argument when I date my ex-boyfriend. Who’s not the same nationality as I. I break every rule that was given to me, I crossed every line, and most unfortunately I have done something forbidden. 10. Romantic Love Ariel fell in love with Prince Eric at first sight. She begins to dream of being with Prince Eric; she also went through a whole lot of sacrifices and even disobeys her Father, King Triton rules just so she can get to be side by side with him. She was willing to give up her voice and have made a wrongful deed with Ursula. Can I possibly say that in American, we all have our love at first sight moment? Maybe that can explain why we have so much divorces. But yes, when a person is in great romance with someone, the things they will do is countless. No sacrifices would be big enough and the time has no limits. 11. American Qualities Generally speaking, the movie itself did not show the important component of cultural transmission because it would take me forever to answer this but I just think its Disney it isn’t real anymore than the American dream is real. Some people aren’t so lucky; if you read the original little mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen it is full of pain and grief and ends really sadly. When I read it as a child I was profoundly moved and pleased that there was someone out there in pain as I was. Disney fiction pretends these American values without any pain it’s all glossed over as if everything was wonderful and cute, real life it isn’t; it’s a dream of what ought to be, try looking at how our country’s core values aren’t working and ask if the film has anything to say to an abused child, a child in poverty. We can’t pretend the cracks of our society and pretend everything is beautiful and has a happy ending. Choose Type of service Choose writer quality Page count 1 page 275 words Order Essay Writing $13.9 Order Now icon Get your custom essay sample Sara from Artscolumbia Check it out goo.gl/Crty7Tt The Little Mermaid and the American Dream Essay 2018-07-25 15:14:19 The Little Mermaid and the American Dream Essay $ 13.900 2018-12-31 In stock Rated 5/5 based on 1 customer reviews
Title: History of the Olympic Games Which of the following statements is Download 15.1 Kb. Size15.1 Kb. Title: History of the Olympic Games 1. Which of the following statements is not true? a. The ancient Olympic Games began in Greece as a religious celebration. b. The ancient Games were cancelled by the Romans, who viewed them as pagan worship of gods. c. The modern Olympics were recreated by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, as an international competition for amateur athletes. d. Hosting of the Olympic Games rotates from country to country based on the recommendations of the United Nations. Title: Olympic Motto 2. The Olympic motto is the Latin phrase citius, altius, fortius, which means a. fair, brave, and strong b. faster, higher, stronger c. I saw, I came, I conquered d. courage, heart, and determination Title: United States Olympic Committee (USOC) 3. The United States Olympic Committee was created as the coordinating body for all Olympic related athletic activities a. by the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 of the U.S. Congress b. by President Woodrow Wilson in 1932 c. by vote of American citizens in 1950 d. by the International Olympic Committee in 1892 Title: From Nationalism to Economics 4. The Olympic Games moved away from the traditional nationalistic model because of a. the inclusion of professional athletes in some sports b. the trend toward international cooperation and peace c. the huge commercial and financial impact of the Games as a result of television and corporate sponsorship d. the change in rules to deemphasize national interests Title: From Amateurs to Professional Athletes 5. The change from restricting the Olympic Games to amateur athletes to welcoming professional athletes was not a result of a. the increase in under-the-table payments to supposedly amateur athletes b. fulfilling the goal to have the best athletes in the world compete regardless of amateur or professional status c. the urging of International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch of Spain d. a benefit to American athletes Title: Popularity of the Olympic Games on Television 6. During the Athens Olympics in 2004, what percentage of the U.S. population watched the Games? a. 30% b. 60% c. 70% d. 85% Title: Medal Winners by Country 7. Although the United States and the Soviet Union have long dominated the medal race in the Olympics, trends show that the next country that will likely contend for the top spot is a. Germany b. Japan c. China d. India Title: 1972 Munich Olympic Games 8. The legacy of the Munich Games is a. the unprecedented winning of four gold medals by American swimmer Mark Spitz b. the boycott of the Games by the American team c. the murder of 11 Israeli athletes by Palestinians d. the first appearance of the Dream Team in basketball Title: Funding for the United States Olympic Committee 9. Funds to support American Olympic athletes do not come from a. the U.S. government b. corporate sponsors c. television rights d. individual citizen donors Type: E Title: Illegal Drugs in the Olympic Games 10. In recent years, controversy over the use of illegal drugs has been a dark shadow over Olympic competition. What can be done to reverse this unfortunate trend? a. Authorities can implement more sophisticated, unannounced year-round drug testing for all competitors; support research for new testing methods to keep up with new illegal drugs and masking agents; and enforce severe penalties for infractions, including lifetime bans, substantial fines, and incarceration for athletes, trainers, coaches, and officials who are judged guilty of using or are accessories to the use of illegal substances. Directory: acucustom -> sitename -> Documents -> DocumentItem DocumentItem -> Title: Exercise Prescription DocumentItem -> Title: Race Versus Ethnicity Which of the following statements is false? DocumentItem -> 1. Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with DocumentItem -> 1. The country that has had the most enduring influence on worldwide sports and games is DocumentItem -> a teaching, research, and consulting b teaching, administration, and consulting DocumentItem -> Title: Physical Activity Sociology DocumentItem -> This chapter provides a brief history of leisure and recreation, starting with the ancient Greeks and continuing into the 21st century DocumentItem -> Title: Sport Industry Environment DocumentItem -> Title: Leading Causes of Death The leading cause of death in the United States is Share with your friends: The database is protected by copyright ©essaydocs.org 2020 send message Main page
I was going to ask this as an aside in this question, but I remembered that there are no asides in StackExchange. Say I've done this again: I go out and I plant two rows of beets, two rows of turnips, two rows of radishes and two rows of carrots. Given beets, carrots and radishes like 18 inches between rows and turnips like 24 inches between rows. How close do I plant the first row of turnips to the last row of beets and how close do I plant the last row of turnips to the first row of radishes? "How to Grow More Vegetables" by John Jeavons, deals with exactly this question. Page 160, "Companion Planting; In Space" -- he's talking about companion planting corn and beets intermingled in a bed, but the same logic applies to your question: ... One way to determine the spacing for different plants grown together is to add their spacing together and divide by 2. If you grow corn and beets together, add 15 inches and 4 inches for a total of 9 inches. Divide by 2 and you get a per-plant spacing of 9 1/2 inches. The beets, then, would be 9 1/2 inches from each corn plant and vice versa. This is followed by a diagram showing how each corn plant gets the necessary 15" diameter growing space, and each beet gets its necessary 4" diameter space. \| improve this answer \| \| • Is it specifically talking about the row spacing on a given seed packet or is there some chart in the book? – Peter Turner Jun 28 '11 at 16:57 • The references to specific spacing in the quote above are based on a chart in the book, but the principle applies to what you're planting with whatever arbitrary spacing you use. E.g. if the packet says to use 12" spacing, then the plant wants a 12" diameter area to grow in; use that in the formula above. – bstpierre Jun 28 '11 at 17:01 No experience here, just some simple thinking and math. I would halve the two distances and add them then use that number. Think about the plant needing half of the row spacing on each side. So if it needs 12" of space then it needs 6" on each side. If another plant needs 18" of space then it needs 9" on each side. Thus if you plant the 12" and the 18" in neighboring rows I would use at least 15" of space between them. \| improve this answer \| \| • That might be the answer, but it might be that turnips actually need the full 18 inches. – Peter Turner Jun 24 '11 at 18:21 • @Peter, but then wouldn't two rows of turnips interfere with each other? – wax eagle Jun 24 '11 at 18:55 • 1 Yeah, they do interfere with each other a little bit even with 24 inches. I did do what you suggested, leaving 21 inches between carrots and turnips and turnips and radishes. (I wrote the wrong thing above, 24 inches for turnips). Turnips get taller quicker than carrots, so they've pretty well overshadowed the my carrots now in the afternoon, probably not a problem, but they'd have a bit more sunlight with 3 more inches, as would anything planted a set number of inches away. – Peter Turner Jun 24 '11 at 19:14 Your Answer
Skip to content Misleading Marketing Hijacks Maternal Instincts to Sell Us Flawed Science The word “placenta” has strong connotations: it is the organ that delivers nutrition to the baby in a mother’s womb. Is human placenta safe for use by humans? The FDA does not think so. It is contaminated with bacteria and probably with some virus. But virus or not, the FDA does not allow human derived materials to be used in cosmetics. Still, the word “placenta” is worth a lot of money. Companies will take the strong feelings we have for babies and maternity and use them to sell a product unsuitable for the skin. Biology of the placenta The placenta is the respiratory, excretory, and digestive organ for the fetus. In humans, the placenta is delivered by the mother soon after the baby’s birth. It is not needed by the baby anymore. But while it is still developing, the embryo has increasing nutritional needs. These are met by the development of an association with the uterine wall into which it implants. A series of synchronized morphological and biochemical changes occur in the embryo and the uterus. The final product of this is the placenta, a temporary organ that allows physiological exchange of metabolites, but no direct connection between the maternal circulation and that of the embryo. In the placenta, you will find many growth factors. Some that fit in the development plan for a fetus, like Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), plus others that promote the development of blood vessels. This is because, after all, the placenta is a big mass of blood vessels moving everything back and forth from mother to baby, and vice versa. The magic of words You will find the word “placenta” in some skin care products. Don’t worry though, those products will not be beneficial or dangerous for your skin because they do NOT contain placenta, human or animal. They may contain vegetable placenta: a thin piece of vegetable tissue that transfers nutrients from the fruit to the seed. But this is not much use unless you are actually a seed. So what is in this BIO-Placenta product on the market? An assortment of growth factors enrobed in lecithin, nutrients derived from soybean, one amino acid (glutamine), hyaluronic acid and preservatives. Ingredients: Water (and) Lecithin (and) Acetyl Glutamine (and) sh-Oligopeptide-1 (and) sh-Oligopeptide-2 (and) sh-Polypeptide-1 (and) sh-Polypeptide-9 (and) sh-Polypeptide-11 (and) Bacillus/Soybean/Folic Acid Ferment Extract (and) Sodium Hyaluronate (and) Caprylyl Glycol (and) Butylene Glycol (and) 1,2-Hexanediol. What are the problems with this ingredient list? In this case, the growth factors are obtained using biotechnology just like Skin Actives’ growth factors, so I have no problem with that. However, growth factor IGF-1 (sh-Oligopeptide-2), is usually found in blood vessels in the smooth muscles, which makes sense for the placenta but not necessarily for adult skin. It does not make sense to apply growth factors that promote development of blood vessels to the skin. In fact, there should be a warning for Rosacea sufferers. This product is a result of faulty thinking by people who don’t know enough biology or biochemistry. Skin Actives Scientific’s product with beneficial growth factors I could give you other examples of products that proclaim to contain growth factors, but nothing in the market comes close to our Collagen Serum. Ingredients: Water, Seakelp (Lactobacillus/Kelp Ferment Filtrate) Bioferment, Glycerin, Sodium PCA, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Hydrolyzed Collagen, Sodium Hyaluronate, Boswellia Serrata Extract, Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola) Extract, Carnosine, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, Niacinamide, Betulinic Acid, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Epigallocatechin Gallate, Glutathione, sh-Polypeptide-2 (Thioredoxin), sh-Oligopeptide-1 (Epidermal Growth Factor), Citric Acid, Phenoxyethanol (and) Caprylyl Glycol (and) Sorbic Acid. When you look at the ingredient list, you will find a few ingredients that are included to provide a suitable medium for our actives, plus a long list of active ingredients. No fragrances and no colorants. There are building blocks the cells require to do their job, plus actives known to protect the structure and function of collagen. The rest are there to hydrate the skin, keep the active proteins active, and keep you safe from bacteria and mold that would love this rich medium. The idea of this product was to include every active known to stimulate synthesis of collagen and/or preserve its structure, because a protein that has lost its original structure is no longer able to do its job properly. By “known,” I mean studied and proven as shown in research that can be found in reputable scientific journals. The growth factor in our Collagen Serum is Epidermal Growth Factor, which is there to tell your skin cells what to do. EGF (sh-Oligopeptide-1) is safe and present in your body since before you are born, although levels decrease as we age. EGF promotes cell division and survival, and synthesis of cell components. There is no need for a “delivery system,” as the growth factor works by binding to the surface of the cells. All of these factors make our Collagen Serum the best anti-aging product you can get. Using effective growth factors and supportive actives provides you with almost everything your skin needs. Use this serum with our Every Lipid Serum to provide essential fatty acids, and your skin will thank you. -Dr. Hannah Sivak
Black Holes: #2 Glowing and Shrinking Today we follow on from the first in the series on Black Holes (#1 Falling In) and talk about how black holes aren’t thought to be that black after all with the idea of Hawking Radiation. The post will then cover how, as a result of this radiation black holes are thought to evaporate and as a result shrink! This topic is logically chosen as the next in the series on black holes due to the appearance of antimatter in the theory and our recent blog post, ‘What’s the matter with antimatter?’ Perhaps take a quick read of that before you move onto the below, it’s only a short one. I hope to keep this post fairly light as well so for all you black hole experts out there, forgive my simplifications at times. A black hole can be described in its full glory by three quantities alone: mass, angular momentum (how fast it spins) and electrical charge. The fact that any other information about what formed the black hole is redundant is known as the ‘No Hair Theorem.’ Hawking went on to show that the size and shape of a spinning black hole would depend on those three quantities alone. At this time some further laws of black hole mechanics were also settled, collectively known as black hole thermodynamics: the mass of a black hole is related to its energy, the area of a black hole is related to its entropy and the surface gravity of a black hole is related to its temperature. With that out the way, onto the good stuff… Hawking radiation is Hawking’s theory that a Black Hole emits energy in the form of radiation until it exhausts its energy supply. Remember due to Einstein’s infamous equation E = mc²; energy and mass are proportional therefore a loss in energy is equivalent to a loss in mass. So as the Black Hole spews out energy it looses mass, gradually becoming smaller and smaller until it effectively ‘pops’. This is known as ‘Black Hole Evaporation’. But wait, wasn’t it the case that nothing could escape a black hole?! How is this energy suddenly being spewed out and where does it come from?! What is this mysterious Hawking radiation made of? To this we must turn back to quantum mechanics, antiparticles and uncertainty. A wise man called Werner Heisenberg in 1927 postulated Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle asserts a fundamental limit to the precision with which a certain pair of physical properties of a particle can be known. There are two of these expressions – one for position (x) and momentum (p) and another for energy (E) and time (t). The first says a particles position and momentum cannot be known simultaneously beyond a certain precision – for a fixed position there is a unknown range the momentum can assume. This range is shown by the triangle symbol (greek letter delta), which effectively means ‘change in’. Likewise, over a fixed time there is an unknown range the energy can assume. These effects come into play on very small length scales which is what the h represents in the equation. When a mass is very large, the uncertainties become very small and classical physics is applicable. As such these phenomena are only noticeable in the quantum world. So in quantum physics, in a moment there can be a change in the amount of energy at a point in space. This is known as a quantum fluctuation. Energy can temporarily appear in what was, previously empty space (empty space is often referred to as a vacuum). You may be thinking, hang on everything I know is going out the window now – what happened to energy always being conserved?! But i’m afraid you’ll have trust me for now when I say the wacky world of the Quantum realm allows this with peculiar behaviour of quantum superpositions of particle states when at the lowest-energy levels (i.e. the vacuum state/empty space). Suffice it to say the violation is allowed and I might ask Joe, the resident master on Quantum behaviour here at RTU, to do a post on it in the future. Anyhow, this energy can manifest itself in the form of energetic particles, and in order to conserve quantum properties like charge, spin etc these energetic particles are produced as particle-antiparticle pairs. The pairs are known as ‘virtual particles’ because they often pop out of existence as soon as they created. Strange things happen when these fluctuations occur near the horizon of the Black Hole. [For a recap on what the horizon is in detail see Black Holes #1, but in brief: the event horizon is the distance from the centre of the black hole from which nothing can escape due to the immense gravitational tug of the black hole]. If a fluctuation creates a particle, anti-particle pair just outside the black hole event horizon, the gravitational energy of the black hole can ‘boost’ these particles into becoming real particles. Then the funny thing happens… Hawking predicts that one of the particles is sucked into the black hole, past the horizon, while the other particle escapes. Because nobody can see past the horizon, it appears as though matter/radiation/energy (all the same thing at the end of the day) is being spewed out of the black hole. Instead of the being void of all life, the horizon is actually hub of activity, with exchanges like this going on all around the perimeter. Through spewing out the particles energy is given off and the black hole is not black after all, in fact it glows with this radiation emission. Now here’s the final jump, seeing as the energy and mass have been shown to be equivalent from Einstein’s E=mc², and the creation of the particle pair came from the gravitational energy of the black hole itself, if one of the particles escapes to the outside world, the black hole will loose energy or – loose mass. But you might think, what about the particle that was swallowed, surely this adds to its mass to counteract the loss. Things get a little fiddly here, we’re nearly at the end, bear with me if you can… Since the particle that is emitted has a positive energy, the particle that get absorbed by the black hole must have a negative energy, relative to the outside universe – in order to preserve the laws of thermodynamics (conversation of energy). We must not confuse the particle and antiparticle as being the positive energy and negative energy particle. Popular accounts of Hawking radiation explain the process as it being the antiparticle that is always absorbed, this is not the case. It is a 50/50 chance that either it will be the particle or the antiparticle that is the unlucky partner that gets sucked in but in order to preserve the law of thermodynamics the absorbed particle is assigned negative energy. Ultimately, the particle that gets spewed out, is a product of the energy fluctuation of the black hole and as such we now have a particle, bobbing freely around the universe, that we never would have had before without the black hole. In a sentence: the black hole suffers a net energy loss due to this phenomena, therefore a net mass loss as it radiates away particles, meaning it gets smaller and shrinks. Shrinks and shrinks until it eventually disappears all together. The complete description of the dissolution requires a model of quantum gravity but it is hoped that tiny black holes might be experimentally re-created in extreme conditions at CERN in the future! So there we have it, black holes… not so black or devoid of life after all, according to Hawking. In fact, fantastical beasts which continually glow and over time shrink as they leak away Hawking radiation until they cease to exist all together. A pretty cool life for the elderly years of a massive star if Hawking is correct. 25 responses to “Black Holes: #2 Glowing and Shrinking 1. Pingback: Black Holes: #2 Glowing and Shrinking — Rationalising The Universe \| Think Tech 4 Tomorrow· 2. This enters some of the curiosities that I mentioned before and it leads me to question the concept of empty space. Various forms of perceived energies such as matter, radiation , and even the space curvatures of gravitation lead me to wonder if the nature of space itself is a form of energy which reveals itself on occasion as energies when it is somehow disturbed. Although a black hole may have a certain energy loss through the perturbation of space by its fierce gravity much in the way that a solid body in water bobs up and down making waves in water (which we see as visible energy) probably the fierce gravity gradient which sucks in the already existent solid matter of dust and stars probably compensates or over compensates for the loss of energy by the swallowing of one half of the virtual particles. I have no idea as to how much real matter is created by the virtual particle process but I would guess that the surface area of the black hole is a significant factor and the smaller the black hole the quicker it succumbs to the virtual particle loss. There must be a critical size of black hole for it to remain in existence so, since human abilities to create black holes may exist it is most likely they would have a very short life unless they gobble up surrounding matter very quickly to grow to sustainable size. Liked by 1 person • The universe is overflowing with curiosities isn’t it. You raise an interesting point that I had not thought of actually! Though as I mull it over perhaps its because the distribution of matter in the universe is so sparse, roughly on average only 1 proton per 4 cubic meters out there in deep space! We think of black holes gobbling up all these stars and dust but that’s only if they are unlucky enough to be in the stars vicinity. Statically speaking, perhaps the loss of atoms, which occurs at such a frequent rate, is much more likely than the consumption of some nearby infalling matter.. You are right of course that smaller black holes have significantly smaller lifetimes, which is why the creation, and verifiable detection, of a black hole is such a challenge! 3. Pingback: Black Holes: #2 Glowing and Shrinking — Rationalising The Universe – The Pike's Ranch.· 4. Pingback: Black Hole responsible for universe spreading !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! – divyanshspacetech· 5. This is a rather wild thought inspired by the nature of quantum entanglement. When the random disturbance of empty space gives birth to the simultaneous particles of matter and anti-matter the fact that the basic qualities of each particle are opposite matches in some way that quantum entangled particles each have opposite spin and other qualities that may be opposite. Thus measuring one particle of a pair gives information on the other particle where ever it may be. So, if one of the emergent particles is swallowed by a black hole, if the other particle remains in our universe, if it is entangled with its mate is it possible to get information about the swallowed particle by examining the existing particle? Of course, actual capture and measurement of the remaining particle is beyond current science but it is an intriguing thought. 6. The history of black holes is really part of the history of stars themselves. So many new and strange bodies have been discovered it makes you wonder just what is out there. Thanks for a glimpse into black hole mechanics it is fascinating. Heisenberg’s uncertainty it seems to me to apply to almost everything after all who can be certain about the future? We need to be careful in view of the situation down here on planet earth. 7. Pingback: Laws of Quantum \| Rationalising The Universe· 8. Pingback: Laws of Quantum· 9. Hi Mekhi. I recently read an interesting conjecture that black holes with a surface temperature of 2.73 Kelvins can’t get any smaller than they already are because the cosmic background radiation is increasing their mass at the same rate that they are radiating. This seems to occur at about 1% Earth mass. This would preclude the possibility of black holes completely disappearing, the smallest being roughly 4×10^22 kg (less than a millimeter wide). 10. Pingback: Black Holes: #3 The Second Horizon \| Rationalising The Universe· 11. Pingback: Black Holes: #3 The Second Horizon· 12. Pingback: Not your “general” relativity \| Rationalising The Universe· 13. Pingback: Not your “general” relativity· 14. Pingback: Black Holes: #5 Fuzzballs \| Rationalising The Universe· 15. Pingback: Black Holes: #5 Fuzzballs· 16. Pingback: Black Holes: #6 Ancient Relics \| Rationalising The Universe· 17. Pingback: Black Holes: #6 Ancient Relics· Leave a Reply to jiisand Cancel reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
(Literary Essentials: Christian Fiction and Nonfiction) Download Faust Study Guide Subscribe Now Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust commences in Heaven with the angels Raphael, Gabriel, and Michael praising the Lord as creator and wise ruler of Heaven and earth. The devil Mephistopheles mocks human beings as failed creations because reason makes them worse than brutes. The Lord tells Mephistopheles that he will illuminate his servant Faust. Mephistopheles wagers with the Lord that he can corrupt Faust instead. The Lord assents because a good man cannot be misled, even by the temptations of a crafty devil. Moreover, the Lord knows, Mephistopheles will actually make Faust a better man; human beings need an impetus to overcome their innate sloth and to prod them into action. In the next scene, Faust appears in acute despair because his intellectual studies have left him ignorant and without worldly gain and fame. In order to discover the inner secrets and creative powers of nature, he turns to black magic. Thus, he conjures up the Earth Spirit, the embodiment of the forces of nature. However, the Earth Spirit mocks Faust’s futile attempts to understand him. Without hope of understanding nature, Faust prepares to poison himself. At that moment, church bells and choral songs announcing that “Christ is arisen” distract Faust from killing himself. Celestial music charms Faust out of his dark and gloomy study for a walk in the countryside on a beautiful spring day in companionship with his fellow human beings. Observing the springtime renewal of life in nature, Faust experiences ecstasy. At this moment, Faust yearns for his soul to soar into celestial spheres. This Easter walk foreshadows Faust’s ultimate spiritual resurrection. However, he must first undergo a pilgrimage through the vicissitudes and depths of human life. Thus, Faust wagers his everlasting soul with Mephistopheles for a fleeting moment of satisfaction in this world. Mephistopheles commands a witch to restore Faust’s youth so that he is vulnerable to sensuous temptations. When Faust sees the beautiful young girl Margarete, he falls into lust and commands Mephistopheles to procure her. Mephistopheles devises a deadly scheme for seduction. Faust convinces Margarete, who is only fourteen years old, to give her mother a sleeping potion, prepared by Mephistopheles, so that they can make love. Mephistopheles makes poison instead; the mother never awakens. Unwittingly, Margaret has murdered her mother. Furthermore, she is pregnant by Faust and alone. When Faust comes to visit Margarete, he finds her brother, Valentine, ready to kill him for violating his sister. Mephistopheles performs trickery so that Faust is able to stab Valentine in a duel. Dying, Valentine curses Margarete before the entire village as a harlot. Even at church, Margarete suffers extreme anguish as an evil spirit pursues her. In contrast, Faust escapes to a witches’ sabbath on Walpurgis Night. He indulges in orgiastic revelry and debauchery with satanic creatures and a beautiful witch until an apparition of Margarete haunts him. Faust goes looking for Margarete and finds her, in a dungeon, insane and babbling. At this moment, Faust realizes that he has sinned against innocence and love for a mere moment of sensual pleasure. Even though it is the very morning of her execution, Margarete refuses to escape with Faust and Mephistopheles. Instead, she throws herself into the hands of God. As Faust flees with Mephistopheles, a voice from above proclaims, “She is saved!” In Part Two , Mephistopheles tempts Faust with wealth, power, and aesthetic pleasure. The greatest temptation is Helen of Troy, the figure of ideal beauty. For the entertainment of the emperor and his court, Faust conjures up Paris and Helen. Faust becomes enchanted with Helen and pursues her apparition into mythical ancient Greece. Faust weds Helen and they have a child. However, the child dies from a fall, and Helen vanishes to the underworld. Faust realizes that the marvels of classical mythology, the beauty of Helen, and the... (The entire section is 2,560 words.)
• Some U.S. officials are worried over China's Moon missions • Lunar outposts could be used for military purposes • An expert believes China's space program is not a threat to the U.S. A security expert addressed the growing concerns over the increasing presence of China on the Moon. Recently, a U.S. lawmaker warned that China’s missions to the Moon could be used for military purposes. In the past year, China has been focused on its robotic missions to the Moon. The country’s space agency also expressed its plans of establishing an outpost on the lunar surface. China’s latest mission on the Moon was kicked off by the success of the Chang’e-4 expedition, which sent a robotic rover to the lunar surface in January last year. Since then, the country’s space agency has been busy working on new missions that will help increase its presence on the Moon. For some officials in the U.S., China’s ongoing activities on the Moon should be regarded as a threat to national and space security. During the previous State of Space Conference held in February, Colorado Representative Doug Lamborn shared his sentiments regarding China's lunar program. According to Lamborn, if China establishes a permanent presence on the Moon, the country could use it for its military activities, such as using it to spy on satellites and to limit the activities of the U.S. on the lunar surface. “They very much have military thoughts in mind when it comes to what they can do with a military presence on the moon, and the ability to see things and track things with the unchanging platforms that no one really has right now,” he said during the conference. However, for research fellow Dean Cheng of the Asian Studies at the Heritage Foundation, the status of China’s current space program is not yet enough to provide the country with a dominating presence on the Moon. Currently, China is focused on sending robotic probes and rovers to space as it is not yet ready to launch humans to the Moon. According to Cheng, it would take a long time before China gets to establish an outpost operated by humans on the lunar surface. NASA’s plan to return astronauts to the Moon in 2024 will most likely happen first before China sends its own human expedition. For Cheng, China is still far from establishing an imposing military presence in space or on the Moon. “You get lots of speculation about how, where, what, and when, but as far as I know, we have never seen a Chinese official statement that they are going to the Moon [with humans],” he told
CRISPR may explain why so many experimental cancer drugs fail Researchers in the United States have discovered that many experimental cancer drugs may be missing their molecular targets and are instead succeeding in unintended ways, some of which could have toxic effects. Using the gene-editing tool CRISPR–Cas9 to investigate how ten cancer drugs interact with their protein target, the researchers found that the proteins are not actually essential to the survival of malignant cells. Seven of drugs the team investigated are currently being tested in clinical trials. Cancer cellsDrimaFilm \| Shutterstock Cancer researcher William Kaelin (Dana–Farber Cancer Institute Massachusetts) who was not involved in the research says the findings could help to explain why many cancer drugs fail in clinical trials: “The work is very well done and it’s a great public service. I hope people talk about it. I don’t find any of it surprising, unfortunately,” says Kaelin, who has previously written about why promising preclinical findings are often not reproducible or fail to lead to new drugs. Unintended, unknown targets The findings do not necessarily mean the drugs fail completely. Some may have proved successful during early studies because they were acting on unintended, unknown targets, explains lead author Jason Sheltzer of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. However, not understanding a drug’s mechanism of action could limit its prospects, he adds. In personalized medicine, a scientist may link a drug to a particular molecular marker that will help to predict how well the therapy would work in a given individual. Such markers can then be used to select patients for trials who are more likely to respond positively to treatment, which increases the chance of the drug receiving regulatory approval. However, if a drug’s mode of action is not actually known, then this approach becomes impossible, says Sheltzer. Furthermore, drugs that are targeting unknowns could also be damaging healthy cells, which raises the question of whether they could have toxic effects. It is hard enough to develop drugs when you know their mechanism of action, but it is really difficult when you don't know the mechanism of action, says Kaelin. The team made the discovery by accident Sheltzer and team first discovered the problem by accident while looking for a protein they could use as a positive control in an experiment. They chose a well-studied protein that was thought to control the division of breast cancer cells. However, when they used CRISPR–Cas9 to cripple the gene that codes for the protein, they found this had no effect on cancer growth. Curious as to whether this was a one-off or whether the same may be happening with other genes in clinical trials, the team selected ten other drugs for further analysis. The ten drugs target a total of six proteins and have been used in 29 clinical trials aiming to recruit more than 1,000 people. The six proteins that the drugs target have been implicated in the survival and proliferation of cancer cells in more than 180 publications. CRISPR versus RNAi Much of the evidence was generated using a technique called RNA-interference (RNAi), which disrupts a gene’s ability to provide protein-building instructions. Although this method can silence the specific genes it is intended to, it can sometimes also affect the activity of other genes. Traver Hart of the Anderson Cancer Center in Houston says it now seems that work was “riddled with falsehoods.” Hart now uses CRISPR in his work to look for new drug leads. However, Kaelin recommends that the results of those studies should be checked using multiple techniques since CRISPR can have off-target effects too: “You have to assume the downstream effects you're measuring are off-target until you prove otherwise.” For the current study, Sheltzer and colleagues used various different methods to assess the drugs' efficacy. Amongst them was CRISPR–Cas9 — the powerful gene-editing tool that disables genes in a different way to RNAi — by creating mutations in them. The target proteins had no effect on cancer growth As reported in the journal Science Translational Medicine, each of the proteins that the drugs targeted had no effect on cancer cells cultured in the laboratory. Furthermore, When CRISPR was used to wipe out the expression of these proteins, the drugs destroyed cancer cells anyway. This suggests that the drugs work in ways that are not even linked to the proteins they were designed to target. Next, the team examined one drug in more detail. They found that rather than it exerting its effect on the protein it was intended to, it had targeted a different protein that plays a role in cell division. The researchers acknowledge that the study has limitations. Co-author Ann Lin (Stanford University) notes that the studies were carried out in cells grown in the lab: “It is possible that these drug targets are essential in human patients,” she says. 'An unexplored world of cancer targets' Sheltzer hopes the findings could lead to other unintended target proteins being discovered and potentially developed into new cancer therapies. There is an unexplored world of cancer targets out there. By using CRISPR and other technologies to examine these drugs, we might unlock new targets.” Jason Sheltzer, Lead Author Journal reference: Lin, A., et al. (2019). Off-target toxicity is a common mechanism of action of cancer drugs undergoing clinical trials. Science Translational Medicine. Sally Robertson Written by Sally Robertson • APA Robertson, Sally. (2019, September 13). CRISPR may explain why so many experimental cancer drugs fail. News-Medical. Retrieved on October 01, 2020 from • MLA Robertson, Sally. "CRISPR may explain why so many experimental cancer drugs fail". News-Medical. 01 October 2020. <>. • Chicago Robertson, Sally. "CRISPR may explain why so many experimental cancer drugs fail". News-Medical. (accessed October 01, 2020). • Harvard Robertson, Sally. 2019. CRISPR may explain why so many experimental cancer drugs fail. News-Medical, viewed 01 October 2020, You might also like... × Blocking nuclear pore complex formation can help selectively kill cancer cells
Logo letter Ways Of Protecting Ourselves From Cyber Crime A webcam can be defined as a very small video camera used to relay video images to a secondary source through the internet. It is only after the invention of the internet that webcams were developed to help people communicate and interact virtually over long distances. Improvements in technology have seen the production of newer and better computer systems whose advanced nature makes it capable for people to stream live images through an internet network. Webcams usually range in both shape and size. Spy cameras are normally attached to computers using a Wi-Fi network or a universal bus port. Nevertheless, they get the work done. Webcams are video cameras designed to accomplish a number of tasks. Due to the foresaid reason, a webcam cover is required. Webcam covers exist so as to keep hackers at bay. Improvements in technologies is the major contributor to today's cyber networks. Therefore, one needs a very good and sophisticated cover so as to deal with vice. During hacking, a person's privacy is exploited and a lot of important information concerning that particular individual is accessed and used by the cyber networks for their own advantage. It is much needed that a good webcam cover like from webcamcover.com be developed to protect people from crime. Covering the webcam with an opaque object is one of the best ways in dealing with computer hacking. Since cybercrime is so real, people ought to be cautious as to how they deal with their internet devices. Advanced anti-virus software act as very strong webcam covers that usually block hackers from accessing our video cameras through the internet at any given time. This type of software has been engineered to protect our computers from malware and potential hackings. Also, some hackers do their dirty job by sending harmful computer viruses to sabotage our devices. It is also expected of us to keep vigil by shutting our webcams whenever they are not in use. By doing this, we take charge of our own privacy by not allowing these criminals to do what they do best. It is also a great thing that people actually shut down their laptops whenever they are not in use. Finally, stay away from the internet whenever you get a chance to. All internet sources should be disconnected from the webcams especially when a person is not making use of the video system. Therefore, webcam covers help control this vice that has known to destroy personalities and people's livelihoods. Being pro-active is the best way possible in dealing with cybercrime. Without cybercrime, the world will be a very safe place to live in since the internet's inception was to make the world a global village. For further reading/watching, please visit http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mark-zuckerberg-computer-tape_us_576aaf94e4b0c0252e77e707 .
