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6 Health Benefits of Water Purifiers Drinking Water Water makes up 60 percent of the human body. It is essential to life itself, and yet many people don’t know what is in their drinking water. I don’t mean to imply that these individuals would knowingly drink water that wasn’t healthy, but potential contaminants in our drinking water doesn’t necessarily rate as a big concern for many people on a day-to-day basis. As Americans we sometimes take for granted that the water running out of the tap must be deemed “approved for drinking” when in fact, a number of substances may be making it less than ideal, or even dangerous to drink. In reality, the water that comes into our homes should be viewed as a starting point for healthy water and not the finished product. Different water contains different impurities which means what may be necessary or helpful for my water may not be something that your water needs at all. To make matters worse, we can’t rely on our senses of taste and smell to determine what is or is not in our water. Sometimes water that is dangerously contaminated looks, smells and even tastes exactly like water that is safe to drink. The good news is that there are effective ways to treat hundreds of contaminants found commonly in drinking water, and a variety of reasonably priced purifiers are available on the market for home use. We will take a look at some health benefits of drinking purified water, and make the case for why a purification system is something you should install in your home. General Risks First let’s brake down the health risks into two subcategories. 1. Acute Illnesses Acute illnesses cause symptoms to appear relatively quickly after drinking contaminated water and the risk is generally the same no matter how long the exposure to the contaminant. For example, drinking water with fecal coliform is detrimental even if it is only consumed for one day. Causing acute illnesses are organisms like bacteria, cysts and viruses which infect the body and show signs of infection within days or weeks of exposure. Many times acute illnesses are gastrointestinal in nature and cause vomiting and diarrhea, or sometimes even bacterial ulcers. Examples of water borne illnesses are Giardia, Campylobacter, E.Coli, H.Pilory, just to name a few. 2. Chronic illnesses Chronic illnesses arise when the accumulated contaminants in drinking water cause long-term issues over a period of time directly correlating to exposure to the contaminate. Lead is a good example of a heavy metal that has negative effects over a long period of time which can become more serious the longer the exposure. Both subsets of illnesses are dangerous in their own way and both can and should be avoided by consuming water that has been filtered or purified in some way to rid it of the offending impurities. There are lots of different approaches to take to clean drinking water and make it healthy to consume. Some of the most common techniques include: Carbon filtration, Revers Osmosis, Distillation, Ultraviolet light, and Ion Exchange resins. No matter which technique best suites the specific contaminants in your water, here are a few benefits of drinking clean, purified water. 1. Gut Health As previously mentioned, many of the acute illnesses contracted by infected water manifest in symptoms of the gut. Feeling badly isn’t the only negative effect from these microorganisms, however. The gut is the powerhouse of the immune system, and most of the immune system (70 percent) is housed in it. When the good bacteria in your gut are demolished by infections, not only do you feel ill, but the very cells of your immune system are destroyed. Repairing them can take time, and in the interim you are left vulnerable to other infections which could have been fought off with a strong immune system. Of course, certain foods and supplements like pre and probiotics help the good bacteria and immune cells rebuild, but keeping your body safe from pathogens in the first place is obviously the best way to avoid illness in the first place. Gut health begets overall health, and once that has been compromised your body has to fight to regain strength and support from its immune system. Water containing bacteria and other pathogens can increase the likelihood of wiping out the helpful, protective bacteria we need to stay healthy. Conversely, making a habit of drinking water which has been purified can go a long way in helping your body do its job of fighting off infection. 2. Hydration Although it may seem obvious, don’t overlook the importance of staying hydrated. As mentioned, the majority of the body is water which includes vital organs, some of which are over 80% water. If you have ever taken a large drink of water and felt really good, you may recall thinking that you hadn’t realized how poorly you felt before being hydrated. That is because there is not a single aspect of your body that functions well when under hydrated. Continually ingesting clean water is not only vital for life but for optimal health and function of our whole bodies. 3. Healthy, Beautiful Skin The organ with the largest surface area is no exception to the rule of requiring water to function well. Skin covers and protects our entire bodies and is a “first responder” to threats from the outside world. You may have heard that health is beauty and in this case it is certainly true. Drinking enough water literally “plumps” up skin and makes fine lines less prominent. It can also help calm outbreaks of certain skin conditions like eczema when triggered by sweat. Drinking water helps to flush out the toxins in your skin when you do sweat which in turn keeps your body at an optimal temperature. Exposing skin to water that is free of unwanted chemicals and other toxins also helps to keep your skin in prime condition. If you are prone to dry skin you may have noticed that harsh chemicals like chlorine and hard water make this worse, while softer purified water doesn’t trigger uncomfortable dry skin. A whole-house water softener or filtration system can have a big impact on how your skin feels. 4. Healthy Hair In addition to skin, clean, pure water is also excellent for hair. Water containing too many of the wrong minerals or unwanted chemicals can strip hair of necessary oils and make it dull and dry. Exposure to hard water can increase dry, itchy scalp and make dyed hair fade more quickly. When hair is exposed to hard water some of the residual minerals often stay under the cuticle of the hair making it feel like there is a rough buildup which can be difficult to remove. No matter what you put on your hair, washing it with hard water or water with certain chemicals can make it look and feel unhealthy and stiff. Think of the greenish tinge that sometimes occurs on the hair of children who spend summers in swimming pools. While you may not notice your hair turning green, excess chlorine and chloramine in water can be damaging to hair from the inside out. Not only do these chemicals dry out your strands, but as they soak into your scalp, they can also damage the hair follicle so it doesn’t grow to it’s full potential. 5. No Toxins Ingesting and bathing in water without toxins in general is a huge perk of having a water purifier or filtration system. Even if you get water from your local municipality or “city water” don’t automatically assume that it is free of unwanted contaminants. In fact, most likely your water is full of substances at levels that are not ideal and can even be harmful. A man wearing a gas mask and the gloomy atmosphere From too much Flouride to arsenic and aluminum, dangerous substances in water abound no matter where you live. The effects of drinking and exposing yourself to water with poisonous chemicals and heavy metals can cause a range of health problems. Installing a purification system lets you drink the water without concern for what it may do to your health. 6. Remineralization Another reason to invest in a home purification system for your water, is that of remineralizing the water you drink. Many of the minerals found in your water are necessary and helpful to keep you healthy but only in specific amounts. Removing certain minerals completely from water is unadvisable since you miss out on the benefits of healthy amounts of those minerals. Many home purification systems are designed to filter water and then replenish it with the proper amounts of minerals essential to the body, all in one seamless process. I hope this has helped to enumerate some of the reasons owning a water purification system in your home can benefit your health and that of your entire household. Ensuring that the water coming into your home is clean and free of toxins is more than a luxury or a preference. Clean water can be the difference between staying well and battling infections and chronic health concerns. If reading this article has you convinced but you aren’t sure of the next step to take, we recommend reading some of our other posts on which water purifiers are best at removing particular contaminants. Additionally, have your water tested in a local lab to be sure of what you need to treat and choose a filtration system based on that information. Leave a Reply
Order Now Robert Penn Warren One day Robert Penn Warren has said that “the typical Hemingway hero is the man aware, or in the process of becoming aware, of nada.” Thus, the main aim of this project is to explain the above stated Warren’s claim in the context of a story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” by Ernest Hemingway. In “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” the author pays our attention on the pain of an old age person, who suffered from different things in the frames of his own reality. Three stages of life, such as birth, living and death, are brightly depicted in the story and three characters symbolize them in a good way. Three symbols, or it will be better to say images, are light and dark, as an attempt to show the main difference between the young people and the old man; man’s deafness, as a kind of separation of this person from the rest society and reality; and ‘nada’ as an end of all in the world. First of all it is necessary to mention that the concept of ‘nada’ has its interesting and extraordinary meaning in Hemingway’s literature. It even seems that Hemingway’s ‘nada’ is the concept that was used in accordance with author’s specific philosophy and life position. Exploring ‘nada’, Hemingway in many cases appealed to the dark side of human nature and showed readers confrontation of different positions in human mind and consciousness. According to Hemingway, a man is born in an absolutely indifferent and completely naturalistic universe: a universe without miraculous sanction, and that is why without special purpose, meaning, value or some order. In such a way the ‘nada’ focuses on person’s confrontation with the absence of some order and God, with the presence of indifference and seeming to be true hostility of the surrounding universe, and to top it all, the absence of the above numerated notions as purpose, order, value and meaning not only in the universe, but also in human life. Thinking about the word ‘nada’ in its essence we see that in English it basically means ‘nothing’. But relating this concept to Hemingway’s works of literature, exactly discussing it in the frames of the story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”, we see that it means much more than the simple and often used word nothing. It is important to think about the meaning of the term ‘nada’ for the main protagonist of the story, because it allows him to be away from the world around him, from his pain and loneliness. It seems that the person is tired to live during a day, because he hears nothing and feels his absence in the surrounding world, thus, he trying to visit café at night, when it is calm and quite there and he has nothing to loose due to his deafness. Analyzing the story it becomes obvious that the idea of ‘nada’ is good explained by the older waiter monologue when he was talking about the nada, and quoting this part from the story we see the following: “What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread, It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived init and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y naday pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. He smiled and stood before a bar with a shining steam pressure coffee machine.” (Hemingway,1990) It looks like a prayer where instead of ‘Our Father’ and ‘Kingdom’ were used ‘nada’ and exactly ‘nada’ was presented as an end of everything. Thus, it is necessary to ask the Lord for ‘nada’ or maybe not the Lord, but ask the ‘nada’ for ‘nada’. To sum up, it is possible to say in conclusion that the concept of ‘nada’ opens us the hidden essence of the novel, because nothing is the end for everything and at this end will appear a clean, well-lighted place, the Heavenly (New) Jerusalem without night and insomnia. There is no doubt that Hemingway explains his position of nada in his own specific way, using specific protagonist for this aim, but exactly to such author’s hidden hints every person has an opportunity to form own opinion and think about eternal things among the problems of contemporary fussy world. Work cited: Hemingway, E. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Creative Education, 1990.
(redirected from horizontals) References in classic literature ? His external balloon, which had the dimensions given above, contained a less one of the same shape, which was only forty-five feet in horizontal, and sixty-eight feet in vertical diameter. With steady head and hand, he depressed the forward horizontal rudder--just recklessly enough and not a fraction more--and the monoplane dived head foremost and sharply down the void. This body of water was divided by horizontal partitions, which the shock of the departure would have to break in succession. The curiosity excited by this unusual exposure of the secrets of the lake seemed to be mutual between the heiress of the land and the lord of these waters, for the “ “salmon-trout” soon announced his interest by raising his head and body for a few degrees above a horizontal line, and then dropping them again into a horizontal position.
little did they know < Previous \| Next > Good evening everybody! I was reading a post on a rescue dog and I found an idiomatic expression I can't translate: little did they know What does it mean? :confused: Here is a passage from the post: "Jonny Hickey was a young boy struggling with autism. The developmental disorder is characterized by difficulty in social situations, and it kept Jonny in a world of his own. Not even his parents could get close to him. Little did they know, Jonny was about to make a very special connection when they visited the shelter’s open house." Thanks in advance. :) • < Previous \| Next >
June 25, 2019 Clean energy requires rare metals. Should we mine the ocean floor to get them? News Source: Grist Author(s): Leta Dickinson Our need for metals runs deep. How deep, you might ask? Why, up to 16,000 feet deep, in the form of potato-sized lumps of metal lying on the seafloor in some of the deepest parts of the oceans. We’ve been making sci-fi movies and writing books about it for decades, but commercial deep-sea mining might soon become a reality. Here’s everything you need to know about this up-and-coming industry. If not oil and gas, what? If not now, when? It starts with our need for clean energy. We’re in the midst of an energy revolution: Cities and countries around the globe are switching to clean energy to curb their carbon emissions. It’s become a common government and company promise to say ‘net-zero carbon emissions by insert-year-here.’ With so many proposed transitions to renewables, the real lynchpin is keeping up with the demands for infrastructure. And this means metals. Battery storage, solar and wind power generation, and continued tech advancement require metals like neodymium, dysprosium, tellurium, cadmium, lithium, and cobalt, to name a few. A single Tesla Model S battery alone contains over 60 kilograms of lithium. And sure, maybe we can’t all afford a Tesla, but if you want a zero carbon-emitting solar power and electricity at night, batteries — and lithium — are still key. The unique properties of metals are at the foundation of renewable technologies, like magneticity and conductivity, and allow them to turn wind and sunlight into usable, storable, energy. Many of these metals can be quite rare, and their demand is expected to soar over the next decades. So where can we get all these metals? That’s where deep-sea mining could come in. Sounds pretty straightforward, right? That is, if we understood more about this mysterious terrain. We know more about the surface of the moon than we do about the depths of our oceans, but one thing we do know is that the oceans hold a lot of metals. We’re talking tellurium in concentrations 50,000 times higher than terrestrial deposits. Millions of tons of copper, zinc, gold, and silver. And only thousands of feet of water and a diverse and mostly unknown habitat in our way. The skinny on deep-sea mining Real interest in the resource extraction of the deep sea began in 1967, when geologist John Mero published a book that suggested these metals could be used to meet global demand for technology and electrification. Following this growing interest, the U.N. responded in 1982 with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a treaty that sought to regulate the high seas by declaring them the “common heritage of mankind.” It also created three institutions to govern the exploitation of the ocean, including the International Seabed Authority, or ISA. It’s clear that the U.N. intended the resources of the seas to be used, but also regulated. In the nearly 40 years since the treaty’s drafting, the treasure trove of the deep remains unmined. Yet the technology for mining is on the way. In September 2017, Japan became the first country to run a large-scale, deep-sea mining test, proving that it was indeed possible. Including one for Japan, the ISA has handed out 29 contracts for exploration to countries and companies, allowing them to develop equipment, run tests, and peruse the seabed for possible mining sites. The organization has been working toward creating international regulations governing deep-sea extraction. The ISA drafts a new set of rules every six months and invites consultation from member states, private companies, and organizations. The next session is in July with the final regulations due to be completed by 2020. No such thing as a free lunch, or free metals, apparently The idea of deep-sea mining has long had a bad rap in the eyes of environmentalists — the ecosystem is only just beginning to be understood, and most scientists see some biodiversity loss as an unavoidable side effect. The more intensive types of deep-sea mining involve actually removing parts of the seabed or seamounts, which would kill any life living there and would take decades (at the very least) for the habitat to fully recover. The most common type of deep-sea mining, polymetallic nodule collection, is less intensive and more simple. The metal-containing nodules rest scattered across the large stretches of underwater plains. Prototypes involve harvesters on belted tracks rolling across the seabed, suctioning up the nodules and sending them via flexible pipe up to a surface boat. Anything else that’s collected, like water and sediment, is returned back to the seafloor. Even though polymetallic nodule collection tends to be less harmful than the other forms of mining, there are still many issues associated with the process. Scientists like Daniel Jones see serious consequences for the sensitive habitat. “Imagine a tractor or farm vehicle going over a field,” said Jones, a deep-sea biologist at the National Oceanography Center in South Hampton, in the U.K. “It disturbs everything, especially the sediments, which take a very long time to settle. In addition, they’re taking off the top few centimeters of sediment and the nodules, and that’s where the majority of the life lives in that environment.” Besides these “plumes” of displaced sediment and removal of nodules, other risksto sea life include heat, noise, and light emitted from mining vehicles. The not-so-great alternative to deep-sea mining Right now, terrestrial mines are the status quo source for renewable technology metals. If you put solar panels on your roof, buy an electric car, or support your city or state’s offshore wind turbine initiatives, you’re supporting terrestrial mining. What does that really mean? If we revisit this wistful Tesla example, a lithium-ion battery contains lithium, nickel, and cobalt, two of which (lithium and cobalt) Tesla already says are in short supply. Most lithium comes from the “Lithium Triangle” — Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia — where the sought-after resource uses huge amounts of fresh water in an already arid region and pollutes the rest with toxic chemicals. Nickel mining often saturates nearby towns with heavy metals and thick, industrial pollution — rivers in Russia run red and NASA says you could mine the soil. Cobalt is no better; the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the main supplier of the world’s cobalt, where an unknown number of children work in hazardous mine conditions for meager pay. Basically, your hands might be dirty, even if your technology is “clean.” And, to put a cherry on top of this harrowing sundae, there’s evidence to support the fact that many terrestrial ore grades, or the quality of extracted metals, are falling. Recycling these metals isn’t viable yet — there isn’t much infrastructure in place yet. Plus, even if we built up the systems, it is expected that the new demand will exceed the existing supply within 20 years. We simply need more metals. As demand for these metals continues to climb, and the viability of traditional mining falls, some look to deep-sea mining as an unavoidable outcome. Using deep-sea mining superpowers for good So, is it inevitable that we inflict some damage on the deep-sea in order to create green infrastructure? “Some people would speak of a devil’s bargain,” said Conn Nugent, the project director of the Pew Charitable Trust’s Seabed Mining Project and an observer of ISA meetings. This is why it has taken so long for the ISA to translate the cryptic meaning of the Law of the Sea treaty into mining regulations. In order to create a set of regulations and protections to preserve the deep sea while also providing enough leeway for mining industries to meet global metal demand, the ISA must take feedback from interested mining parties, as well as conservation-focused scientists. In terms of protection, the ISA has already designated large swathes of no-mining zones and has drafted regulations on the mining process to keep them minimally invasive. The organization has been collecting information about deep sea flora and fauna since its creation, and requires contractors to “assess potential effects of their activities.” If the ISA is careful to create conservative mining regulations, some scientists see potential for the industry to also create opportunities for further exploration and understanding of the deep sea. Andrew Thaler, a deep-sea biologist and frequent observer at ISA sessions, says that mining expeditions will be in the best position to study remote deep-sea life. They will have more access and equipment to study the deep than ever before. Plus, Thaler argues that all of the concerned parties have environmentalism in mind to some degree. “I talk to a lot of people at these different mining companies,” Thaler said. “I haven’t met anyone involved in this process that doesn’t genuinely care to some extent about the ecosystems they are working on. Unlike any other extractive industry in pretty much human history, this is really the first industry where science and environmentalism have had a 50-year head start.” If deep-sea mining is done with care, it could be a boon to our renewables industry and even our understanding of the fragile ecosystem of the deep sea. Maybe even something as intrinsically destructive as mining might have a silver lining. Pun intended.
World Malaria Day : Fighting malaria alongside COVID-19 Productivity losses from malaria are estimated to cost the Indian economy $3 billion every year. Despite this, malaria remains almost invisible in the public eye. World Malaria Day : Fighting malaria alongside COVID-19By Jayeeta Chowdhury, Prog. Director & Sagar Atre, Prog. Manager, India Health Fund, Tata Trusts The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has served as a painful reminder for countries across the world to have strong health systems which can provide the necessary care during a pandemic while continuing to provide its routine services to prevent resurgences of older, entrenched diseases. This situation is especially true for countries such as India which has a burden of both. India recorded 4.29 lakh malaria cases in 2019, although mortality numbers have plummeted. Productivity losses from malaria are estimated to cost the Indian economy $3 billion every year. Despite this, malaria remains almost invisible in the public eye. India has done well to eradicate infectious diseases, such as smallpox, effectively demonstrating admirable planning and precise execution for controlling these diseases. Even for malaria, India has managed to reduce caseloads from nearly 6.4 million cases in 1976 to only 4.29 lakh cases in 2018. From the past three years, India has bucked the trend compared to most endemic countries in the world when it comes to malaria cases. India achieved a massive 28% reduction in cases in 2018 as the result of a multi-pronged, sustained effort to detect, treat and prevent malaria in the most endemic areas of India. In the hyper-endemic nations of Africa, malaria elimination efforts have plateaued, possibly due to the reduced efficacy of drugs such as Artemisinin-based therapies and vector control tools such as long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets. India too, must be vigilant, due to its proximity to South East Asian region where there is a growing threat on resistance to drugs and insecticides. It will be necessary to have strong inter-agency cooperation and border controls to ensure monitoring. Global health experts have warned that there is a high likelihood of a deprioritisation of older infectious diseases due to the systemic burden of COVID-19, due to which the routine screening and care of old diseases such as malaria may suffer. The WHO recently warned that nearly 769000 deaths could occur due to malaria in Africa if current efforts are halted or scaled back It demonstrates the need for ensuring that such gaps are minimized in the malaria care chain. It will be disastrous if malaria in India sees a resurgence. India has faced such a resurgence before, when after nearly eliminating malaria in 1961, India rolled back its malaria programme and faced a deadly resurgence. Lessons learnt from the past should enable better preparedness. While strengthening health systems is an ongoing and long process, creating platform-based, cross-applicable technological solutions is the need of the hour. COVID-19 unravelled the need for better preparedness for repurposing any existing product-based solution towards controlling it. It is this gap that has delayed rapid development or adaptations for COVID-19 around the world, despite the outpour of resources to address the crisis. Hence, farsightedness in building a pipeline of innovations that can address infectious diseases for prevention and management during outbreak is a pressing need. For many of the old infectious diseases, the tools to prevent and treat them are available, however, having diagnostic platforms which can rapidly rule out diseases and provide a correct diagnosis are necessary, especially for diseases such as malaria where the common symptoms such as fever, chills, etc. may easily be mistaken for other diseases, including COVID-19. Such platforms will not only provide accurate diagnosis, but in rural areas where ready access to specialist care maybe a problem, a rapid differential diagnosis may save time and lives. Development of multi-disease diagnostic platforms, technology-based data and surveillance mechanisms deployable in remote areas that can be used for comprehensive testing, monitoring and planning of health programmes are an urgent necessity which will address many diseases. For example, India Health Fund’s partner Molbio’s PCR based Trunat diagnostic platform which has been repurposed to screen for COVID-19 detection. It is equally crucial to ensure these novel tools withstand infrastructural and connectivity challenges, failing which monitoring, tracking and reporting of malaria will take a beating. Building resilient and agile health systems is necessary to bolster strong systems with innovations which can improve their accuracy, usability, access, efficiency and impact. Fortunately, most relevant stakeholders in the nation have acknowledged the need for a confluence of these two approaches. The efforts of entities such as government-run BIRAC, the Atal Innovation Missions, Start Up India have helped accelerate the journey of innovations in many other sectors including health. Among philanthropic initiatives, Tata Trusts seeded India Health Fund is dedicated to aggregate and foster innovations to combat infectious diseases like Malaria, IHF has stepped up action to pool in resources from private and public sources to accelerate the development of tools and solutions pipeline in India. Malaria holds a unique place in history, killing nearly half of humanity since ancient times. COVID-19, on the other hand, has taken humanity by surprise, quickly overwhelming our health systems with a deluge of patients. To avert such a recurrence, we need farsighted approach for strengthening health system coupled with openness to promote and fund disruptive innovations for tackling both old and emerging infections. Follow and connect with us on , Facebook, Linkedin Sponsored Stories appiIMAIDAHealthcare Federation of IndiaAIMENeoCon2015
Home Animals New study reveals leopards are able to coexist with humans New study reveals leopards are able to coexist with humans A recent study cataloging the first -ever GPS collared leopards in India revealed that a leopard spotted near a human settlement, first through to be a stray, may not have been lost after all. Vidya Athreya and her team of biologists from the Wildlife Conservation Society collared five of the predatory cats, and surprisingly discovered that the animals stayed rather close to homes and human settlements. This is a very interesting find as it helps explain the numerous man-leopard encounters that have been happening in Mumbai, most of which have taken place at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Borivli. A report from Hindustan Times states that, while leopards are instantly portrayed as strays when found in a human settlement, this may be a common misconception. Unlike tigers, Leopards have the ability to coexist among human populations similar to bulls and hyenas. While two of the five collared leopards were relocated some 50 kilometers away from the area they were found, the other three were re-released near their original location. They were then monitored for a year. During that time, not only did they not attack any humans, but they actually actively tried to avoid contact. This new information could alter the way that India handles leopard management as a whole. Up to now, the solution has been to translocate the animals, but this is undesirable as it could lead to conflict. Instead, the study shows that, since leopards know how to stay out of the way of humans, humans could avoid problems by learning how to keep the animals away. This could be done by creating awareness through teaching people about the animals as well as explaining the different do’s and don’ts of coexisting with such creatures.
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 This is an essay On prader-willi syndrome. It is in depth and fills a solid three pages. 820 words Prader-Willi Syndrome Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic dis methodicalness that causalitys low muscle stones thumb (floppiness), short stature, cognitive disabilities (mental retardation), behavioral problems, and chronic hunger that commode lead to over-eating and life threatening obesity. The disorder is usually causal agentd by an error during sperm and clod abidanceation, not passed on from protect to child like or so genetic complaints. This makes the disease intimately impossible to detect in the p bents (only 5% of the time) (Cassidy). The disorder is considered rare, only if occurs in 1 out of every(prenominal) 14,000 people, making it the most customary genetic disorders, and the most unwashed genetic cause of obesity. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The disorder is linked with the 15th chromosome, in a diminished section labeled 15q11-q13. Scientists do not bed exactly how many genes and which specific ones are involved, scarcely th ey do know the cause of the abnormalities. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 70% of all cases of PWS are caused by maternal(p) deletion. This makes it the most common form of the disorder. The cause is; cancel of chromosome 15 inherited from the father (the part containing the PWS little genes) is missing. typic deletions are now classified as character reference 1 or Type 2, depending on the size. Deletion happens for manifestly no reason, and has a less than 1% chance of recurring). Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 25% of cases are cause by Maternal uniparental disomy. This less common form of PWS happens when both copies of chromosome 15 are inherited from the get (hence, Uniparental). In these cases, the developing embryo starts out with three copies of chromosome 15, because the mothers egg had an limited one. Later, one of the three is lost (the fathers), and has the same tack together as deletion. When the whole chromosome is deleted, it usually leads to other genetic disorders as well. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 5% of cases are caused..! . If you want to get a estimable essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com No comments: Post a Comment
Inspirations: Dragons There is something about dragons that just captures the imagination. Their powerful and have amazing abilities. Their role in our imaginations has changed over the centuries, informed by science, legend, religion and culture. They may be mere animals, or intelligent. They are a myth or a metaphor and maybe more. They can be fun to draw, but also a challenge. You won’t often find a photo of a ‘live’ dragon to pose for you. But if you know their history, you’ll be able to piece together enough of an image to create your own. Dragons in Myth, Legend and Religion: Spiritually, European dragons were thought of us ‘evil’. This is due to the influence of Christianity and the infamous claim that ‘Satan is a dragon’ in the book of Revelation (Revelation 12). However this is a bit of a stretch: the same devil is compared to both a snake and a roaring lion. Since Jesus is also compared to a Lion, we can’t say all lions are evil. And while many of us don’t like snakes, others do. They are, for better or worse, animals. A mouse might think a snake evil but most of us don’t. In artwork of the Renaissance Period they are often shown as a snakelike creatures with wings. Whether these are meant to represent a real extinct creature, or were a metaphor for sin, is known only to the creators. (ie look up when internet comes back). In any case these were characterized by not only a very lizard like look, batlike wings and an ability to breath fire. Eastern dragons on the other hand were considered good luck. It’s a symbol of water and the heavens as well as fertility. Physicality of dragons: Given the general description of dragons, it’s possible they were informed by a combination of the Bible translations and remains of dinosaurs. Unless of course there is a real dragon that is not only extinct and the remains totally destroyed or buried deep in unexplored ocean depths. It’s unknown what Eastern dragons are inspired by, but dinosaur bones are also found in China. But they share similarities to creatures in art by the aztecs and inuits. Komodo dragons are real lizards, and in some tongues the word dragon traces back to ‘serpent.’ Modern Dragons: In recent years dragons have become popular in the realm of fantasy. In some ways, they’ve always been a hot topic. But now, advances in computer science allow for the creation in digital dragons. They swoop through movies in pursuit of Harry Potter and chase knights with swords. Perhaps it’s a slow recognition in our own flaws that has us re-evaluating dragon lore. Some dragon movies have come out which show dragons as more misunderstood than monstrous. Pete’s dragon is an old Disney movie featuring a friendly animated dragon and a real boy. But at the time most dragons were villains like The Hobbit's Smaug. Now stories like ‘Dragonheart’ reveal a different tale: a dragon who helped create the code of chivalry. In the Dragonriders of Pern series, dragons are a combination of human engineering and a natural species which help combat a deadly threat from a colony planet's skies. As for the dragons of Christianity, some authors have finally recognized the gap in fantasy that Christian books had after CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien. They have created new fantasies, and unlike the old ‘villain’ dragons, new ‘hero dragons are born. Stories like Donita K. Paul’s Dragonspell series where our heroes live in a world of dragons and magic where ‘Wulder’ and his ‘Paladin’ represent the creator and all follow his laws. Their are evil dragons here too, but they have their good counterpart. Also Bryan Davis ‘Dragons in our Midst follows the tale of a boy and girl who are the children of dragons turned into humans. The dragons were pursued by slayers, who had already slain all the wicked dragons and were indiscriminately turning to the ‘good’ dragons, not caring that they served God. Prophecy says these children will save the dragons and restore the Arthurian throne. When drawing dragons, it’s helpful to keep this dragon history in mind. Is your dragon good or evil or neutral? Intelligent as a human or purely an animal? Is he a dragon from an established fantasy or are you inventing one all your own? Given that dragons are usually lizards, pictures of lizards can be useful in determining types of scales. Bats can supply the wings. Claws are important too. Natural earth colors would make up a realistic dragon. Remember that it would take huge wings to support this critter! You can of course be totally exotic. You might change bat wings for feathers, go for wilder painted colors and or markings. It can have a more mammal like paws and face. Perhaps your dragon is meant to have a rider like the ones in Dragonspell, Eragon or Dragonriders of Pern. It’s your dragon. You decide! How you draw your dragon will bring it to life and influence it’s personality. Don’t forget that where your dragon lives can help you too. Grab some pictures off the internet to reference if you want to create your own ‘cave’ backgrounds, look up sky and mountain photos for how tips and tricks on coloring your backdrop. It can be harder than it looks. Make sure your dragon stands out, at least in those features you want to be prominent. Finally: keep in mind how much of your dragon will be in your picture. A dragon is usually big and long. So if your limited to small paper you’ll either need to shrink down your dragon and lose details or focus on one area, such as the head, and crop out others. Of course, if you can afford big paper and have the place to work you can go all out! Here are a couple of cool references I've used for dragons: Dragonart: How to Draw Fantastic Dragons and Fantasy Creatures – J. “NeonDragon” Peffer DVD- Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real – Discovery Channel Volume 3 Imaginative Realism– James Gurney The Dragon Chronicles (Fiction) Dragonspell series – (Fiction – Series) Donita K. Paul Dragons in our Midst – (Fiction – Series) Bryan Davis Dragonriders of Pern (Fiction- series) – Ann McCaffrey For beginners, here is a decent video tutorial on dragons: Check my Squidoo lens on dragons for more resources! Faith, Science and Imagination Our outlook on life depends on what we let our mind see. We live in this world as a species at war with itself. I don’t just mean the visible, battles for land, food, resources and power. I mean in our way of looking at things, even within each of us individually. And then, it spills out without our even noticing. We battle between creationism, science and imagination. Some people claim evolution is a science and creationism fantasy. Others object. This leads to conflict. I say ‘prove it or, for that matter, disprove it.’ That’s what science is supposed to do. Within a species you can prove evolution, for your various wild and tame breeds of canine, feline and equine are proof enough. But I’ve never seen anything to suggest solid proof man came from a monkey. And the odds are astronomical against even a single cell coming to life without a guiding mind behind it. So it’s not like gravity, where you can drop something off a cliff and instantly prove it. If you want to teach science, you can’t claim all science is reproducible except this one thing! That makes it a scientific theory, not a fact. Whether I believe (or want to believe) the alternative theory is besides the point. I, for one, know I can’t really prove either. The truth is the beginnings are so far back no-one knows for sure. They can claim they do, but to some extent it’s all belief. Why they can’t admit it, is beyond me. At the same time, are we so sure we want to prove everything? Even bringing a child into the world is a perilous venture. And we’re trying for artificial intelligence. Who knows what will happen when the imperfect intelligence of humanity succeeds? It’s unlikely to create perfection. Many a sci fi movie is based on the robots rebelling against mankind. (Well, if mankind rebelled against God than I guess that would make us the robot’s god and turn about is fair play.) And we’ve already seen ‘Planet of the Apes’. No, I definitely am not keen on that being proven. I’m pretty sure my alarm at the idea isn’t soley due to a belief in God. On the other hand, the creation story is an account no doubt passed on for generations by storytellers before written. It seems to have lost some details along the way. For instance: if Eve came for Adam, where did Seth’s wife come from? Was she from his rib? Was she his sister? Was she a monkey? (I find that thought disturbing for a lot of reasons. No one said imagination is always a good thing.) And these children of the nephilim they mention, like the giants,-what did they look like? It says ‘giants’ came from them. And giant bones have been found. (Even now the human race seems to be getting taller all the time. Would we seem giants to our ancestors?) We know dinosaurs existed, was that before humans or a different part of the world? At least some of it does dovetail with science: there is plenty of evidence, both scientific and in world myth that there was a great flood for Noah. And the evolution with the animal kingdom could explain how he stuffed so many beasts into the arc. You don’t need every breed of feline, just a starter set. And of course, some creatures were born for life in the water anyway. Young children seem to ask these questions automatically. Then as they grow older whether Christian, Atheist or any other, their curiosity gets squashed. ‘Don’t ask’, the adults say, we don’t have the answers and fear we wouldn’t like them. Why not, I don’t know. Okay, so you believe God wrote the Bible through man. That means for all humankind, not just the rocket scientists and biologists. He certainly didn’t write it with picking apart the DNA of dinosaurs in mind. I for one, wonder if some of our ancient religions and myths aren’t connected. Science fiction is unafraid to confront such questions. Stargate dared think ‘what if the ancient gods’ were aliens. Well, what if they were these ‘children’ of nephilim or nephilim themselves? They don’t have to be actual ‘gods’ in a pantheon for there to be a Zeus or a Hera. Just someone bigger, more powerful and maybe more high tech than humanity at the time. Were there centaurs? Or was there someone with poor vision in a horseless society who was attacked? Perhaps all his colleagues, having heard it, then saw what they expected to see. Perhaps Pegasus sprang from ancient versions of the modern western: the legendary wild white stallion. As the ancient people saw it make a mighty leap away, perhaps on a high mountain, the sun and clouds contrived wings. I believe we need the ability to dare to imagine, even if we don’t believe in others viewpoints. Myth and legend often starts with a grain of truth. That’s no surprise. There probably always were storytellers who’d master a stories ‘spin’ (now they work for politicians) and capitalized on the best features of a true story and expand. Unicorn Tapestry #8 ; photo by nhyder 51 Photobucket Unicorn Tapestry #8 photo by nhyder 51 Photobucket Unicorns and dragons probably, in some form, did exist. Maybe they still do and we just don’t recognize them. Ancient tapestries show unicorns that looked like goats with one horn. Yet now we expect a magnificent horse like creature. A one horned goat would be a mere genetic mutation to us. Paintings show Sir George battling a dragon much smaller than he and the horse. Perhaps this is a metaphor for the ‘dragon’ of Revelation, the devil. If so, he’s smaller than expected. On the other hand, maybe dragons were lizards descended from dinosaurs and were (or even are) just unrecognized. Maybe it’s not that unicorns and dragons have gone, but our ability to see them. We’ve lost it either to science or faith, when we need imagination. A dragon is supposed to be terrifying by our ‘western’ standards (as opposed to the friendlier eastern dragons) . So as we become more confident and build better weapons, our imagined dragon must be bigger and scarier. He needs more than fangs to attack the children and a powerful body. He now needs a flame thrower gullet and giant wings to take to the skies. Is your mind full of the mundane or is it full of wonder? Saint George and the Dragon by Gustave Moreau Saint George and the Dragon by Gustave Moreau, photo by mafiashaolin on Photobucket But to some extent, we need them all. We need the faith (for even a belief there is no god can be considered ‘a faith’ for you can’t prove there is no god, either.) We need science. We need imagination. Perhaps imagination is the place where science meets faith and either creates a war or releases a sense of wonder. If our faith can answer the question science asks, it will be all the stronger. And if it can’t? Then we maybe we either need to think outside the box or we need a bigger box. We have far too much war. We need far more wonder. Wonder creates answers and solutions to problems the ‘wonderless’ accept as the status quo. It invented the wheel, encouraged someone to tame the first dog and ride that early horse. It created the car and the computer and sent satellites into space. It painted the Sistine Chapel and Cinderella’s castle. It creates problems, true, but also dares to dream of solutions. It dares challenge the possible. Wonder guarantees there is joy and beauty to be found round nearly any corner: if we only have the imagination and courage to look.