Tripurasura – The three sons of Tarakasura Tripurasura were three sons of Tarakasura. There names were Vidyunmali, Tarakaksha and Viryavana. Tarakasura was killed by Devtas and he instructed his family to ensure that his death was avenged. The boon of Lord Brahma With the advise of Shuracharya, the three sons started doing severe penance. Eventually, Lord Brahma got pleased of there penance and asked for a boon. Expectantly, they asked for immortality. Lord Brahma replied that this is against the rules of the nature. So ask me something else. They said – “Grant us the following: Let three forts be made. The first will be of gold, the second of silver and the third of iron. We will live in these forts for a thousand years. These forts built in different worlds shall align once in every 1000 years. This combined fort will be called Tripura. And if anyone can then destroy Tripura with only a single arrow that shall be the death destined for us”. Three forts of Gold, Silver and Iron Brahma granted this boon to them. There was a demon named Maya who was very entrusted to build the three forts. The golden fort was built in heaven, the silver one in the sky and the iron one on earth. Tarakaksha got the golden fort, Viryavana the silver and Vidyunmali the iron fort. All forts were as large as a city and had many palaces and vimanas (space vehicles) inside. The demons started living in the three forts and began to flourish. They were following the things written in scriptures. As usual, Devas did not like this. They went to Lord Shiva for help but returned empty handed as demons were doing nothing wrong. God then reached out to Lord Vishnu. Lord Vishnu and Arihant Lord Vishnu knew that the Tripurasuras could not be killed till they remain Virtuous and religious. He then created an entity from his body who had no hairs on his head. He had worn dirty clothes and a bag was hanging down his shoulder. He also had a broom in his head. The entity asked lord Vishnu about the purpose of his existence and his name. Lord Vishnu told him that his name was Arihan. He also instructed him to create a scripture which stresses upon the importance of action (Karmavad) and which is different from the rituals explained in the Vedas. Lord Vishnu specifically instructed him to keep the language of that scripture as simple and degenerated as possible. Lord Vishnu then preached Arihan on the science of illusion which stressed that the heaven or the hell does not exist anywhere else, but on this earth itself. Sage Narada accepts new religion Lord Vishnu instructed Arihan to get Tripurasuras initiated into with this philosophy so that the demon-brothers become irreligious. Vishnu ordered Arihan to make his residence in a desert with his disciples. The being did as he had been asked to. He and four of his disciples went to a forest that was near Tripura and began to preach. They were trained by Vishnu himself. Therefore, their teachings were convincing and they had many converts. Even the sage Narada got confused and was converted. In fact, it was Narada who carried news of this wonderful new religion to king Vidyunmati. King, he said, there is a wonderful new teacher with a wonderful new religion. I have never heard before. I have got converted. Narada and Lord Vishnu Narada and Lord Vishnu Since the great sage Narada had been converted. Vidyunmati also accepted the new religiqon, and in due course, so did Tarakaksha and Viryavana. The demons gave up revering the Vedas, they stopped worshipping Shiva’s linga. Lord Shiva and killing of Tripurasura Now the time was ripe of killing of Tripurasura, since they have now deviated from the good path. Once again, devas requested Mahadev to kill these demons. Lord Shiva acceded to this request. Lord Shiva called Vishvakarma and asked him to make a suitable chariot, bow and arrow. The chariot was made entirely out of gold. Brahma himself became the charioteer and the chariot was speedly driven towards Tripura. The gods accompanied Shiva with diverse weapons. 1. Prithvi(Earth) was the chariot 2. Sun and Moon was the wheels 3. Bramha was the charioteer 4. Meru was the bow and 5. Vishnu was the arrow. Shiva destroying Tripurasura Shiva destroying Tripurasura By then a thousand years had passed so that the three forts had become a single Tripura. Shiva installed a divine weapon known as pashupatastra (the arrow of pashupati- another name given to Lord Shiva ) into his arrow and shot it at Tripura. The arrow burnt up Tripura into ashes in a split second. So, all gods of the trinity were involved with Tripurasura. Lord Brahma gave a boon, Lord Vishnu thought of a way to neutralize them and finally, Lord Shiva destroyed them. Join the Conversation 1. The arrow is called "Pinaka" and NOT "pasupati"……. Hence Lord Vishnu is also known as "Pinakapani"…………….. Kindly…… Leave a comment Leave a Reply
Great People John Locke From Two Treatises of Government by John Locke Secondly, That I shall not take railing for arguments, nor think either of these worth my notice, though I shall always look on myself as bound to give satisfacton to any one, who shall appear to be conscientiously scrupulous in the point, and shall shew any just grounds for his scruples. Back to Top Part I Of Government Chapter I § 1. § 2. If any one think I take too much liberty in speaking so freely of a man, who is the great champion of absolute power, and the idol of those who worship it; I beseech him to make this small allowance for once, to one, who, even after the reading of Sir Robert's book, cannot but think himself, as the laws allow him, a freeman: and I know no fault it is to do so, unless any one better skilled in the fate of it, than I, should have it revealed to him, that this treatise, which has lain dormant so long, was, when it appeared in the world, to carry, by strength of its arguments, all liberty out of it; and that from thenceforth our author's short model was to be the pattern in the mount, and the perfect standard of politics for the future. His system lies in a little compass, it is no more but this, * That all government is absolute monarchy. * And the ground he builds on, is this, * That no man is born free. § 3. § 4. § 5. Back to Top Chapter II Of Paternal and Regal Power § 6. § 7. § 8. § 9. § 10. § 11. § 12. § 13. § 14. But that I might omit no care to inform myself in our author's full sense, I consulted his Observations on Aristotle, Hobbes, &c. to see whether in disputing with others he made use of any arguments for this his darling tenet of Adam's sovereignty; since in his treatise of the Natural Power of Kings, he hath been so sparing of them. In his Observations on Mr. Hobbes's Leviathan, I think he has put, in short, all those arguments for it together, which in his writings I find him any where to make use of: his words are these: If God created only Adam, and of a piece of him made the woman, and if by generationfrom them two, as parts of them, all mankind be propagated: if also God gave to Adam not only the dominion over the woman and the children that should issue from them, but also over all the earth to subdue it, and over all the creatures on it, so that as long as Adam lived, no man could claim or enjoy any thing but by donation, assignation or permission from him, I wonder, &c. Observations, 165. Here we have the sum of all his arguments, for Adam's sovereignty and against natural freedom, which I find up and down in his other treatises: and they are these following; God's creation of Adam, the dominion he gave him over Eve, and the dominion he had as father over his children: all which I shall particularly consider. Back to Top Chapter III Of Adam's Title to Sovereignty by Creation. § 15. § 16. § 17. § 18. § 19. § 20. Back to Top Chapter IV Of Adam's Title to Sovereignty by Donation, Gen. i. 28. § 21. § 22. § 23. § 24. § 25. 1. That this donation, i. Gen. 28. gave Adam no power over men, will appear if we consider the words of it: for since all positive grants convey no more than the express words they are made in will carry, let us see which of them here will comprehend mankind, or Adam's posterity; and those, I imagine, if any, must be these, every living thing that moveth: the words in Hebrew are, ????? ??? i. e. Bestiam Reptantem, of which words the scripture itself is the best interpreter: God having created the fishes and fowls the 5th day, the beginning of the 6th, he creates the irrational inhabitants of the dry land, which, v. 24. are described in these words, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind; cattle and creeping things, and beasts of the earth, after his kind, and, v. 2. and God made the beasts of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth on the earth after his kind: here, in the creation of the brute inhabitants of the earth, he first speaks of them all under one general name, of living creatures, and then afterwards divides them into three ranks, 1. Cattle, or such creatures as were or might be tame, and so be the private possession of particular men; 2. ??? which, ver. 24, and 25. in our Bible, is translated beasts, and by the Septuagint ?????, wild beasts, and is the same word, that here in our text, ver. 28. where we have this great charter to Adam, is translated living thing, and is also the same word used, Gen. ix. 2. where this grant is renewed to Noah, and there likewise translated beast. 3. The third rank were the creeping animals, which ver. 24, and 25. are comprised under the word, ?????, the same that is used here, ver. 28. and is translated moving, but in the former verses creeping, and by the Septuagint in all these places, ??????, or reptils; from whence it appears, that the words which we translate here in God's donation, ver.28. living creatures moving, are the same, which in the history of the creation, ver. 24, 25. signify two ranks of terrestrial creatures, viz. wild beasts and reptils, and are so understood by the Septuagint. § 26. § 27. § 28. § 29. § 30. § 31. § 32. § 33. § 34. § 35. But our author goes on to prove, that it may best be understood with a subordination, or a benediction in succession; for, says he, it is not probable that the private dominion which God gave to Adam, and by his donation, assignation, or cession to his children, was abrogated, and a community of all things instituted between Noah and his sons -- Noah was left the sole heir of the world; why should it be thoughtthat God would disinberit him of his birth-right, and make him of all men in the world the only tenant in common with his children? Observations, 211. § 36. § 37. § 38. § 39. § 40. § 41. § 42. § 43. Back to Top Chapter V Of Adam's Title to Sovereignty by the Subjection of Eve. § 44. § 45. § 46. § 47. § 48. Thus when God says of Jacob and Esau, that the elder should serve the younger, xxv. Gen. 23. no body supposes that God hereby made Jacob Esau's sovereign, but foretold what should de facto come to pass. § 49. Back to Top Chapter VI Of Adam's Title to Sovereignty by Fatherhood. § 50. THERE is one thing more, and then I think I have given you all that our author brings for proof of Adam's sovereignty, and that is a supposition of a natural right of dominion over his children, by being their father: and this title of fatherhood he is so pleased with, that you will find it brought in almost in every page; particularly he says, not only Adam, but the succeeding patriarchs had by right of fatherhood royal authority over their children, p. 12. And in the same page, this subjection of children being the fountain of all regal authority, &c. This being, as one would think by his so frequent mentioning it, the main basis of all his frame, we may well expect clear and evident reason for it, since he lays it down as a position necessary to his purpose, that every man that is born is so far from being free, that by his very birth he becomes a subject of him thatbegets him, Observations, 156. so that Adam being the only man created, and all ever since being begotten, no body has been born free. If we ask how Adam comes by this power over his children, he tells us here it is by begetting them: and so again, Observations, 223. this natural dominion of Adam, says he, may be proved out of Grotius himself, who teacheth, that generatione jus acquiritur parentibus in liberos. And indeed the act of begetting being that which makes a man a father, his right of a father over his children can naturally arise from nothing else. § 51. Grotius tells us not here how far this jus in liberos, this power of parents over their children extends; but our author, always very clear in the point, assures us, it is supreme power, and like that of absolute monarchs over their slaves, absolute power of life and death. He that should demand of him, how, or for what reason it is, that begetting a child gives the father such an absolute power over him, will find him answer nothing: we are to take his word for this, as well as several other things; and by that the laws of nature and the constitutions of government must stand or fall. Had he been an absolute monarch, this way of talking might have suited well enough; proratione voluntas might have been of force in his mouth; but in the way of proof or argument is very unbecoming, and will little advantage his plea for absolute monarchy. Sir Robert has too much lessened a subject's authority to leave himself the hopes of establishing any thing by his bare saying it; one slave's opinion without proof is not of weight enough to dispose of the liberty and fortunes of all mankind. If all men are not, as I think they are, naturally equal, I am sure all slaves are; and then I may without presumption oppose my single opinion to his; and be confident that my saying, that begetting of children makes them not slaves to their fathers, as certainly sets all mankind free, as his affirming the contrary makes them all slaves. But that this position, which is the foundation of all their doctrine, who would have monarchy to be jure divino, may have all fair play, let us hear what reasons others give for it, since our author offers none. § 52. The argument, I have heard others make use of, to prove that fathers, by begetting them, come by an absolute power over their children, is this; that fathers have a power over the lives of their children, because they give them life and being, which is the only proof it is capable of: since there can be no reason, why naturally one man should have any claim or pretence of right over that in another, which was never his, which he bestowed not, but was received from the bounty of another. 1. I answer, that every one who gives another any thing, has not always thereby a right to take it away again. But 2. They who say the father gives life to his children, are so dazzled with the thoughts of monarchy, that they do not, as they ought, remember God, who is the author and giver of life: it is in him alone we live, move, and have our being. How can he be thought to give life to another, that knows not wherein his own life consists? Philosophers are at a loss about it after their most diligent enquiries; and anatomists, after their whole lives and studies spent in dissections, and diligent examining the bodies of men, confess their ignorance in the structure and use of many parts of man's body, and in that operation wherein life consists in the whole. And doth the rude plough-man, or the more ignorant voluptuary, frame or fashion such an admirable engine as this is, and then put life and sense into it? Can any man say, he formed the parts that are necessary to the life of his child? or can he suppose himself to give the life, and yet not know what subject is fit to receive it, nor what actions or organs are necessary for its reception or preservation? § 53. To give life to that which has yet no being, is to frame and make a living creature, fashion the parts, and mould and suit them to their uses, and having proportioned and fitted them together, to put into them a living soul. He that could do this, might indeed have some pretence to destroy his own workmanship. But is there any one so bold, that dares thus far arrogate to himself the incomprehensible works of the almighty? Who alone did at first, and continues still to make a living soul, he alone can breathe in the breath of life. If any one thinks himself an artist at this, let him number up the parts of his child's body which he hath made, tell me their uses and operations, and when the living and rational soul began to inhabit this curious structure, when sense began, and how this engine, which he has framed, thinks and reasons: if he made it, let him, when it is out of order, mend it, at least tell wherein the defects lie. Shall he that made the eye not see? says the Psalmist, Psalm xciv. 9. See these men's vanities! the structure of that one part is sufficient to convince us of an all-wise contriver, and he has so visible a claim to us as his workmanship, that one of the ordinary appellations of God in scripture is, God our Maker, and the Lord our Maker. And therefore though our author, for the magnifying his fatherhood, be pleased to say, Observations, 159. That even the power which God himself exerciseth over mankind is by right of fatherhood, yet this fatherhood is such an one as utterly excludes all pretence of title in earthly parents; for he is king, because he is indeed maker of us all, which no parents can pretend to be of their children. § 54. But had men skill and power to make their children, it is not so slight a piece of workmanship, that it can be imagined, they could make them without designing it. What father of a thousand, when he begets a child, thinks farther than the satisfying his present appetite? God in his infinite wisdom has put strong defires of copulation into the constitution of men, thereby to continue the race of mankind, which he doth most commonly without the intention, and often against the consent and will of the begetter. And indeed those who desire and design children, are but the occasions of their being, and when they design and wish to beget them, do little more towards their making, than Deucalion and his wife in the fable did towards the making of mankind, by throwing pebbles over their heads. § 55. But grant that the parents made their children, gave them life and being, and that hence there followed an absolute power. This would give the father but a joint dominion with the mother over them: for no body can deny but that the woman hath an equal share, if not the greater, as nourishing the child a long time in her own body out of her own substance: there it is fashioned, and from her it receives the materials and principles of its constitution: and it is so hard to imagine the rational soul should presently inhabit the yet unformed embrio, as soon as the father has done his part in the act of generation, that if it must be supposed to derive any thing from the parents, it must certainly owe most to the mother. But be that as it will, the mother cannot be denied an equal share in begetting of the child, and so the absolute authority of the father will not arise from hence. Our author indeed is of another mind; for he says, We know that God at the creation gave the sovereignty to the man over the woman, as being the nobler and principal agent in generation, Observations, 172. I remember not this in my Bible; and when the place is brought where God at the creation gave the sovereignty to man over the woman, and that for this reason, because he is the nobler and principal agent in generation, it will be time enough to consider, and answer it. But it is no new thing for our author to tell us his own fancies for certain and divine truths, tho' there be often a great deal of difference between his and divine revelations; for God in the scripture says, his father and his mother that begot him. § 56. They who alledge the practice of mankind, for exposing or selling their children, as a proof of their power over them, are with Sir Robert happy arguers; and cannot but recommend their opinion, by founding it on the most shameful action, and most unnatural murder, human nature is capable of. The dens of lions and nurseries of wolves know no such cruelty as this: these savage inhabitants of the desert obey God and nature in being tender and careful of their off-spring: they will hunt, watch, fight, and almost starve for the preservation of their young; never part with them; never forsake them, till they are able to shift for themselves. And is it the privilege of man alone to act more contrary to nature than the wild and most untamed part of the creation? doth God forbid us under the severest penalty, that of death, to take away the life of any man, a stranger, and upon provocation? and does he permit us to destroy those, he has given us the charge and care of; and by the dictates of nature and reason, as well as his revealed command, requires us to preserve? He has in all the parts of the creation taken a peculiar care to propagate and continue the several species of creatures, and makes the individuals act so strongly to this end, that they sometimes neglect their own private good for it, and seem to forget that general rule, which nature teaches all things, of self-preservation; and the preservation of their young, as the strongest principle in them, over-rules the constitution of their particular natures. Thus we see, when their young stand in need of it, the timorous become valiant, the fierce and savage kind, and the ravenous tender and liberal. § 57. But if the example of what hath been done, be the rule of what ought to be, history would have furnished our author with instances of this absolute fatherly power in its height and perfection, and he might have shewed us in Peru, people that begot children on purpose to fatten and eat them. The story is so remarkable, that I cannot but set it down in the author's words. "In some provinces, says he, they were so liquorish after man's flesh, that they would not have the patience to stay till the breath was out of the body, but would suck the blood as it ran from the wounds of the dying man; they had public shambles of man's flesh, and their madness herein was to that degree, that they spared not their own children, which they had begot on strangers taken in war: for they made their captives their mistresses, and choicely nourished the children they had by them, till about thirteen years old they butchered and eat them; and they served the mothers after the same fashion, when they grew past child bearing, and ceased to bring them any more roasters," Garcilasso de la Vega hist. des Yncas de Peru, l. i. c. 12. § 58. Thus far can the busy mind of man carry him to a brutality below the level of beasts, when he quits his reason, which places him almost equal to angels. Nor can it be otherwise in a creature, whose thoughts are more than the sands, and wider than the ocean, where fancy and passion must needs run him into strange courses, if reason, which is his only star and compass, be not that he steers by. The imagination is always restless, and suggests variety of thoughts, and the will, reason being laid aside, is ready for every extravagant project; and in this state, he that goes farthest out of the way, is thought fittest to lead, and is sure of most followers: and when fashion hath once established what folly or craft began, custom makes it sacred, and it will be thought impudence, or madness, to contradict or question it. He that will impartially survey the nations of the world, will find so much of their religions, governments and manners, brought in and continued amongst them by these means, that he will have but little reverence for the practices which are in use and credit amongst men; and will have reason to think, that the woods and forests, where the irrational untaught inhabitants keep right by following nature, are fitter to give us rules, than cities and palaces, where those that call themselves civil and rational, go out of their way, by the authority of example. If precedents are sufficient to establish a rule in this case, our author might have found in holy writ children sacrificed by their parents, and this amongst the people of God themselves: the Psalmist tells us, Psal. cvi. 38. They shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan. But God judged not of this by our author's rule, nor allowed of the authority of practice against his righteous law; but as it follows there, the land was polluted with blood; therefore was the wrath of the Lord kindled against his people, insomuch that he abborred his own inheritance. The killing of their children, though it were fashionable, was charged on them as innocent blood, and so had in the account of God the guilt of murder, as the offering them to idols had the guilt of idolatry. § 59. Be it then, as Sir Robert says, that anciently it was usual for men to sell and castrate their children, Observations, 155. Let it be, that they exposed them; add to it, if you please, for this is still greater power, that they begat them for their tables, to fat and eat them: if this proves a right to do so, we may, by the same argument, justify adultery, incest and sodomy, for there are examples of these too, both ancient and modern; sins, which I suppose have their principal aggravation from this, that they cross the main intention of nature, which willeth the increase of mankind, and the continuation of the species in the highest perfection, and the distinction of families, with the security of the marriage bed, as necessary thereunto. § 60. In confirmation of this natural authority of the father, our author brings a lame proof from the positive command of God in scripture: his words are, To confirm the natural right of regal power, we find in the Decalogue, that the law which enjoins obedience to kings, is delivered in the terms, Honour thy father, p. 23. Whereas many confess, that government only in the abstract, is the ordinance of God, they are not able to prove any such ordinance in the scripture, but only in the fatherly power; and therefore we find the commandment, that enjoins obedience to superiors, given in the terms, Honour thy father; so that not only the power and right of government, but the form of the power governing, and the person having the power, are all the ordinances of God. The first father had not only simply power, but power monarchical, as he was father immediately from God, Observations, 254. To the same purpose, the same law is cited by our author in several other places, and just after the same fashion; that is, and mother, as apochryphal words, are always left out; a great argument of our author's ingenuity, and the goodness of his cause, which required in its defender zeal to a degree of warmth, able to warp the sacred rule of the word of God, to make it comply with his present occasion; a way of proceeding not unusual to those, who embrace not truths because reason and revelation offer them, but espouse tenets and parties for ends different from truth, and then resolve at any rate to defend them; and so do with the words and sense of authors, they would fit to their purpose, just as Procrustes did with his guests, lop or stretch them, as may best fit them to the size of their notions: and they always prove like those so served, deformed, lame, and useless. § 61. For had our author set down this command without garbling, as God gave it, and joined mother to father, every reader would have seen, that it had made directly against him; and that it was so far from establishing the monarchical power of the father, that it set up the mother equal with him, and enjoined nothing but what was due in common, to both father and mother: for that is the constant tenor of the scripture, Honour thy father and thy mother, Exod. xx. He that smiteth his father or mother, shall surely be put to death, xxi. 15. He that curseth his father or mother, shall surely be put to death, ver. 17. Repeated Lev. xx. 9. and by our Saviour, Matth. xv. 4. Ye shall fear every man his mother and his father, Lev. xix. 3. If a man have a rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother; then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and say, This our son is stubbornand rebellious, he will not obey our voice, Deut. xxi. 18, 19, 20, 21. Cunsed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother, xxviii. 16. My son, hear the instructions of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother, are the words of Solomon, a king who was not ignorant of what belonged to him as a father or a king; and yet he joins father and mother together, in all the instructions he gives children quite thro' his book of Proverbs. Woe unto him, that sayeth unto his father, What begettest thou, or to the woman, What hast thou brought forth? Isa. xi. ver. 10. In thee have they set light by father or mother, Ezek. xxviii. 2. And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then his father and his mother that begat him, shall say unto him, Thou shalt not live, and his father and his mother that begat him, shall thrust him through when he prophesieth, Zech. xiii. 3. Here not the father only, but the father and mother jointly, had power in this case of life and death. Thus ran the law of the Old Testament, and in the New they are likewise joined, in the obedience of their children, Eph. vi. 1. The rule is, Children, obey your parents; and I do not remember, that I any where read, Children, obey your father, and no more: the scripture joins mother too in that homage, which is due from children; and had there been any text, where the honour or obedience of children had been directed to the father alone, it is not likely that our author, who pretends to build all upon scripture, would have omitted it: nay, the scripture makes the authority of father and mother, in respect of those they have begot, so equal, that in some places it neglects even the priority of order, which is thought due to the father, and the mother is put first, as Lev. xix. 3. from which so constantly joining father and mother together, as is found quite through the scripture, we may conclude that the honour they have a title to from their children, is one common right belonging so equally to them both, that neither can claim it wholly, neither can be excluded. § 62. One would wonder then how our author infers from the 5th commandment, that all power was originally in the father; how he finds monarchical power of government settled and fixed by the commandment, Honour thy father and thy mother. If all the honour due by the commandment, be it what it will, be the only right of the father, because he, as our author says, has the sovereignty over the woman, as being the nobler and principler agent in generation, why did God afterwards all along join the mother with him, to share in his honour? can the father, by this sovereignty of his, discharge the child from paying this honour to his mother? The scripture gave no such licence to the Jews, and yet there were often breaches wide enough betwixt husband and wife, even to divorce and separation: and, I think, no body will say a child may with-hold honour from his mother, or, as the scripture terms it, set light by her, though his father should command him to do so; no more than the mother could dispense with him for neglecting to honour his father: whereby it is plain, that this command of God gives the father no sovereignty, no supremacy. § 63. I agree with our author that the title to this honour is vested in the parents by nature, and is a right which accrues to them by their having begotten their children, and God by many positive declarations has confirmed it to them: I also allow our author's rule, that in grants and gifts, that have their original from God and nature, as the power of the father, (let me add and mother, for whom God hath joined together, let no man put asunder) no inferior power of men can limit, nor make any law of prescription against them, Observations, 158. so that the mother having, by this law of God, a right to honour from her children, which is not subject to the will of her husband, we see this absolute monarchical power of the father can neither be founded on it, nor consist with it; and he has a power very far from monarchical, very far from that absoluteness our author contends for, when another has over his subjects the same power he hath, and by the same title: and therefore he cannot forbear saying himself that he cannot see how any man's children can be free from subjection to their parents, p. 12. which, in common speech, I think, signifies mother as well as father, or if parents here signifies only father, it is the first time I ever yet knew it to do so, and by such an use of words one may say any thing. § 64. By our author's doctrine, the father having absolute jurisdiction over his children, has also the same over their issue; and the consequence is good, were it true, that the father had such a power: and yet I ask our author whether the grandfather, by his sovereignty, could discharge the grandchild from paying to his father the honour due to him by the 5th commandment. If the grandfather hath, by right of fatherhood, sole sovereign power in him, and that obedience which is due to the supreme magistrate, be commanded in these words, Honour thy father, it is certain the grandfather might dispense with the grandson's honouring his father, which since it is evident in common sense he cannot, it follows from hence, that Honour thy father and mother, cannot mean an absolute subjection to a sovereign power, but something else. The right therefore which parents have by nature, and which is confirmed to them by the 5th commandment, cannot be that political dominion, which our author would derive from it: for that being in every civil society supreme somewhere, can discharge any subject from any political obedience to any one of his fellow subjects. But what law of the magistrate can give a child liberty, not to honour his father and mother? It is an eternal law, annexed purely to the relation of parents and children, and so contains nothing of the magistrate's power in it, nor is subjected to it. § 65. Our author says, God hath given to a father a right or liberty to alien his power over his children to any other, Observations, 155. I doubt whether he can alien wholly the right of honour that is due from them: but be that as it will, this I am sure, he cannot alien, and retain the same power. If therefore the magistrate's sovereignty be, as our author would have it, nothing but the authority of a supreme father, p. 23. it is unavoidable, that if the magistrate hath all this paternal right, as he must have if fatherhood be the fountain of all authority; then the subjects, though fathers, can have no power over their children, no right to honour from them: for it cannot be all in another's hands, and a part remain with the parents. So that, according to our author's own doctrine, Honour thy father and mother cannot possibly be understood of political subjection and obedience; since the laws both in the Old and New Testament, that commanded children to honour and obey their parents, were given to such, whose fathers were under civil government, and fellow subjects with them in political societies; and to have bid them honour and obey their parents, in our author's sense, had been to bid them be subjects to those who had no title to it; the right to obedience from subjects, being all vested in another; and instead of teaching obedience, this had been to foment sedition, by setting up powers that were not. If therefore this command, Honour thy father and mother, concern political dominion, it directly overthrows our author's monarchy; since it being to be paid by every child to his father, even in society, every father must necessarily have political dominion, and there will be as many sovereigns as there are fathers: besides that the mother too hath her title, which destroys the sovereignty of one supreme monarch. But if Honour thy father and mother mean something distinct from political power, as necessarily it must, it is besides our author's business, and serves nothing to his purpose. § 66. The law that enjoins obedience to kings is delivered, says our author, in the terms, Honour thy father, as if all power were originally in the father, Observations, 254: and that law is also delivered, say I, in the terms, Honour thy mother, as if all power were originally in the mother. I appeal whether the argument be not as good on one side as the other, father and mother being joined all along in the Old and New Testament where-ever honour or obedience is injoined children. Again our author tells us, Observations, 254. that this command, Honour thy father, gives the right to govern, and makes the form of government monarchical. To which I answer, that if by Honour thy father be meant obedience to the political power of the magistrate, it concerns not any duty we owe to our natural fathers, who are subjects; because they, by our author's doctrine, are divested of all that power, it being placed wholly in the prince, and so being equally subjects and slaves with their children, can have no right, by that title, to any such honour or obedience, as contains in it political subjection: if Honour thy father and mother signifies the duty we owe our natural parents, as by our Saviour's interpretation, Matth. xv. 4. and all the other mentioned places, it is plain it does, then it cannot concern political obedience, but a duty that is owing to persons, who have no title to sovereignty, nor any political authority as magistrates over subjects. For the person of a private father, and a title to obedience, due to the supreme magistrate, are things inconsistent; and therefore this command, which must necessarily comprehend the persons of our natural fathers, must mean a duty we owe them distinct from our obedience to the magistrate, and from which the most absolute power of princes cannot absolve us. What this duty is, we shall in its due place examine. § 67. And thus we have at last got thro' all, that in our author looks like an argument for that absolute unlimited sovereignty described, sect. 8. which he supposes in Adam; so that mankind ever since have been all born slaves, without any title to freedom. But if creation, which gave nothing but a being, made not Adam prince of his posterity: if Adam, Gen. i. 28. was not constituted lord of mankind, nor had a private dominion given him exclusive of his children, but only a right and power over the earth, and inferiour creatures in common with the children of men; if also Gen. iii. 16. God gave not any political power to Adam over his wife and children, but only subjected Eve to Adam, as a punishment, or foretold the subjection of the weaker sex, in the ordering the common concernments of their families, but gave not thereby to Adam, as to the husband, power of life and death, which necessarily belongs to the magistrate: if fathers by begetting their children acquire no such power ove them; and if the command, Honour thy father and mother, give it not, but only enjoins a duty owing to parents equally, whether subjects or not, and to the mother as well as the father; if all this be so, as I think, by what has been said, is very evident; then man has a natural freedom, notwithstanding all our author confidently says to the contrary; since all that share in the same common nature, faculties and powers, are in nature equal, and ought to partake in the same common rights and privileges, till the manifest appointment of God, who is Lord over all, blessed for ever, can be produced to shew any particular person's supremacy; or a man's own consent subjects him to a superiour. This is so plain, that our author confesses, that Sir John Hayward, Blackwood and Barclay, the great vindicators of the right of kings, could not deny it, but admit with one consent the natural liberty and equality of mankind, for a truth unquestionable. And our author hath been so far from producing any thing, that may make good his great position, that Adam was absolute monarch, and so men are not naturally free, that even his own proofs make against him; so that to use his own way of arguing, the first erroneous principle failing, the whole fabric of this vast engine of absolute power and tyranny drops down of itself, and there needs no more to be said in answer to all that he builds upon so false and frail a foundation. § 68. But to save others the pains, were there any need, he is not sparing himself to shew, by his own contradictions, the weakness of his own doctrine. Adam's absolute and sole dominion is that, which he is every where full of, and all along builds on, and yet he tells us, p. 12. that as Adam was lard of his children, so his children under him had a command and power over their own children. The unlimited and undivided sovereignty of Adam's fatherhood, by our author's computation, stood but a little while, only during the first generation, but as soon as he had grand-children, Sir Robert could give but a very ill account of it. Adam, as father of his children, faith he, hath an absolute, unlimited royal power over them, and by virtue thereof over those that they begot, and so to all generations; and yet his children, viz. Cain and Seth, have a paternal power over their children at the same time; so that they are at the same time absolute lords, and yet vassals and slaves; Adam has all the authority, as grand-father of the people, and they have a part of it as fathers of a part of them: he is absolute over them and their posterity, by having begotten them, and yet they are absolute over their children by the same title. No, says our author, Adam's children under him had power over their own children, but still with subordination to the first parent. A good distinction that sounds well, and it is pity it signifies nothing, nor can be reconciled with our author's words. I readily grant, that supposing Adam's absolute power over his posterity, any of his children might have from him a delegated, and so a subordinate power over a part, or all the rest: but that cannot be the power our author speaks of here; it is not a power by grant and commission, but the natural paternal power he supposes a father to have over his children. For 1. he says, As Adam was lord of his children, so his children under him had a power over their own children: they were then lords over their own children after the same manner, and by the same title, that Adam was, i. e. by right of generation, by right of fatherhood. 2. It is plain he means the natural power of fathers, because he limits it to be only over their own children; a delegated power has no such limitation, as only over their own children, it might be over others, as well as their own children. 3. If it were a delegated power, it must appear in scripture; but there is no ground in scripture to affirm, that Adam's children had any other power over theirs, than what they naturally had as fathers. § 69. But that he means here paternal power, and no other, is past doubt, from the inference he makes in these words immediately following, I see not then how the children of Adam, or of any man else, can be free from subjection to their parents. Whereby it appears that the power on one side, and the subjection on the other, our author here speaks of, is that natural power and subjection between parents and children: for that which every man's children owed, could be no other; and that our author always affirms to be absolute and unlimited. This natural power of parents over their children, Adam had over his posterity, says our author; and this power of parents over their children, his children had over theirs in his life-time, says our author also; so that Adam, by a natural right of father, had an absolute unlimited power over all his posterity, and at the same time his children had by the same right absolute unlimited power over theirs. Here then are two absolute unlimited powers existing together, which I would have any body reconcile one to another, or to common sense. For the salvo he has put in of subordination, makes it more absurd: to have one absolute, unlimited, nay unlimitable power in subordination to another, is so manifest a contradiction, that nothing can be more. Adam is absolute prince with the unlimited authority of fatherhood over all his posterity; all his posterity are then absolutely his subjects; and, as our author says, his slaves, children, and grand-children, are equally in this state of subjection and slavery; and yet, says our author, the children of Adam have paternal, i. e. absolute unlimited power over their own children: Which in plain English is, they are slaves and absolute princes at the same time, and in the same government; and one part of the subjects have an absolute unlimited power over the other by the natural right of parentage. § 70. If any one will suppose, in favour of our author, that he here meant, that parents, who are in subjection themselves to the absolute authority of their father, have yet some power over their children; I confess he is something nearer the truth: but he will not at all hereby help our author: for he no where speaking of the paternal power, but as an absolute unlimited authority, cannot be supposed to understand any thing else here, unless he himself had limited it, and shewed how far it reached. And that he means here paternal authority in that large extent, is plain from the immediate following words; This subjection of children being, says he, the foundation of all regal authority, p. 12. the subjection then that in the former line, he says, every man is in to his parents, and consequently what Adam's grand-children were in to their parents, was that which was the fountain of all regal authority, i. e. according to our author, absolute unlimitable authority. And thus Adam's children had regal authority over their children, whilst they themselves were subjects to their father, and fellow-subjects with their children. But let him mean as he pleases, it is plain he allows Adam's children to have paternal power, p. 12. as also all other fathers to have paternal powerover their children, Observations, 156. From whence one of these two things will necessarily follow, that either Adam's children, even in his life-time, had, and so all other fathers have, as he phrases it, p. 12. by right of fatherhood, royal authority over their children, or else, that Adam, by right of fatherhood, had not royal authority. For it cannot be but that paternal power does, or does not, give royal authority to them that have it: if it does not, then Adam could not be sovereign by this title, nor any body else; and then there is an end of all our author's politics at once: if it does give royal authority, then every one that has paternal power has royal authority; and then, by our author's patriarchal government, there will be as many kings as there are fathers. § 71. And thus what a monarchy he hath set up, let him and his disciples consider. Princes certainly will have great reason to thank him for these new politics, which set up as many absolute kings in every country as there are fathers of children. And yet who can blame our author for it, it lying unavoidably in the way of one discoursing upon our author's principles? For having placed an absolute power in fathers by right of begetting, he could not easily resolve how much of this power belonged to a son over the children he had begotten; and so it fell out to be a very hard matter to give all the power, as he does, to Adam, and yet allow a part in his life-time to his children, when they were parents, and which he knew not well how to deny them. This makes him so doubtful in his expressions, and so uncertain where to place this absolute natural power, which he calls fatherhood. Sometimes Adam alone has it all, as p. 13. Observations, 244, 245. & Pref. Sometimes parents have it, which word scarce signifies the father alone, p. 12, 19. Sometimes children during their fathers life-time, as p. 12. Sometimes fathers of families, as p. 78, and 79. Sometimes fathers indefinitely, Observations, 155. Sometimes the heir to Adam, Observations, 253. Sometimes the posterity of Adam, 244, 246. Sometimes prime fathers, all sons or grand-children of Noah, Observations, 244. Sometimes the eldest parents, p. 12. Sometimes all kings, p. 19. Sometimes all that have supreme power, Observations, 245. Sometimes heirs to those first progenitors, who were at first the natural parents of the whole people, p. 19. Sometimes an elective king, p. 23. Sometimes those, whether a few or a multitude, that govern the common-wealth, p. 23. Sometimes he that can catch it, an usurper, p. 23. Observations, 155. § 72. Thus this new nothing, that is to carry with it all power, authority, and government; this fatherhood, which is to design the person, and establish the throne of monarchs, whom the people are to obey, may, according to Sir Robert, come into any hands, any how, and so by his politics give to democracy royal authority, and make an usurper a lawful prince. And if it will do all these fine feats, much good do our author and all his followers with their omnipotent fatherhood, which can serve for nothing but to unsettle and destroy all the lawful governments in the world, and to establish in their room disorder, tyranny, and usurpation. Back to Top Chapter VII Of Fatherhood and Property considered together as Fountains of Sovereignty. § 73. In the foregoing chapters we have seen what Adam's monarchy was, in our author's opinion, and upon what titles he founded it. The foundations which he lays the chief stress on, as those from which he thinks he may best derive monarchical power to future princes, are two, viz. Fatherhoodand property: and therefore the way he proposes to remove the absurdities and inconveniencies of the doctrine of natural freedom, is, to maintain the natural and private dominion of Adam, Observations, 222. Conformable hereunto, he tells us, the grounds and principles of government necessarily depend upon the original of property, Observations, 108. The subjection of children to their parents is the fountain of all regal authority, p. 12. And all power on earth is either derived or usurped from the fatherly power, there being no other original to be found of any power whatsoever, Observations, 158. I will not stand here to examine how it can be said without a contradiction, that the first grounds and principles of government necessarily depend upon the original of property, and yet, that there is no other original of any power whatsoever, but that of the father: it being hard to understand how there can be no other original but fatherhood, and yet that the grounds and principles of government depend upon the original of property; property and fatherhood being as far different as lord of a manor and father of children. Nor do I see how they will either of them agree with what our author says, Observations, 244. of God's sentence against Eve, Gen. iii. 16. That it is the original grant of government: so that if that were the original, government had not its original, by our author's own confession, either from property or fatherhood; and this text, which he brings as a proof of Adam's power over Eve, necessarily contradicts what he says of the fatherhood, that it is the sole fountain of all power: for if Adam had any such regal power over Eve, as our author contends for, it must be by some other title than that of begetting. § 74. But I leave him to reconcile these contradictions, as well as many others, which may plentifully be found in him by any one, who will but read him with a little attention; and shall come now to consider, how these two originals of government, Adam's natural and private dominion, will consist, and serve to make out and establish the titles of succeeding monarchs, who, as our author obliges them, must all derive their power from these fountains. Let us then suppose Adam made, by God's donation, lord and sole proprietor of the whole earth, in as large and ample a manner as Sir Robert could wish; let us suppose him also, by right of fatherhood, absolute ruler over his children with an unlimited supremacy; I ask then, upon Adam's death what becomes of both his natural and private dominion? and I doubt not it will be answered, that they descended to his next heir, as our author tells us in several places. But this way, it is plain, cannot possibly convey both his natural and private dominion to the same person: for should we allow, that all the property, all the estate of the father, ought to descend to the eldest son, (which will need some proof to establish it) and so he has by that title all the private dominion of the father, yet the father's natural dominion, the paternal power cannot descend to him by inheritance: for it being a right that accrues to a man only by begetting, no man can have this natural dominion over any one he does not beget; unless it can be supposed, that a man can have a right to any thing, without doing that upon which that right is solely founded: for if a father by begetting, and no other title, has natural dominion over his children, he that does not beget them cannot have this natural dominion over them; and therefore be it true or false, that our author says, Observations, 156. That every man that is born, by his very birth becomes a subject to him that begets him, this necessarily follows, viz. That a man by his birth cannot become a subject to his brother, who did not beget him; unless it can be supposed that a man by the very same title can come to be under the natural and absolute dominion of two different men at once; or it be sense to say, that a man by birth is under the natural dominion of his father, only because he begat him, and a man by birth also is under the natural dominion of his eldest brother, though he did not beget him. § 75. If then the private dominion of Adam, i. e. his property in the creatures, descended at his death all entirely to his eldest son, his heir; (for, if it did not, there is presently an end of all Sir Robert's monarchy) and his natural dominion, the dominion a father has over his children by begetting them, belonged immediately, upon Adam's decease, equally to all his sons who had children, by the same title their father had it, the sovereignty founded upon property, and the sovereignty founded upon fatherhood, come to be divided; since Cain, as heir, had that of property alone; Seth, and the other sons, that of fatherhood equally with him. This is the best can be made of our author's doctrine, and of the two titles of sovereignty he sets up in Adam: one of them will either signify nothing; or, if they both must stand, they can serve only to confound the rights of princes, and disorder government in his posterity: for by building upon two titles to dominion, which cannot descend together, and which he allows may be separated, (for he yields that Adam's children had their distinct territories by right of private dominion, Observations, 210.p.40.) he makes it perpetually a doubt upon his principles where the sovereignty is, or to whom we owe our obedience, since fatherhood and property are distinct titles, and began presently upon Adam's death to be in distinct persons. And which then was to give way to the other? § 76. Let us take the account of it, as he himself gives it us. He tells us out of Grotius, That Adam's children by donation, assignation, or some kind of cession before he was dead, had their distinct territories by right of private dominion; Abel had his flocks and pastures for them: Cain had his fields for corn, and the land of Nod, where he built him a city, Observations, 210. Here it is obvious to demand, which of these two after Adam's death was sovereign? Cain, says our author, p. 19. By what title? As heir; for heirs to progenitors, who were natural parents of their people, are not only lords of their own children, but also of their brethren, says our author, p. 19. What was Cain heir to? Not the entire possessions, not all that which Adam had private dominion in; for our author allows that Abel, by a title derived from his father, had his distinct territory for pasture by right of private dominion. What then Abel had by private dominion, was exempt from Cain's dominion: for he could not have private dominion over that which was under the private dominion of another; and therefore his sovereignty over his brother is gone with this private dominion, and so there are presently two sovereigns, and his imaginary title of fatherhood is out of doors, and Cain is no prince over his brother: or else, if Cain retain his sovereignty over Abel, notwithstanding his private dominion, it will follow, that the first grounds and principles of government have nothing to do with property, whatever our author says to the contrary. It is true, Abel did not outlive his father Adam; but that makes nothing to the argument, which will hold good against Sir Robert in Abel's issue, or in Seth, or any of the posterity of Adam, not descended from Cain. § 77. The same inconvenience he runs into about the three sons of Noah, who, as he says, p. 13. had the whole world divided amongst them by their father. I ask then, in which of the three shall we find the establishment of regal power after Noah's death? If in all three, as our author there seems to say; then it will follow, that regal power is founded in property of land, and follows private dominion, and not in paternal power, or natural dominion; and so there is an end of paternal power as the fountain of regal authority, and the so-much-magnified fatherhood quite vanishes. If the regal power descended to Shem as eldest, and heir to his father, then Noah's division of the world by lot to his sons, or his ten years sailing about the Mediterranean to appoint each son his part, which our author tells of, p. 15. was labour lost; his division of the world to them, was to ill, or to no purpose: for his grant to Cham and Japhet was little worth, if Shem, notwithstanding this grant, as soon as Noah was dead, was to be lord over them. Or, if this grant of private dominion to them, over their assigned territories, were good, here were set up two distinct sorts of power, not subordinate one to the other, with all those inconveniences which he musters up against the power of the people, Observations, 158. which I shall set down in his own words, only changing property for people. All power on earth is either derived or usurped from the fatherly power, there being no other original to be found of any power whatsoever: for if there should be granted two sorts of power, without any subordination of one to the other, they would be in perpetual strife which should be supreme, for two supremes cannot agree: if the fatherly power be supreme, then the power grounded on private dominion must be subordinate, and depend on it; and if the power grounded on property be supreme, then the fatherly power must submit to it, and cannot be exercised without the licence of the proprietors, which must quite destroy the frame and course of nature. This is his own arguing against two distinct independent powers, which I have set down in his own words, only putting power rising from property, for power of the people; and when he has answered what he himself has urged here against two distinct powers, we shall be better able to see how, with any tolerable sense, he can derive all regal authority from the natural and private dominion of Adam, from fatherhood and property together, which are distinct titles, that do not always meet in the same person; and it is plain, by his own confession, presently separated as soon both as Adam's and Noah's death made way for succession: though our author frequently in his writings jumbles them together, and omits not to make use of either, where he thinks it will sound best to his purpose. But the absurdities of this will more fully appear in the next chapter, where we shall examine the ways of conveyance of the sovereignty of Adam, to princes that were to reign after him. Back to Top Chapter VIII Of the Conveyance of Adam's sovereign Monarchical Power. § 78. SIR Robert, having not been very happy in any proof he brings for the sovereignty of Adam, is not much more fortunate in conveying it to future princes, who, if his politics be true, must all derive their titles from that first monarch. The ways he has assigned, as they lie scattered up and down in his writings, I will set down in his own words: in his preface he tells us, That Adam being monarch of the whole world, none of his posterity had any right to possess any thing, but by his grant or permission, or by succession from him. Here he makes two ways of conveyance of any thing Adam stood possessed of; and those are grants or succession. Again he says, All kings either are, or are tobe reputed, the next heirs to those first progenitors, who were at first the natural parents of the whole people, p. 19. There cannot be any multitude of men whatsoever, but that in it, considered by itself, there is one man amongst them, that in nature hath a right to be the king of all the rest, as being the next heir to Adam, Observations, 253. Here in these places inheritance is the only way he allows of conveying monarchical power to princes. In other places he tells us, Observations, 155. All power on earth is either derived or usurped from the fatherly power, Observations, 158. All kings that now are, or ever were, are or were either fathers of their people, or heirs of such fathers, or usurpers of the right of such fathers, Observations, 253. And here he makes inheritance or usurpation the only ways whereby kings come by this original power: but yet he tells us, This fatherly empire, as it was of itself hereditary, so it was alienable by patent, and seizable by an usurper, Observations, 190. So then here inheritance, grant, or usurpation, will convey it. And last of all, which is most admirable, he tells us, p. 100. It skills not which way kings come by their power, whether by election, donation, succession, or by any other means; for it is still the manner of the government by supreme power, that makes them properly kings, and not the means of obtaining their crowns. Which I think is a full answer to all his whole hypothesis and discourse about Adam's royal authority, as the fountain from which all princes were to derive theirs: and he might have spared the trouble of speaking so much as he does, up and down, of heirs and inheritance, if to make any one properly a king, needs no more but governing by supreme power, and it matters not by what means he came by it. § 79. By this notable way, our author may make Oliver as properly king, as any one else he could think of: and had he had the happiness to live under Massanello's government, he could not by this his own rule have forborn to have done homage to him, with O king live for ever, since the manner of his government by supreme power, made him properly king, who was but the day before properly a fisherman. And if Don Quixote had taught his squire to govern with supreme authority, our author no doubt could have made a most loyal subject in Sancho Pancha's island; and he must needs have deserved some preferment in such governments, since I think he is the first politician, who, pretending to settle government upon its true basis, and to establish the thrones of lawful princes, ever told the world, That he was properly a king, whose manner of government was by supreme power, by what means soever he obtained it; which in plain English is to say, that regal and supreme power is properly and truly his, who can by any means seize upon it; and if this be to be properly a king, I wonder how he came to think of, or where he will find, an usurper. § 80. Back to Top Chapter IX Of Monarchy, by Inheritance from Adam. § 81. Though it be never so plain, that there ought to be government in the world, nay, should all men be of our author's mind, that divine appointment had ordained it to be monarchical; yet, since men cannot obey any thing, that cannot command; and ideas of government in the fancy, though never so perfect, though never so right, cannot give laws, nor prescribe rules to the actions of men; it would be of no behoof for the settling of order, and establishment of government in its exercise and use amongst men, unless there were a way also taught how to know the person, to whom it belonged to have this power, and exercise this dominion over others. It is in vain then to talk of subjection and obedience without telling us whom we are to obey: for were I never so fully persuaded that there ought to be magistracy and rule in the world; yet I am never the less at liberty still, till it appears who is the person that hath right to my obedience; since, if there be no marks to know him by, and distinguish him that hath right to rule from other men, it may be myself, as well as any other. And therefore, though submission to government be every one's duty, yet since that signifies nothing but submitting to the direction and laws of such men as have authority to command, it is not enough to make a man a subject, to convince him that there is regal power in the world; but there must be ways of designing, and knowing the person to whom this regal power of right belongs: and a man can never be obliged in conscience to submit to any power, unless he can be satisfied who is the person who has a right to exercise that power over him. If this were not so, there would be no distinction between pirates and lawful princes; he that has force is without any more ado to be obeyed, and crowns and scepters would become the inheritance only of violence and rapine. Men too might as often and as innocently change their governors, as they do their physicians, if the person cannot be known who has a right to direct me, and whose prescriptions I am bound to follow. To settle therefore men's consciences, under an obligation to obedience, it is necessary that they know not only, that there is a power somewhere in the world, but the person who by right is vested with this power over them. § 82. How successful our author has been in his attempts, to set up a monarchical absolute power in Adam, the reader may judge by what has been already said; but were that absolute monarchy as clear as our author would desire it, as I presume it is the contrary, yet it could be of no use to the government of mankind now in the world, unless he also make out these two things. First, That this power of Adam was not to end with him, but was upon his decease conveyed intire to some other person, and so on to posterity. Secondly, That the princes and rulers now on earth are possessed of this power of Adam, by a right way of conveyance derived to them. § 83. If the first of these fail, the power of Adam, were it never so great, never so certain, will signify nothing to the present government and societies in the world; but we must seek out some other original of power for the government of politys than this of Adam, or else there will be none at all in the world. If the latter fail, it will destroy the authority of the present governors, and absolve the people from subjection to them, since they, having no better a claim than others to that power, which is alone the fountain of all authority, can have no title to rule over them. § 84. Our author, having fancied an absolute sovereignty in Adam, mentions several ways of its conveyance to princes, that were to be his successors; but that which he chiefly insists on, is that of inheritance, which occurs so often in his several discourses; and I having in the foregoing chapter quoted several of these passages, I shall not need here again to repeat them. This sovereignty he erects, as has been said, upon a double foundation, viz. that of property, and that of fatherhood. One was the right he was supposed to have in all creatures, a right to possess the earth with the beasts, and other inferior ranks of things in it, for his private use, exclusive of all other men. The other was the right he was supposed to have, to rule and govern men, all the rest of mankind. § 85. That of his property our author supposes to arise from God's immediate donation, Gen. i. 28. and that of fatherhood from the act of begetting: now in all inheritance, if the heir succeed not to the reason upon which his father's right was founded, he cannot succeed to the right which followeth from it. For example, Adam had a right of property in the creatures upon the donation and grant of God almighty, who was lord and proprietor of them all: let this be so as our author tells us, yet upon his death his heir can have no title to them, no such right of property in them, unless the same reason, viz. God's donation, vested a right in the heir too: for if Adam could have had no property in, nor use of the creatures, without this positive donation from God, and this donation were only personally to Adam, his heir could have no right by it; but upon his death it must revert to God, the lord and owner again; for positive grants give no title farther than the express words convey it, and by which only it is held. And thus, if as our author himself contends, that donation, Gen. i. 28. were made only to Adam personally, his heir could not succeed to his property in the creatures; and if it were a donation to any but Adam, let it be shewn, that it was to his heir in our author's sense, i. e. to one of his children, exclusive of all the rest. § 86. § 87. This being the reason and foundation of Adam's property, gave the same title, on the same ground, to all his children, not only after his death, but in his life-time: so that here was no privilege of his heir above his other children, which could exclude them from an equal right to the use of the inferior creatures, for the comfortable preservation of their beings, which is all the property man hath in them; and so Adam's sovereignty built on property, or, as our author calls it, private dominion, comes to nothing. Every man had a right to the creatures, by the same title Adam had, viz. by the right every one had to take care of, and provide for their subsistence: and thus men had a right in common, Adam's children in common with him. But if any one had began, and made himself a property in any particular thing, (which how he, or any one else, could do, shall be shewn in another place) that thing, that possession, if he disposed not otherwise of it by his positive grant, descended naturally to his children, and they had a right to succeed to it, and possess it. § 88. It might reasonably be asked here, how come children by this right of possessing, before any other, the properties of their parents upon their decease? for it being personally the parents, when they die, without actually transferring their right to another, why does it not return again to the common stock of mankind? It will perhaps be answered, that common consent hath disposed of it to their children. Common practice, we see indeed, does so dispose of it; but we cannot say, that it is the common consent of mankind; for that hath never been asked, nor actually given; and if common tacit consent hath established it, it would make but a positive, and not a natural right of children to inherit the goods of their parents: but where the practice is universal, it is reasonable to think the cause is natural. The ground then I think to be this. The first and strongest desire God planted in men, and wrought into the very principles of their nature, being that of self-preservation, that is the foundation of a right to the creatures for the particular support and use of each individual person himself. But, next to this, God planted in men a strong desire also of propagating their kind, and continuing themselves in their posterity; and this gives children a title to share in the property of their parents, and a right to inherit their possessions. Men are not proprietors of what they have, meerly for themselves; their children have a title to part of it, and have their kind of right joined with their parents, in the possession which comes to be wholly their's, when death, having put an end to their parents use of it, hath taken them from their possessions; and this we call inheritance: men being by a like obligation bound to preserve what they have begotten, as to preserve themselves, their issue come to have a right in the goods they are possessed of. That children have such a right, is plain from the laws of God; and that men are convinced that children have such a right, is evident from the law of the land; both which laws require parents to provide for their children. § 89. For children being by the course of nature, born weak, and unable to provide for themselves, they have by the appointment of God himself, who hath thus ordered the course of nature, a right to be nourished and maintained by their parents; nay, a right not only to a bare subsistence, but to the conveniencies and comforts of life, as far as the conditions of their parents can afford it. Hence it comes, that when their parents leave the world, and so the care due to their children ceases, the effects of it are to extend as far as possibly they can, and the provisions they have made in their life-time, are understood to be intended, as nature requires they should, for their children, whom, after themselves, they are bound to provide for: though the dying parents, by express words, declare nothing about them, nature appoints the descent of their property to their children, who thus come to have a title, and natural right of inheritance to their fathers goods, which the rest of mankind cannot pretend to. § 90. Were it not for this right of being nourished and maintained by their parents, which God and nature has given to children, and obliged parents to as a duty, it would be reasonable, that the father should inherit the estate of his son, and be preferred in the inheritance before his grand-child: for to the grand-father there is due a long score of care and expences laid out upon the breeding and education of his son, which one would think in justice ought to be paid. But that having been done in obedience to the same law, whereby he received nourishment and education from his own parents; this score of education, received from a man's father, is paid by taking care, and providing for his own children; is paid, I say, as much as is required of payment by alteration of property, unless present necessity of the parents require a return of goods for their necessary support and subsistence: for we are not now speaking of that reverence, acknowledgment, respect and honour, that is always due from children to their parents; but of possessions and commodities of life valuable by money. But though it be incumbent on parents to bring up and provide for their children, yet this debt to their children does not quite cancel the score due to their parents; but only is made by nature preferable to it: for the debt a man owes his father takes place, and gives the father a right to inherit the son's goods, where, for want of issue, the right of children doth not exclude that title. And therefore a man having a right to be maintained by his children, where he needs it; and to enjoy also the comforts of life from them, when the necessary provision due to them and their children will afford it; if his son die without issue, the father has a right in nature to possess his goods, and inherit his estate, (whatever the municipal laws of some countries may absurdly direct otherwise;) and so again his children and their issue from him; or, for want of such, his father and his issue. But where no such are to be found, i. e. no kindred, there we see the possessions of a private man revert to the community, and so in politic societies come into the hands of the public magistrate; but in the state of nature become again perfectly common, no body having a right to inherit them: nor can any one have a property in them, otherwise than in other things common by nature; of which I shall speak in its due place. § 91. I have been the larger, in shewing upon what ground children have a right to succeed to the possession of their fathers properties, not only because by it, it will appear, that if Adam had a property (a titular, insignificant, useless property; for it could be no better, for he was bound to nourish and maintain his children and posterity out of it) in the whole earth and its product, yet all his children coming to have, by the law of nature, and right of inheritance, a joint title, and right of property in it after his death, it could convey no right of sovereignty to any one of his posterity over the rest: since every one having a right of inheritance to his portion, they might enjoy their inheritance, or any part of it in common, or share it, or some parts of it, by division, as it best liked them. But no one could pretend to the whole inheritance, or any sovereignty supposed to accompany it; since a right of inheritance gave every one of the rest, as well as any one, a title to share in the goods of his father. Not only upon this account, I say, have I been so particular in examining the reason of children's inheriting the property of their fathers, but also because it will give us farther light in the inheritance of rule and power, which in countries where their particular municipal laws give the whole possession of land entirely to the first-born, and descent of power has gone so to men by this custom, some have been apt to be deceived into an opinion, that there was a natural or divine right of primogeniture, to both estate and power; and that the inheritance of both rule over men, and property in things, sprang from the same original, and were to descend by the same rules. § 92. Property, whose original is from the right a man has to use any of the inferior creatures, for the subsistence and comfort of his life, is for the benefit and sole advantage of the proprietor, so that he may even destroy the thing, that he has property in by his use of it, where need requires: but government being for the preservation of every man's right and property, by preserving him from the violence or injury of others, is for the good of the governed: for the magistrate's sword being for a terror to evil doers, and by that terror to inforce men to observe the positive laws of the society, made conformable to the laws of nature, for the public good, i. e. the good of every particular member of that society, as far as by common rules it can be provided for; the sword is not given the magistrate for his own good alone. § 93. Children therefore, as has been shewed, by the dependance they have on their parents for subsistence, have a right of inheritance to their fathers property, as that which belongs to them for their proper good and behoof, and therefore are fitly termed goods, wherein the first-born has not a sole or peculiar right by any law of God and nature, the younger children having an equal title with him, founded on that right they all have to maintenance, support, and comfort from their parents, and on nothing else. But government being for the benefit of the governed, and not the sole advantage of the governors, (but only for their's with the rest, as they make a part of that politic body, each of whose parts and members are taken care of, and directed in its peculiar functions for the good of the whole, by the laws of society) cannot be inherited by the same title, that children have to the goods of their father. The right a son has to be maintained and provided with the necessaries and conveniences of life out of his father's stock, gives him a right to succeed to his father's property for his own good; but this can give him no right to succeed also to the rule, which his father had over other men. All that a child has right to claim from his father is nourishment and education, and the things nature furnishes for the support of life: but he has no right to demand rule or dominion from him: he can subsist and receive from him the portion of good things, and advantages of education naturally due to him, without empire and dominion. That (if his father hath any) was vested in him, for the good and behoof of others: and therefore the son cannot claim or inherit it by a title, which is founded wholly on his own private good and advantage. § 94. We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority, upon what ground any one has empire, what his title is to it, before we can know who has a right to succeed him in it, and inherit it from him: if the agreement and consent of men first gave a scepter into any one's hand, or put a crown on his head, that also must direct its descent and conveyance; for the same authority, that made the first a lawful ruler, must make the second too, and so give right of succession: in this case inheritance, or primogeniture, can in its self have no right, no pretence to it, any farther than that consent, which established the form of the government, hath so settled the succession. And thus we see, the succession of crowns, in several countries, places it on different heads, and he comes by right of succession to be a prince in one place, who would be a subject in another. § 95. If God, by his positive grant and revealed declaration, first gave rule and dominion to any man, he that will claim by that title, must have the same positive grant of God for his succession: for if that has not directed the course of its descent and conveyance down to others, no body can succeed to this title of the first ruler. Children have no right of inheritance to this; and primogeniture can lay no claim to it, unless God, the author of this constitution, hath so ordained it. Thus we see, the pretensions of Saul's family, who received his crown from the immediate appointment of God, ended with his reign; and David, by the same title that Saul reigned, viz. God's appointment, succeeded in his throne, to the exclusion of Jonathan, and all pretensions of paternal inheritance: and if Solomon had a right to succeed his father, it must be by some other title, than that of primogeniture. A cadet, or sister's son, must have the preference in succession, if he has the same title the first lawful prince had: and in dominion that has its foundation only in the positive appointment of God himself, Benjamin, the youngest, must have the inheritance of the crown, if God so direct, as well as one of that tribe had the first possession. § 96. If paternal right, the act of begetting, give a man rule and dominion, inheritance or primogeniture can give no title: for he that cannot succeed to his father's title, which was begetting, cannot succeed to that power over his brethren, which his father had by paternal right over them. But of this I shall have occasion to say more in another place. This is plain in the mean time, that any government, whether supposed to be at first founded in paternal right, consent of the people, or the positive appointment of God himself, which can supersede either of the other, and so begin a new government upon a new foundation; I say, any government began upon either of these, can by right of succession come to those only, who have the title of him they succeed to: power founded on contract can descend only to him, who has right by that contract: power founded on begetting, he only can have that begets; and power founded on the positive grant or donation of God, he only can have by right of succession, to whom that grant directs it. § 97. From what I have said, I think this is clear, that a right to the use of the creatures, being founded originally in the right a man has to subsist and enjoy the conveniencies of life; and the natural right children have to inherit the goods of their parents, being founded in the right they have to the same subsistence and commodities of life, out of the stock of their parents, who are therefore taught by natural love and tenderness to provide for them, as a part of themselves; and all this being only for the good of the proprietor, or heir; it can be no reason for children's inheriting of rule and dominion, which has another original and a different end. Nor can primogeniture have any pretence to a right of solely inheriting either property or power, as we shall, in its due place, see more fully. It is enough to have shewed here, that Adam's property, or private dominion, could not convey any sovereignty or rule to his heir, who not having a right to inherit all his father's possessions, could not thereby come to have any sovereignty over his brethren: and therefore, if any sovereignty on account of his property had been vested in Adam, which in truth there was not, yet it would have died with him. § 98. As Adam's sovereignty, if, by virtue of being proprietor of the world, he had any authority over men, could not have been inherited by any of his children over the rest, because they had the same title to divide the inheritance, and every one had a right to a portion of his father's possessions; so neither could Adam's sovereignty by right of fatherhood, if any such he had, descend to any one of his children: for it being, in our author's account, a right acquired by begetting to rule over those he had begotten, it was not a power possible to be inherited, because the right being consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal, made that power so too, and impossible to be inherited: for paternal power, being a natural right rising only from the relation of father and son, is as impossible to be inherited as the relation itself; and a man may pretend as well to inherit the conjugal power the husband, whose heir he is, had over his wife, as he can to inherit the paternal power of a father over his children: for the power of the husband being founded on contract, and the power of the father on begetting, he may as well inherit the power obtained by the conjugal contract, which was only personal, as he may the power obtained by begetting, which could reach no farther than the person of the begetter, unless begetting can be a title to power in him that does not beget. § 99. Which makes it a reasonable question to ask, whether Adam, dying before Eve, his heir, (suppose Cain or Seth) should have by right of inheriting Adam's fatherhood, sovereign power over Eve his mother: for Adam's fatherhood being nothing but a right he had to govern his children, because he begot them, he that inherits Adam's fatherhood, inherits nothing, even in our author's sense, but the right Adam had to govern his children, because he begot them: so that the monarchy of the heir would not have taken in Eve; or if it did, it being nothing but the fatherhood of Adam descended by inheritance, the heir must have right to govern Eve, because Adam begot her; for fatherhood is nothing else. § 100. Perhaps it will be said with our author, that a man can alien his power over his child; and what may be transferred by compact, may be possessed by inheritance. I answer, a father cannot alien the power he has over his child: he may perhaps to some degrees forfeit it, but cannot transfer it; and if any other man acquire it, it is not by the father's grant, but by some act of his own. For example, a father, unnaturally careless of his child, sells or gives him to another man; and he again exposes him; a third man finding him, breeds up, cherishes, and provides for him as his own: I think in this case, no body will doubt, but that the greatest part of filial duty and subjection was here owing, and to be paid to this foster-father; and if any thing could be demanded from the child, by either of the other, it could be only due to his natural father, who perhaps might have forfeited his right to much of that duty comprehended in the command, Honour your parents, but could transfer none of it to another. He that purchased, and neglected the child, got by his purchase and grant of the father, no title to duty or honour from the child; but only he acquired it, who by his own authority, performing the office and care of a father, to the forlorn and perishing infant, made himself, by paternal care, a title to proportionable degrees of paternal power. This will be more easily admitted upon consideration of the nature of paternal power, for which I refer my reader to the second book. § 101. To return to the argument in hand; this is evident, That paternal power arising only from begetting, for in that our author places it alone, can neither be transferred nor inherited: and he that does not beget, can no more have paternal power, which arises from thence, than he can have a right to any thing, who performs not the condition, to which only it is annexed. If one should ask, by what law has a father power over his children? it will be answered, no doubt, by the law of nature, which gives such a power over them, to him that begets them. If one should ask likewise, by what law does our author's heir come by a right to inherit? I think it would be answered, by the law of nature too: for I find not that our author brings one word of scripture to prove the right of such an heir he speaks of. Why then the law of nature gives fathers paternal power over their children, because they did beget them; and the same law of nature gives the same paternal power to the heir over his brethren, who did not beget them: whence it follows, that either the father has not his paternal power by begetting, or else that the heir has it not at all; for it is hard to understand how the law of nature, which is the law of reason, can give the paternal power to the father over his children, for the only reason of begetting; and to the first-born over his brethren without this only reason, i. e. for no reason at all: and if the eldest, by the law of nature, can inherit this paternal power, without the only reason that gives a title to it, so may the youngest as well as he, and a stranger as well as either; for where there is no reason for any one, as there is not, but for him that begets, all have an equal title. I am sure our author offers no reason; and when any body does, we shall see whether it will hold or no. § 102. In the mean time it is as good sense to say, that by the law of nature a man has right to inherit the property of another, because he is of kin to him, and is known to be of his blood; and therefore, by the same law of nature, an utter stranger to his blood has right to inherit his estate; as to say that, by the law of nature, he that begets them has paternal power over his children, and therefore, by the law of nature, the heir that begets them not, has this paternal power over them; or supposing the law of the land gave absolute power over their children, to such only who nursed them, and fed their children themselves, could any body pretend, that this law gave any one, who did no such thing, absolute power over those, who were not his children? § 103. When therefore it can be shewed, that conjugal power can belong to him that is not an husband, it will also I believe be proved, that our author's paternal power, acquired by begetting, may be inherited by a son; and that a brother, as heir to his father's power, may have paternal power over his brethren, and by the same rule conjugal power too: but till then, I think we may rest satisfied, that the paternal power of Adam, this sovereign authority of fatherhood, were there any such, could not descend to, nor be inherited by, his next heir. Fatherly power, I easily grant our author, if it will do him any good, can never be lost, because it will be as long in the world as there are fathers: but none of them will have Adam's paternal power, or derive their's from him; but every one will have his own, by the same title Adam had his, viz. by begetting, but not by inheritance, or succession, no more than husbands have their conjugal power by inheritance from Adam. And thus we see, as Adam had no such property, no such paternal power, as gave him sovereign jurisdiction over mankind; so likewise his sovereignty built upon either of these titles, if he had any such, could not have descended to his heir, but must have ended with him. Adam therefore, as has been proved, being neither monarch, nor his imaginary monarchy hereditable, the power which is now in the world, is not that which was Adam's, since all that Adam could have upon our author's grounds, either of property or fatherhood, necessarily died with him, and could not be conveyed to posterity by inheritance. In the next place we will consider, whether Adam had any such heir, to inherit his power, as our author talks of. Back to Top Chapter X Of the Heir to Adam's Monarchical Power. § 104. OUR author tells us, Observations, 253. That it is a truth undeniable, that there cannot be any multitude of men whatsoever, either great or small, tho' gathered together from the several corners and remotest regions of the world, but that in the same multitude, considered by its self, there is one man amongst them, that in nature hath a right to be king of all the rest, as being the next heir to Adam, and all the other subjects to him: every man by nature is a king or a subject. And again, p. 20. If Adam himself were still living, and now ready to die, it is certain that there is one man, and but one in the world, who is next heir. Let this multitude of men be, if our author pleases, all the princes upon the earth, there will then be, by our author's rule, one amongst them, that in nature hath a right to be king of all the rest, as being the right heir to Adam; an excellent way to establish the thrones of princes, and settle the obedience of their subjects, by setting up an hundred, or perhaps a thousand titles (if there be so many princes in the world) against any king now reigning, each as good, upon our author's grounds, as his who wears the crown. If this right of heir carry any weight with it, if it be the ordinance of God, as our author seems to tells us, Observations, 244. must not all be subject to it, from the highest to the lowest? Can those who wear the name of princes, without having the right of being heirs to Adam, demand obedience from their subjects by this title, and not be bound to pay it by the same law? Either governments in the world are not to be claimed, and held by this title of Adam's heir; and then the starting of it is to no purpose, the being or not being Adam's heir signifies nothing as to the title of dominion: or if it really be, as our author says, the true title to government and sovereignty, the first thing to be done, is to find out this true heir of Adam, seat him in his throne, and then all the kings and princes of the world ought to come and resign up their crowns and scepters to him, as things that belong no more to them, than to any of their subjects. § 105. For either this right in nature, of Adam's heir, to be king over all the race of men, (for all together they make one multitude) is a right not necessary to the making of a lawful king, and so there may be lawful kings without it, and then kings titles and power depend not on it; or else all the kings in the world but one are not lawful kings, and so have no right to obedience: either this title of heir to Adam is that whereby kings hold their crowns, and have a right to subjection from their subjects, and then one only can have it, and the rest being subjects can require no obedience from other men, who are but their fellow subjects; or else it is not the title whereby kings rule, and have a right to obedience from their subjects, and then kings are kings without it, and this dream of the natural sovereignty of Adam's heir is of no use to obedience and government: for if kings have a right to dominion, and the obedience of their subjects, who are not, nor can possibly be, heirs to Adam, what use is there of such a title, when we are obliged to obey without it? If kings, who are not heirs to Adam, have no right to sovereignty, we are all free, till our author, or any body for him, will shew us Adam's right heir. If there be but one heir of Adam, there can be but one lawful king in the world, and no body in conscience can be obliged to obedience till it be resolved who that is; for it may be any one, who is not known to be of a younger house, and all others have equal titles. If there be more than one heir of Adam, every one is his heir, and so every one has regal power: for if two sons can be heirs together, then all the sons are equally heirs, and so all are heirs, being all sons, or sons sons of Adam. Betwixt these two the right of heir cannot stand; for by it either but one only man, or all men are kings. Take which you please, it dissolves the bonds of government and obedience; since, if all men are heirs, they can owe obedience to no body; if only one, no body can be obliged to pay obedience to him, till he be known, and his title made out. Back to Top Chapter XI § 106. § 107. This designation of the person our author is more than ordinary obliged to take care of, because he, affirming that the assignment of civil power is by divine institution, hath made the conveyance as well as the power itself sacred: so that no consideration, no act or art of man, can divert it from that person, to whom, by this divine right, it is assigned; no necessity or contrivance can substitute another person in his room: for if the assignment of civil power be by divine institution, and Adam's heir be he to whom it is thus assigned, as in the foregoing chapter our author tells us, it would be as much sacrilege for any one to be king, who was not Adam's heir, as it would have been amongst the Jews, for any one to have been priest, who had not been of Aaron's posterity: for not only the priesthood in general being by divine institution, but the assignment of it to the sole line and posterity of Aaron, made it impossible to be enjoyed or exercised by any one, but those persons who were the off-spring of Aaron: whose succession therefore was carefully observed, and by that the persons who had a right to the priesthood certainly known. § 108. § 109. § 110. This obscurity cannot be imputed to want of language in so great a master of style as Sir Robert is, when he is resolved with himself what he would say: and therefore, I fear, finding how hard it would be to settle rules of descent by divine institution, and how little it would be to his purpose, or conduce to the clearing and establishing the titles of princes, if such rules of descent were settled, he chose rather to content himself with doubtful and general terms, which might make no ill found in mens ears, who were willing to be pleased with them, rather than offer any clear rules of descent of this fatherhood of Adam, by which men's consciences might be satisfied to whom it descended, and know the persons who had a right to regal power, and with it to their obedience. § 111. How else is it possible, that laying so much stress, as he does, upon descent, and Adam's heir, next heir, true heir, he should never tell us what heir means, nor the way to know who the next or true heir is? This, I do not remember, he does any where expresly handle; but, where it comes in his way, very warily and doubtfully touches; though it be so necessary, that without it all discourses of government and obedience upon his principles would be to no purpose, and fatherly power, never so well made out, will be of no use to any body. Hence he tells us, Observations, 244. That not only the constitution of power in general, but the limitation of it to one kind, (i. e.) monarchy, and the determination of it to the individual person and line of Adam, are all three ordinances of God; neither Eve nor her children could either limit Adam's power, or join others with him; and what was given unto Adam was given in his person to his posterity. Here again our author informs us, that the divine ordinance hath limited the descent of Adam's monarchical power. To whom? To Adam's line and posterity, says our author. A notable limitation, a limitation to all mankind: for if our author can find any one amongst mankind, that is not of the line and posterity of Adam, he may perhaps tell him, who this next heir of Adam is: but for us, I despair how this limitation of Adam's empire to his line and posterity will help us to find out one heir. This limitation indeed of our author will save those the labour, who would look for him amongst the race of brutes, if any such there were; but will very little contribute to the discovery of one next heir amongst men, though it make a short and easy determination of the question about the descent of Adam's regal power, by telling us, that the line and posterity of Adam is to have it, that is, in plain English, any one may have it, since there is no person living that hath not the title of being of the line and posterity of Adam; and while it keeps there, it keeps within our author's limitation by God's ordinance. Indeed, p. 19. he tells us, that such heirs are not only lords of their own children, but of their brethren; whereby, and by the words following, which we shall consider anon, he seems to insinuate, that the eldest son is heir; but he no where, that I know, says it in direct words, but by the instances of Cain and Jacob, that there follow, we may allow this to be so far his opinion concerning heirs, that where there are divers children, the eldest son has the right to be heir. That primogeniture cannot give any title to paternal power, we have already shewed. That a father may have a natural right to some kind of power over his children, is easily granted; but that an elder brother has so over his brethren, remains to be proved: God or nature has not any where, that I know, placed such jurisdiction in the first-born; nor can reason find any such natural superiority amongst brethren. The law of Moses gave a double portion of the goods and possessions to the eldest; but we find not any where that naturally, or by God's institution, superiority or dominion belonged to him, and the instances there brought by our author are but slender proofs of a right to civil power and dominion in the first-born, and do rather shew the contrary. § 112. His words are in the forecited place: And therefore we find God told Cain of his brother Abel; his desire shall be subject unto thee, and thou shalt rule over him. To which I answer, 2. Whatever was meant by them, it could not be, that Cain, as elder, had a natural dominion over Abel; for the words are conditional, If thou dost well; and so personal to Cain: and whatever was signified by them, did depend on his carriage, and not follow his birth-right; and therefore could by no means be an establishment of dominion in the first-born in general: for before this Abel had his distinct territories by right of private dominion, as our author himself confesses, Observations, 210. which he could not have had to the prejudice of the heirs title, if by divine institution, Cain as heir were to inherit all his father's dominion. § 113. It follows, p. 19. Accordingly when Jacob bought his brother's birth-right, Isaac blessed him thus; Be lord over thy brethren, and let the sons of thy mother bow before thee. Another instance, I take it, brought by our author to evince dominion due to birth-right, and an admirable one it is: for it must be no ordinary way of reasoning in a man, that is pleading for the natural power of kings, and against all compact, to bring for proof of it, an example, where his own account of it founds all the right upon compact, and settles empire in the younger brother, unless buying and selling be no compact; for he tells us, when Jacob bought his brother's birthright. But passing by that, let us consider the history itself, with what use our author makes of it, and we shall find these following mistakes about it. 2. Another mistake of our author's is, that he supposes Isaac gave Jacob the blessing, and bid him be lord over his brethren, because he had the birth-right; for our author brings this example to prove, that he that has the birth-right, has thereby a right to be lord over his brethren. But it is also manifest by the text, that Isaac had no consideration of Jacob's having bought the birth-right; for when he blessed him, he considered him not as Jacob, but took him for Esau. Nor did Esau understand any such connection between birth-right and the blessing; for he says, He hath supplanted me these two times, he took away my birth-right, and behold now he hath taken away my blessing: whereas had the blessing, which was to be lord over his brethren, belonged to the birth-right, Esau could not have complained of this second, as a cheat, Jacob having got nothing but what Esau had sold him, when he sold him his birth-right; so that it is plain, dominion, if these words signify it, was not understood to belong to the birth-right. § 114. And that in those days of the patriarchs, dominion was not understood to be the right of the heir, but only a greater portion of goods, is plain from Gen. xxi. 10. for Sarah, taking Isaac to be heir, says, Cast out this bondwoman and her son, for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son: whereby could be meant nothing, but that he should not have a pretence to an equal share of his father's estate after his death, but should have his portion presently, and be gone. Accordingly we read, Gen. xxv. 5, 6. That Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac, but unto the sons of the concubines which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived. That is, Abraham having given portions to all his other sons, and sent them away, that which he had reserved, being the greatest part of his substance, Isaac as heir possessed after his death: but by being heir, he had no right to be lord over his brethren; for if he had, why should Sarah endeavour to rob him of one of his subjects, or lessen the number of his slaves, by desiring to have Ishmael sent away? § 115. Thus, as under the law, the privilege of birth-right was nothing but a double portion: so we see that before Moses, in the patriarchs time, from whence our author pretends to take his model, there was no knowledge, no thought, that birth-right gave rule or empire, paternal or kingly authority, to any one over his brethren. If this be not plain enough in the story of Isaac and Ishmael, he that will look into 1 Chron. v. 12. may there read these words: Reuben was the first-born; but forasmuch as he defiled his father's bed, his birth-right was given unto the sons of Joseph, the son of Israel: and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birth-right; for Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler; but the birth-right was Joseph's. What this birth-right was, Jacob blessing Joseph, Gen. xlviii. 22. telleth us in these words, Moreover I have given thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite, with my sword and with my bow. Whereby it is not only plain, that the birth-right was nothing but a double portion; but the text in Chronicles is express against our author's doctrine, and shews that dominion was no part of the birth-right; for it tells us, that Joseph had the birth-right, but Judah the dominion. One would think our author were very fond of the very name of birth-right, when he brings this instance of Jacob and Esau, to prove that dominion belongs to the heir over his brethren. § 116. 1. Because it will be but an ill example to prove, that dominion by God's ordination belonged to the eldest son, because Jacob the youngest here had it, let him come by it how he would: for if it prove any thing, it can only prove, against our author, that the assignment of dominion to the eldest is not by divine institution, which would then be unalterable: for if by the law of God, or nature, absolute power and empire belongs to the eldest son and his heirs, so that they are supreme monarchs, and all the rest of their brethren slaves, our author gives us reason to doubt whether the eldest son has a power to part with it, to the prejudice of his posterity, since he tells us, Observations, 158. That in grants and gifts that have their original from God or nature, no inferior power of man can limit, or make any law of prescription against them. § 117. § 118. He that reads the story of Jacob and Esau, will find there was never any jurisdiction or authority, that either of them had over the other after their father's death: they lived with the friendship and equality of brethren, neither lord, neither slave to his brother; but independent each of other, were both heads of their distinct families, where they received no laws from one another, but lived separately, and were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people under two distinct governments. This blessing then of Isaac, whereon our author would build the dominion of the elder brother, signifies no more, but what Rebecca had been told from God, Gen. xxv. 23. Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels, and the one people shall be stronger than the other people, and the elder shall serve the younger; and so Jacob blessed Judah, Gen. xlix. and gave him the scepter and dominion, from whence our author might have argued as well, that jurisdiction and dominion belongs to the third son over his brethren, as well as from this blessing of Isaac, that it belonged to Jacob: both these places contain only predictions of what should long after happen to their posterities, and not any declaration of the right of inheritance to dominion in either. And thus we have our author's two great and only arguments to prove, that heirs are lords over their brethren. 1. Because God tells Cain, Gen. iv. that however sin might set upon him, he ought or might be master of it: for the most learned interpreters understood the words of sin, and not of Abel, and give so strong reasons for it, that nothing can convincingly be inferred, from so doubtful a text, to our author's purpose. § 119. § 120. § 121. And hence not being able to make out any prince's title to government, as heir to Adam, which therefore is of no use, and had been better let alone, he is fain to resolve all into present possession, and makes civil obedience as due to an usurper, as to a lawful king; and thereby the usurper's title as good. His words are, Observations, 253. and they deserve to be remembered: If an usurper dispossess the true heir, the subjects obedience to the fatherly power must go along, and wait upon God's providence. But I shall leave his title of usurpers to be examined in its due place, and desire my sober reader to consider what thanks princes owe such politics as this, which can suppose paternal power (i. e.) a right to government in the hands of a Cade, or a Cromwell; and so all obedience being due to paternal power, the obedience of subjects will be due to them, by the same right, and upon as good grounds, as it is to lawful princes; and yet this, as dangerous a doctrine as it is, must necessarily follow from making all political power to be nothing else, but Adam's paternal power by right and divine institution, descending from him without being able to shew to whom it descended, or who is heir to it. § 122. § 123. § 124. § 125. § 126. § 127. § 128. If God had given the land of Canaan to Abraham, and in general terms to some body after him, without naming his seed, whereby it might be known who that somebody was, it would have been as good and useful an assignment, to determine the right to the land of Canaan, as it would be the determining the right of crowns, to give empire to Adam and his successive heirs after him, without telling who his heir is: for the word heir, without a rule to know who it is, signifies no more than some body, I know not whom. God making it a divine institution, that men should not marry those who were near of kin, thinks it not enough to say, None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness; but moreover, gives rules to know who are those near of kin, forbidden by divine institution; or else that law would have been of no use, it being to no purpose to lay restraint, or give privileges to men, in such general terms, as the particular person concerned cannot be known by. But God not having any where said, the next heir shall inherit all his father's estate or dominion, we are not to wonder, that he hath no where appointed who that heir should be; for never having intended any such thing, never designed any heir in that sense, we cannot expect he should any where nominate, or appoint any person to it, as we might, had it been otherwise. And therefore in scripture, though the word heir occur, yet there is no such thing as heir in our author's sense, one that was by right of nature to inherit all that his father had, exclusive of his brethren. Hence Sarah supposes, that if Ishmael staid in the house, to share in Abraham's estate after his death, this son of a bond-woman might be heir with Isaac; and therefore, says she, cast out this bond-woman and her son, for the son of this bond-woman shall not be heir with my son: but this cannot excuse our author, who telling us there is, in every number of men, one who is right and next heir to Adam, ought to have told us what the laws of descent are: but he having been so sparing to instruct us by rules, how to know who is heir, let us see in the next place, what his history out of scripture, on which he pretends wholly to build his government, gives us in this necessary and fundamental point. § 129. Our author, to make good the title of his book, p. 13. begins his history of the descent of Adam's regal power, p. 13. in these words: This lordship which Adam by command had over the whole world, and by right descending from him, the patriarchs did enjoy, was a large, &c. How does he prove that the patriarchs by descent did enjoy it? for dominion of life and death, says he, we find Judah the father pronounced sentence of death against Thamar his daughter in law for playing the harlot, p. 13. How does this prove that Judah had absolute and sovereign authority? he pronounced sentence of death. The pronouncing of sentence of death is not a certain mark of sovereignty, but usually the office of inferior magistrates. The power of making laws of life and death is indeed a mark of sovereignty, but pronouncing the sentence according to those laws may be done by others, and therefore this will but ill prove that he had sovereign authority: as if one should say, Judge Jefferies pronounced sentence of death in the late times, therefore Judge Jefferies had sovereign authority. But it will be said, Judah did it not by commission from another, and therefore did it in his own right. Who knows whether he had any right at all? Heat of passion might carry him to do that which he had no authority to do. Judah had dominion of life and death: how does that appear? He exercised it, he pronounced sentence of death against Thamar: our author thinks it is very good proof, that because he did it, therefore he had a right to do it: he lay with her also: by the same way of proof, he had a right to do that too. If the consequence be good from doing to a right of doing, Absalom too may be reckoned amongst our author's sovereigns, for he pronounced such a sentence of death against his brother Amnon, and much upon a like occasion, and had it executed too, if that be sufficient to prove a dominion of life and death. But allowing this all to be clear demonstration of sovereign power, who was it that had this lordship by right descending to him from Adam, as large and ample as the absolutest dominion of any monarch? Judah, says our author, Judah a younger son of Jacob, his father and elder brethren living; so that if our author's own proof be to be taken, a younger brother may, in the life of his father and elder brothers, by right of descent, enjoy Adam's monarchical power; and if one so qualified may be monarch by descent, why may not every man? if Judah, his father and elder brother living, were one of Adam's heirs, I know not who can be excluded from this inheritance; all men by inheritance may be monarchs as well as Judah. § 130. Touching war, we see that Abraham commanded an army of 318 soldiers of his own family, and Esau met his brother Jacob with 400 men at arms: for matter of peace, Abraham made a league with Abimelech, &c. p. 13. Is it not possible for a man to have 318 men in his family, without being heir to Adam? A planter in the West Indies has more, and might, if he pleased, (who doubts?) muster them up and lead them out against the Indians, to seek reparation upon any injury received from them; and all this without the absolute dominion of a monarch, descending to him from Adam. Would it not be an admirable argument to prove, that all power by God's institution descended from Adam by inheritance, and that the very person and power of this planter were the ordinance of God, because he had power in his family over servants, born in his house, and bought with his money? For this was just Abraham's case; those who were rich in the patriarch's days, as in the West Indies now, bought men and maid servants, and by their increase, as well as purchasing of new, came to have large and numerous families, which though they made use of in war or peace, can it be thought the power they had over them was an inheritance descended from Adam, when it was the purchase of their money? A man's riding in an expedition against an enemy, his horse bought in a fair would be as good a proof that the owner enjoyed the lordship which Adam by command had over the whole world, by right descending to him, as Abraham's leading out the servants of his family is, that the patriarchs enjoyed this lordship by descent from Adam: since the title to the power, the master had in both cases, whether over slaves or horses, was only from his purchase; and the getting a dominion over any thing by bargain and money, is a new way of proving one had it by descent and inheritance. § 131. § 132. § 133. But granting this a mark of sovereignty in Abraham, is it a proof of the descent to him of Adam's sovereignty over the whole world? If it be, it will surely be as good a proof of the descent of Adam's lordship to others too. And then common-wealths, as well as Abraham, will be heirs of Adam, for they make war and peace, as well as he. If you say, that the lordship of Adam doth not by right descend to common-wealths, though they make war and peace, the same say I of Abraham, and then there is an end of your argument: if you stand to your argument, and say those that do make war and peace, as common-wealths do without doubt, do inherit Adam's lordship, there is an end of your monarchy, unless you will say, that commonwealths by descent enjoying Adam's lordship are monarchies; and that indeed would be a new way of making all the governments in the world monarchical. § 134. To give our author the honour of this new invention, for I confess it is not I have first found it out by tracing his principles, and so charged it on him, it is fit my readers know that (as absurd as it may seem) he teaches it himself, p. 23. where he ingenuously says, In all kingdoms and common-wealths in the world, whether the prince be the supreme father of the people, or but the true heir to such a father, or come to the crown by usurpation or election, or whether some few or a multitude govern the common-wealth; yet still the authority that is in any one, or in many, or in all these, is the only right, and natural authority of a supreme father; which right of fatherhood, he often tells us, is regal and royal authority; as particularly, p. 12. the page immediately preceding this instance of Abraham. This regal authority, he says, those that govern common-wealths have; and if it be true, that regal and royal authority be in those that govern common-wealths, it is as true that common-wealths are governed by kings; for if regal authority be in him that governs, he that governs must needs be a king, and so all common-wealths are nothing but down-right monarchies; and then what need any more ado about the matter? The governments of the world are as they should be, there is nothing but monarchy in it. This, without doubt, was the surest way our author could have found, to turn all other governments, but monarchical, out of the world. § 135. But all this scarce proves Abraham to have been a king as heir to Adam. If by inheritance he had been king, Lot, who was of the same family, must needs have been his subject, by that title, before the servants in his family; but we see they lived as friends and equals, and when their herdsmen could not agree, there was no pretence of jurisdiction or superiority between them, but they parted by consent, Gen. xiii. hence he is called both by Abraham, and by the text, Abraham's brother, the name of friendship and equality, and not of jurisdiction and authority, though he were really but his nephew. And if our author knows that Abraham was Adam's heir, and a king, it was more, it seems, than Abraham himself knew, or his servant whom he sent a wooing for his son; for when he sets out the advantages of the match, xxiv. Gen. 35. thereby to prevail with the young woman and her friends, he says, I am Abraham's servant, and the lord hath blessed my master greatly, and he is become great; and he hath given him flocks and herds, and silver and gold, and men-servants and maid-servants, and camels and asses; and Sarah, my master's wife, bare a son to my master when she was old, and unto him hath he given all he hath. Can one think that a discreet servant, that was thus particular to set out his master's greatness, would have omitted the crown Isaac was to have, if he had known of any such? Can it be imagined he should have neglected to have told them on such an occasion as this, that Abraham was a king, a name well known at that time, for he had nine of them his neighbours, if he or his master had thought any such thing, the likeliest matter of all the rest, to make his errand successful? § 136. But this discovery it seems was reserved for our author to make 2 or 3000 years after, and let him enjoy the credit of it; only he should have taken care that some of Adam's land should have descended to this his heir, as well as all Adam's lordship: for though this lordship which Abraham, (if we may believe our author) as well as the other patriarchs, by right descending to him, did enjoy, was as large and ample as the absolutest dominion of any monarch which hath been since the creation; yet his estate, his territories, his dominions were very narrow and scanty, for he had not the possession of a foot of land, till he bought a field and a cave of the sons of Heth to bury Sarah in. § 137. The instance of Esau joined with this of Abraham, to prove that the lordship which Adam had over the whole world, by right descending from him, the patriarchs did enjoy, is yet more pleasant than the former. Esau met his brother Jacob with 400 men at arms; he therefore was a king by right of heir to Adam. Four hundred armed men then, however got together, are enough to prove him that leads them, to be a king and Adam's heir. There have been tories in Ireland, (whatever there are in other countries) who would have thanked our author for so honourable an opinion of them, especially if there had been no body near with a better title of 500 armed men, to question their royal authority of 400. It is a shame for men to trifle so, to say no worse of it, in so serious an argument. Here Esau is brought as a proof that Adam's lordship, Adam's absolute dominion, as large as that of any monarch, descended by right to the patriarchs, and in this very chap. p. 19. Jacob is brought as an instance of one, that by birth-right was lord over his brethren. So we have here two brothers absolute monarchs by the same title, and at the same time heirs to Adam; the eldest, heir to Adam, because he met his brother with 400 men; and the youngest, heir to Adam by birth-right: Esau enjoyed the lordship which Adam had over the whole world by right descending to him, in as large and ample manner, as the absolutest dominion of any monarch; and at the same time, Jacob lord over him, by the right heirs have to be lords over their brethren. Risum teneatis? I never, I confess, met with any man of parts so dexterous as Sir Robert at this way of arguing: but it was his misfortune to light upon an hypothesis, that could not be accommodated to the nature of things, and human affairs; his principles could not be made to agree with that constitution and order, which God had settled in the world, and therefore must needs often clash with common sense and experience. § 138. § 139. The three sons of Noah had the world, says our author, divided amongst them by their father, for of them was the whole world overspread, p. 14. The world might be overspread by the offspring of Noah's sons, though he never divided the world amongst them; for the earth might be replenished without being divided: so that all our author's argument here proves no such division. However, I allow it to him, and then ask, the world being divided amongst them, which of the three was Adam's heir? If Adam's lordship, Adam's monarchy, by right descended only to the eldest, then the other two could be but his subjects, his slaves: if by right it descended to all three brothers, by the same right, it will descend to all mankind; and then it will be impossible what he says, p. 19. that heirs are lords of their brethren, should be true; but all brothers, and consequently all men, will be equal and independent, all heirs to Adam's monarchy, and consequently all monarchs too, one as much as another. But it will be said, Noah their father divided the world amongst them; so that our author will allow more to Noah, than he will to God almighty, for Observations, 211. he thought it hard, that God himself should give the world to Noah and his sons, to the prejudice of Noah's birth-right: his words are, Noah was left sole heir to the world: why should it be thought that God would disinherit him of his birth-right, and make him, of all men in the world, the only tenant in common with his children? and yet here he thinks it fit that Noah should disinherit Shem of his birth-right, and divide the world betwixt him and his brethren; so that this birth-right, when our author pleases, must, and when he pleases must not, be sacred and inviolable. § 140. § 141. He goes on, Most of the civilest nations of the earth labour to fetch their originalfrom some of the sons, or nephews of Noah, p. 14. How many do most of the civilest nations amount to? and who are they? I fear the Chineses, a very great and civil people, as well as several other people of the East, West, North and South, trouble not themselves much about this matter. All that believe the Bible, which I believe are our author's most of the civilest nations, must necessarily derive themselves from Noah; but for the rest of the world, they think little of his sons or nephews. But if the heralds and antiquaries of all nations, for it is these men generally that labour to find out the originals of nations, or all the nations themselves, should labour to fetch their original from some of the sons or nephews of Noah, what would this be to prove, that the lordship which Adam had over the whole world, by right descended to the patriarchs? Whoever, nations, or races of men, labour to fetch their original from, may be concluded to be thought by them, men of renown, famous to posterity, for the greatness of their virtues and actions; but beyond these they look not, nor consider who they were heirs to, but look on them as such as raised themselves, by their own virtue, to a degree that would give a lustre to those who in future ages could pretend to derive themselves from them. But if it were Ogyges, Hercules, Brama, Tamberlain, Pharamond; nay, if Jupiter and Saturn were the names, from whence divers races of men, both ancient and modern, have laboured to derive their original; will that prove, that those men enjoyed the lordship of Adam, by right descending to them? If not, this is but a flourish of our author's to mislead his reader, that in itself signifies nothing. § 142. § 143. In the dispersion of Babel, we must certainly find the establishment of royal power, throughout the kingdoms of the world, p. 14. If you must find it, pray do, and you will help us to a new piece of history: but you must shew it us before we shall be bound to believe, that regal power was established in the world upon your principles: for, that regal power was established in the kingdoms of the world, I think no body will dispute; but that there should be kingdoms in the world, whose several kings enjoyed their crowns, by right descending to them from Adam, that we think not only apocryphal, but also utterly impossible. If our author has no better foundation for his monarchy than a supposition of what was done at the dispersion of Babel, the monarchy he erects thereon, whose top is to reach to heaven to unite mankind, will serve only to divide and scatter them as that tower did; and, instead of establishing civil government and order in the world, will produce nothing but confusion. § 144. § 145. The scripture says not a word of their rulers or forms of government, but only gives an account, how mankind came to be divided into distinct languages and nations; and therefore it is not to argue from the authority of scripture, to tell us positively, fathers were their rulers, when the scripture says no such thing; but to set up fancies of one's own brain, when we confidently aver matter of fact, where records are utterly silent. Upon a like ground, i. e. none at all, he says, That they were not confused multitudes without heads and governors, and at liberty to choose what governors or governments they pleased. § 146. For I demand, when mankind were all yet of one language, all congregated in the plain of Shinar, were they then all under one monarch, who enjoyed the lordship of Adam by right descending to him? If they were not, there were then no thoughts, it is plain, of Adam's heir, no right to government known then upon that title; no care taken, by God or man, of Adam's fatherly authority. If when mankind were but one people, dwelt all together, and were of one language, and were upon building a city together; and when it was plain, they could not but know the right heir, for Shem lived till Isaac's time, a long while after the division at Babel; if then, I say, they were not under the monarchical government of Adam's fatherhood, by right descending to the heir, it is plain there was no regard had to the fatherhood, no monarchy acknowledged due to Adam's heir, no empire of Shem's in Asia, and consequently no such division of the world by Noah, as our author has talked of. As far as we can conclude any thing from scripture in this matter, it seems from this place, that if they had any government, it was rather a common-wealth than an absolute monarchy: for the scripture tells us, Gen. xi. They said: it was not a prince commanded the building of this city and tower, it was not by the command of one monarch, but by the consultation of many, a free people; let us buildus a city: they built it for themselves as free-men, not as slaves for their lord and master: that we be not scattered abroad; having a city once built, and fixed habitations to settle our abodes and families. This was the consultation and design of a people, that were at liberty to part asunder, but desired to keep in one body, and could not have been either necessary or likely in men tied together under the government of one monarch, who if they had been, as our author tells us, all slaves under the absolute dominion of a monarch, needed not have taken such care to hinder themselves from wandering out of the reach of his dominion. I demand whether this be not plainer in scripture than any thing of Adam's heir or fatherly authority? § 147. But if being, as God says, Gen. xi. 6. one people, they had one ruler, one king by natural right, absolute and supreme over them, what care had God to preserve the paternal authority of the supreme fatherhood, if on a sudden he suffer 72 (for so many our author talks of) distinct nations to be erected out of it, under distinct governors, and at once to withdraw themselves from the obedience of their sovereign? This is to intitle God's care how, and to what we please. Can it be sense to say, that God was careful to preserve the fatherly authority in those who had it not? for if these were subjects under a supreme prince, what authority had they? Was it an instance of God's care to preserve the fatherly authority, when he took away the true supreme fatherhood of the natural monarch? Can it be reason to say, that God, for the preservation of fatherly authority, lets several new governments with their governors start up, who could not all have fatherly authority? And is it not as much reason to say, that God is careful to destroy fatherly authority, when he suffers one, who is in possession of it, to have his government torn in pieces, and shared by several of his subjects? Would it not be an argument just like this, for monarchical government, to say, when any monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects, that God was careful to preserve monarchical power, by rending a settled empire into a multitude of little governments? If any one will say, that what happens in providence to be preserved, God is careful to preserve as a thing therefore to be esteemed by men as necessary or useful, it is a peculiar propriety of speech, which every one will not think fit to imitate: but this I am sure is impossible to be either proper, or true speaking, that Shem, for example, (for he was then alive,) should have fatherly authority, or sovereignty by right of fatherhood, over that one people at Babel, and that the next moment, Shem yet living, 72 others should have fatherly authority, or sovereignty by right of fatherhood, over the same people, divided into so many distinct governments: either these 72 fathers actually were rulers, just before the confusion, and then they were not one people, but that God himself says they were; or else they were a common-wealth, and then where was monarchy? or else these 72 fathers had fatherly authority, but knew it not. Strange! that fatherly authority should be the only original of government amongst men, and yet all mankind not know it; and stranger yet, that the confusion of tongues should reveal it to them all of a sudden, that in an instant these 72 should know that they had fatherly power, and all others know that they were to obey it in them, and every one know that particular fatherly authority to which he was a subject. He that can think this arguing from scripture, may from thence make out what model of an Eutopia will best suit with his fancy or interest; and this fatherhood, thus disposed of, will justify both a prince who claims an universal monarchy, and his subjects, who, being fathers of families, shall quit all subjection to him, and canton his empire into less governments for themselves; for it will always remain a doubt in which of these the fatherly authority resided, till our author resolves us, whether Shem, who was then alive, or these 72 new princes, beginning so many new empires in his dominions, and over his subjects, had right to govern, since our author tells us, that both one and the other had fatherly, which is supreme authority, and are brought in by him as instances of those who did enjoy the lordships of Adam by right descending to them, which was as large and ample as the absolutest dominion of any monarch. This at least is unavoidable, that if God was careful to preserve the fatherly authority, in the 72 new-erected nations, it necessarily follows, that he was as careful to destroy all pretences of Adam's heir; fince he took care, and therefore did preserve the fatherly authority in so many, at least 71, that could not possibly be Adam's heirs, when the right heir (if God had ever ordained any such inheritance) could not but be known, Shem then living, and they being all one people. § 148. Nimrod is his next instance of enjoying this patriarchal power, p. 16. but I know not for what reason our author seems a little unkind to him, and says, that he against right enlarged his empire, by seizing violently on the rights of other lords of families. These lords of families here were called fathers of families, in his account of the dispersion at Babel: but it matters not how they were called, so we know who they are; for this fatherly authority must be in them, either as heirs to Adam, and so there could not be 72, nor above one at once; or else as natural parents over their children, and so every father will have paternal authority over his children by the same right, and in as large extent as those 72 had, and so be independent princes over their own offspring. Taking his lords of families in this later sense, (as it is hard to give those words any other sense in this place) he gives us a very pretty account of the original of monarchy, in these following words, p. 16. And in this sense he may be said to be the author and founder of monarchy, viz. As against right seizing violently on the rights of fathers over their children; which paternal authority, if it be in them, by right of nature, (for else how could those 72 come by it?) no body can take from them without their own consents; and then I desire our author and his friends to consider, how far this will concern other princes, and whether it will not, according to his conclusion of that paragraph, resolve all regal power of those, whose dominions extend beyond their families, either into tyranny and usurpation, or election and consent of fathers of families, which will differ very little from consent of the people. § 149. All his instances, in the next section, p. 17. of the 12 dukes of Edom, the nine kings in a little corner of Asia in Abraham's days, the 31 kings in Canaan destroyed by Joshua, and the care he takes to prove that these were all sovereign princes, and that every town in those days had a king, are so many direct proofs against him, that it was not the lordship of Adam by right descending to them, that made kings: for if they had held their royalties by that title, either there must have been but one sovereign over them all, or else every father of a family had been as good a prince, and had as good a claim to royalty, as these: for if all the sons of Esau had each of them, the younger as well as the eldest, the right of fatherhood, and so were sovereign princes after their fathers death, the same right had their sons after them, and so on to all posterity; which will limit all the natural power of fatherhood, only to be over the issue of their own bodies, and their descendents; which power of fatherhood dies with the head of each family, and makes way for the like power of fatherhood to take place in each of his sons over their respective posterities: whereby the power of fatherhood will be preserved indeed, and is intelligible, but will not be at all to our author's purpose. None of the instances he brings are proofs of any power they had, as heirs of Adam's paternal authority by the title of his fatherhood descending to them; no, nor of any power they had by virtue of their own: for Adam's fatherhood being over all mankind, it could descend but to one at once, and from him to his right heir only, and so there could by that title be but one king in the world at a time: and by right of fatherhood, not descending from Adam, it must be only as they themselves were fathers, and so could be over none but their own posterity. So that if those 12 dukes of Edom; if Abraham and the nine kings his neighbours; if Jacob and Esau, and the 31 kings in Canaan, the 72 kings mutilated by Adonibeseck, the 32 kings that came to Benhadad, the 70 kings of Greece making war at Troy, were, as our author contends, all of them sovereign princes; it is evident that kings derived their power from some other original than fatherhood, since some of these had power over more than their own posterity; and it is demonstration, they could not be all heirs to Adam: for I challenge any man to make any pretence to power by right of fatherhood, either intelligible or possible in any one, otherwise, than either as Adam's heir, or as progenitor over his own descendents, naturally sprung from him. And if our author could shew that any one of these princes, of which he gives us here so large a catalogue, had his authority by either of these titles, I think I might yield him the cause; though it is manifest they are all impertinent, and directly contrary to what he brings them to prove, viz. That the lordship which Adam had over the world by right descended to the patriarchs. § 150. Having told us, p. 16, That the patriarchal government continued in Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, until the Egyptian bondage, p. 17. he tells us, By manifest footsteps we may trace this paternal government unto the Israelites coming into Egypt, where the exercise of supreme patriarchal government was intermitted, because they were in subjection to a stronger prince. What these footsteps are of paternal government, in our author's sense, i. e. of absolute monarchical power descending from Adam, and exercised by right of fatherhood, we have seen, that is for 2290 years no footsteps at all; since in all that time he cannot produce any one example of any person who claimed or exercised regal authority by right of fatherhood; or shew any one who being a king was Adam's heir: all that his proofs amount to, is only this, that there were fathers, patriarchs and kings, in that age of the world; but that the fathers and patriarchs had any absolute arbitrary power, or by