Hacking Chinese A better way of learning Mandarin Is it necessary to learn the stroke order of Chinese characters? Stroke order example for the character 顺, “sequence”. I remember learning to write Chinese characters for the first time. It was difficult to get the strokes in the right place, the components in the right proportions and so on. The model characters looked very neat, but mine looked horribly disfigured. As if that wasn’t difficult enough, the teacher also had the nerve to insist that I should write all those strokes in a certain order and direction! It felt like a cruel joke. Aren’t there enough things to memorise as a beginner? Is it really necessary to learn the proper stroke order for writing Chinese characters? In this article, I will discuss this question, which is often asked by beginners. The answer should be obvious for anyone who has already learnt Chinese, but since no-one explained it to me properly when I started, I’m going to explain why learning stroke order really is necessary. The short answer: Yes, you need to learn stroke order If you came here to find good arguments to convince your teacher to let you off the hook in terms of correct stroke order, I’m afraid I have to make you disappointed. However, instead of just forcing you to learn stroke order, which is what many teachers do, let’s see if I can convince you that learning stroke order is good, indeed necessary. First, let’s compare with English. Even though we don’t use complex characters to write English, the writing process is largely the same. We’re all humans with the same anatomy, we write on the same kind of paper and use the same writing tools (I’m not talking about calligraphy here, obviously). Thus, the same rules apply. General principles for stroke order Some general principles include writing strokes from top to bottom and from left to right. The first one, from top to bottom, is easy to understand from a practical point of view; it’s simply much easier to accurately pull your hand towards you than it is to push it away. The second one, from left to right, makes sense if you know that words are also written from left to right. For example, if you write the letter “f”, you’re not going to start from the bottom because that unnecessarily hard. If you write the letter “m”, you’re not going to start from the right. Why? Because doing so would significantly slow you down when you have to move the pencil to the start of the next letter, which is to the right. In other words, your native language has lots of stroke order rules, it’s just that you don’t think of them as such because you internalised them at a young age. Writing, not drawing I think the reason many beginners feel that stroke order is not very important even though their teachers (including me) insist that it is, might be because they tend to think of Chinese characters as pictures rather than written symbols. I don’t mean pictures as in pictographs, I mean pictures as something you draw, as opposed to a written symbol, which you write. There’s a big difference between drawing and writing, but for a beginner, Chinese characters might as well be pretty pictures. The faster you can transition from this mind set, the better. Chinese characters are not pictures, even though a small fraction of them did come about this way. When you draw a pretty picture, stroke order doesn’t matter at all, but if your goal is to learn to write, then proper stroke order is a must. More reasons for caring about stroke order If we disregard ease of writing for a moment, there are still additional reasons why learning proper stroke order is important. First, it matters because if you internalise the wrong principles, your writing will be harder to read. Sure, if you write perfect characters, one stroke at a time in whatever order and direction you prefer, there will be no problem when it comes to communicating; everyone will be able to read what you write. However, this is very unlikely to happen and will be very slow. You’ll start taking shortcuts, perhaps even joining strokes together. With the right stroke order, people will still be able to read what you write with ease, but if you join the wrong strokes, it can be quite difficult. Imagine if someone invented their own cursive writing in English and joined together the strokes of the letters in completely new ways! Naturally, you will also need to look at how native speakers write to get it right, but having the correct stroke order down is a necessary first step. Second, the reverse is also true. When you read someone else’s handwriting, you will have a hard time deciphering it if you’re used to joining strokes in a way radically different from them. New shapes will pop up all over the place and you’ll have no clue what they represent because joining strokes like that doesn’t make sense according to how you write. For more about this, check the following article: Learning to read handwritten Chinese Finally, if you want to use any kind of digital handwriting input, you have to know proper stroke order. Most input systems aren’t based only on pattern recognition done on the final result, but includes information such as stroke order and direction to help pinpoint the right characters. If you mess up the stroke order, you will find that the software fails to identify the right character for you. When stroke order actually doesn’t matter That being said, there are plenty of cases where stroke order doesn’t matter that much, especially when there are more than one way to write a specific character. If you think all native speakers write exactly the same way, you’re mistaken! That doesn’t mean you should invent your own stroke order, it just means that it doesn’t really matter which standard you follow. For example, take the radical 忄, “heart”. Do you write the dots/wings first, or do you write it from left to right? It doesn’t really matter. The standard for traditional characters in Taiwan is to write this radical from left to right, so dot, vertical stroke, dot. The mainland standard is to write the dots first, then the vertical stroke. Both make sense. This kind of variation is common when several stroke order rules conflict with each other. Which one is used where is probably just a fluke and not something you should pay much attention to as a beginner. Similarly, if someone says your textbook/teacher is wrong and that you should write something in a different order, feel free to ignore their advice. Finally, it’s more important that you get the stroke order within components right, and not so important which components you write first. For example, the correct way of writing characters with 辶 is to write the other component first, then finish with 辶. So if you want to write 这, you write 文, then 辶 underneath. This makes sense because you then end up in the bottom right corner and it’s easier to get the proportions right. However, doing the opposite won’t really cause any problems either with legibility or ease of writing. You must write the components themselves right, though! Conclusion: Stroke order matters; learn it! So, the conclusion is that you should learn proper stroke order from the start. If you do, you will quickly internalise the rules and you won’t need to think too much about it most of the time. Your handwriting will improve as you write more. If you write a lot and care about handwriting, you will be able to read and write characters smoothly and with good result. Writing 上班 in Skritter. If you ignore stroke order, you’re stuck in the “drawing pictures” phase and no matter how much you practice, it will be hard to achieve both smooth and legible handwriting. Invest a little bit of energy every time you learn a new character to check the proper stroke order and save yourself a ton of trouble later! One of the best ways to internalise stroke order is to use a tool like Skritter, which makes sure you write every single character in the right order and even prompts you if you do it incorrectly. Doing this from the start makes sure you internalise the rules properly! Tips and tricks for how to learn Chinese directly in your inbox 1. Mikel Maine says: “I think the reason many beginners feel that stroke order is not very important…might be because they tend to think of Chinese characters as pictures rather than written symbols.” My favorite part! Someone once explained to me, also, that once you learn proper stroke order you can actually read sloppy-looking calligraphy, because with a sense of where the brush started and where it went and where it ended, you get more of a feel for what the word is, rather than just kind of trying to figure it out by looking at its shape. 2. Stephen holtom says: I don’t think you’ve made a very good case for stroke order here — though that is admittedly a tough task. Firstly, you mention that in English particular stroke orders are more comfortable perhaps but of course in English people can and do write characters in various stroke orders and it doesn’t matter. The second argument is that it might lead to connecting the wrong strokes. I don’t see that that logically follows. That’s simply an error; you could use the right stroke order and connect the wrong strokes. Finally you concede that sometimes stroke order doesn’t matter. Altogether, it’s not a strong justification for learning stroke order. 1. Olle Linge says: Perhaps I didn’t present the arguments very well! The first point was meant to show that there are lots of “rules” for how to write English too. I gave a few examples (writing “f” and “m”). While you could violate these if you want to, no-one does. Can you ignore them? Sure, but you’d end up with slower/worse handwriting. Regarding your second argument, I didn’t claim that correct stroke order automatically leads to correct cursive/joined writing, I said that it makes it possible. With the wrong stroke order, it’s impossible. 1. Simo Heinonen says: Firstly, unless we’re talking cursive, here, I ALWAYS start my ”f”s from the bottom and work my way to the top, whether it’s a capital F, or a lower-case f, as that is simply easier and more natural for me, but then again, I’m Finnish, not English/American. Secondly, maybe more importantly, while Stephen holtom WAS TECHNICALLY guilty of a ’Non Sequitur’ (trying to argue for the needlessness of the correct stroke order with the possibility of failure even WITH the correct stroke order: ”you could use the right stroke order and connect the wrong strokes.”), I still don’t see the logic behind the opposite being impossible; with Stephen holtom’s logic, you could as well use the WRONG stroke order and connect the RIGHT strokes. Thirdly, I think you just barely missed the biggest point. At first, you were basically just arguing for, why you should deal with the stroke order the way you should, not so much for the necessity of the stroke order, itself, which obviously stems from history. Way back yee-haw, Chinese scribes used to wear garbs with really long, loose sleeves, and write with ink, and if there’s one thing we know about hand-writing, drawing, etc., it is that long, loose sleeves and ink don’t mix. The left-to-right and top-to-bottom stroke order was established (just like in Europe), so that the scribes could easily write without smudging the ink, since it’s much easier for right-handed people (~90% of people) to write from left to right, and for ALL people to write from top to bottom, without smudging the ink. That being said, you certainly have a valid point for the necessity of the stroke order. Please, don’t take this as nagging by someone, who just wants to feel good about themselves by trying to humiliate others, but rather as honest tips and advice by someone, who did reasonably well at the University course for argumentation :-). Simo Heinonen 3. 高佩德 says: How about this as a reason – your phone will have major problems recognizing what you write, if the stroke order is off. And on a personal preference note, I can’t for the life of me understand, why people so often want to reinvent the wheel. Chinese characters have been around for a day or two, giving the Chinese plenty of time to improve the system. If stroke order is still around, it stands to reason that it’s not just there to inconvenience people. So even if I know not even one good reason for learning it, why would I insist on first learning it the wrong way, only so a year down the road I can relearn it the correct and sensible way? What an utter waste of energy. 1. Olle Linge says: That’s a good point, although I think most people type on phones using phonetic input. 🙂 For students, though, it’s nice to be able to handwrite a character in Pleco, which is much faster than taking a photo and using OCR (if you have that installed). It also makes it possible to look things up quickly in online dictionaries, even if you can’t pronounce the character in question. 2. Olle Linge says: I added a note to this effect in the article itself, since it’s something which might not be immediately apparent for beginners! 3. Fearchar says: Your point about “reinventing the wheel” is perfectly valid, especially for a writing system honed through millennia. It’s just a pity that the bowdlerisers introducing the simplified Chinese character set didn’t think of that first. They ended up producing characters that are harder to memorise because they contain less information/fewer connections (quite apart from being uglier, too – which may also affect memory retention). 1. skrue says: well anyway it’s too difficult for me, so I’ll just give up chinese writing. Memorise signs is ok, but signs + order and strockes, nope, can’t do that. 4. Francois says: I would like to add that when you are looking for a character in the dictionary, if you don’t know the pinyin, then you have to draw it in order to find it. And when your stroke order is wrong, very often the dictionary won’t recognize what you wrote, and you’ll be stuck. There are OCR solutions though, a free one comes with Google Translate app, but those are to use at the last resort 🙂 5. Glenn Daily says: Another argument for learning stroke order is that it shows respect for the language that you supposedly want to learn. The Chinese take their characters very seriously, so writing the strokes in whatever order you want does not seem appropriate. Perhaps an expert in Confucian philosophy could opine on this. I visited a museum in Springfield, Massachusetts (USA) two years ago, and the children’s section had an exhibit about the Chinese calendar cycle. They provided paper and crayons for children to draw the characters of the animals (rat, ox, tiger, etc.), but they said nothing about stroke order. A missed opportunity. 6. Domen says: Really nice post. I am searching for webpage where I could download the Chinese characters stroke order for free and would be able to use it for Anki flashcards. Do you know any webpage where it would be possible to get the pictures of Chinese characters stroke order？ 7. Janis says: As for phones, good apps just require a scan, although I understand the problem with pleco. Look, yes and no is the answer here…. sometimes when writing, following stroke order still looks as if a foreigner is writing… sometimes changing the stroke order to something more comfortable to your hand/mind co-operative will make it look as if a native wrote it. Then again, some things will never look right unless you follow the order strictly. Asian calligraphers have a never-told secret… sometimes they use an unofficial stroke order to make the brush and pen work come out more artistic and beautiful looking. Personally, when I write か (ka) in Japanese Hiragana, I absolutely must reverse the first and second stroke order, or it looks like I wrote it blindfolded or drunk; probably both. It looks perfect when I do it my way, much to the chagrin of my teachers. The takeaway is to do it whatever way it looks legible, if writing for someone to read. No use following stroke order if no-one can read what you wrote. The purpose of stroke order is to make it legible, and easier to achieve the correct balance and look. More than one way to skin a cat, as it were. 8. 北京 says: I would have to disagree with you on your post. When we all learn Chinese we’re taught that stroke order matters and that is true to some extent, however not to the point where every stroke matters. I have a friend who has a Masters in Interpretation and Translation from Monterrey Institute of International Studies, and her speciality is in Mandarin to English interpretation and translation and vice versa and she says that stroke order doesn’t matter, as long as people can read what you write. She herself has said that there’s no correct way to write the characters as every school in China teaches the characters differently (she’s from the mainland btw). She writes the characters differently than my Chinese tutor does and he even writes them differently than my Chinese teacher does at my college. They all agree that stroke order doesn’t matter and they’re all Chinese. 1. Olle Linge says: I think you might misunderstand what she means. I don’t claim that the officially sanctioned way of writing is the only correct one. There are indeed many variants among native speakers, particularly if you include different generations and regions. However, these variations are all fairly minor and follows the same basic rules, they are not made up by a foreigner knowing nothing about Chinese characters! You are comparing educated native speakers and saying that there are differences and that they are all fine, concluding that differences in stroke order does not matter. I don’t think you’d reach that conclusion if you watch beginners write Chinese characters without following any of even the most basic rules. It’s next to impossible to write correct characters smoothly and quickly with completely wrong stroke order. It also becomes impossible to write any kind of joined handwriting or indeed read it because the joined strokes make no sense unless you have roughly the right stroke order. 1. 北京 says: I understand what you’re saying but I also understand what she is saying too. She even reread my comment and confirmed what I had said is correct. She said as long as you start from the top then you can write the character however you want, but it MUST start from the top, unless there is the radical for water then you must start from the left THEN the top. She said in reality though it doesn’t matter as she writes the characters differently every time she writes, and people can still read it. She did say that a lot of Chinese people have trouble even reading their own handwriting due to the differences and I would trust what she says as she does have the MA in Interpretation and Translation AND is a native speaker. She also concluded that writing in Chinese doesn’t matter unless you’re living in China and that you should focus on speaking and reading rather than writing. 1. Olle Linge says: Note that this post is not about if you should learn handwriting or not (that’s covered elsewhere, and my general conclusion is that it’s probably good to learn a basic set of a few hundred (or perhaps a thousand) characters by hand, but that’s more about learning how characters work than practical usefulness, which is next to zero for most people. When it comes to stroke order, though, I maintain that your friend is not talking about the same thing. What a native speaker does with handwriting has little or nothing to do with what we as second language learners do. I don’t believe that she writes characters differently every time. And again, it’s not pertinent to the question what variation is present in native handwriting because it’s not remotely the same as second language learner handwriting. As I’ve said, there are many variations between regions, generations and so on among native speakers, which is not a problem. As a non-native speaker, with little knowledge about characters, making up our own stroke order (or even changing it every time) IS a problem. 9. Simo Heinonen says: I, personally, write the vertical stroke first in 忄, as I see it as the backbone for the entire character, and the dots/wings as little modificants. The closest analogue in European scripts that I can think of, would be Ї, and I would never write the dots first there, either, I would always write the I first, and then add the dots. Leave a Reply to Olle Linge Cancel reply
Hacking Chinese A better way of learning Mandarin Chinese listening strategies: Improving listening speed Image source: sxc.hu/profile/4seasons Now that I have cleared the main types of listening (background, passive and active listening), it’s time to look at something which is common to all of them: listening speed. This is a concept I think is both simple and useful. I have talked about it briefly in the article about problem analysis, but apart from that I haven’t found any references to “listening speed” in the sense I’m using the word here on the internet. I don’t say I’m the first or the only one using the word like this, but I hope this article will increase awareness of the phenomenon and its importance for improving listening ability. In short, listening speed is the speed at which you can understand spoken Chinese. It’s analogous to reading speed and works the same way. For instance, both listening and reading speed are influenced by the difficulty of the language you’re presented with. While I’ve seen many articles and books about reading speed (I’ve even written one myself!), I’ve never seen anything about listening speed. That’s what we’re going to talk about today, but before we do that, let’s look at the other articles in this series: Problem analysis Background listening Passive listening Active listening Listening speed (this article) Deliberate practice and i+2 Diversify your listening practice Listening resources What is listening ability? According to my article about analysing problems with listening ability, we need five things in order to be able to understand what we’re listening to: 1. Phonological awareness 2. Vocabulary and grammar 3. Listening speed 4. Motivation and a wish to understand 5. Understanding of language and culture In this article, we will look closer at the first two in order to understand how we can achieve reading speed. Phonological awareness Phonological awareness is simply knowledge about the sounds of Standard Chinese. The sound inventory is relatively simple compared with some other languages, because Chinese doesn’t have that many different syllables (about 10% of the number in English), but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to learn. Some sounds might not exist in your native language (zh/ch/sh, z/c/s for example) and many learners feel that these are difficult to distinguish and/or pronounce. The same is true for tones. Being able to distinguish all syllables from each other is the most basic skill we need in order to understand. Vocabulary and grammar Once you can distinguish the syllables and tones used in Chinese, you can map these sounds to meaning (vocabulary or grammar). I prefer doing this with a combination of exposure and spaced repetition software. However, it’s not obvious what “mapping sounds to meaning” actually means. I think there are two ways we can understand a word: • Depth – We can understand a wide variety of usages and nuances, we can use the word in many different contexts accurately • Speed – We can map the sound to the meaning of the word quickly, which is the essence of listening speed The first of these two is what people mean when they say “I know this word”. However, as we shall see, I think how fast you know that word is of paramount importance for listening ability. This is what I call listening speed. Listening speed Let me use an example to illustrate what I mean when I say listening speed. The first time I see a word in Chinese and understand its meaning, either because I can guess it or because someone tells me what it means, a link is created between the sound and the meaning. For example: tīng lì = listening ability Next time I encounter this sound, tīng lì, I might or might not remember its meaning. If I do remember it, the recollection is probably not instantaneous; let’s say it takes me five seconds to search my mind and come up with the correct meaning. (The figures I’m use here are wild guesses and are merely included to illustrate my thoughts.) Next time I hear this word, the recollection will be quicker, let’s say it takes two seconds. Then one second. Gradually, as our brains get used to connecting the sound with the meaning, the process is completed more and more quickly. Lack of listening speed Assuming that we can distinguish the sounds used in Chinese and that our vocabulary is broad enough, we should be able to understand anything said to us in Chinese, and if we just know enough words we should be able to pass the listening test on the advanced HSK, right? Even if you understand all the words, your parsing of the sentence and it’s meaning might be too slow. If the speed at which you process the audio you hear is slower than the rate of speech, you will have a problem. By my own non-scientific estimate, news broadcasts are typically read at a pace of 3-4 syllables per second, which gives something like 2-3 words per second. Thus, if you require more than half a second to understand what these words mean, you will get lost very quickly. This is of course a crude example and the actual speed required is faster than that, because you not only need to understand all the words, you also need time to understand the sentence as a whole and how it related to the topic in general. The solution is simple: Listen more I think the solution is very simple indeed: Listen as much as you can. Each time you hear a word you understand, the time required to retrieve that word will decrease. If you’ve learnt thousands of words in Chinese, you need to listen a lot before you’ve heard all those words a significant number of times. Before you have, you will continuously run into problems with listening speed. Note that you have to understand what you hear for this to be effective. You’re training your brain to link e.g. “tīng lì” to the meaning of “listening ability”, but if your brain can’t make the connection, it doesn’t count (it might still be good for practising other things, though). A very simple solution is to use an SRS which is capable of reading all the words for you (Anki, for instance). For the purpose of listening speed, it’s of course better to have the audio on the front of the flashcard (as part of the question), but if that doesn’t work with how you’ve set up your cards (let’s say you’re testing yourself on the pronunciation of characters), you can still add the audio to the back of the card (as part of the answer), which means you will still hear the sound each time you review the card and can associate it with its meaning. Listening to the words in context is of course even better, but SRS is a very good start and an excellent complement. Quantity is king The more you listen, the better. In this case, it doesn’t need to be very advanced or hard, just listen as much as you can. Listening to the same audio more than once is fine, but don’t overdo it, because the brain is very good at learning context, which means that you might understand words only in the context you’ve encountered them, but not in others. Thus, the best way to improve listening speed is listening to audio you can understand and do it a lot. This is the main reason why I think passive listening is so important! Without it, our brains would simply not be able to parse audio quickly enough to allow us to understand the meaning behind the sounds. Tips and tricks for how to learn Chinese directly in your inbox 1. Maikeximu says: Good article, yeah listening speed is an important part of study and fluency in Chinese. What i find more and more difficult is the dialect Chinese which occupies such a large place especially in Shanghai. For instance, I had to speak with three people tonight (just eating some 烤肉 around the street). The first one was from Xinjiang, the second from Zhejiang and the last from Henan. Their accent was actually different and even if I’m accustomed to Shanghai way of speaking Mandarin, it’s still hard to jump (even some of them had to repeat to others). What I find particularly difficult is then not to listen and understand but much more adapting and building my own “Putonghua”. It’s so weird, when I’m buying cigarette I’d use the Shanghainese Putonghua whereas when I’m meeting Henan people, I can’t just help but to sort of “copy” their way of speaking right after when I’m answering even if my level is acceptable. It’s been a while I’ve been to Beijing but it would be sure that the way to speak would transform me to speak 儿语 in a few weeks. Listening speed is also quite a big problem as the massive gap of “real Chinese conferences and broadcast TV” won’t know that you are a foreigner and hence not make any difference. It’s usually the case when you’re talking to people. They eventually use at most “intermediate ++” for adressing to me. It feels safe and understandable but somehow makes your listening speed to a climax when speaking/listening “normal and everyday stuff” and getting you lost when they’d meet other friends. They often do not use many proverbs or rare sentence patterns. Thus, the listening speed is getting good for “contextual listening” but not wide enough for “skilled/contextual specialized” patterns. Long comment, and yes, the best way to improve is to listen more and more (and learn Shanghainese maybe ^^). Thanks for your article. 1. Olle Linge says: I think what you say about dialects is crucial and it’s actually something I have an article planned for. Even though Chinese sounds are relatively simple, they still come in a lot of varieties depending on where the speaker comes from. Thus, even if we can understand people perfectly in one area, we might have have difficulties with people from other parts of China (assuming that they speaking Mandarin). I have experienced this over and over. I meet someone new (or listen to a new person on the radio) and feel depressed because I can’t hear what they say. After getting to know them, I understand everything they say. This is not because my Chinese has improved as such, but because I’m used to their voices and dialects. Thus, listening ability is very much about being used to different dialects and voices! 2. LeeHunter says: I’ve been noticing that listening is a lot better if I’m in a state which is confident, relaxed and alert. So far, I haven’t really been able to achieve that state in conversation (too much performance anxiety) but I often get there when I’m watching dramas on TV. I think what’s happening is that my conscious mind is getting out of the way and letting the assimilative part of the brain pull the story line and the dialogue together. It’s a very cool feeling when it happens. 1. Allan Ngo says: Hey Lee, I can relate with what you said about improved listening skills when one is confident and relaxed. Somehow I could understand things better when I’m not trying as hard. Personally, I feel that the conscious brain works too hard when I’m not relaxed. It’s processing the information and worrying about getting it right all at the same time which leads to frustration and headaches. Nice post Olle. I’ll check the audio component of Anki out as well. 2. Olle Linge says: I agree, this is very interesting. This is the state we want to be in when sitting an exam, but this is of course even harder than doing it everyday life. I remember taking the advanced TOCFL in Berlin last autumn. I knew the listening would be the hardest part and was really nervous. I think I missed a few points simply from not being able to relax at all the first few minutes. I might have lost even more points later, because even though I got more and more into the exercises, I couldn’t relax at all. Tests are a very special kind of situation which isn’t necessarily related to what we do normally. 1. Allan Ngo says: Yes, examinations are indeed a perfect example of this. I have experienced that as well. The worst part is when your frustrations from ones you missed early on carry over to the succeeding questions, it creates a compounding effect that is hard to get out of. Ironically, in this case, having a short memory (forgetting the preceding mistake) is actually beneficial when taking an exam 🙂 1. Olle Linge says: I agree completely, I remember tests when the previous question was audibly still echoing around in my head. Then you find yourself in the middle of next question without even knowing what it’s about. Parsing speed is very, very important, becaue if you don’t have that, you will fail even if you know every single word, phrase and grammar pattern used on the test. 3. Sara K. says: I’m surprised you didn’t mention the audio function on Anki. I’ve found it a very useful way to put listening speed practice into my anki reviews. I can tell whether it takes me half a second or 5 seconds to identify the word in the audio, and after each review the time gets shorter (unless a word isn’t sticking in my mind for some reason). Of course, it depends on how large the audio deck it – if it’s a small deck, then your brain will learn the context, but the larger the deck, the less your brain can identify the word based on context. There are some pre-made Mandarin-audio decks for Anki which I have found useful. I admit that I haven’t made any of my own Mandarin-audio cards because making an audio card takes more time than making a non-audio card, though I am in the process of building my own Hakka-audio deck because a) I think that having the audio is really important for my Hakka deck and b) there are no pre-made Hakka decks. 1. Olle Linge says: Ouch, I actually forgot about that. Loooking at my “this should be included in the article” list, one of the items actually says “Anki and SRS”. Thank you for pointing this out, I have now added a paragraph about SRS. 🙂 4. Fearchar I MacIllFhinnein says: This article is bang on the money. Another problem that isn’t quite related to dialects: if you’re trying to get standard Taiwanese Mandarin, most of the recordings generally available are in mainland Mandarin, and are stuffed full of neutral tones. The result? It’s hard to get examples with non-neutral tones, which woudl help in learning words. Leave a Reply to Fearchar I MacIllFhinnein Cancel reply
Chronic Sinusitis What is Chronic Sinusitis? Chronic sinusitis is the result of ongoing inflammation/infection of the lining of the sinuses. This results in developing one or more of the following symptoms: Chronic fatigue, facial pain/pressure, poor sense of smell, facial congestion, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and/or post nasal drip. If left untreated, this disease has been shown to progressively worsen leading to a reduced quality of life. How does it develop? Multiple factors can lead to its development and include abnormal variations in anatomical structures within or around the sinuses, viral/bacterial infections, environmental allergies, genetic factors, and the possible presence of fungi in the sinuses. How can it be treated? Due to its multifactorial aetiology, both surgical and medical treatment options are needed to control this disease. Medications alone (without sinus surgery) have been used in the past and unfortunately, do not have the ability to treat this disease in the majority of cases due to the reasons mentioned above. Medications include Antibiotics, nasal saline irrigation, steroid nasal sprays, decongestants, antihistamines, etc.
Expository Essay The purpose of an expository essay is to present, completely and fairly, other people's views or to report about an event or a situation. Expository writing, or exposition, presents a subject in detail, apart from criticism, argument, or development; i.e., the writer elucidates a subject by analyzing it. Such writing is discourse designed to convey information or explain what is difficult to understand. Exposition usually proceeds by the orderly analysis of parts and the use of familiar illustrations or analogies. Such an analysis requires 1. reading with understanding the ideas developed in an article by clearly stating another's thesis, outlining the facts used by the author to support that thesis, and the "values" underlying the ideas 2. putting what is read into a larger context by relating another's article or book to other work in the field 3. clearly and effectively communicating this information to a defined audience. In other words, you must write clearly and fully enough for your readers to know how you have arrived at your analyses and conclusions. They should never have to guess what you mean; give your readers everything they need to know to follow your reasoning This practice is not "just for students." Accurate analysis is a fundamental professional activity in almost all careers. Like any other fundamental skill, it must be constantly practiced in order to maintain and improve it. Other goals, such as learning "time management" and note-taking, are also developed by this activity. The revisions will consist of the following: 1. finding the precise words to express your thoughts 2. correcting typographical, spelling, and grammatical errors 3. making sure that your paragraphs are "tight" and sequenced properly 4. making sure that the transition ("segue") from one major topic to another makes sense Expository essays also have a distinct format. The thesis statement must be defined and narrow enough to be supported within the essay.
A (little) head full of language - how can we measure that? - Children's lecture For speaking and listening you don't only use your mouth and ears - you also use your brain. What do we know about what happens in the brain when you talk, or listen to others? And how can we know that - we can't just look inside the brain, can we? In this children's lecture Tineke Snijders will talk about language development in the brain, and how we can investigate that. By Tineke Snijders, Max Planck Institute 10:15 - 10:45 9 years and over nl \| en
Ferrock concrete is made with mostly recycled materials Ferrock concrete is made with mostly recycled materials The name Ferrock is a reflection of its composition – largely iron-rich ferrous rock. It’s actually created from waste steel dust which is normally discarded from industrial processes and silica from ground up glass. The iron within the steel dust reacts with C02 and rusts to form iron carbonate. It’s this that is fused into the matrix of Ferrock and, like concrete, after it’s dried, it cannot be melted back into a liquid form but retains its hard, rock-like qualities. What are the advantages? Compared to Portland cement (made from chalk and clay and resembling Portland stone in color), which is one of the leading types in use throughout the world today, Ferrock is actually five times stronger. It can withstand more compression before breaking and is far more flexible, meaning it could potentially resist the earth movements caused by seismic activity or industrial processes. One of the unique properties of Ferrock is that it becomes even stronger in salt water environments, making it ideal for marine-based construction projects. And rather than emitting large amounts of C02 as it dries, Ferrock actually absorbs and binds it! This results in a carbon-negative process that actually helps to trap greenhouse gases.” More at the source: Build Abroad.org Ferrock Concrete — 6 Comments 1. I am trying to get hold of Dr David Stone as I have an application for his Ferrock. I need to speak to him directly as this is an environmental application that will help many. 2. of course the first thing people do is patent everything sigh. That means that only the relatively wealthy will be able to access it so really, what’s the point? It looks nice, sort of like gingerbread, but there’s really a question whether this will ever apply to those of us scrounging to build a house. • The main point is to raise awareness of alternate/greener concretes that are coming out. Some are already available in certain areas. More awareness will hopefully translate to greater demand. 3. Ugh. This is just like all those other wonder materials. How can I make it? Where can I get it? Short answer, you can’t. It’s not ready for market, the company isn’t marketing it in the US, the precursors might cost a corporation pennies a ton but a person can’t have it at all. Leave a Reply
Gator leaving flock MG_6963 Time to go back to the pond. Too much noise. Alligators move on land by two forms of locomotion referred to as “sprawl” and “high walk”. The sprawl is a forward movement with the belly making contact with the ground and is used to transition to “high walk” or to slither over wet substrate into water. The high walk is an up on four limbs forward motion used for overland travel with the belly well up from the ground Gator leaving Flock MG_6963 South Florida is the only known place where both crocodiles and alligators live together. Crocs are usually spotted at the very end of the Park. Gator leaving Flock MG_6964 Flock of Gators MG_6951 One interesting spot in the Everglades National Park is the Anhinga Trail, where one finds a large pond that is home to various reptiles (snakes, fish, gators etc). Also a variety of birds large and small are spotted in that area. It’s a favorite place for tourists who never had that experience of a close up look of alligators in such quantity and sizes. Flock of Gators MG_6946 Flock of Gators MG_6953
Case Study Understanding Renal Functions By March 15, 2018March 25th, 2018No Comments Understanding Renal Functions Renal functions refer to BUN and creatinine. let’s start there. I know it’s a basic start. Now, do not make the mistake of calling the BUN a “bun.” That is a rookie mistake. It is referred to a B.U.N. meaning blood urea nitrogen. If elevated, we referred to that state as azotemia (Azotemia (azot, “nitrogen” + -emia, “blood condition”) is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds. Another renal function is known as the creatinine. Now, creatinine is a breakdown product of muscle and stays relatively constant. A normal reference value for creatinine is less than 1.5, but that is quite variable based on the muscle mass of the individual. If you have a frail 90-year-old lady who weighs 80 lbs and her creatinine is 1.5, this demonstrates significant renal insufficiency. However, when a body builder, with a large muscles, has a creatinine of 1.7 that may be a completely normal value for this larger gentleman. If renal functions are elevated, we need to figure out if it is renal, prerenal or postrenal. This must identify this. Prerenal problems are a problem with a lack of blood flow going into the kidneys. This is (almost always) either dehydration or congestive heart failure. (I will estimate 24 out of 25 times they are dry.) Both of these states mean the body is not getting adequate blood flow to the kidneys to keep the renal functions adequate. The initial way to tell if this is a prerenal problem is to look at the BUN to creatinine ratio. If the ratio is greater than 20, it suggests a pre-renal problem. A renal cause of azotemia means that the kidneys are actually diseased and sick. A way to help with this is your BUN and creatinine ratio. Again, if less than 20, that suggests a sick kidney. This is also a time when that fractional excretion of sodium or FeNa is helpful because a FeNa greater than 2 says that the body is not filtering sodium the way it should and again implies a sick kidney. The most common postrenal problem, by far, is the prostate. Do a rectal exam and see if the prostate is enlarged. Talk to the patient about the history of urinary flow. Is it easy to initiate flow? Do they feel like they empty their bladder completely? The prostate is kind of like a doughnut that the urethra goes through, and when the prostate becomes enlarged, it pinches down on the urethra. A patient who has an enlarged prostate, will void, yet not completely empty their bladder because of the pressure on their urethra. So, you would ask them, “Do you feel like you are completely emptying your bladder after you pee?” If a patient has elevated BUN or creatinine, you need to look at the BUN to creatinine ratio and apply that to patient care. Students can often get confused here. If you have a ratio that is greater than 20 yet the BUN to creatinine values are in normal range, we do not care about that. We do not look at ratio if the BUN to creatinine are normal. So, once again we only look at the BUN to creatinine ratio if the functions are elevated. Professional Name, Certification Type, & Specialty are Required.
Rogue Example The Rogue example shows how to use the Qt state machine for event handling. This example implements a simple text based game. Do you see the @ in the screenshot? That's you, the rogue. The # characters are walls, and the dots represent floor. In a real game, other ASCII characters would represent all kinds of objects and creatures, for instance, ancient dragons (Ds) or food rations (%s). But let's not get carried away. In this game, the rogue is simply running around in an empty room. The rogue is moved with the keypad (2, 4, 8, 6). That aside, we have implemented a quit command that triggers if the player types q. The player is then asked if he/she really wants to quit. Most games have commands that need more than one key press (we think of consecutive presses, i.e., not of several keys being pressed at the same time). In this game, only the quit command falls under this category, but for the sake of argument, let's imagine a fully-fledged game with a rich set of commands. If we were to implement these by catching key events in keyPressEvent(), we would have to keep a lot of class member variables to track the sequence of keys already typed (or find some other way of deducing the current state of a command). This can easily lead to spaghetti, which is--as we all well know, I'm sure--unpleasant. With a state machine, on the other hand, separate states can wait for a single key press, and that makes our lives a lot simpler. The example consists of two classes: • Window draws the text display of the game and sets up the state machine. The window also has a status bar above the area in which the rouge moves. • MovementTransition is a transition that carries out a single move of the rogue. Before we embark on a code walkthrough, it is necessary to take a closer look at the design of the machine. Here is a state chart that shows what we want to achieve: The input state waits for a key press to start a new command. When receiving a key it recognizes, it transitions to one of the two commands of the game; though, as we will see, movement is handled by the transition itself. The quit state waits for the player to answer yes or no (by typing y or n) when asked whether he/she really wants to quit the game. The chart demonstrates how we use one state to wait for a single key press. The press received may trigger one of the transitions connected to the state. Window Class Definition The Window class is a widget that draws the text display of the game. It also sets up the state machine, i.e., creates and connects the states in the machine. It is the key events from this widget that are used by the machine. class Window : public QWidget Q_PROPERTY(QString status READ status WRITE setStatus) enum Direction { Up, Down, Left, Right }; void movePlayer(Direction direction); void setStatus(const QString &status); QString status() const; QSize sizeHint() const override; void paintEvent(QPaintEvent event) override; Direction specifies the direction in which the rogue is to move. We use this in movePlayer(), which moves the rogue and repaints the window. The game has a status line above the area in which the rogue moves. The status property contains the text of this line. We use a property because the QState class allows setting any Qt property when entered. More on this later. void buildMachine(); void setupMap(); QChar map[WIDTH][HEIGHT]; int pX, pY; QStateMachine machine; QString myStatus; The map is an array with the characters that are currently displayed. We set up the array in setupMap(), and update it when the rogue is moved. pX and pY is the current position of the rogue. WIDTH and HEIGHT are macros specifying the dimensions of the map. The paintEvent() function is left out of this walkthrough. We also do not discuss other code that does not concern the state machine (the setupMap(), status(), setStatus(), movePlayer(), and sizeHint() functions). If you wish to take a look at the code, click on the link for the window.cpp file at the top of this page. Window Class Implementation Here is the constructor of Window: pX = 5; pY = 5; The player starts off at position (5, 5). We then set up the map and statemachine. Let's proceed with the buildMachine() function: void Window::buildMachine() machine = new QStateMachine; QState inputState = new QState(machine); inputState->assignProperty(this, "status", "Move the rogue with 2, 4, 6, and 8"); MovementTransition transition = new MovementTransition(this); We enter inputState when the machine is started and from the quitState if the user wants to continue playing. We then set the status to a helpful reminder of how to play the game. First, the Movement transition is added to the input state. This will enable the rogue to be moved with the keypad. Notice that we don't set a target state for the movement transition. This will cause the transition to be triggered (and the onTransition() function to be invoked), but the machine will not leave the inputState. If we had set inputState as the target state, we would first have left and then entered the inputState again. QState quitState = new QState(machine); quitState->assignProperty(this, "status", "Really quit(y/n)?"); QKeyEventTransition yesTransition = new QKeyEventTransition(this, QEvent::KeyPress, Qt::Key_Y); yesTransition->setTargetState(new QFinalState(machine)); QKeyEventTransition noTransition = new QKeyEventTransition(this, QEvent::KeyPress, Qt::Key_N); When we enter quitState, we update the status bar of the window. QKeyEventTransition is a utility class that removes the hassle of implementing transitions for QKeyEvents. We simply need to specify the key on which the transition should trigger and the target state of the transition. QKeyEventTransition quitTransition = new QKeyEventTransition(this, QEvent::KeyPress, Qt::Key_Q); The transition from inputState allows triggering the quit state when the player types q. connect(machine, SIGNAL(finished()), qApp, SLOT(quit())); The machine is set up, so it's time to start it. The MovementTransition Class MovementTransition is triggered when the player request the rogue to be moved (by typing 2, 4, 6, or 8) when the machine is in the inputState. class MovementTransition : public QEventTransition MovementTransition(Window window) : QEventTransition(window, QEvent::KeyPress) { this->window = window; In the constructor, we tell QEventTransition to only send KeyPress events to the eventTest() function: bool eventTest(QEvent event) override { if (event->type() == QEvent::StateMachineWrapped && static_cast<QStateMachine::WrappedEvent >(event)->event()->type() == QEvent::KeyPress) { QEvent wrappedEvent = static_cast<QStateMachine::WrappedEvent >(event)->event(); QKeyEvent keyEvent = static_cast<QKeyEvent >(wrappedEvent); int key = keyEvent->key(); return key == Qt::Key_2 \|\| key == Qt::Key_8 \|\| key == Qt::Key_6 \|\| key == Qt::Key_4 \|\| key == Qt::Key_Down \|\| key == Qt::Key_Up \|\| key == Qt::Key_Right \|\| key == Qt::Key_Left; return false; The KeyPress events come wrapped in QStateMachine::WrappedEvents. event must be confirmed to be a wrapped event because Qt uses other events internally. After that, it is simply a matter of checking which key has been pressed. Let's move on to the onTransition() function: void onTransition(QEvent event) override { QKeyEvent keyEvent = static_cast<QKeyEvent >( static_cast<QStateMachine::WrappedEvent *>(event)->event()); int key = keyEvent->key(); switch (key) { case Qt::Key_Left: case Qt::Key_4: case Qt::Key_Up: case Qt::Key_8: case Qt::Key_Right: case Qt::Key_6: case Qt::Key_Down: case Qt::Key_2: When onTransition() is invoked, we know that we have a KeyPress event with 2, 4, 6, or 8, and can ask Window to move the player. The Roguelike Tradition You might have been wondering why the game features a rogue. Well, these kinds of text based dungeon exploration games date back to a game called, yes, "Rogue". Although outflanked by the technology of modern 3D computer games, roguelikes have a solid community of hard-core, devoted followers. Playing these games can be surprisingly addictive (despite the lack of graphics). Angband, the perhaps most well-known rougelike, is found here:
Electrical Earthing MCQ In Electrical Engineering, earthing refers to the method of creating low impedance path to the ground. Generally, a rod (known as earth rod) is driven into the earth to which earth conductor is tied. MCQ on Electrical Earthing The earthing rod orientation in the pit should be: 1. 45° 2. Horizontal 3. Vertical 4. 75° Correct answer: 3. Vertical Ground resistance value for sensitive installations is: 1. Less than 5 ohms 2. 5 – 25 ohms 3. 50 ohm 4. 100 ohms Correct answer: 1. Less than 5 ohms Doubling the length of the ground electrode will cause resistance to: 1. Increase by 10% 2. Decrease by 10% 3. Increase by 40% 4. Decrease by 40% Correct answer: 4. Decrease by 40% The easiest method for earth resistance measurement: 1. Fall of potential 2. Selective measurement 3. Stakeless measurement 4. All are equally easy Correct answer: 3. Stakeless measurement Statement: Which one of the following is used in earth pit: 1. Aluminum and Iron 2. Graphite and Silver 3. Graphite and magnesium 4. Salt and charcoal Correct answer: 4. Salt and charcoal Explanation for above MCQ Leave a Reply
Adult Speaking, Week 9 esl speaking games Name the game, Hour 1 Pair Work (15) 1. Can you remember 10 collocations from the short video (Symmetry) last week? Can you say 5 parts of an airplane? 2. Can you say 3 important places in an airport? 3. What’s the difference between a boarding pass and ticket? 4. What’s the difference between checked bags and carry on? 5. Where in an airport might you have to take off your shoes? 6. Look at these sets of three numbers: what’s the pattern. • 3, 6, 7 • 14 ,28, 29 • 5, 10, 11 • 2, 4, 5 Pair Work Vocabulary (20) Part A work with a partner. Look at the words and describe the meaning and differences. Part B. Get a new partner and ask your new partner the explain the meaning and differences. Teach them if they do not know. Negotiation (20) Try to make a deal. Student A Student B Hour 2 Signs (10) 1. Where can you find each sign? 2. What does it mean? Hour 3 Hour 4 Retell a story (20) For stories about technology. Here are the stories about wind power, the computer mouse, the iPad, and Google.
Skip to Main Content Out there in the real world, one athletic trainer experienced the following: It is required by our state that every coach be certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the junior high and high school levels. Depending on the association in which the school system participates, the renewal process can be annual or biannual. One of my employers conducted CPR training for all coaches in August. Two weeks after one basketball coach completed our CPR course, he had to use CPR on a patron who was visiting the bank where he worked. The patron was an elderly woman who suffered a cardiac arrest. The coach was the first responder to the emergency and administered CPR until the paramedics arrived. Not only was it rewarding for the coach, who had just saved a life, but it was just as rewarding for me as an instructor. When you are employed in a medical profession, you must always expect that there is a possibility for using CPR. However, to be a loan officer in a bank and have to use those skills on an ordinary Saturday afternoon was impressive. The individuals you are teaching will only take the class as seriously as you present the material. You want those who attend your class to be just as passionate, educated, and comfortable with the skills that they have learned as you are being an instructor. Whether you are certified as a lay responder or a professional rescuer, you are saving lives. Each second counts, so be sure to teach so that the individuals understand this principle. Melissa Noble, AT, ATC American Red Cross Instructor American Safety and Health Instructor Wilson Memorial Hospital Sidney, Ohio learning outcomes After working through this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the components of a primary and secondary survey of a scene. 2. Explain the indications, guidelines, and supplies needed for equipment removal to access and maintain an airway. 3. Explain proper guidelines for maintaining neutral spine alignment for a spinal injury and identify the equipment and techniques used for cervical stabilization, spine boarding, and patient-transfer techniques. 4. Determine the situations when rescue breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or automated external defibrillator (AED) use is indicated following current accepted guidelines. Vivian O'Toole is an athletic trainer at the high school level. She is covering a girls' basketball game when she is asked by the athletic director to help assist an 65-year-old patron who has just inverted her right ankle while walking down the bleachers. As Ms. O'Toole is walking over to the injured patron, a basketball player goes up for a shot and her legs are taken out from underneath her. The player falls to the court, hitting her head on the gym floor. ... Pop-up div Successfully Displayed
Welcome to the Flat Earth Wiki A reference point to learn about all Flat Earth models, popular and lesser-known, to allow open minded people to inform themselves about the alternatives. What is Flat Earth Theory? Mainstream science teaches us that the world is a globe. Many of us find this answer unsatisfactory, and so in the true scientific spirit we work to develop alternatives, we work to find the truth. As with any scientific theory there will be good and bad aspects throughout its development. This wiki serves to chronicle all of them. See something laughably wrong? Glance at the alternatives, you might find them surpisingly persuasive. Seen something elsewhere that isn't here? Great! Start a page. See something intriguing? That's what we're here for. What sets Flat Earth Theory apart from the mainstream is its openness. People are encouraged to think for themselves and not merely follow one leader, to come to their own conclusions based on what information and data they can find. Unlike mainstream science the focus is on how to think and how to reason, not on what to think. Recall your science classes, recall your exams. What were you tested on? Were you taught the scientific method and given situations to apply it to, given the option and opportunity to exercise your mind and independent thinking? Or were you told line after line of dry facts you were meant to regurgitate on cue? Perhaps you studied science further, in which case how long was it before you were finally taught the why of what children are taught? How many years do you have to repeat and reinforce rote-learned claims before you are actually taught why anyone believes it? Flat Earth Theory has historically been opposed to this. Instead of telling you what to believe, look at the options, see which ones make sense, see how they compare to what we are all told about a spinning ball. Think for yourself and make up your own mind. Important Pages Here you can find the contents of this site divided up. If there's anything you want to find, start here. Prominent Flat Earth Groups and Individuals International Flat Earth Research Society Flat Earth Society Mark Sargent Scientific Principles Density (Gravity) Universal Acceleration The Earth Infinite Plane Ice Wall The Sun, Moon and Stars Stellar Whirlpools Celestial Gravitation Shadow Object Evidence for Flat Earth Theory Bedford Level Experiment Responses to Common Round Earth Arguments Spectroscopy (Stars) Moon Landing Video High Altitude Photographs Neutrino Experiments
Motherhood and Disability In, but Out: In this series, we will discuss the idea of being part of a particular community (African Americans, Female, Disability, Latinos, Christians, LGBT, and any other self-identifying group), but still feel like an outsider. There is an assumption that one should be accepted within their own self identity population, however even within these communities there is a certain level of judgment and discrimination that takes place. Some of you may have noticed a plethora of “reality” shows with the cast members with various forms of disabilities. Some focus on the little people population such as Little Women of LA, 7 Little Johnsons, and Little People, Big World. In an Emmy winning show, Born this Way, a group of young adults with Downs Syndrome are featured. In these shows they address various topics such as dating, marriage, and having children. The obvious overarching common denominator is that they are all diagnosed with a genetic disorder. With this underlying equalizer, many of the cast members are of the age to get married and have children. Due to the genetic nature of their disabilities, the risk of having an effected offspring is a possibility. A recent blood test advancement has made it easier to identify genetic abnormalities, which has increased the number of parents deciding to terminate fetuses with disabilities by 34%, particularly fetuses with Downs Syndrome. It is unclear if the parents are disabled that are included in this group of mothers, but some individuals with considerable genetic disorders are deciding to proceed with their pregnancy, despite the risk of having an effected child. Some individuals with disabilities feel they are better equipped to care for a child with special needs. They live through the challenges of navigating the world with obstacles, while an able body parent may not be able to relate to the challenges a disabled child faces. Every parent wants their child to start life on fair footing. For some, the idea of beginning an life with overwhelming medical concerns seems unfair. For others, giving birth to a disabled child is accepting what nature dealt. Photo by Nathan Anderson With the decision of being a parent comes risks, not just to the baby, but to the mother, especially if she is disabled. Depending on the mother’s diagnosis, she may have structural issues, respiratory complications, and many other systematic concerns. If this same mother is giving birth to a child with a disability, there are added considerations that she must juggle. Due to the inability for some disabled mothers to have a vaginal birth, after the baby is born, the mother will have to recuperate from a cesarean. In the meantime, the baby may need immediate medical attention while the mother is unable to physically care for the baby. When the mother returns home, she must make sure she can lift and care for her baby. This poses a problem when the mother is a little person or another physical limiting disability. When the mother has a intellectual disability, there is a completely different set of challenges. Although, some intellectual disabilities are generically passed from parent to child, some are not. In either case, the mother does not have the capacity to independently make complex decisions for their child. If the child is not effected by the parent’s disability, as the child ages, the intellectual level surpasses the parent. Regardless of the disability status of the child, intellectually disabled parents need support in raising their children. This is either provided by government services or a family member stepping in to assist in the child’s care. Throughout American history, the intervention of government agencies trying to “protect” individuals that are disabled is ever present. In 1927, a sterilization case was passed in Virginia called Buck vs. Bell. Individuals that were institutionalized and considered an imbecile (intellectual disability) were sterilized in order to minimize the procreation of undesirable citizens. The idea being that individuals with intellectual disabilities should be protected and/or eliminated. A recent article from Time Magazine addresses how disabled individuals are targeted to be seen as unfit parents by certain government officials. Child Protective Services are often called on parents that may voice a concern surrounding their child’s care. Nervous social workers report these concerns as possible child endangerment. There is a delicate balance of knowing the parent’s limitations with meeting the child’s need. Often, individuals with disabilities are resourceful and find ways to accommodate challenges. The problem is when the disabled parent feels hesitant to voice their struggles due to the fear of loosing their child. Able body parents that have disabled children are seen as superheroes. Disabled parents are seen as risks to the wellbeing of their children. In the Time’s article, a lawyer that uses a motorized wheelchair woman was repeatedly advised by her medical team to have a voluntary hysterectomy in order to prevent pregnancy. She is 31 years old and wishes to have a child. It was assumed by her medical team that she would not or should not have a child. In this situation, the concept of sterilization is implied not enforced. This suggestion is a barometer of how she is viewed as a disabled woman and prospective parent. Photo by Nathan Anderson The notion of sterilization is even more complicated when the individual does not have full intellectual capacity. This poses a conundrum for the caretakers of persons with Downs Syndrome and other developmental disabilities. Although the individual may have a maturity level of a child, they live in an adult body with the same desires and urges all grown ups experience. The notion of dating, marriage, and having children are natural inclinations. Should the caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities force their love ones be placed on birth control, even when a desire to have children is expressed? Is it irresponsible of a physically disabled individual to give birth to a child knowing that she will not be able to meet all the needs of their baby? For that matter, is it fair to knowingly give birth to a child that will face a lifetime of medical issues? The idea that individuals with disabilities are any different from other parents that wish to have children is an unfortunate misconception. The desire to love and parent a child is a common and natural proclivity. What is at the core of the dilemma is the logistics behind making these decisions. To knowingly give birth to a disabled child is a heavy responsibility with massive consequences. Who should shoulder the cost of caring for disabled babies? Should individuals with intellectual disabilities be able to have children? Should physically disabled mothers risks their own life to have a biological baby? These are all questions each individual should ask themselves before becoming a parent, regardless if the perspective parent is disabled or not. Having children is life changing, having a disabled child is life altering, for everyone. About the Author / Alessia Minicozzi (Ph.D., M.B.E.) is a medical expert in sociology and bioethics with almost two decades working to lead the healthcare industry in innovative ways. She works effectively among medical companies, clinicians and healthcare executives addressing critical healthcare issues such as physician training process, risk, policy and quality patient care. She spent ten years leading and developing startups into successful thriving businesses. Alessia motivates and drives teams to successful launches and navigates through complex problem solving. Post a Comment Scroll Up
Skip to main content Cultural Studies This research guide is structured to assist students in getting started on the research process. What is Cultural Studies? Cultural studies emphasizes cross-cultural understanding, inter-cultural communication and bridging cultural gaps through dialogue and critical self-reflection by studying peoples and systems. Some of the subjects that are typically covered as you seek to understand other cultures are the social, political, religious and economic practices of a culture or society. [taken from NNU's Undergraduate Academic programs page for Cultural Studies]
Cuba – America’s Bastard Stepchild Part 1: 1492 – 1898 As the bus pulled away from Havana’s Jose Marti airport I realized that, although I was only a few miles from Florida, I was in a different world. The roads teemed with people even though we were far from the city. People were walking. Walking with purpose. These are people who live without Amazon Prime accounts or even smart phones. If they want something they have to go out and get it. If they want to talk to someone, they have to go over to their house. If they don’t have a car they have to walk. It’s all very 1950s which is when the old Cuba ended and the new Cuba began. Cuba is strategically situated between North and South America which is its advantage and its curse. It is a beautiful and abundant island blessed with a benign climate marred by the occasional hurricane. In 1492, as he sailed the ocean blue, Columbus mistakenly bumped into Cuba thinking it was Asia. He noted that the Arawak Indians lived an easy life in houses beautifully constructed with palm leaves and that they cultivated yuca root, tobacco, cotton, maize and sweet potatoes. Then he left. In 1493 the pope ordered the conquest of Cuba. After some resistance the first Spanish settlement was established in 1511. Three years later the Conquistadors controlled the whole island. The Spanish were interested in gold and quickly set the Indians to work finding it. The Indians didn’t take well to forced labor. Many were massacred, many more died from disease and exhaustion and the rest fled to the mountains. The Spanish were determined. They imported indigenous people from nearby islands and from Florida and Mexico, but they also succumbed to the same fate as their predecessors. There wasn’t much gold and the Indians were dead, so most of the European settlers moved on to other colonies, leaving their animals behind. Left to their own devices and with no predators, the animals multiplied. Ranching became the main economy along with trade and shipping. Havana became the place where Spanish fleets gathered to sail back to Spain with their treasure. It was also at this time, the late 16th century, that the first sugar mills were established with the help of African slave labor. In 1762 Britain conquered Havana. Although the British stayed for only 10 months, before swapping Cuba for Florida, they ushered in great changes. The British had for a long time had extensive trade with the elites of Havana, most of it illegal in the eyes of the Spanish Crown. With the new order, business soared. 4,000 African slaves were imported. The previous 250 years had averaged 160. Trade links were strengthened and used even after Spain regained control. The sugar industry became even more important after the Haitian slave revolt in 1791 when French planters sought sanctuary and brought their expertise. The French planters didn’t usually make slaves of their own children; instead a class called mulattos had developed. These children of slaves and slave owners were often educated and given responsibilities even though they were never accepted as full citizens. Mulattos led the Haitian slave revolt but many fled with their fathers to Cuba. Unfortunately, the Cubans didn’t accept them at all and they were immediately relegated to slave status. At the time, the Cuban population was 60% black or mulatto and the white population worried that they too might be overthrown, which lessened their desire for independence from Spain, unlike most of Spain’s other American colonies. Instead of independence, the planter class played with the idea of joining the United States. The southern US states welcomed an additional slave state and proposed to buy it from Spain and if Spain refused to sell, seize it. In 1848 President Polk offered $100 million but Spain refused. The civil war put a hold on the idea. In 1820, Britain and Spain had agreed to end the slave trade in the Spanish colonies. However, 600,000 African slaves entered Cuba in the 19th century. Most of them after 1820. Cuba became the main source of supply for Texas and the US southern states after slave importation was banned in the U.S in 1808. In 1860, Cuba produced one third of the world’s sugar supply. After the American Civil War, American investment in the Cuban sugar industry increased and a huge mechanization effort ensued. Railroads were expanded and modern equipment and technology were installed. Even with increased mechanization manpower was essential. Since Britain and the US had banned the Atlantic slave trade, Spanish slave traders had to avoid British and American warships which slowed them down. 120,000 Chinese laborers, who were treated as badly as African slaves, were imported on 8 year contracts. All the Chinese laborers were male and so their offspring were of mixed race. As Cuba prospered, Spain increased taxes, setting off The Ten Years’ War (1868-1878). An eastern planter, Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, freed his slaves to fight. He was joined by a few other landowners and many farmers and laborers. His aim was to abolish slavery and to join the USA. The plantation owners in the west were afraid that independence could mean a fate like that of Haiti and so didn’t join in. Different factions with different goals formed within the revolt. The elites sought relief from Spanish taxes but wanted to keep the social system that gave them privilege, whilst the workers and freed slaves had much more radical ideas such as land reform, abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The struggle didn’t make it to the west of Cuba and after ten years of internal bickering the rebels surrendered to Spain, which offered political and economic reforms, freedom for the slaves who had fought in the rebel army, and a general amnesty. One of those taking advantage of the amnesty was the newly married, 25 year old, poet, playwright, novelist, painter and revolutionary Jose Marti. Marti was born in Havana to poor Spanish immigrants. At the age of 12 he found a mentor, Rafael Maria de Mendive, who financed his education and influenced his politics. He became an ardent champion of Cuban independence and the abolition of slavery. At 16, he was arrested and sentenced to 6 years hard labor for treason after writing a disparaging letter to a friend who had joined the Spanish army. Because of his age and ill health he didn’t serve much of his sentence; instead the authorities exiled him to Spain where he wrote, studied law and argued for Cuban independence. In 1875, he moved to Mexico and then to Guatemala. In both places he became an influential member of the Intelligentsia and also made enemies within the political establishments. On his return to Cuba, Marti met Juan Gualberto Gomez, who became his partner in planning the War of Independence. His stay in Cuba was brief. He was arrested for conspiracy and exiled once again. His next few years were spent in France and Venezuela before he settled in New York. In New York, Marti wrote for several Latin American newspapers and also served as a diplomat for Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. In his writing he encouraged a Pan-American vision for the South American nations. He wrote about the positive aspects of the United States but also warned against US hegemony. He didn’t forget about Cuba and made contact with the Cuban diaspora in Florida. Cuban cigar manufacturers had started to manufacture in Key West in order to avoid tariffs. When the railroad was extended to Tampa, factories sprang up in Ybor City. In both places, a Cuban culture thrived and Marti was able to raise funds for his planned revolution, which he hoped would liberate his native land. Although the Ten Year War had been unsuccessful, it had created some of the conditions for a successful revolution. It had nurtured military leaders, especially Maximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo. Juan Gualberto Gomez convinced the newly emancipated slaves that a republic would bring advantages to black Cubans. There had also been a seismic shift in the plantation economy. As well as the ending of slavery in 1886, there had been a worldwide drop in sugar prices due to the many European governments subsidizing sugar beet production. Many plantations went bankrupt and were taken over by American and European corporations. Former plantation owners and overseers were now disgruntled urban dwellers. Marti’s rallying cry in the Manifesto of Montecristi, which was also signed by Maximo Gomez, was “A republic with and for all.” He stressed that the war was to be fought by and should benefit both black and white Cubans and sympathetic Spaniards. Marti recognized U.S. expansionary ambitions and only had to look at Hawaii for an example. In 1893, Queen Lili’uokalanai had been forced to abdicate by a group of white businessmen and planters with the help of the U.S. Marines. He was anxious to get his revolution underway before the U.S. got into the act. On Christmas Day 1894, he organized the Fernandina Plan which called for an armed force to leave the Florida town, Fernandina, pick up Maceo in Costa Rica and then to begin the War of Independence. A few weeks later the U.S detained three of the Cuban’s ships which were loaded with arms and supplies. Even with this setback, Marti left New York for Santa Domingo to meet Maceo. Maceo started the invasion on March 30 and Marti followed two weeks later. Marti met up with Maceo and Gomez on May 4. On May 9, he was killed in battle. The rebels quickly took the Eastern region and declared the Republic of Cuba in September 1895. But the Spanish dug in. They brought in 200,000 troops and forced the rural population into concentration camps in the cities and towns. With their workers incarcerated even the planter elite began to side with the rebels. Tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. Both sides committed atrocities, but for the majority of Cubans, Spain became the enemy. In the U.S., anti-Spanish sentiment grew as accounts of these atrocities were published and pressure mounted on President McKinley to intervene. McKinley asked Congress for authorization. Congress realized that McKinley and his advisers planned to annex Cuba. This alarmed some members who feared an influx of Blacks and Catholics. In Colorado, sugar beet growers wanted to prevent competition from tariff free Cuban sugar and so Congress agreed to invade Cuba but added the Teller Amendment, which forbade the U.S. from annexing Cuba. In February 1898 the U.S. invaded. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Skip to main content Personal Finance This guide gathers together useful resources relating to money management. The Importance of Compound Interest -- "May the Force Be With You." Compound interest is created when interest that is added to the principal of a deposit or loan also earns interest. Over a period of time, compounding can greatly magnify the amount of debt owed or savings accumulated. An understanding of this principle will help investors and consumers appreciate the importance of saving and the need to avoid debt. Investing - "The Light Side of the Force" Borrowing - "The Dark Side of the Force" This is actually one of the easiest financial decisions you could ever make. Simply don't do it. If you already have debts that compound, then refinance them so that you're paying simple interest. Gaining the advantage of simple interest does require you to make full payments on time. Penalties accrue otherwise.