what titles those kings had their's, and of what extent it was, the scripture is wholly filent; it is manifest by right of fatherhood they neither did, nor could claim any title to dominion and empire. § 151. To say, that the exercise of supreme patriarchal government was intermitted, because they were in subjection to a stronger prince, proves nothing but what I before suspected, viz. That patriarchal jurisdiction or government is a fallacious expression, and does not in our author signify (what he would yet insinuate by it) paternal and regal power, such an absolute sovereignty as he supposes was in Adam. § 152. For how can he say that patriarchal jurisdiction was intermitted in Egypt, where there was a king, under whose regal government the Israelites were, if patriarchal were absolute monarchical jurisdiction? And if it were not, but something else, why does he make such ado about a power not in question, and nothing to the purpose? The exercise of patriarchal jurisdiction, if patriarchal be regal, was not intermitted whilst the Israelites were in Egypt. It is true, the exercise of regal power was not then in the hands of any of the promised seed of Abraham, nor before neither that I know; but what is that to the intermission of regal authority, as descending from Adam, unless our author will have it, that this chosen line of Abraham had the right of inheritance to Adam's lordship? and then to what purpose are his instances of the 72 rulers, in whom the fatherly authority was preserved in the confusion at Babel? Why does he bring the 12 princes sons of Ismael; and the dukes of Edom, and join them with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as examples of the exercise of true patriarchal government, if the exercise of patriarchal jurisdiction were intermitted in the world, whenever the heirs of Jacob had not supreme power? I fear, supreme patriarchal jurisdiction was not only intermitted, but from the time of the Egyptian bondage quite lost in the world, since it will be hard to find, from that time downwards, any one who exercised it as an inheritance descending to him from the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. I imagined monarchical government would have served his turn in the hands of Pharaoh, or any body. But one cannot easily discover in all places what his discourse tends to, as particularly in this place it is not obvious to guess what he drives at, when he says, the exercise of supreme patriarchal jurisdiction in Egypt, or how this serves to make out the descent of Adam's lordship to the patriarchs, or any body else. § 153. § 154. But to return to his scripture history, our author farther tells us, p. 18. that after the return of the Israelites out of bondage, God, out of a special care of them, chose Moses and Joshua successively to govern as princes in the place and stead of the supreme fathers. If it be true, that they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom, and must imply, that both before and after this bondage they were free, unless our author will say, that changing of masters is returning out of bondage; or that a slave returns out of bondage, when he is removed from one gally to another. If then they returned out of bondage, it is plain that in those days, whatever our author in his preface says to the contrary, there were difference between a son, a subject, and a slave; and that neither the patriarchs before, nor their rulers after this Egyptian bondage, numbered their sons or subjects amongst their possessions, and disposed of them with as absolute a dominion, as they did their other goods. § 155. This is evident in Jacob, to whom Reuben offered his two sons as pledges; and Judah was at last surety for Benjamin's safe return out of Egypt: which all had been vain, superfluous, and but a sort of mockery, if Jacob had had the same power over every one of his family, as he had over his ox or his ass, as an owner over his substance; and the offers that Reuben or Judah made had been such a security for returning of Benjamin, as if a man should take two lambs out of his lord's flock, and offer one as security, that he will safely restore the other. § 156. When they were out of this bondage, what then? God out of a special care of them, the Israelites. It is well that once in his book he will allow God to have any care of the people; for in other places he speaks of mankind, as if God had no care of any part of them, but only of their monarchs, and that the rest of the people, the societies of men, were made as so many herds of cattle, only for the service, use, and pleasure of their princes. § 157. Chose Moses and Joshua successively to govern as princes; a shrewd argument our author has found out to prove God's care of the fatherly authority, and Adam's heirs, that here, as an expression of his care of his own people, he chooses those for princes over them, that had not the least pretence to either. The persons chosen were, Moses of the tribe of Levi, and Joshua of the tribe of Ephraim, neither of which had any title of fatherhood. But says our author, they were in the place and stead of the supreme fathers. If God had any where as plainly declared his choice of such fathers to be rulers, as he did of Moses and Joshua, we might believe Mases and Joshua were in their place and stead: but that being the question in debate, till that be better proved, Moses being chosen by God to be ruler of his people, will no more prove that government belonged to Adam's heir, or to the fatherhood, than God's choosing Aaron of the tribe of Levi to be priest, will prove that the priesthood belonged to Adam's heir, or the prime fathers; since God would choose Aaron to be priest, and Moses ruler in Israel, though neither of those offices were settled on Adam's heir, or the fatherhood. § 158. But says our author, when God gave the Israelites kings, he re-established the ancient andprime right of lineal succession to paternal government, p. 18. § 160. § 161. § 162. But says our author however, p. 19. Whensoever God made choice of any special person to be king, he intended that the issue also should have benefit thereof, as being comprehended sufficiently in the person of the father, altho' the father was only named in the grant. This yet will not help out succession; for if, as our author says, the benefit of the grant be intended to the issue of the grantee, this will not direct the succession; since, if God give any thing to a man and his issue in general, the claim cannot be to any one of that issue in particular; every one that is of his race will have an equal right. If it be said, our author meant heir, I believe our author was as willing as any body to have used that word, if it would have served his turn: but Solomon, who succeeded David in the throne, being no more his heir than Jeroboham, who succeeded him in the government of the ten tribes, was his issue, our author had reason to avoid saying, That God intended it to the heirs, when that would not hold in a succession, which our author could not except against; and so he has left his succession as undetermined, as if he had said nothing about it: for if the regal power be given by God to a man and his issue, as the land of Canaan was to Abraham and his seed, must they not all have a title to it, all share in it? And one may as well say, that by God's grant to Abraham and his seed, the land of Canaan was to belong only to one of his seed exclusive of all others, as by God's grant of dominion to a man and his issue, this dominion was to belong in peculiar to one of his issue exclusive of all others. § 163. But how will our author prove that whensoever God made choice of any special person to be a king, he intended that the (I suppose he means his) issue also should have benefit thereof? has he so soon forgot Moses and Joshua, whom in this very section, he says, God out of a special care chose to govern as princes, and the judges that God raised up? Had not these princes, having the authority of the supreme fatherhood, the same power that the kings had; and being specially chosen by God himself, should not their issue have the benefit of that choice, as well as David's or Solomon's? If these had the paternal authority put into their hands immediately by God, why had not their issue the benefit of this grant in a succession to this power? or if they had it as Adam's heirs, why did not their heirs enjoy it after them by right descending to them? for they could not be heirs to one another. Was the power the same, and from the same original, in Moses, Joshua and the Judges, as it was in David and the Kings; and was it inheritable in one, and not in the other? If it was not paternal authority, then God's own people were governed by those that had not paternal authority, and those governors did well enough without it: if it were paternal authority, and God chose the persons that were to exercise it, our author's rule fails, that whensoever God makes choice of any person to be supreme ruler (for I suppose the name king has no spell in it, it is not the title, but the power makes the difference) he intends that the issue also should have the benefit of it, since from their coming out of Egypt to David's time, 400 years, the issue was never so sufficiently comprehended in the person of the father, as that any son, after the death of his father, succeeded to the government amongst all those judges that judged Israel. If, to avoid this, it be said, God always chose the person of the successor, and so, transferring the fatherly authority to him, excluded his issue from succeeding to it, that is manifestly not so in the story of Jephtha, where he articled with the people, and they made him judge over them, as is plain, Judg. 11. § 164. § 165. § 166. Before I leave this, I must ask how our author knows that whensoever God makes choice of any special person to be king, he intends that the issue should have the benefit thereof? Does God by the law of nature or revelation say so? By the same law also he must say, which of his issue must enjoy the crown in succession, and so point out the heir, or else leave his issue to divide or scramble for the government: both alike absurd, and such as will destroy the benefit of such grant to the issue. When any such declaration of God's intention is produced, it will be our duty to believe God intends it so; but till that be done, our author must shew us some better warrant, before we shall be obliged to receive him as the authentic revealer of God's intentions. § 167. The issue, says our author, is comprehended sufficiently in the person of the father, although the father only was named in the grant: and yet God, when he gave the land of Canaan to Abraham, Gen. xiii. 15. thought fit to put his seed into the grant too: so the priesthood was given to Aaron and his seed; and the crown God gave not only to David, but his seed also: and however our author assures us that God intends, that the issue should have the benefit of it, when he chooses any person to be king, yet we see that the kingdom which he gave to Saul, without mentioning his seed after him, never came to any of his issue: and why, when God chose a person to be king, he should intend, that his issue should have the benefit of it, more than when he chose one to be judge in Israel, I would fain know a reason; or why does a grant of fatherly authority to a king more comprehend the issue, than when a like grant is made to a judge? Is paternal authority by right to descend to the issue of one, and not of the other? There will need some reason to be shewn of this difference, more than the name, when the thing given is the same fatherly authority, and the manner of giving it, God's choice of the person, the same too; for I suppose our author, when he says, Godraised up judges, will by no means allow, they were chosen by the people. § 168. But since our author has so confidently assured us of the care of God to preserve the fatherhood, and pretends to build all he says upon the authority of the scripture, we may well expect that that people, whose law, constitution and history is chiefly contained in the scripture, should furnish him with the clearest instances of God's care of preserving the fatherly authority, in that people who it is agreed he had a most peculiar care of. Let us see then what state this paternal authority or government was in amongst the Jews, from their beginning to be a people. It was omitted, by our author's confession, from their coming into Egypt, till their return out of that bondage, above 200 years: from thence till God gave the Israelites a king, about 400 years more, our author gives but a very slender account of it; nor indeed all that time are there the least footsteps of paternal or regal government amongst them. But then says our author, God re-established the ancient and prime right of lineal succession to paternal government. § 169. What a lineal succession to paternal government was then established, we have already seen. I only now consider how long this lasted, and that was to their captivity, about 500 years: from thence to their destruction by the Romans, above 650 years after, the ancient and prime right of lineal succession to paternal government was again lost, and they continued a people in the promised land without it. So that of 1750 years that they were God's peculiar people, they had hereditary kingly government amongst them not one third of the time; and of that time there is not the least footstep of one moment of paternal government, nor the re-establishment of the ancient and prime right of lineal succession to it, whether we suppose it to be derived, as from its fountain, from David, Saul, Abraham, or, which upon our author's principles is the only true, from Adam. Back to Top Back to John Locke Back to Great People
What is albinism? Albinism is a condition that is present in a person at birth. It refers to a partial or total lack of the pigment melanin in the skin, hair, or part of the eyes. It is a genetic (inherited) condition. While there are many different types of albinism, it remains quite a rare condition. The most common form, oculocutaneous albinism, affects the eyes, hair and skin. What causes albinism? For almost all types of this condition, both parents must carry the albinism gene in order to have a child with albinism. The body has two sets of genes (one from each parent). If a person has one gene for albinism and one gene for normal pigmentation, he/she will have enough genetic information to make normal pigment. However if a person has two genes for albinism, and no gene for normal pigmentation, albinism results. What are the symptoms of albinism? A person with albinism can have a combination of the following symptoms: What kind of vision problems can someone with albinism have? Those with albinism always have vision problems. This is due to an abnormal development of the eyes because of a lack of pigment. Eye problems can include: Can albinism be treated? No. Albinism cannot be treated, however many of the problems associated with it can be alleviated. For example, some vision problems can be dealt with by an optician. How important is sun protection for a person with albinism? Sun protection is essential. The pigment melanin protects the skin from some of the effects of the sun's rays (UV rays), such as sunburn. Some people do not have as much melanin as others and this explains why they may burn faster in the sun. Because albinism refers to a partial or complete lack of melanin, albinos are much more susceptible to sunburn. They also have a greater chance of developing skin cancer. As a result, people with albinism have to be especially careful when it comes to sun exposure. Ideally a person with albinism should avoid the sun between the hours of 10am and 3pm (when it is at its most intense). When exposed to the sun, sun block should always be worn. Back to top of page
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Ariel Dorfman. discusses the topic of bilingualism in America. The writer agrees with the idea of being a bilingual country. Extracts from this document... Harald Hvalkof Kristensen English (HL) Herlufsholm Kostskole 2.ib ELA 09.10.12 Signature: __________________ Side of ________________ Paper 1. If only we all spoke two languages. 1. The audience that this text is aimed towards is educational institutes. I write educational institutes because a quotation from the first paragraph shows us an example from California ?California voters rejected the bilingual approach -- teaching subjects like math and science in the student's native language and gradually introducing English.? I believe that the quotation refers to educational institutes because it refers to teaching which is educational. I also believe that the text is aimed towards parents, whom youngsters are new to school, and are in the immersing ages, since a quotation from the first paragraph shows us that ?They approved what is known as the immersion method, which would give youngsters a year of intensive English, then put them in regular classrooms.? Again the quotation refers to educational institutes, but the parents would have to accept this agreement before it would be able to proceed. 1. Ariel Dorfman. discusses the topic of bilingualism in America. ...read more. First of all I will start of with pathos the writer uses a lot of emotion throughout the text when she explains her life. Ariel Dorfman makes the reader feel his emotion when reading the text about how he became bilingual. For example the part of the text when he uses his personal life to capture the minds of the reader. ?I first suffered the immersion method in 1945 when I was 2 1/2 years old. My family had recently moved to New York from my native Argentina, and when I caught pneumonia, I was interned in the isolation ward of a Manhattan hospital. I emerged three weeks later, in shock from having the doctors and nurses speak to me only in English, and didn't utter another word in Spanish for 10 years.? This quotation from the text shows us how he uses her personal life in order to capture the emotion from the reader. This makes the reader feel sympathy for the writer and therefore read on. Ariel Dorfman uses ethos in help to persuade readers into believing what she believes. ...read more. children are better off, and less scarred, by holding on to their first languages as they learn a second one,? This quotation is logical in the sense that of coarse if you are known to more than one language then you are able to realize the different cultures in which your languages are specified. By this then you are far better of than just knowing one language, when you can learn two. 1. The writer is very effective in persuading his audience to realize that bilingualism is a far better solution to the world rather than being monolingual, in the sense that you are more open to other cultures and exposed to more than one culture. Ariel Dorfman uses a number of persuasive techniques in order to capture and fortify people?s attention. As the writer uses the three basic appeals pathos, ethos and logos which are all three effective in persuading people to ?join the same boat, as he is on?. He uses formal dictions to gather the reader?s emphasis. The text is well laid out and structured to perfection. To conclude everything, as a bilingual myself I thought that this idea Ariel Dorfman perseveres is great and understandable. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related International Baccalaureate Languages essays 1. &quot;Habit is a great deadener&quot;. In what ways does Waiting for Godot illustrate this ... Estragon's interruptions undermine Vladimir's capabilities as a story teller and turn the stories into meaningless, circular debates. Instead of storytelling becoming a routine to give their lives meaning, it becomes a reinforcement of the meaninglessness of their existence proving that they aren't going anywhere. 2. Reading, Stealing, and Writing Like a Writer by Wendy Bishop, a successful writer, ... She also suggests we to keep a sentence book, a collection of good sentences. In that way, we can begin to imitate other successful writer's writing and "steal" their sentence style for our own use. Bishop also suggests that there are no particular rules for writing sentences. 1. Commentary on an extract from the 'Idea of Perfection' by Kate Grenville Thus detailing her description of the little minor things that make this complicated bridge, expressing her fascination towards these satisfying interplays of the bridge. Such dictions that support this fact are 'fitted together in a satisfying way', 'that drew the eye'. 2. &quot;The Idea of Perfection&quot; Kate Grenville In this boundless area, she had a choice, whether to go "uphill" or "downhill". Throughout the beginning of the passage, the girl looked upwards at the sky and the use of diction seemed that she admire its perfection, but this time, she chooses to go downhill which doesn't seem as perfect as what is on top. Language is never unnecessary, the more languages you know those better search for knowledge. Discouraging children from developing their mother tongue is not intelligent from the point of national self- interest and the violation of children's rights. There are researches that claim advantages in linguistic and educational development of bilingual children . 2. Anne Tyler's &quot;Digging to America&quot;. The book shows how the United States became a ... She had difficulties to attach to people, she had her own independent life. But they became very close, he was impressed by her, he wanted to know more about her costumes, he wanted to be with her, sometimes he caught himself thinking of her in a different way. 1. The extract from Kate Grenvilles The Idea of Perfection is one that focuses on ... we see by ?from a distance; ?one was pink-grey? another was green-grey? the next was the bleached blue-grey?? Contrast is used further toward the end of the passage. Ultimately, freedom is the object that many pay for with their lives. The Importance of Help and Advice from Strangers Repeatedly, Chris McCandless has been able to continue his journey for freedom due to the kindness of strangers he has met and befriended. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Have radiation, but are within the safety standards of the state, will not have what bad effects on the human body. Communication tower is built under the approval of the local environmental protection bureau, power is very small, under 200 mw, little harm to people. experts say, despite the electromagnetic radiation pollution this noun is a little strange, but it is very common in our life. Can make pollution sources of electromagnetic radiation pollution is everywhere, there are television and radio towers, radar station, communication transmitting station, substation, power lines, and computers, cell phones, microwave oven, electromagnetic range, even we took a subway train, and so on can produce electromagnetic radiation pollution. Experts tell us, television tower, built in some cities because of the high tower is hundreds of meters, radiation area beyond the height of the residential buildings, basic will not impact on public health. Some tall erect a antenna, like parabolic antenna, mobile communications tower and pager stations antenna, the antenna power co., LTD., and controlled by local radio management committee, the residents had little impact. China unicom, China mobile, China telecom's communications tower height above 45 meters, general and general residential building height is 7 floors, about 21 meters, tower antenna height is much higher than the existing housing, will not harm the human body. Europe and the United States a lot of investigation and statistical analysis, size range for each of the survey, the number of respondents for one thousand people at a time, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions of people. In the field of survey sites, for example, in the vicinity of a transmission line, substation, near the subway station, electric trains; At the factory or factory building, laboratory, offices and households. The survey across time is over for more than ten years or even decades. Quality certificate
Geography and cartography in medieval Islam Medieval Islamic geography and cartography refer to the study of geography and cartography in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age (variously dated between the 8th century and 16th century). Muslim scholars made advances to the mapmaking traditions of earlier cultures,[1] particularly the Hellenistic geographers Ptolemy and Marinus of Tyre,[2]:193 combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia).[1] Islamic geography had three major fields: exploration and navigation, physical geography, and cartography and mathematical geography.[1] Islamic geography reached its apex with Muhammad al-Idrisi in the 12th century.[3] Islamic geography began in the 8th century, influenced by Hellenistic geography,[4] combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia).[1] Muslim scholars engaged in extensive exploration and navigation during the 9th-12th centuries, including journeys across the Muslim world, in addition to regions such as China, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa.[1] Various Islamic scholars contributed to the development of geography and cartography, with the most notable including Al-Khwārizmī, Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (founder of the "Balkhi school"), Al-Masudi, Abu Rayhan Biruni and Muhammad al-Idrisi. Islamic geography was patronized by the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. An important influence in the development of cartography was the patronage of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who reigned from 813 to 833. He commissioned several geographers to remeasure the distance on earth that corresponds to one degree of celestial meridian. Thus his patronage resulted in the refinement of the definition of the mile used by Arabs (mīl in Arabic) in comparison to the stadion used in the Hellenistic world. These efforts also enabled Muslims to calculate the circumference of the earth. Al-Mamun also commanded the production of a large map of the world, which has not survived,[5]:61–63 though it is known that its map projection type was based on Marinus of Tyre rather than Ptolemy.[2]:193 Islamic cartographers inherited Ptolemy's Almagest and Geography in the 9th century. These works stimulated an interest in geography (particularly gazetteers) but were not slavishly followed.[6] Instead, Arabian and Persian cartography followed Al-Khwārizmī in adopting a rectangular projection, shifting Ptolemy's Prime Meridian several degrees eastward, and modifying many of Ptolemy's geographical coordinates. Having received Greek writings directly and without Latin intermediation, Arabian and Persian geographers made no use of T-O maps.[6] In the 9th century, the Persian mathematician and geographer, Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, employed spherical trigonometry and map projection methods in order to convert polar coordinates to a different coordinate system centred on a specific point on the sphere, in this the Qibla, the direction to Mecca.[7] Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973–1048) later developed ideas which are seen as an anticipation of the polar coordinate system.[8] Around 1025, he describes a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere.[9]:153 However, this type of projection had been used in ancient Egyptian star-maps and was not to be fully developed until the 15 and 16th centuries.[10] In the 11th century, the Karakhanid Turkic scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari was the first to draw a unique Islamic world map, [11] where he illuminated the cities and places of the Turkic peoples of Central and Inner Asia. He showed the lake Issyk-Kul (in nowadays Kyrgyzstan) as the centre of the world. Muslim astronomers and geographers were aware of magnetic declination by the 15th century, when the Egyptian astronomer 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i (d. 1469/1471) measured it as 7 degrees from Cairo.[12] Regional cartography Book on the appearance of the Earth Al-Khwārizmī, Al-Ma'mun's most famous geographer, corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea[2]:188 (from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean); Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of longitude, while al-Khwarizmi almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. Al-Ma'mun's geographers "also depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water, not land-locked seas as Ptolemy had done. "[14] Al-Khwarizmi thus set the Prime Meridian of the Old World at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, 10–13 degrees to the east of Alexandria (the prime meridian previously set by Ptolemy) and 70 degrees to the west of Baghdad. Most medieval Muslim geographers continued to use al-Khwarizmi's prime meridian.[2]:188 Other prime meridians used were set by Abū Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdānī and Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi at Ujjain, a centre of Indian astronomy, and by another anonymous writer at Basra.[2]:189 Tabula Rogeriana On the work of al-Idrisi, S. P. Scott commented:[21] Piri Reis map Muslim scholars invented and refined a number of scientific instruments in mathematical geography and cartography. These included the astrolabe, quadrant, gnomon, celestial sphere, sundial, and compass.[1] Astrolabes were adopted and further developed in the medieval Islamic world, where Muslim astronomers introduced angular scales to the design,[24] adding circles indicating azimuths on the horizon.[25] It was widely used throughout the Muslim world, chiefly as an aid to navigation and as a way of finding the Qibla, the direction of Mecca. Eighth-century mathematician Muhammad al-Fazari is the first person credited with building the astrolabe in the Islamic world.[26] The mathematical background was established by Muslim astronomer Albatenius in his treatise Kitab az-Zij (c. 920 AD), which was translated into Latin by Plato Tiburtinus (De Motu Stellarum). The earliest surviving astrolabe is dated AH 315 (927–28 AD).[27] In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help schedule morning prayers (salat). In the 10th century, al-Sufi first described over 1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, prayer, Salat, Qibla, etc.[28][29] The earliest reference to a compass in the Muslim world occurs in a Persian talebook from 1232,[31][32] where a compass is used for navigation during a trip in the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf.[33] The fish-shaped iron leaf described indicates that this early Chinese design has spread outside of China.[34] The earliest Arabic reference to a compass, in the form of magnetic needle in a bowl of water, comes from a work by Baylak al-Qibjāqī, written in 1282 while in Cairo.[31][35] Al-Qibjāqī described a needle-and-bowl compass used for navigation on a voyage he took from Syria to Alexandria in 1242.[31] Since the author describes having witnessed the use of a compass on a ship trip some forty years earlier, some scholars are inclined to antedate its first appearance in the Arab world accordingly.[31] Al-Qibjāqī also reports that sailors in the Indian Ocean used iron fish instead of needles.[36] Late in the 13th century, the Yemeni Sultan and astronomer al-Malik al-Ashraf described the use of the compass as a "Qibla indicator" to find the direction to Mecca.[37] In a treatise about astrolabes and sundials, al-Ashraf includes several paragraphs on the construction of a compass bowl (ṭāsa). He then uses the compass to determine the north point, the meridian (khaṭṭ niṣf al-nahār), and the Qibla. This is the first mention of a compass in a medieval Islamic scientific text and its earliest known use as a Qibla indicator, although al-Ashraf did not claim to be the first to use it for this purpose.[30][38] In 1300, an Arabic treatise written by the Egyptian astronomer and muezzin Ibn Simʿūn describes a dry compass used for determining qibla. Like Peregrinus' compass, however, Ibn Simʿūn's compass did not feature a compass card.[30] In the 14th century, the Syrian astronomer and timekeeper Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375) invented a timekeeping device incorporating both a universal sundial and a magnetic compass. He invented it for the purpose of finding the times of prayers.[39] Arab navigators also introduced the 32-point compass rose during this time.[40] In 1399, an Egyptian reports two different kinds of magnetic compass. One instrument is a “fish” made of willow wood or pumpkin, into which a magnetic needle is inserted and sealed with tar or wax to prevent the penetration of water. The other instrument is a dry compass.[36] In the 15th century, the description given by Ibn Majid while aligning the compass with the pole star indicates that he was aware of magnetic declination. An explicit value for the declination is given by ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Wafāʾī (fl. 1450s in Cairo).[33] Pre modern Arabic sources refer to the compass using the term ṭāsa (lit. "bowl") for the floating compass, or ālat al-qiblah ("qibla instrument") for a device used for orienting towards Mecca.[33] Friedrich Hirth suggested that Arab and Persian traders, who learned about the polarity of the magnetic needle from the Chinese, applied the compass for navigation before the Chinese did.[41] However, Needham described this theory as "erroneous" and "it originates because of a mistraslation" of the term chia-ling found in Zhu Yu's book Pingchow Table Talks.[42] Notable geographers See also 1. Buang, Amriah (2014). "Geography in the Islamic World". Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_8611-2. ISBN 978-94-007-3934-5. A prominent feature of the achievement of Muslim scholars in mathematical geography and cartography was the invention of scientific instruments of measurement. Among these were the astrolab (astrolabe), the ruba (quadrant), the gnomon, the celestial sphere, the sundial, and the compass. 4. Gerald R. Tibbetts, The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition, in: John Brian Harley, David Woodward: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, Chicago, 1992, pp. 90–107 (97-100), ISBN 0-226-31635-1 5. Edson and Savage-Smith (2004) 6. Edson & Savage-Smith 2004, pp. 61–63. 10. Rankin, Bill (2006). "Projection Reference". Radical Cartography. 11. Hermann A. Die älteste türkische Weltkarte (1076 η. Ch.) // Imago Mundi: Jahrbuch der Alten Kartographie. — Berlin, 1935. — Bd.l. — S. 21—28. 12. Barmore, Frank E. (April 1985), "Turkish Mosque Orientation and the Secular Variation of the Magnetic Declination", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, University of Chicago Press, 44 (2): 81–98 [98], doi:10.1086/373112 22. "Slide #219: World Maps of al-Idrisi". Henry Davis Consulting. 26. Richard Nelson Frye: Golden Age of Persia. p. 163 27. "The Earliest Surviving Dated Astrolabe". 28. Dr. Emily Winterburn (National Maritime Museum), Using an Astrolabe, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 2005. 29. Lachièz-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2001). Celestial Treasury: From the Music of Spheres to the Conquest of Space. Trans. Joe Laredo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-521-80040-2. 30. Schmidl, Petra G. (1996–97). "Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 1: 81–132. doi:10.5617/jais.4547. Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine 32. Jawāmeʿ al-ḥekāyāt wa-lawāmeʿ al-rewāyāt by Muhammad al-ʿAwfī 34. Needham p. 12-13 "...that the floating fish-shaped iron leaf spread outside China as a technique, we know from the description of Muhammad al' Awfi just two hundred years later" 35. Kitāb Kanz al-tujjār fī maʿrifat al-aḥjār 36. "Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-02. 37. Savage-Smith, Emilie (1988). "Gleanings from an Arabist's Workshop: Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine". Isis. 79 (2): 246–266 [263]. doi:10.1086/354701. PMID 3049439. 38. Schmidl, Petra G. (2007). "Ashraf: al‐Malik al‐Ashraf (Mumahhid al‐Dīn) ʿUmar ibn Yūsuf ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAlī ibn Rasūl". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 66–7. ISBN 9780387310220. (PDF version) 39. (King 1983, pp. 547–8) 40. Tibbetts, G. R. (1973). "Comparisons between Arab and Chinese Navigational Techniques". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 36 (1): 97–108 [105–6]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00098013. 41. Hirth, Friedrich (1908). Ancient history of China to the end of the Chóu dynasty. New York, The Columbia university press. p. 134. 42. Needham, Joseph (1962). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–80. ISBN 978-0-521-05802-5.
What DataFrames are DataFrame columns DataFrame rows Filtering rows and columns Filtering data frames Sorting rows 29. Ascending or descending order Well done! By default, rows are sorted in ascending order. If you want to have them sorted in descending order, you need to write: hospitals = hospitals.sort_values(by='Hospital overall rating', ascending=0) In pandas, ascending=0 means "sort in descending order". Now, which country has the greatest area in the EU? Sort the rows in eu_states by the Area column in descending order. Stuck? Here's a hint! Use ascending=0 in the parentheses.
Back to Blog Machine Learning in Social Media - 4 Use Cases Machine learning in social media Social media marketing is now crucial for businesses to remain competitive. Facebook and Twitter allow companies to spread the word about upcoming products or events and provide customer support on their platform. Instagram can be used to showcase products to over 500 million people active on the app at least once a day. Customer support on social media is preferred by about 63% of people, as compared to phone or email. Due to these platforms, businesses can engage with customers and maintain a relationship with influencers. They educate companies on how customers feel when they buy their product, ways in which they’re using them, and helps generate ideas on new business opportunities. Machine learning in social media is increasing the quality of online interactions between companies and their customers. In this blog, we discuss how Machine learning is helping brands make sense of the thousands of conversations happening every day on social media. Table of Contents Basics of Machine learning Machine learning is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence which involves creating problem-solving systems that are characteristic of human intelligence. Machine Learning in social media can help produce more accurate insights from online engagements. It creates awareness about marketing campaigns that can perform best and helps companies divide the overall marketing spending more accurately. Data also plays a key role, as the analysis relies on Big Data to get more information from social media platforms. Machine learning takes advantage of these large volumes of data that are spontaneous and unstructured. It scales the data and keeps up with customer opinions and trends. The applications mentioned in the blog can help companies better understand and meet consumer needs, which ultimately allows them to build a stronger relationship with customers. machine learning in social media 2 Machine Learning can be used in the following ways for effective social media marketing: 1. Social media monitoring Social media monitoring is a more traditional tool for companies. It enables them to keep track of their online image and reputation. It can help in conversation management, i.e., inspect social media content for trolls and business opponents. This type of negative content is spread to spoil the community’s experience with offensive messages. Monitoring and regulating such content are necessary for a better customer service and marketing strategy. There are built-in analytics tools in platforms like Twitter and Instagram that can measure success of past posts, such as number of likes, clicks, comments, or views. Third party tools can also provide similar social media insights such as demographic information about their audience, and the peak times when they are the most active on the platform. 2. Sentiment analysis Sentiment analysis or opinion mining judges the opinion of a text. It uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze social media data with predefined labels such as positive, negative, or neutral. Sentiment analysis is used to analyze social conversations and understand the deeper meaning as it applies to a brand. Sentiment analysis can be applied in social media for customer support and collecting feedback on new products. Companies can apply sentiment analysis to: • Evaluate a brand’s reputation by understanding social sentiments • Dealing with shifts in brand image due to spike in negative posts • Understand how people feel about their competitors or trending topics in the industry, and change conversation about the brand accordingly 3. Image recognition Computer vision has made it possible to make sense of content within images, i.e. recognize brand logos and images of products without the texts. This is useful when customers upload photos of products without directly mentioning the product name or brand. For example, if someone uploads a photo of a product saying, ‘Where can I buy this?’ companies can notice it and send the targeted promotion to that person. If there is a positive review for a product by someone, the company can thank the customer for their purchase. This leads to interaction with the customer and increased customer loyalty. Images on social media receive much higher engagement compared to posts that are purely text. So, it can benefit companies to pay close attention to people posting photos of their products. Positive engagement by companies on these photos encourages customers to post more in future, leading to further brand promotion. 4. Chatbots Chatbots are AI applications that mimic real conversations. They are embedded in websites, or through third party messaging platforms like Twitter, Facebook messenger, and Instagram’s direct messaging. Chatbots enable companies to automate customer service by offering personalized assistance to customers. They solve consumer frustration related to customer care assistance by offering standard solutions to common problems. Chatbots are more likely to work for companies having a young customer base as they are more popular with the younger audience. They help save time, cost, and human efforts. Knowing how customers spend time on social media platforms, is highly valuable to companies. And, Machine Learning in social media proves to be a powerful tool to help them get ahead with this. There are too many conversations taking place on social media for companies to monitor them all manually. Machine Learning makes social media analysis more powerful and accurate. At, we offer end-to-end Machine Learning platform, using Computer vision, Natural Language Processing, and Data labeling. Our Natural Language Processing platform lets enterprises work with texts, through systems such as content classification, entity analysis, and sentiment analysis. helps businesses attain useful information from unstructured data, automate processes and enhance their decision-making skills. So, go ahead and optimize your social media marketing strategy with the help of’s Machine Learning platform.
Share this: The past two decades have seen a marked increase in both the number and severity of school shootings. Following a meta-analysis of factors common to many of these school shootings, William Jeynes suggests a number of potential solutions. These include supporting parental involvement with their children, reintroducing character education in schools, and more intelligent gun laws. There is no question that school shootings represent one of the most disturbing trends in American society today. Prior to 1960 such events were almost unheard of, but in recent years they often take place more than once a week. My primary area of expertise over the last two decades is in conducting meta-analyses. A meta-analysis statistically combines all the relevant existing studies on a given subject in order to determine the aggregated results of said research. Meta-analyses can help in finding solutions to the problem of school shootings. Addressing commonalities between shootings In order for meta-analyses to be helpful in addressing the issue of school shootings, it is important to address what the data show is common between school shootings. The commonalities include listening to exotic anti-social hard rock music, a recent breakup with a girlfriend, a fascination with guns and violence, and a poor or distant relationship with the shooter’s parents. Within this context, meta-analyses that have examined some of the primary factors that influence both constructive and destructive, or anti-social, human behavior can be helpful. Family factors Meta-analyses and other types of research consistently reveal that family factors are the most important in explaining student outcomes. It therefore is logical that family variables are, generally, the most important factors in school shootings and the first line of defense in terms of preventing them in the future. Whether it is parental involvement, which is often connected to family structure and the availability of the youth’s two parents, parental style (providing love and structured personal guidance), and other expressions of mothering and fathering, parenting is at the forefront of influencing the behavior of youth. Scholars, political leaders, and educators have conveniently overlooked one of the primary traits that the shooters have in common. Many recent shootings have been committed by youth from fatherless homes. The Parkland attacker was a foster child. The aggressors at Sandy Hook were also from divorced families. Although the recent Las Vegas shooting was not at a school, Stephen Paddock grew up in a house without a father, because his dad was either in jail or running away from the law for most of his life. Dylann Roof, who committed the mass murder at a church in South Carolina, also came from a fatherless home. These statistics should not be surprising, because Cynthia Harper and Sara McLanahan found that youth that were either mother only- or mother plus stepfather- families were between two and three times as likely to be incarcerated as their counterparts in intact families. The habit of many people is to look to the government for solutions, but in this case the solution could begin in the home. Character education in schools The decision by the US Supreme Court-in a series of three cases in 1962 and 1963- to remove Bible and prayer from the public schools had a dramatic impact on the extent teachers gave character instruction. What happened in the aftermath of the 1962-1963 Supreme Court decisions to remove the Bible, in particular, is that there was a de facto removal of character education as well. As a result of these decisions, schools became very reluctant to teach love, forgiveness, and other qualities, for fear that even one parent would complain that Christianity was being taught. Tam High Vigil for Parkland School Shooting” by Fabrice Florin is licensed under CC BY SA 2.0 For many years, the vast majority of educators believed that character instruction was the most important part of the school curriculum. The character curriculum included important issues such as resolving conflicts with other people, how to forgive one who has done you harm, and how to act as a peacemaker in a conflict. Many accounts have been written by people personally victimized by the school shooters and they speak of the aggressors as people who hold grudges, lack love and kindness, are not equipped to resolve conflicts. In the 1800s DeWitt Clinton was the president of the largest organization of schools in America. He emphasized character instruction above all. After educating countless thousands of students he declared: Of the many thousands who have been instructed in our free schools in the City of New York, there is not a single instance known of anyone being convicted of a crime (p. 54). Such a laudatory report would be unheard of today. Instead, Americans talk of school shootings. Clearly, the United States has become more diverse since 1962 and 1963. Therefore, a Judeo-Christian paradigm would be inappropriate. However, there are certain values that virtually every person from each culture is agreed on, unless they are in prison or a sociopath, e.g., honesty, sincerity, respect, and responsibility. Educators can teach these qualities in a character instruction program. People need to be unafraid of the terms “normal” and “abnormal” and send a student for help, when it is needed A number of the school shooters had a long history of bizarre or threatening behaviors that were not reported to the school officials and law enforcement, when they should have been. For example, Seung-Hui Cho, the Virginia Tech attacker, and Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, of the Columbine massacre, had been constantly threatening to either kill or do substantial bodily harm to countless numbers of their fellow students. On Harris’ website he asserted, “My belief is that if I say something it goes. I am the law, if you don’t like it you die. If I don’t like you or I don’t like what you want me to do, you die.” He also declared, “I will rig up explosives all over a town and detonate each of them at will after I mow down the whole {expletive} area”. Harris also wrote in Dylan’s handbook, “God I can’t wait until they die. I can taste their blood now…. You know what I hate? MANKIND! Kill everything….kill everything”. In the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, Seung-Hui Cho killed 33 people. For two years before the killings. Cho accused his fellow students of literally being guilty of cannibalism and committing genocide, which frightened his peers regarding what he might do next. Lucinda Roy was head of the English Department at Virginia Tech, when the incident happened. In her book No Right to Remain Silent (2009), Roy shared that Virginia Tech mental health guidelines were more concerned about protecting Cho’s privacy rather than the safety of the university students. If this nation is to see a decrease in school shootings, the words “normal” and “abnormal” need to re-enter the nation’s vocabulary. People need to realize that there is still “right” and “wrong” and that the idea that everything is relative is a myth. Until the country faces that reality, the shootings will only continue. A time of reflection needs to return to the schools Before the U.S. Supreme Court decisions of 1962 and 1963 mentioned earlier, that removed prayer from the public schools, a time of reflection was allowed in the schools. In 1995 Bill Clinton made a speech in Vienna, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C., in which he criticized public schools for not allowing moments of silence used for reflection in a way that is consistent with the child’s personal belief system. Such exercises can help a student conquer stress, handle their emotions better, and give them a sense of peace. As a result, acts of violence will be less likely to occur. Intelligent gun laws Ironically, most of the marching against school shootings has focused on passing laws that make it illegal for young people to possess guns. This is unfortunate, because laws are already on the books that make this illegal. New gun control laws may help reduce killing using firearms among adults, because such laws are often not on the books. However, anti-gun laws among youth are already widespread throughout the country. The problem is that the vast majority of the attackers procure their guns either from older friends or parents. Hence, if one wants to curb the flow of guns to youth, then the key is to pass laws that target those who willingly give or sell guns to youth and those who show negligence in their care of guns, so that it is clear that youth can easily gain access and load them. It is also unwise only to focus only on guns, because an increasing number of these acts of violence involve explosives, which potentially can be used to kill larger numbers of people than guns. Reducing the number of school shootings is not a simple matter. Rather meta-analyses and other research indicate that a comprehensive approach, as I’ve described, is best. Meta-analyses indicate that the solutions begin in the family followed by having character education, being unafraid to report abnormal behavior, having a moment of silence in the schools, and introducing properly targeted gun laws. Such a comprehensive approach will help stop the bleeding, literally. Please read our comments policy before commenting. Shortened URL for this post: About the author William Jeynes – California State University, Long Beach William Jeynes is a Professor of Education at California State University, Long Beach, and a Senior Fellow, at the Witherspoon Institute, Princeton, NJ. His research interests cover a wide range of issues that include education, psychology, economics, history, religion, and sociology. His multidisciplinary approach has helped enable him to develop special relationships with the US and Korean governments. He has done a considerable amount of quantitative and qualitative research on how to bridge the achievement gap, parental involvement, religious commitment, historical trends, school choice, family structure, religious schools, discrimination, bullying, reading instruction, and public policy. He has written for the White House and for both the G.W. Bush and Obama administrations. Print Friendly, PDF & Email
Commodity money v Fiat Money Commodity money is a currency where the value of money is determined based on the value of the material in which it is produced. The most common example of commodity money is gold. However, other interesting examples are products like tobacco in prisons or livestock in developing markets. Fiat money is currency which has no intrinsic worth, but is backed by the government which printed it. Fiat currency only has value if we trust that other people will be willing to exchange goods in exchange for the fiat money. Can you experience inflation with commodity money? Yes, it is possible to experience inflation with commodity money. Suppose that a country is using gold as a form of commodity money. Now suppose that a very clever scientist was able to transform water into gold and this scientist shared his results with everyone. Since everyone would be able to produce gold, its value would decrease compared to other goods within the economy and the price of all other goods would increase. On a much smaller scale, this same effect occurs when a new mine is discovered and the supply of gold increases. Leave a Reply
Return to the North Atlantic - Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939-1942 Military history While the fighting in Norway was still in progress, on May 10 Hitler launched the long-postponed offensive against the West. The German blitzkrieg smashed through Belgium and northern France, splitting the Allied ground forces. The Chamberlain government fell; Winston Churchill moved up to the post of Prime Minister. Churchill attempted to reinforce and to rally the dispirited and defeatist French, but it was a lost cause. France was doomed. Having been badly roughed up in Norway, the Kriegsmarine was not in shape to contribute much to the offensive in France. Owing to the loss of five oceangoing U-boats in the Norway operation and the need to refit the others and to give the combat-weary crews a rest, Dönitz deployed none during the early stages of the blitzkrieg. Submarine support was restricted to patrols by eight ducks in the North Sea. Three ducks sank six ships for 17,400 tons, including the French submarine Doris and the British destroyer Grafton, the latter while evacuating British troops at Dunkirk. The British sloop Weston trapped one duck, U-13, commanded by Max Schulte, age twenty-four, forced it to scuttle, and captured its crew.* In truth, the U-boat arm had not much heart to resume the fight. “Faith in the torpedo had been completely lost,” Dönitz wrote. “I do not believe that ever in the history of war men have been sent against the enemy with such a useless weapon. These brave, enterprising [U-boat] crews, who had proved their worth during the previous months of the war, had been plunged into a state of dismal depression … a slough of despond.” In the days immediately following Norway, Dönitz collected and meticulously analyzed the torpedo-firing data. The skippers had carried out a total of thirty-eight attacks: four against battleships, fourteen against cruisers, ten against destroyers, and ten against transports. Discounting marginal attacks from long range at highspeed targets in poor light or other unfavorable conditions, Dönitz concluded that had the torpedoes not failed, “certain hits” (and probably sinkings or severe damage) would have occurred in one of the attacks on the battleships, seven on the cruisers, seven on the destroyers, and five on the transports. In summary, he calculated that about twenty enemy warships and transports had escaped almost certain destruction because of torpedo failures. Dönitz used this damning data to mobilize internal political pressures against the torpedo bureaucrats, and he won over Admiral Raeder and the OKM. Upon receipt of Dönitz’s “shattering summary,” the OKM diarist commented that the “continual failure of the torpedoes, resulting from catastrophic technical deficiencies, must be regarded as a calamity … a failure of historical significance in German naval warfare at a time which is of decisive importance….” Admiral Raeder declared that the correction of submarine torpedo defects was the Navy’s “most urgent problem” and hastened to assure Dönitz and his men that “the defects are known and being put right” with the highest possible priority. Dönitz devoted a large share of his working hours to seeking a solution to the torpedo defects—but not happily. “It is monstrous,” he wrote in his log, “that I should have to be burdened with lengthy discussions and investigations of the causes of torpedo failures and their remedy. This is the business of the technical directorates and departments. But as long as these authorities are slow to do what is necessary, I am forced to take action myself.” By this time Dönitz had lost all confidence in the magnetic pistol. It was too complicated and too sensitive. Furthermore, he (rightly) believed that the British had perfected a way of reducing the magnetic fields of their ships—probably by degaussing, he thought—rendering the magnetic pistol less effective. He therefore urged that highest priority be assigned to correcting the depth-keeping defect and other suspected defects in the impact pistol. With the return of good weather to the Baltic, the “Torpedo Dictator,” Dr. Cornelius, had been carrying out intensive tests of the impact pistol. The results, presented about May 1, were “staggering” and “criminal,” as Dönitz put it in his diary. Cornelius reported “a high rate of failure” owing to a poor, overly complex, and “clumsy” design. The weakness had not been detected theretofore because the torpedo technicians had not tested the pistol adequately in peacetime. A few days after Cornelius revealed these test results, on May 5, the Germans captured the British submarine Seal; a 1,500-ton minelayer. When the Germans towed Seal to Germany, it was found that she carried twelve torpedoes (six in the tubes, six reloads) fitted with contact pistols. After Dönitz and his staffers had closely examined the pistols, Dönitz declared them to be “very sound” and “efficient” and he insisted that they be “copied.” Cornelius concurred, and by this means the Germans were able to produce a reliable contact pistol in a very short time. Meanwhile, Cornelius had some encouraging news. On May 11 he pronounced that the depth-keeping defect had been fixed. Torpedoes could be relied upon to run within a foot and a half of the depth setting. Furthermore, he asserted, “improved firing” of the magnetic pistol had been achieved. The depth-keeping defect had not, in fact, been completely fixed. Nor would it be for another two years. There was another as-yet-undetected fault. The rudder shaft of the torpedo passed through the balance chamber, where the hydrostatic valve controlling the depth setting was located. The chamber was not airtight. As a result, when the boats ran submerged for prolonged periods (as in Norway) and the internal air pressure rose, the air pressure in the balance chamber likewise rose. This confused the hydrostatic valve, which was designed to operate at sea (or atmospheric) level, and caused it to set the torpedoes to run deeper. Since the latest testing had been carried out at sea level from surface craft or U-boats that had not remained submerged for very long, the leak in the balance chamber had no adverse effects on the hydrostatic valve, and so this flaw remained undetected. Dönitz and his staff agonized over what to do: resume the U-boat war in the Atlantic or wait for improved torpedoes? His chief of staff, Eberhard Godt, Dönitz remembered, was of the “emphatic opinion” that the U-boat arm should not be committed to battle until all the torpedo defects had been eliminated. But Dönitz believed that any delay would do “incalculable harm” to the morale and efficiency of his men. Notwithstanding prematures and other failures, the Atlantic boats, employing magnetic pistols, had achieved considerable success in February. Dr. Cornelius had pronounced the depth-keeping defect fixed and some “improvement” in the magnetic pistol. As long as there was “even a slender prospect of success,” Dönitz believed, the U-boat war in the Atlantic should be resumed. Before that could happen, the men had to be reassured and encouraged. Admiral Raeder did his part with cheer-up visits and by awarding a Ritterkreuz to Dönitz. Dönitz, in turn, secured a Ritterkreuz for Werner Hartmann, who had sunk nineteen ships to exceed the leading ace Herbert Schultze, and one for Otto Schuhart, who had sunk the carrier Courageous in the early days of the war.* Dönitz personally visited every flotilla staff and U-boat to exhort his men. Dönitz also made some important command and staff changes. He relieved three skippers: Hundius Flotilla commander Werner Hartmann in U-37, Herbert Sohler in U-46, who had returned from Norway in a state of “nervous exhaustion,” and Herbert Schultze in U-48, who was ill and had to be hospitalized with a serious stomach or kidney disorder. Dönitz named Hartmann to be his first staff officer, replacing Viktor Oehrn, age thirty-two, who replaced Hartmann in U-37. He named Sohler commanding officer of the Wegener Flotilla, replacing Hans-Rudolf Rösing, who replaced Schultze in U-48. Prien’s able first watch officer, Engelbert Endrass, age twenty-nine, replaced Sohler in U-46. In resuming the U-boat war in the Atlantic, Dönitz planned to replicate the opening assault of September 1939: a maximum commitment of force across the broadest possible front. But this plan was frustrated by Hitler and by the jam-up in the shipyards. The Führer insisted that the U-boat arm continue hauling supplies to the beleaguered German ground forces in Norway. In response, the OKM directed Dönitz to assign one-third of the oceangoing force (seven boats) to these supply missions. On appeal, Dönitz was able to reduce the supply missions to merely two (U-26, U-122), but the reconversion of the other five boats from supply back to attack configuration delayed their availability. The jam-up in the shipyards delayed the refits of other boats. As a consequence, Dönitz was compelled to postpone the opening blow—the maximum commitment of force—to June. Six oceangoing boats sailed in May to reopen the Atlantic U-boat war. Infuriatingly, mechanical problems compelled two boats, U-28 (Kuhnke) and U-48 (Rösing), to abort while still in the North Sea. The other four, U-29 (Schuhart), U-37 (Oehrn), U-43 (Ambrosius), and the new VIIB U-101, commanded by Fritz Frauenheim, age twenty-eight, from the duck U-21, reached the Atlantic. To enhance their chances for success, Dönitz had obtained from Hitler another relaxation in the rules, which, in effect, permitted unrestricted submarine warfare in British and French waters. Commencing May 24, U-boats were allowed to sink without warning any ship, including unescorted neutrals and passenger ships. Viktor Oehrn, new skipper of the famous U-37, led the way. Oehrn was very much aware that for internal political reasons and for rebuilding morale in the U-boat arm it was vital for U-37 to achieve a smashing success. He got off to a promising start, sinking a 5,000-ton Swede and severely damaging a 9,500-ton British freighter with his deck gun. While in the Western Approaches on May 23, however, a calamity occurred. Oehrn fired five torpedoes—all with the improved magnetic pistols—and all five failed. Oehrn broke radio silence to report the failures: two prematures, two non-detonators, and one erratic runner. Dönitz was dismayed and Furious. He immediately barred use of magnetic pistols and refused again to authorize their use until they had been fixed beyond any shadow of doubt. He ordered Oehrn and all other skippers to switch to impact pistols, which had recently been improved. At the same time, he demanded that work on copying the British impact pistol recovered from the captured Seal be carried forward with utmost urgency. The switch to the improved impact pistols produced immediate returns for Oehrn. In the days following, he sank three ships by torpedo, including the 10,500-ton French freighter Brazza. He went on to sink another five ships and a trawler: one by demolition, four by gun, and one by a combination of gun and torpedo. His victims included the 7,400-ton British tanker Telena. One of the sinkings was to become controversial: the 5,000-ton British freighter Sheaf Mead, sunk in the afternoon of May 27, off Cape Finisterre, with the loss of thirty-one men. Before shooting, Oehrn observed that the freighter was armed and painted warship gray: Several guns were on the stern and perhaps another concealed under a canvas structure amidships. Having been warned by Dönitz to expect armed British auxiliary cruisers in this area (off Vigo, Spain), Oehrn convinced himself that Sheaf Mead was one, and therefore, when he surfaced, he made no attempt to help the survivors. He logged: A large heap of wreckage floats up. We approach it to identify the name. The crews have saved themselves on wreckage and capsized boats. We fish out a buoy. No name on it. I ask a man on the raft. He says, hardly turning his head, “Nix-name.” A young boy in the water calls, “Help, help, please.” The others are very composed; they look damp and somewhat tired and have a look of cold hatred on their faces. Then on to the old course.* Having exhausted his torpedoes and ammo, Oehrn returned U-37 to Wilhelmshaven after a mere twenty-six days at sea. Dönitz was ecstatic. Oehrn had achieved the objective, reopening the Atlantic U-boat war with resounding successes. In all, Oehrn put down ten confirmed ships for 41,207 tons. This was a record first patrol in numbers of ships sunk and only 700 tons shy of Schuhart’s record 41,905 tons sunk in a single patrol. The other three boats followed U-37 into the hunting area by about a week. Neither U-29 (Schuhart) nor U-43 (Ambrosius) had any luck. But Fritz Frauenheim, making his first Atlantic patrol in the VIIB U-101, sank three British freighters for 14,200 tons in the Western Approaches. Thereafter the boats patrolled Iberian waters where, if necessary, they could clandestinely refuel in Spanish ports. Near Lisbon on June 6, Frauenheim in U-101 came upon a magnificent target, identified as a huge Greek passenger liner. Frauenheim surfaced, approached, and ordered the captain to abandon ship within ten minutes. The ship was not a Greek, but rather the 24,000-ton United States passenger liner Washington, bound from Lisbon to Galway, Ireland, jammed with American men, women, and children fleeing the war zone. On close inspection, Frauenheim discovered his error and shouted to the captain: “Sorry. Mistake. Proceed.” No harm was done, but what was perceived as a very close call caused a great public uproar. Berlin at first attempted to cover up, charging (à la Athenia) that the submarine was British, but finally conceded that the submarine was German and that it had stopped Washington in error.*
Why Family Solidarity? The family, as designed by God, and as traditionally understood, is based on the union of one man and one woman in lifelong marriage. This concept is the concept of the family on which Family Solidarity was founded to protect and promote. In fact, this is the concept that is enshrined in the Irish Constitution. The needs of family style groupings can and should be met but on the basis of individual rights. It is neither desirable nor necessary in meeting their needs to substitute a completely new understanding of what constitutes a family. As is emphasised in ‘Familiaris Consortio’, “…the family is the object of numerous forces that seek to destroy it or in some way to deform it…” Society must suffer, as well as individuals, insofar as these destructive forces are successful. The destructive include marital breakdown, divorce, abortion, contraception, financial deprivation and the laws which promote them. Causes of Decline The causes of decline in population and family well being are both philosophical and practical. At the philosophical level, there is the decline in Christianity and the growth of secularism and materialism in both capitalist and communist countries. In his famous Report, Cardinal Ratzinger says “…where money and wealth are the measure of all things…authentic (Christian) ethics now appear to many like an alien body from times long past….in opposition not only to concrete habits of life, but also to the way of thinking underlying these”. “In such a situation, acquisitiveness and self indulgence are extolled and it becomes difficult to present (Christian) morality as reasonable”. Laws Affect Moral Environment It is an accepted fact that for many people, what is legal is seen as moral. Laws affect the moral environment in which we live and can affect people’s attitudes about relations between the sexes, both within marriage and outside of it.
Nutrient Profiling Systems and health? By Helen Mair, Dairy Australia © Lawmedia Pty Ltd, December 2012 -January 2013 This article by our guest columnist Helen Mair, Health & Nutrition Policy Advisor to Dairy Australia challenges some of the assumptions behind nutrient profiling systems, such as the Nutrient Profile Scoring Criteria in the latest Health Claims Standard. It also reveals inconsistency in levels of scientific evidence necessary for different Health Claims. Nutrient Profiling Systems (NPS) have been developed to help consumers choose healthy foods either by preventing ‘unhealthy’ foods making claims implying they are ‘healthy’ foods or to categorise foods into ‘healthy’ and not so healthy. Examples of this include the proposed Health Claims Standard Nutrient Profile Scoring Criteria (NPSC), Front of Pack Labelling, School Canteen Guidelines, and Health Facility Guidelines. These systems generally focus on energy, nutrients to avoid (saturated fat, sodium, and sugar) and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, sometimes fibre, and occasionally calcium as an under consumed nutrient. The proposed FSANZ Health Claims Standard NPSC calculates for: energy, nutrients to avoid (saturated fat, sodium, and sugar) and foods/nutrients to increase or of benefit (protein, calcium, fibre, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes) for specified categories of foods. To make a ‘Health Claim’ on a product under the proposed standard, the product must comply with all requirements of the Food Standards Code including other aspects of the Health Claims Standard and the NPSC. The choice is either a ‘Preapproved’ (High Level & General Level) or a ‘Self substantiated’ (General Level only) Health Claim. The proposed standard considers the level of scientific evidence required to substantiate a ‘Health Claim” to be the highest level possible or what is known as ‘convincing.’ Similarly it would be expected that the evidence underpinning a NPS such as the NPSC would also substantiate the health relationship with the NPS approach to be comparatively up to date and evidence based. The approach to evidence reviews regarding food intake and health outcomes has shifted focus from individual nutrients and health relationships to foods or diets and health relationships. This makes sense; consumers eat foods and diets, not nutrients in isolation. This is evidenced by the most recent Dietary Guidelines Reviews in both the US and Australia, literature reviews considered foods and health outcomes relationships to underpin Dietary Guidelines. Previously food groups were defined primarily on key nutrients provided. But how do the two approaches compare in the current literature, and risk management strategies regarding relationships with health outcomes? Firstly let’s look at a ‘nutrients to avoid’ or ‘nutrients in isolation’ approach. In 2010 the FAO Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition report of an expert consultation advised that replacing Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), with Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) was beneficial for lowering total and LDL cholesterol. There was no evidence to support replacement with refined carbohydrate. There was insufficient evidence to support replacement with Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA). In the interim years the most recent evidence has now found that the benefit of replacement of SFA for reduced risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) with PUFA is limited to n-3, not, n-6. Replacement with refined carbohydrate increases risk, and there is no association with benefit for replacement with MUFA. This is important, because when something from a food or a diet is removed; it is generally replaced with something – clearly, what SFA is replaced with matters. What also must be considered, is, according to an IOM report LDL cholesterol is no longer considered a useful marker for CVD risk. If we look at the evidence regarding sugar, the association is with dental health issues except for sugar sweetened beverages. However sugar is a refined carbohydrate, which from the SFA evidence and other evidence looking at specific health effects is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular health issues. So limiting sugar may have some benefit, but the overall issue with refined carbohydrate is not addressed. When considering sodium and blood pressure, evidence points to the relationship with other nutrients such as Chloride (increased risk) Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium and in dairy, peptides (reduced risk) as being important. When aiming to reduce the risk of diet related non-communicable diseases, obesity is a major risk factor. If we consider the evidence regarding macro nutrients in a kilo joule controlled diet, there is no relationship to obesity, rather energy is key. If we consider unrestricted diets, evidence indicates that macronutrients such as protein, fat, low Glycaemic Index, and complex carbohydrates play a role in satiety, likely along with other micronutrients (e.g. phyto, minerals). Evidence also suggests in an unrestricted diet, consumers that follow dietary advice to reduce fat or saturated fat, do not reduce overall energy intake but rather substitute kilojoules from other sources and may also reduce dairy food intake. Further issues arise through considering nutrients in a homogenous fashion; for example there are over 400 fatty acids in milk fat, of those that are saturated, not all have the same effect on the body. Similar considerations must be made for other fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. For example the researcher Arne Astrup commented in his 2011 paper which considered the evidence regarding saturated fat and the prevention of cardiovascular disease: “The effect of particular foods on CHD cannot be predicted solely by their content of total SFAs because individual SFAs may have different cardiovascular effects and major SFA food sources contain other constituents that could influence CHD risk” Let’s now consider a ‘foods’ based approach. The most recent NHMRC Dietary Guidelines Literature review resulted in evidence statements for each of the ‘Core’ food groups. For example: Traditionally ‘core’ dairy foods were considered primarily for the contribution of calcium to the diet. However when considering the NHMRC evidence regarding the association of the food with health outcomes, of the 12 ‘Core’ (milk, cheese, yoghurt, and custard) dairy foods statements, 11 applied to both regular and reduced fat, 10 were associated with a reduced risk of adverse health outcomes relating to cardiovascular health (4), metabolic health (2), cancers (3) and bone health (1). The two considering weight found no association. 4 statements were level B and 8 were level C according to NHMRC evidence grading. Compare this with the evidence statements for vegetables: of the 8 ‘Core’ vegetable foods statements, 3 applied to all vegetables and 5 applied to specific vegetables, 6 were associated with reduced risk of adverse health outcomes (4 to cancers and 2 to cardiovascular health). 1 for preserved vegetables was associated with increased risk of a type of cancer, and 1 statement was associated with reduced risk of weight gain. 2 statements were level B evidence and 6 statements were level C. We also need to consider, for health, the ability to identify nutrient rich foods (the ‘core’ foods) is important. Nutrient rich ‘core’ foods provide increased nutrients in proportion to energy and budget. Encouraging a diet based around nutrient rich ‘core’ foods discourages consumption of nutrient poor energy dense foods. Consumers are more likely to apply this approach if consuming enough ‘core’ foods is encouraged. This is particularly important for those ‘core’ foods that are significantly under consumed in the Australia population such as dairy foods and vegetables. If you look at the evidence regarding the associations between foods (the complete food matrix) and health outcomes vs. that regarding nutrients in isolation, any risk management strategy must consider the benefits of getting ‘enough’ of a food associated with a reduced risk of adverse health outcomes rather than discouraging consumption by implying that somehow the food is unhealthy just because the food contains a ‘nutrient to avoid’. Any healthy diet promoting strategy including Nutrient Profiling Systems, should promote all ‘nutrient rich core foods” associated with reduced rates of non-communicable diseases. This requires simple consistent consumer messages. Perhaps that message should be ‘ base your diet around nutrient rich ‘core’ foods’ and be clear what those nutrient rich ‘core’ foods are, and how much is enough. This is a message, the evidence supports, and a message that would cement a national nutrition policy framework. For a full bibliography for this article, please see the following Dairy Australia webpage. Helen Mair Health & Nutrition Policy Advisor Dairy Australia 03 9694 3703 0458 037 123 I
The special and unique position of the Tino Island in the Gulf of La Spezia, with its complex orography, has strengthen his attitude of sighting, protecting and controlling the sea over centuries. Nothing can escape the view enjoyed from the top of the island, which on the clearest days catches a stretch of sea that goes from Livorno to Genoa. This was certainly noticed by the Republic of Genoa’s engineers around 1600, who probably built the current base of the lighthouse that still exists today. This tower was part of the program to strengthen the defense of the Ligurian’s eastern coast. The structure, of which there are no detailed studies, has a remarkable typological similarity with the ruins of the only surviving coeval tower, Torre Scola, not far from Palmaria Island. It’s not certain that the tower on Tino Island had an offensive character, because its extremely high position relative to the water level would be too difficult to shoot an enemy on the sea, but it is still possible to see defensive features that could be used if the structure had been besieged. What’s certain is that his vocation of control over the sea was never lost, even if Napoleon wanted to transfer this facility to the nearby Palmaria Island. We owe its renovation to the Savoy government, in particular to King Carlo Alberto, who first wanted to build a lighthouse in 1839, adding a small tower to the Genoese structure. Then in 1884, the second lighthouse was built, higher than the first, which can still be seen today and that is still used for the light signals. These structures were added over time to house the lighthouse’s staff. Today the island is closed to the public, as it is the property of the Italian Navy, and perhaps, thanks to this, it has kept intact the features of its architecture surrounded by nature, as it certainly was in the century of its construction.
How to Create Symbolic link in Linux Using Ln Command create symbolic link in linux Symbolic link is commonly referred to as soft link or symlink, which is a special type of file that references another file or directory. In this guide, you will learn how to create a symbolic link in Linux using ln command to make links between files. Types of links In Linux, we have 2 types of links: soft links and hard links. Hard links: A hard link is a replica of an original file. It gives access to the data in the target file. A user cannot create a hard link for a directory, only for a file. Additionally, hard-linked files have a common inode number. When the original file is deleted or removed, the hard link will continue working and will contain the contents of the removed file. It's also important to note that hard links do not span across different file systems. Soft links: Unlike a hard link, a soft link is merely a pointer to a file name and does not contain the contents of another file or the target file being referenced. If the target file is removed or deleted, the soft link ceases to exist. The good side of soft links is that they can be used to link to a file or directory and they can span across different file systems. How to use ln command The ln command is used to make links between files. The command, by default, creates a hard link. To create a soft link simply append the -s option ( --symbolic). To avoid confusion, use absolute path (relative path) of the source and target file when creating a symbolic link. How to create a symbolic link to a file To create a symbolic link to a file, run the following command: $ ln -s { OPTIONS } file symlink When both the file and the symlink are defined, the ln command creates a link from the file which is the first argument to the file defined in the second argument symlink. For example, to create a symbolic link to a file, use the syntax, $ ln -s original_file symlink Note: ln returns no output on success. In the command, replace the original_file with the existing file for which you want to create the symlink and the symlink with the symbolic link. Let's have a real example: $ ln -s file1.txt sample_link.txt The above command creates a symlink called 'sample_link.txt' to the existing file 'file1.txt' in the current directory. To verify the creation of the link, simply use the ls command as shown: $ ls -l sample_link.txt Your output should resemble what I have below: lrwxrwxrwx 1 winnie winnie 9 Jul 12 23:43 sample_link.txt -> file1.txt In the permissions, the l flag indicates that this is a symbolic link, and the character - > indicates that the symlink points to the file file1.txt. Sometimes symlinks doesn't work because of the path issues, suggest to use full path: # absolute (full path) ln -s /path/to/originals/originalfile1.txt backup/copy.txt # relative cd backup ln -s ../originals/originalfile1.txt copy.txt How to create symbolic links to a directory Creating a symbolic link to a directory is just as easy as creating one to a file. The syntax remains largely the same. The first argument takes the directory's name whilst the symbolic link is specified as the second argument. The syntax below is an example of how you would go about this: $ ln -s /path/to/directory ~/directory For example, to create a symbolic link from the directory /Downloads/music/ to ~/my_music run the command: $ ln -s /Downloads/music ~/my_music How to overwrite a symbolic link Overwriting symbolic links by simply invoking the ln command without any additional arguments will always give you an error as shown: For example, If you try running the following command again: $ ln -s file1.txt sample_link.txt You will get the error shown: ln: failed to create symbolic link 'sample_link.txt': File exists A workaround to this issue is to introduce another option -f or --force to overwrite the symlink's destination path as shown: $ ln -sf file1.txt sample_link.txt This time, overwriting the soft link will not yield any error. How to remove symlinks To get rid of symbolic links Linux or symlinks, you can either use the rm command or the unlink command. And it's quite easy. For unlink command, use the syntax below to remove symlinks: $ unlink symlink_to_be_removed Removing a soft link using the rm command is just the same as when you are deleting or removing a regular file: $ rm symlink_to_be_removed Are symlinks important? It's generally a good idea to create a symlink to a file if you want to achieve any of the following: 1. Have access to a file(s) from multiple locations without creating duplicate copies which can necessarily take up a lot of disk space. 2. If you want to retain original versions of the file and ensure that the link points to the latest version of the file. This works because the symlink will still remain active even after you have replaced the file with a different file bearing the same file name. Linux programs use symbolic links, as aliased so that users do not have to know which version of code used. # which python # ls -l /usr/bin/python Symbolic links and standard shortcuts are similar but a few differences exist between the two. A standard shortcut, like the one you'd find in Windows, is simply a regular file that points to a certain directory, file, or application. This shortcut usually appears as an icon that can be created in any location, and when clicked upon it opens the original file, directory, or application. A symbolic link actually represents the original file in a functional sense. It's a direct substitute for an object such as a file. Your Linux system reads the Linux symbolic link as though it was the target object. An ordinary shortcut simply references a file or a directory, and not does nothing else. That's all about how to create a symbolic link in Linux and for more information refer ln man. I hope you enjoyed reading and please leave your comments and suggestions. Winnie Ondara 9:30 am
Dates in JavaScript Dates in JavaScript are formed with the Date object. Working with dates To generate a date based on the current time, a Date object is simply created with no arguments: alert(new Date()); Notice that the time created is the current time. To change this to another time, such as a time in the future or past an argument must be given: var date = "July 13, 1991 10:31:00"; alert(new Date(date)); In the previous example, a date; the 13th of July 1991 at 10:31, is being put into the Date object as a string. The string is then transformed into an actual Date object. An alternative method of creating the previous date is to break it down: alert(new Date(1991, 6, 13, 10, 31, 00, 00)); It's important to note that the month within the Date object begins at 0, so January is month 0 and July is month 6. Creating dates using milliseconds All dates begin on January the 1st 1970 at 00:00:00 UTC. With the Date object it is possible to specific a number of milliseconds from that date. For instance, to get the second of January 1970, simply multiply 1000 (milliseconds) by 60 (seconds) by 60 (minutes) by 24 (hours) to get the number of milliseconds in a day: var date = 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000; //86400000 alert(new Date(date)); JavaScript adds the number of milliseconds specified to January 1st 1970 00:00:00 UTC. Date object methods The Date object provides multiple methods for manipulating the date. For example, it is incredibly easy to obtain the number of milliseconds through the second that the date is: var date = new Date(); The above method will simply return the milliseconds into the current second. It can shorthanded with the following: alert((new Date()).getMilliseconds()); There are more methods available in this object such as: • getSeconds(); • getDate(); • getDay(); • getFullYear(); • getTime(); • getTimezoneOffset(); • getUTCSeconds(); • toDateString(); • toGMTString(); Of course, there are also setter methods on the Date object too: • setSeconds(seconds); • setMinutes(minutes); • setYear(years); Messing with dates The dates used in JavaScript do not come from a server. They come from the client's local machine. For this reason it's very easy to tamper with the date. In fact all that the client needs to do to change the date is change the system date: After changing the date or time the JavaScript object will return the time as reported by the operating system. Timeouts and intervals Since JavaScript works in real-time it is often necessary to work to specific times. This is achieved using timeouts and intervals. A timeout is a wait for a certain time before something happens just once. An interval occurs over and over again. There are two methods that do this in JavaScript, namely: setTimeout() and setInterval(). The following code example will start a clock that will update automatically: function getTime() { var d = new Date(); var s = d.getHours() + ":" + d.getMinutes() + ":" + d.getSeconds(); //How long to wait before starting the interval for precision var startIn = 1000 - (new Date()).getMilliseconds(); //Now set a timeout until then begin the interval //Update using the getTime() method }, 1000); }, startIn); Provide feedback on this page Comments are sent via email to me.
Home >> Technology >> 00 technology explain \| system clean oceans 00 technology explain \| system clean oceans 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic float at thesurface of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.Here, The Ocean Cleanup is deploying the world’s first technological solution to this growing problem.The principle behind it is simple: createa coastline where there are none...concentrate the plastic… and take it out. The system consists of a 600-meter-long floater and a 3-meter-deep skirt attached below.The floater provides buoyancy to the system...and prevents plastic from flowing over it,while the skirt prevents smaller particles from escaping underneath.As the impenetrable skirt creates a downward flow, marine life can safely pass beneath it.Here is how the system catches plastic:The system takes advantage of three natural oceanic forces: wind, waves, and currents.Both the plastic and system are being carried by the current.However, wind and waves propel the system only, as the floater partly sticks above the surface,while plastic is primarily just beneath it. The system thus moves faster than the plastic, allowing the plastic to be captured.The skirt extends deeper in the middle ofthe system than on the outer edges.As the current applies pressure on the skirt, the system naturally adopts a U-shapewhich enables it to concentrate plastic in its center, like a funnel.The drag generated by the skirt also actsas a stabilizing force allowing the systemto re-orient itself when the wind changesdirection.And because the system - like the plastic– is free floating, it automatically driftsto the areas with the highest plastic concentration.Fitted with solar-powered lights, anti-collision systems, cameras, sensors and satellite antennas,the system actively communicates its position at all times and continuously gathers performance data.Periodically, a support vessel comes by to take out the concentrated plasticlike a garbage truck of the ocean.The plastic is then transported to land, recycled, and made into durable products.This is the first of a fleet of 60 systems.Once deployed, the fleet is expected to cleanup 50% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patchevery 5 years. Sources of article:
Unite and Untie: A portrait of opinions on conflict in the Middle East The current wars in the Middle East are the result of extremely complex, interwoven issues built over the course of centuries. The tension derives from colonial influences, which have arbitrarily drawn and redrawn borders for economic reasons. Long term disputes within and between Jewish, Christian and Islamic faiths are compounded by autocratic ruling systems and Western culture’s imposition of democratic governments. In recent years, the United States’ involvement in the Middle East is focused on promoting democracy in the belief that it will lead to stability and concurrently control terrorist forces that pose a threat to the country and its allies. The human toll of Middle Eastern conflict is massive yet largely immeasurable. Over 4,000 troops have been killed, and an estimated several thousand US contractors have perished. Many more have been seriously wounded. Troops stationed in the Middle East are under significant combat stress, challenged daily to identify their friends, allies, and enemies. The fight for societal reformation in the Middle East impacts more than just the local environments where overt conflict takes place. The ripple effects throughout the United States include widespread fear, grief, and loss. Soldiers and civilians alike struggle to unite in a shared belief of what it means to “win” the conflict. The photographic works in Unite and Untie depict aspects of Middle Eastern conflict through Western civilian eyes. Nina Berman: Homeland Insecurity & Purple Hearts: Back from Iraq Documentarian Nina Berman began her project Homeland Insecurity while photographing wounded US soldiers who served in the Middle East. The discernable tragedies of veterans pictured in Berman’s Purple Hearts: Back from Iraq and Marine Wedding symbolized the human cost of war. Berman wanted to explore the American public’s efforts to absorb and respond to the localized trauma induced by complex and incomprehensible acts taking place abroad. The title of Berman’s series is derived from the term “Homeland Security”, a phrase introduced by President George W. Bush shortly after 9/11. The term, whose individual words were familiar yet foreign when conjoined at the time, quickly became part of America’s national identity. As US military involvement in the Middle East grew, Americans began to incorporate defense tactics into their daily lives. “I made these images mindful of my own conflicted response to the call for “Homeland Security.” I would wake up some mornings in Manhattan wondering if I should take the subway and then berate myself for being fearful; I would laugh at the preparedness kits offered on the Internet and then shamefully buy them. I abhor the idea of racial profiling but once found myself looking suspiciously at an Arab man who sat silently for several hours on a park bench near my home.” Berman’s Homeland Insecurity series was made from 2001-2008 in twelve US states. During this time, she photographed demonstrations of civilian patriotism, military exercises performed for the general public, drills and symbols of national security threats, whether real or imagined. Uniforms, costumes, and props donned by military and civilians alike are part of the cultural experience. Simulations like the one organized by the Illinois Department of Transportation at Chicago Midway Airport tests America’s strategies, protocols, and response time to terrorist attacks. Civilians watch a performance of crisis response at Fort Bragg, home to the 82nd Airborne Division, JFK Special Warfare School. Children partake in the virtual army experience of human target practice at the base’s “All-America Day.” In a fleeting moment, a stealth bomber swoops low over onlookers at an Atlantic City beach. “Some of these events have the look and feel of state-sponsored performance art, where realism is replaced by theater, giving participants a powerful sense of identity and value through militarized experience. It is this identity and the ambiguity between real and made-up, so emblematic of post 9-11 discourse, that interests me most.” Benjamin Lowy: Iraq Perspectives Social documentarian and photojournalist Benjamin Lowy created night vision images of a war-torn Iraq while on a Corbis assignment to photograph for publications including Time magazine. Lowy began the series Iraq Perspectives in 2003 in response to his personal desire to reveal to the American public the experience of war. Using dental floss, gaffer’s tape and chewing gum, Lowy affixed the Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) on loan from the American infantry to his camera. He photographed in and around Tikrit, a town 90 miles north of Baghdad and in “Arab Jabour,” a 10 mile-long, 3 mile-wide region southeast of Baghdad, mostly inhabited by Sunni Arabs, where the Islamic terrorist group Al Qaeda is known to operate. The areas where Lowy photographed were largely without electricity; most Iraqis in those regions have never seen their country at night. Western soldiers were the only ones with the ability to see in the dark, yet their green filtered and vignetted visions of the NVGs provided limited and distorted views of the landscape, creating indistinct and ethereal forms. In these images, soldiers combat insurgents, conduct night raids, defend civilians, and patrol abandoned streets. Chris Sims: Home Fronts Sims’ Home Fronts: The Pretend Villages of Talatha and Braggistan presents fictitious Iraqi and Afghan camps on U.S. Army bases. For a period of three-and-a-half weeks, infantry nearing deployment are trained in cultural diplomacy, combat, and insurgency. Vast in size, these Army bases in the desert near Death Valley, California and in the forests of North Carolina and Louisiana contain a consortium of fake villages which adopt different cultural identities reflecting current and anticipated conflict zones. Onsite workshops include makeshift structures such as shops, homes and mosques stocked with appropriate props. Villages are primarily staffed with “cultural role players” – Iraqis, Iranians, Kuwaitis, and Saudis who speak fluent Arabic and reside in Arab and Kurdish ethnic enclaves in the U.S. The remaining village actors are drawn from communities near the bases. In an effort to make the training as authentic as possible, high-ranking officials inject current conflict scenarios into the rehearsal exercises. Within a matter of a few days the fake villages’ scriptwriters emulate real-time tactical realities of events occurring in the Middle East. The troops’ training culminates in several days of 24-hour unscripted combat known as “Force-on-Force.” Infantry are taught to identify insurgent cells who are generally small, mobile, and vastly more familiar with the local landscape than the Coalition forces. “Fake” injuries and deaths are managed as if they were real, sensitizing the soldiers to the impending reality of combat. While the majority of training is combat simulation, these exercises also teach soldiers how to practice in-country diplomacy and negotiate challenging public relations scenarios in regions scrupulously covered by international media. To make the events seem more real, fake newspapers, television and radio stations broadcast the day’s happenings. Like the soldiers and “cultural role players” on the bases, photographer Chris Sims participates in the theatrics of America’s “fake” Middle East. Adopting the role of spectator and participant, Sims plays the character of a war photographer. His observational photographs depict the inner workings of these camps from 2005-2007: “Here, backstage in the war on terrorism, I see insurgents planting a bomb in a Red Crescent ambulance; American soldiers negotiating with a reluctant mayor; a suicide bomber detonating herself outside of a mosque; and villagers erupting in an anti-American riot. The designers and inhabitants of these worlds take great pride in the scope and fidelity of their wars-in-miniature. By day’s end, hundreds of soldiers and civilians lay dead – the electronic sensors on their special halters indicating whether friendly fire, an improvised explosive device, or a sniper’s bullet has killed them.” Mark Bagge: Iraq Live In the last decade, American television networks’ increased competition for viewers’ leisure time manifested a rise in programming intended to promote and satiate a public captivated by celebrity culture, beauty, tragedy, and reality shows. Concurrently, news reports became shorter in length, documentary stories were branded. The boundaries between journalism and fictional entertainment programming became increasingly blurred. In early 2003, British-born, Houston-based Mark Bagge took great interest in how the television funneled reality and fiction alike through a controlled, two-dimensional output. By virtue of the medium’s limitations and the media’s management of information, what America experienced as real-time factual events about the early stages of the Iraq War were mediated through a series of complex technical designs and cultural filters, impacting how information was received and processed. Bagge raised a series of questions about the portrayal of the Iraq War by US television programming: “Were the facts that were being reported actual facts, or were events being reported in a way to influence the opinions of the viewers back home in the living rooms of the United States? Was this an attempt to influence public opinion, or a recognition that the format of movies and celebrity is one that is easier to consume and understand than the hard facts and horror of war?” Bagge photographed his television set for a period beginning shortly before the conflict in Iraq began. The photographer selected Polaroid 600 film for the project as its immediacy and supersaturated color palette mirrored the TV, and the blurry output functioned as a metaphor for Bagge’s questioning. In March, 2003, the main mission for this period, coined by the United States as “Operation Iraqi Freedom,” was to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, conclude Hussein’s support of terrorism, unite and liberate the Iraqi people. Bagge directed his camera to a diversity of television coverage, including then-CNN anchor Paula Zahn’s reports, stock market coverage, journalists’ reports from Iraq, Rumsfeld’s speech, soldiers in combat, and Oscar attendees in black tie and Iraqi women dressed in traditional black abayat. He photographed the story treatment for the “Saving Private Lynch” campaign, a tale of grand heroism which was later questioned by many to have been manipulated. Bagge was interested in the way the Hollywood-style story treatment drew parallels with Stephen Spielberg’s 1998 film Saving Private Ryan. Bagge turned his attention to Nicole Kidman’s Best Actress acceptance speech at the 2002 Academy Awards in which she remarked about the horrors of death and the Iraq war. Her concerns, along with the lauded commentary given by Best Actor Adrien Brody, situated the celebrities in the role of political spokespersons: Hollywood actors who are celebrated for their fictional portrayals reporting their opinions on real events. Iraq Live, titled for its duplicity of meanings, sets the scene for the beginning of civilian mediation with the war. Bagge’s installation design was inspired by the work of Japanese photographer Yamamoto Masao, whose assemblages of tiny photographs give the appearance of a bomb or shell blast. Iraq Live is intended to be read from the center outwards. Toby Morris: PTSD It has long since been acknowledged by America’s Armed Forces that war can have a devastating impact on soldiers’ psyches. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a term coined in the 1970s to describe psychological trauma, is increasingly omnipresent in our nation’s lexicon as more and more soldiers return home from war with mental illness. While an invisible injury to most, it is believed to affect 11% of U.S. Iraq veterans and 20% of Afghanistan veterans.[i] A PTSD diagnosis is highly controversial in military affairs. In January 2009, the Pentagon released a statement that it would not grant Purple Heart medals, an award given to service members wounded in combat, to those diagnosed with PTSD. It is believed that the disorder is underreported by military personnel; it is likely that the entrenched prejudice against mental illness has led numerous veterans to avoid seeking psychological treatment. Yet, the U.S. government recently pledged to increase medical aid to those diagnosed with PTSD. Houston-born photojournalist Toby Morris photographs male and female veterans with different degrees of the disorder and documents their varied treatment regimens. Included are four portraits of young American veterans. The first subject, Eugene, served with the Army in Iraq and sought psychological counseling for a variety of PTSD-related ailments before going AWOL (absent without leave) because of a perceived lack of concern from the military medical establishment. Eugene has since been awarded 30% disability as a result of his PTSD by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Wendy, who served in a medical unit in Iraq, is convinced she has PTSD. She has chosen not to file a claim with the VA. Louis was recently discharged from the Navy because of extreme PTSD. He served two years as a corpsman assigned to a unit in downtown Fallujah, Iraq. He is currently awaiting a medical separation from the Navy. Logan is an Iraq Army veteran haunted by dreams in which his family is killed. He believes his stress has resulted in PTSD, but his trauma has yet to be diagnosed. [i] US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2009. 19 February – 1 March, 2008 Houston Center for Photography Artist / Photographer Mark Bagge Nina Berman Benjamin Lowy Toby Morris Chris Sims © 2018 Madeline Yale Preston & John Rampton Madeline Yale Preston \| Photography Specialist \| Arts Advisor \| Consultant
Main menu: Some northern bird species: You find more northern birds in these parts: Migrating birds , Taigaforest birds and Birds of Lapland fjelds (=mountains) ! Avifauna of Finland is very diverse and abundant compared to same degrees of latitude in Northern America and in Siberia. The main reason to this is the Gulf Stream. In Southern Finland there nests about 160-140 species, in Northern Lapland about 110 species. In South western Finland there nests about 250 couples in a square kilometre, whereas in fell Lapland there is only fourth of this. The most abundant nesting birds in Finland are: willow warbler (about 10 million couples), chaffinch, tree pipit, redwing, bramling, spotted flycatcher, siskin, fieldfare, yellowhammer, robin. The emphasis of mire (= peatland) and fell birds is in the north. Common mire birds there are for example meadow pipit, yellow wagtail, wood sandpiper, willow grouse and curlew. In the fells there are nesting about 20 species, like snow bunting, ptarmigan, golden plover, dotterel, lapland bunting and bluethroat. See the sections "Birds of fjelds" and "Migration of birds"! Siberian jay (Perisoreus infestans) is definitely familiar if you have for example been trekking in Lapland. It’s very curious to know what you are ‘having for lunch’ in a break. This brown-red-greyish bird is also called the northern Finland’s jay. Siberian jay is our smallest crow bird, during nesting time it is hiding but in the summer it is very curious and almost half tame, the lucky bird of the Sami people. As a omnivorous bird it will certainly check all break places after hiker in order to find crumbs. It is a resident bird so it won’t migrate away for winter. The distribution of siberian jay is limited to Northern Finland. It’s also the province bird of the Kainuu province and it lives in the old spruce forests. Siberian jay hides its nest in a tall spruce and starts nesting already in March. The dam broods its eggs despite of the possible snowstorms and lively fledglings can be seen already in May - June. Siberian jay has many names given by folks and it’s also a bird of many beliefs. It’s quite poor singer, it meows, screeches and squeaks so it’s the troll of the forest. Germans have called it the bad luck jay, so in the north it brings luck and the opposite in the south. Willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) Willow grouse is mainly northern bird but lives also in the southern parts of the Central Finland. It has been very important for Lapps as food and as a source of income, and still is. It used to be ‘the fourth money’ in Lapland. The fluctuation of grouse population is common. In year 2009 discussed in Finland about the restriction of hunting time of grouse, like in Norway. The yipping laughter of willow grouse can startle when you hear it for the first time, but more experienced hiker is anxious to hear it. In the courtship the male willow grouse grunts peacefully and the female meows back. During the wintertime willow grouse has a white ‘snow outfit’ despite the black edge feathers of the tail, so it’s very difficult to see in the snow. The feather layer in the winter is very effective against the cold, a real fur. Even legs are covered with feathers. In the summer willow grouse is mostly red-brownish only wings and stomach are white. Its track in the snow is very good distinctive mark. In the winter it sleeps under the snow cover, there can be tens of them in the same place. In April couples find their own territories. Willow grouse is monogamous. See: population fluctuation of willow grouse! .Willow grouse - like Ptarmigan - is well adapted to norhern conditions. Ptarmigan reminds a lot of willow grouse. It lives in the uppermost parts of fells, mainly in rocky places. Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) The national bird of Finland, whooper swan is a bird of myths and symbols. After last wars it almost disappeared but the book trilogy by Yrjö Kokko made Finns to think and the persecution was over. After that it became tame and distributed almost all over our country. There are about 4000 nesting couples in Finland at present. Because of the white outfit the whooper swan is the symbol of purity and its lifetime fidelity to its partner is noticed in the sayings of folks. They find their partners in the second year and choose the nesting place and they live there together without nesting, which starts on the third or fourth year. They eat submerged water plants and shore vegetation and also small fauna. It doesn’t dive completely under the water when it’s seeking food. Young bird (born in summer 2007) had in the same autumn an excursion to the strandforest. After observations this swan catched some berries of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Whooper swan arrives very early, when there is still the snow cover. It’s very resistant to cold as long as there are ice-free places to find food. It has to come very early and start to nest quickly because it takes at least four months in the open water until the fledglings are able to fly. Our other swan, mute swan is even more demanding, it takes four months before it’s fledglings are old enough to fly and that’s why it can only live in Southern Finland. Here you can see more pictures and the timetable of migration of northern birds: The timing of migration The section "Some northern bird species" ends here! If you like some other birds, click here! If you like some other animals, click here! Other sections: Main menu on the upper part of this screen!