Female athletes at risk for nutritional deficiencies female athlete Press Release: Two decades of research among female athletes over the age of 13 years shows that a lack of nutrition knowledge about what they need to eat to stay healthy and compete may contribute to poor performance, low energy and nutrient intake, and potential health risks, according to a Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School study. Mary Downes Gastrich, associate professor at the school, who recently published a review study in the Journal of Women’s Health, talks about why female athletes often do not meet their nutritional requirements and energy needs, ranging from a lack of education and poor time management skills to chronic dieting and disordered eating behaviors. What were the main reasons found for nutritional deficiencies and low energy? In our comprehensive literature review, prior studies have found a lack of general knowledge of nutrition among athletes, coaches and other sports team specialists. Other factors included poor time management and food availability, disordered eating behaviors such as chronic dieting or a drive for lower body weight. Some female athletes may purposefully restrict their calorie intake for performance or aesthetic reasons, while others may unintentionally have low energy expenditure due to increased training or lack of education on how to properly fuel themselves for their sports’ demands. In addition, specific sports, such as gymnastics, distance running, diving, figure skating and classical ballet emphasize a low body weight; thus, making these athletes at greater risk for inadequate calorie consumption, poor body image, disordered eating or a serious mental health disorder diagnosis of an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. What nutritional deficiencies did the studies show? Current studies suggest that female athletes’ diets are often not optimal for the types and amounts of carbohydrates, fats and total energy intake. However, we found that most female athletes — other than those who participate in sports promoting leanness, such as dancing, swimming and gymnastics — may be consuming adequate protein needs. When the energy and nutrients from the foods consumed does not match the level of energy expenditure in the sport and nutrient needs for proper body function and growth, it can affect female athletes’ bone health and reproductive system. Deficiencies in vitamin D, zinc, calcium, magnesium and B vitamins can occur from exercise-related stress and inadequate dietary intakes. Recent reports suggest that up to 42% of female athletes have insufficient vitamin D levels and up to 90% fall short of the adequate intake for calcium. These two deficiencies can increase the risk of bone stress fractures and also place these athletes at risk for osteoporosis later in life. Diminished bone mineral density can increase the risk of fracture from repetitive stress on the bones during training and competition. The age that sport training begins is an important factor influencing bone mineral density. A study of teen and young adult female elite gymnasts found that the earlier the age of strenuous exercise, the more negative the effect on bone acquisition later on in life. Female athletes with insufficient diets, who regularly miss menstruation or have a low body mass index should supplement their diet with the recommended 1500?milligrams of calcium a day as well as other dietary supplements, including vitamin D for bone health and optimal calcium absorption. However, for safety reasons, all athletes should consult their physician and/or a registered dietitian nutritionist before taking any dietary supplements. In addition, insufficient iron consumption may lead to iron deficiency anemia, which is more common in females participating in intense training, like distance running, due to the potential for additional loss of iron through urine, the rupture of red blood cells and gastrointestinal bleeding. What is “disordered eating” and what role does it play? To optimize their performance, some female athletes often strive to maintain or reach a low body weight, which may be achieved by unhealthy dieting. Such “disordered eating” can include various unhealthy eating behaviors, including chronic dieting, excessive calorie counting, food-related anxiety and use of laxatives, which could potentially result in a more serious clinical diagnosis of an eating disorder. Prior work has shown a higher prevalence of eating disorders among female athletes competing in leanness sports, such as dancing, swimming and gymnastics, compared with female athletes competing in non-leanness sports, such as basketball, tennis or volleyball. What can be done to improve nutrition in female athletes? Our review from prior studies suggests that the nutrition status of female athletes needs to be more closely monitored due to greater risks of disordered eating, low energy availability and its effects on performance, as well as lack of accurate sports nutrition knowledge. Interdisciplinary teams — including physicians, registered dietitian nutritionists, psychologists, parents and coaches — would be beneficial in screening, counseling and helping female athletes improve their overall diet, performance and health. These teams should be regularly trained on the negative health effects of inadequate calorie intake on both performance and long-term health. Early detection of low energy availability is essential in preventing further health issues, and diagnosed stress injuries should be considered a red flag, signaling further evaluation. Study looks at excessive exercise in people with eating disorders According to researcher Danielle Chapa, “With excessive-exercise behavior, people may be exercising with extreme intensity, for two or more hours, or when they have a fever or when they’re injured. Exercise can be a compulsive behavior — something they have to do. It’s problematic because it could make recovery from an eating disorder a much longer process. There’s also a lot of medical complicati Press Release: LAWRENCE — For most people, exercise is healthy for both body and mind. Hours spent jogging, bike riding or lifting weights can elevate mood, boost heart health, build muscle and spur weight loss. Yet the last of these supposed workout benefits — weight loss — is problematic for people living with an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Both eating disorders are marked by distorted negative perceptions of one’s body and often a compulsive desire to lose weight. “Excessive exercise is a behavior people with eating disorders can engage in without anybody really noticing that they’re doing something that could be harmful,” said Danielle Chapa, a doctoral student at the Center for the Advancement of Research on Eating Behaviors in the University of Kansas Department of Psychology. “With excessive-exercise behavior, people may be exercising with extreme intensity, for two or more hours, or when they have a fever or when they’re injured. Exercise can be a compulsive behavior — something they have to do. It’s problematic because it could make recovery from an eating disorder a much longer process. There’s also a lot of medical complications that go along with excessive exercise — for instance, increased susceptibility to injury.” Now, with an $84,940 award from the National Institute of Mental Health, Chapa will investigate the causes and effects of excessive exercise on study participants who are experiencing eating disorders. The investigation, called the FuEL Study (Function of Unhealthy Exercise in Everyday Life), represents Chapa’s doctoral thesis. She hopes it also will expand the tools available to clinicians to help diagnose and treat eating disorders when lives hang in the balance — 20,000 people die each year from eating disorders due to medical complications or suicide. “Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate out of all other mental health conditions,” Chapa said. “That mortality number comes from death by suicide but also deaths from medical complications associated with eating disorders. It’s really important that we understand excessive-exercise behavior in people with eating disorders, because it can significantly prolong their recovery — and it’s usually missed. Excessive exercise is not always treated in interventions for eating disorders, because it may go unnoticed.” Chapa now is recruiting 80 participants at fuelstudy@ku.edu. She hopes to better understand the emotional function of excessive exercise in those living with eating disorders, as well as “moment-to-moment predictors” of unhealthy exercise. People in the study will be prompted via smartphone to track their emotional state for seven days. “We’re interested in seeing how affect changes in relation to exercise — so we’re looking at the hours before somebody exercises,” she said. “How is their affect changing? And then in the hours after exercise, how is their affect changing?” For a week, each participant in Chapa’s study will receive random surveys via a mobile-phone app every few hours. “We want to see what their mood is at each of those surveys,” she said. “With enough surveys throughout the day, we can see how affect changes.” To track exercise, the same participants will wear a research-grade activity monitor for the duration of their participation, allowing Chapa to detect relationships between participants’ emotional states and the timing and intensity of their exercise. “The Actigraph will collect things like number of steps that a person takes, how long a person is physically active and the level of intensity of their physical activity — if it’s moderate or vigorous,” she said. “We’ll also use that data to identify when exercise occurred in the day, because you get an exact time of exercise. We can then combine the Actigraph data with information we get from the surveys.” At the end of each day, participants will log information about overall health and injuries. Chapa, who works with people experiencing eating disorders in a clinical setting as part of her KU doctoral work, said she hoped her study would produce data that someday could underpin effective interventions for excessive exercise as a follow up to her project. “In this study, we aim to understand what triggers excessive exercise and if there are individual differences,” she said. “If we can predict when someone is going to engage in excessive exercise, then we could send them a quick text message through an app that suggests maybe they use another coping skill rather than exercising excessively. If we know what triggers excessive exercise, we can build these personalized interventions that provide additional support to persons with eating disorders throughout the day.”
Theory Of Peace Religion As A Cause Of War I would argue that a major cause of most (but not all) wars is religion. Religion divides people into separate groups and tells them that they are incompatible with each other. It provides justification for the killing of others and the promise of reward for martyrs. There are numerous examples of religious wars. Some of the main ones include the Crusades, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, The War On Terror, The Thirty Year War, Northern Ireland and the numerous religious wars of England and France (which culminated in the Saint Bartholomew Day Massacre). Continue reading “Religion As A Cause Of War” Cause Of Violence
Skip to main content A blood bank for man's best friend: How your dog can be a donor Just like their human carers, dogs and cats need blood transfusions during emergencies and they also require blood donors. Upright in a fridge in the Adelaide Animal Hospital operating room is a bag of blood. It looks the same as any other bag you would see in a hospital or blood bank, but this bag is filled with blood from a dog. Dr David Mason said the clinic would use an average of one bag per month for canine transfusions. "The most common reason [for usage] is usually a toxin ingestion," Dr Mason said. "Rat baits and things like that cause the animals to bleed internally and unfortunately we don’t find about it until it is usually too late. "Then we really do need to give them a lifesaving blood transfusion." Clinics on look out for big dogs to donate blood The clinic operates its own blood bank, with owners bringing donor animals in once every six months for donations. "Each species of animal is quite different and in dogs we have at least 13 different types of blood," Dr Mason said. Unlike humans, dogs are able to receive their first transfusion from any other dog without a great risk of complication. If a dog requires multiple transfusions, the dog's blood type must be determined and matched. Dr Mason said healthy, fully vaccinated dogs that weighed over 30 kilograms were perfect donors. "The classic blood donor dog for us is your happy, healthy labrador or grey hound that loves coming to vet and wants to be involved." Cats were quite different to dogs in their requirements. Felines have two different types of blood that were not able to be cross-matched. It is quite common for larger clinics to host blood donation programs, Dr Mason said, and dog owners are encouraged to contact their local vet if they believe their animal would make a suitable donor. "Getting in contact to let them know that you have a dog that you may be happy to have available if they happen to need it is a great thing to do," he said. Just In
The concave hole found in the Catalonia cave Discoveries in Spanish cave suggest Neanderthals had hot water and bedrooms Archaeologists in Spain have made a number of discoveries inside an ancient cave in Catalonia which suggest that Neanderthals had hot water and separate living quarters around 60,000 years ago. The finding adds to the mounting evidence that Neanderthals were a lot more sophisticated than previously thought and were at least as advanced, if not more so, than early Homo sapiens. The Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES) reports that more than 10,000 fossil remains and artifacts were retrieved from the cave located at Abric Romaní in Catalonia, enabling scientists to confirm long-term occupation of the site by Neanderthals. Among the more significant discoveries was a concave hole measuring 16 inches x 12 inches x 4 inches (40 x 30 x 10cm), which was found enclosed by a large number of hearths with evidence of fire use. Archaeologists believe the Neanderthals used the hole to heat water by placing heated stones from the hearth. “Hearths have been discovered in other Neanderthal dwellings” reported the MailOnline, “and it’s been suggested that they even cooked their food by boiling it in a bag made of skin, or a birch bark tray to soften it – possibly seasoning the meat with herbs.” Following a detailed analysis of the cave, archaeologists were also able to determine that Neanderthals used different parts of the cave for different activities, including making tools , butchering meat and preparing food, throwing out rubbish, and sleeping. The sleeping area was identified by the fact that there were fewer artifacts and less debris. The area identified as a bedroom in the Catalonia cave. The area identified as a bedroom in the Catalonia cave. Credit: Palmira Saladié/IPHES While the archaeologists at the IPHES claimed that the 2015 finding presents the first evidence of a Neanderthal ‘bedroom’, findings in a collapsed rock shelter in Italy in 2013 already confirmed that Neanderthals had an organized use of space, something that had previously only been attributed to humans. The rock shelter in Italy contained separate levels. The top level was used for butchering animals because it contained a high concentration of animal remains. The middle level contained the most traces of human occupation and seems to have been a long-term sleeping area. Artifacts were distributed to avoid clutter around the hearth at the back of the cave. Finally, the bottom level was a place for shorter stays. Animal bones and stone tools were concentrated at the front rather than the rear of the shelter, suggesting that tool production took place there to take advantage of available sunlight. Gone are the days that Neanderthals were viewed as little more than subhuman brutes and grossly inferior to our own species. Numerous studies over the last decade confirm that their intelligence was at least equal to that of early Homo sapiens. There are, for example, studies which demonstrate Neanderthals created art , used medicinal plants , liked to have a comfortable home ‘base’ , and may have even used some form of modern language and speech. Recent studies have also shown a compassionate side to Neanderthal life, with evidence of them caring for each other and ensuring the survival of their companions when they suffered from illnesses or injury , or as old age set in . All of these studies provide strong evidence of a certain level of sophistication not commonly associated with the stereotypical grunting Neanderthal. Top Image: The concave hole found in the Catalonia cave – Palmira Saladié/IPHES By April Holloway Neanderthals were also humans. That's what the "homo" means in front: "Human". Pretty sure that they were more compassionate than people living in a capitalist mega-society. I have always thought that we were very arrogant to suggest that Neanderthals were less advanced or less intelligent than our ‘Primitive’ ( I use the word ‘Primitive’ to mean ‘Earliest or First’) modern human ancestors. Next article
Law and People in Colonial America How did American colonists transform British law into their own? What were the colonies' first legal institutions, and who served in them? And why did the early Americans develop a passion for litigation that continues to this day? These questions and more are answered in Law and People in Colonial America – an essential, rigorous, and lively introduction to the beginnings of American law. To mark the publication of the second edition of the book, author Peter Charles Hoffer writes: "I have taught early American history for nearly 50 years, and American legal history for 35 of those years. So much has changed in our emphases over these years, but one change stands out. When I began teaching, slavery was one of the many subjects we covered, but only one. In the past 15 years, it has become a central, for some the central, subject of interest and study. The second edition of Law and People in Colonial America devotes a full, up-to-date chapter to slave law and slavery in the law, including comparative materials on slave law throughout the Atlantic World. As I prepared the new chapter, I realized how rich and how broad the new studies of slavery were, and how vital slave labor, based on the law, was to the economic, cultural, and political development of the colonies. As teaching informs our scholarship, so that scholarship guides our classroom offerings. When I had finished the revisions, I realized how far my teaching of slavery had come from that first lecture, so long ago." In Law and People in Colonial America, Hoffer tells the story of early American law from its beginnings on the British mainland to its maturation during the crisis of the American Revolution. For the men and women of colonial America, Hoffer explains, law was a pervasive influence in everyday life. Because it was their law, the colonists continually adapted it to fit changing circumstances. They also developed a sense of legalism that influenced virtually all social, economic, and political relationships. This sense of intimacy with the law, Hoffer argues, assumed a transforming power in times of crisis. In the midst of a war for independence, American revolutionaries used their intimacy with the law to explain how their rebellion could be lawful, while legislators wrote republican constitutions that would endure for centuries. Today the role of law in American life is more pervasive than ever. And because our system of law involves a continuing dialogue between past and present, interpreting the meaning of precedent and of past legislation, the study of legal history is a vital part of every citizen's basic education. Taking advantage of rich new scholarship that goes beyond traditional approaches to view slavery as a fundamental cultural and social institution as well as an economic one, this second edition includes an extensive, entirely new chapter on colonial and revolutionary-era slave law. Law and People in Colonial America is a lively introduction to early American law. It makes for essential reading. Order the newly released second edition of Law and People in Colonial America – published on November 5, 2019 – at this link: Peter Charles Hoffer is a distinguished research professor of history at the University of Georgia. He is the author of Law and People in Colonial AmericaSensory Worlds in Early America, Prelude to Revolution: The Salem Gunpowder Raid of 1775, and John Quincy Adams and the Gag Rule, 1835–1850.
What Was the Purpose of "The Champion of the World" by Maya Angelou in "The Bedford Reader"? By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 31, 2020 1:45:27 AM ET The purpose of "The Champion of the World" is to describe the solidarity and desperation of African Americans in the face of a violently racist Southern United States. In a world in which black men were lynched, black women "ambushed and raped," and black boys "whipped and maimed," the fate of an entire people seems to rest on a boxing match between a black champion and his white contender.
Skip to main content Channel your inner action hero as you learn to abseil safely. The sky’s the limit! Plan a session with this activity What to expect We all know that ‘what goes up must come down’. Abseiling’s all about getting down a vertical surface, whether it’s manmade (like a building or abseiling tower) or natural (such as a cliff face) with a controlled descent. You’ll use ropes, a harness, and different climbing devices to get safely back to planet Earth. What you’ll learn As well as being loads of fun, abseiling’s a great chance to practise being courageous and build teamwork skills. You’ll need to take a deep breath (and a leap of faith) to leave the top, and the encouragement of friends can be vital. You’ll also need to trust other people to keep you safe on your descent. Fun facts Abseiling was first used in the 1870s by a French mountaineer to get back down a mountain in the French Alps, after he didn’t quite reach the top. He picked himself up and tried again, until he reached the top of the Petit Dru (and mastered the technique of abseiling) in 1879. Handy hints • Try before you buy. Knot a race is a brilliant way to get everyone practicing their knot tying skills before you get stuck in. Why not plan it into your programme before you try abseiling? • Dress for the occasion. Abseiling can get chilly if you’re high up in the wind, so pack plenty of layers. Don’t rely on a big, puffy coat as you may need to take it off to wear the harness. • Grab some extra hair bobbles. People with long hair will probably need to tie it back. Take a few extra hair ties, just in case anyone forgets. • Make sure your camera has a strap. Abseiling offers some great photo opportunities, but you need to keep your camera (and anyone below you!) safe. A camera strap’s the best way to do this. We’re reworking our safety guidance for adventurous activities to make it easier to understand and follow. In the meantime, before you try abseiling, review the safety information here. Abseiling’s a great way to be courageous and find out what you can achieve. It can feel scary, but when it’s done properly, abseiling’s very safe. Did anyone surprise themselves by managing more than they expected? Did anyone find it tricky to stay calm and follow instructions? What would’ve helped people who found abseiling tricky? Perhaps they’d have liked more support from their team members or a little time to calm themselves down. People could apply this to lots of challenges in Scouts (and everyday life too). It’s great to learn how to calm down when things feel scary. If people can try something like abseiling, what else could they try! Abseiling also needs people to work as a team. People usually need the support of friends who believe in them, encourage them to give it a go, and give some helpful tips too. Did everyone appreciate the same kind of support? Some people may have wanted to be cheered on and encouraged, while others may have wanted peace and quiet to focus. Did anyone try asking the people abseiling what would help them? When people learn what’s most helpful for their friends they can be the best team player. Now everyone’s given abseiling a go, what adventure will they try next? They could put their new skills to the test with climbing (especially now they’re used to wearing a harness), try something they’re a bit worried about with their newfound courage, or put their teamwork to the rest with a water activity such as rafting.
Prime Ministers And Premiers Of North Korea By Kenneth Kimutai too on April 12 2019 in Politics Government building in Pyongyang. Government building in Pyongyang. North Korea is a single-party state led by a dictatorial figure known as the "Supreme Leader". Its capital is in Pyongyang which is also the largest city and the official language in the country is Korean. The country is led by a supreme leader from the Kim Family. The country has the largest military personnel in the world with more than 9.5 million persons in the ministry. Apart from the supreme leader, the country has also a prime minister who is in charge of the administration council. However, the Central People’s Committee, which is chaired by the President, has most of the governing powers. In this article, we will take a look at some of the notable people who occupied the post of the Prime Minister of North Korea. Prime Ministers of North Korea Kim II-Sung Kim II-Sung was born in 1912 and attended a military school. He was interested in communist ideologies and joined an anti-Japanese guerrilla group. At the age of 24, he was appointed to the post of the commander of the 6th Division and had hundreds of men under his control. Japan put him on their wanted list, and he escaped into the Soviet Union. He was made a major in the Red Army during World War II. The Soviet Union appointed him as the chair of the Communist party in the northern branch, and this is where his political life began. After the Korea war, he made himself the leader of North Korea. He was the premier of the country until 1972 where he became the president after the promulgation of the new constitution. Kang Song-san Kang Song-san was born in 1931 in North Hamgyong and died in 2007. He held two bachelor's degrees from different universities. He has one from Kin-II Sing Sung University and the other from Moscow State University in the Soviet Union. He got into politics in 1955 when he became an instructor in the central committee of the Workers Party of Korea (WPK). He was appointed the prime minister of the country in 1984. Pak Pong-Ju Pak Pong-Ju started his working career in the private sector as a manager in a food factory at the age of 22. He later joined politics in 1980 when he became an alternate member of the Korean worker's party. His first term in the office of the prime minister came 2003 and lasted until 2007. Choe Yong-rim Choe Yong is an electrical engineer who studied at the University of Moscow. He joined the army in 1950 and at one time served as an instructor. Choe ascended to the position of the prime minister in 2010. He came into power at a time when the country was experiencing an acute currency failure and economic drop. During his reign, he was instrumental in bringing the country back to its feet. He was replaced in 2013 by Pak Pong-Ju. This act was an attempt by the assembly to grow the economy as well as the military simultaneously. Functions of the North Korean Prime Minister The primary role of the premier is to oversee the North Korean Cabinet. Together with the cabinet, they are responsible for the implementation of the country’s economic policies as guided by the Worker’s Party. Prime Ministers And Premiers Of North Korea Prime Ministers and Premiers of the Cabinet of the People's Democratic Republic of KoreaTerm(s) in Office Kim Il-sung1948-1972 Kim Il1972-1976 Pak Song-chol1976-1977 Li Jong-ok1977-1984 Kang Song-san1984-1986; 1992-1997 Li Gun-mo1986-1988 Yon Hyong-muk1988-1992 Hong Song-nam1997-2003 Pak Pong-ju (Incumbent)2003-2007; 2013-2019 Kim Yong-il2007-2010 Choe Yong-rim2010-2013 Kim Jae-ryong2019- More in Politics
First aid for fractures Very often one is confronted with a situation where you want endurance, self-control and a certain knowledge to be able to provide the necessary assistance in distress passer. Because the timely medical help can save lives and save serious consequences. The most common situation is when you need first aid at fracture. Fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bones. There are two types of fracture - closed and open fracture. When the closed form of injury is a broken bone, and is often accompanied by displacement of the fragments. When you open the bone chip damage the soft tissue and frequently speaks out. The basic steps for fracture of an extremity Before measures first aid should call an ambulance. You should know that the transport of the patient is made only by health workers, it is therefore necessary to carry out the immobilization of the victim (immobilize). - The first step is to inspect the damaged limb: to determine the type of fracture. If the victim pain shock, and he is unconscious, we have to bring it to life. - Under the bleeding should stop, put the harness. If the blood is red, it means that the damaged artery, and harness should be put above the damaged area. If damaged, the blood has a dark tint, tow superimposed below the wound. It is necessary to fix the time when the overlay harness to notify the physician. The damaged part is necessary to immobilize and secure it by means of the bus. You can do this with any object at hand - umbrella, Board, stick, thick piece of cardboard, etc. With an open fracture on the protruding bone chip to impose gauze and fix it. - When broken arm, you should immobilize the limb and tie it with a scarf, head scarves, lace, waist up to the neck. Broken leg requires a blend lock with two sides for complete immobility of the limb. If you suspect a fracture of the spine, do not move the victim. It should only be put under the head soft thing, and wait for the arrival of an ambulance. Read also: Treatment of fracture of the hip If there are no obvious signs of fracture, and only suspicion, the best option would be to conduct the above activities in order to be safe. Subscribe to new posts:
About Wasabi About Wasabi Everyone knows that Wasabi is indispensable for Japanese dishes such as Sushi, Sashimi, and Soba-noodle.But, did you know that Wasabi is used for Western-style dishes as well? There are two types of wasabi; Japanese wasabi and Horseradish (seiyo-wasabi).Having a little more knowledge about wasabi makes you more enjoy our wasabi products on your dishes! Wasabi(Wasabia japonica) The earliest known cultivation of Wasabi dates back to the 10th century in Japan. Wasabi is native to the wet banks of Japan’s fresh mountain streams. Wasabi is grown in a rice field that is flooded with water from the pure, fresh mountain streams and therefore is classed as premium Wasabi known as“sawa”or “hata” wasabi.Sawa wasabi is the highest quality wasabi and takes from 2 ~ 3 years to mature. Wasabi’s main cultivation areas are in Hokkaido, northern Kyushu, Nagano, Shizuoka and Shimane. Our Wasabi is grown in our hometown Okutama. Outside of Japan hon wasabi is farmed in Taiwan, Indonesia, China, New Zealand, Austria and Canada. However, outside of it is rare to find real wasabi. Often packages labeled as wasabi do not contain any wasabi at all. Horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) Horseradish is native to the eastern Europe. It flourishes in the mild climate that stretches from Finland to Caspian Sea. The cultivation of horseradish was introduced to Hokkaido, Japan, from the west during the Meiji era. Horseradish is a member of the Brassicaceae family, the same as Wasabi, and often the root is as long as 30cm. Its grated mash is pale, less sticky than Wasabi and has a sharp flavor. It is also known as raifort in European cuisine. It is frequently procured as a garnish with roast beef. In Japan, dried Horseradish is used as main ingredient for Wasabi powder. Horseradish used to be farmed on a much larger scale in Nagano, Saitama and Hokkaido. However, now you can only find small quantities of them being harvested in Hokkaido. Nowadays, to meet Japan’s consumer demands, horseradish is imported from China. Efficacy & Function of Wasabi The unique pungent heat of Wasabi comes from the isothiocyanates (ITCs) content. When you break down Wasabi plant cells, usually by grating, instigation of the chemical reaction between Wasabi enzymes and glucosinolates generates isothiocyanates (ITCs). Robert Koch reported the anti-bacterial effects of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in 1882. Studies also indicate Wasabi’s powerful characteristics which include; enhancing the effects of vitamin B and C, stimulation of appetite, anti-parasitic effects and improved digestion. Wasabi is effective in suppressing microbes and bacteria that can cause food poisoning such as, Escherichia coli O157, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and staphylococcus aureus. Anthelmintic effect After dipping the larval anisakis into solution of salt mixed with grated fresh Wasabi juice for 7 hours, the larval anisakis are inhibited. Antithrombotic effect A component of Wasabi’s ‘Sawa-aroma’ is effective in restraining platelet aggregation and prevention of blood coagulation. Digestion and absorption effects of Wasabi The improvement of intestinal tight junction permeability, accelerated digestion and absorption. Cultivation Method of Wasabi method growing Tatamiishi method Izu Amagi 1.5 to 2 years The flooding of fields with fresh mountain stream water. Keiryu method Shimane and Tottori, mountain region of Chugoku district 2.5 to 3 years Spreading sands on natural mountain streams to create Wasabi fields. Chisawa method upper river region of Tama・Abe 1.5 to 2 years An improved method of the keiryu style, incorporating the best growing methods of the tatami-ishi style Heichi method Hotaka Azumino 1 to 2 years Cultivated in pure underground stream water.
小学英语剑桥少儿二年级下lesson13 Do it carefully 2015-11-07 16:13:00 [00:00.00]Unit 13 Do it carefully. [00:15.23]3.A play. [00:19.04](Quack the duck/Ducks 1,2,3 and 4/a Narrator/Bird) [00:27.32]Narrator:Quack is a little duck.He is also very ugly with a big black mouth. [00:36.10]The other ducks don't like to play with him. [00:39.92]One day Quack swam quietly up to the other ducks. [00:45.22]Duck 1:Go away Quack. You are too ugly. [00:49.01]Quack:I'm not beautiful but I am lonely.I want to play with you. [00:57.10]Duck 2:You can't play with us.Go away quickly. [01:01.31]Quack:Please let me play with you. [01:05.52]Duck 3:No,you can't. We don't want an ugly duck to spoil our fun. [01:11.60]Quack:I won't.I can help you do things. [01:16.12]Duck 4:But we don't want your help. Go away! [01:19.91]Narrator:The ducks quickly swam away. [01:24.22]Quack started to cry loudly. [01:26.91]Just then a beautiful bird flew down,landed quietly near Quack and slowly said to him... [01:36.31]Bird:Why are you crying,sad little duck? [01:40.21]Quack:They don't want me to play with them.They said "You're ugly." [01:47.81]Bird:Don't worry.I'll help you become a beautiful duck. [01:52.40]Quack:Really?Bird:Yes.Close your eyes and count from ten to one. [02:18.40]Bird:Slowly open your eyes.Look at yourself in the water. [02:23.78]You've become a beautiful duck. [02:26.99]Quack:Oh thank you, thank you. [02:32.19]Bird:You're welcome. You can go and play with them now. [02:36.47]Quack:I'd rather play with you! [02:39.76]Can you make those unkind11 ducks become ugly? [02:43.76]That would be fun. [02:45.75]Bird:Oh dear Quack. That is not a good thing to do. [02:50.32]You can come and fly with me. [02:53.11]We can find you some other friendly ducks to play with.Let's go. [02:58.70]Narrator:Quack flew happily away with the bird to find some new friends. [03:04.40]4.Find the places. [03:09.60]Here is a letter from Sally.Work with a partner. [03:14.12]Read the letter and look at the puzzle. [03:18.01]Draw lines to show where each piece goes. [03:22.21]Listen to Sally's letter. [03:25.90]Dear Sam,I don't live in the village now.I live in a big town. [03:33.00]There are many people in this town.My school is in the south of the town. [03:39.40]Near the school,there are offices,shops and videostores. [03:46.19]A lot of students like to play football. [03:50.48]After school they play football in the park near the lake. [03:55.68]But I don't like football. [03:58.18]I go to the swimming pool near the bus station. [04:02.18]I live far away from school. [04:05.29]I don't walk to school. [04:07.77]I go on the school bus. [04:10.17]There is a library near the market. [04:13.47]My mother works18 in the library.My father doesn't go to work. [04:19.66]He works at home with his computer. [04:23.86]On Saturday mornings,I have piano lessons in my teacher's house near the hospital and the bank. [04:33.35]Write and tell me about your town and your school. [04:38.26]Love from Sally [04:40.56]5.Let's sing. [04:45.54]Run to the school quickly.Come into the classroom quietly. [05:22.14]Read the text loudly.Sing the song beautifully. [05:37.42]Do the homework carefully.Let's go home happily. [05:48.73]Eat our meals slowly.Say goodnight cheerfully. [06:19.53]Run to the school quickly.Come into the classroom quietly. [06:40.43]Read the text loudly.Sing the song beautifully. [06:54.72]Do the homework carefully.Let's go home happily. [07:06.74]Eat our meals slowly.Say goodnight cheerfully. [07:23.92]Exercises 13 5.Listen,colour,draw and write. [07:32.02]1.It's a beautiful day isn't it?Yes,it is. [07:38.03]Many children are playing in the park. [07:42.24]There is a boy sitting under the tree. [07:45.42]What is he doing now?I think he is reading a book. [07:50.52]Now the boy sitting on the grass is reading a book quietly. [07:56.40]Please draw a book in the boy's hand.I think he likes to read. [08:02.09]OK,shall I color it blue?No,color it red,please. [08:08.18]2.Look,there are two boys playing with a football. [08:15.18]Yes,but the ball is in the water. [08:19.46]Who kicked the ball into the water? [08:22.33]I think it is Robinson. [08:25.13]Spell the name Robinson on the boy,please. [08:28.92]R-O-B-I-N-S-O-N Good. [08:40.12]3.There are two birds flying in the sky. [08:46.42]Yes,they are flying happily. [08:49.82]Please draw another bird between the birds and the tree. [08:55.51]OK,what color is it?Color it green,please. [09:02.30]4.There are three children fishing quietly near th water. [09:08.21]Yes,two boys and one girl. [09:12.49]Color the boy on the girl's left blue,please. [09:17.58]OK,color the boy on the girl's left blue. [09:23.46]Look,the fish are swimming quickly away. [09:27.75]Yes,I can see three there. [09:31.53]Color the first fish grey the second fish red and the third fish yellow. [09:37.91]OK.The first fish grey,the second fish red and the third fish yellow.
To use a single text object where each character of the text moves in their own unique manner. I want to be able to use one text object to create an animation where characters move onto the screen one by one. The way each character moves onto the screen is slightly complex, so I want to premake it myself for the rest of the unknown number of characters to follow. I also want to set the delay between when a character starts its animation and when the next character starts its animation. The reason why I only want to use only one text object is because the amount of characters that are being animated are unknown and can vary. Additionally, I want to be able to press tab to edit the text and type it in with ease where it will automatically determine how the characters are going to be animated based on the presets that I made (the animation path I made for all the characters to follow at different times and the delay between each one). Normally if I wanted to have the characters move independently, I would need to separate each character into their own text boxes and manually copy the animations. This will be troublesome if the entire length changes. Additionally by putting each character into their own text objects, it would be hard to judge the distance between each character (and imagine if I have to change the text). By changing the length of the single textbox, it will also change the amount of characters needed to animated. This will also change the amount of time need to finish the animation. However blank spaces will not add any time as they have no animation and will be skipped. So can someone please help me and show me how to do this in Blender Render. It may involve Python and although I have learnt a little bit of Python a long time ago, I have no clue of how Blender interprets them and it's libraries so bare with me. • $\begingroup$ Do you want to a completed solution or ideas so you can create your own solution? $\endgroup$ – atomicbezierslinger Jul 31 '16 at 19:21 • $\begingroup$ @atomicbezierslinger well you told me how to assign locations of each character but I still do not know how to assign some keyframes to the characters through script. $\endgroup$ – Bradman175 Jul 31 '16 at 23:01 • $\begingroup$ Many animations have a technical aspect and an artistic aspect. I was providing some technique suggestions to you. You must control the artistry. Blender Objects can exists in groups. Groups can be selected on a certain keyframe. Then insert keyframe. Perhaps I do not understand your written words. It would be best to change your question rather than create a long comment section. This question does not seem to be generating much external interest. I will probably drop the answer. $\endgroup$ – atomicbezierslinger Aug 1 '16 at 15:55 • $\begingroup$ @atomicbezierslinger I'm not asking about having you do the artistic aspect. I'm just still confused how to add in my artistic aspect into the technical aspect. $\endgroup$ – Bradman175 Aug 1 '16 at 23:03 enter image description here Image above showing extents of individual characters in a single Blender Text Object. Some miscellaneous points. • For ease of expressiveness, in the not quite so long run, I suggest you animate either single letter text objects or the mesh converted objects. • You may want to search for a script which already does what you want. • Text can follow path as a whole quite easily. Having each character follow a different path requires more work. Link for various approaches ...How-To: Text Sliding out of a Circle 2D • Your statements lead me to believe you want characters following individual paths. • enter image description here • In the image above we see the Blender Python Console window. We have probed the location and dimension of a text object. You see the X-axis value increase as I add letters. Subtraction required for individual character location perhaps other considerations. I have not found a more abstract probe for individual substrings of a larger string. • enter image description here • In the image above is a text editor window with an executed script. The blue balls have been placed at right side x axis of each letter. Thus the script has some reasonable knowledge of extents in the x direction. You can store the measurements in a Python list if that suits you. • Inspect, Verify and Improve the script. • Know that text character placement may not be as easy as placing a cube. Text characters have their own sense of orientation and aesthetics. Baseline for example. If you separate characters of a text object take care to notice any adjustments to the individual origins. • If you have final placement of the single objects whether text or mesh you can keyframe those positions as final positions. Then your animation can occur close enough to those final positions. For example a path which gets close enough to your final position can ease out its influence. • There is more left for you to discover. \| improve this answer \| \| • $\begingroup$ Wow there's a lot for me to learn. In the last image, did you place the balls on the right end of each character so that later on I can determine the locations of each characters and know the uneven distance between each one? $\endgroup$ – Bradman175 Jul 30 '16 at 1:52 • $\begingroup$ Also what does redraw_timer do? $\endgroup$ – Bradman175 Jul 30 '16 at 1:55 Your Answer
Avoid Childhood Type 2 Diabetes With These Strategies It’s becoming an epidemic. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 13.7 million US children (aged 2–19 years between 2015 and 2016) suffer from Childhood Type 2 Diabetes. 4 Strategies to Avoiding Type 2 Diabetes Photo: iStock The First Step in Avoiding Type 2 Diabetes The main culprit? Poor diet. Nutritionist Robert Ferguson tells Parentology parents should look at family health history first. “If someone's a type two diabetic, that lends itself to an increased likeliness a child could eventually find themselves being diabetic.” Another trait, one that's not always genetic, but usually lifestyle-related, is obesity. There are different ways to measure fat, but Ferguson recommends eschewing the Body Mass Index (BMI) for what he refers to as the Body Fact Index (BFI). That means looking at your child’s actual body fat percentage, rather than the BMI, which is just a formula equating height and weight. Ferguson points out BMI, the basis of which are studies on cadavers in the 1880s, is outdated, whereas BFI is based on real numbers and algorithms. The site Stayhealthy.com offers tips for determining whether you or your child is at risk for Type 2 diabetes. Educate Yourself About Food Choices Ferguson says figuring out what makes a food “healthy” isn’t always an easy proposition. A common question, and ongoing issue, who determines what delineates a food as healthy? “You may say free-range chicken is healthy, whereas a vegan friend will say no chicken is healthy," Ferguson gives as an example. For Ferguson, it’s more a mix and match food situation. “When it comes to diabetes with kids, same as with adults, the goal isn't so much the specific food, but how much you consume at one time and what you eat with that food.” One of the best strategies for addressing Type 2 diabetes is to avoid “sugar spikes,” sudden bursts of high sugar foods that cause a big release of insulin into the system. Slower, steadier metabolic burn is key to controlling blood sugar. An example Ferguson gives of slowing sugar spikes --eating a yam, white potato or sweet potato, and adding butter. "The fat slows down how fast the carb becomes sugar in one's blood, therefore, reducing the likelihood of experiencing a sugar spike," he says. "And if you reduce the likelihood of a sugar spike, you also reduce the likelihood of insulin spike, which plays a huge role in the relationship between how we eat and whether or not we're optimizing our blood sugar, which ties into type two diabetes for kids and adults.” Adding fats or proteins to carbs is a good rule. Ferguson says, “Eating a slice of bread topped with peanut butter or almond butter will help slow down how fast the bread becomes sugar in the body." Cut Back On Empty Sugar There is one big culprit, and it’s totally unnecessary: sugar. Not sugar like what’s in fruit, but the literal pounds of sugar Americans consume every year in processed foods, candy, and soft drinks. However, even when it comes to eliminating sugar, Ferguson says it’s more complicated than just banning it. He points out that 40 years ago, kids also pounded sugar (Pixie Sticks, anyone?), but they exercised more. Ferguson encourages looking at the big picture. “The biggest culprit can be over-consumption of candy, liquid sugary drinks and a lack of activity. The lack of education around nutrition, though, is the biggest culprit.” Too often, Ferguson says, parents are left out of the equation. Kids get lectured at school, but no one reaches parents, who are ultimately making meal decisions. “Statistically, we know if one parent is overweight or obese, the kid is 40% likely to become an overweight or obese adult. If both parents are overweight or obese, the kid is 80% likely to be overweight or obese as an adult. That says everything. You must go to the parents.” Don’t Judge Food, Change Habits Photo: iStock One thing is certain: you don’t want your kids to see any food as forbidden fruit. Another thing to avoid is deception, like “sneaking” so-called healthy food into your kid’s diet. "Habits are formed based on what kids grow up around -- that's where the power is," Ferguson says. These habits include, perhaps, letting your kid keep all their Halloween candy, but regulating how many pieces they get each day. Or, making sure they eat a balanced meal before going to that treat laden holiday party. It also means letting your child have so-called “junk” food on occasion, but also presenting fresh fruit as dessert on the regular. He warns about bringing judgment into the mix. If they do, "That kid is going to start hiding food under the bed or visiting friend's house where they can drink regular soda.” As with most things, avoiding the pitfalls of Type 2 diabetes is mostly about balance. If you suspect your child might be suffering from Type 2 diabetes, book an appointment with a pediatrician. Early intervention can garner good results. More Tips for Battling Diabetes Childhood Type 2 Diabetes -- Sources 1. Medical News Today 2. StayHealthy.comDon’t Judge Food, Change Habits Share On Facebook
An encounter Between two Artists: William Shakespeare and Salvador Dalì Elisabetta Marabotto of Saffronart explores Dalì’s series of prints inspired by the works of Shakespeare Salvador Dali' and Gala Eluard. Salvador Dali’ and Gala Eluard. Image Credit: London: Two Dali prints soon to be available on The Story by Saffronart are a great example of one artist’s response to the work of another. Here, William Shakespeare, centuries after his death, manages to inspire the imagination and creativity of the great surrealist artist Salvador Dali with his words and poetry. Dalì, mostly known for his surrealist works which he created using several different media, from painting to sculpture and film, also demonstrated great skill with more ‘traditional’ forms of art like the present prints. He joined the surrealist group in 1929 of which he was one of the most outstanding and controversial members. There he met his future wife and muse Gala. In 1939 he left the Surrealist group and fled to America with Gala where he adopted a different approach to art, rejecting modernism and experimenting different art traditions. Given the link of Surrealism with literature, Dalì’s interest in Shakespeare’s oeuvre is not surprising. In fact, the artist also illustrated other literary masterpieces such as “The Divine Comedy” by Dante and Cervantes’ “Don Quixote”. Salvador Dali, The Tempest (From Shakespeare I) The Story by Saffronart One of the prints on offer is an illustration of Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” written around 1610-1611. In this print, Dali represents the main scene of the play, where Prospero conjures up the tempest. He is depicted on the right hand side of the print, while in the background, a boat struggles against the blowing winds and stormy sea. Salvador Dali, Henry IV from Much Ado about Shakespeare (Shakespeare II) The Story by Saffronart The second print is an illustration of the play “Henry IV” which belongs to a series of four historical dramas. Written between 1596 and1599, this play tackles mirrors the political situation of the time and the problems around the succession after Queen Elizabeth I. Shakespeare, Salvador Dali. Shakespeare, Salvador Dali. Image Credit: William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is considered the greatest playwright in the history of English literature, and in the 19th century his work became the canon for western literature. An exhibition on Shakespeare prints by Salvador Dalì titled “Much Ado About Shakespeare” will be held at the Dalì Museum, Florida, in January 2013. So why not enjoy one of the Shakespeare inspired prints from your own collection? It is an occasion to not be missed! Autobiografia: Recluse of History Ipshita Sen of Saffronart previews an exhibition at Gallery Art & Soul in Mumbai New York: The exhibition, Autobiografia: Recluse of History, is an intriguing group show of artists from different eras. Simplistic and powerful, it stimulates one’s historical chord through classic drawings of soldiers during World War I, with titles such as ‘le commencement de la peur’ / ‘the beginning of fear’ made by artist Jean Louis-Forainto, striking drawings of the town of Lodz by the cubist artist Felicia Pacanowska, a survivor of World War II and the holocaust. Additionally, the exhibition features works by artists such as Prabhakar Pachpute, depicting open cast mines in India and photographs and scriptures of a theater founded by artist Amol Patil’s father for the Bombay mill workers. The exhibition is a sneak peek into history, portraying several autobiographies which span an ambitious timeline of significant historical events and offer varied nuances of their respective periods of time. The visitor is thus exposed to several time capsules simultaneously. A self portrait by Felicia Pacanowska A self portrait by Felicia Pacanowska Artist Felicia Pacanowska was a Cubist artist born and raised in the industrial town of Lodz. Her parents were artists too, and part of the large Jewish population in Lodz. The city became an important hub for the Nazi’s occupation owing to its industrial attributes. The Lodz ghetto, the second largest after the Warsaw ghetto, was built for Jews and Romans in German ruled Poland. The ghetto served as an industrial center for the Jews, a gathering point and also as a manufacturing center for German army supplies. Very few Jews survived the dreadful holocaust. Felicia Pacanowska lost her family in the holocaust leaving her depressed. Until the end of the war, she lived in fear and in brutal conditions. Most of her works of art and tools were lost. She, however, continued her diligent work, which eventually staved off her depression. Pacanowska’s significant body of works displayed at the exhibition mainly comprises portraits in studied, clean, scalpel-succinct pencil strokes. Shernavaz Colah, another artist showcased in this exhibit, has an intriguing series of drawings titled “it-so-ur-sco-pop-hob-ia”, an anxiety instigated whilst being stared at by other people. The exhibition also includes reproductions of works of art by reclusive Sri Lankan artist Justin Daraniyagala, who Shernavaz Colah had been researching. Justin Daraniyagala, a cubist artist, part of the Sri Lankan avant-garde 43 Group, preceded several of his contemporaries in India in interpreting cubism through his own aesthetic eye. John Berger, a distinguished British writer and art critic, reviewed Justin Daraniyagala and his group and spoke of their outstanding practices. He noted: “…the story of the [‘43] Group’s attempt to achieve a synthesis between the work done in Paris by Picasso and Matisse and the ancient tradition of Sigiriya (frescoes) which yet took into account the emerging power and equality of Asia in the contemporary work could be discovered through a careful, chronological study of their work.” The exhibition also includes the works of Zarina Hashmi, Yogesh Barve, Poonam Jain, Akbar Padamsee, Salvador Dali, Prabhakar Barwe, F.N. Souza, Nikhil Raunak, George Braque, A.A. Raiba, Sachin Bonde, Francisco Goya, Mangesh Kapse and Carla Montenegro, with reproductions by M.F. Husain, Pablo Picasso and Fernando Botero. The exhibition is currently on view at Gallery Art & Soul in Mumbai, India. %d bloggers like this:
South Africa’s Race-Based Socialism Twenty-five years since the election of Nelson Mandela as president of South Africa, the country remains home to some of the most market-invasive, race-based economic policies in the world. At the heart of this system are provisions for Affirmative Action (AA) and unique statutory measures for Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). These laws are suffocating the South African economy. AA and BEE developed in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Affirmative Action is mandated by the Employment Equity Act of 1998, which mandates companies to alter their workforces until they reflect the racial composition of the local economically active population. BEE was introduced formally in 2003 as the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (BBBEE Act). It goes much further than AA, requiring companies in South Africa to structure their corporate ownership, boards, management, staff, procurement, and charity based on racial classification. The “whiter” a company’s shareholders, board, management, employees and suppliers, the lower its BEE score (yes, there is an actual scorecard). The “blacker” a company, the higher its BEE score. In the mining industry, the BEE Charter (an industry regulation in terms of the B-BBEE Act) requires a 30% BEE shareholding in companies applying for a new mining right. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Gamification In Healthcare: Will It Work? Nikola Stanisic/ Implementing Gamification In Healthcare Gamification is being used in a number of corporate organizations these days to train and develop skills and knowledge in their employees. Gamification started off as a digital learning trend but soon made it known that it was an effective learning technique that helped learners absorb and retain knowledge while keeping them engaged. Although gamification works for a number of product and service-based industries, does it work for healthcare training? The answer to that is yes! Gamification has been used, and is being used, by a number of healthcare organizations to train their employees. A number of healthcare organizations are hesitant to implement gamification in their workplace because healthcare is a serious industry that deals with saving people’s lives. However, healthcare is also used in safety training for a number of industries, which is another serious subject. If you’re still not convinced and are looking for reasons why gamification works for healthcare training, this article is written to put exactly such doubts to rest. Let’s have a look at 4 reasons why gamification works for healthcare training. 1. Connects With Learners On An Emotional Level A lot of stakeholders in healthcare organizations are under the impression that gamification would trivialize the learning employees receive from digital learning programs. Nothing could be further from the truth. Those who have played video games would understand the emotional connection games build with the player. People get engrossed in their storyline, involved emotionally with the characters and connect on a deep level with the tasks or missions they are supposed to complete within the game. When gamification is used to develop skills and knowledge, the same emotional connection is made with learning. Information and skills are retained better when learners feel an emotional connection with learning. Gamification does that using storylines, characters, points, levels, badges, achievements, and leaderboards. 2. Uses Failure As A Learning Tool Failure is perhaps the greatest of all learning tools. Failure helps learners understand what they’re not supposed to do. But, in order for learners to understand that failure is in fact the greatest of all learning tools, they need to learn not to be afraid of failure. They should view failure as a milestone to success while also understanding that failure has consequences. Gamification provides learners with a virtual world where they can make mistakes without fearing consequences that would be devastating in real life in the healthcare organization. For example, surgeons could be trained to perform surgeries without the fear of killing the patient if they make a mistake. In addition, sometimes a mistake can teach learners more than a successful operation. 3. Turns Boring Learning Into Engaging Activities The power of gamification lies in its ability to engage learners. A lot of healthcare training is boring and calls for memorization of hundreds of symptoms, diseases, treatments, prescriptions, procedures, and whatnot. Gamification simplifies these by turning them into an engaging experience and removing the boredom learners would otherwise feel while memorizing these. Gamified digital learning courses offer intrinsic motivation to people because they don’t feel like training, but at the same time they are. 4. Tracks Progress And Offers Immediate Feedback One of the engaging features of gamification is level progress. It gives learners the impression that they are moving forward. Healthcare organizations can create gamified courses that simulate the real life of a healthcare professional. For example, where they get promoted to upper levels of a healthcare organization as they complete exercises and learn more and more. Level progress in gamification also allows the concerned authorities to track learner progress. In addition, gamification also offers immediate feedback to learners unlike other digital learning methods which allow learners to understand how they’ve performed, and retake the course to fix their mistakes. Healthcare is a slow-moving and cautious industry, and thus its hesitation to embrace relatively newer digital learning strategies and methods like gamification can be understood. However, after reading the above-mentioned points it is evident that gamification offers a number of real benefits to the healthcare industry, and can really revolutionize healthcare training. Healthcare organizations that have already understood this use gamified digital learning courses to engage employees, train them and improve their performance. eBook Release: Tamplo Project and Team management software
TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Stretching A1 - Scifers, James R. A2 - Higgins, Michael PY - 2011 T2 - Therapeutic Exercise: From Theory to Practice AB - LEARNING OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this chapter, the learner should be able to demonstrate the following competencies and proficiencies concerning stretching:Describe the limitations to joint flexibility and range of motionUnderstand terminology related to stretchingDescribe the factors related to muscle length and functionDescribe connective tissue properties related to stretchingDescribe the neurophysiology of stretchingUnderstand the effects of stretching on soft tissueDescribe the effects of modalities on stretchingDescribe the many stretching techniques, including proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and neural tension techniquesDescribe and understand stretching guidelines, indications, precautions, and contraindications SN - PB - F. A. Davis Company CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2020/08/14 UR - fadavisat.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1163427187 ER -
Nansen Primary School – KS1 Castle Life Some of the butter & flour we made We had our first ever visit to Nansen Primary School in Birmingham this week. The school is named after Fridtjof Nansen, the famous Norwegian Arctic explorer. I was fascinated to see this as I’ve always had an interest in polar history, particularly Ernest Shackleton. It’s a really big school with 120 children per year group so our visit was spread over two days. It was so big that it had a separate hall just for our use. This was great as it meant that we did not need to pack down for lunch then reset. It felt like a great mixture of the old and the new. The school was really strict on security, a good thing to see, and there were lots of checks and security features. They were also very well organised and for the first time I can recall in a primary school, we had a detailed timetable for the workshops supplied to us. The first workshops started about 9.20 each day and we had lots of teacher help in each workshop with putting on aprons, medieval clothes (one teacher even wore a dress herself!). They also helped children with trying on armour and making butter in the churns. Double cream in the plunge churn The butter making was one of the most popular areas of the workshop, with children and teachers alike. There were several cries of “It’s magic!” from the children as they saw the simple wonder of cream transforming into butter and buttermilk. Many people couldn’t believe that just by churning cream that you could make butter. There was great curiosity about what buttermilk was used for, in my experience I believe it’s good for making scones & cakes in modern times. I believe it was given to invalids in medieval times to help them recover. We also talked about how butter & ghee were different (ghee is heated butter to remove all the liquid and is 100% fat). I believe ghee was favoured in hot countries as it would be less likely to go off in the heat. It was noticed by one of the children that the medieval bread oven was similar to ones that he had seen in Turkey. We discussed how similar they were to pizza ovens. We spent lots of time looking at the different materials that the clothes were made from such as linen, wool and silk. Then everyone tried some on. Cleaning the armour at lunchtime to remove finger prints which can rust it We looked at the knights armour and how one would become a knight, through the various stages of page boy and squire and what they might have to learn and do. We talked about why armour was worn and what it was made from, then we looked at where to put the armour on the body and then everyone tried some on. We then rebuilt the knight to see if we could remember where the armour went. Everyone then got to hold a blunt sword. We gave some posters to the teachers, said our goodbyes then set off on our merry way back to Essex. About kazhoney
ISO basic Latin alphabet alphabet consisting of 26 letters; identical to the modern English alphabet The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet and is made of two sets of 26 letters, the same as the English alphabet, codified in many different national and international standards and used widely in international communication. ISO basic Latin alphabet
Items : 0 Subtotal : $0.00 View CartCheck Out Items : 0 Subtotal : $0.00 View CartCheck Out The Military Technical Order System: We’ve all seen these numbers, but what to they actually mean? It’s time to get technical We’ve all seen the T.O. and AN distinctions before WWII era document numbers, but knowing the history of these numbers can give great insight into the information contained within them. As with most things, the military was very organized when creating the system for categorizing their technical documents. It’s impressive to think that during one of the most intensive periods of modern military history, there were people who understood the importance of a well maintained library cataloging system! Early History The first mention of a “TO” number was as early as 1919, but it wasn’t until several years later, in the early 1920’s that the beginnings of the document numbers we are familiar with started to take shape. However, before we continue, I’m going to jump ahead a bit and give an example of a document number to use as a reference throughout this explanation! Document numbers for WWII era military published manuals are always found in the upper right corner of the cover page. A typical WWII era document number has 3 sections, separated by hyphens: It was in the early 1920’s that the first 2 digits of the document number were established – they were called Air Service Property Class Codes. The Class Codes categorized documents into general groups, The chart below gives several examples of the categories that manuals would have been grouped into – look familiar? Returning to our example document number, and using the class code chart, we can see that our manual relates to an aircraft, by its "01-" distinction. An Increase In Production Creates Changes In the 1930’s the number of manuals being published by the military began to increase at an incredible rate, and this called for a more organized and detailed document numbering system. It was during this time that two very important documents were released that are still in use today. The first of these was T.O. 00-1, titled “Numerical List of Technical Publications”. This manual was a list of every document published and distributed up to this point, and its document number, title, and revision date. T.O. 00-1 was (and still is) an incredibly useful resource when looking for manuals on specific topics, and checking for revision dates. The second manual, T.O. 00-5 covered the document numbering system itself, and how to use and understand the system. Manufacturer Codes In 1933 T.O. 00-5 outlined several major additions to the document numbering system. The first update involved the addition of Manufacturer Codes to the document number. These codes followed the initial property class numbers, and went in increments of 5. The examples below list a handful of manufacturers and their corresponding codes. Again, returning to our example document number and using the Manufacturer chart, we can now learn that the "20" found after the Property Class code, indicates that this manual relates to a Boeing Aircraft. Type and Model Codes Also during the mid 1930’s, alphabetical Type and Model Codes were added to document numbers, in order to assign manuals to specific airframes. Like manufacturer codes, type and model codes were assigned at random, and did not reflect a system that matched codes to the technical names of aircraft. Below are several early examples of document numbers that cover, and surround our example document number. Here, by sheer memorization, we can know that this manual is specific to the Boeing P-12E aircraft. Manual Separation An interesting fact – up until 1936-7, all the information regarding a specific airframe was contained in a single manual! This illustrates both the simplicity of these early aircraft, and how many gaps in technical information were likely present. However, in the late 1930’s aircraft were becoming much more complicated, and manuals much more detailed, and a new distinction was needed to address both scenarios. The solution was adding an additional digit at the end of the document number that indicated different types of manuals related to a specific model of aircraft. You’ll notice that several of these digits are still used to indicate specific manuals up to modern times, although the names have changed slightly. The chart below lists the TO numbers that would have covered the most basic (and important) airframe manuals for the Boeing P-12E, our example document aircraft. Finally, we see the whole picture of what this manual is about - Operation and Flight Instructions for the Boeing P-12E! More Specifics Also at this time, additional distinctions became necessary to indicate later models of aircraft, engines, propellers, and so on. Separate manuals were not created for these later models, but instead information was added to the existing manual for that series. In order to indicate that a manual now included additional information, a second, and sometimes third letter was added to the document number after the original manufacturer code. Again, these letters did not correspond to the type or model that they were indicating within the manual, so memorization of what these letters meant at the time was key. The chart below gives examples of how a document number would have changed for a service instruction manual covering the Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine. War Years When the US entered World War II in 1941, the bones of the Tech Order system were already in place. However, several changes were made during this period that were more out of necessity than anything else. Up until this point, manuals read like a standard book, with few images and diagrams, and single column text that ran the width of the page. In early 1942 the manual format was changed to double columns of text. This change was made to more easily accommodate the increasing number of illustrations, and cartoons, the latter of which had just started to appear in manuals. Cartoons and colored diagrams were inserted in an effort to increase interest in manuals, and entice maintenance workers and pilots to actually read them! Cartoons were used with abandon during the war, sometimes being present on almost every page of a manual. Cartoons are often informative on a technical level, but also give the modern reader a peek into the mindset of the 1940’s artist. As can be expected, many cartoons depict women in what we would consider today to be extremely sexist ways. However, they are simply a sign of the times, and I often find myself laughing out loud as I come across them. Some of my favorites are below. Top left: Miss Anoxia has always been my personal favorite - you get a bathing suit, but it's funny in a dark kind of way. Above: A classic name for a military published pamphlet. Left: Ah, the days when being politically correct wasn't even on the radar! Another change that occurred in the early 1940’s was a reduction in font and paper size due to paper shortages, likely saving massive amounts of paper given the number of manuals that were being published during the war. The All Important Parts Catalog During this time, changes were not only made to conserve resources – in 1942 the Illustrated Parts Catalog that we know and love today became mandatory. Previous to this, parts catalogs were simply lists of part numbers with their corresponding description. Maintenance and factory workers were finding it difficult to identify parts quickly without knowing a specific part number, or identify and find parts on the shelf. The illustrated parts catalog, with its exploded views of assemblies, and detailed drawings solved both these problems, and was a huge benefit to anyone who worked closely with military aircraft. Typical layout prior to the illustrated parts catalog update - page from a 1942 version of a P-40 Warhawk Parts Catalog Exploded view Illustration from a later revision (1945) P-40 Warhawk Parts Catalog Corresponding parts list for exploded view illustration from 1945 P-40 Parts Catalog The “AN” Distinction is Born During 1942, General Arnold merged the Army and Navy document systems to make printing and distribution easier during the war years. Note that up until 1942, all published military documents carried the “T.O.” distinction (standing for Technical Order). This new standardization system lasted through 1953, and changed all documents that were published to carry the “AN” distinction, rather than “TO” (AN standing for Army/Navy). The Army and Navy Separate In 1953 the Army and Navy decided to separate their document numbering systems again. While the Navy opted to keep the previously developed AN system (that would later morph into the NAVAIR, NAVWEPS style we see today), the Army went back to the original TO designation, but changed almost everything else! To make the document system easier to understand, the Army decided to scrap the arbitrary manufacturer, type, and model codes. In their place was inserted the technical designation of the aircraft (or engine) that the manual was about. The example below indicates how a manuals document number would have changed post 1953. After this new system was implemented, it was estimated that approximately 25,000 manuals would need to be given a new number using this system – no small task! You may have noticed on some later revision manuals that a TO number is listed, but below in parenthesis is the former AN number. The new document number would also have only been printed on subsequent revision packets, unless a manual was completely redone, so sometimes the cover page of a manual will indicate a TO number, and the headers on the internal pages show an AN number. An Incredibly Detailed System Those of us who deal mainly with manuals from war years, will be more familiar with the AN system of document numbering, and plenty can be learned from understanding it. I have used the system to organize the internal library of materials that we have at AirCorps, and have also modeled the AirCorps Library website after the system. Using many revisions of TO 00-1 and 00-5, I have also compiled an index that lists exactly what each manufacturer, type, and model code means, not just for aircraft, engines, and propellers, but for all components, ground equipment, and much more (to give an idea, it’s an almost 2,000 line spreadsheet!) It’s nice to have a system that makes sense, where every manual has its proper place, and not have to reinvent the wheel! Unlike the Dewey Decimal System that only librarians can understand, the TO system can be used for a variety of purposes, including just sounding smart when you’re talking about documents! About the author
Wbs (Work Breakdown Structure) 1250 Words5 Pages Explain the content of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and discuss its role in project management and the connection to the organisation. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a tool that is used to define the work elements of a project and identify its entire scope. It is the map of the project which identifies all elements of the project and allows managers to keep track and control of it. It is made of a hierarchy which facilitates the evaluation of cost, time and performance at all levels of the project life-cycle and organization. The structure illustrates the smaller units and allows for adaptation and quick communication if there a problems which need to be addressed. Definitions of each task should be clear and avoid overlapping in…show more content… (Gray & Larson 2008, 92) The project scope has been explained in regards to the WBS, it has been explained in order to elaborate the project scope, herby going onto the project priorities. The project priorities are in regards what should be prioritised in the project. What is to be taking in regards in terms of cost is (budget), time (schedule), and performance (scope) of the project. What is important to emphasise on here is how these three correlate with one another. In a case where time is important it would be necessary to perform faster, which will prevent a quality outcome, hence lead to reduced costs. The importance of a project manager is to control the trade-offs between budgets and scope. The project managers functions as a link between upper management and project customers. The project manager needs to have keen understanding of project scope in order to fulfil the requirements for the customers and how prioritize the demands. The customer can also add requirements and then the manager needs to prioritize the requirements in regards to the project. An important method is to use the priority matrix to identify what is worth prioritizing more. The constrain is stick and have to be obliged to the first agreements made between the customer, this includes, the specifications and scope of the project or the budget. The enhance includes time and costs. The enhance is an essential factor seeing where to emphasize on either on reducing costs or More about Wbs (Work Breakdown Structure) Open Document
Old Gloucester Cattle On the farm here, we have one of the oldest established herds of Gloucester cattle in the world. When our herd was established with 3 cows and a bull in 1972 the breed was at a very low ebb. There were just 68 of these cattle left in the world. Charles was one of a group who got together to re-establish the breed society to maintain pedigree records and do everything in their power to try to ensure the breed's survival. Charles' contribution was to draw attention to the breed's plight by putting it to work doing what it does best, which is to produce milk for making Single and Double Gloucester cheese. At the time Charles had no idea how to make cheese but no-one seemed to care they just wanted a slice of the story and the history of this beautiful breed of cow. 40 years later the same sentiment seems to persist. As the breed helped establish the farm cheesemaking business, so we hope the compliment has been returned as we have worked hard to ensure the survival of the breed. It isn't all rosy however. Currently the breed has only about 700 breeding females and is far too rare for comfort. We always live in the hope that more people will maintain milking herds of this breed for cheesemaking within its home range of Gloucestershire. They more than pay their way in the interest they create. The breed is the oldest dairy breed in Britain and dates back to the 13th Century. It is not a very specialized breed however and the males may be used for meat or for draught purposes as working oxen. The skill of training them has been practiced on the farm here. See our section on working oxen.
Contact Us for our Opening Hours What is polypharmacy? There is no consensus towards a formal definition of the polypharmacy but it is related to use of multiple medications for one or many health conditions. This is common for our seniors or persons living with a chronic disease, for instance diabetes, hypertension or chronic pain. The use of many medications is essential to optimize your health but it may cause adverses side effects or medication interactions. The pharmacist may play an important role to ensure safe medication use. What is polypharmacy? The pharmacist
Geography Terms archipelagoa group of many islands baypart of an ocean or lake extending into the land and usually smaller than a gulf capea point of land extending into a body of water deltaa triangular deposit of sand and soil that collects at the mouth of some rivers gulfpart of an ocean extending into land and usually larger than a bay harbora sheltered area of water where ships can anchor safely isthmusa narrow strip of land with water on both sides, connecting two larger areas of land oasisa fertile place in the desert where there is water and some vegetation straita narrow waterway connecting two large bodies of water tributarya stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river canala waterway dug across land through which ships can pass channela narrow, deep waterway connecting two bodies of water; the deepest part of a river or waterway deserta dry, barren region that may be sandy and without trees glaciera huge mass of ice that moves slowly down a mountain islandan area of land completely surrounded by water lakea large body of water surrounded by land mountaina land form with high elevation and a pointed or rounded top higher than a hill mountain rangea row of connected mountains mouth (of a river)the part of a river where its waters flow into another body of water peninsulaland surrounded by water on all sides but one plaina broad and flat or gently rolling area usually low in elevation rivera large stream of water that flows into a lake , ocean, or other body of water swamplow, wet land that supports grass and trees valleylow land between hills or mountains volcanoan opening in the earth's surface through which steam, ashes, and lava are forced out This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. Learn more about Quia Create your own activities
ROSEAU, Dominica – The leaderships of Barbados’ Mia Mottley, Trinidad and Tobago’s Kamla Persad-Bissessar, and Jamaica’s Portia Simpson-Miller, among others, are all the domino-effect of the political career of Dame Mary Eugenia Charles, the Caribbean’s first female prime minister. Charles served as the Prime Minister of Dominica from 1980 to 1995. Not only was she was the first woman in the Americas to be elected in her own right as head of government, but created a legacy as the longest-serving female Prime Minister in the Caribbean and the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Dominica. She was also the world’s third longest-serving female Prime Minister, behind Indira Gandhi of India and Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka. Charles was born in 1919, long before Dominica gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1978. Though she was born during Dominica’s colonial era, Charles grew up relatively wealthy, as her parents were descendants of free people of color. Her father was a mason who became a wealthy landowner and had business interests in export-import. Charles attended the Catholic Convent School in Dominica, the island’s only girls’ secondary school at the time. After graduating, Charles became interested in law while working at the colonial magistrate’s court. She attended the University of Toronto in Canada (LL.B., 1947), then moved to the United Kingdom to attend the prestigious London School of Economics. She passed the bar in London and returned to Dominica, where she became the island’s first female lawyer. She began campaigning in politics during the 1960s against restrictions on press freedom. She helped to found the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), and was its leader from the early 1970s until 1995. She was elected to the House of Assembly in 1970 and became Opposition Leader in 1975. She continued serving after Dominica gained full independence from British rule in 1978. The first female Prime Minister in the Caribbean, Eugenia Charles was elected to the head post when the DFP swept the 1980 elections, the party’s first electoral victory. She took over from Oliver Seraphin, who had taken over only the year before, when mass protests had forced the country’s first prime minister, Patrick John, to step down from office. She additionally served as Dominica’s Foreign Minister from 1980 to 1990, and as chairperson of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Charles became more widely known to the outside world for her role in the lead-up to the United States Invasion of Grenada. In the wake of the arrest and execution of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, Charles, then serving as chairperson of the OECS, appealed to the United States, Jamaica, and Barbados for intervention. She appeared on television with U.S. president Ronald Reagan, supporting the invasion. Journalist Bob Woodward reported that the US paid millions of US dollars to the Dominica Government, some of which was regarded by the CIA as a ‘payoff’ for Charles’s support for the US intervention in Grenada. During her tenure as Prime Minister, Charles made policies that protected the poor and disadvantaged in Dominica. She supported many social welfare programmes as well as anti-corruption laws and individual freedom policies. For her uncompromising stance on these issues, she became known as the “Iron Lady of the Caribbean”. In 1991, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. With popularity declining during her third term, Charles announced her retirement in 1995. The DFP subsequently lost the 1995 elections. After retiring, Charles undertook speaking engagements in the United States and abroad. She became involved in former U.S. President Jimmy Carter’s Carter Center, which promotes human rights and observes elections to encourage fairness. In 2005, Charles entered a hospital in Fort-de-France, Martinique, for hip-replacement surgery. She died from a pulmonary embolism on September 6, 2005, at 86 years of age. Charles never married nor had children.
Nature of pet cats The pet cat is a very intelligent animal, a very independent animal. They do what they feel when they feel like doing it. They will not hesitate to demand whatever they want, be it food, sports, or to be alone. Cats have different personalities. Some are kind of cool, while some are meow all the time, some are fussy and very selective about food and people and some eat anything and want every person’s attention. Some like to be held and sat on their lap and some are lonely and don’t want to do much with people. When a cat wants to get your attention, she will either be kind to you, rub against your leg or chase you around. Some cats are smarter than others. Some actually seem to pay attention to the world around them – watching, listening and carrying, as if they really understand it all. Some outdoor cats are also known to watch both ways before crossing the road. Cats are very intelligent and sometimes capable of surprising behavior. Some cats also enjoy watching TV and listening to the radio. You can tell if your cat is resting by picking it up; A relaxed cat is loose and light, and a scared cat is tight and heavy. Some people can also learn to do dogs, just like dogs! Cats like to take many short naps during the day, so the expression is “cat nap”. Where they choose to sleep, their personality varies. Some people like to sleep high in a wardrobe, secluded and out of the way, while others prefer to stay right in the midst of all the action. Some prefer soft warm places, others prefer sunny nooks and crannies. Cats have a tendency to sharpen their claws and may do so in places where you do not wish them to do so, namely the couch. Giving the cat a place where it can sharpen its claws such as a scratching post and keeping the claws short is recommended. It is not always the best idea to give your cat a carpet covering post because it will teach your cat that it is okay to scratch the fabric, ie your couch. Instead, the scratching post must have come out from inside the sisal rope or carpet. With some effort, cats can be taught that the scratching post is a designated scratch area. Some choose to declare their cats. Declaring a cat is the surgical removal of the cat’s toes, however, because it is very painful for the cat because the cat’s paw is actually a movable digit that attaches to the muscle – similar to a finger. It has strong ligaments and tendons that allow the claw to expand and retract. A proclaimed cat can no longer properly hold, hold, or set up for proper walking, running, running, climbing, or pulling, and therefore should never go outside the home. It will no longer be able to defend itself or climb trees to get away from predators. Spaying and neutering Aside from the fact that cats without homes are a major overuse, there are many other good reasons for your cat to get spayed or neutered. Untouched male (and sometimes female) cats may begin spraying their urine around their house to mark their territory. The intact cat’s urine is particularly foul-smelling and can never be completely cleaned with things like carpet, upholstery, bedding, or wood. In summer females can build up Howells, motions, and soil in the house. It may last for 21 days and may occur three or more times a year. While a female cat is in heat, male cats hovel outside your door in search of romance. Unmarried cats are urged to roam far away from home in search of a mate and can travel great distances in search of a mate, sensing danger from cars, catfights, and possibly troubled neighbors. Spayed and neutered cats are calmer, healthier, and more content. Studies show that spayed and neutered cats have twice the average life expectancy as long as unspayed and unneutered cats. Size varies By race for adults: About 6-15 pounds (2.7 to 7 kg) Some cats weigh more than 20 pounds (9 kg). Approximately 8–10 inches (20–25 cm) long at the shoulder. living conditions Cats can live completely indoors, outdoors and indoors or outdoors. Cats are completely excluded, requiring some type of shelter to be provided, such as a barn. Cats are one of the essential ingredients in a working farm. They control rodent populations, keeping them out of feed. A farmer told that he had a mouse in every stall of his barn until he brought cats to his establishment. He has not seen a single rat since then. Cats cannot be kept in cages such as rabbit hutches; They should remain free inside or outside your home. If kept in a small cage for a long time, a cat will go mad. If you plan to keep your cat outside, first consider the area you live in, as some areas are not safe for a cat to live outside. A cat is a good pet for apartment dwellers. Indoor cats need a litter box, where they can make ends meet. The litter box should be scooped and replaced daily and cleaned at least twice a week. Cats do not like to end up in dirty places, therefore, if you do not keep the litter box clean as per your cats’ choice, your cat will have to move to other locations. This is most likely not the place of your choice! Cats are very clean animals. In general, they will take care of their own caring needs, grooming themselves with their rough tongue. Some long-haired cats may need to be brushed. A cat that suddenly stops grooming itself may show signs of illness and should be taken to the vet for a checkup. Cats mustaches should never be pruned because they are used for balance; Their tails are also used for balance. Cats, unlike dogs, are true carnivores, meaning they only thrive on meat diets and do not require vegetable, grain, or dairy supplementation. Cats may be given high-protein dry or canned food just for cats. While canned food is tasty for a cat, dry food is better for their teeth. Some like to feed a combination of dried and canned. Be sure to take a high-quality meal, the main ingredient being meat and not a food or product. Cats are predators and require meat to stay healthy. They require more protein than many other mammals and are unable to adjust to a low-protein diet and will use the body’s protein to meet their needs. Many other nutrients and amino acids are found in meat that cats need to keep healthy. Contrary to popular belief, cow’s milk is not good for the digestion of cats. Protein content in cow’s milk is too much for cats to digest properly, which can cause intestinal irritation, diarrhea, and vomiting. If fed dry food, cats can be fed free or fed to them. Cats fed with free-choice will usually eat every few hours throughout the day. If obesity is a problem or if only canned food is fed, then it is recommended to feed a specific amount of food at a scheduled meal, that is, at regular meals. They should always be fed with clean water. work out Most cats will exercise on their own, dashing through the house, leaping across furniture, chasing bugs or swimming on a family dog. Young cats love to play and will find ways to entertain themselves. If you play with them, they will enjoy it too. Many luxurious toys are made just for cats, however, things like rolled sock will also work. Life expectancy Cats on average are 12–14 years old. Some are known to live for more than 20 years. litter size About 1 to 9 kittens with an average of 3 to 5 health problems Some of the most common health problems are colds and sniffing, ie respiratory viruses, urinary problems, and digestive problems. If your cat vomits or vomits for more than 24 hours and remains depressed, call your doctor. Eye problem- If your cat sits in only one eye, then something may happen in his eye. If you cannot remove it yourself, you should take the cat to the vet. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctival membrane. It can become swollen and red which often makes it more visible. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes. Cats with conjunctivitis have a discharge from their eye (s), which may be clear and watery or thick with a pus-like appearance. If you think your cat has conjunctivitis, call your doctor. Bite wounds and boils (mainly in outdoor cats) – can usually be prevented if antibiotics are given within the first 24 hours after healing. Never give aspirin, Tylenol or similar human medicines to cats. All cats should be taken to the vet regularly for shots, vaccinations, and screening. Cats throughout the life with feline herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis virus) are a very common upper respiratory virus of cats, especially for those who live with multiple cats or who are exposed to new cats. Barn cats are often affected. The virus is spread by air. It is most often affected in the upper respiratory tract affecting the tonsils, nasal area and conjunctiva of the eye. The virus remains latent in the veins serving the eyes. The ocular disease can recur when a cat is stressed or exposed to new serotypes (different strains) of the herpes virus. Kittens that are affected by this virus on a natural supplement called lysine can prevent or treat an existing disease. Lysine is an essential amino acid. It competes with another amino acid, arginine, which must occur to reproduce the herpes virus. This is a virus that is often spread among farm cats, causing them respiratory problems and secretive eyes. It is sold in powder, gel, and even treats (which most cats love). You can treat a sick cat with it, or put powder on food to prevent it. A female cat can go into heat as many times every two weeks until she either becomes pregnant or is dispersed. In summer, female cats will go to any length to get out and have sex. They would shout and hove calling for a friend. The gestation period for a cat typically ranges from 57 to 69 days, with an average of 63 to 64 days. The litter size can vary from one to eight kittens with an average litter size of two to five kittens. Female cats can have up to three liters a year. Cats were first reared in Egypt, later they spread to Asia, Europe, and all parts of the world. The domestic cat is a direct descendant or subspecies from the African wildcat. It was first placed in the genus Felis, which represents the domestic cat lineage — the second oldest branch of the felid family tree. Cats have first domesticated 5000 years ago. They are now one of the most popular pets in the world. Many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, have more cats than any other pet. Domestic cats now live on every continent except Antarctica and have evolved into more than fifty different breeds.
How to Prevent Salt Deposition: Basic Recommendations of Specialists How to prevent salt deposition: basic recommendations of specialists How to Prevent Salt Deposition: Basic Recommendations of Specialists The assertion that prevention is the best way to cure is perfectly applicable to problems caused by salt deposition. To prevent the accumulation of excess salts is much easier than to remove them, doctors say. What are the main measures for the prevention of disorders of water-salt metabolism? How to find out: will there be salt deposits in the body or is it able to independently cope with excess salts? What factors can tip the scales in one direction or another? There are two key factors that have a decisive effect on the state of metabolic processes: – genetic predisposition; – a balanced diet. A genetic predisposition consists in hereditary metabolic disorders, leading to incomplete oxidation and assimilation of some components of the protein. The consequence of this is the deposition of salts. Unfortunately, while people have not learned how to correct genetic defects, however, as they say, “he who is warned is armed”. Knowing the weaknesses of your body allows you to significantly reduce the likelihood of metabolic disturbances using well-organized nutrition. The main method of preventing the accumulation of salts is proper nutrition. Since the source of excess salts, as a rule, is protein food that is not absorbed by the body, we need to help the body fully digest and assimilate the proteins that come with it, and maintain its water-salt balance. To do this, you must follow these recommendations: 1. Limit the use of spicy, pickled appetizers and pickles. 2. Watch the amount of protein food you absorb daily. Reduce your fat intake. Do not get involved in foods such as fatty meat, fish and offal (liver, brain, kidneys). 3. Make it a rule to combine meat and vegetable salads. This contributes to better digestion of protein products. 4. Try to keep fewer spices, sauces, tomato paste and ketchup, as well as dishes made from puff pastry on your table. 5. If possible, do not drink food with plenty of fluids. In addition, an active lifestyle, a reasonable exercise in physical education and sports, regular massage courses and physiotherapeutic procedures, as well as traditional medicine will help prevent salt deposits. More often pass the necessary examinations and consult your doctor. However, without following a diet, with a disordered and inappropriate diet, all these measures will not give a positive result. Therefore, in order to achieve a good quality of your life, take nutrition responsibly and seriously. And in response to the care shown, the body will thank you with excellent health and vigorous well-being Share this post Leave a Reply
/* clock_gettime -- Get the current time from a POSIX clockid_t. Unix version. Copyright (C) 1999-2004, 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of the GNU C Library. The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with the GNU C Library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. / #include #include #include #include #include #include #if HP_TIMING_AVAIL / Clock frequency of the processor. We make it a 64-bit variable because some jokers are already playing with processors with more than 4GHz. / static hp_timing_t freq; / This function is defined in the thread library. / extern int __pthread_clock_gettime (clockid_t clock_id, hp_timing_t freq, struct timespec tp) __attribute__ ((__weak__)); static int hp_timing_gettime (clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec tp) { hp_timing_t tsc; if (__builtin_expect (freq == 0, 0)) { / This can only happen if we haven't initialized the `freq' variable yet. Do this now. We don't have to protect this code against multiple execution since all of them should lead to the same result. / freq = __get_clockfreq (); if (__builtin_expect (freq == 0, 0)) / Something went wrong. / return -1; } if (clock_id != CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID && __pthread_clock_gettime != NULL) return __pthread_clock_gettime (clock_id, freq, tp); / Get the current counter. / HP_TIMING_NOW (tsc); / Compute the offset since the start time of the process. / tsc -= GL(dl_cpuclock_offset); / Compute the seconds. / tp->tv_sec = tsc / freq; / And the nanoseconds. This computation should be stable until we get machines with about 16GHz frequency. / tp->tv_nsec = ((tsc % freq) UINT64_C (1000000000)) / freq; return 0; } #endif static inline int realtime_gettime (struct timespec tp) { struct timeval tv; int retval = gettimeofday (&tv, NULL); if (retval == 0) / Convert into `timespec'. / TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC (&tv, tp); return retval; } / Get current value of CLOCK and store it in TP. / int clock_gettime (clockid_t clock_id, struct timespec tp) { int retval = -1; switch (clock_id) { #ifdef SYSDEP_GETTIME SYSDEP_GETTIME; #endif #ifndef HANDLED_REALTIME case CLOCK_REALTIME: { struct timeval tv; retval = gettimeofday (&tv, NULL); if (retval == 0) TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC (&tv, tp); } break; #endif default: #ifdef SYSDEP_GETTIME_CPU SYSDEP_GETTIME_CPU; #endif #if HP_TIMING_AVAIL if ((clock_id & ((1 << CLOCK_IDFIELD_SIZE) - 1)) == CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID) retval = hp_timing_gettime (clock_id, tp); else #endif __set_errno (EINVAL); break; #if HP_TIMING_AVAIL && !defined HANDLED_CPUTIME case CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: retval = hp_timing_gettime (clock_id, tp); break; #endif } return retval; } librt_hidden_def (clock_gettime)
Depression, Depression Herbs Saffron is a spice derived from the Crocus sativus flower. This spice is originally from. . . somewhere nobody knows. In fact, the spice is unknown to grow in the wild at all (biological complications). It is argued that the origin of saffron resides in southwest Asia, so, we’ll go with that. One theory is that the flower is actually a hybrid; a result of humans attempting to breed a flower that looks very much identical to saffron: Called Crocus cartwrightianus. The purple, cup-shaped flowers have antenna like sticks coming out of the center, which is where the saffron is actually taken from. It takes a harvest of hundreds to yield enough spics for a few meals. One of the most pricey spices per weight, at one time, it was valued the same as gold in early America ($1,000 – $5,000 per pound in current estimations). One factor in to this surprising comparison is the labor intensive requirements to harvest the saffron from the Crocus sativus flower. Most of the saffron grown today is in Iran, some 90% of it. Although still grown in other places, and comes in a large variety of types or grades. Saffron was first documented in the 7th-century within a botanical reference, or, plant book. And in almost 4,000 years of documented use has been uncovered as well as some evidence possibly stretching back some 50,000 years. It was used in soups and potions for ancient Chinese emperors. Along with medical treatment and therapeutic approaches in Ancient Greece. And it was also found to be in Roman recipes and brought to the Americas from a trunk filled with its corns from Europe. The prescesne became imporatnt to many cultures around the world. In fact, in its absence, a 14 week long war sparked, called the Saffron War and legend has it that pirates would often bypass gold and take the saffron. But, what does this have to do with a bad day or helping with a depressed mood? A handful of studies, some recent, have shown that saffron has not only a positive effect on depression, but anxiety as well. What’s more is that these effects seem to be safer and more effective than some antidepressant medications available. One popular one being Prozac. (fluoxetine, imipramine, citalopram,) A review done by the US National Library of Medicine stated in conclusion to a few new studies that: “Saffron may exert antidepressant effects and represents an efficacious and safe treatment.” In addition, lays out a great list of other benefits saffron can possibly bring to the table: -Cancer fighting properties -May reduce PMS Symptoms -May act as a Aphrodisia -May reduce appetite -Aid weightless -May reduce heart disease -Lower blood sugar levels -May improve memory in Alzheimer’s You can use it as: a tea, take in a tablet, or prepare one of your favorite meals with it. Saffron, as it seems, has been used for a long time in a variety of ways, especially for our mood. It has been said long ago that it had these mood altering properties, and now it’s being proven to help in this area, some better than medications on the market. Also, similar to anti-depressants, it may have to be in our system for a certain period of time before the actual effects manifest. Try it. See it if helps. Anything is worth a try if it is not going to make life worse and there is a chance for something better. Even just a brief moment of relief here and there are worth finding. 0 0 vote Article Rating
Lace Knitting Knitting is the art of turning threads into piece of cloth. Knitting is done by looping those threads, into each other by stitching. Knitting may be hand made or machine made. By hand there are many styles and ways. There are so many different fibers and needles that are used to make those different varieties of cloth pieces such as table cloths, handkerchiefs and etc. There are different knitting patterns, such as lace knitting, loop knitting, loom knitting, we will briefly discuss lace knitting, lace knitting is not that strange, Anybody can do lace knitting, they are able to form threads, by using the help from the charts or any other link, you can create beautiful patterns of cloths. It does not require any special or inborn talent to start knitting. It will just take a time, to learn and get experience. Knitting becomes interesting automatically. Knitting is an art from ancient times. There are many designs that your mind can create such as natural scenery, flowers, birds, or aquarium beauty, anything is suitable, in your convenience. These ideas come for each person different, depending on there nature, but all these designs will surely turn into memorable creation. Lace knitting is the relatively a new, hardly two hundred years old. This became a new profession for people who lived in villages, or rural areas. There are number of traditions of it like Orenburg and Unst which came from Russia. Laces are provided from Iceland and Estonia. In fact the oldest patterns of lace knitting were made by the fisherman, and they are very strong can not be ripped. These patterns were graceful, compared to its economy, originality and terminology. They were like made by true artistic vision and intellect. Types of Lace Lace may be illustrated briefly with two characteristics: 1. which kind of ground it is worked, if - it is garter stitch that is every row is knitted. - Or stockinet stitch that the knit and purl rows alternated- 2. frequency of patterned rows, if - it is every row - or only every right side row Garter stitch lace look symmetrical, both ends are similar, but stockinet lace, has a specific right and wrong side. As we know by lace knitting we can interlace Shawls. Since most of the lace knitting is utilized into shawl, stoles scarves. Stoles look beautiful when you wear them on traditional "kurties" and western jeans. They give you a stylish plus modern and unique look. Scarves and stoles all are available in rectangular shapes, while in shawls you will get variety such as circular, triangular. The majorities of shawls are composed of main center piece and surrounded bye borders of many different patterns and then there is a final piping around it. There are many variations here if its scarves or stole. Lace knitting needs extensive stretching, to look at its best, inflexible cast on bound off edges should be avoided as possible. Knitting may move several directions within one piece.
Web Analytics Math Counting Worksheets • 4 min read • Jul 31, 2018 Math Counting worksheets are designed for students who struggle to understand and remember basic algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Although a great tool to help children prepare for standardized tests such as the ACT or SAT, they can also be used to help children prepare for more complex subjects such as calculus or physics. Students can start using Math Counting Worksheets when they have trouble with math concepts. These sheets can be used to practice basic subtraction and division skills. The worksheets also contain multiple-choice questions, which are helpful in testing students’ mathematical skills. These questions cover both algebra and geometry. Order numbers 1 20 worksheet easy NO PREP activity for kindergarten math counting Counting and Cardinality FREEBIES eyfs maths from math counting worksheets , source:pinterest.co.uk By making use of Math Counting Worksheets students will be able to make progress quickly. In fact, most students have found these worksheets very helpful as they progress through school. This is because it allows them to practice their skills repeatedly and even learn new skills each time they use it. This is because the worksheets are designed to teach and reinforce the skills that students already know. Many parents feel that worksheets should only be used by elementary school students. However, these kinds of worksheets can also be used by preschoolers and elementary school students. This is because they can learn multiplication and division without having to do a great deal of practice. By teaching students how to count using these worksheets, it makes it much easier for them to learn the concepts they need to solve problems. Printable Counting Worksheets Preschool Inspirationa Dr Seuss Printables Math Maths Pinterest Printable Counting Worksheets Preschool Inspirationa Dr Seuss from math counting worksheets , source:curiousmind.co Although most students find it difficult to understand algebraic notation, many students find that Math Counting Worksheets provides a much more enjoyable way to learn algebra. This is because they can work on their problems using different shapes and colors to help them grasp the concepts easier. In addition to teaching the students how to count in different ways, they also give students fun shapes that help stimulate their minds. They can also be used to enhance their memory skills and enhance their comprehension of complex concepts. Because math counting worksheets are designed to be used at a young age, parents can use these worksheets to reinforce their child’s current learning skills. Even if the students have trouble understanding how to read the answers, these worksheets will help them identify and recall the answer to a problem. This can help them improve their ability to learn and retain information. Counting In 3s Worksheet Math Worksheets for Grade 3 28 Best Math Worksheets Counting Counting In 3s Worksheet Math Worksheets for Grade 3 28 Best Math from math counting worksheets , source:5ivetacos.com Because of the interactive features of the worksheets, parents can use these worksheets to reinforce lessons that they want to teach their children. For example, they can teach their child how to add up to ten digits with a few problems. At the same time, they can teach them how to count to ten with one problem. They can also practice solving equations using a number combination of numbers. Math Counting Worksheets is an excellent way for parents to help children learn basic algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Since they are designed for students to work on several items at a time, they can also be used to supplement traditional learning methods. As their confidence grows, students can move on to more challenging subjects such as calculus and physics. This is because they can practice solving algebra and solving complex equations on their worksheets. Counting in 2s Flowers Activity Sheets counting 2s flowers sheet Counting in 2s Primary Resources KS1 Number Lines from math counting worksheets , source:twinkl.co.uk Each worksheet uses multiple shapes and colors that are easy for students to identify and remember. Students can move from one area of a worksheet to another to help them remember what they are working on. If they cannot remember an item in the worksheet, they can simply take it out of their math class worksheets and try to recall it on their own. This will help them build their self-confidence and increase their ability to work with problems. Counting is one of the oldest and most important concepts in learning how to calculate. By giving children the option of making their own counts, they will be able to learn about addition, subtraction, and division at an early age. Learning the concept of addition, subtraction, and division early will help them become successful college students. Math Counting Worksheets can also help students understand the different formulas used to compute the value of different objects and can help them understand the concept of an average. 47 best Numbers images on Pinterest from math counting worksheets , source:pinterest.com By using Math Counting Worksheets, parents can show their children that there is no reason to be embarrassed or feel inadequate if they are having trouble with any of their math skills. By giving them a simple and easy method to make their own counts, they can learn to become more confident and have more success in school. This confidence will help them excel in all aspects of their studies. 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Sarcasm in writing Some find it funny and try to implement more of it into their everyday lives, while others see it as outrageous and hurtful mar 31, 2018 · (the literary device is a technique a writer uses to can you start a paper with a question produce a special effect in their writing.) sarcasm is a psychology research proposal form of verbal irony that mocks, ridicules, or expresses contempt. sarcasm is a literary microbiology research paper topics bed-fellow of satire and irony and is used almost exclusively as a humorous scarlett letter morals essay device. it does not translate sarcasm in writing well verbally, and it sarcasm in writing is almost impossible to translate in writing. the use of irony to mock or convey contempt. sarcasm comes from the greek “sarkázein,” meaning to “tear flesh” and indeed, sarcasm is deployed in a mocking, sneering, and often witty tone sarcasm is a sneering or mocking remark. rule # 2: among the oldest and most sarcasm in writing frequently attested is completed business plan the percontation point proposed by english printer henry denham in the 1580s, and the irony mark, used by marcellin how to write a narrative essay introduction jobard and tips for creative writers french …. sarcasm is almost never interesting college essays used inwardly. situational irony is the type of irony that stirs topics for american history research papers up the most ire nov 19, 2018 · sarcasm is an insincere statement designed to sarcasm in writing provoke. jun 26, 2012 · because sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as humor. 2 thoughts on “Sarcasm in writing 2. What I have generally told people is that when you are evaluating a good internet electronics shop, there are a few aspects that you have to take into consideration. First and foremost, you should make sure to choose a reputable and in addition, reliable retailer that has obtained great critiques and rankings from other buyers and marketplace people. This will ensure you are dealing with a well-known store that provides good services and assistance to it’s patrons. Many thanks for sharing your notions on this website. Leave a Reply
Pointers in C There are two things that I do every year in my life, one is turning one year older, the other is trying to remember again how to properly use pointers in C. I'll try to help my memory a little bit by writing a small article about them. This will probably be one of the few posts without JavaScript on it, though it will be mentioned. # Types and memory C is a powerful language and one of the reasons is that you can control how much space your program will take while running. It doesn't seem to be such a deal nowadays, but in times where computers have a limited amount of RAM this was an amazing feature. Every time you declare a new variable, any programming language takes a piece of memory from the device to store it until the program dies or we make it available again somehow. In some languages these variables must be typed. JavaScript doesn't have types, though we could differentiate between primitives and objects, but C is a strongly typed language. This means that you have to indicate what information your variable will contain. int n = 25; float f = 2.5 That type will define the amount of memory that's being saved. # Pointers In C, we can also ask the program for a piece of memory to hold a certain type of data. Confusing? Let's put it in other words, instead of saying that I need to store an integer in a variable I can say, give me the address of a chunk of memory where an integer can fit in. // create a pointer to an integer int* number; When you do this, the variable itself will actually hold an address in memory, not a variable. So, trying to assign a value to number won't work as expected. number = 5; // NOPE!!! What you need to do is to create the variable and the pointer that will hold the address in memory, to accomplish that we're going to use the ampersand & operator. When we precede a variable with an ampersand in C we get the address in memory of that variable. int pointer; int number = 5; pointer = &number; We can use the star operator to get the content of a pointer. printf("%i", pointer); // prints 5 So what's the point of using pointers? Well, there's not a real benefit in using pointers unless you really need them, but there is a set of functions in C that will allow you to manipulate memory and those methods will expect pointers and not normal variables. You must specify the type of each parameter a function will receive in C. If you need to save an array of five numbers, you can use malloc to alocate memory for this data. int numbers = malloc(sizeof(int) * 5); numbers[2] = 11235; You might have noticed that there's no star symbol * before numbers in the second line, that's because C always treats arrays as pointers, so in this particular case we don't need it. Back to memory allocation, the strength of this approach is that in a large program when we don't need that array anymore we can liberate that memory so it's available for use. This minimizes memory leaks and becomes a great improvement when dealing with big chunks of data. # Parameter by value and by reference Similar to JavaScript, in C every time a function is called a new scope is created. The parameters of that function can be used and modified, but since these actions took place inside a scoped created for that function exclusively, when the execution returns to the global scope the original parameters remain unaltered. #include <stdio.h> void increase(int n) { n = n + 1; int main(void) { int a = 1; printf("%i", a); // prints 1 This didn't work as expected because we are not actually passing the variable, just its value. Can we pass parameters by reference in C? Yes! How? POINTERS! The only difference is that for this particular case, we don't need to create a pointer, we only need to pass the address of the variable we want to modify using the ampersand & operator. #include <stdio.h> void increase(int* n) { n = n + 1; int main(void) { int a = 1; printf("%i", a); // prints 2 Every time we want to change the value of the pointer we need to use the star prefix *, for example increase function and it's also necessary to indicate that a pointer is expected in the header of the method. # Wrap-up Hopefully after writing this small article I won't have to google again how pointers work, but just in case I forget again, I just need to come back here.