Browsed by Author: The Rational Heathen Did Our Ancestors Celebrate the Fall Equinox? Did Our Ancestors Celebrate the Fall Equinox? Did our ancestors celebrate the fall equinox? The question is an interesting one, and left for much interpretation. Certainly, some of our ancestors did pay attention to the equinox, as marked by many paleolithic stone circles. However, if we’re talking about those ancestors in the Viking Age, the idea gets a bit more muddled. I’ll explain. What Exactly is the Fall Equinox? For those of you who don’t know, the equinox is the time when the sun shines directly on the equator. To explain how that happens, we’ll have to refresh our basic astronomy. Our planet, Earth, revolves around the sun. One circuit around the sun equals one year. The Earth spins around its axis as well, and the length of time it takes to make one full revolution is approximately 24 hours. With me so far? But the Earth’s axis is tilted compared to the plane of its path around the sun. The Earth is tilted because it “spins” similar to a top. But unlike a top, the Earth’s wobble occurs over millions of years, and not seconds, like the toy. Because the Earth is in a tilt, it stays in the tilt as it revolves around the sun. So, winter occurs in our hemisphere when our hemisphere is furthest away from the sun. That is the winter solstice. The equinox occurs midway between winter and summer solstice when the sun is equal distant between the North and South poles. Did Our Ancestors Recognize the Equinox? So, the equinox occurs when the sun crosses the equator, giving us a near equal day and night. Hence the name, Equinox, meaning “equal night.” But did our ancestors recognize the equinox, and did it have any special meaning to them? Did they celebrate the fall equinox? (Or spring equinox, for that matter?) We can look at various archaeological digs and find that yes, our ancestors did know about the equinox, and in some cultures, it must have had a religious significance. Stonehenge and Newgrange are two archaeological sites that keep track of the solstices and eclipses. Other sites across Ireland and Great Britain may also track the sun. Other cultures, notably the Mayans, Chinese, Native Americans, and Egyptians also tracked the sun with their pyramids and monuments. So, it is likely that ancient European cultures were aware of the equinoxes. But how did our Northern ancestors celebrate the Fall equinox? The Northern Ancestors’ Year The Norse kept a calendar that had only two seasons: winter and summer. The reason is pretty obvious. There was snow, and there was no snow and farming time. The solstices seemed to have played a bigger role in Norse beliefs, hence Yule and Midsummer. That being said, it doesn’t mean that the peoples in the Viking Era weren’t aware of the equinoxes. Certainly, during the fall equinox, people were busy with the harvest. But they would hold harvest festivals to celebrate and give thanks for a good harvest. I can’t imagine that they wouldn’t mark the equinox in some fashion, since it meant the night would overtake the daylight. No doubt many Northern peoples looked at the equinox as the herald of the upcoming winter darkness. Solstices were More Important Other pagan cultures celebrated Mabon, and today we have Winter Finding. As much as I would like to think the equinoxes were important, I suspect that the Solstices were more so. The first month of winter is in October in the old Norse calendar, and the first month of summer is in April. So, obviously the spring and fall equinox wasn’t as important as the solstices. But, they still had some importance. Eostre was celebrated close to the spring equinox and harvest celebrations were close to the fall equinox. As always, if you have insights, be sure to let me know. A special thanks to Sarra Keene for being my patron on Patreon! She helps make this blog possible. You can become a patron like Sarra and support great Heathen content for the cost of one latte a month! Check it out: Become a Patron! The Gods of the Hunt: Skadi and Ullr The Gods of the Hunt: Skadi and Ullr When it comes to the approaching autumn, two gods I constantly associate with the cooling weather is Skadi and Ullr. Skadi and Ullr are two very powerful gods in our Northern pantheon, which is why it befuddles me that not a lot has survived when it comes to stories about these two gods. Let’s Talk Skadi First We know more about Skadi than Ullr, so I’ll talk about her first. Skadi is a Frost Giant (or Jotun) turned goddess and is the daughter of Þjazi. Skadi has a single story (although she and Loki argue in Lokasenna) on how she sought justice for the death of her father, Þjazi. Þjazi was the Jotun who tricked Loki into stealing Idunn and her Golden Apples from the gods. Skadi demanded to marry the god of her choice, plus someone had to make her laugh to fulfill the blood debt. Her demands were agreed on if she would choose her husband by looking at their feet only. Thinking she would choose Baldr, she chose the most beautiful feet–which belonged to Njord. Skadi couldn’t abide by the dreary coast, and Njord couldn’t stand the high mountaintops. So, theirs is an unhappy marriage. Some Heathens have claimed that Skadi divorced Njord and chose Ullr, who would’ve been a better consort, but I haven’t seen anything in the literature to suggest that. Ullr, the International Man of Mystery Now we come to Ullr, and by the gods, there isn’t a lot written up about him. Which is a shame, because Ullr was an important god in the Northern countries. Ullr is the god of wintertime sports and hunting. He is also the god of oaths; our ancestors swore on Ullr’s oath ring. Ullr was called on in duels, presumably to oversee the contest or to grant favor. He was also the head of Asgard when Odin was in exile for ten years. Beyond being handsome and fast on skis, the only other thing we know is that his home is called Ýdalir, meaning “yew dales.” This has given rise to the belief he was an archer, since bows were frequently made from yew. He is believed to be the god of winter sports and hunting. Nowadays, you can celebrate Ullr in December at Breckenridge, Colorado during Ullrfest, which celebrates snow, skiing, and the god, of course. There has been some conjecture that Ullr may be another name for Tyr. The association is somewhat sketchy but you might be able to draw the conclusion due to people swearing their oaths on Ullr’s oath ring. And Tyr, who is often depicted more as the Aesir‘s second-in-command would be a more likely candidate to take over the throne of the All-Father while he was in exile, rather than Ullr. But even with these two examples, there aren’t any other obvious association between the two. In other words, we don’t know. Unverified Personal Gnosis Time with Skadi and Ullr Before I go further with this, I want to caveat this by saying these are my experiences with these gods, and like anything, Your Mileage May Vary. I’ve had plenty of dealings with Skadi, but not Ullr. Back when I competed in a certain winter sport, Skadi and I held an uneasy truce. I was a lot more wary of her then, and while I know she is a very dangerous goddess, over the years I’ve come to understand her. She doesn’t suffer fools in her territory, so every time I am out in the backcountry, I am aware she could take me out. Still, Skadi has been a friend to me and my husband. (She smiles on him with a lot with animals.) Even so, I think I’ve gained some favor. I have had animals wait patiently while I get my equipment ready and even wait for me to shoot them. My offerings/blots go primarily to Skadi and Tyr, whom I consider my primary gods. Ullr is still a concept to me. Maybe because I have gods that fulfill the roles he seems to have, I haven’t quite made the leap to adding him to my main gods. I do, however, remember him in my blots. So, maybe that’s good enough for him at the moment. So, let me know about your own experiences with the hunting god/goddess in the comments! A quick shout-out to Sarah Keene, who has helped make The Rational Heathen possible with her continued support! Choosing a God or Goddess: Why the Gods You’ve Chosen Might Not be Right Choosing a god or goddess isn’t as easy as people sometimes make it. What’s the big deal, you say? You worship or honor Odin. Or maybe Freyja. Or Thor. But what if I told you that the god(s) or goddess(es) you’ve latched onto might not be the right gods or goddesses for you? This is especially true for the newcomers to Heathenry, but even us “old timers” can make the mistake. Let me explain. Choosing a God in Heathenry One of the great things about being a Heathen is that you don’t have to gravitate toward a particular god or goddess. Because we’re polytheistic, we have many different gods, ancestors, and wights we can choose from. Unlike other religions, you don’t have to choose a god or goddess. You can honor or worship them all. Nobody—at least not me—is telling you who calls to you. (Never mind those recon wankers; they’re not the Asa-popes they think they are.) At the same time, you can choose one or two whom your venerate more, while still maintaining good relations with the others. Or you can pick and choose from different pantheons, if you desire. There’s a historical precedence for that. Some Heathens in history incorporated other gods and goddesses into their worship as they learned of them from other tribes, kindreds, and even other ethnicities. The Vanir are probably the best known for this. Some scholars believe that our ancestors added another tribe’s gods and goddesses that became the Vanir. Even when Christianity came to our northern ancestors, many tried to incorporate Jesus as another god in the pantheon. Of course, that didn’t really work too well, but we can see by the Icelandic Cross, jewelry makers were catering to both sides for a while. Newbie Choices in Gods and Goddesses A lot of newbie Heathens tend to go with Odin, Thor, Freyja, or Loki, largely because of popular media. This is fine, and those gods are good within their own rights (although people might argue about Loki), however, that’s pretty much how far those new Heathens take it. They look at Odin as the All-Father in the same way that Christians look at Yahweh as “God the Father.” This comparison is laughable—or, maybe not, given the mercurial temperaments of both deities—when they are different in a number of ways. There are more gods and goddesses that may be far more influential and far more relevant in one’s life than the All-Father. Odin isn’t all-mighty. Sure, he’s a god to be reckoned with if he’s angry at you, but if he hasn’t taken specific interest in you, he probably won’t care if you worship him or not. Same goes with our other gods. Most don’t bother when it comes to mortals. They have more godly things to deal with than our day-to-day whining and supplication. That being said, there are gods and goddesses who may take interest in you, but you may miss their calls if you’re always thinking about the more popular gods from modern media. Which is why, if you’re a newbie, you need to do your research about the other gods and goddesses. Don’t Forget the Wights and Ancestors Choosing a god is important, but so is recognizing that the gods aren’t the only supernatural creatures in our beliefs. The wights and ancestors tend to take more notice in us, because they’re often more local and/or personal than gods and goddesses are. Because they are closer to us than many of the gods, by making friends with them and honoring them we can often receive both aid and advice from them. Who are your Ancestors? Your ancestors are not only your parents and grandparents, but their parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on. They are the people whose blood runs through your veins. Without them, you would not be alive today. Ancestor veneration or ancestor worship (if you want to call it that) is a big part of Heathenry. Many Heathens gain strength from those who came before us. Some Heathens go through the whole genealogy thing too. Now, granted, some of your ancestors were probably not people whom you should show respect to. If you come from an abusive home, for example, there’s probably no love loss there. You don’t have to respect or honor them. Look to your grandparents or some other ancestor in your line for help. At the same time, if you were adopted, don’t worry about who your ancestors are, especially if you don’t know your birth parents. Look at the ancestors of the people who adopted you and their family. You are part of that family now and you may find an ancestor among them who will be your mentor and helper in times of need. Who are the Wights? I’ve written about Wights recently, so I don’t need to go there. That being said, the local Wights are often the tutelary spirits of the land that are often familiar with you and your situation. Some will live in your house; many prefer being outdoors. They consist of many different types including Elves, Hidden Folk, and other spirits. The Wights can be very helpful or harmful, depending on their nature and how you treat them. There are rules to make the Nisse happy, for example. Nisse or Tomte like having porridge with milk and a pat of butter on either Winter Solstice or Christmas, depending on which lore you follow. If you skimp (no butter) or don’t leave the offering, they can cause havoc. Part of being a Heathen is making friends with these spirits and helping them, just as they might help you. So, Where am I Going with This? I am not telling you to abandon your worship of the popular gods and goddesses. Instead, I’m suggesting—especially if you’re a newcomer to Heathenry—to consider opening yourself to other gods as well as the ancestors and the Wights. At the very least, you will have a deeper understanding of your faith and what your ancestors believed in. And who knows? Maybe there are gods and goddesses you haven’t considered honoring who are actually closer to you than you knew. Choosing a god or goddess that is lesser known, or even a wight or ancestor, to honor or worship with your more popular gods may encourage a deeper and more profound relationship. What Exactly Are the Wights in Heathenry? What Exactly Are the Wights in Heathenry? If you’ve entered Heathenry recently, or even if you have been in it a while, chances are you’ve heard about Wights. Often called the landvaetr, the wights are pretty intrinsic to Heathen beliefs. But what exactly are they, and how do they fit into the Heathen belief system? Where the Term, Wight, Comes From The term, “wight,” comes from Middle English, but we really have J.R.R. Tolkien to thank for bringing it back into the lexicon. The original word mean “a living, sentient being,” but the word mostly went out of style until The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings became popular. That Tolkien chose the word, “wight,” is no happy accident. He was a professor of Anglo Saxon at Oxford University. (The Anglo Saxon root of “wight” is wiht, for those curious.) In his stories, he spoke of “Barrow-wights” and other denizens. So, he used the term, wight, to describe a particularly supernatural phenomenon. Namely, creatures that are not quite of this world, but have sentience, or are, at least animate enough to consider them creatures and not things. Heathens (as well as other pagans and fantasy writers) have co-oped the term to describe supernatural creatures that aren’t quite gods, but are still quite powerful. I believe we probably use the word because most people are familiar with the concept of wights nowadays, but aren’t necessarily familiar with the term, landvaetr. In other words, even though landvaetr or “land spirits” are the correct words to use (when talking about land wights), for simplicity sake, we use “wights.” What Are Wights, Exactly? Now that you’re familiar with the concept of wights, let’s talk about what a wight encompasses in Heathenry. Wights are just what you might think: Elves, Dwarves, Trolls, and other supernatural denizens. These include the nisse, tomte, disir, alfar, and hulderfolk. They include the ancestors who have continued after their death to reside in our world as spirits. And they include not only the land spirits, but also the sea spirits, of which there are many. This is the broadest sense of being a wight. My Experience with Wights (Or Lack Thereof) Growing up, I always wanted to see Elves and Fairies. Even when I was old enough to know better, while still being a preteen, I hoped to see the hidden folk. I grew up largely in suburbia, but way back when I was a kid (yeah, you can add the old codger voice to that), there were still tracts of undeveloped land around our homes. I lived in the Eastern US where you could still cross lands that had blackberry and raspberry bushes growing wild, find ruins of old farmsteads that predated the Civil War, and other cool things. We never thought we were trespassing on someone’s property, although I’m pretty sure we did that a lot, but we found some pretty cool stuff with metal detectors and just generally exploring. I knew most of the creeks and entrances into property where people wouldn’t give you grief for crossing. Yeah, I suppose it was a different time. My mom and dad had no idea where I was going, and I wasn’t worse for the wear. Anyway, back to wights. Despite being in a history-rich area, I never saw a single wight. The gods know, I tried. Instead, I tromped through streams, played in the mud (and got in terrible trouble for that), explored, and discovered a lot of things. Wights—not so much. Maybe they just looked at me as some kid who was mostly harmless and alone. Maybe my early skepticism banished them, I don’t know. Do Wights Exist? It’s my guess—and you folks can argue with me over this—that most Heathens are pretty convinced that wights aren’t corporeal creatures, but more likely spirits. Or maybe they consider wights the personification of the natural forces at work. In other words, they aren’t really singular entities. Some people feel that they are ancestors—and yes, there are good cases for this. And some people believe them to be a little below gods. Again, there is a case for that as well. That being said, I’m clearly on the agnostic side of the fence when it comes to wights. In other words, I haven’t actually had the pleasure of meeting one. I’ve spoken to people whom I consider sane (or mostly sane) who work with wights, so there is a possibility that they do exist on some level. Despite my agnostic views, I do make offerings to them. I also can do rituals that banish bad wights. Hel’s bells, I’ve even had some interesting experiences with what can only be considered gremlins. (The type that gum up mechanical things, not the creatures you’re never supposed to get wet or feed after dark.) What Else About Wights? There are literally books about wights, but for the sake of expediency, I won’t go into specifics in this post. Instead, I’m planning a series of posts about wights and the other less than godly creatures in our belief system and give you my take on them. And of course, if you’ve had dealings with wights, be sure to tell me about it in the comments! Hey! Did you know that my patrons on Patreon gave me the idea to write about wights? It’s true! You can have a say in what I write if you’re one of my awesome patrons on Patreon. Join up today and for as little as a Starbucks coffee a month, you can get to see premium content not found anywhere else. And other patrons get to see this before it is released to the world! Visit my Patreon site today! Become a Patron! Disclaimer: Some of the links in this piece go to affiliate sites. I get a small stipend if you use the links and purchase something there. The money goes toward supporting The Rational Heathen, both myself and the blog. It enables me to continue to produce pieces for you to read. Thank you for your support. The Elder Futhark: Naudhiz The Elder Futhark: Naudhiz The tenth, and second rune of Heimdallr’s ætt, is Naudhiz, which corresponds to the “N” sound in the Latin alphabet (the alphabet we use). This is a another one of the most negative runes you can get, whenever it comes up. It does occasionally have positive sides, but I’ll talk about that later. It is the rune of restriction, need, and scarcity. Naudhiz doesn’t really have any good meanings, so if you pull up this rune, you’re going to be in for a difficult time, unless it is talking about something in the past. In Anglo-Saxon, Naudhiz is spelled Nyd, and in Old Norse it is Nauðr . Nauðr is the rune of need, constraint, and famine. It speaks of times when need fires were created to burn away famine or diseases. Our ancestors were no strangers to nature’s destructive forces. That included failed crops, famine, and disease. This was a time when people did without. Naudhiz is the rune of “not,” and it meant that people would most likely suffer when this rune was cast. Divination with Naudhiz When you get this rune in a casting, it informs you that what you desire is unlikely to come about, or maybe, there are constrains regarding the outcome. If your life is in need, that is, you’ve lost your job, you’re out of money, or maybe your relationships aren’t working, and you get Naudhiz in the present position, or the matter being considered, chances are it’s just a reflection of your life or plans at the present moment. People who pull Naudhiz in the present or past position have been feeling like their lives have been constrained or lacking something. If you get Naudhiz in the future position, it suggests your plans and life are going to constrained in some way. Naudhiz often means no. Naudhiz doesn’t seem to have a positive side to it, and in many cases it doesn’t. But at the same time, maybe it’s like the Rolling Stones song which says “You can’t always get what you want. But if you try sometime, you just might find, you just might find, you get what you need.” Like all runes, the context of the constraint depends on its position and the runes surrounding it. The runes feed off of each other, creating a broader picture for the caster. Should you get this rune in your castings, you may think it means you’ll never get what you’re working toward. Well, maybe. The runes don’t differentiate between big and little. It’s up to you to determine whether you get disappointed because your lottery ticket didn’t win, or you didn’t get that promotion you were expecting, or if you lose your job. Naudhiz can mean all those things, so you need (see what I did there?) to be very specific, and even then, the runes may address something else in your life, and not what you were asking for. Some Final Thoughts on Naudhiz When Naudhiz appears in a spread, you may panic. Don’t. Sometimes it may be addressing something that you are needy in and need to work on improving. Maybe in the future spot it is serving as a warning, rather than an actual future. Remember, you can change your path. That’s one of the awesome parts of weaving our own Wyrd. Become a Patron! 5 Ways Heathens Can Celebrate the Summer Solstice 5 Ways Heathens Can Celebrate the Summer Solstice Get Up and Greet the Sunrise Do Something Outdoorsy Hold a Pork Feast for Your Family Tend to Your Garden Become a Patron! Creating Your Own Altars Creating Your Own Altars What were Altars Like in the Past? What Did People Consider Holy Ground? Hof and Hörgr Creating Your Own Indoor Altar Outside Altars Become a Patron! “There’s battle lines being drawn Nobody’s right if everybody’s wrong Young people speaking their minds Getting so much resistance from behind It’s time we stop, hey, what’s that sound Everybody look what’s going down” For What It’s Worth, Buffalo Springfield, Lyrics by Stephen Stills George Floyd’s Death Was Wrong Peaceful Demonstrations Versus Riots Why Do We Have to Go Through this Again? A Heathen Perspective Just something to think about. Add Coronavirus and Mix Back to the Riots “We fear change.” — Garth, Wayne’s World. I’ve realized I’m at a juncture with The Rational Heathen. I’ve gone from a blog to a very popular blog. A popular blog with growing pains. Which means I need to start changing it a bit to keep it fresh and more popular. Now, before you freak out, this isn’t going to be massive changes. These are changes that I believe are necessary to grow. I’ve done a lot of thinking, and a lot of consulting with my various deities. I’m pretty sure I know what direction it needs to continue in. And there is a necessity for doing so. The Rational Heathen is a great blog, and I want it to continue to be a great blog. So, these changes will just make it better for all of you. Open for Submissions! Don’t worry! The Rational Heathen isn’t going anywhere, and my focus and opinions aren’t changing. If anything, I’m coming up with plans to add more content, which means I’m looking to add a group of like-minded writers to the mix of my writing. So, if you’re a Heathen, and you like to WRITE and GET PAID, you need to message me on my Facebook Page ( I can’t promise a lot of money up front. Right now, I’m thinking $5 a blog piece, but that will increase if the site grows with more patrons. Going to a Monthly Plan First, let me say that there will be plenty of free content for readers. That hasn’t changed. That being said, I have to change around my Patreon plans. I’ve been meaning to do this for some time, but as wonderful as the per-piece Patreon plan for premium content has worked out, the uncertainty leaves many potential patrons at a loss as to how much they’re spending. Going to a month donation will keep it simple, and people can budget for it. As much as this first month is going to hurt me–because my patrons have been switched to a month-only plan–I think in the long run, this is the right step. Time will tell. On a negative side, if you’re donating less than $5 a month, you won’t have access to patron-only content any longer. Sorry. Sign up for the $5 a month patron scale to get access to your freebies again. But, chances are you were already donating that amount or more each month, which makes the flat $5/month a real bargain. BTW, if you mean to donate MORE money (and by the gods, I won’t discourage that!), sign up for one of the higher tier plans and you’ll get some nice goodies, too. Become a Patron! The Monthly Patreon Plans $5/month plan — all posts, patron-only content, and patron-only forums. $12/month plan — Everything above, plus a 3-Rune Reading (for entertainment purposes only). And a free sticker after 3 months. $25/month plan — Everything above, plus shout-outs and a free month advertisement on The Rational Heathen. Plus a free mug after 3 months. $50/month plan — Everything above, plus free Heathen artwork for your phone/computer background/screen saver. Plus a free t-shirt after three months. All of the deliveries of the plans will be after the first billing, with the exception of the merch. Trusting in the Process This is a gigantic step for me. It will no doubt piss off some of my patrons, but you can probably see that this may actually SAVE you money in the long run. No more “am I getting billed $5 or $10 this month?” or “I can’t figure out how much she will actually produce, or how much it will cost.” Instead, a clear-cut figure. No guesswork. I have to trust in the process and take the hits as they might happen. Yeah, the small amount to buy in was attractive, but it could be deceptive. So, I’m being more upfront on this. Please feel free to let me know what you think of this. Oh, and while you’re at it, support this blog on my Patreon page! Become a Patron! ETA: Changes in plans due to merchandise. Yes, it costs me money!
Tuesday, October 1, 2019 sinking of SS Central America ! ~ panic of 1857 The annals of history contains many dark pages of cruelty, harshness, injustice, harped on mankind by fellow humans – somehow the perpetrators were described as kind, valourous, noble people as history is seen from the side from which it is written. In 1857, many fighters mutineered against the British which was clamped down harshly – history does not hold pages for those who fought freedom of their motherland. This is not about Indian Freedom struggle wrongly dubbed as ‘sepoy mutiny’ but someother happenings across the world in that year 1857. SS Central America, as a 280-foot (85 m) sidewheel steamer operated between Central America and the eastern coast of the United States during the 1850s. She was originally named the SS George Law, after Mr. George Law of New York. The ship sank in a hurricane in Sept 1857, along with 425 of her 578 passengers and crew ~ but more important was the 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg) of cargo (gold) that went inside the sea. On 9 Sept 1857, the ship was caught up in a Category 2 hurricane while off the coast of the Carolinas. A leak in one of the seals between the paddle wheel shafts and the ship's sides sealed its fate. ~ and there is something that an Insurance Company brought out too .. on that morning of August 24, 1857, the president of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company announced that its New York branch had suspended payments. The company had large mortgage holdings and was the liaison to other Ohio investment banks. Ohio Life failed due to fraudulent activities by the company's management, and its failure threatened to precipitate the failure of other Ohio banks or even worse, to create a run on the banks. According to an article in the New York Daily Times, Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company's "New York City and Cincinnati [branches were] suspended; with liabilities, it is said, of $7,000,000". The failure of Ohio Life brought attention to the financial state of the railroad industry and land markets, thereby causing the financial panic to become a more public issue. Away in United Kingdom, aged 70 years, 109 days, Palmerston became the oldest person in British political history to be appointed Prime Minister for the first time. Henry John Temple, ( 1784 – 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century. Palmerston dominated British foreign policy during the period 1830 to 1865, when Britain was at the height of its imperial power. Palmerston passed the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, which for the first time made it possible for courts to grant a divorce and removed divorce from the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts. In June news came to Britain of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Palmerston sent Sir Colin Campbell and reinforcements to India. Palmerston also agreed to transfer the authority of the British East India Company to the Crown. This was enacted in the Government of India Act 1858. After the Italian republican Felice Orsini tried to assassinate the French emperor with a bomb made in Britain, Palmerston introduced a Conspiracy to Murder bill, which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad. ~ and in 1857 US economy collapsed with the financial panic. The Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy. Because of the interconnectedness of the world economy by the 1850s, the financial crisis that began in late 1857 was the first worldwide economic crisis. In Britain, the Palmerston government circumvented the requirements of the Bank Charter Act 1844, which required gold and silver reserves to back up the amount of money in circulation. Beginning in September 1857, the financial downturn did not last long; however, a proper recovery was not seen until the American Civil War, in 1861. The sinking of SS Central America contributed to the panic of 1857, as New York banks were awaiting a much-needed shipment of gold. American banks did not recover until after the civil war. After the failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, the financial panic quickly spread as businesses began to fail, the railroad industry experienced financial declines, and hundreds of workers were laid off. Since the years immediately preceding the Panic of 1857 were prosperous, many banks, merchants, and farmers had seized the opportunity to take risks with their investments and as soon as market prices began to fall, they quickly began to experience the effects of financial panic. Because of the telegraph, word of the office closure spread quickly and many investors, already shaky over declining markets, caused a financial panic. The markets wouldn't recover until two years later. By 1859, the Panic began to level off and the economy had begun to stabilize. President James Buchanan, after announcing that the paper-money system seemed to be the root cause of the Panic, decided to withdraw the usage of all bank notes under twenty dollars. He also revealed this new strategy of "reform not relief", expressing his feeling that "the government sympathized but could do nothing to alleviate the suffering individuals". The results of the Panic of 1857 were that the largely agrarian southern economy, which also had few railroads, suffered little, whereas the northern economy took a significant hit and made a slow recovery. The area affected the most by the Panic was the Great Lakes region, and the troubles of that region were "quickly passed to those enterprises in the East that depended upon western sales." Near the end of the Panic, in 1859, tensions between the North and South regarding the issue of slavery in the United States were increasing. Commander William Lewis Herndon, a distinguished officer who had served during the Mexican–American War and explored the Amazon Valley, was captain of Central America, that sank. Decades later, the ship was located by the Columbus-America Discovery Group of Ohio, led by Tommy Gregory Thompson, using Bayesian search theory in Sept 1988. Significant amounts of gold and artifacts were recovered and brought to the surface by another ROV built specifically for the recovery. A recovered gold ingot weighing 80 lb (36 kg) sold for a record $8 million and was recognized as the most valuable piece of currency in the world at that time. Thirty-nine insurance companies filed suit, claiming that because they paid damages in the 19th century for the lost gold, they had the right to it. The team that found it argued that the gold had been abandoned. After a legal battle, 92% of the gold was awarded to the discovery team in 1996. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the Constitution of the United States was not meant to include American citizenship for black people, regardless of whether they were enslaved or free, and therefore the rights and privileges it confers upon American citizens could not apply to them. The plaintiff in the case was Dred Scott, an enslaved black man whose owners had taken him from Missouri, which was a slave-holding state, into the Missouri Territory, most of which had been designated "free" territory by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. When his owners later brought him back to Missouri, Scott sued in court for his freedom, claiming that because he had been taken into "free" U.S. territory, he had automatically been freed, and was legally no longer a slave. Scott sued first in Missouri state court, which ruled that he was still a slave under its law. He then sued in U.S. federal court, which ruled against him by deciding that it had to apply Missouri law to the case. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. With regards – S. Sampathkumar 24th Aug 2019. Ps: recovered gold photos : credit - https://www.pcgs.com/shipofgold No comments: Post a Comment
Drawing For Kids (Part IV) - Drawing Game \| Abinaya Sindhu \| Skillshare Drawing For Kids (Part IV) - Drawing Game Abinaya Sindhu, BooBooPaintz Play Speed • 0.5x • 1x (Normal) • 1.25x • 1.5x • 2x 5 Lessons (15m) • 1. Introduction • 2. Learn the Rules! • 3. Let's Play the Drawing Game!! • 4. Drawing Game - Simple Method • 5. Assignment and Conclusion About This Class In this course, you will be learning to play a new game called The Drawing Game which the kids can play with their friends and family during their leisure and this will improve their observation skills. 1. Introduction: Hi, kids. Welcome to my drawing course. I'm Abby, and I will be your instructor. This course is a part for off the drawing course for kids. So if you have not watched the previous courses, I highly recommend you do that so that you will get your basics right in this course and going to teach. You are drawing game. You can play this game with your friends or your parents or siblings or any point. All you need to play this game is some papers and some pencils. I'm so excited to teach you this game. So next time when you feel bored, you know you can play the drawing game. I will see you in the class. 2. Learn the Rules!: Hi, kids. Great. It is a game played between two people and it hasn't rules to be followed. I am going to tell you the rules sharply. So the games like this one person must be drawing a shape or some code lines or combination of straight lines. Oh, both. And the other person has to draw something meaningful out off it. For example, of this code lines, I'm going to draw some mountains and this will be the water. Okay, So something like this, once that is done, the rules change. Now the person to has to give some shape and opposing one has to troll maybe something like this. Okay, so now let's look at the rules. So when you draw the code lines or shaped usual not elect a pencil off the paper So we can be something like this, or days or tears, but not like this. That is not allowed. Okay. The second rule is the person Whoever is giving the shape must be able to draw something over fit. So whatever shape I am giving the other person, I must be able to draw something with that shape. That is, if I am giving the shape. I should be able to draw something with that shape. If I myself do not know what again, draw, then that shape will be disregarded. Okay, so these are some rules. I know you might find it a bit difficult to remember these, but But if the next week here, I'm gonna show you how to play this game by playing it this would make you understand the rules and also the game. I see you the next one by 3. Let's Play the Drawing Game!!: Hi kids. Are you excited to play the game? So am I. Ok, now I have two papers on one paper. I have this course and on the other paper I'm gonna draw. Okay, We have another player with us so being called the players cat and a bird. So I have drawn a cat phase and a bird and I have also written the number off rounds. Let's get started now. The cat is going to keep a shape and the bird is going to drop. It's a moon. Great. That looks good. So the bird gets one point? No, it's a turn off the board to give cat shape and the cat is going to draw Lit it. Okay, I think done well. The cat has drawn a Christmas tree. Great. So the cat gets a point to now for the wrong three. It's cats turned to give the shape and the cat is giving some. We glean some crazy shake Andi, it's very difficult to draw something out. If it meeting, you can give it to try. But Bird could not try it. So So the bird wrote give up Now it is a cat stone to draw something with it. But the cat doesn't know as well which makes us round this regarded. So I'm just marking it with a cross in the fourth. Wrong. It is the Birdstone to give the shape and the cat has to draw. But let's see what happens. Oh, the cat has given up. So now it is the Birdstone to draw something with it. That looks like a table fan. Maybe that's what the bird is trying to fall with some numbers on it. I don't really know. What is this? I'm not able to find out neither to the bird. So it does not accept it. Now I'm crossing that on the score sheet as well. Let's play two more runs. Okay? No, it is a cat's Chinese to draw the shape. Let's see what is going to draw it. Done. Great. That's a flag. So what? The bird gets a point now. It is birds doing okay. Oh, does shape. Um, Looks like a mountain. No. Mm. Can't. Really doesn't know what can be drawn with that. So the carrot writes give up? No, it is a bird Stone on. And the foot has drawn a Batman. how that looks good, so the bird gets the point. Now let's see who won the game by finding the total the cat gets only one point on the food gets three points, so the bird wins the game. I hope you understood how to play the game. You can play as many loans as you want. Try playing it with your parents or your friends or your siblings, and that is your assignment. Have fun. I'll see you in the next chapter by. 4. Drawing Game - Simple Method: Hello kits. In this lesson, I'm going to show you how you play the drawing game with my students. This is a very easy matter of playing it. Let's just imagine that you and me are playing this drawing game. I'm going to give you a simple shape. Let's say I'm giving you a circle. So you didn't draw anything with that circle, which is very easy. But I'm going to restrict you from drawing certain objects. Let's say I'm not allowing you to draw a son and a ball, so you you cannot draw son or ball using that circle. You can draw anything other than that. So let's say now you're going to draw a flower. Awesome. That is perfect. Now it is your turn to give me a shape. Let's say you're going to give me a triangle on dure, restricting me from drawing house. Using that, can you see how you can draw a house using a triangle? Okay, now I cannot draw the house because you have restricted it. I think I'm going to draw a sandwich like that. Great. Now that is allowed. Okay. Now it is my turn. I'm going to give you a Wrigley shaped like this on and you can draw a sneak using that. You can draw anything other than that. And now you're drawing. Can you guess what it iss? Yes, that's a road. A long curve road. Perfect. Now the next room, the next turn is yours. You're going to give me a shape that IHS Well, you have decided to give me a simple shape. That is a square. And I cannot draw a cube using that or any kind of box using that shape or anything that looks like a cube. Okay, now, now I'm going to draw something other than a box or a cube. Can you guess what it is? Yes, that's a chair. Pretty easy, isn't it? Hey, and the next is my turn, and I'm going to draw an oval. The restriction for you is you cannot draw an egg using it. Well, that already looks like an egg, But you're not allowed to draw that. So what are you going to drop? Let me see. Whoa, That's a snowman. Wonderful. Let's say that you have drawn a snowman. No, I cannot restrict you from drawing a snowman because you've already drawn it. So I should tell you water you cannot draw before you start drawing it to know that isn't book. So your snowman is good. All right. This is how we play the drawing game. In a very simple way. You can go ahead and play this with your friends or your family. Enjoy. 5. Assignment and Conclusion: hike. It's You have a super fun assignment with this course. The assignment is to play this drawing game that someone in your family, all your friends. If possible, you can take a picture off your drawings and send it to me. This is how you can send. You can log on to boo pain, Starcom, with the help of your parents and scroll down to this section and upload the picture here. I would love to see all your drawings, and I'll be glad to give you my feet back. I hope you enjoy this game and I'll see you in the next course by
Arthroscopic Knee Surgery Arthroscopic knee surgery is a safe and effective tool for diagnosing and treating knee problems. The word arthroscopy comes from the Greek words, “arthro” (joint) and “skopein” (to look). The term literally means to look within the joint. During the surgery, an orthopedic surgeon makes 2-3 small incisions to insert instruments into the knee joint. These instruments contain a lighting system to illuminate the structures inside the joint and a miniature camera, so the surgeon can visualize and examine the inside of the knee. They can examine the bones, cartilage, and ligaments of the knee and repair or correct various problems or injuries. Some of the more common reasons that knee arthroscopy is done include: • Torn meniscus • Abnormally formed mensicus • Fractures in or near knee joint • Repair of torn ligaments, such as ACL, PCL, and MCL • Persistent knee pain (for accurate diagnosis, combined with an evaluation, and imaging studies) • Removal of inflamed lining (synovium) in the knee
- The Torah World Gateway Beit Midrash Series Chassidish Stories and Great Rabbis You Will Certainly Fall The Torah giant Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer Eidels, better known as the Maharsha, faithfully fulfilled the commandment to delve into the Torah day and night. So when the local Jew-hater planned a scheme against the Jews, he tried to spring a trap on the one night a year that the Rabbi didn't study... Click to dedicate this lesson The energy exerted by Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer Eidels, the Maharsha, in learning Torah, was beyond human comprehension. All day long he would teach Torah to his hundreds of students, and at night he would sit in his room by candlelight, with the long locks of his head tied to a string suspended from the ceiling, lest he lean forward over the book he was learning and fall asleep. Only when he felt his strength finished, he slept for half an hour, and even then his lips moved with words of Torah. After this minimal ration of sleep, he woke up with doubled energy and continued to labor over the Torah with tremendous enthusiasm. He maintained this practice on Shabbatot and Holidays as well. On Shabbat night, when it is forbidden to read by candlelight, he reviewed his learning by heart. Even on the night of Passover, after he had finished leading the Seder, he sat and learned Torah until sunrise. The light of the candle which emerged from Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer's window all night signaled to the Jews of the town that their Rabbi was faithfully at his watchpost, and this gave them a feeling of security and inspired them with fear of G-d. Only on one night of the year did Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer refrain from studying Torah. This was on the night of what they called Nittel, commemorating the death of "that man," the 25th of December. According to the Kabbalah, the powers of impurity intensify to the utmost on that night, and they are liable to feed off from the powers of holiness. In order to not allow them to do so, it is proper not to learn Torah at that time. On that night the Rabbi would make an account of his yearly income, in order to compute how much to apportion for the poor who knocked on his door every day. In the Rabbi's town, Ostrah, next to the market square, lived a goy by the name of Vladimir. He hated Jews and his only goal was to see their downfall and particularly the downfall of their Rabbi the Maharsha. He had already made several attempts to harm the Jews of the town. On one night, for example, he tried to drive the cattle of his Christian neighbor into the yard of the great study-hall in order to instigate a libel and persecution against the Jews. The Count's night guards were astounded to see a herd of cows tramping through the old streets of Ostrah, and quickly arrested the thief. Vladimir was thrown into prison and all of his pleading was of no avail. Only the intervention of his friends, who had connections with the authorities, saved him from long imprisonment. Aside from this attempt, jewelry and other valuables that had disappeared from Christian townspeople were found in his possession. Under interrogation, he confessed that he had intended to plant these in the homes of Jews in order to incriminate them. This plan was also foiled and the incident was recorded in the log of the captain of the guard. Vladimir's hatred of the Jews intensified all the time. His instinct told him that his failures were the result of the spiritual power of the Rabbi of the Jews, who doesn’t stop his learning even for a moment. Several tines Vladimir snooped around the Rabbi's window and tried to concoct some plot. Once, on the night of Nittel, Vladimir passed by Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer's window and discerned that the Rabbi wasn't absorbed in his learning as usual, but with paperwork. He pondered over the phenomenon, and then came to the conclusion that the reason for the Rabbi's behavior, like that of many Jews, was because this night is sacred for the Christians. Over the next Christian year, he wove a scheme in his mind, and toward the end of it, he strode over to the authorities in order to testify that the Rabbi of the Jews doesn't learn Torah on the night of Nittel, as opposed to the rest of the year, because he considers this night to be defiled. The police kept a watch the Maharsha for several nights and saw that, indeed, he learned Torah ceaselessly every night. On the night of Nittel, a company of policemen, led by Vladimir, started over to the Rabbi's house. On that night, Rabbi Shmuel Eliezer sat at his table and calculated his contributions to the poor, as he did every year. Suddenly, one of the books from his large library landed on the floor with a loud noise. The Rabbi hurried over, bent down, picked up the book, kissed it and, with great respect and reverence, returned it to the shelf. After a few minutes the same thing happened. The same book fell from the bookshelf and the Rabbi hurried over again to return it to its place. When this happened a third time, the Rabbi was most amazed and decided to see what was written in the book which fell again and again. He understood that there must be some heavenly purpose behind this, and therefore opened the book curiously and began to delve into it. At that moment, the group of policemen burst through the door of the Rabbi's home and entered his room. They were confounded by the sight of the Rabbi, who was occupied with his learning, just like on every other night of the year. They apologized, retraced their steps, exited and closed the door. Then they proceeded to give Vladimir a sound beating for daring to harass them again with a false accusation against the Jews. And this time they sent him away for a long imprisonment... More on the topic of Chassidish Stories and Great Rabbis את המידע הדפסתי באמצעות אתר
» » House - the history of the dance direction, key performers House - the history of the dance direction, key performers House - electronic dance music that arose due to the efforts of DJs in the early 80s in the city of Chicago. This style was full of elements of old soul music and diluted with dance disco. The very direction of the house is created by "merging" percussion bass from a dance disco and heavy beats from electronic music. This is the basis of sound, this popular direction. If we talk more about creating a style, then as mentioned earlier - it appeared around 1980 in Chicago. House now seems like a normal direction, but then it seemed like a whole new electronic music. In general, if you precisely name the year of birth of this style, then history stubbornly points to 1984. The first track that was created in this style was called "On and on track" and was recorded by DJ Jesse Saunders on an old Roland drum machine. Jesse Saunders simply took as a basis the old, dance disco with the European synth pop and added to the music its own rhythms, which the drum machine played. According to the "creator", this music was supposed to replace the disco and play the role of a new "dance wave". And although this music for some time remained underground, it soon quickly attracted the attention of modern trendsetters. And the track created by Jesse Saunders quickly became famous giving a huge impetus to the entire house direction. This song inspired many famous DJs (for example, Frankie Knuckles) to further develop the house and its great popularization in the late 80s. Disputes about the origin of the name (House) are still being waged by fans of the style - although exact data on this issue is still unknown. But most fans of the direction have a strong opinion that the style got its name from the Chicago dance club Warehouse, where the first DJs playing this new style actually performed. The structure of the musical direction itself is rather heterogeneous. The classic house, which was played in the 80s, was a rather simple composition, made in the usual size (4 by 4 measures) and not very fast tempo of 120-130 bpm. Nowadays, modern subgenres of house have almost the same structure, but with a lower speed (about 126 bpm). Now 2-4 quarters usually play "solo album" or clap, and for every 16 beat hat sounds - diluted in the interval with the bass drum. Modern tracks are full of bright and beautiful melodies with catchy motifs that directly go from the classic house of the 80s. Key house music artists are Daft Punk, Avicii, Swedish House Mafia, Disclosure, Eric Prydz, Martin Solveig, Calvin Harris, Bob Sinclar. Comments (0) To comment • bowtiesmilelaughingblushsmileyrelaxedsmirk Кликните на изображение чтобы обновить код, если он неразборчив
Skip to content Understanding The Ancient Wisdom Of Confucius When it comes to ancient scholars, none are as well known as Confucius, one of the best known philosophers to come out of Asia. This was a man who inspired many to follow him throughout his life, and whose personal philosophies have influenced the formation of countless nations across the world. From family to one's duty to their nation, his knowledge was vast and seemingly without an end. This is why so many people still follow and go to Confucian philosophies today, using them to improve their lives and the lives of those around them. This is a particularly popular set of ideals among more conservative nations and groups that stress strong family interactions. This is one of the reasons that his philosophies have been popular for so long. Their ability to keep families together and improve upon even modern relations is something legendary. Many people also like his teachings for the simplicity they can bring to modern life. Confucius didn't base his teachings in the wisdom of his time, but in truths that cannot be changed. This makes them easy to adapt to any situation and so far they have never become obsolete. This makes them much more important than many other belief systems. Thankfully almost all of his teachings were preserved and handed down throughout the ages, making them easily accessible. This was due to his own diligence and to the diligence of his followers. This makes him one of the old great minds that not only recorder their thought process, but also kept that information available for everyone else to see. Just imagine if the thinkers who had influenced him had been as smart. For people seeking direction and guidance during difficult times, the wisdom of Confucius is more than silly sayings, it's a map to a world where anything is possible. The ability to look at the world around you without having your mind clouded with modern ideals, and instead to get timeless advice is something that most people would kill for. At the end of the day, the timeless teachings of the great Confucius hold true today and will continue to hold true in the future. They don't represent specific information, but rather a path to wisdom that helps ensure a positive relationship with the world, with others around us, and with yourself. This relationship then helps balance out other parts of life, leading you on a better path. A Guide For Seeking Spiritual Truths If you have become sick and tired of being sick and tired, or if you have had struggles with depression, anger or anxiety, you may decide to turn to deeper spiritual truths as a means of living a more fulfilling life. You can choose to seek any spiritual path that speaks to you. If you do not connect with the path you cannot expect to get much out of it. Some people go through conventional means for getting deeper truths. For instance, some people form a deep and lasting relationship with Jesus Christ. For other people, Jesus may only be thought of as an ascended master. Some people choose the way of Buddha for greater meaning in life and others find solace in regular yoga practices combined with meditation. Others read more books of spiritual principles and daily astrology guides. If a certain practice does not offer you that inner spark, you will need to continue seeking the path that does. You need to be comfortable in your pursuit of spiritual truths. Give yourself time to begin seeking out that practice. You might need to experiment with several before you find the one that allows you to gain deeper clarity and meaning in life. Bring your full self into your search for spiritual truths. This means that you need to be as self-aware as you possibly can be. That can be painful for not everyone likes to admit that they have weaknesses or faults but everyone does. And, it is through weakness that our greater selves can be cultivated. Be willing to be as honest as possible with yourself as you embark on your spiritual seeking. God or all-that-is is found in all aspects of ourselves and lives especially the parts that are broken or in pain. There is a crack in everything a certain song goes - thats how the light gets in. To humble yourself in the midst of your difficulties is often the greatest way to show your strength. Patience is always a virtue when it comes to doing your soul searching. Be patient with yourself. You are enough right now. You will likely make mistakes as you try to become a more spiritually minded person but try not to be too harsh on yourself. Be happy that you are truly attempting living your life on a deeper level. Learn all you can. Read more about the paths that speak to you and you will be able to live a richer and more meaningful spiritually guided life. Reasons Why Creative Visualization Can Transform Your Life Do you have negative beliefs that are holding you back? If you find it difficult to achieve what you desire in certain areas of your life, it may be that your subconscious mind is causing you to act in a way that is not aligned to your goals. This can include your financial success or attracting your ideal partner. If you do not really believe that your dreams are possible, you will not take the actions necessary and you can actually self-sabotage your efforts. Creative visualization is a technique that can transform your beliefs. Lets take a look here at some of the main reasons why it is so effective. Creative visualization involves holding a mental picture of your desires in your mind, so that you actually begin to believe that they are real. This acts as a trigger for your subconscious mind, so that you start to act in ways that are supportive of your dreams. It may be that you begin to attract new opportunities or that the right people appear in your life at the right time. This may seem like luck or coincidence when in actual fact it is because you are seeing your life in a different way based on a new set of beliefs. It is important not to get discouraged if it doesnt happen immediately. In fact there is a time and season for everything. Astrology will give you the timing. You can go to an astrologer to find out more about the planetary cycles that indicate when you will get the new job, or meet the love of your life. If you perform visualization on a consistent basis, you will start to change your thoughts and emotions. This is because visualizing effectively means attaching feelings to your desires so that you are actually living your dreams in your imagination. This image will develop into reality in your subconscious mind so that you find it easier to take the actions to improve any area of your life. For instance, if you want to attract your ideal partner, you will have more confidence in approaching someone you find attractive. Creative visualization also helps you to focus on what you want rather than what you do not want. If you are always thinking of what could go wrong and why something may fail, this creates a negative energy that is resistant to your desires. Visualization techniques are always based on imagining successful outcomes and the emotional states that this creates. Therefore, instead of feeling anxiety you will feel confidence and fear will be replaced by courage. It is your thoughts and emotions that lead to your actions and by using creative visualization, you can make sure that these are all aligned to help you achieve your desires. Simple Habits To Keep Spiritual Practice Practical Take Time For Yourself A Zakat Calculator Makes Ones Duty Easier No matter which country Muslims live, and regardless how high or low a countrys taxes are, paying Zakat cannot be replaced. It isnt a tax, it is worship. It isnt optional, it is an obligation. It is an ever-going and unbreakable Pillar of Islam. It cannot be replaced by any other taxes there are. Its payment cannot be stopped by whatever circumstance a Muslim is in. Allah Himself made giving Zakat to the poor a sign of loyalty to Him alone. Unpaid taxes may be forgiven by governments in various countries, but neglecting the duty of paying Zakat cannot be absolved. All Muslims must understand that Zakat is not their own. It belongs to other people. To know how much Zakat one owes to the needy, itll be much easier to use a Zakat calculator. According to Ibn Hazm, an 11th century Muslim scholar and polymath from Spains Andalusian region, if a Muslim fails to pay ones due Zakat, its possible that ones wealth may be fully consumed just to pay off all those years of neglecting to pay ones duty. In other words, there is no way that a Muslim can escape ones duty. Other scholars meanwhile, believe that Muslims who dont pay their Zakat are not allowed to do business with other Muslims. Their right to conduct business, in whatever transaction, is forfeited. This includes ongoing contracts which shall be deemed invalid once its known that one of the parties in the transaction did not pay their annual Zakat. Not intending to scare Muslim brothers and sisters, everyone is reminded that computing and paying due Zakat, using a Zakat calculator, is a solemn obligation. Muslims strongly believe that it is a chance to double ones blessings. More importantly, it is a chance to help other people. In Islam, a man or woman should never be content with the blessings that Allah has bestowed upon them until they have paid their Zakat to the unfortunate, the lawful trustees in Allahs sight. Allahs Lawful Trustees The lawful trustees who receive Zakat payments are categorized into eight groups assigned by the Quran. Those who are eligible to receive it are (1) the al-masâkîn, or those who are in need or having problems and difficulties in life; (2) the al-fuqarâ, or those who have little or no wealth at all; (3) the wayfarer, or those who are travelling and are stranded, or cannot go further in their journey because of diminishing resources; (4) the captives and slaves, or those in bondage; (5) the new Muslim converts, or those who needs reconciliation with Allah and Islam in general; (6) the debt-ridden; (7) the defenders of Islam, or those who are in the cause of God; and (8) the Zakat administrators. The Quran also indicates how to distribute Zakat precisely. A Zakat calculator will be most helpful in this situation. Muslims need to calculate their Zakat based on five categories which are (1-2) personal and business wealth, (3) agricultural produce, (4) livestock, and (5) treasure. It excludes properties for commercial, family, or personal use. It also does not include properties in public trust such as mosques, orphanages, hospitals, and schools. Most importantly, illegally-acquired or unlawful wealth is not allowed as Zakat payments.
Heating and cooling Heating and cooling are among the most energy-gobbling, CO2 – belching things we do. Refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners keep things cold. Central heating, ovens, and kilns keep things hot. For all these, it is the use phase of life that contributes most to energy consumption and emissions. Some, like refrigeration, central heating, or cooling, aim to hold temperatures constant over long periods of time—the fridge or building is heated or cooled once and then held like that. Others, like ovens and kilns, heat up and cool down every time they are used, zigzagging up and down in temperature over the span of a few hours. The best choice of material to minimize heat loss depends on what the use cycle looks like. Refrigerators. To get into the topic, take a look at refrigerators. The function of a fridge is to provide a cold space. A fridge is an energy-using product (an "EuP"), and like most EuPs, it is the use phase of life that dominates energy consumption and emission release. Thus a measure of eco-excellence for a fridge is the energy per year per cubic meter of cold space, H, the signifying "per cubic meter." Minimizing this is the objective. But suppose that the fridges that are good by this criterion are expensive and the ones that are not so good are cheap. Then economically minded consumers will perceive a second measure of excellence in choosing a fridge: the initial cost per cubic meter of cold space, C* . Minimizing this becomes an objective, one that, almost certainly, conflicts with the first. Resolving the conflict needs the tradeoff methods of Chapter 8. Figure 9.8 plots the two measures of excellence for 95 contemporary (2008) fridges. The tradeoff line is sketched (remember that it is just the convex-down envelope of the occupied space). The fridges that lie on or near it are the best choices; several are identified. They are "nondominated solutions"—offering lower energy for the same price or lower price for the same energy than any of the others. That still leaves many, and they differ a lot. So wheel out penalty functions. The easiest unit of penalty is that of cost, in whatever currency you choose (here US$). We want to minimize life cost, which we take to be the sum of the initial cost and the cost of the energy used over the product’s life. So, define the penalty function Z* = C* +aeHt (9Л0) where ae, the exchange constant, is the cost of energy per kWhr and t is the service life of the fridge in years, making Z the life cost of the fridge per cubic meter of cold space. The grand objective is to minimize Z. Take the service life to be 10 years and the cost of electrical power to be US$0.2 per kW. hr. Then the penalty function becomes Z = C* +2H* (9Л1) or, solving for H * : H* = 1Z* – 1C* (9.12) f 2 2 f The axes of Figure 9.8 are H* and C, so this equation describes a family of straight lines with a slope of -1/2, one for any given value of penalty Z. Five are shown for Z* values between $2000 and $6000. The best choices are the fridges with the lowest value of Z—the ones where the Z contour is tangent to the tradeoff line. і і і—і і і—і—і—г-\|—і—і—г-1—і—і—г-1—і—\|—г-1—і—і—г-1—і—і—г-1—і—і—г-1—і—і—і—і—і—\|—і—і—і—і—і—і—і—і—г-1—і—і—і—і—і—і—і—і—і— 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Initial cost per m3, C* ($/m3) A tradeoff plot for fridges with contours of the penalty function Z. Data from 2008 If by some miracle the cost of energy drops by a factor of 10, the Z contours get 10 times steeper—almost vertical—and the best choice becomes the cheapest fridge, regardless of power consumption. If, more probably, it rises by a factor of 10, the contours become almost flat and the best choice shifts to those that use least energy, regardless of initial cost. You could argue that this purely economic view of selection is misguided. The environment is more important than that; reducing use energy and emissions has a greater value than $0.2 per kW. hr. Fine. Then you must define what you believe it to be worth and use that for ae instead, basing your selection on the Z* contours that result. But if you want the rest of the world to follow your example, you must persuade them—or if you are in government, make them—use the same value. There are no absolutes in this game. Everything has to be assigned a value. Figure 9.8 is a tradeoff plot with a sharp nose at the lower left. When the plots are like this, the optimal choice is not very sensitive to the value of the exchange constant ae. But when the nose is more rounded, its value influences choice more strongly. We will see an example in a later case study. So fridges use energy. Where does it go? And what choice of material would minimize it? To answer that we need a little modeling. Modeling Thermal Loss. Creating and maintaining cold or hot space costs energy. The analysis is the same for both (though the choice of material is not). The result depends on how often the space is heated and cooled and how long it is held like that on each cycle. Take, as a generic example, the heated space, oven, or kiln sketched in Figure 9.9; we will refer to it as "the kiln." The design requirements are listed in Table 9.5. When a kiln is fired, the internal temperature rises from ambient, To, to the operating temperature, T, where it is held for the firing time t. The energy consumed in one firing has two contributions. The first is the heat absorbed by the kiln wall in raising it to T. Per unit area, it is where Cp is the specific heat of the wall per unit mass (so Cpp is the specific heat per unit volume) and w is the insulation wall thickness. It is minimized by choosing a wall material with a low heat capacity Cpp and by making it as thin as possible. The second contribution is the heat conducted out: at steady state the heat loss by conduction, Q2, per unit area, is given by the first law of heat flow. If held for time t it is Q1 = – A d^t = A T———— І2І t (9.14) dx w It is minimized by choosing a wall material with a low thermal conductivity A and by making the wall as thick as possible. The total energy consumed per unit area is the sum of these two: where AT = (T – To). Consider first the limits when the wall thickness w is fixed. When the heating cycle is short, the first term dominates and the best choice of material is that with the lowest volumetric heat capacity, Cpp. When instead the heating cycle is long, the second term dominates and the best choice of material is that with the smallest thermal conductivity, A. A wall that is too thin loses much energy by conduction but little to heat the wall itself. One that is too thick does the opposite. There is an optimum thickness, which we find by differentiating Equation 9.15 with respect to wall thickness w and equating the result to zero, giving: / U/2 = (2at)1/2 (9.16) where a = X/pCp is the thermal diffusivity. The quantity (2at)1/2 has dimensions of length and is a measure of the distance heat can diffuse in time t. Substituting Equation 9.16 back into Equation 9.5 to eliminate w gives: Q = (ACpP)1/2 AT(2t)1/2 (9.17) This is minimized by choosing a material with the lowest value of the quantity M = (ACpp)1/2 = (9.18) Figure 9.10 shows the A – a chart of Chapter 8, expanded to include more materials that are good thermal insulators. All three of the criteria we have derived—minimizing Cpp, A and (ACpp)1/2—can be plotted on it; the "guidelines" show the slopes. For long heating times it is A we want to minimize, and the best choices are the materials at the bottom of the chart: polymeric foams or, if the temperature T is too high for them, foamed glass, vermiculite, or carbon. But if we are free to adjust the wall thickness to the optimum value of Equation 9.16, the quantity we want to minimize is (ACpp)1/2. A selection line with this slope is plotted in the figure. The best choices are the same as before, but now the performance of vermicu – lite, foamed glass, and foamed carbon are almost as good as that of the best polymer foams. Here the limitation of the hard-copy charts becomes apparent: there is not enough room to show a large number of specialized materials such as refractory bricks and concretes. The limitation is overcome by the computer-based methods mentioned in Chapter 8, allowing a search over a much greater number of materials. Exactly the same analysis works for refrigerators and ovens. For workspace and housing there is an additional complication: humans have to breathe, and that means ventilation, and ventilation means that hot or cold air is pumped out of the "space" and replaced by new air that has to be heated or cooled. Materials can help here too by acting as heat exchangers, extracting heat or cold from the outgoing air and using it to precondition the air coming in. Postscript. It is not generally appreciated that, in an efficiently designed kiln, as much energy goes into heating up the kiln itself as is lost by thermal conduction to the outside environment. It is a mistake to make kiln walls too thick; a little is saved in reduced conduction loss, but more is lost in the greater heat capacity of the kiln itself. That is the reason that foams are good; they have a low thermal conductivity and a low heat capacity. Centrally heated houses in which the heat is turned off at night suffer a cycle like that of the kiln. Here (because T is lower) the best choice is a polymeric foam, cork, or fiberglass (which has thermal properties like those of foams). But as this case study shows, turning the heat off at night doesn’t save you as much as you think, because you have to supply the heat capacity of the walls in the morning.
CCNA (ICND2)Maintenance Classless IP Addresses So as we have seen in the post Class-full IP addresses, IP addresses are usually put into Class A,B or C. We have also seen that in 1990 CIDR was invented which allowed us to use Classless addresses for routing, and also saving of address spaces. So what is class-less then? If we have a look at the IP address I can see that the Network is a Class A, and the network is called ’10’, the host is called ‘1.2.3’, but what if I wrote the IP address down as Is that the same address? Well according to the first octet, it is a Class A address, but based on the CIDR value, it looks like Class B, so which is it A or B? The answer: Neither, this becomes a classless address, the most important value now is the CIDR value (Subnet Mask), and we no longer worry about the fact that the first octet is indicating a class A address. According to the CIDR the first 2 octets are for the network, and the last 2 are for the host, this means that the network is now ‘10.1’ and the host is now ‘2.3’ very different from the first example, even though the numbers are the same. As another example, if I wrote the IP address I can see that the network is now ‘10.1.2’ and the host is now ‘3’. We have now created 3 different networks using the same numbers in the IP addressing just by changing the Subnet mask value. It doesn’t stop there, we don’t have to just use the /8 /16 and /24 prefix values, we can use anything from /8 through to /31. This allows us to use the same numbers in the IP address a total of 24 times while having different network and host portions. This is also known as Subnetting / Supernetting. Leave a Reply
Biscari massacre From Metapedia Jump to: navigation, search The Biscari massacre was the killing of 71 unarmed Italian and 2 unarmed German prisoners of war by American soldiers, on 13 July 1943, at the Biscari airfield, Sicily. The killings occurred on two separate occasions, after facing stiff resistance, in one case after snipers had targeted wounded soldiers as well as the medics attempting to aid them. When he was informed of the massacres, General Omar Bradley told General George S. Patton that U.S. troops had murdered some 50-70 prisoners in cold blood. Patton noted his response in his diary: "I told Bradley that it was probably an exaggeration, but in any case to tell the Officer to certify that the dead men were snipers or had attempted to escape or something, as it would make a stink in the press and also would make the civilians mad. Anyhow, they are dead, so nothing can be done about it." Bradley refused Patton's suggestions. Patton later changed his mind. After he learned that the 45th Division's Inspector General found "no provocation on the part of the prisoners....They had been slaughtered," Patton is reported to have said, "Try the bastards." At the trials, both Sergeant Horace T. West and Captain John T. Compton stated that Patton had ordered that if the enemy continued to resist after U.S. troops had come within 200 yards of their defensive position, then surrender of those enemy soldiers needed not be accepted, thus trying the superior orders defense. This apparently worked for Captain Compton, who was acquitted, but not for Sergeant West, who was sentenced to life imprisonment, but with the sentence soon remitted and West continuing to serve and eventually receiving an honorable discharge. General Patton was questioned about the alleged speech. Patton stated that his comments in the speech had been misinterpreted and nothing he had said "by the wildest stretch of the imagination" could have been taken as an order to murder POWs. An investigation ultimately cleared Patton of any wrongdoing. See also
Shivaji (1627-1680), was a Maratha warlord who despite all odds carved out a powerful Hindu kingdom at the expense of the Mughal Empire in what is now the modern Indian state of Maharashtra. Combining religious fervor with a brilliant strategic mind, personal valor, and daring trickery, Shivaji is a transcendent figure in Indian History, maintaining a mythic status from his lifetime down to the present day. As a warrior-king, a champion of the common man, and a messianic figure, Shivaji is the ultimate folk-hero - at once part King Arthur, part Robin Hood, and part Joan of Arc. Shivaji was born to a family of Hindu nobles in Pune, near the modern-day city of Mumbai in the spring of 1627 (some accounts say 1630). At the time of Shivaji's birth, this region of India was suffering under the yolk of two bordering Muslim dominions - the Mughal Empire to the north and the Muslim Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda to the South. At the age of 16, Shivaji had a divine revelation that he would lead free the Hindus from Muslim domination, the cause to which he dedicated the rest of his life. Gathering a band of followers, Shivaji began harassing the northern outposts of the Bijapur Sultan with guerrilla attacks. When several small expeditions mounted against him failed, the Sultan sent a huge army of about 20,000 men against him in 1659. Showing a penchant for trickery that he would maintain throughout his career, Shivaji feigned a retreat with a smaller force to draw the Sultan's army into treacherous mountain passes and then called upon troops lying in wait to sweep down from the mountains and rout the enemy. The near total victory provided Shivaji with valuable captured munitions, horses, and supplies and swelled the ranks of his forces with enthusiastic followers convinced of his divine mission by his astonishing success. Moreover, he now controlled a sizable portion of land which was the beginning of his new Hindavi Swaraj ("Sovereign Hindu State"). With Bijapur defeated, Shivaji now turned his attention to the Mughals, at whose hands he had suffered a humiliating defeat in a 1657 skirmish. After a few years of minor harassments, Shivaji finally provoked a concerted Mughal response by sacking the important Mughal port town of Surat in 1664. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was so concerned with Shivaji's growing power and popularity that he dispatched his finest general, Myrza Raja Jai Singh, and a gargantuan army of 100,000 men to finish Shivaji for good. Although Jai Singh was not able to force Shivaji into a decisive battle, Shivaji realized he could not outrun such a massive force forever so he sought to buy time at the bargaining table, agreeing to journey to the Mughal capital at Agra along with his eldest son to be accepted as Mughal vassals. However, Aurangzeb showed a little trickery of his own, placing Shivaji under permanent house arrest at Agra under pain of death. In one of the most famous episodes of his storied life, Shivaji conceived of a daring escape plan. Feigning serious illness, he ordered baskets of sweets to be distributed to the poor as a form of penance. After doing this for a while until his guards were no longer suspicious, Shivaji had himself and his sons carried out under the guards noses in the baskets. Returning to his homeland, Shivaji was eagerly welcomed back by his followers and soon rebuilt his army. Within two years he recaptured his former domain and even added to its size, forcing several Mughal territories to submit to his control. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb's empire was facing a host of other internal problems and insurgencies, and was never again able to mount any effective resistance to Shivaji's growing authority. Now the ruler of a truly independent Hindu nation, Shivaji embarked on a program of reform, attempting to reward his citizens based on merit rather than caste, initiating more equitable taxation systems, and promoting religious tolerance of Muslims and Christians. Learning the importance of naval power from the recently arrived Portuguese and Dutch, Shivaji established what was essentially the first Indian navy. Finally, in 1674, Shivaji's power was so complete that he staged an elaborate coronation ceremony for himself at his mountain-fortress/capital of Rajgarh, proclaiming himself King of the Hindus. Although Shivaji died four years later in 1680 after an illness, his legacy would prove enduring. His kingdom itself would last for another century, serving as a very large thorn in the sides of first the Mughals and then the British Raj. Moreover, his memory would serve as inspiration for generation after generation of revolutionaries, most notably during the Revolt of 1857 and the 20th Century Independence Movement that culminated in the creation of the modern nations of India and Pakistan in 1947. Today, Shivaji remains a powerful symbol of Maharashtrian pride and Hindu Nationalism.
What kind of title is that?!? Before you are completely put off by the title, let me explain what I’m explaining. First, what is a mental model? A mental model is a concept, framework, or worldview that you carry around in your mind to help you interpret the world and understand the relationship between things. HMRC, at times can be confusing. They seem to contradict themselves with their rules. This article will point out some of these contradictions and help shape your mental model when thinking about Business Expenses. If you haven’t read our first article and want to start a bit easier, read It’s tax time – three things to do today What is Wholly & Exclusively Quick Accountant Joke: Do you know why the church can claim anything as an expense? Because they’re all holy and exclusively for business. 😊 HMRC has a concept it references often, “Wholly and exclusively”. It goes a little something like this. If you try and write something off as a business expense, it needs to be used wholly and exclusively for your trade (your business) and cannot have any benefits for you personally that are not related to your trade. An example HMRC uses and one that comes up often is membership at a gym. Many sole-traders, particularly in the entertainment industry need to stay in shape for work. HMRC argues that while it may be a necessary part of your job, there are non-trade gains from staying healthy and fit. Small caveat to wholly and exclusively – incidental benefit Before getting too crazy about personal or non-trade benefits, let’s talk about incidental benefits. What happens if you go on a trip to the Caribbean for work. You have a bit of fun ‘personally’ and enjoy yourself, does that make this business trip is not Wholly and Exclusively for business. Turns out, you’re allowed to have a bit of fun – an ‘incidental benefit’ if you will – with business expenses. So, don’t worry, you can enjoy yourself on your business trip. Dividing Costs (aka the Statistical Approach) You may think about situations like working from home, or your vehicle or your phone bill. These are all items you use personally but also use professionally. Another mental model that HMRC uses is called the Statistical Approach. This is when you take part of an expense and categorise it as a business expense. An easy example is rent. If you work from home, part of your home, during certain times of the day, is used for business purposes. Therefore a portion of your rent can be counted as a business expense. Same goes for your vehicle, your phone and other household expenses (water / heat / electricity / etc.). HMRC does not specify exactly how to calculate how much of your rent you can write off, other than to give the example using rooms. Quick self-promotion... Finmo helps you track your income and expenses and connects you with an accountant to sort your taxes – all for about a third of the cost of a high street accountant. For more: Find out more When do I use wholly and exclusively and when do I divide costs? Unfortunately, there is no silver bullet for when to use each of the two models above. One way we like to think about it is to ask yourself the following question. Can you tell me exactly when you were using the thing (that you’re expensing) for business and when you were using it for personal? If your explanation sounds ridiculous, then you probably can’t claim it as a business expense. Let’s look at a few examples: 📱Phone: Yes, I can go through my phone calls and tell you exactly which phone calls I use for business and which I use for personal. Same with time looking at e-mail on my phone. 🏋Gym: No, I cannot tell you exactly which bench press reps were used for my business versus me personally. 🚗 Vehicle: Yes, I can tell you exactly which miles were driven for work and which miles were driven personally. 💇Haircut: No, I cannot tell you exactly which hairs were cut for business and which hairs were cut for personal. * * Note on haircuts: if you went to get a haircut or blow out specifically for an audition or role (as an actor) and you would not have had to get that haircut or blow out personally, then you can write those off as a business expense and count any other benefit as an incidental benefit. HMRC also falls back on the word “reasonable”. Too many people try to bend the rules (Simply business compiled a list of some funny ones), so HMRC has these concepts to cover themselves. “You’ll need to find a reasonable method of dividing your costs…” -HMRC.gov website Bottom line: if you can reasonably argue something as a business expense, then you can write it off. For more helpful artciles, click the link below
High-res version Five Food Finds about Blueberries: 1. The blueberry muffin is the official muffin of Minnesota. 3. The blueberry is the second most popular berry in the US (the strawberry is number one). 4. Blueberries contain anthocyanin, which is good for eyesight. 5. Blueberries contain significant quantities of both antibacterial and antiviral compounds, and have a reputation in northern Europe of fighting infections. They may also help protect against heart disease. Today’s Food History on this day in… 1792 The first issue of the ‘Farmer’s Almanac’ was published by Robert Bailey Thomas. (Now called ‘Old Farmer’s Almanac’). [Some sources list October 13]. 1826 John Fowler born. Fowler was an English engineer who helped develop the ‘steam-hauled’ plow and several other specialty use plows.
Cross Hatching Drawings hand drawing several boats using a cross hatching drawing technique Posted On March 4, 2019 Hatching and cross hatching has been used for centuries as the means of achieving tone and texture while drawing with ink and pen. In hatching the lines go parallel on the paper while in cross hatching drawings lines cross in an angle creating a tone grid. Depending on the impression you want to achieve lines can be carefully drawn or just added to the paper with relaxed uneven moves. You can achieve so much different effects by simply changing the pressure of the pen on the paper or making different space between the lines. The closer the lines are and the thicker they are the tone you get will be stronger. Since you do not cover the entire surface of the paper the tone maintains the luminescence which is one of the basic advantages of this technique. Boats on the beach To create this drawing you will need the following: • One sheet of smooth natron paper • Thin black marker pen number 0.2 • Hard H pencil Using the hard H pencil to sketch the main contours of the objects with very soft pale lines. When you are satisfied with the drawing use the marker to carefully go over all the lines. Shade the rocks in the background with short horizontal, vertical and diagonal moves using cross hatching to depict the contour of the rocks. Make horizontal lines in the darkest areas thicker. The darker the shapes in the background are the more the shapes in the front plane stand out. So shading the rocks in the background darker will make the ships in the front plane stand out and give your drawing a tridimensionality. The marker pen is perfect for cross hatching because with it you can make short swift moves on the paper as it has a nice thin point. sketch of several boats done with graphite pencil sketch of boats made with cross hatching Building the composition Start working on the three fishing boats in the background. Use light hatching moves for the lightest tones on the boats and then build the surfaces of darker tones using cross hatching adding lines closer to each other. Draw masts and mark the details on the cabins. Use the whiteness of the paper to point out the lightest tones. With a long line of short vertical lines depict the peble beach. The dots and swift short moves will help you depict larger pebbles. Now work on the details of your drawing, drawing the boats and the rocks. Develop all the areas simultaneously rather than lingering on one specific part. That will help you with the balance on your drawing. Fill the boat in the front plane by hatching and cross hatching carefully following the shapes of it. Draw the cabin of the fisherman and rolled up sail with short vertical and horizontal moves to separate dark and light areas. To give a glimpse of water reflections around the boat overlap cross hatched areas. Make the boat in the front plane darker with thick cross hatching to make it stand out. Carefully draw the ropes with thin lines. Ad shade to the man figure leaning on the side of the boat with a few moves, emphasize the waves hitting the shore with relaxed cross hatching leaving the paper white here and there to depict the foam on top of them. Over all of it draw more cross hatched patterns with thicker lines to depict the shade the boat makes on the surface of the water. Draw the ropes on the boats in the backplane then work on the uneven surface of the beach with swift moves of the pen in different directions. Don’t add too many details to this part of your drawing leave it with many white areas so it would create a contrast to the boats with meticulously added details. sketch of two boats made with graphite pencil Finishing touches Continue working on the beach emphasizing the shade with light moves of the marker pen over the areas you already sketched. Go back and work on the entire drawing. Ad details to fill the boats and cliffs using hatching and cross hatching to express your specific feeling for shape, texture and tone contrast. In order to draw the sky properly, you need to use light moves and thinner lines then you did on the cliffs and the boats. Hold the marker pen on the middle part of it and use light swift moves on the paper to express the airy texture of the clouds. When you finish carefully determining the shape of the clouds use hatching and cross hatching to give them shade and make them look tridimensional. See how the diagonal lines on the clouds correlate to diagonal lines on the boats and give depth to your drawing. Ad finishing touches, cleansing the tone and contour where you feel a need to do so. This technique is demanding and you need to use a methodical approach in order to do it well but I think the outcome is worth all that effort. Finished drawing contains graphical simplicity and pleasant mixture of open space and carefully built surfaces. This is one way of using cross hatching in your drawings. If you have any questions and need any help what so ever feel free to leave them below and I will be more than happy to answer and help in any way I can. Written by Magdalena Related Posts How To Draw White Objects Using Soft Pastels How To Draw White Objects Using Soft Pastels Beginner painters very are very often troubled when it comes to drawing white objects as summer clouds, snow, seafoam white buildings or white clothes on subjects they are painting. Faced with the problem they use white to paint light areas and grey to paint the... Drawing with Conte crayons Drawing with Conte crayons Conte crayons originate from France and are named by their inventor Nicolas Jacques Conte. They are similar to soft pastels but are a bit harder and contain more oil. Crayons are made from pressed chalk and graphite bind together with resin and oils. They come in the... How To Use Graphite Sticks How To Use Graphite Sticks Pure graphite, the same graphite you can find in graphite pencils can also be purchased in the form of graphite sticks. Graphite sticks can be soft or hard and can be in the form of a round pencil or hexagonal stick which is used for covering large surfaces while... Submit a Comment
What Are The Signs Of Your Little One Experiencing Vitamin Deficiency? Oleh: Morinaga Platinum 19 Februari 2019 It is undeniable that nutrition is the key to the growth and development process in the first year of the Little One’s Life. Therefore, it is necessary to get sufficient amounts of nutrients through the right kind of food, especially after finishing the exclusive breastfeeding period. When giving food to the Little One, Mommy must try maximally so that the Little One gets the macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) needed. However, it often happens that the Little One is experiencing a vitamin deficiency because of the difficulty of measuring the adequacy of micronutrients from the daily diet. In order for Mommy to predict whether the Little One is having a sufficient vitamin intake, identify the following vitamin deficiency signs: Vitamin A The main sources of vitamin A are breast milk and formula milk, egg yolk, fruit and vegetables, and liver. Deficiency symptoms that can be seen include stunted growth, night blindness, dry eyes, susceptible to infection, and skin looks thickened and rough. Vitamin D The Little One can be deficient in vitamin D if he/she do not get enough food, breast milk, or sun exposure. As a result of this vitamin deficiency is the not optimal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the intestine, which makes the process of bone formation and tooth mineralization to be disturbed. The visible signs are rickets, diseases associated with unnatural bone growth. The joints will look big due to the enlargement of epiphyseal plates, and the leg bones look crooked. Vitamin E This vitamin is useful to prevent tissue damage and to protect the essential fatty acids and vitamin A in the body. The main sources are breast milk and formula milk, fruit and vegetables, wheat, egg yolks, liver, and butter. Vitamin E deficiency is characterized by decreased reflexes, premature and newborn hemolytic anemia, and spinocerebellar degeneration (a disease affecting the spinal cord and small brain, affecting the coordination of the nerves and muscles of the body). Vitamin K The sources of these vitamins are formula milk, vegetables, liver, and meat. Vitamin K plays an important role in the blood clotting process. Vitamin K deficiency can prolong bleeding time, and cause abnormal bleeding (especially in the Little newborn). Vitamin C The functions of vitamin C include wound healing and to increase iron absorption. The main sources are breast milk and formula, and fruits and vegetables. In the event of vitamin C deficiency, symptoms such as weakness, anemia, gum disease, and bleeding that appears on the skin due to rupture of small blood vessels in the body will appear. The whole collection of symptoms is called scurvy disease. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 maintains healthy blood cells and nervous system function. The main sources are breast milk, formula milk, meat, egg yolks and dairy products. When born, in average, the Little One has sufficient vitamin B12 levels in her body until he/she is 8 months old. The amount of vitamin B12 of the Little One depends on the amount of vitamin B12 owned by Mommy. Signs of vitamin B12 deficiency are failure in growth and development, impaired motor development, and decreased nerve function. Vitamin deficiency has a major impact on the health of the Little One, but by recognizing the signs and proper medical evaluation, negative impacts can be prevented from occurring. If the doctor has confirmed the diagnosis, there will be an evaluation on the diet pattern and management of nutritional balance for the Little One. Other Milestone
Why Was The Lincoln Memorial Chosen For The March On Washington What are some events that took place at the Lincoln Memorial? I assume that this is research for a class trip to Washington. The teacher is probably looking for you to mention these events: --Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, as one of the central events of a March on Washington in support of jobs and equal rights for Black Americans. --Noted signer Marian Anderson, after being refused permission to perform at nearby Constitution Hall because she was Black, sang to a large audience from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. If you need more details, check this wikipedia article: What is the importance of the march on washington? The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Approximately 250,000 people took part in the march; it is estimated that 200,000 were African American and 50,000 were white. The march was organized by a group of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations. Following the march, the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965) were passed. What did the MLK's March on Washington hope to accomplish? The Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Voting Rights Act of 1965. The end of Jim Crow laws in the South. And it was successful. What was it like to be in front of the Lincoln Memorial or watching TV or listening to the radio on August 28, 1963, to hear Martin Luther King, Jr. deliver his "I Have a Dream" speech? It was hypnotic. Each time Martin told us that he had a dream, the world was pulled one step closer inside it. I had never seen or heard anything like it. The crowd was rapt. I was charged with a feverish kind of love for my friend. By the time Martin quoted Samuel Francis Smith's "My Country 'Tis of Thee," I figured you could measure the tears of joy in the crowd by the gallon. And when he ended with a cried refrain from the spiritual that predated the Emancipation Proclamation, the dizzy sense of history—both past and future—struck me full force. I had heard and watched Dr. King speak many times before. But, one Wednesday Aug 28th, 1963, at the foot of the Lincoln Memorial, before almost 275,000 people, black and white, at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, it was as if some special cosmic force had taken over his body and voice. Never had I seen or heard him speak that way before. A shudder went through me as Martin finished. I knew then that I had witnessed something beyond my wildest expectations. Everyone there including me had just experienced something transcendent. March on Washington, 1963 and some people involved!? I lifted this from the source below. It gives more details. "An estimated quarter of a million people—about a quarter of whom were white—marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial." "The two most noteworthy speeches came from John Lewis and Martin Luther King, Jr." "The speakers included all of the "Big Six" civil-rights leaders (James Farmer, who was imprisoned in Louisiana at the time, had his speech read by Floyd McKissick); Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish religious leaders; and labor leader Walter Reuther. The one female speaker was Josephine Baker, who introduced several "***** Women Fighters for Freedom," including Rosa Parks." In Forrest Gump, who is the man wearing the American Flag shirt in the scene where Gump gets involved with the anti-Vietnam protests? Before there were Yuppies… there were the Yippies, the Youth International Party and Abbie Hoffman was one of their leading members.He was known for his American Flag shirt and his protests. He was an icon of the anti-war movement and the counterculture era, and thus a great figure to incorporate into the menagerie of historical figures that Forrest Gump meets along his adventures.The man who portrayed Abbie Hoffman in Forrest Gump was almost a dead ringer for him, too.Check out this picture:He was often seen in this shirt and it became synonymous with his brand… even when he wasn’t doing something so peaceful.He died of an intentional phenobarbital overdose in 1989 and the cover of People magazine highlighted him again in the same American flag shirt and even a modern day sweater version. (see inset)My favorite thing that Abbie Hoffman ever did…He wrote a book called… STEAL THIS BOOK, and in it he shared tips on readers on how to live life for free.This was probably the only book in history that was so successful in motivating others that it actually hurt its sales…Although it sold more than a quarter of a million copies in only 8 months in 1971… It could have sold a heck of a lot more.So many people literally followed the directions in the title to “Steal This Book” that most bookstores stopped carrying it before the end of the year to prevent any more further thefts.One last thing worth noting about Abbie Hoffman that makes me laugh…On August 28, 1973, police found suitcases of cocaine in his office, and he was arrested on drug charges for intent to sell and distribute.Abbie maintained that he was entrapped by undercover agents into doing a drug deal and that they planted the suitcases in his office.I could see planting a baggie that you might miss… but seriously, how high were you, Mr Hoffman, that you overlooked multiple suitcases of cocaine that were stashed all over your office?
Humans Vs. Machines: Who Will Win the Translation Battle? Humans Vs. Machines In recent days, there has been lots of conversation regarding whether machine translation will make human translation obsolete. Compelling arguments have been placed as to how machine translations can never outdo human translation because machine translations capabilities are nowhere near that level of ability. There are more than thousands of languages spoken in the World. Each language has its dialects, cultural influences, grammatical rules, alphabets, and many other small nuances that complete a language. A translating machine will have to cope with various variables and also quantifying them into usable data for machine translation algorithms which makes it an impossible feat to achieve. Translation services company in Hyderabad understand the challenges by the machine translation, and thus, they have the best team of native translators to deliver quality content. Human Translation vs Machine Translation • Tone of MessageThere is a difference between human translations and machine translations in conveying style and sound. When a human translation is rendered, it takes into consideration the word choice and cultural understanding. Whereas the machine translation trails behind the human knowledge of context and their ability to express ideas in a specific manner. Translation Services Company in Hyderabad understands that the background is relevant to the translations and takes this into cognizance while translating. • Translating words with multiple meanings When a language is communicated, there are many meanings behind a single word. There are many definitions of a singular word. Human translators infer the meaning behind each word, whereas; the computers struggle to do the same. Human translators understand which word is being spoken in what context, but machine translators are more likely to make mistakes. • Literal translations vs figurative translations While translating words, phrases are used. If you don’t pay attention, you are most likely to use the literal meaning of the concepts rather than using the appropriate meaning of the word. Machine translation performs a literal conversion of phrases that result in a mistranslation. This dilutes the quality of the content, and this error may cost you your business. • Speed of deliveryMachine Translations are promoted based on delivering fast content. It is said that human translation takes time. This is a vastly exaggerated statement. Translation services company in Hyderabad has significantly reduced the turnaround time from an order being placed to a translation been delivered. They have not only lessened the margin of error in a document but also their precise and accurate content saves the client’s time on corrections. • Cost of translation There is a belief that machine translations are much cheaper than human translations. But you will be surprised by the fact of how much less expensive is the Translation services company in Hyderabad. They not only help you cut overhead and upfront costs but facilitates professional translators to charge a lot less for the same excellent quality product. Let's Make Something Great Together.
Though drinking itself may be illegal until they turn 21, teenagers still get arrested for impaired driving. What are some of the factors that contribute to this and make a teenage drunk driving incident more likely? One reason is peer pressure. A teen may want to impress a peer group or at least not let anyone down, so he or she may feel afraid to say it is unsafe to drive. In other cases, teens may directly pressure someone to drive — for instance, by telling them that they have to because they are the least intoxicated person at the party. Peer pressure has a huge impact on teens, and they will do things that they later regret. Another potential reason is the illegality of drinking itself. An adult may call someone for a ride or call a cab, but a teen may be hesitant to do so. He or she knows that being intoxicated is enough to get arrested. Even when a teen knows it may be the safest option to call a parent for a ride home, doing so means admitting that he or she was drinking. Teens will take serious risks to avoid legal ramifications and punishments at home. Finally, teens just lack real-world experience and often do not look at risks the same way that adults do. They may feel invincible, like nothing bad can possibly happen to them. This is especially true when they have only been driving for a short time. As you can see, the reasons a teen can end up facing drunk driving charges are complex and important to understand. It is also critical for teens to understand both the legal defense options they have and their rights under Florida law.
mercury is so toxic for the human body Biological dentistry is looking at the body as a whole, and treating the mouth as the gateway to a person’s overall health. For many years dentistry was regarded as a completely separate field in medicine, there wasn’t much attention paid to the materials that were used over the years. Just think about it for a second: how is it that at some point was decided that it is ok to use the second, must poisonous metal, in the patient’s mouth? How is it that nobody considered that it will affect the entire body’s immune system? We are talking about mercury, of course. dental fillings and mercuryIt is well known that mercury is one of the main metals in the alloy used for dental fillings. You can read more about the toxicity of mercury and amalgam fillings here There are many unanswered questions about why dentistry took such a radical turn, but maybe the picture below can shed some light. This is a picture from the beginning of the 20th century, it is an analogy between anatomy and machinery. The human body was regarded as a collection of separate parts, rather than a well intercalated system. The title on the picture says it all: Man as an industrial palace. There was very little emphasis put into the connection between different systems, much less between the head and the rest of the body. The month was mainly treated as a separate entity. With the great achievements in the industrial era, our biology was often mis-interpreted and mis-understood, this is one of the potential explanations as in why mercury was allowed to be used in dentistry in the first place. merecury in your body, teeth fillingMercury fillings are also inexpensive easy to process and last for a very long time, it is understandable why they were so attractive for a long time for dentists and patients alike. In the present day, thanks to the advancements of modern medicine, it is very clear that mercury poisoning, regardless of its source, is a very dangerous situation for the body’s immune system and can be the cause for an array of auto-immune conditions and illnesses. Just because it was believed to be safe, it doesn’t mean that the amalgam fillings are actually safe, let’s just remember the case of smoking in the fifties. Bottom line is, mercury is a poisonous metal and does not belong in your body.
Cairo ... Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Masr , the Egyptian Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Its official name is Al Qahirah, means literally "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror"; Egyptian Arabic pronunciation, sometimes it is informally also referred to as Kayro It is also called Umm al-Dunya, meaning "the mother of the world". With a population of 22 million spread over 453 square kilometers, Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. With an additional 10 million inhabitants just outside the city, Cairo resides at the center of the largest metropolitan area in Africa and the Arab World as well as the tenth-largest urban area in the world.
Teaching Holocaust and Human Behavior Social Studies Essential Question What does learning about the choices people made during the Weimar Republic, the rise of the Nazi Party, and the Holocaust teach us about the power and impact of our choices today? This unit consists of 23 lessons and an assessment designed to lead middle or high school students through an examination of the catastrophic period in the twentieth century when Nazi Germany murdered six million Jews and millions of other civilians, in the midst of the most destructive war in human history. It draws upon and adapts resources from the book Holocaust and Human Behavior and its related media collection, and it follows the Facing History and Ourselves scope and sequence. Students begin with an examination of the relationship between the individual and society, reflect on the way humans divide themselves into “in” groups and “out” groups, and dive deep into a case study of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi Party’s rise to power in Germany. Students then bear witness to the human suffering of the Holocaust and examine the range of responses from individuals and nations to the genocidal mass murder of the Nazi regime. In the unit’s later lessons, students draw connections between this history and the present day, weighing questions like how to achieve justice and reconciliation in the aftermath of atrocities, how painful histories should be remembered, and how this history educates us about our responsibilities in the world today. Learning Goals Students will: • Recognize the human tendency to create “in” groups and “out” groups and the consequences of that behavior for a society’s universe of obligation. • Understand the particular historical context in which the Nazi Party established a dictatorship in Germany, marginalized Jews and other minority groups within German society, and ultimately committed genocide under the cover of war. • Wrestle with the choices that individuals, groups, and nations made in response to the Nazi dictatorship and the violence and terror it caused, as well as the aspects of human behavior that contributed to those choices. • Make connections between universal themes related to democracy, citizenship, racism, and antisemitism that this history raises and the world they live in today. Understand their responsibilities as citizens of the world to make choices that help bring about a more human, just, and compassionate world. Lessons and Assessments Get Started Begin here to find useful information and rationale for teaching this unit. Lesson 1 of 23 Introducing The Unit Students develop a contract establishing a reflective classroom community in preparation for their exploration of this unit's historical case study. Lesson 2 of 23 Exploring Identity Students identify the social and cultural factors that help shape our identities by analyzing firsthand reflections and creating personal identity charts. Lesson 3 of 23 Stereotypes and “Single Stories” Students create working definitions of stereotype as they examine the human behavior of applying categories to people and things. Lesson 4 of 23 Universe of Obligation Students learn a new concept, universe of obligation, and use it to analyze the ways that their society designates who is deserving of respect and caring. Step 1: Introducing the Writing Prompt Students draft a working thesis statement for an argumentative essay about the impact of choices in history. Lesson 5 of 23 The Concept of Race Students analyze the socially constructed meaning of race and examine how it has been used to justify exclusion, inequality, and violence throughout history. Lesson 6 of 23 The Roots and Impact of Antisemitism Students explore the long history of discrimination against Jews and come to understand how anti-Judaism was transformed into antisemitism in the nineteenth century. Lesson 7 of 23 World War I and Its Aftermath in Germany Students begin the unit's historical case study by exploring the brutal realities of World War I and the impact of the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. Lesson 8 of 23 The Weimar Republic Students reflect on the idea of democracy as they analyze the politics, economics, and culture of Germany during the period of the Weimar Republic. Step 2: Introducing Evidence Logs Students start to gather evidence that supports or challenges their initial thinking about the writing prompt. Lesson 9 of 23 The Rise of the Nazi Party Students examine how choices made by individuals and groups contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party in the 1920s and 1930s. Lesson 10 of 23 European Jewish Life before World War II Students analyze images and film that convey the richness of Jewish life across Europe at the time of the Nazis’ ascension to power. Lesson 11 of 23 Dismantling Democracy Students examine the steps the Nazis took to replace democracy with dictatorship and draw conclusions about the values and institutions that make democracy possible. Lesson 12 of 23 Do You Take the Oath? Students consider the choices and reasoning of individual Germans who stayed quiet or spoke up during the first few years of Nazi rule. Lesson 13 of 23 Laws and the National Community Students are introduced to the Nazis’ idea of a “national community” and examine how the Nazis used the Nuremberg Laws to define who belonged. Step 3: Adding to Evidence Logs, 1 of 3 Students respond to the writing prompt in a journal reflection and begin to evaluate the quality of the evidence they are gathering. Lesson 14 of 23 The Power of Propaganda Students analyze several examples of Nazi propaganda and consider how the Nazis used media to influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions of individual Germans. Lesson 15 of 23 Youth and the National Community Students learn about the experiences of people in Nazi Germany through a variety of firsthand accounts and identify the range of choices that they faced. Lesson 16 of 23 Students learn about the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht by watching a short documentary and then reflecting on eyewitness testimonies. Lesson 17 of 23 Responding to a Refugee Crisis Students think about the responsibilities of governments as they consider how countries around the world responded to the European Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany. Lesson 18 of 23 Race and Space Students examine the Nazi ideology of “race and space” and the role it played in Germany’s aggression toward other nations, groups, and individuals. Step 4: Adding to Evidence Logs, 2 of 3 Students share their ideas about the writing prompt in groups and continue to build their evidence logs. Lesson 19 of 23 The Holocaust: Bearing Witness Students are introduced to the enormity of the crimes committed during the Holocaust and look closely at stories of a few individuals who were targeted by Nazi brutality. Lesson 20 of 23 The Holocaust: The Range of Responses Students deepen their examination of human behavior during the Holocaust by analyzing and discussing the range of choices available to individuals, groups, and nations. Lesson 21 of 23 Justice and Judgment after the Holocaust Step 5: Adding to Evidence Logs, 3 of 3 Students approach the unit writing prompt in its entirety through journal reflection, evidence, gathering, and discussion. Lesson 22 of 23 How Should We Remember? Students both respond to and design Holocaust memorials as they consider the impact that memorials and monuments have on the way we think about history. Lesson 23 of 23 Choosing to Participate Students use the “levers of power” framework to identify ways they can bring about positive change in their communities. Step 6: Refining the Thesis and Finalizing Evidence Logs Students complete activities that help them think about the unit as a whole as they prepare a strong thesis statement for their essay. Search Our Global Collection
Follows where previous video left off, describing how RDF Schema is itself a vocabulary and how it can be used to define new classes of resources. Discusses how RDF Schema fits into the subject, predicate, object triple pattern and the use of sub-classes. Covered basics of assigning domain and range. One in a series of videos. Keywords: Range, Domain, Triple, Property, Class, RDF Schema Author: Sadawi, Noureddin Date created: 2014-03-16 04:00:00.000 Time required: P10M Educational audience: generalPublic • Competencies
Site Meter Streets of Shanghai / Green Gang Green Gang Page history last edited by PBworks 13 years, 5 months ago The Green Gang Estimates of the population of Shanghai’s underworld suggest that there are over 100,000 people in the city who live off the money they make as hoodlums. This criminal population lives in part off the proceeds from trafficking in opium, which has soared in value after being banned in 1917. Almost all of these underworld characters belong to small bands of gangsters called bang 帮　or hui　会. These groups are, in turn, ruled over by a massive criminal confederation and secret society originally formed by river boatmen, called the Green Gang (qingbang 青帮). Shanghai had two main gangs, known as the Green and the Red. In the lower levels of criminal activity, they were once roughly equal, but the Green Gang has spread into higher levels of corruption and society and is now by far the dominant gang in Shanghai. The gang or secret society is a long-standing Chinese tradition, and depending on circumstances serves as a mutual help organisation or a revolutionary group. Secret societies contributed to the downfall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in the fourteenth century, and served as the only means of opposition in Imperial China, when dissenters were harshly dealt with. Today the secret societies attract the marginalized and the destitute, dispossessed peasants, coolies, bandits, wanderers, boatmen and smugglers. They offer an alternative to the rigid traditional Chinese social order and stand for individualism and choice. After a fashion, anyway. The Green Gang’s own account of its origins claims that it was founded in the 1450s by a Ming dynasty official in charge of grain transport on the rivers. The internal structure of the organisation, supposedly created by the “three patriarchs” during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, follows the model of the imperial grain tribute system. The 72 lodges correspond to the 72 piers on the Yangzi River. Members are grouped into 148 “fleets” (bang 帮), which in turn form “six greater fleets” (liu da bang　六大帮). Because Green Gang members served in the imperial grain transport system, anti-Qing movements like the Triads were reluctant to accept them into their own organisations. Like the Triads, the Shanghai Green Gang is a confederation of individual gangs, who competed constantly in the early 20th Century over Shanghai’s spoils. Before and during the Revolution of 1911, their rivalry with the Red Gang (hongbang 红帮）was temporarily suspended as both groups joined forces with Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionaries. However, the joint organisation – the China Mutual Progress Association – was short-lived. Very little that is illegal goes on in Shanghai without the Green Gang’s permission. Criminals who try top ignore it or who flout its rules end up with the Chinese equivalent of “knee-capping”: they have every visible tendon severed with a fruit knife before being left to die in a busy street. Businessmen who try to operate without paying their protection money risk being kidnapped or shot, or having their houses bombed or burned. Partly due to pay-offs, but also because it keeps the criminal world in a certain stability, the gang is more or less tolerated by the city’s police forces. In Shanghai, membership is organised on a hierarchical basis. Peasants driven off their land and into the city can find aid in the form of the banghui mutual help groups, which are linked to the secret societies. Middle-rank members consists of those whose jobs and corruptibility may them invaluable to running a criminal organisation. They include detectives and policemen of the French Concession, the International Settlement and the Chinese jurisdiction, as well as officers in the local military garrisons, minor politicians, factory foremen, labour contractors and merchants. The top ranks are the purview of bankers, rich businessmen and important politicians. Both Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek were Green Gang members. In the initiation ceremony, the new recruit swears an oath of secrecy, mingles his blood with that of other members and learns the secret signals for recognition in public places. Thanks to the friends and influence throughout the city wielded by Du Yuesheng, the Green Gang can count on men in the French consulate, the judiciary and the French police. This affiliation with the police is helped by the French Concession and International Settlement authorities’ long-standing policy of deliberately recruiting gangsters into their Chinese detective squads. The chief of the Shanghai Municipal Police detective squad, Shen Qingshan, is a Green Gang boss who until 1923 was the head of the “Big Eight Mob”, which dominated Shanghai opium smuggling at that time. He maintains a close relationship with the River Police’s Anti-Smuggling Squad and Red and Green Gang members in the Chinese and French police forces. The Green Gang runs an organisation of systematic extortion under the name of the “Black Stuff Company”. Every opium hong in the French Concession pays the Green Gang from $3,000 to $10,000 a month, of which total $180,000 goes to key individuals in the French authority. They also organise the “Opium Pipe Company”, which covers all opium dens in the French Concession south of Avenue Edward VII and west of Mohawk Road. They are each taxed thirty cents a day per pipe. Green Gang enforcers collect the money every afternoon and affix a seal to the den’s account books. They fine the den owner $50 for every pipe he fails to declare. If a den tries to hide its existence from the Green Gang, they arrange for the French police to raid the place and deal with it according to the law. The police never punish owners whose account books display the seal of the Opium Pipe Company. The company makes a profit of around $100,000 a month. The Green Gang’s influence extends into every aspect of the city’s life. The post office union allow Du Yuesheng to read the mail, while many foreign homeowners owe Du large amounts of money on their mortgages. Du also has a sideline in kidnapping. He organises the abductions, then offers his services as a mediator, taking half of the ransom as his fee. Important Individuals Du Yuesheng Huang Jinrong Comments (0) You don't have permission to comment on this page.
Great Tips For A Successful Higher Education Expert Advice You Can Use When It Comes To College Starting college can be like entering an entirely new world. You have more freedom than you've ever had before and you are in total control over your own life. This increased responsibility however can make you susceptible to some serous pitfalls. In order to have a successful college career, read the following article to learn what habits to avoid. Take advantage of facilities and activities available on your college's campus. Many campuses offer a variety of inexpensive and free events for students, from concerts to movie showings. They also have fitnesspools and centers, and other recreational facilities. You can also join clubs or groups centered around yourhobbies and religion, and more. When you first apply for college, learn about the professors. If you want to do well, it is important to develop a good relationship with the instructors. Talk to them all, and get to know their expectations. It will help you throughout your entire college or university experience to have them on your side. A loan is a valuable option if you cannot pay for college. College will pay off in the future, so taking a small amount of debt can be useful if you truly need it. Your success at college may even be affected by where you sit. Instead of sitting at the back of a class to avoid your professor's attention, sit up front where you will be more attentive. You'll be more engaged and can easily ask questions of your professor without having to shout. Develop a system with your roommate for studying. Decide on certain quiet times each day for your dorm room so that it can be used for studying completely. If you or your roommate know these times, you can make the conscious choice to stick around or leave the room. When you are in class, take as many notes as you possibly can. In college, professors will tend to leverage off of the lectures more than the books, as this can help you to get better grades on tests. Also, taking notes is a very important skill that you will need throughout college so it is important to practice. Buy your school books a couple weeks before the term begins. Spend an hour familiarizing yourself with each of your books. If you have access to your course syllabus, check it out and see where in the book your class will be starting. This way you can get a bit of a head start. If you are staying on campus and you purchased a meal plan, make sure that you take advantage of it. If they don't roll over from semester to semester Depending on the rules associated with your plan, you will probably be able to pick up what you want and take it with you, don't leave any meals uneaten, particularly. Therefore, if your friends are having a meal somewhere else, you can still join them without spending any extra money. If you want to get some professional experience, you should consider signing up for a work study program. Most work study programs will require you to alternate between taking classes and working as an intern. This is a good way to finance your education while gaining some professional building and experience a professional network. After every single class that you attend, reread the notes that you took and think about each of the items that you wrote down. When you are note taking, you will not be thinking about what you are writing. This will give you a chance to soak up the information you put on paper. Make sure you study what you are having the most difficult time with first. You will be more fatigued and less likely to retain the information if you save it for last. It will make studying much more difficult for you. Save the subjects that come easiest to you for last. When studying for exams, try setting goals. Like anything else that has time-restraints, setting goals can keep you focused. In this case, your main goal would be to pass the exam. To accomplish that, try listing small goals of what you want to accomplish at certain times in order to be ready in time for the test. It is important to remember that college is not all about studying. College is a significant step into adulthood and should be treated as such. While you should not party the night away, do not keep your nose in your books to the point that you do not get to enjoy this time of your life. Delay participating in student government until your second year in college. Freshmen don't often have a lot of pull on campus, and your ideas might not get the respect they deserve. Use your first year to learn about the school and SGA, and just to see what positions are easy to win. Explore all of your options in financial aid to maximize your benefits. If you have applied for a student loan, you may be able to convert part of that loan into a financial-aid work study award. This means you can find a job on work and campus off some of that loan to decrease your overall debt. Take advantage of public transportation. College is expensive enough without adding car and gas maintenance to the equation. Many college campuses have arrangements with their city bus system that allow students to ride for free. Most college campuses have everything you need withing a short distance so avoid driving whenever you can. You should attend all the classes you signed up for, though not all instructors will take attendance in the classes you take. Paying attention in class, taking notes and participating is the best way to learn something from your classes. Do not hesitate to talk to your instructors if you are having difficulties. Don't start right out thinking you're going to carry a full-course work and load part-time or full-time as well. well. Just take classed during your first semester and see how it goes. If you find yourself with lots of free time on your hands (highly unlikely) you can consider getting a job in your second semester. It's smart to determine how heavy your load of coursework will be before making any other commitments. Sometimes you need to take classes that don't fit your major just to get your degree. However, these classes are important and you need to get good grades in them so that it won't affect your GPA. Learning all you can about your college will give you a solid foundation to build on. There are various aspects to college and proper information helps. The advice you've just read has hopefully provided you with the assistance you need to tackle the world of college head-on. 卡式台胞證照片辦理申請過期費用臺胞證台灣居民來往大陸通行證清潔公司台北新北推薦費用居家清潔打掃冷氣徵信公司徵信社推薦討債抓奸費用外遇找人離婚征信社尋人欠債抓姦抓猴跑路台北植牙牙醫診所牙科新北費用假牙牙套牙橋台北隆乳醫美微整形隆鼻美白針診所玻尿酸音波拉皮墊下巴肉毒桿菌雙眼皮自體脂肪隆乳新北外燴餐盒台北茶會點心餐飲推薦外烩近視雷射眼科診所白內障手術散光室內設計裝潢翻新居家客廳裝修老屋設計圖室內設計師會計師事務所成立營業商工商業公司登記記帳士安養院安養中心長照2.0護理之家養老院失智症漏水屋頂抓漏防水費用壁癌消滅蟑螂老鼠防治消毒滅蟑公司蜘蛛跳蚤除蟲果蠅白蟻紅火蟻
Noun. (linguistics) An invented form of dialect, language, or speech used by children, typically twins, and intelligible only to its speakers.
25 Sep 2019 An overview: HIV vaccine approaches at IGH There are two major types of the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, and current treatment for HIV-1 is with life-long antiretroviral therapy. In this blog, IGH researchers Professor Bill Paxton and Dr Georgios Pollakis updates us on recent developments in HIV-1 vaccine approaches. HIV-1 is the most common form of the HIV virus, and research to produce a vaccine is still ongoing. There is still considerable debate as to what is going to result in a successful HIV-1 vaccine, either preventative or therapeutic, and which strategies should be best employed to do so. It is still relatively unknown which combination of cellular or antibody immune responses are going to provide the optimal immunity required. The group of Bill Paxton and Georgios Pollakis are involved in two EU funded programmes analysing two different approaches, one is a T cell approach (a type of cell that forms the immune system) and the other is antibody (a protein produced by the immune system to neutralise pathogens). The ongoing H2020 funded European HIV-1 Vaccine Alliance programme includes HIV-1 infected individuals boosted with a substance designed to stimulate the immune system (an immunogen) aimed at heightening the response of T-cells to HIV-1. Participants receiving successful antiretroviral therapy will be vaccinated with a regime of a T-cell boosting immunogen after which they will be taken off therapy (treatment interruption) and time to viral rebound and to what extent measured. This will include a control arm to which time to viral rebound can be compared. During the vaccination protocol cellular immune responses will be measured by looking at HIV-1 viral loads. Furthermore, this study incorporates an arm receiving immunogen/placebo along with a special antibody (Vedolizumab) that has been linked with heightened immune response in the body’s mucosal linings. This study will identify whether therapeutic vaccination can provide benefit through increased elimination of HIV-1 infected cells and control of virus spreading through the blood. An EDCTP EU (bnAb-baby) funded proposal (started May 2019) is a vaccine proof of concept study looking to address whether neutralising antibodies have the potential to prevent HIV-1 infection in infants. A highly potent human neutralising antibody (VRC-007LS) will be administered to HIV-1 negative infants being breastfed by HIV-1 positive mothers. It is known that HIV-1 transmission can occur via this route even though mothers receive antiretroviral therapy. Breakthrough cases will be identified where virus being transmitted will be studied. These results will indicate whether high levels of circulatory antibodies have the potential to block HIV-1 transmission via this route of exposure and identify how potent they can be, whilst at the same time providing an indication of potential viral escape. How to induce such antibody responses would be the obvious aim stemming from these results. For vaccines to be successful they will likely have to induce immune responses that can clear HIV-1 ‘hiding’ in a resting or latent state in our own immune cells, or prevent the early establishment of such cells in newly infected individuals. Therefore, better understanding the cellular molecular environments that induce latency or support active viral replication is relevant to not only therapy but also vaccine success. Conversely, using therapeutic vaccines to activate T-cells may well enhance the possibility of HIV-1 transmission as well as virus replication in the case of therapeutic vaccines. Indeed, there are indications that the failure of the STEP vaccine trial, where more infections were reported among vaccine recipients than placebos, was due to cell activation and recruitment of cells to sites of exposure and thereby increased transmission. We are therefore actively involved in better understanding the molecular events that lead to increased infection and replication and are currently studying such mechanisms using cellular materials from the participants within our vaccine trials. Certain types of parasite are known to change the immune response of their host through dampening or skewing T cell activation, to avoid the host immune system. Our most recent work (Mouser et.al. PLoS Pathogens e1007924, 5th Sep 2019) demonstrates that two different antigens (kappa-5 and omega-1) from parasitic blood flukes can differentially effect HIV-1 interactions with the immune system. Kappa-5 has been shown to bind dendritic cells (part of the immune system) and can prevent viral capture and transfer, whilst omega-1 matures dendritic cells towards skewing T cells with a reduced capacity to support HIV-1 replication. These results indicate that co-pathogen interactions can alter HIV-1 transmission as well as subsequent viral replication. Vaccines that induce a similar immune response would therefore be advantageous as they would reduce the detrimental effects mentioned earlier, such as increased virus replication and transmission. The Institute of Infection and Global Health. Powered by Blogger.