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet “In time we dislike that which we frequently fear”– William Shakespeare. Shakespeare comprehended what a lot of do not: the true nature of hatred. Given that most people do not realise that their hatred simply masks their worries, they never ever confront the genuine problem. Consequently, hate continues to destroy countries, cities and households. This idea of hatred is never ever more apparent than in Shakespeare’s terrible play, Romeo and Juliet. In this play, the characters’ hatred masks their fear of being helpless and drives them to prove their superiority, but this only causes their destruction. Initially, characters relate to fictional labels such as power and nerve to mask their insecurity and to feel belonging. For instance, Tybalt tries to show his superiority over the Montagues by predicting himself as powerful and socially dominant. When he sees Romeo intruding on the Capulet feast, he insults him as a “slave” (1.5.54) that he should “… by the stock and honour of [his] kin/ To strike him dead [he] holds it not a sin” (1.5.56-58). Tybalt belittles the Montagues as useless servants that he must penalize and eliminate without guilt. For that reason, he will rid Verona of their filthiness and show his social power. Also, Sampson pretends to be a bold warrior to enhance his credibility and social standing. To Gregory, Sampson can easily depict himself as “… an autocrat” (1.1.19) that after having “fought with the guys, … will be civil with the house maids;/ [and] cut off their heads” (1.1.20-21). In other words, they utilize their impressions of power and courage to trick others and themselves into inviting and accepting them.However, when embarrassed, their illusions are destroyed and their insecurities are threatened to be revealed which leaves them defenceless to exemption. In fact, when Tybalt is removed of his power and pushed into submission, he escapes ashamed to hide his inability. After arguing with Capulet, Tybalt is required to leave his own banquet which with his “patience perforce with wilful choler conference” (1.5.88) makes his “… flesh shiver” (1.5.89). Tybalt trembles with rage and pity due to his forced submission to Capulet which proves he has no true social power as he must comply with orders not command them. Likewise, Sampson quickly avoids a fight when faced by the Montague servants to hide his cowardice. Sampson prompts Gregory to fight as he “will [allegedly] back thee” (1.1.35) and to “take the law on [their] sides, let them begin” (1.1.35) although he proclaimed himself an unflinching autocrat. When he is faced with a battle, Sampson backs away and motivates Gregory to take the lead which shows he is just an egotistical coward. In other words, when the inferiority and cowardice of characters are exposed, they rush to conceal their real identities.As anticipated, to restore their lost status, characters turn to aggression to sidetrack others from their vulnerability. For example, Mercutio, feeling offended and disgraced, quickly belittles Tybalt to restore control of the circumstance and his social power. Outraged by Romeo’s “… calm, dishonourable, repellent submission” (3.1.70), Mercutio disgraces Tybalt as a “rat-catcher” (3.1.72) and challenges him to a fight so “‘Alla stoccata’ carries it away” (3.1.71). Mercutio challenges Tybalt to a fight so that people will fear him, remember him as a strong, brave fighter and keep in mind Tybalt as a ‘rat-catcher’. In the very same manner, Romeo right away challenges Tybalt to a battle to avenge Mercutio and validate that he triggered his death. Romeo chooses that someone needs to “keep [Mercutio] business:/ Either thou or [Romeo], or both, should go with him” (3.1.124-125). Romeo, irritated, enables his emotions to take control and looks for vengeance to justify and compensate for his cowardly submission which triggered Mercutio’s death. In other words, characters that lose their impressions of power and nerve battle to feel accepted due to their worry of rejection, so they violently and frantically protect themselves.Undoubtedly, they do not attain their objective of self-redemption and just continue the cycle of hatred which produces a never-ending path of destruction. In truth, Mercutio’s violent effort to get social power blinds his factor and brings about his social and physical downfall. After being struck, Mercutio exclaims “I am hurt” (3.1.86) while his opponent-Tybalt- has “gone and hath absolutely nothing” (3.1.88). Mercutio’s effort to prove himself powerful ends with his death not Tybalt’s. This shows that hostility is not the solution and only makes sure self damage. On the other hand, Romeo’s mother-Lady Montague- pays the repercussion of death for Romeo’s rash decisions. Prior to discovering his dead son, Montague states: “… my wife is dead tonight/ Sorrow of my child’s exile hath stopp ‘d her breath” (5.3.210-211). Romeo’s impulsive actions, which result in his exile, causes his mom’s death which shows that when characters resort to violence, they not just unintentionally ruin themselves however take down others too. Simply put, when characters forecast their self-hate unto others through hostility, they trigger their own damage and collateral damage. You Might Also Like
Stolen Land Acknowledging And an additional step for POC solidarity. Image for post Image for post Photo by Yura Sapi What is a “Stolen Land Acknowledgement”? In a Guide to Indigenous Land and Territorial Acknowledgements for Cultural Institutions, a land acknowledgement is described as “a statement that recognizes the traditional Native inhabitants of the land who have been dispossessed from the homelands and territories upon which an institution was built and currently occupies and operates in.” Land acknowledgement is about asking, “Whose land are we on?” and acknowledging the answer. Additionally, a crucial part of land acknowledgement is leading into the “now, what?” aspect of acknowledging history. Acknowledging the past and present (Native/Indigenous/First Nations people are STILL HERE) and also looking towards what we can do differently for the future. For me, land acknowledgements take the form of a spoken moment during the first part of my facilitation of shared learning spaces. Sometimes “shared learning spaces” are affinity groups of color or LGBTQ+ groups, for example. Sometimes they are facilitated discussions I give over a particular topic. Sometimes they are billed as “presentations” I give on a topic too. All in all, one of the first steps I take verbally to decolonize a space is to open with acknowledging the land we are on, the tribes and groups of indigenous people who were here first and still are here today, and how we can take steps to heal from settler colonialism within the particular group of folks I’m talking with. This can be radically different depending on who I’m talking with — a group of Stage Managers of color for example vs. a group of white LGBTQ+ folx vs. a Spanish & English speaking group of Latinx theatre makers… Additional step for POC solidarity: I have also added another aspect of acknowledgement to my opening land acknowledgement moments. As I find myself gravitating towards more POC led spaces in my realignment of my efforts towards collective liberation, (See: “Why I’ve Changed My EDI Philosophy”) I find it incredibly important to include land acknowledgements as many folks may not realize the implications of settler colonialism that POC take part in. Additionally, I have also found it important to add on an additional acknowledgement of the land we are on; the acknowledgement that slavery happened on this land and anti-blackness exists to this day, everywhere. “.” By adding this anti-blackness exists acknowledgement, I believe we are able to uncover more truth and correcting of more practices of erasure of history. We aren’t aiming for an oppression olympics and we are thriving off our “Yes, And” theatre artist culture. We also are able to enter into our decolonized and liberated shared learning spaces with a stronger reference point of how we can move forward in the future that is impacted by the past, which is all living in the moment. Sources/ Further Reading Get the Medium app
TPMS Sensor TPMS sensors are designed to monitor the air pressure inside your vehicle’s tyres. This data is then relayed to the driver in real time to make you aware of any malfunction. If tyres are not inflated to the correct level, this will affect how they wear and it can often be difficult to spot a slow leak. TPMS is an effective early warning system that helps reduce the number of accidents caused by under-inflated tyres. Benefits of TPMS sensors Not only does it improve safety, it can save you money on fuel as you will be driving on tyres that are filled to the right pressure point. If at any time the pressure in one or more tyre drops below 25 percent of the manufacturer’s default pressure level (this is usually a drop of around 6 PSI), you will be notified and able to sort the issue before it becomes any more hazardous. When you need a TPMS sensor, there is no better place to go than Projex – we are experienced wheel and tyre specialists providing affordable car accessories worldwide! Category: Tags: , , TPMS Sensor
Revive Expanding Banner 1500×510 The Few, the Proud, the Black Marines in World War II By Stephen D. Lutz Prior to the summer of 1941, the United States Marine Corps did not want them. The Navy barely tolerated them in restricted capacities as cooks, waiters, servants for officers, and dockside stevedores. The Army, too, thought they were only good enough to tackle menial duties and perform manual labor. On June 25, 1941, after black labor activist A. Philip Randolph threatened to embarrass President Franklin D. Roosevelt with a massive march on Washington to protest the military’s policy of racial segregation, America’s commander-in-chief (with his wife’s urging), signed Executive Order #8802 mandating that all services accept qualified African American enlistees-draftees. For the first time in 167 years, the U.S. Marine Corps would be receiving black Americans. In 1936, 57-year-old, four-star general Thomas Holcomb became the Corps’ 17th commandant, beginning his seven-year reign over all things Marine Corps. Like most white officers, Holcomb rigidly insisted that blacks had no place in his Corps as they tried to “break into a club that doesn’t want them.” As the Corps frowned upon the U.S. Army as an inferior, poorly trained, lesser-motivated service (but one that was accepting black draftees and enlistees in segregated units), Holcomb declared, “The Negro race has every opportunity now to satisfy its aspirations for combat in the Army.” Battle of the Bulge free e-book With the Corps responding as an offshoot to Navy authority, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed. Attempting to integrate African Americans became an overwhelming challenge for the Marine Corps’ Division of Plans and Policies as part of its Personnel Services branch. In charge of those affairs was a University of Southern California graduate, Colonel Ray Albert Robinson, a resident of Los Angeles, California. Considering his background, Robinson had little acquaintance with Jim Crow laws that had dominated America’s southern states since Reconstruction. He had to follow the traditions of his era when Jim Crow spoke aloud with timeworn prejudices. Robinson said, “It [integration] just scared us to death; we’ve never had any [black recruits]. We didn’t know how to handle them. We were afraid of them.” African American Marines in WW2 Howard Perry became the first African American U.S. Marine since the Revolutionary War. The bottom line from Robinson was, “Eleanor [Roosevelt] says we gotta take in Negroes.” Succumbing to pressure from on high, Holcomb made his own preparations for their admittance with his March 1943 “Letter of Instructions #421,” in which he made it clear no African American Marine would ever become an officer, nor would any black Marine outrank any white Marine. If a black buck-sergeant came upon a white private first class, that private would not have to do a thing that sergeant told him. African American noncommissioned officers could only direct African American Marines, and black Marines had to follow all orders of any NCO outranking them. One Marine senior commander had his own viewpoint on these racial issues as the Pacific War widened. Maj. Gen. Charles Fredrick Berthold Price graduated from Pennsylvania Military College and became a Marine in 1906. When notified that an African American unit was bound for his area, Price flat out refused to accept it. In spite of that, in October 1943, a ship carrying two African American ammunition companies pulled into port. Price refused to allow them to disembark, keeping them aboard ship for two days before sending them away. Price’s prejudices raised the legitimate question: Who would fight and perhaps die in a war for a country under those conditions? But the wheels of at least partial integration had been set in motion. With war on the horizon, in September 1941 the government began constructing a new training facility for an expected increase in Marine recruits; it would be another year before Marine Barracks, New River, North Carolina, would become known as Camp Lejeune (named for the World War I Lt. Gen. John A. Lejeune, the Corps’ 13th commandant). Camp Lejeune became the home for the Corps’ future 10,000 African American recruits. Although at least a dozen black Marines had served with the Marines during the Revolutionary War, the Corps went lily white from 1798 until August 26, 1942, when Howard P. Perry of Charlotte, North Carolina, appeared at Camp Lejeune’s gates, quickly followed by 12 others. (The Marines in World War II did accept some Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans—the “Code Talkers.”) As more African American Marine recruits arrived and climbed down from trains and buses, much of the site was still a construction zone, in the process of expanding from its original 110,000 acres of land to today’s 244 square miles. African American Marines in WW2 New recruits form ranks for inspection at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. They would be kept separate from white Marines and would not be given advanced infantry training. Instead of proper barracks, though, the original group of future black Marines found tents, then shanties—virtually so cheap that many said the building material must have been prefabricated cardboard; some men found it easy to poke bayonets through the walls. Eventually, corrugated steel Quonset huts came; more brick-and-concrete buildings followed. At the north-central point of the camp sat a spit of land jutting out into Stones Bay that was surrounded by water on three sides. This five-square-mile peninsula became known as Camp Montford (today’s Camp Johnson). At the time, it was more swamp and marsh than dry soil and was inhabited by venomous and nonvenomous snakes, as well as panthers, alligators, and any other swamp creature that could survive such an environment. In the six months after Pearl Harbor, African American recruits came into military service as high school graduates and as high school dropouts. Some came as college graduates and others as college dropouts. Some had exposure to ROTC training, while others had gone no farther than the Boy Scouts. A vast number were skilled tradesmen—carpenters, electricians, plumbers, professionals, shop owners, etc. One had a civilian pilot license. Just as many were illiterate, unemployed, and looking for a steady paying job. Some joined for the attraction of the Marine Corps’ fancy dress blue uniform, while others claimed it was the patriotic thing to do in wartime. A few followed in their fathers’ or grandfathers’ footsteps who were veterans of the Spanish-American War or World War I. Some, no doubt, believed that they would be better treated after they returned to civilian life if they could claim the title of having been a United States Marine. African American Marines in WW2 Excluded from combat training, Arvin L. “Tony” Ghazlo uses his jiu jitsu skills to show a fellow member of the 51st Defense Battalion, the Corps’ first black unit, how to disarm a rifleman with a bayonet. On the whole, their birth years ranged from 1923-1925. The youngest enlistee, at age 16, passed himself off as 18. Some came as prior-service Army or Navy. Those who came from north of the Mason-Dixon Line knew about the segregated South and had themselves been discriminated against but had not experienced the full force of “Jim Crow laws.” Those from the South knew exactly what those laws meant: discrimination, isolation, belittlement, harassment, humiliation—and sometimes death. Many African Americans shared their stories after the war. When Herman Darden, Jr., walked into a Marine recruiting station in Washington, D.C., it took the recruiting sergeant nearly 10 minutes to look up and acknowledge his presence; it was intentionally done. Recruit Obie Hall started his Marine career from Boston north of that invisible but very real wall of segregation: the Mason-Dixon Line. His free train ride included a sleeping berth—until he reached Washington, D.C. There an African American conductor evicted him from that car’s comfort, insisting that Hall join the rear car(s) that were restricted to Negroes—cars that were more congested and less accommodating. (Hall encountered a more compassionate conductor who found him an open berth.) A year later, John R. Griffin started out from Chicago with the same comforts Hall had. Once crossing the invisible line, though, he lost his berth and wouldn’t get it back. Another recruit came out of New Jersey where he was one of three African Americans in a well-integrated high school; he knew nothing of Jim Crow. Upon crossing that line, he found a drinking fountain labeled “Colored.” He stood there turning the water on and off, waiting to see what colors would come out. Eventually, a sergeant explained the realities of life in the segregated South. Wherever they originated, the first 600 black recruits reached Marine Barracks, New River, North Carolina, during the summer of 1942. Camp Montford was 12 to 14 miles from the pristine beaches of the main base, where the Corps practiced beach-landing assaults. When not engaged in that activity, white Marines found ample opportunities to lounge about the sunny beaches as if on vacation. Those African Americans assigned to Camp Montford, however, were restricted from the beaches for anything other than official training exercises. In effect, for recreational purposes those beaches became “Whites Only.” One exceptional missing factor was medical services. Going into World War II, the standing rule was established by Jim Crow—and then upheld by all military authorities—that only black medics, nurses, and doctors could treat/attend to black military personnel, while only white medics, nurses, and doctors could treat/attend to white patients. It would be months before the Navy even started accepting African Americans into corpsman classes. It was discovered that many succeeded in passing their induction physicals while infested with hookworms, venereal disease, and other lingering ailments that intensified at Camp Montford. Without proper medical inspections, health and welfare conditions surrounding sanitation of food services, latrines, showers, and living quarters became a petri dish of staphylococcus and salmonella. Changes took place after July 20, 1943, when the Navy finally started training African Americans as corpsmen. As growing numbers of black recruits began their 180 days of basic and advanced training, there were things the Corps did not tell them. Regardless of how their ranks swelled, in the end there would be no all-black combat units, and no African American Marines were assigned to white combat units. The Corps deliberately found—even created—special jobs/positions/units intended to keep African Americans out of combat. African American Marines in WW2 Three black recruits leap over an obstacle during training at Montford Point, part of Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. They were kept segregated from white Marines. The theory was that blacks, as a whole, were cowards and were intellectually inferior to whites and that, if faced with the reality of combat, they would fail in their duties. The theory also meant that the Corps would not have to invest heavily in their advanced infantry combat training. The black troops would get the basics, of course, but the advanced individual training would be minimized, allowing only white Marines to push forward and carry the burden of the war effort—and accrue the glory and medals that were their birthright. Being an unknown factor, these black recruits were forced to enhance their experiences themselves. For those assigned to the 51st Defense Battalion, the Corps’ first black unit, they supplemented their training on their own. Arvin L. “Tony” Ghazlo imparted his acquired jiu jitsu skills; another black Marine, Ernest Jones, taught his comrades his mastery of judo. Those with higher educational skills tutored comrades struggling to read and comprehend training manuals. The Corps did everything it could think of to keep weapons out of the hands of African American Marines and away from the fighting. This extended to defense battalions defending naval bases and airfields with 155mm cannons for long-range targets off shore, 90mm, 40mm and 20mm guns for antiaircraft artillery, then a wide array of small arms and machine guns. At the war’s beginning, the Corps had 18 Defense Battalions designated 1st thru 18th, but it was decided that two more were needed; they were designated the 51st and 52nd Defense Battalions on August 18, 1942, and December 15, 1943, respectively, and were staffed by black Marines led by white officers. Although deployed to the Pacific, neither would ever see combat. The two battalions spent the war sitting on the captured islands/atolls of the Ellice Islands in the Gilberts, Funafuti-Nukufetau, Nanomea, Eniwetok, Majuro, Roi, and Kwajalein. Each battalion had only a single alert: the 51st of a suspected enemy submarine and the 52nd of in-bound airplanes. Both warnings proved false. Both battalions came home after the war without ever firing a shot against the enemy. As the Pacific War expanded, another need came to light. As one island was approached, battled over, then claimed, that entire process demanded an unending flow of supplies. Handling those supplies—loading ships at the docks and offloading them where the supplies were needed—became an inefficient affair, for combat battalions would have to be pulled off the front lines and rotated to the rear to perform the task. The black Marines seemed to be an ideal source of cheap labor for just such a purpose, and thousands of them were assigned as stevedores to load and unload ships on docks in the United States and the Pacific. A job as easy as that, the Corps figured, could be taught within three or four weeks. Over time, 49 Marine depot companies would be formed, sequenced 1st through 49th Depot Companies. Each company was comprised of 150-170 black Marines. Although such supply activities were essential for the war effort, the fact that they were used as little more than beasts of burden rankled many black Marines. They had joined to fight a war, not haul crates or drive forklifts. A glitch arose with the fragile handling of ammunition, shells, explosives, white phosphorus, timers, fuses, etc. Such material was too delicate a matter to entrust to anyone ill prepared to handle it. So, the Corps created its third African American entity: the Ammunition Companies. African American Marines in WW2 In full combat gear, a black Marine platoon—likely from an ammunition or depot company—waits on its transport to go ashore during the invasion of an island somewhere in the Pacific. No black Marines were assigned to combat units. Completely separate from the depot companies, the ammunition companies consisted of 250-260 Marines each; by war’s end they would be numbered 1st through the 12th. All had three white officers with African American NCOs and lower ranks. Due to the delicate (and potentially deadly) nature of their work, the ammunition companies had a more intensive advance training schedule that lasted up to eight weeks. Although not trained for combat, these depot companies often found themselves under fire when they were required to land on islands held by the enemy, and all of them participated in combat whether the Corps intended it or not. That would be done by direct face-offs with the enemy on Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. On June 15, 1944, the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions stormed ashore on Saipan; assisting the 2nd was the 19th Depot Company, while the 4th was supported by the 18th and 20th Depot Companies. More than 75,000 Marines took part in this battle, with 800 being African Americans. The depot companies had no vehicles of their own; they were required to use the motor-pool vehicles of the units they supported, but the ammunition companies did have their own trucks, jeeps, and trailers. During the initial two hours of the landing on Saipan, the 19th Depot Company was ashore and setting up its supply distribution point within range of Japanese snipers and mortar crews. As the white Marines fought their way inland to create a solidified front line, the 19th was as much in the midst of the shooting as any other Marine unit, firing furiously at the enemy whenever they came close. When not fighting, the black Marines were unloading supplies, bringing them forward, then carrying the wounded back—only to repeat the entire process. For many of these white Marines at the front, this was their first time seeing a black Marine—or even knowing they existed. After aiding in the removal of wounded, those of the 19th formed antisniper reaction teams—one man to spot the shooter, and the other to pick him off. One of the companies handling the forwarding of supplies on Saipan was led by Captain William C. Adams. His orderly, Private Kenneth J. Tibbs, became the first African American killed in action in the Pacific Theater—on the day of the landing. The next day Pfc. LeRoy Seals died from wounds incurred on the beach. On that day, the 3rd Ammunition Company came ashore in an interesting manner. Its amphibious craft had pontoon-bridging material lashed to the craft’s outer side. Upon disembarking, they unleashed those planks and made a roadway to drive their own vehicles straight onto the beachhead instead of lugging their loads by hand. The fighting on Saipan was vicious in the extreme, with no quarter asked and none given. Faced with the reality of losing their island fortress, the Japanese orchestrated a massive, late-night, do-or-die attack on July 7. This attacking force may have reached more than 3,000 dedicated soldiers—along with another thousand civilians—ready to die for the Emperor; almost everyone died. Although their 15-hour attack failed, the attackers inflicted 1,000 casualties on the Americans. And the depot companies were in the thick of the fighting. The fight for Saipan officially ended on July 9, 1944, but there were still plenty of Japanese holdouts. Black Leathernecks Fred Ash and Turner Blount spent as much time as many others tracking down these holdouts, bringing them in, and guarding them as prisoners of war. In addition, the men of the 19th Depot Company partnered with demolition specialists to find and neutralize booby traps and mines. Lieutenant General Alexander Vandegrift, who had replaced Holcomb as commandant of the Marine Corps in January 1944, was impressed by the courage and fighting spirit of the black Marines. “The Negro Marines are no longer on trial,” he declared. “They are Marines—period.” The third week of July 1944 brought two more significant events. The conquest of Tinian took only eight days to accomplish, and taking part was the 3rd Ammunition Company from July 24-August 1, 1944, along with the 4th Marine Division. Within days, the 18th, 19th, and 20th Depot Companies were present. Between Saipan and Tinian, these four units received the Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon. Simultaneously there was Guam from July 21, 1944—when the Corps’ 3rd Division arrived to reclaim it—to August 8, 1944. They had the help of three platoons of the 2nd Ammunition Company on the north beach while the Corps’ 1st Provisional Marine Brigade had the fourth platoon and the 4th Ammunition Company on the south beach. It was all an open invitation for sniper fire and bomb-laden, suicide sapper attacks. In one such satchel-laden attack by Japanese infiltrators, the 4th Ammo Company stopped a dozen attackers dead in their tracks. Even though the island was labeled as “secured,” an estimated 1,000 enemy holdouts remained hidden away on the island that would have to be ferreted out. Private First Class Luther Woodward made himself a legend with his tracking abilities. On at least three occasions he discovered footprints on trails and followed them to their source before engaging the enemy. In one event, he led a handful of fellow Marines up to a cave knowing that an unknown number of enemy troops were inside. Woodward tossed in a grenade that chased one occupant out, making that an easy kill for Woodward. He then took his Ka-Bar knife, entered the cave, and killed a second soldier. One trail-track discovery may have been an enemy scouting party sizing up the 4th Ammunition Company and preparing for a night raid. In the official records for August 8, 1944, Brig. Gen. Lemuel C. Sheppard, commanding the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, proclaimed that the 4th Ammunition Company “contributed in large [part] to the successful and rapid movement of combat supplies in this amphibious operation.” African American Marines in WW2 Although they weren’t trained as combat troops, black Marines on Saipan in the Marianas come ashore armed with rifles and carbines and used them against the Japanese. The Marine Corps’ biggest mistake in the Pacific came on September 15, 1944: Peleliu. The Corps’ high command thought it would be a three- to five-day operation against the small island’s 10,000 defenders; it would not end until the final days of November and cost the Marines 1,800 men killed and 8,000 wounded—at 40 percent the highest casualty rate of any amphibious assault in American military history The six-mile-long, two-mile-wide island had more than 500 natural caves that 10,000 Japanese soldiers had fortified, digging tunnels connecting many of them. This included an incredible number of ravines, crevices, and gullies that became deep foxholes in which to hide. It would be the job of 16, 000 Marines of the Corps’ 1st Division, along with the 11th Depot and 7th Ammunition Companies, to pacify the island. Luckily for the 7th Ammunition Company, they had time to learn the jungle on Guadalcanal during precombat training sessions. Lee Douglas, Jr., was with the 7th Ammunition Company, but getting ashore at Peleliu was impossible. The problem was the number of corpses floating in the water and covering the shore, preventing the landing craft from reaching the beach. The 7th spent two days on landing craft, throwing out nets and pulling them back in—filled with dead bodies—before an opening could be made for beach landings. Even then, he said, “We went in, we went with our rifles blazing.” Lawrence Diggs was 19 years old when he landed on Peleliu with the 7th Ammo Company attached to the 1st Division’s 3rd Battalion. Diggs said the enemy had placed their mortars on tracks that could wheel in and out of cover. Because so many caves riddled the island, ferreting out the enemy became a concerted effort. One team would discover an occupied cave and fire into it. Getting no response to that, either a tank came up or a flamethrower was put in use. Quite often the enemy moved along their tunnels just to pop out behind the Marines. Diggs said that, once everybody believed the island was secured enough, pup tents were delivered that accommodated three sleepers. By this time, hundreds of Japanese still hid out across the island. One source of sustenance for these Japanese soldiers became their stealthy stealing of Marine rations at night. One night, while Diggs was in a tent with two others, he recalled a fellow black Marine named “Oliver” from North Carolina. That night a Japanese forager stumbled into their tent, and Oliver wrapped his hands around the intruder’s throat until he died. It took “a shot” for Oliver to release his death grip. African American Marines in WW2 Staff Sergeant Timerlate Kirven (left) and Corporal Samuel J. Love, Sr., were the first African-American Marines to be awarded Purple Heart medals. They served with the 2nd Marine Division on Saipan. Diggs heard about another Marine on Saipan who spoke Japanese well enough to follow limited conversations. He would venture out on his own, creeping up on Japanese positions and listening in on their conversations. He would note their morale, how often they ate, what they ate, where they ate. He picked up on various positions as aid stations, watchpoints, and command points, and if any talk indicated a night attack. He then brought all of those conversations back with him. On one return trip, he found an abandoned bicycle that he toted back to his lines. When close enough to be safe, he rode the bicycle back in. A famous picture exists of him on this bike in front of three comrades where the bike straddles a rail. Reuben McNair was on Peleliu, also delivering ammunition. He was also told to go out and bring back the dead, but those of the 7th refused to do that; they brought back the wounded instead. McNair’s routine became the hauling of ammunition, joining his white comrades, shoulder-to-shoulder, in a firefight, carrying away the wounded, then returning with ammunition and fighting again. At one point the white Marines he fought alongside were rotated out, with McNair saying proudly, “We had a group of white Marines, they was very happy, and as they returned back, they stated to [other white Marines], as what happened. They said ‘the Black Angels saved us.’” When Peleliu was finally secured, the 11th Depot Company had suffered 17 wounded. That would be the highest number of casualties of any black unit across the Pacific Theater. In recognition of their service, Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus, commanding the 1st Marine Division, officially noted how smaller “unit commanders have repeatedly brought to my attention the whole-hearted cooperation and untiring efforts exhibited by each individual” of the 11th Depot Company and 7th Ammunition Company. The assault on Iwo Jima began on February 19, 1945. The plan called for the Corps’ 5th Division to come ashore first, then the 8th Ammunition Company, with the Corps’ 3rd Division coming in last. The 33rd, 34th, and 36th Depot Companies were there as well, but the 8th Ammunition Company would engage in far more direct combat than the whole 3rd Division. By D-day + 3, all four depot companies were ashore. They would spend 32 days on the sulfuric island. Getting there included standard operating procedures instituted by all the military services throughout the war. Sections of each troop transport ship hauling black soldiers and Marines had improvised segregated compartments of “white-” and “colored-only” designations. Compartments were roped off as separate mess hall, latrines, and sleeping areas. Many of the African American Marines found it more comfortable sleeping topside on an open deck than in cramped quarters below. While shipping over, they found themselves doing the vast majority of swabbing the decks, cleaning latrines, and KP than any white unit. Even if confined to restricted areas, it could not be helped if one Marine mingled in conversation with another Marine. One African American Marine spoke often and formed a bond with a Native American Marine—both of them being outcasts in white society. Roland Durden gave his final perspective on such prejudices from the days of his training for Iwo Jima. When the 33rd and 34th Depot Companies were being shipped via rail from North Carolina to California, their train paused in New Orleans. This stop offered a Red Cross Doughnut & Coffee break. Attached to the train were two carloads of German and Italian prisoners of war. Durden said his captain was so racist that he ordered the Red Cross nurses to serve the prisoners first before the black Marines of the 33rd and 34th. The nurses flat out said “no” and that they would “serve our boys first.” Then, on Iwo, Durden took a break from the intensity of the fighting with three black comrades. The fourth person was a white Marine who told them, “I was taught differently, but now I see you people; I have respect for you.” Since Steven Robinson could not make it into the Tuskegee Airman program, even though he had a civilian pilot license, he ended up a Marine. Coming out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was that city’s second African American to join the Marine Corps. On the boat ride toward Iwo, he met one Native American Marine and had numerous conversations with him. Robinson said this Marine’s name was Ira Hayes. Of all he saw and did on Iwo, Robinson recalled two specific incidents—one being the second flag going up on Mount Suribachi; whether he knew Ira Hayes was involved in it or not is unclear. The other took place while an enemy force made a night attack. In the darkness, neither side could distinguish friend from foe. All they could do was point their weapons at muzzle flashes in front of them and fire. In this instance, as with many others, the battle devolved into hand-to-hand combat. African American Marines in WW2 A group of black Marines on Peleiu receives instructions from a white officer or NCO (right) before heading out to bring in casualties. At other times, Marines fired blindly into the inky darkness as a source of comfort. On one pitch-black night, Robinson held the job of “sergeant of the guard,” being the on-the-spot supervisor for a number of outposts. He was summoned to Post #3 to see what a shooting incident was about. Stationed at that post was one of his Marine buddies named Booker James, holding a Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). He had fired off a series of rounds. Upon his arrival, James told Robinson that there had been movement in front of him and swore it was enemy induced. Robinson felt it was his responsibility to venture forth and determine what there may have been to shoot at. Robinson went forward on all fours, finding nothing alarming. Returning cautiously and walking upright, he tripped over a foot connected to a body. Closer inspection showed it being a dead Marine whom he left in place until daylight. Moving on, he stumbled over a second body of a dead Marine hidden by the darkness. Both had similar wounds being shot in the back. At that point Robinson heard moans and groans of somebody severely injured. He found a third Marine barely alive, showing the same wounds the other two had: bullet holes in their backs. Booker James had unknowingly shot three Marines in the back; he would be forever convinced they were Japanese. After reaching James, Robinson wanted him to go out so the two of them could bring in the wounded Marine. James refused, swearing that they were the enemy who was still prowling about. With great effort and many promptings, James finally went out, and the injured Marine was brought back in. He and the other dead Marines were white. Eighteen days after the shooting ceased, according to the Corps, Robinson was driving a jeep on an errand. He came upon eight white Marines, many armed with pistols, indicating them to be either officers or noncommissioned officers. Others carried BARs and Thompson submachine guns. Robinson halted to watch while the eight finished what they were engaged in. They surrounded a former enemy bunker that had caved in from relentless shelling. A handful of enemy soldiers emerged wearing nothing more than loincloths. It was plain to Robinson how malnourished, dehydrated, and weakened they were. He said they may have weighed 100 pounds at the most. There was no evidence of them retaining weapons. They were openly and willingly surrendering. Once they were gathered and the eight Marines assured nobody else was coming out, all those surrendering were shot dead on the spot. With that done, all that Robinson could do was drive on his way. African American Marines in WW2 Black and white Marines together fight a potentially disasterous fire in an Iwo Jima ammo dump caused by an enemy mortar. Gene Doughty started out from Stamford, Connecticut, with a detour to New York City before reaching Camp Montford, then Iwo Jima. In their final desperation to inflict as much harm upon Americans of any color, a night banzai attack was launched virtually at the feet of the Marines. But it was a ragged, beaten force that emerged yelling from a series of undiscovered caves and tunnels. Many had no firearms; they attacked the Americans with homemade spears or clubs. Archibald Mosley told about the youngest African American of any outfit in the Pacific Theater—a Marine everyone called “Babyface” for his youthful looks and exuberant attitude. And he was young; he had enlisted at age 16, and probably was not yet 17 when he landed with the 36th Depot Company on Iwo Jima, where he became the youngest black Marine to die in action. Mosley recalled the night that the Japanese swarmed out of their caves and tunnels and attacked the 36th Depot Company in a suicidal banzai charge, badly wounding “Babyface.” Because the religious Mosley had ended each night with prayers, the members of his unit asked him to pray for the youngster whom everyone loved and tried to protect. But his prayers did no good. Twenty-one-year-old Thomas Haywood McPhatter was halfway through Johnson C. Smith University—a historically black college—in Charlotte, North Carolina, when he dropped out in 1943 to join the Corps. His education and intelligence got him assigned to the 8th Ammunition Company, where he was a platoon sergeant and handled the complexities of explosives, fuses, detonators, and all things ammunition. His firm, no-nonsense leadership style earned him the nickname “Sergeant Steelhead.” On February 19, McPhatter and his men were roaring into Blue Beach, plowing through surf that was coated with blood and the floating corpses of dead Marines. He recalled, “There were bodies bobbing up all around, all these dead men. Then we were crawling on our bellies and moving up the beach. I jumped in a foxhole and there was this young white Marine holding his family pictures. He had been hit by shrapnel, he was bleeding from the ears, nose, and mouth.” All McPhatter could do was lie there and repeat the Lord’s Prayer over and over. African American Marines in WW2 A black Marine prepares to advance across the volcanic sand of Iwo Jima after his amphibious DUKW was destroyed. Many white Marines were impressed with the courage displayed by their fellow black Marines. Recovering from his shock, he organized his men and helped set up their ammunition depot at the base of Mount Suribachi in a depression that had been scooped out by the bulldozers of a Seabees unit. The site was easily in view of the enemy and well within range of rifle and mortar fire. Direct hits by enemy mortars destroyed many of the caches of ammunition, setting them ablaze and exploding, killing black Marines and risking the lives of those who worked frantically to extinguish the flames. Ammunition shortages soon developed, and from time to time airdrops were required to replenish the supplies lost. There was always a high demand for hand grenades. One such drop landed in the middle of no man’s land, so McPhatter led a squad out to recover what was dropped. Repeatedly the squad went and came back intact with all their personnel and misplaced ammunition. On February 23, 1945, a group of six Marines from the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, passed by the 8th Ammunition Company with one member carrying a small American flag and heading in the direction of Mount Suribachi. Realizing what was about to happen and seeing that the group had no pole on which to hoist the flag, McPhatter quickly rummaged through a nearby scrap pile to find a suitable pipe or pole and gave it to the flag-bearing Marines. Unfortunately, most history books make little mention of how this flagpole was found. The usual story is that the Marines passed by a rain-filled cistern and yanked loose a length of rusty pipe for their flagpole. Wherever the pole came from, 900 African American Marines—and almost every other Marine on Iwo Jima—saw their country’s flag go up that day. The six men proceeded up the slopes of the 560-foot-high volcano—the highest point on the island—with flag and pole. The flag went up, but it was too small; a Marine battalion commander wanted a bigger flag put up for all to see across the island. The raising of that second flag by a different squad was filmed, and Joe Rosenthal’s photograph became the iconic symbol of Marine Corps history, as well as of American victory in World War II. Photos do exist as the smaller flag was raised, came down, and the larger flag went up. What may be lost to history is the question of this first flagpole. Was it the pole McPhatter said he provided? Or was a second pole found, as some sources claim, and yanked from a rain-filled cistern? The historical record is unclear. As for the rest of his tenure on Iwo Jima, McPhatter saw white Marines willing to provide their own blood directly, via blood transfusion, to wounded Japanese prisoners, while no one ever asked an African American to give blood—either to white or Japanese wounded. McPhatter was also perturbed that almost every time a combat photographer wandered by he turned his camera away from the black units, sharing their blood and sweat with their white comrades, and blatantly refusing to film their activities. Only a few shots exist of black Marines on Iwo Jima. After the war, McPhatter became a Navy chaplain and served during the Korean and Vietnam Wars, retiring with the rank of captain. He died in 2009. African American Marines in WW2 Three Marine Corps pioneers: Turner Blount, Lawrence Diggs, and Reuben McNair. Like most of their fellow African American Marines, they were frustrated by the segregation and predjudice they experienced during the war but remain proud of their service in the Corps. The last land campaign of the Pacific War for these Marines was the invasion of the 466-square-mile island of Okinawa on April 1, 1945. Okinawa became Japan’s final death match, where the largest collection of African American Marines and sailors saw their last battle of the war. From the Corps came the 1st, 3rd, and 12th Ammunition Companies. The 5th, 9th, 10th, 18th, 37th, and 38th Depot Companies began arriving on May 21, 1945. In a futile, desperate attempt to throw back the invaders, over half a dozen Japanese “Betty” bombers flew over Yontan Airfield on May 24, 1945. It seemed each plane carried at least 78 banzai-crazed Japanese looking to land in the midst of an American airstrip and destroy the planes. Most were shot out of the sky. One or two flew off and were unaccounted for. One plane made a wheels-down landing on the strip. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the 10th Depot Company never shirked their military duty as an airstrip security force. In a major standoff, the Japanese got as far as destroying eight planes, damaging 24 others, and burning up 70,000 gallons of aviation fuel before being stopped by the 10th Depot Company; 69 dead Japanese were collected across the airstrip. Fighting in the Pacific came to an official end on August 14, when the Japanese agreed to unconditional surrender following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the official surrender documents were signed aboard the battleship USS Missouri on September 2, 1945. Although they had been segregated, abused, disrespected, discriminated against, and used as common laborers because they were thought to be incapable of combat, the black Marines proved otherwise. They had broken the longstanding military color barrier, and life in the Marine Corps—and throughout the rest of the U.S. armed forces—would never be the same. African American soldiers, sailors, Marines, and airmen would distinguish themselves in all of America’s upcoming wars. Although there were no black Marines in the two groups that hoisted the flags above Iwo Jima, their fingerprints were on the pole used to fly the first flag. And they will always be there. Top Ad Space Top Ad Space 2 Middle Ad Space Bottom Ad Space Our Magazines Military History Magazine Cover WWII History Magazine Cover WWII Quarterly Cover
Who was the first hacker? When was the term “hacking” coined, and does it really have to involve computers at all? It turns out that the concept of hacking is not a creation of the last couple of decades. Moreover, it does not even require computers to be involved. See who was the first hacker ever, and how did he go down in history! 100 years A wireless network was first broken into more than100 years ago! How did it happen? In June 1903, a special performance took place in one of the halls of The Royal Institution in London. During it, John Ambrose Fleming, a physicist, demonstrated a technological miracle of his era – long range wireless communication, a project of Italian radio pioneer Gugilelmo Marconi. The purpose of the performance was to show it to the wide public that it is possible to convey safe and wireless transmissions in Morse alphabet between London and a destination point about 480 km away – a station in Poldhu village in Cornwall. Before the message was sent, a characteristic knocking was heard, coming from the apparatus. At first, the audience took it for a simple malfunction of the fickle equipment. However, Fleming’s assistant quickly figured out that the sound is actually a word – “rats”, looped over and over again. After a moment, it turned into a mocking verse, accusing Marconi of deceiving the public. The performance was hacked, and it occurred more than 100 years ago! Before Marconi started to send his own signal, the previous one went silent. However, it left a clear sign for the public – if someone was able to interfere with a transmission that easily, it means it is not as secure as it was presented. Who was responsible? Although Marconi refused to comment on the incident, Fleming did it eagerly. He wrote a letter to The Times of London, where he clearly identified the interference as an act of vandalism. He also asked the readers to help apprehending the perpetrator. As it turned out, he did not have to wait long. Four days after his letter, the newspaper published a reply of the person responsible for the incident. It was Nevil Maskelyne, 39. a British magician showing lively interest in wireless technologies. During his performances, he would use Morse code to secretly communicate with his assistant. His knowledge of wireless communications allowed him to send a Morse coded message to a balloon 16 km away. However, his ambitions and willingness to expand his knowledge were constantly thwarted by Marconi’s patents. Maskelyne wanted to take his revenge on the Italian pioneer, and to expose the flaws of his technology. He interfered with the signal by setting up a simple transmitter and sending Morse code near the hall of The Royal Institution. Fleming kept attacking Maskelyne in newspapers for a long time, accusing him of scientific sabotage. In turn, Nevil responded that a physicist should rather shift his focus to obvious lacks of security. Hacking is not an invention of the last several decades only. As you can see, the first documented case took place more than100 years ago, and obviously did not involve any computers. Do you think Fleming might have protected himself from such an atttack?
Your child's birthday or due date Girl Boy Other Not Sure Add A Child Remove A Child I don't have kids Thanks For Subscribing! Oops! Something went wrong. Please contact What Will My Baby Look Like? Science Provides Some Clues Babies are full of surprises, but some basic genetics can help parents guess what their newborn might look like. There are so many things expectant parents wonder about during pregnancy. Will the baby be healthy? What will we name them? Do I really need to buy a $1,300 crib? And, perhaps most fun to ponder: What will my baby look like? Genetics may seem like the world’s most ancient lottery — and it is full of surprises — but with the help of modern science, parents can make some educated guesses about traits like height and eye color. Although newborns may strongly resemble one parent or the other, they might also look like neither — this is probably not because of the milkman, but rather the result of complex polygenic traits being passed down. “The whole purpose of the human species is survival, so it’s really important that we are unique and different with every new conception,” Dr. Mandy Katz-Jaffe, scientific and genetics director at CCRM Fertility, says. “We’re really not able to predict how a baby will look, exactly, because we don’t know how that reshuffling will go.” This so-called “reshuffling” is complicated, to say the least. You and your partner each have 46 chromosomes, of which 23 will get randomly sorted into your individual egg and sperm cells. When sperm and egg join, they each bring their unique mix of 23 chromosomes, creating a single cell with the necessary 46. This cell divides over and over again, eventually forming a fetus. Every time a couple conceives another kid, the same process occurs, but the chromosomes get shuffled in a different way, a process scientists refer to as recombination. The amount of melanin in hair determines hair color, which is often controlled by the MC1R gene, of which most people have two copies. However, scientists have also discovered additional 20-plus genes that influence hair color, and they’ve found that in some cases the MC1R gene can become deactivated, which can result in strawberry blond, auburn, or red hair. When both copies are turned off, this produces very red hair in a baby. Fatherly IQ Yes. I trust that our schools are taking precautions. No. We don't feel that proper precautions are in place. I'm not sure yet. It depends on how things progress. Thanks for the feedback! Oops! Something went wrong. Please contact Although darker shades are associated with dominant alleles and fairer or redder shades with recessive ones, that doesn’t mean a brunette parent will have a brunette baby. If both parents have brown hair, there is a strong possibility their baby will too, but there are many genes at play. And if both parents carry a recessive gene for different hair color, and those match up in the recombination process, then it’s anyone’s guess. If Mom, Dad, and both sets of grandparents have blue eyes, there’s a good chance their offspring will too. Geneticists used to suspect that traits like eye color were single-gene traits, meaning that if one parent had brown eyes and the other had blue, their kids would have brown eyes because the gene for brown eyes is dominant, whereas the gene for blue eyes is recessive. It’s more complicated than that. For starters, there are at least eight genes involved in eye color. The OCA2 gene controls almost three-quarters of the blue-brown color spectrum, but there’s evidence that other genes can override it in rare instances. Freckles, dimples, earlobes, hairlines, male pattern baldness, and curly hair are also somewhat predictable traits — but they come with the same caveats as hair and eye color, in addition to new ones. Freckles, for instance, are thought to be controlled mostly by the MC1R gene as well, but the environment has an impact on the number and size of freckles. Baldness is believed to be passed on by second- or third-degree relatives — that is, relatives who share 25 and 12.5 percent of genes, respectively — but not always. And curly hair is a result of many genes at play, but those vary depending on what part of the world people live in. Trying to predict what a baby will look like using genetics isn’t exactly a fool’s errand. It’s just that kids are full of surprises, even when they’re still developing in the womb. Dr. Katz-Jaffe understands why parents wonder what their baby will look like, but it’s important to not put too much stock in those guesses or to worry about outcomes. As children continue to grow and develop, they continue to reveal their genetic inheritance while becoming evermore themselves.
Smoking linked to increased expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a regulatory protein that is primarily produced in the lungs. It is also the protein that allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect and enter human cells. A study published in Developmental Cell has demonstrated that cigarette smoke can increase the expression of ACE2. The team at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL; NY, USA) discovered ACE2 to be most actively expressed by goblet cells, whose increased production as a result of smoking may therefore increase an individual’s susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been drastic differences observed in the way individuals react to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The majority of infected individuals suffer from mild symptoms that may go unnoticed, whereas others experience severe reactions that could result in hospitalization. This study used single-cell sequencing data to examine the ACE2 gene expression in lung epithelial tissue of individuals who smoked cigarettes regularly compared with those who had never smoked. Senior author Jason Sheltzer (CSHL) commented: “we started gathering all the data we could find. When we put it all together and started analyzing it, we saw that both mice that had been exposed to smoke in a laboratory and humans who were current smokers had significant upregulation of ACE2.” Individuals who smoked cigarettes produced 30–55% more ACE2 protein, compared with those who had never smoked. This result was dose-dependent, with heavy smokers having the greatest ACE2 protein levels. Further, the researchers demonstrated that ACE2 expression is responsive to inflammatory signalling and that SARS-CoV-2 infection has the potential to create positive-feedback loops. Together, these factors increase ACE2 expression and facilitate viral dissemination. Therefore, the team concluded that cigarette smoking increases ACE2 expression, which may explain why cigarette smokers are more susceptible to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. “Our results provide a clue as to why smokers who develop COVID-19 tend to have poor clinical outcomes,” explained Sheltzer.” Evidence from mouse experiments has shown that higher levels of ACE2 make mice more susceptible to SARS. More recent work with SARS-CoV-2 found that when human ACE2 was highly expressed in mice infected with COVID-19, they died more quickly.” However, the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 contraction can be reversed. Data collected from individuals who currently smoke cigarettes and individuals who stopped smoking for at least 12 months demonstrated that quitting smoking significantly decreased the abundance of goblet cells and ACE2 expression in the lungs. Therefore, quitting smoking may reduce the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sheltzer commented: “cigarette smoke contains hundreds of different chemicals. It’s possible that certain ingredients (like nicotine) have a different effect than whole smoke does. Commenting on the limitations of the study, he also noted: “One could imagine that having more cells that express ACE2 could make it easier for SARS-CoV-2 to spread in someone’s lungs, but there is still a lot more we need to explore.” Sources: Smith JC, Sausville EL, Girish V et al., Cigarette smoke exposure and inflammatory signaling increase the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the respiratory tract. Dev. Cell. (2020). doi:10.1002/anie.202002979; Leave A Comment
Keeping athletes mentally healthy during a pandemic In this third installment in a series relating to COVID-19, Trevor Langford focuses on how to maintain an athlete’s mental wellbeing, focus, and motivation during this unprecedented time. Global lockdown and social distancing have forced athletes the world over to adapt their daily routines. With competitions canceled or postponed, it is hard for athletes and their support teams to prepare for the unknown. This fluctuating schedule can affect an athlete’s training program, mental wellbeing, and possibly their desire to exercise. Never has an athlete’s support network been more critical. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the sporting world with the postponement of the Olympics, the Paralympics, and the temporary cessation of all major sports. Athletes will often plan their lives around a sporting competition and potentially put other life experiences, such as career opportunities, children and marriages, on hold until afterward. With their competitions and life’s benchmarks taken away, athletes may feel a range of emotions (see table 1)(1). Both the athlete and the support personnel miss the camaraderie experienced in training as teams and training partners isolate from each other. These relationships are essential for mental wellness, and life can become very lonely for someone who is used to a regimented routine. Athletes may also isolate in a different country from friends or family, as that is where their sports contract requires them to stay. Table 1: Athlete’s feelings as a result of self-isolation and cancellation of events (1). Due to social isolation, athletes may feel: Less prepared as a result of the lockdown. They are at a competitive disadvantage. Worried and may catastrophize their thoughts (i.e. what if I get infected with the coronavirus or what if I lose my house or my athlete funding). Socially isolated and lonely. Disconnected from usual social networks and healthy outlets. Emotionally vulnerable if they know someone who has become ill like a family member, co-athlete, or a support team member. Lost or confused as to their life direction and worried about their next step. With no sporting events for the media to cover at present, coverage is now focused on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly adding to an athlete’s worry and anxiety. If an athlete has experienced mental health issues previously, such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), mood disorder, insomnia, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an event of this scale could trigger or exacerbate these syndromes. The nature and severity of the symptoms that the athlete experiences dictate the level of care they should seek. Mood, low-level anxiety, and sleep disorders are likely successfully treated by a psychologist or counselor(1). More severe presentations, such as severe anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, self-harm, or suicidal thoughts, necessitate a referral to a psychiatrist(1). Risk factors for poor mental health Multiple factors may predispose an athlete to poor mental health. A sports-related injury, lackluster performance, overtraining, and the type of sport played – those who play individual sports are at a higher risk for poor mental health than team sports – are all risk factors (2). Other risk factors may include major events, such as the current global situation, isolation, and impaired sleep patterns(2). The second article in this three-part series focuses on strategies to improve sleep patterns and circadian rhythms. Younger preadolescent athletes may identify more with these recommendations. Without a doubt, whether a young member of a formation league, or a seasoned professional, the recent pandemic and widespread lockdown can negatively and significantly impact athletes’ mental health. The hierarchical model of motivation In 1943, Abraham Maslow published the five stages of human needs, a bottom-up hierarchical motivational model demonstrating how an individual can achieve their full potential in life, (see figure 1)(3). The lower four levels are considered deficiency levels. When humans are deprived of their physiological, safety, love, and esteem needs, they become motivated to obtain them. For example, the longer someone goes without food, the more hungry they become, and the more motivated they are to search for and obtain it. Once the lower four levels are securely in place, individuals are in a position to focus on the top phase of the actualization model. The things obtained during the self-actualization level come from within, not from an external source. Therefore, this stage is considered a growth phase. Figure 1: Maslow’s five stage motivational model of human needs(3). Used with permission, Saul McLeod(3). During this time of economic uncertainty, athletes too may experience food or housing insecurity. In contrast, other athletes won’t be affected economically by the pandemic. Therefore, each athlete’s situation is different, and all should be handled with sensitivity. An athlete’s support team must focus on the welfare of the individual, not only the athlete’s training program. According to Maslow’s model, not until an athlete’s basic needs are met, are they in a position to grow and carry out the self-actualization phase. Support Guidelines Promote an athlete’s mental wellbeing by encouraging balance in their daily activities. The absence of pleasurable activities, a sense of achievement from usual set tasks, or connecting with others can affect mood and cause low feelings (see figure 2)(4). A pleasurable activity could be reading, listening to music, or watching something funny on the television. Encourage athletes to create a list of tasks. For example, household chores, an exercise session, or a range of administrative type jobs checked off of a to-do list give a feeling of accomplishment. Figure 2: Mental wellness balance. Image © Psychology Tools (2020), used with permission(4). Encourage compliance with a regular training routine when possible. Exercise releases endorphins, the body’s natural ‘feel-good’ hormones, and thus, promotes feelings of mental wellbeing. Gym closures may require athletes to get creative with household items to maintain their strength and conditioning (Insert link to 1st article). Help athletes develop sport-specific goals to work toward with the tools they have during this time of isolation. Video technology is in a boom phase currently, and there many outlets such as Zoom, Go To Meeting, WhatsApp, and Facetime, which allow for interaction with others. The video chats allow athletes continued connection with support staff for physio appointments and training updates. It also affords them a means to stay connected to a team atmosphere. Conduct regular video discussions where athletes can express their concerns and worries. The realization that others share the same feelings helps relieve anxiety and fosters wellbeing (see table 2). Table 2: Guidelines for supporting mental wellbeing (5). Stay up-to-date with the current situationWhile the media coverage can be overwhelming in modern times, it is also important to stay up-to-date on guidelines. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a reliable source for obtaining the latest guidelines: Spend time in self-reflectionTry to have time outdoors in green spaces Revise goal setting and consider future directions within your sport Practice relaxation and mindfulness Maintain a daily routineKeep a regular schedule of everyday activities such as meal times and bedtimes, to ensure healthy sleep patterns. Encouragement from sports professionalsAthletes look to clinicians and trainers for support; therefore, continue frequent contact with those in your care . While the priority for all at the current time is to stay healthy and free from the COVID-19 virus, it is also a time of high stress and worry. Athletes are accustomed to structure and a disciplined routine, and this time is anything but that. Implement measures to help athletes maintain their mental balance and focus. Encourage them to participate in activities that provide pleasure, a sense of achievement, and connect them socially with their support network. Support links At this stressful time, individuals need recourses where they can seek support. Below are a series of links where athletes and support staff can connect to gain additional mental health support. UK – Canada – Australia – 1. BJSM, March 2020. 2. Sports Med, 2019, 5, 46. 3. file:///C:/Users/tom/Dropbox/Downloads/ Share this Follow us
Are Rabies Responsible For Werewolf Myths? A lot of our old folktales come from the fact that people in the Middle Ages didn’t have the scientific knowledge to logically explain certain medical conditions, so they assumed that it was simply magic. From their ignorance came forth many of the myths and folktales we know so well. But what about werewolves? Is it possible that rabies gave birth to werewolves? The most common way in which someone contracts the disease rabies is by being bitten by an infected animal (like werewolf stories). Usually, they are bitten by a dog that had contracted the virus from a wild animal. An animal with the virus will suddenly become insane, incredibly aggressive and savage, acting much like a demon. The most common symptoms a human that has contracted rabies first experiences are anxiety, disorientation and the desire to be left alone somewhere quiet, warm and away from bright light – sort of like a wolf’s den. After a while comes the fear of water and swallowing. Then delirium, the overwhelming hallucinations and mad ravings that often includes attacking and biting others. If that wasn’t bad enough, these people occasionally have breaks in their madness, moments of total sanity. The sufferer is painfully aware of how they are acting and behaving, that they are acting like they are half-human, half-beast. Now, pretend that you are living way back in the day before rabies was known, before science was what it is now – what would you think? You wouldn’t think it was a medical condition, people back then didn’t often use science as an explanation for events, but rather religion and superstition. One would simply assume that it was some form of magic, that the person suffering had become possessed by some kind of animalistic demon. There are a handful of theories like this about vampires and how vampire hysteria reached the level it did. The same theories could apply to werewolves and the panic they caused in the Middle Ages. After all, there were nearly thirty thousand cases of lycanthropy reported between 1520 and 1630; obviously not all of those people were werewolves. But it is possible that many of them were simply suffering from rabies, and appeared to be animalistic monsters, when in truth they were just sick. – Moonlight By moonlight One of the writers for, as well as 11 replies on “Are Rabies Responsible For Werewolf Myths?” You are an idiot. Rabies does not turn you into a werewolf, it makes you extremely sick and insane and can kill you. Do not say that. Just because you want to be a werewolf is not a reason to go messing with some rabid wolf or animal. Rabid animals are VERY DANGEROUS and if you get the disease, you have only a day or two to recognize the symptoms before rabies becomes too untreatable and you die. This is serious. I saw a show where a man got bit by a rabid coyote. He became delirious and insane. His doctor wife recognized the symptoms of rabies before it was too late and he was saved. Barely . . . So stop being stupid and realize some things, like putting dangerous things like belladonna and nightshade on your skin, and getting bitten by a rabid animal. or others stupid and dangerous ways to become a werewolf will not work and will just harm you, and possibley kill you. poeple would do anything to be a werewolf even if it means doing stuipd things so you cant stop them you can tell them its stuipd but its there choice not yours even i want to become a werewolf ill do anything to become a werewolf even get rabies.but ill try other ways this is the last on my list have a long list You have no clue what you’re asking for. Being infected with rabies doesn’t mean being powerful and dangerous and cool like a werewolf. It means dealing with lethargy, pain, and eventually paralysis. It means being in horrible fear and confusion at all times due to neural damage. It means being desperately thirsty but terrified of water because attempting to swallow will cause excruciating throat spasms. It means being unable to sleep and dealing with hallucinations. Rabies is one of the worst possible ways to die, and once you’re showing symptoms, it is an absolute certainty you will die in a matter of days. I don’t think that rabies was really responsible for the “creation” of the werewolf. If you read “Der Werwolf” by Wilhelm Hertz, you will find that the portrayed werewolves, while often bloodthirsty and savage, acted by no means rabid. Quite the opposite, they were often cunning and in other cases even fools (considered how easy some of them got catched). Yes most or at least many of the portrayed werewolves in Middle Europe were quite blood-thirsty but if they had really acted rabid many of them wouldn’t have gone undetected for so long. In addition the most common form of shapeshifting during these times seemed to have been via an ointment or a girdle, sometimes a wolf-fur or a combination of those. So not the mark of a rabid beast. the similarities between the behaviors of rabid people and wolves to werewolves are too great to dismiss. infection by rabies is the model for werewolves (and vampires). the rabies virus taps into our emotional neural circuits and releases them in order to actively (!!) transmit the virus to others — i.e “turn” victims. yet, we still don’t know the neural receptor the virus uses to do this. pretty sad after all these thousands of years of human writing about rabies. In The Anatomy of Melancholy (1638) Robert Burton relates that lycanthropia is considered by some a kind of melancholy, by others a madness. He alludes to authors who provide causes and cures, as Altomarus, but does not set them down himself. As he describes it, lycanthropy or “wolf-madness” is “when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts.” He then treats of hydrophobia, literally fear of water, and by his description our modern rabies, “well known in every village, which comes by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching…The part affected is the brain: the cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry that it consumes all the moisture in the body…they begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red and swell in the face, about twenty days after (if some remedy is not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pensive, and, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and oftentimes fits of the falling sickness.” Burton considered these as two separate diseases, with their own presentation and treatment. Yet, the propinquity of the descriptions, one after the other, and the shared symptom of bestial howling may suggest a closer kinship. The original conception of the werewolf was as a shapeshifter, the willful act of a magical being, or one who had communed with the devil. By Burton’s time, and to the scientifically minded of centuries earlier, that idea seems to have been replaced by a notion of madness, an affliction of the brain. What is interesting is that, when combined, Burton’s descriptions of lycanthropy and rabies (hydrophobia) read like the modern werewolf myth: a person is bitten or scratched by a wolf; that injury “infects” the victim with the disease or curse of the werewolf, causing hallucinations, madness, pensiveness, a transformation (“to look red and swell in the face”), and lupine behavior. It does seem plausible that rabies was one of many sources for the modern werewolf myth. […] (unless, perhaps you’re discussing fleas or dental care), but there is a theory that these creatures were “created,” as it were, to explain humans who had contracted rabies. Rabies is generally spread by saliva contamination of a skin lesion or bite wound. However, the […] Leave a Reply
City council Because of the differences in legislation between the states, the exact definition of a city council varies. However, it is generally only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status (usually on a basis of population) that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is "Corporation of the City of ______" or similar. Some of the urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity (see Brisbane and other Queensland cities), while others may be controlled by a multitude of much smaller city councils. Also some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of otherwise rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust the deployment of assets and resources. The city councils (Malay: Majlis Bandaraya) and city halls (Malay: Dewan Bandaraya) in Malaysia are as follows.[1] New Zealand Councils for the provincial cities in Taiwan are Chiayi City Council, Hsinchu City Council, and Keelung City Council. United Kingdom In the UK, not all cities have city councils, and the status and functions of city councils vary. A city council may be: A city council may be: • One of the three councils of principal areas that have been granted city status. • One of the three community councils, with limited functions, that have been granted city status. A city council is the council of one of four council areas designated a City by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The three cities which are not council areas have no city council. Northern Ireland Belfast City Council is now the only city council. Since the local government reforms of 2015 the other four cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils. United States and Canada City councils and town boards generally consist of several (usually somewhere between 5 and 50) elected aldermen or councillors. In the United States, members of city councils are typically called council member, council man, council woman, councilman, or councilwoman, while in Canada they are typically called councillor. In some cities, the mayor is a voting member of the council who serves as chairman; in others, the mayor is the city's independent chief executive (or strong mayor) with veto power over city council legislation. In larger cities the council may elect other executive positions as well, such as a council president and speaker. The role of the mayor in the council varies depending on whether or not the city uses council–manager government or mayor–council government, and by the nature of the statutory authority given to it by state law, city charter, or municipal ordinance. There is also a mayor pro tem councilmember. In cities where the council elects the mayor for one year at a time, the mayor pro tem is in line to become the mayor in the next year. In cities where the mayor is elected by the city's voters, the mayor pro tem serves as acting mayor in the absence of the mayor. This position is also known as vice mayor. Examples include: See also 1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2017-11-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 2. Petitions being an important citizen tool in Glasgow's City Council
ISO 11940 ISO 11940 is an ISO standard for the transliteration of Thai characters, published in 1998 and updated in September 2003 and confirmed in 2008. An extension to this standard named ISO 11940-2 defines a simplified transcription based on it. ISO kk̄hḳ̄hkhkʹhḳhngcc̄hchsc̣h ISO ṭ̄hṯhtʹhdtt̄hthṭhn ISO bpp̄hphfp̣hm ISO yrvlłwṣ̄s̄ʹx The transliteration of the pure consonants is derived from their usual pronunciation as an initial consonant. An unmarked h is used to form digraphs denoting aspirated consonants. High and low pairs of consonants are systematically differentiated by applying a macron to the high class consonant. Further differentiation of consonants with identical phonetic function is obtained by leaving the most frequent unmarked, marking the second commonest by a dot below, marking the third commonest by a horn, and marking the fourth commonest by underlining. The use of a dot below has a similar effect to the Indological practice of distinguishing retroflex consonants by a dot below, but there are subtle differences – it is the transliterations of ธ tho thong and ศ so sala that are dotted below, not those of the corresponding retroflex consonants. The transliterations of consonants should be entered in the order base letter, macron if any, and then dot below, horn or "macron below". Only three consonants have the horn in their transliteration, ฅ kho khon, ฒ tho phuthao and ษ so ruesi, and only one consonant has an underline, ฑ tho nang montho. Thai –ั –ิ–ี–ึ–ื–ุ–ู ฤๅฦๅ ISO aāåiīụ̄uūeæoıvłłɨywx The letter å is the only precomposed character specified in the output of transliteration. Lakkhangyao (ๅ) has been shown only in combination with the vowel letters ฤ and ฦ. The standard simply lists ฤ and ฦ with the consonants and lakkhangyao with the vowels. An isolated lakkhangyao would also be transliterated by a small letter "i" with stroke (ɨ), but such should not occur in Thai, Pāli, or Sanskrit. The transliterations of ว wo waen and อ o ang have been included here because of their use as complete vowel symbols, but their transliteration does not depend on how they are being used and the standard simply lists them with the consonants. Compound vowel symbols are transliterated in accordance with their constituents. Other combining marks Thai –่–้–๊–๋–็–์–๎–ํ–ฺ ISO –̀–̂–́–̌–̆–̒~–̊–̥ Note that yamakkan (–๎) is represented by a spacing tilde, not a superscript tilde. Punctuation and Digits ISO «ǂ§ǀǁ»0123456789 ISO 11940:1998 distinguishes the abbreviation symbol paiyannoi (ฯ) from the sentence terminator angkhandiao (ฯ), even though neither the national character standard TIS 620-2533 nor Unicode Version 5.0 distinguishes them. Paiyannoi is transliterated as ǂ and angkhandiao is transliterated as ǀ. Note that paiyannoi, angkhandiao and angkhankhu (๚) are transliterated by the letters used for click consonants, not by double dagger, vertical bars or dandas. Character Sequencing In general characters are transliterated from left to right and, where characters have the same horizontal position, from top to bottom. The vertical sequencing is in fact simply specified as tone marks and thanthakhat (–์) preceding any other marks above or below the consonant. The standard denies at the end of Section 4.2 that the combination of sara u (◌ุ, ◌ู) and nikkhahit (◌ํ) can occur and then gives an example of it when specifying the transliteration of nikkhahit, but does not show the transliteration of the combination. The effect of these rules is that, except for nikkhahit, all the non-vowel marks attached to a consonant in Thai are attached to the consonant in the Roman transliteration. The standard concedes that attempting to transpose preposed vowels and consonants may be comforting to those used to the Roman alphabet, but recommends that preposed vowels not be transposed. For example, ภาษาไทย (RTGS: Phasa Thai) should be transliterated to p̣hās̛̄āịthy and เชียงใหม่ (RTGS: Chiang Mai) to echīyngıh̄m̀. The standard specifies the order in which the accents should be typed, but not all input systems will record accents in the order in which they are typed. Unicode specifies two normalised forms for letters with multiple accents, and transliterated text is highly likely to be stored in one of these forms. This complicates automatic back-transliteration. As Unicode-compliant processes must handle such variations correctly, the transliterations on this page have been chosen for ease of display – present day rendering systems may display equivalent forms differently. Many fonts display novel combinations of consonants and accents badly. For example, the Institute of the Estonian Language publishes an explanation of the application of the standard to Thai on the web, and with one exception this seems to be a comply with the standard. The exception is that, except for the macron, accents over consonants are actually offset to the right, giving the impression that they have been entered as the corresponding non-combining characters. The standard specifies the transliterations in code points, but someone working from this free explanation could easily deduce that the spacing forms of the tone accents should be used. ICU (CLDR 1.4.1) The ICU implementation, recorded in Version 1.4.1 of the Common Locale Data Repository sponsored by Unicode,[1] uses a prime instead of a horn in the transliteration of consonants. This affects the transliteration of ฅ kho khon, ฒ tho phuthao and ษ so bo ruesi. ฏ to patak is also transliterated differently, as rather than . This implementation transliterates ำ as instead of å to avoid ambiguity with the hypothetical Thai script sequence ะํ (sara a, nikkhahit). The ICU implementation transliterates ฺ phinthu as ˌinstead of to avoid problems with Unicode normalisation. This has the side effect of improving legibility when applied to an underdotted consonant. The ICU implementation transliterates ฯ paiyannoi as (double dagger) and angkhankhu as \|\| (two ASCII vertical bars). As the ICU implementation uses Unicode, it cannot reliably distinguish angkhandiao from paiyannoi without a semantic analysis, and makes no such attempt. The character sequencing of the ICU implementation is different. It transposes preposed vowels with the following consonant, and processes the marks on a consonant in the order in which they are stored in memory. (Most Thai input methods ensure that the marks are stored in bottom to top order.) It does not transpose preposed vowels with complete consonant clusters; consonant clusters cannot be identified with complete accuracy, and transposing vowels with clusters would require an additional symbol to permit reliable conversion back to the Thai script. For example, under this implementation ภาษาไทย transliterates to p̣hās̄ʹāthịy and เชียงใหม่ to cheīyngh̄ım̀. Finally, this implementation generates transliterations in Unicode Normalisation Form C (NFC). See also 1. files transforms/ThaiLogical-Latin.xml and transforms/Thai-ThaiLogical.xml (used by ICU's transliterators "Thai-Latin" and "Latin-Thai")
Skip to main content Many microalgae accumulate carbohydrates simultaneously with triacylglycerol (TAG) upon nitrogen starvation, and these products compete for photosynthetic products and metabolites from the central carbon metabolism. As shown for starchless mutants of the non-oleaginous model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, reduced carbohydrate synthesis can enhance TAG production. However, these mutants still have a lower TAG productivity than wild-type oleaginous microalgae. Recently, several starchless mutants of the oleaginous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus were obtained which showed improved TAG content and productivity. The most promising mutant, slm1, is compared in detail to wild-type S. obliquus in controlled photobioreactors. In the slm1 mutant, the maximum TAG content increased to 57 ± 0.2% of dry weight versus 45 ± 1% in the wild type. In the wild type, TAG and starch were accumulated simultaneously during initial nitrogen starvation, and starch was subsequently degraded and likely converted into TAG. The starchless mutant did not produce starch and the liberated photosynthetic capacity was directed towards TAG synthesis. This increased the maximum yield of TAG on light by 51%, from 0.144 ± 0.004 in the wild type to 0.217 ± 0.011 g TAG/mol photon in the slm1 mutant. No differences in photosynthetic efficiency between the slm1 mutant and the wild type were observed, indicating that the mutation specifically altered carbon partitioning while leaving the photosynthetic capacity unaffected. The yield of TAG on light can be improved by 51% by using the slm1 starchless mutant of S. obliquus, and a similar improvement seems realistic for the areal productivity in outdoor cultivation. The photosynthetic performance is not negatively affected in the slm1 and the main difference with the wild type is an improved carbon partitioning towards TAG. Microalgae are well known for their ability to produce large quantities of triacylglycerol (TAG), which can be used as a resource for food, feed, and fuel production [1, 2]. Microalgae-derived TAGs can be competitive to oils derived from terrestrial plants due to the higher areal productivities of microalgae and because no arable land is required for their cultivation [2]. However, the economic costs and carbon footprint of photobioreactors make it necessary to improve the areal TAG productivity even further [3, 4]. The dogma on the physiological role of TAG synthesis is that TAG serves as a compact energy and carbon storage pool when formation of functional biomass is impaired. Furthermore, TAG can serve as an electron sink under unfavorable conditions for growth. An electron sink under these conditions prevents the buildup of photosynthetic products which would otherwise have resulted in over-reduction of the electron transport chains. Such over-reduction can result in the transfer of electrons to O2, which results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), such as H2O2, or superoxide [5]. These ROSs can cause damage to the cell. Production of TAG can thus protect the cell against the damage induced by adverse growth conditions [6]. This is reflected by the fact that under nutrient replete conditions only trace amounts of TAG are produced. However, as a response to nitrogen starvation, TAG can be accumulated to over 40% of dry weight by many oleaginous microalgae species [68]. Although nitrogen starvation reduces photosynthetic efficiency [9], photosynthesis and carbon assimilation continue for a certain period when the microalgae are exposed to nitrogen depleted conditions [10]. This is supported by the observation of an up to eightfold increase in biomass dry weight concentration after nitrogen depletion in some species [7]. This increase in biomass can be explained by de novo production of nitrogen-free storage molecules such as TAG and carbohydrates. Even in the most oleaginous species, the increase in dry weight cannot solely be explained by the observed TAG production [7]. Other storage components such as starch are simultaneously accumulated and can easily account for over 40% of the newly produced biomass [7, 1113]. Diverting this large carbon flow away from carbohydrates towards TAG could substantially enhance TAG productivity [14]. The partitioning of assimilated carbon between TAG and carbohydrates during nitrogen starvation is a complex and highly regulated process as indicated by the activity of transcription factors and the observed changes in transcriptome and proteome during nutrient starvation [1518]. In addition, it is often proposed that the production rates of TAG and storage carbohydrates are influenced by competition for common precursors, that is, intermediates of the central carbon metabolism such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) or acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) [19, 20]. Modifying the activity of either pathway using strain improvement techniques could therefore potentially affect the carbon partitioning between TAG and storage carbohydrates [14]. One commonly attempted strategy to accomplish this is to over-express reactions in the TAG synthesis pathway, such as the initial step in fatty acid synthesis catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase [21] or the acyl transfer step catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) [22]. However, attempts to improve TAG production by increasing the expression of genes involved in the TAG biosynthesis pathway have been mostly unsuccessful, as reviewed by Li et al. [23]. Another commonly employed strategy is to down-regulate or inhibit the competing carbohydrate (for example starch) synthesis. Several successful attempts have been made to enhance TAG production by reducing or eliminating starch synthesis [14, 2326]. For example, Li et al. [23] observed an eightfold increase in TAG content (reaching a TAG content of 32.6% of dry weight) under mixotrophic conditions, and Li et al. [14] observed a fourfold increase in volumetric TAG productivity under photoautotrophic conditions, both using the starchless BAFJ5 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Although cellular TAG contents are generally enhanced in starchless or impaired mutants, the overall TAG productivity of such mutant cultures is not always improved. This is because their biomass productivity under nitrogen starvation conditions is often largely reduced or even completely impaired compared to their wild-type strains [23]. This reduction in biomass productivity is often poorly characterized with the focus only directed at the TAG content, making conclusive evaluations of the mutant performance difficult. The decrease in biomass productivity could, among other possible explanations, be a result of additional mutations in, for example, the photosynthetic machinery [24] or of insufficient capacity to channel all excess photosynthate towards TAG. Especially in the latter case, the impact of starch deficiency on oleaginous microalgae might be fundamentally different from that on non-oleaginous microalgae. Namely, a starchless oleaginous microalga might be able to redirect most of the light energy that would otherwise have been used for starch synthesis towards TAG, whereas a non-oleaginous microalga might be unable to utilize this light energy. For a non-oleaginous microalga, this could thus lead to a quick buildup of photosynthetic products, which in turn could result in over-reduction of the photosynthetic machinery and the formation of harmful ROSs [5]. This might occur at a lower rate in starchless oleaginous microalgae that are able to channel most excess photosynthate towards TAG synthesis. Most previous work on starchless mutants is performed in the non-oleaginous model alga C. reinhardtii and shows that the use of starchless mutants can be a feasible strategy to enhance TAG production. However, even these starchless mutants underachieve in TAG production compared to good-performing wild-type oleaginous microalgae. The TAG contents of these C. reinhardtii mutants are at best comparable to those of oleaginous microalgae [7, 14, 23]. In addition, upon nitrogen starvation their biomass productivity decreases to a much bigger extent than that of wild-type oleaginous microalgae [7, 23]. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of disabling starch formation on TAG production in good-performing oleaginous microalgae. In previous research, Scenedesmus obliquus (recently suggested to be reclassified to Acutodesmus obliquus[27]) was identified as a very promising microalga to produce TAG [7, 8], and recently several starchless mutants of S. obliquus were obtained [28]. In shake flask studies, the slm1 mutant showed both an enhanced TAG content during initial nitrogen starvation and a biomass productivity comparable to that of the wild type, resulting in a net increase in volumetric TAG productivity [28]. In this work, a more detailed and quantitative comparison, performed in controlled photobioreactors, of the S. obliquus wild type and this starchless mutant is presented. Results and discussion TAG and starch accumulation For both the wild-type (wt) S. obliquus (UTEX 393) and a starchless mutant (slm1) of S. obliquus[28], duplicate nitrogen run-out experiments were performed to investigate the difference in carbon partitioning between the wt and the slm1 under nitrogen depleted conditions (Figure 1). Reactors were inoculated at 50 mg DW/l and cultivated at an incident light intensity of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 until the biomass concentration was 0.3-1 g DW/l, after which the incident light intensity was increased to 500 μmol m-2 s-1. The moment of inoculation is considered as t = 0. Figure 1 Duplicate batch nitrogen run-out cultivations of the wt and the slm1 S. obliquus . Left (A, C): wild-type. Right (B, D): slm1. Top (A, B): biomass concentration (g DW/l) and dissolved NO3-N concentration. Bottom (C, D): total fatty acid (TFA), TAG, and starch content. As indicated in the legend boxes in the figure, in the top figure, the black symbols represent the dry weight concentration and the open symbols represent the NO3-N concentration. In the bottom figures, the open symbols represent the total fatty acid content (TFA), the gray symbols represent the TAG content, and the black symbols represent the starch content. The results indicated with #1 and #2 in the figure legend represent the replicate cultivations. Nitrogen was depleted from the culture medium at a biomass concentration of approximately 1.5-2 g/l and occurred 70 to 100 h after inoculation (Figure 1). After nitrogen was depleted, carbon assimilation and biomass formation continued, mainly as a result of accumulation of TAG (both the wt and the slm1) and starch (the wt only), which is consistent with previous observations [7, 28, 29]. The wt increased more rapidly in biomass concentration than the slm1 during initial nitrogen starvation and also achieved a higher maximum biomass concentration (Figure 1A,B). In the wt cultivation, starch and TAG were accumulated simultaneously after nitrogen was depleted. Initially starch was produced at a much higher rate than TAG (Figure 1C), but when nitrogen starvation progressed starch synthesis stopped. Starch reached a maximum content of 38 ± 2% (average of duplicate cultivations ± deviation of duplicates from average) of dry weight after 168 ± 2 h and a maximum concentration of 3.6 ± 0.2 g/l after 223 ± 10 h. Subsequently starch was degraded. The starch concentration at the end of the cultivation decreased to 0.5 g/l (6% of dry weight). During this period TAG synthesis continued, and the TAG content reached a maximum of 45 ± 1% of dry weight (4.5 ± 0.1 g/l) (Figure 1C; Figure 2A). The simultaneous degradation of starch and production of TAG in the wt could indicate that degradation products of starch are used for the synthesis of TAG. This interconversion has also been suggested previously for Pseudochlorococcum sp. [11], C. reinhardtii[19], Coccomyxa sp. [19], and Chlorella zofingiensis (also known as Chromochloris zofingiensis) [13], as well as for conversion of chrysolaminarin into TAG in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica[30]. Figure 2 TAG concentration (A), time-averaged yield of TAG on photons (B), and time-averaged volumetric TAG productivity (C). Open symbols: wt. Gray symbols: slm1. The time-averaged yield and volumetric productivity are calculated over the period between inoculation and each time point. The results indicated with #1 and #2 in the figure legend represent the replicate cultivations. In the slm1, the production of starch is negligible. As a result, the TAG content increases more rapidly in the slm1 than in the wt during initial nitrogen starvation; the TAG content in the slm1 reached a maximum of 57 ± 0.2% of dry weight (5.2 ± 0.2 g/l) after 433 ± 70 h (Figure 1C,D; Figure 2A). In neither the wt nor the slm1 can the combined accumulation of starch and TAG completely account for the increase in dry weight after nitrogen depletion. This difference between the measured biomass constituents and dry weight concentration is relatively constant and accounts for approximately 20 to 30% of dry weight during the entire cultivation for both the wt and the slm1. Proteins are most likely not part of this residual biomass as no nitrogen source is available for protein synthesis; also protein synthesis out of non-protein nitrogen present in the biomass can only contribute very little, because this fraction of non-protein nitrogen in the biomass is very small [31]. It is likely that the cell wall will account for a substantial part of this residual biomass. Although little is known about the cell wall composition of S. obliquus and other microalgae, it is hypothesized that this residual biomass consists largely of carbohydrates (other than starch) such as cellulose, which is known to be a major constituent of the cell wall of S. obliquus and other microalgae [32, 33]. Yields, productivity, and implications for large-scale production Using the measured TAG concentration at each time point (Figure 2A) and the amount of light supplied specific to the reactor volume (calculated as the incident light intensity multiplied by the area-to-volume ratio of the reactor), the time-averaged yield of TAG on photons was calculated for each time point (the yield of TAG on light achieved over the period between inoculation and each time point) (Figure 2B). Because almost no TAG is produced during nitrogen replete conditions, this yield of TAG on light is very low during the initial part of the cultivation. After nitrogen depletion, the time-averaged yield increases to a maximum of 0.217 ± 0.011 and 0.144 ± 0.004 g TAG/mol photon for the slm1 and wt, respectively (Figure 2B). This illustrates that the slm1 can achieve a 51% higher time-averaged yield of TAG on light than the wt. Similarly, the maximum volumetric productivity, calculated between inoculation and each time point, was enhanced in the slm1 by 35% compared to the wt and increased from a maximum of 0.265 ± 0.004 in the wt to a maximum of 0.359 ± 0.008 g TAG l-1 day-1 in the slm1 (Figure 2C). During the period that these maxima in yield and volumetric productivity were maintained, the TAG content increased to over 40% of dry weight for both the wt and the slm1 (Figure 1C,D; Figure 2B,C). After these maxima in yield and volumetric productivity were achieved, the difference in performance of the wt and the slm1 became smaller when the cultivation progressed. This can be explained by the degradation of starch in the wt and possible interconversion into TAG. This could enhance the TAG contents in the wt at the end of the cultivation, resulting in a smaller difference between the slm1 and wt at the end of the cultivation. Due to the different behavior of the wt and slm1, there is a difference in the biomass concentration in the wt and slm1 cultivation (Figure 1). This did not result in a difference in light absorption rates between the wt and slm1, because nearly all light was absorbed in all cultures; therefore, a difference in the biomass concentration or pigmentation will only result in a difference in the light gradient in the photobioreactor. Furthermore, because all cultures were provided with the same amount of NO3, the amount of light absorbed per N-mol and per amount of catalytic biomass (assuming that the amount of catalytic biomass is proportional to the amount of nitrogen) is exactly the same. When algae are cultivated using sunlight, the amount of light that can be provided to the photobioreactor is limited to the insolation to that area. The maximum areal productivity is therefore directly proportional to the yield on light that can be achieved. Maximizing this yield of TAG on light can therefore contribute to improving the areal productivity of microalgal TAG production. The time point where the highest time-averaged yield of TAG on light is achieved is therefore proposed as the optimum time point to harvest the culture. Previously it has been shown that this yield can be enhanced by improving the photobioreactor design [2, 34] as well as optimizing cultivation conditions [29]. In this work it is shown that this yield on light can be improved by 51% by using a starchless mutant, and a similar improvement seems realistic for the areal productivity in outdoor cultivation. It should be noted that at the moment this maximum was reached, the TAG content was over 40% of the dry weight. In this work, all cultivations were performed using continuous illumination. However, during day-night cycles starch contents in microalgae oscillate, and starch can likely provide energy for nocturnal respiration [35, 36]. This might complicate cultivation of starchless mutants in day-night cycles. In higher plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana it is indeed reported that starchless mutants show decreased growth rates and decreased net photosynthesis rates when grown under day-night cycles, whereas these are indistinguishable from their wild types during continuous illumination [37, 38]. The slm1 mutant, however, does not show decreased growth under day-night cycles under nitrogen replete conditions, and possibly the role of starch can be taken over by other storage metabolites [28]. Further investigation of the behavior of slm1 under day-night cycles and nitrogen depleted conditions would be of future interest. Photosynthetic energy distribution in the wt compared to the slm1 The biomass productivity was lower in the slm1 than in the wt during the initial period of nitrogen starvation. Because exactly the same amount of light was supplied, this might at first suggest a reduced photosynthetic efficiency in the slm1. However, lipids (for example, TAG) are much more energy dense than carbohydrates (37.6 kJ/g for lipids compared to 15.7 kJ/g for carbohydrates [39]). The difference in metabolic costs required to produce TAG and starch can completely explain the observed difference in biomass productivity. To illustrate this, we compare the photosynthetic requirement for the observed biomass production after nitrogen depletion in the wt and the slm1. To calculate this photosynthetic requirement, it is assumed that after nitrogen depletion only TAG, starch, and other carbohydrates (such as cell wall cellulose) are produced. The TAG and starch concentration are measured at each time point (Figure 1), and it is assumed that the remaining newly produced biomass consists of other carbohydrates (calculated as the amount of dry weight produced minus the amounts of TAG and starch produced). The photosynthetic requirement to produce the biomass that is made between nitrogen depletion and time point t can then be calculated by summing the quotients of the measured concentration of each biomass constituent at time point t and the photosynthetic yield of that biomass constituent (Eq. 1): Photosynthetic requirement t = C TAG t Y TAG , light + C starch t Y starch , light + C carbohydrate t Y carbohydrate , light In Eq. 1, Ci(t) represents the concentration of component i (g/l) at time point t and Yi,light represents the photosynthetic yield of component i (g product/mol photon). These photosynthetic yields are estimated to be 1.02 g TAG/mol photon, 3.24 g starch/mol photon, and 3.24 g carbohydrate/mol photon (see Appendix A). Using this calculation, it appears that although the slm1 has a lower biomass productivity, the minimum photosynthetic requirement to produce that biomass is similar (Figure 3). This indicates that the slm1 does not have a reduced photosynthetic efficiency, but only seems to differ from the wt in terms of carbon partitioning. Figure 3 Theoretical minimum amount of photons required to produce the observed biomass after nitrogen is depleted. Open symbols: wt. Gray symbols: slm1. The results indicated with #1 and #2 in the figure legend represent the replicate cultivations. In the wt, the calculated photosynthetic requirement also increases at the end of the cultivation, where no substantial increase in dry weight concentration is observed. This can be explained by an increase in energy density of the biomass due to a change in biomass composition (increase in TAG and decrease in starch content). This requires additional energy, which is provided by photosynthesis. In these calculations it was assumed that the residual biomass (difference between the produced dry weight and the measured amounts of TAG and starch) consists in large part of cell wall material that is made of carbohydrates such as cellulose [33]. If this were a different biomass constituent with a different photosynthetic yield than carbohydrates, it would affect the calculated photosynthetic requirement. However, the estimated amount of this remaining fraction is similar in the wt and the slm1. Therefore, this will not result in a biased comparison. It is observed in the wt that starch is first produced and subsequently degraded (Figure 1). This turnover is not taken into account in these calculations. However, the turnover of starch (synthesis of starch out of GAP and subsequent degradation of starch into GAP) only costs 1 ATP per glucose monomer and would only result in a minor change in the calculated photosynthetic requirement. The pigmentation of the cell determines the amount of light that can be absorbed and ultimately be used for photosynthesis. The absorbance cross section of the biomass was measured and used as a proxy for the pigmentation. An up to eightfold decrease in the biomass specific absorbance cross section (m2/g DW) was observed at the end of the cultivation compared to the point before nitrogen depletion in both the wt and the slm1 (Figure 4B). A decrease in pigmentation during nitrogen starvation is commonly observed in microalgae [40]. The volumetric absorbance cross section (m2/l), however, remained more or less constant throughout the entire experiment. This suggests that the decrease in biomass specific absorbance cross section is mainly a result of dilution of pigments over newly formed biomass and is likely caused to a lesser extent by net degradation of pigments. Figure 4 Impact of nitrogen starvation on photosynthesis. (A) Fv/Fm ratio. (B) Absorbance cross section. (C) Absorbance spectrum of the slm1 and wt under nitrogen replete and nitrogen depleted conditions, normalized to the absorbance at 680 nm. (D) Ratio of absorbance at 483 nm and 680 nm. In figure C, the time indicated in the figure legend represents the time after inoculation. Nitrogen starvation commenced 70 to 100 h after inoculation. The spectrum that is indicated with N+ in the figure legend represents the spectrum before nitrogen was depleted. Open symbols indicate the wt and gray symbols indicate the slm1. The results indicated with #1 and #2 in the figure legend represent the replicate cultivations. In addition to a change in absorbance cross section, the absorbance spectrum, and thus the pigment class composition, changed drastically (Figure 4C). Photoprotective pigments (carotenoids) can be produced in response to physiological stress to prevent photo-oxidative damage [40, 41]. The ratio of chlorophyll over carotenoids decreased during nitrogen starvation as is apparent from the increase in absorbance at 483 nm (the observed absorbance maximum of carotenoids) relative to the absorbance at 680 nm (the observed absorbance maximum of chlorophyll) (Figure 4D). The decrease in absorbance cross section between the slm1 and wt was similar, but the slm1 showed a higher ratio of absorbance at 483 nm/680 nm as the nitrogen starvation progressed. This suggests that the slm1 has relatively more carotenoids than the wt. This difference between the slm1 and wt became more apparent when nitrogen starvation progressed (Figure 4D). These observations suggest that a progressively smaller fraction of the absorbed light is available for photosynthesis when nitrogen starvation progresses due to an increased carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio. The variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm) was measured and can be used as a proxy for the intrinsic (or maximum) PSII quantum yield [10, 23]. Although it does not directly reflect the photosynthetic efficiency achieved in the photobioreactor, it is often used as a diagnostic value for the photosynthetic performance [42]. Immediately after inoculation, the Fv/Fm ratio started substantially below the maximum value that was observed (Figure 4A). This could possibly be due to a shock in biomass concentration and light intensity as a result of inoculation. During the nitrogen replete growth phase, the Fv/Fm ratio increased gradually to a maximum of 0.78, which is consistent with maximum values observed in other studies [23]. Once nitrogen was depleted, the Fv/Fm ratio gradually decreased, as is commonly observed [10, 23]. This could be an indication of increased damage to the photosystems. Fv/Fm ratios in the slm1 are comparable to or even slightly higher than the Fv/Fm ratios in the wt. This is consistent with the observation presented in Figure 3, that the photosynthetic performance is not negatively affected in the slm1 and that the main difference with the wt is an improved carbon partitioning towards TAG in the slm1. The maximum TAG content increased from 45 ± 1% in wild-type to 57 ± 0.2% of dry weight in starchless S. obliquus (slm1). The slm1 had a lower biomass productivity, which can completely be explained by the higher energy requirement to produce TAG compared to starch. The maximum yield of TAG on light in the mutant increased from 0.144 ± 0.004 to 0.217 ± 0.011 g TAG/mol photon, and a 51% improvement in areal TAG productivity therefore seems realistic for outdoor cultivation. This work highlights the potential of improved carbon partitioning using a starchless mutant to increase TAG productivity in oleaginous microalgae. Strains, pre-culture conditions, and cultivation medium Wild-type (wt) S. obliquus UTEX 393 (recently suggested to be reclassified to Acutodesmus obliquus[27]) was obtained from the University of Texas Culture collection of algae (UTEX). The starchless mutant (slm1) was obtained using UV radiation-induced random mutagenesis on the wild-type strain of S. obliquus[28]. The culture medium was similar to that described by Breuer et al. [29] with the exception that all vitamins were omitted from the culture medium. The culture medium was autotrophic and contained 10 mM KNO3 as the limiting nutrient. All other required nutrients were present in excess. Pre-cultures were maintained in 16:8 h light:dark cycles as described by Breuer et al. [7]. Both the wt and the slm1 were able to continue growing after multiple serial dilutions while being cultivated autotrophically under these day-night cycles (16:8 light:dark). Experimental conditions Batch cultivations were performed in flat-panel airlift-loop photobioreactors with a working volume of 1.7 l (Labfors 5 Lux, Infors HT, Switzerland). The reactor design is similar to that described by Klok et al. [9]. The reactors were sparged with air containing 2% CO2 at 1 l/min. The reactors were continuously illuminated (24 h/day) using LED lamps with a warm white spectrum located on the culture side of the reactor. The incident light intensity was calibrated by measuring the average light intensity on the culture side of the front glass plate. The light path (reactor depth) was 2 cm. The temperature was controlled at 27.5°C and the pH was controlled at pH 7 using automatic addition of 1 M HCl. These values for pH and temperature were found to be optimal for both growth and TAG accumulation in S. obliquus in previous research [29]. A few milliliters of a 1% Antifoam B solution (J. T. Baker) were added manually when excessive foaming was visible. Prior to inoculation, reactors were heat-sterilized and subsequently filled with 0.2 μm filter-sterilized medium. Reactors were inoculated at 50 mg algae dry matter/l and grown at an incident light intensity of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 until the biomass density reached 0.3 to 1 g dry weight (DW)/l (typically after 48 h). At this point the incident light intensity was increased to 500 μmol m-2 s-1. Periodically, samples were taken aseptically and analyzed for dry weight concentration, biomass composition, residual dissolved nitrate, Fv/Fm ratio, absorbance spectrum, and absorbance cross section. After nitrogen was depleted, more than 95% of the incident light was absorbed. Therefore, for simplicity, in the calculations it is assumed that the absorbed light is identical to the incident light intensity. Although a condenser was installed at the gas exhaust of the reactor, water losses were present due to evaporation. Evaporation was quantified in a separate reactor that was filled with water and operated under the same conditions as during cultivation. The evaporation rate was 0.9 ml/h. Evaporation results in concentration of the biomass, which thus has an effect on the measured dry weight concentration. The measured biomass composition is unaffected. The biomass concentration was corrected for evaporation using C x , corrected = C x , oberved V observed V without evaporation . The correction factor decreased from 1 at the start of the cultivation to a minimum between 0.60 and 0.71 (depending on the duration of the cultivation) at the end of the cultivation. All presented results and calculations throughout this work are based on the concentrations corrected for evaporation. Evaporation rates were similar in all experiments and therefore did not result in a biased comparison between the slm1 and wt in any way. However, evaporation and the accompanying concentration effect did increase the steepness of the light gradient in the reactor and reduced light penetration and biomass specific light absorption rates. Dry weight The dry weight concentration was determined by filtrating culture broth over preweighted glass fiber filters and measuring the weight increase of the filters after drying at 95°C as described by Kliphuis et al. [43]. Total fatty acid The total fatty acid (TFA) concentration was determined by a sequence of cell disruption, total lipid extraction in chloroform:methanol, transesterification of acyl lipids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification of FAMEs using gas chromatography as described by Breuer et al. [44]. Tripentadecanoin was used as an internal standard. The TAG concentration was determined by separating the total lipid extract, obtained using the aforementioned method, into a TAG and polar lipid pool using a solid phase extraction column (SPE) as described by Breuer et al. [29], followed by transesterification and quantification of the fatty acids in the TAG pool as described by Breuer et al. [44]. The starch concentration was determined using an AA/AMG Total Starch Kit (Megazyme, Ireland) with modifications as described by de Jaeger et al. [28]. The procedure consisted of a sequence of cell disruption, starch precipitation using an aqueous solution of 80% ethanol, enzymatic hydrolysis of starch to glucose monomers using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, and a spectrophotometric-based assay for quantification of glucose monomers. Dissolved nitrate Dissolved nitrate was analyzed in supernatant using a Seal analytical AQ2 nutrient analyzer (SEAL Analytical Inc., USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry was used to determine the Fv/Fm ratio using an AquaPen AP-100 fluorescence spectrophotometer (PSI, Czech Republic) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cultures were diluted in demineralized water to an optical density of 0.4 at 750 nm in a cuvette with a light path of 10 mm (equivalent to a concentration of 0.2 g DW/l) and adapted to dark conditions for 15 min prior to the measurement. It was confirmed that longer dark-adaptation times did not affect the results. Absorbance spectrum and absorbance cross section Cell suspensions were diluted to an optical density at 750 nm of 1.4 to1.6 as measured in a cuvette with a 1 cm light path. Subsequently, the absorbance spectrum was measured in these diluted cell suspensions with a Shimadzu UV-2600 integrating sphere spectrophotometer in the spectrum 300 to 750 nm, which results in the absorbance spectrum corrected for scattering. Residual scattering was calculated as the average absorbance between 740 and 750 nm and subtracted from the absorbance spectrum. From this absorbance spectrum, the average biomass dry weight specific absorbance cross section between 400 and 700 nm (α, unit: m2/g) was calculated as α = 400 700 ab s λ ln 10 z 300 DW , where absλ is the absorbance at wavelength λ, z the light path of the cuvette (0.002 m), and DW the dry weight concentration (g/m3). Appendix A Calculation of the photosynthetic yield of biomass constituents TAG consists of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Because approximately 50% of the fatty acids in TAG are oleic acid molecules in S. obliquus[29], triolein is used as the reference TAG molecule to calculate the photosynthetic yield of TAG. In the production of one molecule of oleic acid from CO2, 70 molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and 71 molecules of ATP are required and 18 molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are produced. In the production of the glycerol backbone 7 NADPH and 9 ATP are consumed [45]. Finally, in the condensation of the fatty acids to the glycerol backbone, it is assumed that 1 ATP is consumed for each fatty acid. This results in the net utilization of cofactors as presented in Eq. A1: 217 NADPH + 225 ATP + 54 NA D + 1 triolein + 217 NAD P + + 54 NADH + 225 ADP + 225 P i Similarly, one glucose monomer of starch can be produced using 19 ATP and 12 NADPH (Eq. A2). It is assumed that production of other carbohydrates (such as cell wall cellulose) is similar to production of starch in terms of metabolic requirements. 12 NADPH + 19 ATP 1 starch glucose monomer + 12 NADP + + 19 ADP + 19 P i The required cofactors can be provided using photosynthesis through either linear electron transport (theoretical maximum: 8 photons → 3 ATP + 2 NADPH) or cyclic electron transport (theoretical maximum: 2 photons → 1 ATP). Furthermore, it is assumed that oxidative phosphorylation can be used to provide 2.5 ATP using 1 NADH. Using these stoichiometric relationships, it can be calculated that a minimum of 868 mol photons are required to produce 1 mol of triolein and a minimum of 50 mol photons are required to produce 1 mol of starch glucose monomers. Using the molecular weights of triolein (885 g/mol) and starch glucose monomers (162 g/mol), theoretical maximum yields of 1.02 g TAG/mol photon and 3.24 g starch/mol photon can be found. 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J Vis Exp 2013, 80: e50628. Google Scholar 45. 45. Johnson X, Alric J: Central carbon metabolism and electron transport in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, metabolic constraints for carbon partitioning between oil and starch. Eukaryot Cell 2013, 12: 776-793. Article Google Scholar Download references This research project is financially supported by the Food and Nutrition Delta program of Agentschap NL (FND10007) and Unilever. Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Guido Breuer. Additional information Competing interests RD is employed by Unilever; this does not alter the authors’ adherence to the Biotechnology for Biofuels policies on sharing data and materials. This study has been carried out in R&D collaboration between Wageningen UR and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen. In general, Unilever is interested in the potential of microalgae as an alternative sustainable source of oils. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LJ, JS, and GE generated and selected the mutant. GB, LJ, VA, PL, and DM designed the experiments. VA and GB performed the experiments. VA, GB, LJ, PL, and DM interpreted the data. GB and LJ wrote the manuscript. PL, DM, RD, JS, GE, and RW supervised and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Guido Breuer, Lenny de Jaeger contributed equally to this work. Authors’ original submitted files for images Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Breuer, G., de Jaeger, L., Artus, V.G. et al. Superior triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in starchless mutants of Scenedesmus obliquus: (II) evaluation of TAG yield and productivity in controlled photobioreactors. Biotechnol Biofuels 7, 70 (2014). Download citation • Scenedesmus obliquus • Acutodesmus obliquus • triacylglycerol (TAG) • starch • starchless • mutant