No dark matter found in the Milky Way Galaxy by & Jonathan Sarfati Probably the major cosmological debate among ‘big bang’ cosmologists is whether the universe will expand forever (‘open’) or will eventually collapse (‘closed’). This depends on the mass density of the universe, represented by the symbol Ω. If Ω < 1, then the universe is open; if Ω > 1, the universe is closed. The fate of the universe is directly related to whether the universe’s geometry is hyperbolic (open) or elliptical (closed), i.e. the multi-dimensional equivalent of a hyperboloid (‘saddle’) or ellipsoid or sphere. The currently fashionable ‘inflationary’ models predict that the universe’s density is just below the threshold of collapse, i.e.Ω = 1 — a geometrically ‘flat’ universe. 1 Biblical creationists should oppose the ‘big bang’ theory, because this implies a universe 10 to 15 Ga old, which contradicts biblical chronology and implies death before the Fall. However, some atheists, especially Marxists, also oppose the ‘big bang’! This is because it teaches that the universe has a beginning, and they dislike the corollary that everything that has a beginning has a cause.2,3 Other atheists try to salvage both the ‘big bang’ and their atheistic faith by postulating an eternally oscillating universe. One problem is that ‘several measurements currently seem to suggest a density of only a fractionΩ ≌ 0.3 of the critical density,’1 and there are many insuperable difficulties even if we grant Ω > 1.2,3 Many astronomers, because of their presuppositions, believe that 90 % of the mass of the universe is invisible matter, called dark matter. The dark matter is believed to exist in several forms: hot dark matter, 20 % of the total, and cold dark matter, 70 % of total.4 The dark matter could include neutrinos,5 burnt-out stars, smaller chunks of ordinary matter, or clouds of mysterious, exotic particles.6 Some astronomers had high hopes that ‘brown dwarfs’ (‘failed stars’ — bodies with insufficient mass to start thermonuclear fusion) could provide the ‘missing mass’. But a recent paper in Nature says ‘brown dwarfs do not contribute significantly to our Galaxy’s dark matter.7 Dark matter is also required to hold the galaxies together during all the supposed time the universe has existed: ‘Astronomers have long surmised that dark matter provides some of the gravitational glue required to hold galaxies together: Most galaxies rotate so fast that they would fly apart if their visible stars provide the only sources of gravity’.8,9 So naturally evolutionary astronomers have been conducting experiments to observe the gravitational effects of dark matter. One recent experimental report by Crézé et al. in Astronomy and Astrophysics has concluded that there is no dark matter in the disk of the Milky Way Galaxy.10 This report analyzed the proper motion of stars perpendicular to the galactic disk in a sphere of radius 125 parsecs around the sun. By analysing the distribution of motion for 100 stars, the team was able to analyse the gravitational pull dragging them back towards the galactic disk. In this way, the researchers could deduce the gravitational mass that is ‘practically hypothesis-free and model-free.’11 The experiment has been described as calculating the mass of the Earth from looking at samples of high jumpers and measuring the height they reach.8 They conclude, based essentially on observations, that the local dynamical density is ‘…well below all previous determinations leaving no room for any disk shaped component of dark matter.’11 This report also gives the strong impression that many previous ‘results’ are biased by a model or hypothesis, making one wonder what can really be believed. The above report could be rightly criticized for being too small of a sample in too small of a volume. However, a Ph.D. thesis by Honc-Anh Pham of the Paris Observatory, analyzed the motion of 10,000 stars in the Milky Way disk, inferring the gravitational forces pulling the stars around. She comes up with a similar result to Crézé et al.: ‘These studies confirm that the dark matter [presumed to be] associated with the galactic disc in fact doesn’t exist.’8 One implication of this research is that the Milky Way Galaxy is much younger than astronomers believe, and if our galaxy is representative of other galaxies, it also implies a much younger universe. Did the researchers abandon the dark matter hypothesis for our Milky Way Galaxy and deduce a much younger universe? No, sticking to previous models and assumptions, the researchers argue that the dark matter must be lurking in the halo of the Milky Way! The galactic halo is a large, spherical area encircling the galaxy and containing dust, gas, and globular clusters of stars. However, other researchers contend that previous observations of dark chunks of matter in the halo, considered a major breakthrough in 1996 in the search for dark matter, are probably dim stars in the Magellanic Clouds.12 Thus: ‘One of astronomy’s great mysteries, it seems, is still unsolved ... That’s bad news for astronomers who thought they finally had an answer to the puzzle of what could be holding galaxies together.’6 If the dark matter is not in the Milky Way Galaxy, and by extension other galaxies, that only leaves interstellar space. Perhaps the observations should be interpreted more straightforward, in which case the universe is not nearly as old as astronomers believe. The ‘big bang’ theory would also have to be either abandoned or greatly retooled. 1. Kamionkowski, M., 1998. The case of the curved universe: open, closed or flat. Science 280:1397–98. Return to text. 2. Craig, W.L., 1984. Apologetics: an Introduction, Moody Press, Chicago, Ch. 3. Craig wrote: ‘When I was at the 16th World Congress on Philosophy in DÃ¼sseldorf in 1978, I found that the only scientists who opposed the big-bang theory were Marxists from communist nations,’ p. 91. Return to text. 3. Sarfati, J.D., 1998. If God created the universe, then who created God? CEN Tech. J. 12(1):20–22. Return to text. 4. Primack, J.R., 1998. A little hot dark matter matters. Science 280:1398–1400. Return to text. 5. Gawiser, E. and Silk, J., 1998. Extracting primordial density fluctuations. Science 280:1405–1411. Return to text. 6. Glanz, J., 1998. A dark matter candidate loses its luster. Science 281:332–333. Return to text. 7. Tinney, C.G., 1999. Brown dwarfs: the stars that failed. Nature 397(6714):37–40. Return to text. 8. Hellemans, A., 1997. Galactic disk contains no dark matter. Science 278:1230. Return to text. 9. Humphreys and others have pointed out that the Milky Way’s observed rotation rate, regardless of its cause, is so fast that: ‘if our galaxy were more than a few hundred million years old, it would be a featureless smear of stars instead of its present spiral shape.Humphreys, D.R., 1991. Evidence for a young world . Creation Ex Nihilo 13(3):28–31. Emphasis in original. Return to text. 10. Crézé, M., Chereul, E., Bienaymé, O., and Pichon, C., 1998. The distribution of nearby stars in phase space mapped by Hipparcos. Astronomy and Astrophysics 329:920–936. Return to text. 11. Crézé et al, Ref. 4, p. 920. Return to text. 12. Glanz, Ref. 2, p. 332. Return to text.
6 Ways To Boost Women’s Metabolism Metabolism of a person is the rate at which their body burns calories for energy. The rate of metabolism depends on several factors; sex (male or female and may vary from person to person), age, body fat, muscle mass, activity level, and genetics. The higher the rate of metabolism, the high number of calories burn and more natural to lose weight and keep it off. Metabolism is a little engine in your body that burns calories all day every day, but some women can burn calories quickly genetically than others. But the diet, daily activities, age, daily exercise habits can also play a role in fastening metabolism. Women in their growing age slow down the process of metabolism, mainly because they are losing five to six pounds of muscles, at growing age. There is no reason behind that you have not the same metabolic rate at age ’30s or 40’s that you had in your 20s. So, a person having no control over genetics aspects of their metabolism, but here are some ways that help to speed up the metabolic rate of your body. Eating at a regular time: If a person eats a lot at a time, then goes for an extended period without eating, then the body may burn calories more slowly and store more fat cells. By eating at regular times, a person can slow down this tendency. Preferably, an individual ought to eat a few little dinners or snacks around 3 or 4 hours separated. Because eating at a regular time may help your body to increase the metabolic rate. By eating more protein will also help you to increase your metabolic rate so that you can burn more calories, and it will help you in feeling full for an extended period. Drinking water: Drinking more water will help your body to increase your metabolism. Drink water instead of sugary drinks will help you to increase your metabolism, and gradually it becomes your habit. By drinking water rather than sugary beverages that contain calories, by doing this, you will automatically reduce the intake of calories. Stay hydrated is essential for the body to function at its best. The calorie-burning will increase if you drink cold water; the fact is; if you drink cold water, then your body uses its energy to heat the cold water to average body temperature. One more point is that if you drink water half an hour before taking a meal, you will probably eat less, and by drinking water, it will increase your metabolic rate and feel you feel full. High-intensity workouts: Like quality preparing, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can expand metabolism. An individual may profit by adding components of both to an exercise. HIIT is a choice to consistent cardio. Running, swimming, or cycling at a constant rate are instances of regular cardio. Instead, it might assist with attempting a standard that includes rotating times of higher-intensity and lower-intensity workout. This may involve dashing for a brief at that point, walking for 2 minutes, or exchanging between short explosions of jumping jacks and walking recovery periods. Lifting weight is essential for building and retaining muscle, and a higher amount of tissue will result in high metabolism. Avoid sitting too much: Sitting for a long period after eating will gain your weight, so avoid sitting, especially after having a meal. Try to walk for 15-20 minutes in a day, it will help you to fasten your metabolic rate and will help you in weight loss. There’s a lot of work at home you should do that yourself, so you avoid sitting too much. It’s a straightforward tip to increase metabolic rate, by roaming at your home and doing work by yourself. Cleaning your own house is the modern way of workout you can do easily. Carry out household chores, which increase your motion and bump your heart rate; simply, it’s your effort that how much you put in house cleaning, and it will be beneficial for you just like the traditional workout. Try to add more activities at your home like changes decoration of the house, changing the setting of furniture will help you stand and keep moving this may helpful for losing weight. Eat smart: Certain food helps to the fasten the metabolic rate but not much that you think. The process of chewing food will help you digest food quickly, and storing food requires our body to burn calories. Food with protein is increasingly hard to process and support the development of bulk, particularly on the off chance that your quality train. Your body additionally needs to work more diligently to bite and separate fiber. Spicing up your food is another approach to marginally support bodily heat levels to consume more calories. Try to eat food which is rich in protein and fiber and avoid the ‘starvation mode’ which will cause weight gain. Try eating food like; fish, nuts, berries, Vit. C, coffee, tea, eggs, legumes, pulses, etc. Sleep well: Women are too busy in their household and could not fulfill there enough sleep, so this may be the cause of their weight gain. Lack of sleep will decrease the calories you burn; this may harm metabolism. Lack of sleep will cause an increase in blood sugar levels and insulin resistance. When a person gets a lack of sleep, then a body releases hormones called ‘ghrelin’ and ‘leptin,’ which can make a person feel hungry and the person feel full, respectively. Getting enough sleep can ensure that these hormones remain balanced, and it can prevent the person from overeating. From this, we came to know why many people who face a lack of sleep feel hungry and struggle to lose weight. So, bumping your daily activities and changes in lifestyle can help to boost your metabolism and health. Choose wisely the food, which gives you the energy to boost your metabolism. Small lifestyle changes in your routine and by changing the way you do housework will increase your metabolism. Having a higher metabolism can help you lose weight and giving you more energy. Spread the love 5 thoughts on “6 Ways To Boost Women’s Metabolism” Leave a Reply
MashableThe field of robotics is a fascinating one to me. For instance, if you check out 9 Robotic Inventions That Are Already Among Us, you’ll see everything from convenience to life-saving innovations. Brain clots are leading cause of death and disability, and the odds of a person getting an intracerebral hemorrhage are one in 50 over his or her lifetime. Those who suvive clots have serious brain damage, and 40 percent of the individuals die within a month. Now an invention developed at Vanderbilt University that relieves brain pressure via robot. When a person has a blood clot in certain parts of the brain, surgeons must weigh the pros and cons of whether going its removal is worth the potential damage that might occur to the surrounding tissue. That delicate dilemma is why researchers at Vanderbilt University have designed a special robot that could suction away blood clots, while minimizing damage to the brain. The university said this new robotic surgical system uses “steerable needles” that can go around corners and reach places where surgeons previously couldn’t easily access. With a surgeon’s guidance, the robot makes a very small opening in the brain and then can be guided using medical imaging (e.g. CT scans). Then, the needles can reach right into a brain hemorrhage and suck out the blood clot from within. Spread the word. Share this post! Leave a comment
As of lately, research shows that the mental state of the youngsters in America is definitely deteriorating. It can becoming more and more prevalent as the planet around adolescents become filled up with stress from the increasingly competitive world around them. What contributes to mental ailments, like depressive disorder and anxiety, can’t be narrowed down to just one trigger, but rather a multitude of likely causes that are still being studied. They will range from probably the most obvious ones such as anxiety from school and technology, to whether or not really you were born like a full-term baby. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fever You Can't Sweat Out by Panic! At the Disco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not Waste Your Time Only $13.90 / page Just searching one of the most known causes of mental issues in teens, school as well as the environment it is about with, punches readers to a whirlwind of first-hand tales from all those who have experienced them. One of the many reports that included an account from a victim was an article from The Atlantic by Sharon Dwyer, a writer from St . Louis, “Salli-Ann Holloway could not breathe. Soaking in her Advanced Placement English language class, your woman could not prevent shaking¦ Her body went numb”. Is actually implied which the stress coming from her advanced placement class had finally reached the breaking level causing a physical reaction known as a panic attack. A great untreated (or undiagnosed) mental disorder would have more radical consequences than simply behavior, it may potentially change a persons physical health as well. Additionally , it is not only the simple classes from senior high school or middle school influencing the teenagers, involvement in extracurricular pursuits like sports, strap, and college classes ought to be taken into consideration as well. For those who usually are academically gifted, sports plus the arts will be placing just as much pressure with them since they’re exclusively relying on their particular talents to secure them a secure future. One of the neighborhoods in society that suffers more than any other from mental health issues could be the LGBT community. Due to discrimination against individuals who identify because LGBT in places just like middle and high school, the students’ academics potential is hindered and their mentality becomes the propagation ground for depression. A peice that fully covers the result a persons sex orientation can have on mental problems is, “Sexual Orientation and Depression: Stats and How to find Help”. Mcdougal Michael Kerr elaborated on just how much a hostile environment can be toxic to the damaged, “LGBT learners who knowledge victimization and discrimination typically have worse grades and don’t be as good academically”. If perhaps minor disruptions can currently lead to poor academic performances, put yourself in the shoes or boots of those that are also patients of splendour based on all their sexuality. Seeing that there’s a whole lot negativity about those young ones, it’s not hard to picture why they have a higher probability of mental illness than those who have are not LGBT. While it may seem minor in comparison to the previous cause, an often overlooked stressor that might be negatively impacting the youth of America is getting a career to help their families through tough times or to be financially impartial. This cause to depressive disorder and stress also jewelry in with these previously mentioned since the student will not only be going to school although also restricting their groundwork time for all their shifts. This brings in the suggestion that teachers and also other authoritative characters of an educational place needs to be open to dealing with their learners in a way that they can feel recognized. The Mental Health of America (MHA) association discloses that more than half of all college students are utilized, so with the worry of paying for their particular education and being successful inside their classes generally there needs to be awareness of a lot of stress damaging mental overall health. Due to the fact that this piece particularly states that its concentrate is young ones of America, it’s essential to acknowledge which the generations known as “youths” have raised up surrounded by technology that is certainly ever evolving. Jean Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego Express University, examines in, “With Teen Mental Health Showing signs of damage over Five Years, In which Likely Culprit” how display screen time can impact mental health issues or vice versa. While doing this she presents the thought that “not only did mobile phone use and depression increase in tandem, yet time online was linked to mental health issues”. This observes that the more time spent on a phone surfing through the internet, the larger the chance for mental illnesses in the youth of today. Twenge highlights that because of being more interested in what’s for the screens about us we could interacting less with other folks, causing the sensation of remoteness that can be one of the symptoms to a lot of mental complications. Along with the rise in use of technology, inevitably comes the mistreatment of social networking available in order to hurt each other. Cyberbullying has noticed a rise within the last decade because of the popularization of social media among the younger ages. As a result, while social media has moved so gets the “trend” of cyberbullying. Described from a write-up titled “Cyberbullying And Despression symptoms Go Hand In Hand, According To New Study”, published by the reputable web page Huffington Post, as new research comes forth depression and cyberbullying are normally found to be connected. If kept unresolved, like any other intimidation, it can cause mental disorders such as panic from whenever the victims’ phone goes off with a notification and even depressive disorder from the viciousness in the snide comments created by the harassers. A more shocking part of this form of nuisance is that quite often those targeting are patients of their own intimidation, whether online or in person, looking to remove their let-downs on somebody else. When the depression of victims goes undetected some of those teens are then seemingly moved to the stage of doing suicide. There are more downsides, than simply cyberbullying, upon social media that may lead to the deteriorating mental states of juveniles. The greater a person is upon social media the worse they could start to feel about themselves and others who utilize it the most generally have more anxiety as stressed in the piece, “Its Challenging: Teens, Social Media, and Mental Health”. Panic can come from your presentation of your “perfect life” being resided by many influencers on sites just like Instagram. However the viewers realize that the person isn’t very actually living an adventure everyday in exotic spots, there’s nonetheless the unconscious thought of “why can’t or perhaps why isn’t very my life like that”. For a few, there’s a naivety that can be made after looking at too much of the “perfect” posts. When they get to adulting one of the other believed reasons as to the reasons anxiety makes its presence felt is because the way life just isn’t always as “perfect” as they can be portrayed. Social networking usage doesn’t have to be cut off, but persons should have a limit so as to not get carried away and end up spiraling down a hole of depression and anxiety brought on by lowered self-esteems. Really not just factors that can be set or done like intimidation, technology use, and pressure from school and home conditions that effects the state of mind of a person. A theory that, although admittedly, needs more study but still shows a different accept causes and probabilities of mental health issues that start from birth, is the how rapidly an individual was created. Being born premature or full term is being identified to have an effect on people inside their future mental state as they carry on and develop. In a study carried out by Doctor Cynthia Rogers, a child professional at the Wa University in St . John, showed that even though there is not an mind boggling difference between the brain online connectivity in premature babies and full-term ones there was even now weaker cable connections in the unwanted children making them more at risk of mental issues in the future. A side be aware that Dr . Rogers gave in the article, “Signs Of Despression symptoms And Panic Can Be Seen In Newborns” by Carolyn Gregoire was, “experiences and environment they are exposed to as they grow may alter these connectivity habits making it pretty much likely for the symptoms to develop”. Even though the likelihood of a premature baby to someday have mental issues is definitely higher really still being studied in order to gain more concrete reliable evidence and can be altered by environment and experiences your children have. Narrowing down the causes of the recent embrace mental health problems in the youngsters of America is nearly not possible but there are some that are more prevalent than others. Thanks to the scholarly research of numerous psychologists and scientists likewise, depression and anxiety may be rooted down as the result of factors like pressures in school life which may tie in to sexuality, tension from jobs, the length of a womans pregnant state, and most significant technology. As a unit, they have shown to lead to the decline in emotionally healthy teenagers and adults with some attaching to one another. Prev post Next post Get your ESSAY template and tips for writing right now
MIT study reveals why razor blades go dull cutting humble old hair MIT study reveals why razor bl... Science has discovered why razor blades go dull even though the hairs they cut are much softer than steel View 1 Image A team of engineers at MIT led by C. Cem Tasan has discovered why steel razor blades go dull even when cutting hair that's 50 times softer than them. Using an electron microscopic, they found that under the right conditions a single hair can chip a blade edge. One of the more frustrating of everyday mysteries is why razor blades go dull as quickly as they do? Intuitively, stainless steel blades should last longer than about a week. Because they are made to cut through soft hairs, they should last for months and, if they're coated with even harder materials, they should last even longer. However, razor blades don't last and other steel blades, like knives and scalpels, also go dull even when used exclusively on softer materials. According to MIT, this is because there's more going on than a simple wearing down of metal, such as happens when a blade is rubbed against something harder, like a whetstone. Instead, what happens is that if a razor blade strikes a hair under the wrong conditions, it becomes stressed, cracks, and then chips due to a mechanism called stress intensification. This chipping leads to more cracks, leading to more chipping in a cascading cycle, ultimately resulting in a very dull razor and an unpleasant shave. "Our main goal was to understand a problem that more or less everyone is aware of: why blades become useless when they interact with much softer material," says Tasan, the Thomas B. King Associate Professor of Metallurgy. "We found the main ingredients of failure, which enabled us to determine a new processing path to make blades that can last longer. "We are metallurgists and want to learn what governs the deformation of metals so that we can make better metals. In this case, it was intriguing that, if you cut something very soft, like human hair, with something very hard, like steel, the hard material would fail." To learn more about what happens when a blade meets hair, MIT graduate student Gianluca Roscioli shaved with disposable razors and then examined the blades under a scanning electron microscope. When he did so, he found very little wear or rounding. He did find chipping, but this wasn't consistent along the edge. In a more sophisticated test, Roscioli constructed a micro-mechanical apparatus made up of a movable stage and two clamps to hold a commercial razor blade and to anchor test hairs of various diameters donated by lab colleagues. In operation, the device would cut at various depths and angles, and it could fit inside the electron microscope. An analysis of the magnified blades showed that they did not chip when they cut the hair perpendicularly but did so more often when the blade met the hairs at an angle. Computer simulations derived from the collected data showed that it wasn't just the angle was important, but also the consistency of the steel in the blade. If metal varied along the edge, this produced weak spots where chips could occur. In hopes of improving blade quality, the team has filed for a provisional patent for a process to make razor steel more homogeneous. "The basic idea is to reduce this heterogeneity, while we keep the high hardness," says Roscioli. "We’ve learned how to make better blades, and now we want to do it." The research was published in Science. Source: MIT Interesting, bt my blades last me for two months before I even think about chaning them. I do have a soft beard. I figured out an extremely simple method of making the blades last for months on end. Don't shave !!. No jokes apart I shave immediately after taking a shower. Don't even need any fancy shaving foam. Regular bath soap lightly applied does the trick. BTW soap is only for the razor to glide easily on the face and not cut your self. Does absolutely nothing to make the beard soft. Been shaving for 60 years and found that currently BIC is by far THE BEST disposable razor around, bar none. Yup, I shave my head and my face, go through razors way too quickly. How exactly is one material 50 times softer than another material? wouldn't 1 times softer be zero softness? Nonsensical? As a consumable product, no one making them has the slightest interest in making them last longer. Mine usually go two or three months before getting bad enough to swap them out. I use 5 blade cartridges from a major manufacturer, and shave in the shower 7 days a week. They last a decent time, but cost a small fortune. Whatever soap I happen to be using... no commercial foam or lotion. I've always suspected those have ingredients that speed up the blade wear process. I've been using Atra and Atra Plus blades for as long as they have been available and they last on average about 1 month before needing replacement. Over the years blades/cartridges have become more and more expensive. I hope this will not become another excuse to increase prices. Robert Hebert When razor blade manufacturers began reducing volume of the lubricant strip(s) on each razor a few decades ago is when the longevity of the blades reduced proportionally because the lubricant also contained oils that reduced rusting... Even stainless steel rusts... The rust is just the same color as the original steel. Keeping your blades dry between shaves will increase their life... Even fresh new blades rust if not protected from moisture. Have been using the same blade for 2 years since I bought a razorpit. Requires 20 seconds of sharpening at each use while the water is heating up. John Strube If you really want to up your shave game, and save money at the same time. Ditch the multi blade razors and go back to what our grandfathers used. The double edge safety razor. The best blade I have found is the Gillette Platinum. You get less ingrown hairs, a smoother face, and the things cost about a buck each. There are many razors to choose from, mild to aggressive. Give it a shot. Ralf Biernacki The manufacturers make money selling replacement blades. As a matter of fact, Gillette was the company that pioneered this approach to sales, which is now used for computer printers among other things; sell the main item at a loss, than more than make up for it by overpricing the refills. Thus the makers of these razors would be shooting themselves in the foot by introducing durable blades; their business model relies on making the least durable blades the market will bear. They will buy this discovery and all associated patents, then bury them.
Remembering Nagasaki Our peace lantern ceremony was intentionally small to minimize the risk of COVID-19 which has been persistently spreading in Knoxville. But we did feel it was important to bear witness, so thirteen masked people created a wide circle at Sequoyah Hills Park to read a litany and launch peace lanterns. And we heard the following reflection: On August 9, 1945, the United States destroyed the city of Nagasaki, Japan, with an atomic bomb the exploded at 11:02am, 1,650 feet in the air, with a force estimated at 22 thousand tons of TNT. Seventy thousand people died that day, and twice that many over the next five years. If Hiroshima was a war crime, and given the indiscriminate and wanton taking of the lives of children, women and the elderly, it most certainly was, then Nagasaki was twice the crime. Even if one adopts the cynical and now completely debunked theory that the use of the atomic bomb shortened the war significantly, there is still no justification for Nagasaki. It was simply and criminally a raw display of force intended for a political purpose—to dissuade Russia from invading. At Nagasaki, the bomb killed twenty-three Catholics who were praying at Urakami Cathedral when its ceiling collapsed. Statues of saints looked over the garden outside the cathedral—the heads of some were blown off; on others, the facial features were sandblasted off. The bomb’s blast was largely contained between the mountains that surround Nagasaki. Writing home a month later, a US Navy officer wrote “The general impression, which transcends those derived from the evidence of our physical senses, is one of deadness, the absolute essence of death in the sense of finality without the hope of resurrection.” But all was not destroyed—a remnant of people survived, the hibakusha. From the ashes of Hiroshima and Nagasaki they rose, the only firsthand witnesses to the power of a nuclear blast in human history. With almost incomprehensible courage, they have spoken again and again over these past 75 years, bearing witness, and beseeching the powers that be in the world to take the only measures possible to assure no other people suffer as they have suffered—they call for the abolition of nuclear weapons. This year, they are especially calling on Japan and other nations to embrace the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, to sign, ratify and comply with it. That Treaty, passed in 2017 by the United Nations, has been signed by 80 nations and ratified by 43—with seven more ratifications, it will enter into force. At the same time, the nuclear weapons states, led by the United States, have embarked on a new nuclear arms race, developing new warheads and bombs, designing new delivery vehicles, and placing the world in greater peril than at any time in our history. The Doomsday Clock is set at 100 seconds to midnight—the closest it has ever been. So tonight we not only remember Nagasaki, but we honor the hibakusha and their plea. We take note of where we are. Not unlike the hibakusha, we have an experience that few others can claim. We gather here in Knoxville just eighteen miles from the Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In our backyard, the United States government is spending billions of dollars building a new facility to manufacture thermonuclear cores for the next generation of warheads and bombs. The global nuclear arms race I spoke of is not happening somewhere else—it is happening right here, in Oak Ridge. The product of Y-12, which former Attorney General Ramsey Clark called “unlawful,” under US and international law, is nothing less than the death of the planet. The weapons being produced are an existential threat. If they are used in a nuclear exchange, the result will not only be the immediate death of tens or hundreds of millions of people, but the eventual slow starvation of all life on the planet as nuclear winter chokes out sunlight and radiation poisons our water supplies. It is not an exaggeration, I am sorry to say, to compare the preparations for mass annihilation taking place in Oak Ridge, and at Los Alamos and Savannah River and Amarillo, to the construction of death camps in Germany and Austria during the second world war. The moral obligation to refuse to be silent, and to take action to oppose the work in Oak Ridge, is no less incumbent upon us than it was upon the people living in Germany. Although this direct talk might make some people uncomfortable, I believe we owe the hibakusha complete honesty. That includes taking responsibility and taking action. We do not serve our neighbors nor do we serve humanity in this generation or the generations to come by being silent out of a misguided sense of politeness or decorum. So tonight we look back and we look forward. The lanterns we launch are an act of remembrance; lanterns are being launched right now in Nagasaki, where it is August 9. The lanterns are also an act of solidarity; they reflect our commitment to hear and respond to the pleas of the hibakusha. And our lanterns are an act of hope; they reflect our aspiration to a world free of nuclear weapons and our commitment to work to create that world. Sunday Vigil at Y-12 in Oak Ridge Tennessee Sunday Vigil Learn More » Where Should I park? vigil-map.jpg Please Share! Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin
If you could save three or more lives by taking one life, would you do it? Philosophy expert Dr Nin Kirkham walks us through a real-life dilemma. There is a well-known thought experiment in ethics called ‘the trolley problem’. You are standing in a railway control room overlooking a set of train tracks, and you can see a runaway carriage (trolley) heading towards five workmen. In front of you is a lever, which will divert the carriage onto an alternative track where there is only one person working. The question is: should you switch the lever to save the five men at the expense of one life? Given the choice between saving five lives at the expense of one, and doing nothing, most people choose to act. According to the so-called ‘utilitarian’ approach to ethics, which claims broadly that the right thing to do is whatever it is that produces ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’, sacrificing one life to save five is generally considered to be the right thing to do. Now that might seem okay in principle, but what about with real lives at stake? What if it were possible to save the lives of three healthy people, by ending the life of someone terminally ill? Would that be the right thing to do? Take this story, for instance: In 1884, the Mignonette, a racing yacht en route from England to Sydney, was swamped by a wave and sank about 2500km off the Cape of Good Hope. Three men (Dudley, Stephens and Brooks) and a 16-year-old cabin boy (Parker) were on board when the yacht sank, and escaped in a dinghy with some essential navigational equipment, two tins of turnips and no water. After about eight days, unable to catch rainwater and with only a sea turtle to eat, they began to drink their own urine. Their physical condition quickly deteriorated, and talk soon turned to drawing lots, whereby a sacrificial victim could be nominated to be killed as food for the other three. Around the fifteenth day, Parker became sick from drinking seawater, and the discussion of a possible sacrifice intensified. Dudley and Stephens argued strongly for the proposal, Brooks refused to draw lots, and Parker was unable to contribute, having lapsed into a coma. After three weeks, Dudley and Stephens sacrificed the cabin boy, whom they believed was very near death. All three men lived off the boy’s body, and finally caught some rainwater, before a passing ship rescued them, four days later. Dudley later said: “I can assure you I shall never forget the sight of my two unfortunate companions over that ghastly meal. We all was like mad wolfs who should get the most, and for men – fathers of children – to commit such a deed, we could not have our right reason.” Dudley, Stephens and Brooks were all open and frank in their admissions regarding the events on the Mignonette’s dinghy. They believed that they were protected by the Custom of the Sea – special rules that applied to open-sea mariners. In a culture heavily dependent on seafaring, the custom was to do what was necessary to maximise overall survival; to follow a utilitarian approach to ethics. A traditional criteria used in such cases affirmed that a man might be sacrificed if he was close to death anyway, unfit to contribute to the group’s survival, or without dependents. All these things being equal, a random method of deciding (drawing straws) was to be used. Rather unexpectedly, the English authorities made an example of the men. The Crown v. Dudley and Stephens became a well-known legal case because it turned on the meaning and interpretation of the word ‘necessity’. The court defined ‘necessity’ as ‘a deliberate threat’ or ‘a threat due to another person’s mere existence’. The crown argued that this was not a justifiable case of necessity and the two were found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. They only served a six-month sentence, however. You might think that, due to extreme hunger, thirst and exposure, the duo were not fully responsible for what they did. Or that, due to the desperate conditions at sea, they had descended into a ‘state of nature,’ under which law and morality cease to apply. You might think that they did the right thing. After all, surely it was better that one person died than all four? You may believe that what they did was morally unjustifiable, but excusable due to the horrendous circumstances. But to properly assess the moral issues in such a case would require a detailed examination of all the relevant facts. First, we have to gain some comprehension of the actual conditions on the boat and what the men had to do in order to survive. This is difficult, of course, because, while we might empathise, our moral imagination may not be able to provide a realistic conception of such a desperate and harsh situation. We would also have to understand more about the individuals involved; their mental, physical and emotional state, and whether or not their capacity for rational action was diminished. We also need to take into account the men’s beliefs. Not just their factual beliefs but their moral, cultural and religious beliefs. Once we comprehend the particular circumstances, we can see that there is a range of possible moral justifications for the men’s actions. You could argue on utilitarian grounds that someone should indeed have been killed (instead of everyone dying). You could argue that Parker, rather than any other individual, should have been killed because he had no dependents, was the closest to death, and could not actively contribute to the group’s survival. Finally, we could argue that Parker should have been killed (as opposed to being left to die and then being eaten) for at least two reasons. The first is that the men may have believed that time was short for all of them. The second, more gruesome, reason was that had they waited for Parker to die, his blood would have coagulated and they would have been unable to gain immediate relief from their thirst, and instant energy, from drinking it. Do you think that Dudley and Stephens, or Brooks (who ate but did not kill) did the right thing? What would you have done? These kinds of considerations can be applied to thinking about more current situations. Take, for instance, the debate over the closure of remote Aboriginal communities. The argument for their closure is often loosely based on utilitarian considerations; while a number of people will suffer great loss from the decision, it will be for the greater good overall, mainly in regard to the prevalence of sexual abuse in some remote communities. In contrast, the argument against is founded on ethical considerations of individual rights, justice, beneficence and cultural respect. Deciding the right thing to do in such a case requires a clear comprehension of the relevant (and correct) facts, an understanding of the fundamental ethical commitments that operate in the wider society, and recognition that acting to prevent a great harm potentially involves a lesser harm. Dr Nin Kirkham is a philosophy lecturer at the University of Western Australia. Join Our Community You May Also Like
From The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki Jump to: navigation, search [1]Introns are non-coding sequences of DNA found between coding sections known as exons in eukaryotic genes and in rare cases in some prokaryotic cells [2]. Introns are removed by splicing by the spliceosome and other associated proteins that are recruited in the process of forming mature mRNA from pre-mRNA [3]. Introns nearly always have a consensus sequence that begins with GU and ends with AG which is preceeeded by a pyrimidine rich tract that acts as a signal for splicing. [4] There are 3 Kind of Introns: Group I, II and III Group II are ribozymes with self catalytic activities which utilize self splicing. 1. Rev. Biochem. 1995. 64:435 2. Khan AU, Ajamaluddin M, Ahmad M.(2001 Oct) A unique group of self-splicing introns in bacteriophage T4. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 38(5):289-93. 3. Hogg R, McGrail JC, O'Keefe RT.(Aug 2010) The function of the NineTeen Complex (NTC) in regulating spliceosome conformations and fidelity during pre-mRNA splicing. Biochem Soc Trans. 38(4):1110-5. 4. Berg, J., Tymoczko, J. and Stryer, L. 2012. Biochemistry. Basingstoke: W. H. Freeman. P136 Personal tools
Growing concerns over the impact of fossil fuels on climate change have driven efforts to find sources of energy with low emissions. In response, fluctuating renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are growing to meet more of the electricity demand. However, maintaining reliable energy accessibility to the grid requires a stable, nonfluctuating source of power. Nuclear power plants (NPPs) provide nearly emissions-free, reliable energy to the grid (refer to “IPCC Fifth Assessment Report,” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/). To best reduce reliance on fossil fuels while ensuring reliable energy generation and profitability, nuclear renewable hybrid energy systems (NRHESs) focus on tightly coupling renewable generation with a NPP by colocating the generation sources in an industrial park. The industrial park consists of at least the NPP, the renewable energy source, and some form of industrial process that consumes the energy not used by the grid. In this paper, we analyze the computational modeling approaches currently being pursued for NRHESs. We further investigate similarities between nuclear fuel cycle simulators (NFCSs) and NRHESs to determine how NRHES development can benefit from the development of NFCSs. This paper begins by reviewing past research on NRHESs to determine the necessary functionality of modeling software. After determining the necessary software capabilities for an NRHES model, we discuss the characteristics of a NFCS. The characteristics found common to both systems include desirability of a flexible modular design; open source; ability to be coupled to external pieces of software, including economic modeling, optimization methods, and sensitivity analysis; and results that are usable to technical and nontechnical people alike.
Hip-Hop and Rap Music Pop Music Hip Hop Dancing Where did hip hop originate? Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User 2009-03-19 16:51:13 2009-03-19 16:51:13 hip hop originated in Bronx, New York. Related Questions hip hop originated in new york Hip-hop started in the Bronx New York. it orignate in the woods It's more correctly spelled hip-hop. From some geeky dude who loved to sing and dance. Because the beats sound like hip hop. Hip-hop began 30 years ago in the South Bronx, a borough of New York City, a neighborhood that seemed to exemplify the bleakness of poor urban places. One can watch Hip Hop videos online at any of the following places. Smash Beats, Hip Hop Galaxy, World Star Hip-Hop, Hip Hop Connection, Audio Tube Hip hop and Hip Hop Blips to name a few. when did hip hop start I love hip hop translates to Spanish as me encata el hip hop or me amo el hip hop. It Started In New York as beatboxing then people started adding music to it. AnswerThe Godfather of Hip-Hop is Russel Simmons, who also runs the Hip-Hop Summit Action Network. Hip Hop was created by the Sugar Hill Gang Hip-Hop dance is an artistic culture. Hip Hop started in U.S.A Hip-hop language of slang. hip hop rap is when you rhyme hip hop is more broad then that. hip hop is the music that brings kids together and they have fun dancing hip hop. Instrumental hip hop music varies from traditional hip hop music as it incorporates more musical instruments. Traditional hip hop mainly has just a basic beat. Hip hop fashion is fashion that comes from hip hop singers. Like if hip hop singer wore a dress then dresses would become hip hop fashion but is is not. i think hip hop fashion is more to do with what hiphop dancers wear, like baggy pants and hoodys. Hip hop is danced because it is fun.Hip hop is originally to be danced on the streets but now these days hip hop is danced in studios. :) East Coast hip hop, Hardcore hip hop, Political hip hop
Allergies: the facts behind the rash Dr Morton's the medical helpline© to frontline NHS staff Allergies: the facts behind the rash Allergies are extremely common in the UK, with one if four people thought to be affected. Symptoms range from trivial annoyances to life-threatening reactions. If you’re worried about an allergy, our doctors are on the other end of the phone to talk you through it. Here at Dr Morton’s - the medical helpline© you can: more info more info free delivery Dr Morton's Prescription© for hay fever more info free delivery Dr Morton's Prescription© for hay fever and itchy eyes more info Allergy Symptoms If you have any of the following symptoms, you may be suffering from a life-threatening allergic reaction. You should use an Epipen and call 999 immediately: What causes allergies? There are many allergens out there that can cause symptoms, but here are some common culprits: Hay fever Hay fever is extremely common. It is caused by an allergy to pollen, and typically happens in the summer months. It is a type of allergic rhinitis. Do I have a true allergy? There is a subtle difference between being sensitive/intolerant to something and being allergic to it. Take latex as an example: many people will develop irritation between their fingers if they wear rubber washing-up gloves. This is because they are sensitive or intolerant to latex. However, if your hands swell and your lips tingle if you come into contact with latex, it means you have a true latex allergy and you should speak to a doctor about it. Also, be careful if you’re going into hospital for any tests or procedures, as latex gloves are often used by medical staff and they may not realise you’re allergic to it. What happens to the body during an allergic reaction? Allergic reactions occur when the immune system starts to be ‘hypersensitive’ to substances that normally wouldn’t cause problems. When immune cells come into contact with these substances (‘allergens’), they cause a chain reaction of events that ends with the release of a substance called histamine. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable (leaky) to water, causing swelling, redness and warmth. When this process happens in the nasal lining, it causes a runny nose. Histamine also affects nerve endings, leading to itching or pain. So why does the immune system keep reacting in this way time and time again? Well, your immune cells produce antibodies, which are protein structures that normally tell your body what to do when it is attacked by things like bacteria or viruses. In allergies, this process goes wrong, and your body thinks it is being attacked every time you come into contact with the substance you’re allergic to. The antibodies stay in your system and remind your immune cells to react in the same inappropriate way every time you’re exposed to your allergen, which is why the problem can last for years. Children more commonly are affected by allergies than adults, and it is possible to grow out of them. When should I contact a doctor? If you’re experiencing breathing difficulties or a swelling in the throat, you must immediately use an Epipen and call 999. If you’ve been exposed to an allergen and you notice the swelling and redness getting worse and spreading, you should seek urgent medical attention, as it may spread to the throat. If it’s not an emergency, but your allergy is causing you distress and inconvenience, speak to a doctor. There are prescription-only medications that can be very effective, and that our GPs here at Dr Morton’s can provide for you (see more in the ‘Treatment for allergies’ section below). How are allergies diagnosed? Often you don’t need any formal testing to be diagnosed with an allergy, as a doctor will normally be able to tell from your symptoms and your medical history. However, if the cause of your allergy is not clear, you may be sent for further tests. Speak to your regular GP if you would like to be referred. Skin prick testing During a skin prick test, droplets of fluid are placed on your arm. The droplets each contain a substance that you might be allergic to. Then, the skin beneath the droplet is pricked gently with a needle, and a red, itchy bump will appear if you are allergic to that particular substance. Patch tests If you suffer from contact dermatitis, you may be referred for patch testing. It involves sticking metal discs to your skin that contain the suspected allergen, to see if you react to it. Blood assays This is a blood test. A sample of the blood is taken and tested in the lab for antibodies to various substances. Elimination diet This involves avoiding particular types of food to see if your symptoms get better. You may gradually be asked to re-introduce food types one at a time to see which ones cause a reaction. Please remember that you should not attempt any allergy testing without the guidance of a qualified medical professional. Treatment for allergies If you suffer from hay fever and would like treatment, you can order one of our specialist prescription packs, containing non-drowsy anithistamines, from our hay fever page. One of our highly experienced, GMC registered doctors will check your order, and if they’re happy to prescribe it, your chosen pack can be delivered straight to your door. The medications in this pack can also be very helpful in combatting other allergies, so please do get in touch with us if you’d like a custom prescription. Treatment for severe allergies For those who may be at risk of anaphylaxis, it is advisable to carry an EpiPen at all time. EpiPens contain adrenaline which quickly relieves the allergic reaction. It is important to note that if you ever need to use your EpiPen because you’re having a severe allergic reaction, you should ring 999 immediately. If you’re with someone who is having a severe allergic reaction, get the suspected allergen away from them if possible and call 999. Lie the person flat on the floor with their legs raised and use an Epipen if one is available. Some allergic responses, such as gluten allergies, may take years to come to light and can be difficult to treat. If you are concerned that you may be allergic to something, it is best to speak to a doctor. This page was last updated on 30/03/2016 Want to know more? Related topics ← back to relief from asthma, allergies and hay fever
Panama, Splitting The Continents Since the beginning of time, civilized nations have been engineering structures designed to last for centuries. From the Pyramids in Egypt to the Great Wall of China, from Machu Picchu to India’s Taj Mahal, mankind continually attempts to outdo itself. On a recent trip to Panama I had the pleasure of visiting one of the great marvels built in the last century. The Panama Canal was constructed in 1914 to separate the continents of North and South America. Located directly in the center of Panama, the canal links the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, creating a shipping route which saves 4 to 5 days of travel time, eliminating the treacherous waters off the coast of South America. The idea for a canal was first established by the French who began construction in 1880. Constantly interrupted by labour problems, exhaustion in the tropical temperatures and yellow fever, construction was slow. After 8 long years 22,000 workers had died from disease and the French abandoned the project. The Americans, under the direction of Teddy Roosevelt, immediately saw the benefits of a water link between the continents and set forth to undertake the task. The very first thing Roosevelt ordered was to change all the roads from dirt to cobblestone, allowing the water to run off, therefore stopping mosquitoes from breeding and thus nearly eliminating yellow fever, the greatest cause of fatality in the area. Roosevelt always wore a white fedora, which he purchased in Costa Rica. Someone asked him what the hat was called and after a moment’s thought he said, “It’s a Panama hat.” The name stuck and has become a trademark for the country. Although the death toll during the American construction was 5,600, it was far less than the French had experienced and in 1914 the canal was completed, allowing the first ship to make its way along the 80 km. journey from the Pacific to Atlantic. Ironically it was during the same month the fighting in Europe began to signify the start of World War I. Most of the canal is a series of rivers and lakes and there are three sets of locks. The most well known are the Miraflores, which feature a huge visitor centre where the operation of the canal is explained to tourists, while viewing the ships passing through. More than forty vessels make their way through the canal each day and although there are two channels all ships go one direction in the morning and the opposite in the afternoon. Cargo ships pay a fee of $72 per container ($56 if they are empty) depending on the Cargo. This translates into hundreds of thousands of dollars. The most expensive journey on record was made three years ago at a cost of $400,000. The amount however, is minimal compared to the time saved. Cruise ships are also a large user of the canal and pay in the hundreds of thousands of dollars to pass through. In the late nineties the US turned the operation of the canal over to Panama and the government has been successfully operating it ever since. Recently, construction began on two new channels nearly twice as wide as the current ones, enabling the newer class of ships to pass through. Completion is expected in 2014, the 100th anniversary of the canal. Navigating the eight hour journey through the canal is no small feat. Three pilots board a vessel and assist in piloting the ship through the narrow straits into the locks and out the other side. Train-like engines, known as mules, travel along each side of the canal pulling a cable, inserted through the front of the ship. Controllers from a tower give directions to the train drivers who, together with the pilots, guide the vessel through the locks, sometimes with only a few centimetres of clearance on either side. Most of the canal consists of a river, fed by fresh water from the mountain runoffs. The centre of the canal is raised to keep salt water out, prolonging the longevity of the metal locks. The tropical rainforest scenery along the canal is spectacular and a visit is a must if you are in the area. Panama City, the capital of Panama, has a population of just over a 3 million and is one of the most progressive cities south of the US. The canal supports a thriving economy and the country is safe from typical third world threats, such as disease or famine. It is fast becoming a haven for Canadians wishing to travel and even relocate. It is only 6 hours from Port Perry and the 30+ temperatures, the Pacific and Caribbean oceans and the lush tropical rainforests make Panama a terrific travel destination.
Cookies on this website It seems as if sleep has taken the world by storm. Not a week goes by that a new finding is not reported in the media regarding the health or cognitive consequences of good or poor sleep. Here I present studies investigating the role of sleep in newly formed memories in infants, toddlers, and preschool children. Sleep and wake, both, contribute to generalization but for very different reasons in different periods of brain development. Our work has implications for understanding the impact of sleep on infant and child learning in language acquisition, as well as for mechanisms of memory formation at these ages, but more generally is the first to ask how learning unfolds over time as a function of sleep across changing neural structures in such young children. Our research also speaks to questions of practical importance such as whether learning time is more important than nap time in preschool and whether and when preschool children can safely transition out of naps.

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