This material is available only on Freebooksummary Anthem 4 Anthem 4 The whole doc is available only for registered users OPEN DOC Book: Anthem Pages: 4 Words: 847 Views: 461 Access Full Document Please Sign Up to get full document. Access Full Document Please Sign Up to get full document. In the book “Anthem” everyone is forced against their will in being equally alike; it is against the rules to be different. If you were to disobey the rules or refer to yourself as “I” you will be severely punished or put to death depending on the type of situation. For example, there was a man with gold hair and blue eyes that had his tongue torn out of his mouth and was being burned alive for speaking the unspeakable word. The unspeakable word is the word that equality 7-2521 is intrigued in discovering even though it is a sin.Prometheus (Equality 7-2521) came to understand that he is unique and he can assist his society. His society regards the “best in him” as sinful because his society does not like changes. Prometheus is a man who is different; he is curious, intelligent, and brave. This set him apart from the others. As time go on Prometheus develops his own individuality. When everyone is asleep or following their orders and routines Prometheus journeys off on his little explorations to develop new discoveries never been made or brought up. His curiosity brings him to a cave like tunnel where he later carries out on his research.There he would store his stolen equipments from the Home of the Scholars; a place where you would precede to if the five members of the council told you too. In the Home of the Scholars you are to study the earth and learn from the rivers, from the sands, from the winds, and from the rocks. Prometheus terribly wished for this type of work, but he was given the job as a street sweeper. This however did not stop him from what he yearned for. When Prometheus feels that he can be diverted from his brothers he sets off to his secret tunnel and begins to conduct experiments.There he created electricity from only a box of glass and wires. As he put the wires to the box and closed the current the wired suddenly glowed. He made a magnificent discovery that would give light before you without having to light a candle. With the incredible discovery Prometheus made he can help to better his society as well as his brothers. He understood with him being different he created light; he can help to bring further knowledge on the matter of light. He does not care about the punishments the members of the councils will administer as long as they acknowledge the creation of light.If Prometheus was similar to others and how the Council wanted him to be, then he would have never accomplished his creation of light. To make sure his work does not go unnoticed, Prometheus will attend a once in a year ceremony where all the World Council of Scholars will meet in the city. It is a great council, to which the “wisest of all lands are elected” to gather with one another. There Prometheus is sure that his work will go unnoticed, but it did. It was the opposite of what Prometheus intended to occur. The Councils was stricken with fear when he made the wired glow, creating light. The Councils “leapt to their feet, ran from the table, and stood pressed against the wall, and huddled together. ” They were enraged with Prometheus. When he asked the Councils if they did not have anything to say, the leader said yes. He said “we have much to say to a wretch who have broken all the laws and who boast of their infamy! How dare you think that your mind held greater wisdom than the minds of your brothers? And if the council had decreed that you be a street sweeper, how dare you think that you could be of greater use to men than in sweeping the streets? Another member then spoke “how dare you, gutter cleaner to behold yourself as one alone and with the thoughts of one and not of many. ” Another declared that he should be burned at the stake then another declared that he should be lashed until there is nothing left under the lashes. When the World Council announced that the box should be destroyed Prometheus seized the box and leapt out through a windowpane, heading for the forest where he knew he will be safe. Therefore, the society regards the “best in him” as sinful because they loathe changes.They are terrified that people will come to realize that their society is not perfect and fair. If this happens then the Councils “perfect society” will come crashing down. That is why the Councils prefer those who would follow the rules and not go beyond it. Then all the years for protecting what really transpired in the “Unmentionable Times” will have no meaning. In the Unmentionable Times the “Evil Ones” were burned along with their land. The fire which the society calls the Dawn of the Great Rebirth was the Script Fire where all the scripts of the “Evil Ones” were burned. On the scripts were words that allowed individuality. Brandon Johnson Author: Brandon Johnson This material doesn't solve your task? Find the most relevant one
Roman sites in Libya survived the war mostly unscathed, initial reports show Roman sites in Libya, Roman, Lepcis Magna The recent fighting in Libya that toppled Gaddafi destroyed many lives and laid waste to many neighborhoods. Now that the country is beginning to rebuild, Libyans are taking stock of other effects of the war. Libya’s beautiful Roman remains, it appears, got off easy. Earlier this week, the Guardian reported that the Roman cities of Lepcis Magna and Sabratha both survived the war without any significant damage. This news came from Dr. Hafed Walda, a Libyan scholar working at King’s College, London. Dr. Walda has excavated and studied Lepcis Magna for more than 15 years. On the other hand, the new government displayed a cache of Roman artifacts that it says were going to be sold on the international antiquities market to finance Gaddafi’s fight to stay in power. They were found on the day Tripoli fell to the rebels in the trunk of a car driven by Gaddafi loyalists as they tried to escape. No word on what happened to the pro-Gaddafi fighters. One can imagine. This brings up the question of how many more artifacts were stolen from museums and archaeological sites, and if any made it abroad into the hands of unscrupulous collectors. Iraq and Afghanistan lost a huge amount of their heritage this way. Much of it disappeared after the main fighting, when armed bands looted what they could before a new regime was installed. %Gallery-140657%Thousands of coins dating to the Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods have gone missing from a collection in Benghazi, the new Libyan government reports. These are, of course, only initial reports in a country still subject to much chaos and uncertainty. Time will tell how much of Libya’s rich archaeological heritage has survived to attract the next generation of tourists. I want to be one of the first of that new generation. Libya has always been high on my list of places to see and my wife and I were in the beginning stages of planning a trip there when all hell broke loose. Instead I spent two months out of harm’s way in Harar, Ethiopia. For anyone interested in history and archaeology, Libya is a great place to go. The nation has five UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The two most popular are the Roman cities of Lepcis Magna and Sabratha. Both are on the coast and were founded by the Phoenicians. Libya was an important province in the Roman Empire and these two sites reflect that with their theaters, broad avenues, and large temples. Lepcis Magna was especially grand because it was the birthplace of the Emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211). Other UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Libya include the Greek colony of Cyrene, the prehistoric rock art of Tadrart Acacus, and the traditional architecture in the oasis town of Ghadamès. Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons. How to get a second passport second passportA second passport sounds glamorous. And in point of fact, it is glamorous. There’s no debating the matter. Possessing a second passport gives its bearer bragging rights and the ability to feel a wee bit like a spy, especially when he or she is traveling with both passports in tow. So you want to get a second passport and feel like an undercover agent? Not so fast. The US State Department allows Americans to obtain a second US passport under two circumstances only: [1] when a particular passport stamp will prevent entry into certain other countries the bearer intends or needs to visit, and [2] when a foreign visa application’s processing time interferes with upcoming international travel. The first loophole addresses diplomatic barriers to travel. The chief example here is the Israeli passport stamp. Several countries refuse to admit travelers with an Israeli stamp (as well as Jordanian or Egyptian entrance or exit stamps from Israel‘s land border crossings with Jordan and Egypt) in their passports. With an Israeli stamp in your passport, you may be refused entry to Algeria, Iran, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. Anecdotal evidence from friends and various online sources indicates that some countries are stricter than others, with Lebanon and Syria particularly unbendable. The bearer of a second passport can alternate between passports selectively, thus making sure that he or she will not be refused admission for a years-old Israeli passport stamp at, say, the Damascus airport. The second circumstance addresses the problem of bureaucratic delays. People with upcoming travel scheduled while their passports are unavailable as a consequence of a foreign visa application (or another procedure involving a foreign government) can apply for and receive a second passport. The second passport is only valid for two years. In addition to the required form and photographs, applications must include evidence of upcoming travel and a letter explaining the applicant’s specific need for the additional passport. Gallery: More travel sketches from BBC’s Tim Baynes travel sketches All photos courtesy of Tim Baynes. Visit Libya now says Conde Nast Traveler LibyaSomeone at Conde Nast Traveler has been eating paste again … [photo by شبكة برق \| B.R.Q]
So far as I know, the ditransitive verb "to ask" takes two accusatives in German (fragen), and the verb "to give" takes one dative and one accusative in many languages. Is there a language in which the verb "to ask" can be followed by a dative case (assuming that the language has a distinct dative case)? • 1 When does fragen take 2 accusatives in German? It seems one can say either fragen + acc or eine Frage stellen + dat. In most languages that I know, the equivalent of eine Frage fragen sounds oddly redundant. Only in English can it work, because they have different roots. – Adam Bittlingmayer Jun 6 '16 at 5:51 • This website link gives four verbs taking double accusatives, including the verb "fragen". – discenter Jun 6 '16 at 6:41 • German wiktionary gives an example :Er fragt sie, ob sie möchte. – discenter Jun 6 '16 at 6:45 • The use of fragen with double accusative is really marginal. A sentence like *Sie fragt ihn ein Wasser is ungrammatical. The only cases I can think of are Sie fragt ihn etwas (She asks him about something) and the question Was fragt sie ihn? (What is is asking him?) – jk - Reinstate Monica Jul 6 '16 at 13:10 • @jknappen It doesn't need to be an NP to be an argument of the verb: In the example discenter gave, the subordinate clause can be regarded as the second object, and since you would ask for that sentence with was in accusative, couldn't you say that the clause is an accusative object? – lemontree Jul 6 '16 at 14:44 In Russian, [по]просить, 'to ask', can be followed by the Dative case object, then the meaning is 'to ask for somebody', like it is often used in prayers to saints when you ask a saint that she ask God to give you something, e.g. "Попроси мне и моим близким здоровья", 'Ask for health for me and my family'. Here "мне" 'for me' and "моим близким" 'for my family' are both in Dative, and "здоровья" 'for health' is in Genitive. \| improve this answer \| \| • 2 I think, this is an incorrect example of verb governance. The verb "to ask" governs the noun case for an object who is being asked, not the reason of a request. In other words, "to ask him" (accusative) is correct while "to ask by voice" (instrumental) is incorrect. Also, in English, "to ask" has two meanings (to beg and to question), and the OP definitely means "fragen" (not "bitten"), while your answer is about the meaning, "to beg". – bytebuster Jun 5 '16 at 20:56 • I agree with @bytebuster that this is not what the question is asking for, add, however, that you have the same construction with Latin posco. For example, Plautus writes: sine dote posco tuam sororem filio “I ask for your sister (acc.) for my son (dat.) without a dowry”. – fdb Jun 7 '16 at 14:28 In French, the recipient of demander ('ask') is dative: (1) Je lui demande de répondre à cette question. 1sg 3.DAT ask of respond to this question I ask him to respond to this question. In Late Archaic Chinese, 問 wen ('ask') can subcategorise for a recipient, which is also dative. (2) 孔子與之坐而問焉 Kongzi yu zhi zuo er wen yan Kongzi COM 3.ACC sit CONJ ask 3.DAT Confucius sat with him and asked him. In both cases, the verb can also take an accusative object meaning what is being asked. In addition, the dative case only appears when the recipient is a pronoun; otherwise a prepositional phrase appears, respectively à in French and yu in Late Archaic Chinese. \| improve this answer \| \| In contrast to the previous answer in Czech, the verb "zeptat se" is actually being used when you're referring to the object of asking with dativ (but can not be used in the described meaning) \| improve this answer \| \| Your Answer
I'm noticing that some English verbs use the -ed suffix to indicate the current state. Using this example: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/base Specifically, the verb sense, ‘the film is based on a novel by Pat Conroy’ I (incorrectly?) thought current state verbs were presented in base form or progressive form. Are there a set of verbs that use -ed to indicate current state? Is there a name for this concept? "Based" here is either the past/passive participle of the verb base used in the passive construction "BE + past participle", or an adjective derived from the past participle (a departicipial adjective—also known as a "participial adjective"). "The film is based on a novel by Pat Conroy" means approximately the same thing as "[The creators of the film] based the film on a novel by Pat Conroy". Running through a few tests for establishing adjective-hood, I couldn't find a totally clear indication of whether "based" is an adjective or a participle in this context1. But in either case, it's not really a case of using -ed to mark a verb form indicating the current state. The thing that indicates present state in this sentence is mainly the auxiliary "is". Tests for adjective-hood in English 1. I go over some of these tests in my answer to a question on ELU (which is partly based on BillJ's answer on the same page). "very" test In my judgement, "based" in this sentence doesn't pass the "very" test. The "very" test for distinguishing departicipial adjectives from participles is based on the commonly accepted fact that a verb cannot be modified by the word "very" (in a comment below, Greg Lee gave the following example showing how we can see that "very" obviously doesn't work with "based" when it is used as a finite verb: "The author very based the film on a novel"). Therefore, if the word "based" in your sentence can be modified by the word "very", we can be sure that it is not a verb (and so we would assume that it is a departicipial adjective). But in fact, we can't modify "based" with "very" in your sentence: • "the film is very based on a novel by Pat Conroy" Not all adjectives can be modified by "very", so failing the "very" test doesn't prove that something isn't an adjective. Thus, the "very" test is inconclusive. "un-" test "Based" in this context also doesn't seem to past the "un-" test, which establishes that something is an adjective (keeping in mind that the adjective prefix "un-" functions as a negative prefix, unlike the "reversative" verb prefix "un-"): • "the film is unbased on a novel by Pat Conroy" As with the "very" test, this only fails to show that "based" is an adjective here: it doesn't show that "based" is not an adjective, because not all adjectives can be prefixed with un-. (In fact, based on the results of a Google search, the word based followed by a prepositional phrase starting in on can be prefixed with un- in some other sentences, so it seems that based is an adjective sometimes; but I'm not sure what the criteria are for when it is and isn't possible to use "unbased on..."--it may be that only some speakers use this construction.) "seems" test "Based" in "based on a novel by Pat Conroy" might be able to pass the "seem" test, which is apparently considered to establish that something is not a verb/participle: • ?"the film seems based on a novel by Pat Conroy" Compare the use of the in my view semantically similar "seems based on a true story" in the following quote: One test out of three doesn't seem quite convincing to me; also, even if it is the case that "based" is an adjective in some sentences, it doesn't necessarily mean that it is an adjective in the original sentence that you brought up. That said, it's true that the sentence has a stative rather than a dynamic meaning, and "stative" passives often are analyzed as containing departicipial adjectives rather than participles. One interesting thing about based on... (or unbased on...) as an adjective is that the prepositional phrase starting with "on" seems to be an obligatory complement. According to Rodney Huddleston's Introduction to the Grammar of English, "very few adjectives take obligatory complements" (p. 305)--Huddleston gives the example fond: we can say "Sally is fond of sweets" but not "Sally is fond". Other examples are devoid of and lo(a)th to. \| improve this answer \| \| • 1 It seems to fail both ways in "the based film was too long" and "the film was based by an agent" – amI Mar 27 '18 at 20:34 • @amI: I don't think those examples actually tell use much about the part of speech of "based". It might just be the case that "based" is an adjective that cannot be used without a complement PP starting with "on", in the same way that we don't usually use the verb "base" without a complement PP. – brass tacks Mar 27 '18 at 21:03 • Wouldn't that make it a phrasal verb -- another point for 'participle'? – amI Mar 27 '18 at 21:50 • 1 @GregLee: I don't understand how you know that "based" isn't an adjective. Could you explain the argument for that in more detail? Passivization by itself doesn't convert a verb into an adjective, but departicipial adjectives clearly exist. – brass tacks Mar 28 '18 at 20:59 • 1 @GregLee: Different authors call the same adjectives "participial adjectives", "departicipial adjectives", "deverbal adjectives", but I didn't think this difference in terminology signified anything important. Huddleston defines a departicipial adjective as "an adjective derived (by conversion) from the participial form of a verb." – brass tacks Mar 28 '18 at 21:45 The state is an acquired state meaning that it does not necessarily follow from the semantics of the word "film": Film, in its "naked" sense, does not have to be "based" to mean film. In adding the participle "based", the speaker refers to (albeit with inferior focus on) the external force that caused the change of state of the film (i. e. the force that made a film that film). The film, as an enduring, "reverberating" manifestation (canonically irreversible manifestation that is) of that input of effort, is a result, usually explicated using a perfect form to become understood as a result of that input. Passive and perfect often go hand in hand, since the latter is learned by thinking through the former: "I cut the apple." (active) > "(Now see,) The apple is cut." (result, perfect) > "The apple is being/becomes cut." (passive) Without supposing a perfect (=(canonically irreversible) result) state (such as the apple by itself staying irreversibly cut) one would never grasp the gradient of force, one could never distinguish between subject and object. In short: present-imperfective-active; past-perfective-passive. Present passive is a complex of those more primitive aspect/tenses. The passive follows from the perfect. The ambiguity comes from "is based" being both interpretable as perfect (i. e. result after conclusion of action) or as passive (i. e. result co-occuring with action (of being affected)), as sumelic has already pointed out in the first paragraph of her/his answer. Cf. Uni Konstanz' Universals #507, #895, #958 (https://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/nav/browse.php?number=1&PHPSESSID=udvvebsagjco5gls4m5sm8aj451ca7nc) \| improve this answer \| \| Your Answer
Processed Foods And Your Digestive System Processed Foods And Your Digestive System Like Dislike Save Find out how your digestive system handles processed foods. • Health: Diet • Health: Food & Nutrition • Health: Medical Digestion of the food we eat is important to our body’s optimal health. One necessary ingredient to keep our digestive system healthy is fiber, especially fiber that is soluble, fermentable fiber. This fiber has many benefits for the human body. It works as a prebiotic. It helps to feed bacteria of the friendly bacteria type into the intestines. It has been proven to help decrease the absorption rate of carbohydrates and allow our bodies to ingest fewer calories and still feel satisfied. If you’ve ever been constipated, you understand the usefulness of this fiber. The fiber can be found in many natural foods, but is totally lost during the processing of that food. Whether it is intentional or unintentional, the majority of the foods that are processed have fiber content that is low. Eating foods that are high in soluble, fermentable fiber means eating foods that are not processed. If you rely on processed foods for your health benefits, you will be greatly lacking in the fiber department. The digestive system takes less time and energy to digest processed food. Manufacturers want you to eat more and more of their product. They make it quickly digestible so you will want to purchase more of it. You can eat much more of it in a much shorter time. This is more calories in = less calories out. Keep in mind that taking less energy to digest means less and less physical activity needed for digestion so there is less physical activity to burn the calories. Another way they get you to eat more and more of them is they are made easy to swallow and chew. Many of them seem to melt in your mouth. When they take out the fiber and isolate the nutrients the foods don’t resemble the original form so they go down easier without as much chewing. It takes longer to eat and to digest unprocessed, whole foods. You can’t eat as much in the same time span as processed foods. This allows for less calories in which equals more calories out. One test conducted with 17 healthy women and men was designed to compare the energy expenditure difference of whole foods meals and processed meals. The test subjects are a sandwich. It was made with whole foods—multi-grain bread/cheddar, vs white bread/processed cheese slices—processed foods. It took the subjects burned up double the amount of calories when they digested the unprocessed, whole foods as when they ate the processed meal. The TEF—Thermic Effect of Food—measures the difference in the energy expenditure is stimulated after eating. It equals 10 percent of the total metabolic rate of a person’s body. Those who ate processed foods cut the TEF in half which caused them to reduce the caloric intake burning during the day. Everyone knows the benefits of eating a relaxing meal. That’s difficult to do when the food is processed so much it doesn’t even take a lot of chewing to get it down. Eating whole foods helps you stick to that relaxing meal, burns more calories than eating processed foods, and helps you stay full longer so you eat less. This proves that whole, unprocessed foods are much better for you.
Language Disorders and Classroom Strategies EDZU 9982 (3 credits / 45 hours) Location: Online Instructor: Melissa Palombini Start Date: 12/09/2020 End Date: 01/12/2021 Course Syllabus Language is made up of a variety of components including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. A disruption in any one of these five areas can have an impact on a child’s learning in the classroom. Do you have students in your classroom who have difficulty following a conversation, or difficulty executing commands you present? Children with impaired language may have difficulty with phonological awareness, following directions, expressing themselves using clear concise thoughts, vocabulary, and social skills. This course will enable participants working with children in elementary school through high-school to understand key components of a language disorder, how that may impact a child in the classroom, and what strategies can be used to assist with optimal learning in school. Register and Pay Online Professional Development Options: Graduate: $575.00 In-Service Professional Development You can only receive one type of certificate, please register accordingly. There will be no switching of certificate status after the start date of a class. In-Service: $270.00 New York CTLE In-Service: $270.00 Teachers enrolled in this course will... 1. The five key components of language 2. The definition and characteristics of a language disorder 3. The impact a language disorder has on learning 1. How the key language components relate to learning 2. The assessment process for students with a suspected language disorder 3. What strategies can be used in the classroomand To Be Able To and Be Able To 1. Identify a struggling student 2. Implement strategies (teacher) to improve student performance 3. Implement strategies (student) to improve student performance and much, much more! ©2005 The New York Center for Teacher Development, Inc. All Rights Reserved Terms & Conditions Secured By RapidSSL and Trustico NYCTD 450 Route 25A, P.O. Box 540 Setauket, NY 11733 Phone: 631-689-5300 Fax: 631-689-7566 Student Account Management Student Login Lost your password?
Vertebral Compression Fracture When a bone in the spine collapses, it is called a vertebral compression fracture. This injury most often happens in the lower part of the thoracic, or middle, section of the spine. What causes a vertebral compression fracture? Compression fractures usually occur because of too much pressure on the normally strong vertebrae. When the vertebral body collapses, the bone tissue on the inside is crushed or compressed. There are several reasons that may lead to a compression fracture, including: • Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a common cause of compression fractures in the spine. This disease thins and makes the bones brittle, often to the point where they are too weak to withstand normal pressure, even the pressure of everyday activities. In some cases of severe osteoporosis, the bones are so weak that simply bending forward, coughing or sneezing can cause compression fractures. • Cancer: When cancer has spread to the spine, patients are more likely to suffer vertebral compression fractures. • Trauma: A spinal injury can cause a sudden minor or severe fracture. A fall, forceful jump and car accident are some examples of trauma that can cause compression fractures. What are the symptoms and complications of a vertebral compression fracture? Common Symptoms • In most cases, bone collapse is gradual, so pain is mild or there may be no pain at all until the bone actually breaks. • If the fracture is trauma related, the patient will likely feel severe pain in the back, legs and possibly arms. There also may be weakness or numbness in these areas if the fracture injures a nerve in the spine. Possible Complications • Increased chance of developing a kyphotic deformity (sometimes called dowager’s hump or hunchback) is a common disorder in elderly women who have osteoporosis and frequent fractures. This occurs when the front of the vertebrae collapse, creating a wedge-shaped vertebrae and a resulting severely stooped posture. • Increased lung and breathing problems as the deformed spine puts additional pressure on the chest cavity. • Neurological complications, such as spinal stenosis, caused by increased pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. How is a vertebral compression fracture treated? Treatment is based on the severity of symptoms. Non-surgical options A vertebral compression fracture generally responds well to non-surgical care while the fracture heals. Most vertebral fractures usually take about three months to fully heal. Treatment may include the following: • Pain medications: The medications reduce pain but do not actually help to heal the fracture. • Decreased activity: Avoiding strenuous activity or exercise, heavy lifting or anything else that puts stress on the spine is recommended. For some people, bed rest may be required. • Bracing: A back brace, or orthosis, that keeps the patient from bending forward also supports the spine in a way that takes pressure off the fractured vertebra so it can heal. Surgical options Two minimally invasive treatments—vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty—are sometimes used to treat compression fractures. These are done on an outpatient basis or only involve a single night in the hospital. These two procedures use small incisions, so healing time is kept to a minimum. • Vertebroplasty: A special acrylic bone cement is injected into the broken vertebra to improve strength of the bone. The cement hardens in about 10 minutes. • Kyphoplasty: In this surgery, which is used to treat a kyphotic (hunchback) deformity, surgeons insert a needle into the damaged vertebra and then a slide a thin tube with a deflated balloon inside the broken bone. After the balloon is inflated to help restore the height of the broken vertebra, acrylic bone cement is injected into the cavity formed by the balloon to hold the vertebra at its correct height. The cement hardens in about 10 minutes. Major spinal surgery to fix a vertebral compression fracture is rarely required and only undertaken if there is a serious instability of the spine. Spinal fusion surgery is used to eliminate motion between two vertebrae. This surgical procedure “welds” or fuses together two or more of the spine’s vertebrae to create a solid bone bridge between the bones.
The main ethnographic elements within the community revolve around our abundance of fresh water (irrigation canals, water-saving basins, sinks, water mills, water wells or water cycles) and the economic establishments (houses, Wirtschaftshöfe, Hofräume, caves or stables). Water is one of the main resources of Valleseco. For this reason you find several irrigation canals for the transport of water, as well as dams and irrigation canals. The most important are the Acequia de La Cumbre, La Acequia de Crespo, and la Acequia Honda (acequia = irrigation canal). Many projects were constructed so that the population could take advantage of our abundance water. These water resources became community gathering poinits were neighors would come together and work. Los lavaderos were made of stone and the people could wash their clothing and take away jugs of water for personal use. Nowadays, town's women still regularly use los lavadores. Not so with the old mills that had spread along the Acequia Honda, belonging to the la Heredad de Aguas de Arucas Firgas, of which only a few traces of use exist.
The Books of Maccabees were authored in Greek in the second century BCE by a Jewish writer we know as Jason of Cyrene. This excerpt is a narrative which describes the martyrdom of a pious Jew named Razis brought on by Syrian general Nicanor. In the moment of Razis’ gruesome death, he hurls his inner organs at the enemy and prays to “the master of life and spirit” (τὸν δεσπόζοντα τῆς ζωῆς καὶ τοῦ πνεύματος) to restore those body parts to him at a later time, thus expressing his firm trust in the physical resurrection of the dead. A certain Razis, one of the elders of Jerusalem, was denounced to Nicanor as a man who loved his compatriots and was very well thought of and for his goodwill was called the father of the Jews. In former times, when there was no mingling with the Gentiles, he had been accused of Judaism, and he had most zealously risked body and life for Judaism. Nicanor, wishing to exhibit the enmity that he had for the Jews, sent more than five hundred soldiers to arrest him; for he thought that by arresting him he would do them an injury. When the troops were about to capture the tower and were forcing the door of the courtyard, they ordered that fire be brought and the doors burned. Being surrounded, Razis fell upon his own sword, preferring to die nobly rather than to fall into the hands of sinners and suffer outrages unworthy of his noble birth. But in the heat of the struggle, he did not hit exactly, and the crowd was now rushing in through the doors. He courageously ran up on the wall, and bravely threw himself down into the crowd. But as they quickly drew back, space opened and he fell in the middle of the empty space. Still alive and aflame with anger, he rose, and though his blood gushed forth and his wounds were severe he ran through the crowd; and standing upon a steep rock, with his blood now completely drained from him, he tore out his entrails, took them in both hands and hurled them at the crowd, calling upon the Lord of life and spirit to give them back to him again. This was the manner of his death.” (2 Maccabees 14:37–46) 1. Shalom. Not for the faint of heart for sure but it does show that there was belief in resurection of the body. 2. Courage, real courage. LORD grant me the boldness to face life knowing that He will ressurrect me at the end of this journey. Ressurrection is the promise of HaShem. Please enter your name here Words left: 50 Please enter your comment!
NASA counts milestones as awesome SpaceX video previews 2020 January 02, 2020 NASA may not have generated the global headlines it did half a century ago, but 2019 featured plenty of milestones and 2020 promises to be a landmark year. SpaceX and Boeing are poised to deliver American astronauts to space from American soil for the first time since 2011 this year with Elon Musk’s ambitious start-up potentially the front-runner. The US has had to rely on the Russians to boost its astronauts into space since ending the Space Shuttle program. READ: Lufthansa flies high with climate science. SpaceX successfully docked an unmanned Crew Dragon spaceship with the International Space Station in March and expects to launch a crewed capsule this year. It has repeatedly tested the Crew Dragon’s parachute system and plans this month to test an in-flight abort system designed to get astronauts safely away from the rocket in the case of an emergency. This will allow it to prepare for the launch of a crewed flight. SpaceX boss Musk recently shared a fascinating video of what the launch should be like: Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner had already conducted the in-flight abort test when it failed to connect with the ISS during an orbital flight test last month due to a problem with the mission timer. Neither company has yet given a date for a crewed launch. The past year saw some fascinating milestones for NASA as the world celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. Half a century after the historic first steps on the moon, humans still have to break orbit from the Earth but moves are underway to return us to deep space. The past year saw NASA officially name its restructured program to send astronauts to the moon by 2024 “Artemis”, after the twin sister of Apollo. The US wants to establish sustainable lunar exploration by 2028 the program is seen as a steppingstone to manned spaceflight to Mars. Other milestones for the agency included the selection of Dragonfly, a rotorcraft lander that will fly on Saturn’s moon Titan in search of chemical processes that could lead to life, and the first all-woman spacewalk with astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch. Back on Earth, work has started on NASA’s X-59 QueSST at Lockheed martin’s famed Skunk Works in California. The aircraft will test technology NASA hopes will solve the problem of supersonic booms, reducing them to the thud of a car door closing and enabling aircraft to fly faster than the speed of sound over land. The agency was also active in areas of aviation research such as urban air mobility and electrified aircraft propulsion. Watch NASA’s video on its 2019 accomplishments: Mission this year include the launch of the Mars 2020 Rover in 2020. The car-sized robot is expected to launch around July 2020 and will study the habitability of Mars as well as look for signs of past microbial life. The rover will use a new “skycrane” descent system, has a more capable wheel design and carries for the first time a drill capable of taking coring samples from Martian rocks and soil. NASA mars rover A new “skycrane’ descent system allows heavier rovers to land on Mars. Photo: NASA.
Bhikshu - Biblical Cyclopedia Bhikshu in the religion of India, is the highest of the four grades of the castes of Brahmins, into which every Brahmin enters in his seventy-second year, if he can meet the ascetic requirements necessary for admission to this honor. He is then looked upon as a perfect saint, whom nothing separates from entering Paradise save death, and whose departure from this world is not mourned, as the gate of everlasting bliss has opened for him. In order to become a Bhikshu, the Brahmin renounces all his property, has his hair cut off as a sign that he is no more a priest, wears a linen cloth and the skin of a tiger in honor of Siva, and performs the sacrifice Homa; whereupon he is instructed in the duties of the new grade. As a Bhikshu he must wash his linen himself, and continually hold a brass vessel in his hand, in order to cleanse the food that he has begged; he is further compelled to carry the staff Damdam, which protects him against all influences of evil genii. He is obliged to battle against all evil lusts, bathe three times a day, mark his forehead and breast three times a day with the ashes of sacred cow-dung, and wander about the country begging by stretching forth his hand, not with words. There are thousands of such Brahmins, living on the kindness of the people, who worship them as gods and look upon them as perfected beings. They are buried in graves filled with salt, in a standing posture. Their head is broken by a cocoanut, and parts of the skull are distributed to those standing around. Verse reference tagging and popups powered by VerseClick™.
How to apply blockchain technology to University student engagement! Blockchain has become a much talked about technology of late with most discussions related to the application of this technology to cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin. Yet crypto currencies are but one application of this exciting new technology, as intelligent use of block chain is becoming more prevalent in managing supply chains, voting, storing property deeds, personal records, in fact anywhere there is a form of contract between two parties. The following is an open discussion around how Universities can use blockchain technology to support and ensure a better understanding of how their student population (and in fact their faculty) are engaging with the University. Practical Applications to Universities The use of blockchain technology to capture student engagement with Universities can provide a more focused and specific understanding of how students are interacting with the University, – in real-time. The student journey from application to course commencement, to course completion, post-graduate studies and alumni participation can evolve over several years. A continual record of this engagement provides an invaluable understanding and record of the student life journey. In fact, following the student journey to employment continues the benefit of this technology. A University capturing the student journey is able to provide both students and employers valuable insights to the characteristics of students. Questions that Blockchain can be used to help answer include:- • How are the top students achieving their results? • What are students’ social involvements with the University? • Where are students employed post studies? So What is blockchain transaction and benefits The benefit in blockchains come from the fact that they are resistant to Change or Modification. This is because a blockchain is effectively a database that replicates all “blocks” on a large-scale. The blockchain is decentralised or distributed, with copies of the database placed in different locations which are known as nodes. The decentralisation enables increased transparency as thousands of copies of the blockchain are retained. A major and critical benefit! Why is the above important… because Blockchain goes some of the way to address existing problems experienced by Universities. Typically, Universities manage multiple CRM applications, systems and data silo’s that have grown over the years. The issue with this traditional management of student engagement is that data tends to be centralised to each application and can be corrupted or independently and unintentionally manipulated causing inconsistency in student information and communication and difficulty in establishing a source of data truth for students. Decentralised Vs. Centralised data The benefit of decentralised data is speed…. it is faster because information is distributed and not stored as a whole. If one of the decentralised databases crashes, the blockchain will keep running with the other nodes. As the blockchain is operating on an open system (decentralised), it can connect to other networks to make the system bigger and accessible everywhere. Traditional databases are centralised databases that are located, stored and maintained in a single location. Access to the centralised databases is through a network. A centralised database holds all student data on a central computer, such as a server, requiring the student to connect to the university to access the database (information). A decentralized database is created as it copies the same data and locates that data in different places, which, for the purposes of a blockchain discussion, are defined as a node. In the University example, a node could be a student’s laptop or PC. The blockchain offers a decentralized database of student engagement that is divided into blocks that contain information about the student engagement (think transaction). Student records (blocks) can include assessment, library transactions, final subject results, lecture attendance, sports attendance etc. The process to use blockchain for Universities A “student token” is created that forms part of a smart contract. The contract is decentralised across the network of students that participate. The “student token” is necessary for Students to receive services from the University, not dissimilar to a student id number. To engage with the University, the student requires a “student token”! The university student blockchain can be managed by a university-to-lecturer-to-student network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion from the majority of the network (student population). The “student token” provides a hash of the transaction with the university and records a timestamp of each student engagement by hashing them into an ongoing chain. This block forms a record that cannot be changed without redoing the chain. The role of the University would be to act as the trusted central authority that checks every transaction for duplicates. Typically, blockchain transactions are publicly announced. In the case of the “student token”, the blockchain transaction would not be publicly announced but rather preserved by the University for use such as analysis. A more appropriate alternative to the use of students as nodes would be for the University to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification. Students as nodes would require the anonymising of this student data. A timestamp server is required which works by taking a hash of a block of these student engagements. The timestamp server proves the student must have existed at that time, in order to receive the hash. Each timestamp would include the previous timestamp in its hash which forms the student engagement blockchain. Data Analytics As with the use of blockchain technology, Universities will be presented with the opportunity to access and analyse a richer collection of student data. The implementation of a blockchain solution presents a unique opportunity to understand student “transactions”. The simplest means is to analyse student data would be to export the blockchain into a dataset supported by analytics tools. A more sophisticated method would be to capture data in movement providing more real-time analytics of the student engagement that is the block chain. Blockchain technology would increase the data footprint providing the opportunity to identify patterns in student behaviour and identify risk(s) more readily and in real-time. Governance & Security A word of caution, I previously mentioned the use of University infrastructure and the role of the University to act as the trusted central authority that checks every transaction for duplicates. The distributed nature of blockchain transactions does provide a number of security advantages over centralised data storage. As the blockchain networks do not have a single access point of infiltration, it provides a greatly diminished threat of hacking. “distributed among the network members database allows you to increase the transparency and security of conducting transactions by the use of a cryptographic mechanism which compares the unique signature of the parties and general information about the transaction.” Ethereum A permissioned blockchain1 can be implemented behind the University firewalls and typically have a known identity which would be the student. The opportunity for Universities to better capture student engagement exists thru the application of Blockchain technology. Blockchain offers a decentralised solution that is faster and more secure than current methods. Blockchain offers the promise of greater transparency and security to the University. 1. Examples include R3 Corda –, Hyperledger, Chain, BigChainDB, Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”. 2008 Ethereum Homestead Documentation Release 0.1, Ethereum Communit Penfield, A practical approach to blockchain analytics,
CodeIgniter Tutorial CodeIgniter Tutorial Are you looking for a complete CodeIgniter tutorial? If so, this article is for you! We’ll show you how to install, configure, and use CodeIgniter to build a PHP web application. In addition, you are going to learn about the MVC (Model-View-Controller) and its importance in modern web development. What is CodeIgniter? CodeIgniter is an open-source web framework for PHP. It provides lots of libraries and packages, so you won’t have to build web applications and web pages from scratch. This PHP framework also adds layers of logic to your web applications. Thanks to its MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture, you can build a cleaner design and parallelize certain processes in the development cycle. We’ll talk more about this later. To install CodeIgniter, you need to have SSH access to your shared hosting or VPS. You can use PuTTY (Windows) or the built-in terminal shell (Linux and macOS). Without further ado, let’s start this CodeIgniter tutorial. In case you need a reliable and affordable place to host your awesome CodeIgniter application, check out our VPS and shared hosting plan! Hostinger's CodeIgniter hosting How to Install CodeIgniter CodeIgniter installation requires a LAMP environment. This application stack is already available on Hostinger shared hosting. However, if you are using VPS, you might want to learn how to install LAMP on Ubuntu or CentOS. Once everything is ready, you can follow these steps: 1. Connect to your hosting account via SSH. Then, navigate to the public_html folder by typing: cd /public_html 2. Download the latest distribution of CodeIgniter with this command: In this CodeIgniter tutorial, the latest stable release is 3.1.11. You can visit the official page to see if a newer version has come out. 3. If you are using Hostinger shared hosting, you can directly unzip CodeIgniter file by entering the following command: Unfortunately, zip might not be preinstalled on VPS. Therefore, you should install it before executing the above command: sudo apt-get install zip 4. You will see a directory named CodeIgniter-3.1.11. We suggest that you rename this folder for convenience: mv /var/www/CodeIgniter-3.1.11 /var/www/codeigniter 5. Open your browser and enter the path of the said folder: You should see CodeIgniter’s default welcome screen, which means the framework has been successfully installed on your system. How to Configure CodeIgniter In this part of CodeIgniter tutorial, you will learn how to configure the framework on shared hosting and VPS. For the users of the latter, we are also going to explain how to create a virtual host for this PHP framework. First thing first, we need to create a new MySQL database: 1. On Hostinger’s hPanel, go to the Databases section and select MySQL database. Enter your database name and username and then hit Create. MySQL menu on Hostinger's hPanel to create a MySQL database 2. Login to your hosting account via SSH and open the database.php file in the CodeIgniter distribution: nano /codeigniter/application/config/database.php 3. Locate the following section of the file and replace the details with your newly-created database information (username, password, database). The rest of the values should be similar to this example: $db['default']['username'] = 'u499474900_user'; $db['default']['password'] = 'password'; $db['default']['database'] = 'u499474900_database'; Save the file by pressing CTRL + X and enter Y to confirm the changes. 4. Set up your domain name by modifying CodeIgniter’s config.php file. Simply enter this command: nano codeigniter/application/config.php 5. Find the following line: $config[‘base_url’] = ‘’; Change the value to your real domain name. After that, save the file by typing CTRL + X and then Y. Now you have successfully synced your database with CodeIgniter! Configuring Virtual Hosts on VPS Skip this part if you are installing CodeIgniter on Hostinger shared hosting. VPS users have the option to run multiple CodeIgniter applications on a single domain name. In order to do so, we need to configure virtual hosts and change CodeIgniter configurations. 1. Ensure that your document root is synced with the installation directory of CodeIgniter. You can do this by opening the virtual host file: 2. Look for the following block: <VirtualHost :80> DocumentRoot /path/to/codeigniter <VirtualHost :80> 3. Change /path/to/codeigniter with the real path of your CodeIgniter installation directory. By doing this, all your URLs will point to this folder. Save the changes by pressing CTRL + X and Y. Congratulations, you have successfully created a new virtual host! Now, for a more efficient development process, we need to get rid of index.php from CodeIgniter’s URL format. 1. Open the config.php file: nano codeigniter/application/config/config.php Replace the following line: $config['index_page'] = 'index.php'; With this: $config['index_page'] = ''; 2. To ensure that you won’t get any errors, you have to re-route future requests by modifying the .htaccess file. But first, you need to check whether mod_rewrite is enabled: apache2ctl -M The above command will output the capabilities of the server. If you find mod_rewrite on the list, continue to the next step. If not, execute this line: a2enmod rewrite Then, restart Apache: sudo service apache2 restart 3. Create a .htaccess file in the root folder of CodeIgniter: nano codeigniter/.htaccess 4. Paste the following lines to the file. Save and exit. RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d 5. Let Apache know that it should look for the newly-created .htaccess file. To achieve this, open the virtual host file again: Ensure that AllowOverride is set to All, as shown below: Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride All Order allow,deny allow from all After it’s confirmed, save the file. If done correctly, you won’t see the pesky index.php again and your URL will look cleaner. Understanding MVC Before we continue our CodeIgniter tutorial and learn how to build an application with the framework, you must have a basic understanding of MVC and its concepts. Simply put, MVC is a web development architecture paradigm. It recommends that the business logic in any application should be separated from the presentation. MVC will divide an application into three functional parts: • Models — deals with your database, carries out computations, and more. In short, it is where your business logic is located. • Views — forms the presentation layer of the application, where the data from your models are embedded. • Controllers — used to connect models and views. A controller will route user requests to the appropriate model. After that, once the model has done its job, the controller loads the relevant view. This architectural pattern also gives developers the flexibility to reuse code for multiple views. For example, you can apply the same navigation bar on every webpage of your application. Moreover, as both views and models are entirely separate, the front-end developers can work in parallel with the back-end team to speed up the development process. Note that CodeIgniter also subscribes to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). As such, models and controllers are PHP classes that extend the base classes provided by the framework. Views are also called PHP files, but the bulk of their content is HTML/CSS. Only a few snippets of PHP code are present, which are used to display the data from models. Routing Basics This is how CodeIgniter formats its URL strings: In the previous section, we have shown you how to remove index.php from the format. As a result, your URL should be similar to this example: Here, welcome is a controller class that corresponds to a controller file named welcome.php. This class will call the tester() function, and pass ‘1’ as a parameter. More parameters can be supplied in a similar fashion, separated by slashes. As you can see, routing is effortless in CodeIgniter. You can play around and create more complex routing. CodeIgniter encourages you to reuse existing libraries and helper functions to perform common tasks. The framework also allows you to decide which library to load and when to load them. This on-demand process results in fast, lightweight, and feature-rich applications. Loading a library is easy in CodeIgniter. For instance, to load the Database library, simply pass the following line in your model or controller: However, we suggest that you autoload common libraries and helpers at the application startup, so they’ll be ready whenever you need them. Examples include Database library and URL helper function. Follow these steps to autoload libraries and helpers: 1. Open the autoload file: nano application/config/autoload.php 2. Change the autoload value: • To autoload the Database library, replace the following line: $autoload['libraries'] = array(); With this: • To autoload URL helpers, replace the following line: $autoload['helper'] = array(); With this: You can autoload additional libraries using the array() method and separate them by commas. 3. Press CTRL + X to save the file and Y to confirm the changes. Create a Simple App with CodeIgniter At this point in our CodeIgniter tutorial, you should have a running distribution of CodeIgniter. You should also know how models, views, and controllers work. Now, we are going to use the information to create a simple CodeIgniter web application. The app is fairly simple. We’ll use our model to fetch movie review grades from our database and display them one by one using our view. The controller will be used to route requests between the model and the view. Once you get a grip on the fundamental process, you can go ahead and start building more rich web applications. Step 1: Creating a phpMyAdmin Table Below are the steps to create a table with phpMyAdmin. This table is essential because it forms the basis of our application. 1. Log in to your account. Navigate to the Databases section and select phpMyAdmin. 2. Look for the database that you have synced with CodeIgniter and hit Enter phpMyAdmin. phpMyAdmin menu on hPanel to create a table for CodeIgniter 3. Under the Create table menu, enter your table name and the number of columns. For our CodeIgniter tutorial, we’ll name it reviews and use three columns. After that, select Go. phpMyAdmin menu interface 4. The three columns are id, title, and grade. Fill other fields like our example below and hit Save. Details of phpMyAdmin table Step 2: Creating The Model Once the database table is sorted out, we can begin working on our business logic. To do this, we will create a model, which will get the values from the database. 1. Log in to your account via SSH. 2. Models are placed in the codeigniter/applications/models, so they don’t mess with your application’s directory structure. Hence, you need to go to that directory and create a new PHP file called Reviews_model.php: cd codeigniter/applications/models nano Reviews_model.php 3. Paste the following code to the Reviews_model.php file: class News_model extends CI_Model { As you can see, your model class (News_model) extends the generic Cl_Model class that is provided by CodeIgniter. Note that CodeIgniter requires all class names to begin with a capital letter. 4. We need to load the Database library that will help us work with databases. You can use the model’s constructor method, which will load the library right from the start. To do this, paste the following code to the bottom of the Reviews_model.php file (below the class shown in step 3): public function __construct() { The Database library is now visible to all methods within the class. 5. Create another method that will use the Database library to query the database: public function get_reviews($id) { if($id != FALSE) { $query = $this->db->get_where('Reviews', array('id' => $id)); return $query->row_array(); else { return FALSE; The code above will take in ID as an argument and returns all the information in the columns associated with that ID. In other words, this method will be called every time we request a movie review. 6. Save the file by pressing CTRL + X and Y. Step 3: Creating The Controller We have taken care of our data retrieval layer. Next, our CodeIgniter tutorial will show you how to create a route using the controller. This way, when a user requests a movie review, our view is supplied with the information from the model. 1. To create a new controller, go to the application/controllers directory and create a file named Reviews.php: cd codeigniter/application/controller nano Reviews.php Remember, CodeIgniter’s controllers require the file to have the same name as the class inside it. 2. Paste the following code to the file: class Reviews extends CI_Controller { 3. Package the data that is retrieved from our model and pass it on the view. To achieve this, we will create a method called show(). It binds the data to the newly-created structure and loads the view. Here’s how the code looks like: public function show($id) { $reviews = $this->RFrevieweviews_model->get_reviews($id); $data['title'] = $reviews['title']; $data['grade'] = $reviews['grade']; $this->load->view('Movie_review', $data); The $data array is an associative array. The keys — title and grade — correspond to the values that are received from the database. This array is passed on to movie_review, and the view is subsequently loaded. Step 4: Creating The View Finally, we have to create a view that will display the requested movie reviews. 1. Enter the application/views folder, and create a new file titled Movie_review.php: cd codeigniter/application/views nano Movie_reviews.php Remember, the name of the file has to correspond to the view that you told the controller to load (last line of the show() method). 2. Paste the following code and save the file: print $title; print $grade; The view will display the information passed by the controller in the $data array. The results won’t be very pretty since we haven’t added styling to our view. However, you can add inline styling or reference a CSS stylesheet in the view later. Our sample application is complete. You should be able to run this application by entering the following URL in your browser: The web application will call the reviews’ controller we created in Step 3, as well as calling the show() method with input parameter 1. This parameter is used to fetch the database information about a movie with an ID of 1. As a result, you should see the title and grade of the first movie in the database. CodeIgniter is a robust framework for PHP developers. With its MVC architecture, you can create a lightweight and feature-rich web application more efficiently. What’s more, it also provides a wide array of libraries that will help you develop your product faster. In this CodeIgniter tutorial, you have learned the fundamentals of this framework and why it is an essential tool for modern web development. Furthermore, we have shown you how MVC works and how you can create a simple application with CodeIgniter. Now, let’s try it yourself and good luck! The Author Domantas G. / @domantas Related tutorials sadha Reply February 20 2018 Manuels Reply October 17 2018 You didn't talk about routing as that's is my challenge now Jason Reply November 13 2018 Excellent article, put in plain English and doesn't touch on the complexities of CodeIgniter. A fantastic read, thanks for sharing. zarif joya Reply December 02 2019 very useful turorial thanks so much mebrahtut teklemichael Reply March 18 2020 thanks helpful Leave a reply Become a part of Hostinger now! More in PHP How to Install and Use Composer – The Complete Tutorial
In 79 CE the huge volcanic eruption of Vesuvius, which towers over the Gulf of Naples in Italy, buried under a rain of ash the Roman provincial town of Pompeii and the smaller, wealthier resort of nearby Herculaneum. There they remained for centuries, abandoned, buried and forgotten. Parts of Herculaneum were discovered in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, only to be reburied. However, in 1738 the Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre began the first concerted excavation there after workmen under his direction discovered remains while digging foundations for a palace for the King of Naples. In 1748 Alcubierre discovered Pompeii. As the two Roman towns were gradually uncovered, many visitors came from all over Europe ... Get Architectural Styles now with O’Reilly online learning.
DEAR DR. ROACH: My husband is 75. I am 68. Our family doctor says that our blood pressure average is fine at 140/80 with no medicine. We thought it should be 120/70, but he says the limit is higher for seniors in order to decrease falls. This is pretty confusing. Do you think it's OK? — S.M. ANSWER: The best goal for blood pressure has been the subject of controversy. For the overall population, a level of 120/80, slightly less than the average blood pressure in the U.S. and Canada, is associated with a lower risk of heart disease, stroke and death than a blood pressure of 140/80. But the difference is pretty small. A blood pressure of 160/90 has a significantly higher risk, and at blood pressures above 160 systolic, the risk for stroke and heart disease rises steeply. A recent trial showed that among older people with high blood pressure who had increased risk for heart attack, a systolic blood pressure goal of 120 was better at reducing risk than a blood pressure goal of 140. Both groups had a diastolic goal of less than 90. However, the goal among people at lower risk is not as clear. Most experts would not treat people with medication unless their average blood pressure is over 140 systolic or over 90 diastolic. In people treated with medication, some experts prefer a goal of less than 130/less than 90, while others would treat to less than 120/less than 90. It is true that more blood pressure medication and more intensive goals can lead to greater side effects, including falls. However, in the SPRINT trial, there was NO increase in fall risk and a 0.6 percent increase in the risk of fainting. Nondrug therapy, which includes modest salt restriction, regular exercise and stress reduction, can lower the blood pressure enough that people do not need medication.
Aug 2020 Calicut as a Port City came up somewhere in the 13th Century. As per available evidence, the second Chera Dynasty, otherwise known as the Kulashekhara Empire, broke up after the death (some say abdication and subsequent pilgrimage to Mecca) of the last Perumal, Rama Kulashekhara (1089-1122). The political union broke up and several local Viceroys of the Perumal became independent within their territorial limits... Calicut Map Blog Archive
Rice University logo Top blue bar image For Math Teachers by Math Teachers How much money will you save buying a more fuel-efficient car? Use Algebra! How much money will I save buying a more fuel-efficient car? This seems like a common question when in the midst of purchasing a car, yet this question is more interesting mathematically than meets the eye. A few weeks ago, my husband John and I were debating between buying a Honda Pilot and a Honda CR-V. John was pulling for the more powerful Pilot (on the left) while I was leaning towards the smaller CR-V (on the right). While I was test driving the CR-V, my husband asked the car salesman how the gas mileages of the two cars compared . We were informed that the CR-V’s gas mileage is 22 miles per gallon (mpg) for city driving and 30 mpg for highway driving; the Pilot is 17 city and 24 highway. Then we proceeded to figure out how much money would we save if we bought a CR-V. Since we were buying a car for me and I drive about 75% of my miles on city roads, we estimated that the average gas mileage for a CR-V is about 24 mpg and Pilot is about 19 mpg. An explanation on how to precisely compute the average gas mileage given the city and highway mileage and percent of miles driven on each type is given here. At this point, things got interesting. I was test-driving an unfamiliar car so that my math wheels were not spinning properly during this mathematical conversation. In the meanwhile, both John and the car salesman insisted that since the CR-V’s gas mileage is 5 less than the Pilot’s gas mileage, that 5 mpg difference, in addition to the number of miles driven in a year and cost of gasoline are the only numbers needed to calculate the difference in annual gas costs between the two cars. This conclusion didn’t feel right to me, but I didn’t have the mathematical justification at hand since my hands were busy steering a car that did not belong to me. So once I had a paper and pencil in hand, I started working out the problem. If you have a minute, I invite you to work it out as well. Suppose we drive 12,000 miles per year and car A uses x miles per gallon and car B uses (x+5) miles per gallon. Then car A uses [12,000/x] gallons per year while car B uses [12,000/(x+5)] gallons per year. Thus, the annual cost of gas for car A, y, is calculated as y = [($/gallon)(12,000/x) gallons] dollars while the annual gas cost for car B, z, is z = {($/gallon)[12,000/(x+5)] gallons} dollars. When you simplify difference in costs, (y-z), in terms of x, the result is ($/gallon)120005/(x^2+5x) or: [($/gallon)(number of miles driven in a year)(5)]/(x^2+ 5x) dollars. Examining this algebraic expression, we see that the difference in costs not only depends on the difference in gas mileages, but also on the gas mileages of the 2 cars. The higher the gas mileage of the 2 cars, the less the savings are between the 2 cars, even if the difference in gas mileage remains 5! Driving a CR-V instead of a Pilot would save us about $500 this year assuming that I drive 12,000 miles this year. However, if we had been choosing between a Toyota Prius (about 49 mpg) and a Honda Civic Hybrid (about 44 mpg), we would have saved only about $100 per year with the same parameters even though the difference in gas mileage is about 5 mpg. You can calculate the savings per year at the following website: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.shtml However, you don’t truly appreciate the mathematical relationship until you’ve worked out the algebraic expressions. Conclusion: My husband and I ended up buying the CR-V because as our car salesman wisely reminded us, “Happy wife, happy life.” Coming next: Creating a program that will calculate the gas savings choosing a more fuel-efficient car. Tags: , Comments are closed.
Eminent philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) once said, "Knowledge is power." In the twenty-first century when there is an explosion of information and the knowledge economy holds sway, how do individuals learn, appreciate and apply knowledge and how do countries help their citizens to achieve these objectives, to promote the development of culture, and to pass on the legacy of human knowledge and civilization? These are the issues that countries around the world should address. Under the "National Digital Archives Program" initiated in 2002, various kinds of archives kept in Academia Sinica, the National Palace Museum, National Taiwan University, and many other public and private cultural institutions in Taiwan have been digitized. In 2003, the "National Science and Technology Program for e-Learning" was launched. These two national programs have successfully integrated development of various fields in science, technology, humanities and economy. Through the implementation of these programs, experts in different fields were brought together to exchange ideas and to consider how to create, organize and disseminate knowledge. The results of digitization have not only increased accessibility to these knowledge resources for scholars, but also allowed the general public to transcend barriers of time and space in appreciating and utilizing knowledge, thereby creating more fun and happiness in their lives. This cultural endeavor requires an across-the-board thinking and the participation of specialists from various fields. Beginning on January 1, 2008 the two aforementioned programs were integrated into the "Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program." It is hoped that with further efforts from interdisciplinary experts, more forward-looking thinking and execution capability will be brought to bear. With the achievements of the "Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program" you can feast your eyes on the treasures of five thousand years of Chinese civilization and also take a peep at Taiwan's ecology and history. You can feel the amazing industrial power when contents of domain knowledge and science and technology combine. You can also appreciate the creativity of young people as they utilize knowledge, culture and technology, and personally experience the learning revolution that information technology development has brought forth. We hope through our efforts today we can bring to light the cultural heritage and knowledge that had been locked away in academic institutions in the past and make them available and accessible to more people. Moreover, we hope that these well-cultivated knowledge crystals accumulated by human civilization can be preserved and passed on to future generations.
Qing dynasty From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Jump to: navigation, search Qing dynasty Imperial Seal Imperial Seal "Gong Jin'ou" ("Cup of Solid Gold") Qing empire, late 18th century Capital Beijing (Shuntian Prefecture) Religion Heaven worship, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam, Shamanism, others Government Absolute monarchy (1644–1911) Constitutional monarchy (1911–12)[2] • 1644–1661 Shunzhi (first) • 1908–1912 Puyi (last) • 1908–12 Zaifeng Prime Minister • 1911 Yikuang • 1911–12 Yuan Shikai Historical era Imperial era • Qing conquest of the Ming 1644 • First Opium War 1839–42 • Second Opium War 1856–60 • Sino-Japanese War 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895 • Xinhai Revolution 10 October 1911 • Abdication of Puyi 12 February 1912 • 1790[3] 13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi) • 1880[3] 11,500,000 km2 (4,400,000 sq mi) • 1740 est. 140,000,000 • 1776 est. 268,238,000 • 1790 est. 301,000,000 Currency Cash (wén) Tael (liǎng) Preceded by Succeeded by Ming dynasty Republic of China Qing dynasty Qing dynasty (Chinese and Manchu).svg "Qing dynasty" in Chinese (top) and Manchu (bottom) Chinese name Chinese 清朝 Great Qing Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Manchu name Manchu script ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ Abkai Daiqing gurun Möllendorff Daicing gurun History of China History of China Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BC Xia dynasty c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC Zhou dynasty c. 1046 – 256 BC Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Qin dynasty 221–206 BC Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220–280 Wei, Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265–420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties Sui dynasty 581–618 Tang dynasty 618–907 (Wu Zhou interregnum 690–705) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Liao dynasty Song dynasty Northern Song W. Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 Ming dynasty 1368–1644 Qing dynasty 1644–1911 Republic of China 1912–1949 People's Republic of China Republic of China on Taiwan The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (English /ɪŋ/), also called the Qing Empire by itself or the Manchu dynasty by foreigners, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing "Banners", military-social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into a unified entity, which he renamed as the Manchus. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital, Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized the capital. Resistance from the Southern Ming and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories led by Wu Sangui extended the conquest of China proper for nearly four decades and was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. The early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their title was Emperor, they used khan to the Mongols and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in dealing with neighboring territories. The Qianlong reign (1735–96) saw the dynasty's apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people, most of them due to famines caused by war. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a conservative leader. When the Scramble for Concessions by foreign powers triggered the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan ("Boxers"), the foreign powers invaded China, Cixi declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an. After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformist monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to transform the Qing empire into a modern nation. After the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike. The Wuchang Uprising on October 11, 1911, led to the Xinhai Revolution. General Yuan Shikai negotiated the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor, on February 12, 1912. Nurhaci declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the Later Jin (lit. "gold") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese (jīn, "gold")).[4] His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636.[5] There are competing explanations on the meaning of Qīng (lit. "clear" or "pure"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (), which consists of the Chinese characters for "sun" () and "moon" (), both associated with the fire element of the Chinese zodiacal system. The character Qīng () is composed of "water" () and "azure" (), both associated with the water element. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva Manjusri.[6] The Manchu name daicing, which sounds like a phonetic rendering of Dà Qīng or Dai Ching, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word that means "warrior". Daicing gurun may therefore have meant "warrior state", a pun that was only intelligible to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning.[7] After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present-day Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas) as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that "China" only meant Han areas. The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China". They used both "China" and "Qing" to refer to their state in official documents, international treaties (as the Qing was known internationally as "China"[8] or the "Chinese Empire"[9]) and foreign affairs, and "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) included Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and "Chinese people" (中國之人 Zhōngguó zhī rén; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all subjects of the empire.[10] In the Chinese-language versions of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used "Qing" and "China" interchangeably.[11] Formation of the Manchu state The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang.[12] The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people,[13] which they were not.[14][15] What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhachi embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes. By 1616, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty.[16] Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhachi's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.[17] Furthermore, the Khorchin proved a useful ally in the war, lending the Jurchens their expertise as cavalry archers. To guarantee this new alliance, Nurhachi initiated a policy of inter-marriages between the Jurchen and Khorchin nobilities, while those who resisted were met with military action. This is a typical example of Nurhachi's initiatives that eventually became official Qing government policy. During most of the Qing period, the Mongols gave military assistance to the Manchus.[17] The Manchu cavalry charging Ming infantry in the battle of Sarhu in 1619 Some of Nurhaci's other important contributions include ordering the creation of a written Manchu script based on the Mongolian after the earlier Jurchen script was forgotten which had been derived from Khitan and Chinese and the creation of the civil and military administrative system which eventually evolved into the Eight Banners, the defining element of Manchu identity and the foundation for transforming the loosely knitted Jurchen tribes into a nation. There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners.[18] The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection, Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus, so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created.[19] It was defected Ming Han Chinese armies which conquered southern China for the Qing.[20] Han defectors played a massive role in the Qing conquest of China. Han Chinese Generals who defected to the Manchu were often given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were often given non-royal Manchu women as wives.[21][22] Jurchen (Manchu) women married Han Chinese defectors in Liaodong.[23] Manchu Aisin Gioro princesses were also married to Han Chinese official's sons.[24] Qing era brush container After the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing Manchu regent Prince Dorgon.[25] 1650 Dorgon married the Korean Princess I-shun (義/願).[26] Meanwhile, Hong Taiji set up a rudimentary bureaucratic system based on the Ming model. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works. However, these administrative organs had very little role initially, and it was not until the eve of completing the conquest ten years later that they fulfilled their government roles.[27] Hong Taiji recognized that Ming Han Chinese defectors were needed by the Manchus in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, explaining to other Manchus why he needed to treat the Ming defector General Hong Chengchou leniently.[29] Claiming the Mandate of Heaven Dorgon (1612–1650) Han Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest.[31] This multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority conquered China for the Qing.[32] Han Chinese Bannermen were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China, as they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing, and they governed and administered China after the conquest, stabilizing Qing rule.[33] Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor-general in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors, and also the post of governor, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from these posts.[34] The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military.[35] The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests.[36] Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted only as reserve forces or in the rear and were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimize ethnic Manchu losses; instead, the Qing used defected Han Chinese troops to fight as the vanguard during the entire conquest of China.[37] Among the Banners, gunpowder weapons like muskets and artillery were specifically wielded by the Chinese Banners.[38] To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from Shunzhi allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.[39] The southern cadet branch of Confucius' descendants who held the title Wujing boshi and the northern branch 65th generation descendant to hold the title Duke Yansheng had both their titles confirmed by the Qing Shunzhi Emperor upon the Qing conquest of the Ming and entry into Beijing on 31 October.[40] The Kong's title of Duke was maintained by the Qing.[41] First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. Choosing Beijing as the capital had not been a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital. Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. Dorgon drastically reduced the influence of the eunuchs, a major force in the Ming bureaucracy, and directed Manchu women not to bind their feet in the Chinese style.[42] However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented. The controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men, on pain of death.[43] The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."[42] To the Manchus, this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe. For the Han Chinese, however, it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values. The Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing) held that "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged." Under the Ming dynasty, adult men did not cut their hair but instead wore it in the form of a top-knot.[44] The order triggered strong resistance to Qing rule in Jiangnan[45] and massive killing of Han Chinese. It was Han Chinese defectors who carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the queue. Li Chengdong, a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but surrendered to the Qing,[46] ordered his Han troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. At the end of the third massacre, there was hardly a living person left in this city.[47] Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Han Chinese Qing troops for 83 days. When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Han Chinese Qing army led by the Han Chinese Ming defector Liu Liangzuo (劉良佐), who had been ordered to "fill the city with corpses before you sheathe your swords," massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people.[48] The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture which the Qing forced on the common Han population. The Qing required people serving as officials to wear Manchu clothing, but allowed non-official Han civilians to continue wearing Hanfu (Han clothing). Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was bestowed the extraordinary posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" (Chinese: 親王) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, however, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[lower-alpha 2] to atone for multiple "crimes", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi’s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also led to the purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor. The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian.[49] They removed the population from coastal areas in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This led to a misunderstanding that Manchus were "afraid of water". Han Bannermen carried out the fighting and killing, casting doubt on the claim that fear of the water led to the coastal evacuation and ban on maritime activities.[50] Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as "barbarians", both Han Green Standard Army and Han Bannermen were involved and carried out the worst slaughter.[51] 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories in addition to the 200,000 Bannermen.[52] The Kangxi Emperor's reign and consolidation The Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662–1722) The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers – Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi – were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi – a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander. The early Manchu rulers established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties.[53] Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. His attempts to discourage Chinese women from foot binding, however, were unsuccessful. The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet.[54] Qianlong propagated the image of himself as Buddhist sage rulers, patrons of Tibetan Buddhism.[55] In the Manchu language, the Qing monarch was alternately referred to as either Huwangdi (Emperor) or Khan with no special distinction between the two usages. The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. Missionaries including Tomás Pereira, Martino Martini, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ferdinand Verbiest and Antoine Thomas held significant positions as military weapons experts, mathematicians, cartographers, astronomers and advisers to the emperor. The relationship of trust was however lost in the later Chinese Rites controversy. The giant wooden bodhisattva of Puning Temple, Chengde, Hebei province, built in 1755 under the Qianlong Emperor Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han Chinese Green Standard Army. Kangxi accordingly assigned generals Sun Sike, Wang Jinbao, and Zhao Liangdong to crush the rebels, since he thought that Han Chinese were superior to Bannermen at battling other Han people.[57] Similarly, in northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese generals as the primary military forces. This choice was due to the rocky terrain, which favoured infantry troops over cavalry, to the desire to keep Bannermen in reserve, and, again, to the belief that Han troops were better at fighting other Han people. These Han generals achieved victory over the rebels.[58] Also due to the mountainous terrain, Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were retaken by the Green Standard Army in 1680, with Manchus participating only in logistics and provisions.[59] 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war.[59] 213 Han Chinese Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt.[38] 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.[60] The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673–1674.[61] The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese (non-Banner) instead of the Eight Banners, to fight and crush the Three Feudatories.[62] Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers.[63] To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar–Qing War. [64] In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Formosa (Taiwan) from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661–1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution.[65] Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.[66] Reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723–1735) and his son, the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), marked the height of Qing power. During this period, the Qing Empire ruled over 13 million square kilometers of territory. Yet, as the historian Jonathan Spence puts it, the empire by the end of the Qianlong reign was "like the sun at midday." In the midst of "many glories," he writes, "signs of decay and even collapse were becoming apparent." [67] After the Kangxi Emperor's death in the winter of 1722, his fourth son, Prince Yong (雍親王), became the Yongzheng Emperor. In the later years of Kangxi's reign, Yongzheng and his brothers had fought, and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne(most of the rumours believe that Yongzheng's brother Yingzhen (Kangxi's 14th son) is the real successor of Kangxi Emperor, the reason why Yingzhen failed to sit on the throne is because Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long tampered the content of Kangxi's testament at the night when Kangxi died), a charge for which there is little evidence. In fact, his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him. When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45, he felt a sense of urgency about the problems which had accumulated in his father's later years and did not need instruction in how to exercise power.[68] In the words of one recent historian, he was "severe, suspicious, and jealous, but extremely capable and resourceful,"[69] and in the words of another, turned out to be an "early modern state-maker of the first order."[70] Campaign against the Dzungars and the Qing conquest of Xinjiang between 1755 and 1758 Lord Macartney saluting the Qianlong Emperor Beneath outward prosperity and imperial confidence, the later years of Qianlong's reign saw rampant corruption and neglect. Heshen, the emperor's handsome young favorite, took advantage of the emperor's indulgence to become one of the most corrupt officials in the history of the dynasty.[75] Qianlong's son, the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820), eventually forced Heshen to commit suicide. China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well, so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon all available farmland was used up, forcing peasants to work ever-smaller and more intensely worked plots. The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country's situation by remarking "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle.[76] Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.[77] Commerce on the water, Prosperous Suzhou by Xu Yang, 1759 Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on the Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. [78] Han Chinese both illegally and legally then streamed into Manchuria, over the Great Wall and Willow Palisade. As Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese to rent their land and grow grain, most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted. During the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands that were part of courrier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands. In garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population.[79] Rebellion, unrest and external pressure View of the Canton River, showing the Thirteen Factories in the background, 1850–1855 Demand in Europe for Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funneled their limited supplies of silver into China. In the late 1700s, the governments of Britain and France were deeply concerned about the imbalance of trade and the drain of silver. To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium, the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. Since China's economy was essentially self-sufficient, the country had little need to import goods or raw materials from the Europeans, so the usual way of payment was through silver. The Daoguang Emperor, concerned both over the outflow of silver and the damage that opium smoking was causing to his subjects, ordered Lin Zexu to end the opium trade. Lin confiscated the stocks of opium without compensation in 1839, leading Britain to send a military expedition the following year. In this political cartoon, Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan are dividing China The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the Treaty Ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries, and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. It revealed weaknesses in the Qing government and provoked rebellions against the regime. In 1842, the Qing dynasty lost a war to the Sikh Empire (the last independent kingdom of India), resulting in the loss of western Tibet to the Punjab. The Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century was the first major instance of anti-Manchu sentiment. Amid widespread social unrest and worsening famine, the rebellion not only posed the most serious threat towards Qing rulers, it has also been called the "bloodiest civil war of all time"; during its fourteen-year course from 1850 to 1864 between 20 and 30 million people died.[82] Hong Xiuquan, a failed civil service candidate, in 1851 launched an uprising in Guizhou province, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Hong himself as king. Hong announced that he had visions of God and that he was the brother of Jesus Christ. Slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols were all banned. However, success led to internal feuds, defections and corruption. In addition, British and French troops, equipped with modern weapons, had come to the assistance of the Qing imperial army. It was not until 1864 that Qing armies under Zeng Guofan succeeded in crushing the revolt. After the outbreak of this rebellion, there were also revolts by the Muslims and Miao people of China against the Qing dynasty, most notably in the Miao Rebellion (1854–73) in Guizhou, the Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873) in Yunnan and the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in the northwest. A scene of the Taiping Rebellion, 1850–1864 The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nian Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of farmland were destroyed, millions of lives were lost, and countless armies were raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 1854, Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at Beijing. Ratification of the treaty in the following year led to a resumption of hostilities and in 1860, with Anglo-French forces marching on Beijing, the emperor and his court fled the capital for the imperial hunting lodge at Rehe. Once in Beijing, the Anglo-French forces looted the Old Summer Palace and, in an act of revenge for the arrest of several Englishmen, burnt it to the ground. Prince Gong, a younger half-brother of the emperor, who had been left as his brother's proxy in the capital, was forced to sign the Convention of Beijing. Meanwhile, the humiliated emperor died in the following year at Rehe. Self-strengthening and the frustration of reforms Imperialism 1900. The bear representing Russia, the lion Britain, the frog France, the sun Japan, and the eagle the United States. The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.[84] Reform, revolution, collapse By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing Reform". The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences, including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905.[88] Pitched battle between the imperial and revolutionary army in 1911 A Qing dynasty mandarin The emperor of China from The Universal Traveller The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols.[91] Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner, or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.[92] Central government agencies The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[lower-alpha 3]), each headed by two presidents[lower-alpha 4] and assisted by four vice presidents.[lower-alpha 5] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[lower-alpha 6] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "Outer Court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City. In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[lower-alpha 7] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown.[93] The Grand Councillors[lower-alpha 8] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor. 2000-cash banknote from 1859 Board of Civil Appointments[lower-alpha 9] The personnel administration of all civil officials – including evaluation, promotion, and dismissal. It was also in charge of the "honours list". Board of Revenue[lower-alpha 10] Board of Rites[lower-alpha 11] Board of War[lower-alpha 12] Board of Punishments[lower-alpha 13] A postage stamp from Yantai (Chefoo) in the Qing dynasty Board of Works[lower-alpha 14] Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 – a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition – that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction. There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor.[95] The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books.[96] Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by booi,[lower-alpha 15] or "bondservants," from the Upper Three Banners.[97] By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.[95][98] Administrative divisions Qing dynasty in 1854 Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18th century, when it ruled China proper (eighteen provinces) as well as the areas of present-day Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, at approximately 13 million km2 in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22, with Manchuria and Xinjiang being divided or turned into provinces. Taiwan, originally part of Fujian province, became a province of its own in the 19th century, but was ceded to the Empire of Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War by the end of the century. In addition, many surrounding countries, such as Korea (Joseon dynasty), Vietnam frequently paid tribute to China during much of this period. The Katoor dynasty of Afghanistan also paid tribute to the Qing dynasty of China until the mid-19th century.[99] During the Qing dynasty the Chinese claimed suzerainty over the Taghdumbash Pamir in the south west of Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County but permitted the Mir of Hunza to administer the region in return for a tribute. Until 1937 the inhabitants paid tribute to the Mir of Hunza, who exercised control over the pastures.[100] Khanate of Kokand were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798. 1. Northern and southern circuits of Tian Shan (later became Xinjiang province) – sometimes the small semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate and Turfan Khanate are placed into an "Eastern Circuit" 2. Outer MongoliaKhalkha, Kobdo league, Köbsgöl, Tannu Urianha 3. Inner Mongolia – 6 leagues (Jirim, Josotu, Juu Uda, Shilingol, Ulaan Chab, Ihe Juu) 6. Manchuria (Northeast China, later became provinces) • Additional provinces in the late Qing dynasty Territorial administration The Qing Empire ca. 1820. The Eighteen Provinces of China proper in 1875 – the core territories of China, inside the Great Wall of China, controlled by the majority of China's historical dynasties. 1. Viceroy of Zhili – in charge of Zhili 4. Viceroy of Huguang – in charge of Hubei and Hunan 5. Viceroy of Sichuan – in charge of Sichuan 7. Viceroy of Liangguang – in charge of Guangdong and Guangxi Qing China in 1892. Beginnings and early development The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour, Scroll Twelve: Return to the Palace (detail), 1764 – 1770, by Xu Yang. Rebellion and modernization General Zeng Guofan The Beiyang Army in training Marriage ceremony, Prosperous Suzhou by Xu Yang, 1759 According to one study, the homicide rate in Qing Chin "ranged between 0.35 and 1.47 per 100,000 inhabitants during the 1661–1898 period, a low level unmatched by Western Europe until the late 19th century. China's homicide rate rose steadily from 1661 to 1821 but declined gradually thereafter until the turn of the century."[115] By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order.[116] In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population.[117] After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century.[118] China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West.[119] The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets.[120] Qing vases, in the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, Portugal The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax.[121] To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers.[122] The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants.[123] A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century.[124] Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas.[125] These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically. Arts and culture Landscape by Wang Gai, 1694 Under the Qing, traditional forms of art flourished and innovations occurred at many levels and in many types. High levels of literacy, a successful publishing industry, prosperous cities, and the Confucian emphasis on cultivation all fed a lively and creative set of cultural fields. A painting showing the daily life of a family of the officials in the Qing Dynasty. Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting[127] remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing.[128] The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707). The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School[129] which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting. Jade book of the Qianlong period on display at the British Museum. A scene of the "Qing Palace version" of the Along the River During the Qingming Festival, an 18th-century remake of the 12th century original Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detailed the culinary esthetics and theory, along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty. The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs.[131] Nevertheless, culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulent culinary rituals of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, saying that it is cause in part by "...the vulgar habits of bad chefs" and that "Display this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one’s gates or when the boss comes to visit." (皆惡廚陋習。只可用之於新親上門，上司入境)[132] See also 3. Chinese: 六部; pinyin: lìubù 4. simplified Chinese: 尚书; traditional Chinese: 尚書; pinyin: shàngshū; Manchu: ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ ; Möllendorff: aliha amban; Abkai: aliha amban 5. Chinese: 侍郎; pinyin: shìláng; Manchu: ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ; Möllendorff: ashan i amban; Abkai: ashan-i amban 6. simplified Chinese: 内阁; traditional Chinese: 內閣; pinyin: nèigé; Manchu: ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ; Möllendorff: dorgi yamun; Abkai: dorgi yamun 7. simplified Chinese: 军机处; traditional Chinese: 軍機處; pinyin: jūnjī chù; Manchu: ᠴᠣᡠᡥᠠᡳ ᠨᠠᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡳ ; Möllendorff: coohai nashūn i ba; Abkai: qouhai nashvn-i ba 8. simplified Chinese: 军机大臣; traditional Chinese: 軍機大臣; pinyin: jūnjī dàchén 9. Chinese: 吏部; pinyin: lìbù; Manchu: ᡥᠠᡶᠠᠨ ᡳ ; Möllendorff: hafan i jurgan; Abkai: hafan-i jurgan 10. Chinese: 户部; pinyin: hùbù; Manchu: ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ ᡳ ; Möllendorff: boigon i jurgan; Abkai: boigon-i jurgan 11. simplified Chinese: 礼部; traditional Chinese: 禮部; pinyin: lǐbù; Manchu: ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᡳ ; Möllendorff: dorolon i jurgan; Abkai: dorolon-i jurgan 12. Chinese: 兵部; pinyin: bīngbù; Manchu: ᠴᠣᡠᡥᠠᡳ ; Möllendorff: coohai jurgan; Abkai: qouhai jurgan 13. Chinese: 刑部; pinyin: xíngbù; Manchu: ᠪᡝᡳᡩᡝᡵᡝ ; Möllendorff: beidere jurgan; Abkai: beidere jurgan 14. Chinese: 工部; pinyin: gōngbù; Manchu: ᠸᡝᡳᠯᡝᡵᡝ ; Möllendorff: weilere jurgan; Abkai: weilere jurgan 15. Chinese: 包衣; pinyin: bāoyī; Manchu: ᠪᠣᡠᡳ; Möllendorff: booi; Abkai: boui 1. Elliott (2001), pp. 290–291. 2. Legrand, Jacques. Chronicle of the 20th Century. 1992. p. 155. 3. 3.0 3.1 Tan, Qixiang (October 1, 1982). Historical Atlas of China. 8. Beijing: China Map Press. ISBN 978-7-5031-1844-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 4. Elliott (2001), p. 56. 5. Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Under Japanese Domination. Translated by J. A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780812239126.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 6. Crossley (1997), pp. 212–213. 7. Elliott (2001), p. 402, note 118. 8. Treaty of Nanking. 1842. 9. McKinley, William. "Second State of the Union Address". 5 Dec. 1898. 10. Zhao (2006), pp. n 4, 7–10, and 12–14. 12. Ebrey (2010), p. 220. 13. Pamela Crossley, The Manchus, p. 3 15. Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century, p. 24, note 1 16. 16.0 16.1 Ebrey (2010), pp. 220–224. 17. 17.0 17.1 Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Volume 4, p.25 18. David Andrew Graff; Robin Higham (2012). A Military History of China. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 116–. ISBN 0-8131-3584-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 22. Wakeman 1977, p. 79. 23. Crossley, 2010, p. 95. 24. Anne Walthall (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 25. Wakeman, Jr, Frederic (1985). The great enterprise : the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China (Book on demand. ed.). 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Di Cosmo 2007, p. 9. 38. 38.0 38.1 Di Cosmo 2007, p. 23. 39. Wakeman 1986, p. 478. 40. Wakeman (1986), p. 858. 41. Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 42. 42.0 42.1 Spence (2012), p. 38. 43. Wakeman (1986), pp. 646–650. 44. Wakeman (1986), p. 648, n. 183. 45. Wakeman (1986), pp. 651–680. 46. Faure (2007), p. 164. 47. Ebrey (1993).[page needed] 48. Wakeman 1975, p. 83. 49. Ho (2011), p. 135. 50. Ho (2011), p. 198. 51. Ho (2011), p. 206. 52. Ho (2011), p. 307. 53. Rowe (2009), pp. 32–33. 54. Alexander Golikov, Translating through the Cultural Barriers: the Qing Imperial Multilingualism 55. Farquhar, David (1978). "Emperor As Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Qing Empire". 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Perdue (2005). 65. Manthorpe 2008, p. 108. 66. Spence (2012), pp. 62–66. 67. Spence (2012), pp. 97, 101. 68. Spence (2012), p. 72. 69. Hsü (1990), p. 35. 70. Rowe (2009), p. 68. 71. Hsü (1990), pp. 35–37. 72. Spence (2012), pp. 80–83. 73. Spence (2012), pp. 83, 86. 74. "In Chinese:康乾盛世"的文化專制與文字獄". china.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 75. Schoppa, R. Keith. Revolution and its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History. Pearson Hall, 2010, pp. 42–43. 76. Elliott (2000), p. 617. 77. Bulag 2012, p. 41. 78. Reardon-Anderson, James (2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia During the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. 5 (4): 503–509. doi:10.2307/3985584. JSTOR 3985584.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 79. Richards, John F. (2003), The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World, University of California Press, p. 141, ISBN 978-0-520-23075-0<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 80. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, p357 81. Têng & Fairbank (1954), p. 19. 82. Platt (2012), p. xxii. 83. Wright (1957), pp. 196–221. 84. Paul H. Clyde and Burton F. Beers, The Far East: A history of Western impacts and Eastern responses, 1830–1975 (6th ed. 1975) pp. 193–194 85. Crossley (2010), p. 117. 86. Reynolds (1993), pp. 35–36. 87. Spence (2012), pp. 223–225. 88. Kaske (2008), p. 235. 91. Spence (2012), p. 39. 93. Bartlett (1991). 94. "The Rise of the Manchus". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2008-10-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 95. 95.0 95.1 Rawski (1998), p. 179. 96. Rawski (1998), pp. 179–180. 97. Torbert (1977), p. 27. 98. Torbert (1977), p. 28. 99. sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2602579.pdf 100. Kreutzmann, H. Yak Keeping in Western High Asia 101. Elliott (2000), pp. 603–646. 102. James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-231-13924-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 103. The New York Times, Jan 19, 1906 104. Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) 105. Naquin (2000), p. 372. 106. Naquin (2000), p. 380. 107. CrossleySiuSutton (2006), p. 50. 108. Liu & Smith (1980), pp. 202–211. 109. Liu & Smith (1980), pp. 202–210. 110. Wakeman (1977?)[full citation needed] 111. Liu & Smith (1980), pp. 251–273. 112. Rowe (2002), pp. 480–481. 113. Rowe (2002), p. 485. 114. Naquin & Rawski (1987), p. 117. 115. Chen, Zhiwu; Peng, Kaixiang; Zhu, Lijun. "Social-economic change and its impact on violence: Homicide history of Qing China". Explorations in Economic History. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2016.12.001.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> 116. Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 564, 566. 117. Myers & Wang (2002), p. 564. 118. Myers & Wang (2002), p. 587. 119. 119.0 119.1 Murphey (2007), p. 151. 120. Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 587, 590. 121. Myers & Wang (2002), p. 593. 122. Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 593, 595. 123. Myers & Wang (2002), p. 598. 124. Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 572–573, 599–600. 125. Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 606, 609. 126. “Recording the Grandeur of the Qing.” Chinese painting [1] 127. Minneapolis Institute of Arts 128. “Qing Dynasty, Painting,” Metropolitan Museum of Art 129. "The Lingnan School of Painting," 130. "Ming and Qing Novels," Berkshire Encyclopedia 132. "River Delicacies 6: Imitation Crab (假蟹)River Delicacies 6: Imitation Crab (假蟹)". Translating the Suiyuan Shidan. 2014-09-05.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Works cited • Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991), Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06591-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Wiley, ISBN 978-1-55786-560-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • —— (2010), The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-6079-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (2006), Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-23015-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Ebrey, Patricia (1993), Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.), New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-02-908752-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • —— (2010), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Elliott, Mark C. (2000), "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF), Journal of Asian Studies, 59: 603–646, doi:10.2307/2658945, JSTOR 2658945.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Faure, David (2007), Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-5318-0.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China. University of California, San Diego.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1990), The rise of modern China (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-505867-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895–1919, Leiden: BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-16367-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State building before 1644", in Peterson, Willard (ed.), The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, The Cambridge History of China, 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Liu, Kwang-Ching; Smith, Richard J. (1980), "The Military Challenge: The North-west and the Coast", in Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching (eds.), Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge History of China, 11, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–273, ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Murphey, Rhoads (2007), East Asia: A New History (4th ed.), Pearson Longman, ISBN 978-0-321-42141-8.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987), Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Naquin, Susan (2000), Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21991-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Perdue, Peter C. (2005), China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Paperback edition (2001) ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0. • —— (2009), China's Last Empire: The Great Qing, History of Imperial China, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Spence, Jonathan D. (2012), The Search for Modern China (3rd ed.), New York: Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-93451-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Wakeman, Frederic E. (1975). The Fall of Imperial China. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0029336902.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • —— (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Wright, Mary Clabaugh (1957), The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862–1874, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-80470475-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF), Modern China, 32 (1): 3–30, doi:10.1177/0097700405282349, JSTOR 20062627, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Further reading • Bickers, Robert (2011), The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-7139-9749-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Cotterell, Arthur (2007), The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire, London: Pimlico, ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; et al., eds. (2004), New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-36222-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching, eds. (1980), Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 2, The Cambridge History of China, 11, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Owen, Stephen, "The Qing Dynasty: Period Introduction," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. pp. 909–914. (Archive. (Archive). • Paludan, Ann (1998), Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Smith, Richard Joseph (2015), The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Rowman and Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-4422-2193-2.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • —— (2004), The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-01399-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2006), The culture of war in China: empire and the military under the Qing dynasty, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-159-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Zhao, Gang (2013), The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3643-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Newby, L.J. (2011), "China: Pax Manjurica", Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (4): 557–563, doi:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00454.x.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Ho, Ping-Ti (1967), "The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History", The Journal of Asian Studies, 26 (2): 189–195, doi:10.2307/2051924, JSTOR 2051924.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • —— (1998), "In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's 'Reenvisioning the Qing'", The Journal of Asian Studies, 57 (1): 123–155, doi:10.2307/2659026, JSTOR 2659026.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1996), "Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History", The Journal of Asian Studies, 55 (4): 829–850, doi:10.2307/2646525, JSTOR 2646525.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> • Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2004), "The New Qing History", Radical History Review, 88 (1): 193–206, doi:10.1215/01636545-2004-88-193.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> A review essay on revisionist works. • Wu, Guo. "New Qing History: Dispute, Dialog, and Influence" Chinese Historical Review (May 2016) 23#1 pp. 47–69. Covers the New Qing History approach that arose in the U.S. in the 1980s and the responses to it. External links Preceded by Ming dynasty Dynasties in Chinese history Succeeded by Republic of China
Magazine Archive Using MIDI Controllers MIDI controller data can have many uses such as adding "feel" to music after it's been recorded into a sequencer. Vic "Megalomaniac" Lennard explores this and many other applications. IN NORMAL USE, three types of information can be sent from the MIDI Out port of a keyboard. The first of these is note data. Every time a key is pressed, a Note On is sent which incorporates the note number, MIDI channel and velocity or loudness. When that note is released, a Note Off is generated, which generally holds the same Information as its Note On counterpart but with the velocity set to zero. The second type of information is System Exclusive, which Is the method by which the sound parameters are sent. It's called Exclusive because each manufacturer and model has a unique code so that data intended for one device doesn't end up affecting another. The third sort of information is loosely called MIDI controller information. Each time you step on a sustain pedal or move the modulation wheel, data is being sent out to control the particular function on the MIDI device which is on the receiving end. Theoretically, there should be 128 different controllers, numbered from 0 to 127, but some of these are used for other purposes, while others have no particular standard function assigned to them as yet. CONSIDER WHAT HAPPENS when you switch on a light. The light is either on or off depending on the position of the switch. But what happens if the light is controlled by a dimmer instead? When rotated fully anti-clockwise, there is no light and this could be said to take a value of zero. Rotate slowly in a clockwise direction and the light Intensity slowly increases until the point where the light bulb is fully on. In MIDI controller terms, 'off' Is represented by a value of 0, 'fully on' is represented by a value of 127 and anything In between will take a value proportional to the position on a linear scale. MIDI controllers can also be divided into two similar categories. The first of these is switches - Sustain pedal (controller No. 64), Portamento on/off (No. 65), Soft pedal (No. 67) and Tremolo/Chorus/Phaser depth (Nos. 92/93/95 respectively). All of these are usually operated by a switch mechanism of some kind, be it a foot pedal or a toggle on a keyboard. The second category is continuous controllers - Modulation (No. 1), Breath (No. 2), Portamento time (No. 5), Volume (No. 7), Balance (No. 8) and Pan (No. 10) each of which are normally slider operated. All MIDI controllers are termed 'continuous controllers" but for the sake of clarity we'll split them into the above categories. IN TERMS OF hexadecimal bytes with decimal equivalents in brackets, all controller data takes the following format: where B Is the status byte for controllers, n is the MIDI channel 0-F (1 to 16), NN is the controller number and XX is the value that the controller is to be given. For instance: B4 07 7F would operate on MIDI channel 5, Controller number 7 (MIDI Volume) would be set to 7F (127) which is the highest possible value and would have the same effect as having the volume slider on a keyboard set to maximum. Now, bearing in mind that all controllers send out information that has a value of between 0 and 127, what happens when you press a switch like the Sustain pedal? Well, the original MIDI spec stated that value 0 would be taken to be off and 127 to be on, with all others being ignored. But some manufacturers decided to work in keeping with the method used for Note On/Off where a velocity of 0 signifies a Note Off and any other is a Note on. Consequently they used 0 as off and any other value as one, which while differing from the actual spec, caused no problems as the two methods don't clash with each other. However, there is a new definition. Any value between 0 and 63 is to be taken as off and between 64 and 127 is on. This is a extension of the original spec but in direct conflict with the nonstandard method. A value of 24 would be off in the old and new MIDI specs but on with the non-standard. Who uses this proprietary method? Nobody appears to know, as the necessary information isn't shown in the MIDI Implementation charts or tables. As this is only a problem with earlier devices it probably won't affect you, but it is worth mentioning, as odd happenings which cannot be solved by any other reasoning may be down to this. WE SAID CONTROLLERS may take any value between 0 and 127, but this isn't entirely true. Each controller has an extra controller number associated with it. For instance, MIDI Volume is controller No. 7 and also No. 39 and if the two of these are used in conjunction, there is a choice of 16,384 possible values instead of 128. In the cases of Volume, Pan and so on, the difference between a sliding scale having 128 or 16,384 values is audibly indistinguishable, and so only the main controller is used. However, the same cannot be said of pitchbend and aftertouch, which require the extra sensitivity that 16,384 values can give. Consequently they are not part of the normal controller set but have unique commands. Pitchbend takes the following format: where E is the status byte for pitchbend and LL/HH are the Low and High values of the data. For example: E1 00 40 means pitchbend on MIDI channel 2 with a value of 4000 Hex. This equates to 8192 in decimal and is taken to be the central position (as negative values are awkward to encode). The low value is called the Least Significant Byte (LSB) while the high value is the Most Significant Byte (MSB). Aftertouch exists in two forms; Polyphonic (status byte A) and Channel (status byte D). The difference is that any key pressure for the latter will be taken as affecting all notes playing on that MIDI channel, while the former will treat each note Individually, so generating far more data. The values take the same format as pitchbend. In each of these cases it may be felt that 16,384 discrete values is a little excessive, in which case they will be scaled down by specifying how many different values actually exist. This Is written in the Implementation chart as a number of bits - for example, Yamaha's KX88 Master Keyboard has 7-bit resolution, which means that there are 128 different values possible within the range 0-16,384. While it is possible that these may be in equal steps (16,384/128 = 128) It Is more likely that there will be an Internal table to dictate the 'feel' of the wheel. SO FAR WE'VE seen that a keyboard has the ability to transmit data in terms of numbers, which have to be interpreted by the receiving device. For example, push the pltchbend wheel to maximum how many semitones is that equivalent to? This depends on how the receiving device is set up. The Control Edit page on a Roland D50 allows you to set a value 0-12 for the number of semitone steps at maximum wheel movement. It also allows pitchbend to be instigated via aftertouch by the setting of a similar value. Similar aspects exist for most of the MIDI controllers. Akai's S900 sampler has a page within Edit Program for setting the maximum LFO (low frequency oscillator) depth obtainable via the modulation wheel with a scale 0-99. Set this to 50 and a full modulation wheel movement will only have the S900's LFO working at half its maximum depth. An instrument's audio output level is derived from three sources: the rotary or slider volume control on the front panel adjusts the loudness available from the internal pre-amp; the MIDI output volume sets the maximum level which can be obtained when controller No. 7 is set to full; and the actual value of this controller dictates the level that the synth sees. Needless to say, this can be a source of confusion and can lead to unnecessarily noisy audio sources and signal distortion. WITH THE EXCEPTION of setting up sound modules to react correctly to controller data in a live situation, most uses of controller data are in the recording of MIDI via a sequencer. Most sequencers allow you to filter out data that you don't want. (There's little point recording data which isn't going to be used by any connected modules and the memory taken up can be considerable). Playing and releasing a single note will use up 6 bytes (three each for the Note On and Off) while applying a little channel pressure accidentally could easily eat up 30 bytes of memory, a situation which would be multiplied manyfold if your master keyboard transmits polyphonic aftertouch. One of the benefits of using a sequencer, is that controller data can be entered retrospectively. Take the situation where brass chords need to be swelled in. Play the notes first and then move to a separate sequencer track, set the same MIDI channel as for the notes and use the keyboard volume slider to produce the swell. Got it wrong first time? Do it again and again until the required result is achieved, then merge the tracks together. Cheating? Of course, but few people ever get medals for honesty in the music game. One problem that can arise is when a keyboard being used as a master keyboard has a volume control but only generates data for internal use and doesn't transmit it. This is particularly likely to be true of older synths. But using our "MIDI overdub" approach, we can use a different keyboard, set to the same MIDI channel to add the required MIDI controller information. There's one very common mistake made with MIDI controllers. Let's say that you have used a volume slider, originally at maximum, to fade out a particular instrument in the middle of a song. At the end of the fade, the final MIDI volume memorised by the MIDI device on that MIDI channel will be zero and will continue to be so until it is changed. This, means that if this instrument is used further on in the song, it will not be heard unless the MIDI volume is set higher than zero. The situation is worse if the sequencer is stopped halfway through a fade and restarted from another point. Volume control data is the most common culprit, but modulation and pitchbend can also cause highly anti-social sounds. There is a new MIDI command, called Reset All Controllers, which will reset all switches to off and MIDI volume to maximum but only exists in MIDI devices manufactured after its creation. MIDI EFFECTS UNITS are now appearing which allow their parameters to be MIDI-addressable, Digitech's DSP128 and the Alesis Quadraverb being two examples. Reverb time, decay, diffusion, mix and so on can all be set in real time using a MIDI controller - although it is advisable not to have the machine processing data at that moment as an audible glitch may occur. A good example of this would be if you wanted to give the reverb on the snare drum a pre-delay for two beats in a song. This could be achieved in non-MIDI terms by having a digital delay set up, but bypassed, and opening the audio input from the mixing desk at the correct point. But this utilises two effects units and is tricky to set up. Alternatively we could use one of the two methods mentioned above: at the appropriate time, address the reverb pre-delay, open it out to maximum and then close it again after two beats recording the data on a sequencer to make it available on mixdown. If the length of pre-delay offered by the unit is insufficient, we could set up a configuration with delay before the reverb and address the delay time instead. Set it to the figure required and operate it via a MIDI switch controller so that the setting is practically instantaneous. Again record the data on a sequencer and move it slightly if a glitch is heard as the reverb from the previous snare decays. The advantage this has over simply patch changing to a different program is the time taken for the hardware to react - which is guaranteed to cause glitches. Comparisons between the two main master keyboards of yesteryear, the Roland MKB1000 and Yamaha's KX88 shows just how advanced the latter was for its time. The KX88 featured sliders and switches which can be set to a variety of MIDI controllers and various pedals and foot switches. Elka's MK88 followed on in this tradition and more recently, Akai's MX76 and Roland's new A50 and A80. Other new devices include Anatek's Pocket Pedal (reviewed MT. August 89) which allows you to incorporate an extra pedal and switch into your system, and JL Cooper's FaderMaster which gives you eight sliders, each of which can be set to control a MIDI controller. AS A FINAL point, much of what has been mentioned here is already fully implemented on Atari ST sequencers. C-Lab's Creator has a Real-time MIDI Generator (RMG) with 16 faders that can be used to send out fader movements for any controller on any MIDI channel, and also has the ability to memorise 16 different layouts and recall any of them instantly. True Volume checks back to the last place in a song where controller No. 7 was changed, and ensures that this value is used if a song is started from somewhere other than the beginning, and Transform allows you to convert any controller into another, so for instance, a pitchbend wheel may be used to control aftertouch. Hybrid Arts' MIDItrack series allows you to draw controller curves with the mouse, either freehand or by using dot-to-dot lines. This is far easier than using a hardware slider and gives useful dynamic control. Intelligent Music's Real Time has a similar feature, although it only uses freehand drawing. It also has the advantage of allowing you to hear the results as you are drawing the controller curves. Iconix (now defunct but still available) also has the facility to draw controller values but in a rather slow and laborious manner. Finally, Steinberg's Cubase can also draw controller curves within its editing windows, as well as having a "MIDI processor" for controlling MIDI echo, velocity and pitch. Logical Edit (like Pro24) can change data from one sort into another, again compensating for the lack of certain facilities on a keyboard. (For more detailed information see review MT, August and September '89 issues.) Whatever type of sequencer you use, experiment with the MIDI controllers available in your system. Situations which would be impossible to achieve without considerable expertise are quite often within reach with a little help from the right MIDI controller. 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Georgian Traditional Polyphonic Music Georgia is famed for its breathtaking landscapes, traditions of hospitality and ancient cultural heritage. Remarkably, Georgia has rich and vibrant traditional music ranging from homophonic songs to the most complex polyphonic pieces, which are typically performed acapella in at least three vocal ranges at the same time. Ensemble ‘’Rustavi’’ The traditional Georgian music is arguably the earliest polyphonic tradition of the Western world and was among the first on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2001. It was later relisted on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. The song “Chakrulo” is the best example of this incredible complexity of ancient Georgian polyphony – Together with other artifacts of the various cultural heritage of the Earth, it was chosen to be released into open space on the “Voyager” shuttle in 1977. The tradition of polyphonic singing in Georgia had developed over several hundred years before it appeared in Western Europe and is considered to have been existing since millennia. Polyphonic singing has always had its natural place in Georgian society; it used to be performed both at holidays and in everyday life and still continues to be an integral part of Georgian culture. There are a great number of healing songs, funerary ritual songs, wedding songs, love songs, dance songs, lullabies, traveling songs. Many archaic songs are connected to round dances. Due to geographical characteristics, namely the isolation of one region from others by high mountains, each region developed its own authentic manner of singing. In Georgia, the existing 16 types of polyphonic music are categorized in three major groups: complex polyphony, which is common in Svaneti; polyphonic dialogue with bass on the background, common in the region of Kakheti in Eastern Georgia; contrast polyphony with three partially improvised parts, characteristic of Western Georgia. Georgian vocal music developed independently of the Western European rules of harmony. Its scale is based on the fifth, not the octaves, intervals are not tuned to each other, all this gives the music a rich and intense, but slightly unusual to the western ears sound. Traditional polyphonic singing is an inseparable part of everyday Georgian life. Singing is mostly a community activity in our country and during big celebrations everyone is expected to join in. Traditionally, top melodic parts are performed by individual singers, but the bass can have dozens or even hundreds of singers. This is the Georgian way of celebrating all the complexity of life – reflected in our music. Lali Lomashvili, Dimash Georgia Fan Club Official
Cystic Fibrosis: New therapies developed Cystic fibrosis is a life-limiting genetic disorder that affects several body systems including the lung (bronchiectasis), pancreas (malabsorption), liver (biliary cirrhosis), and sweat glands (heat shock). The cause is a mutation of the gene CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Development and improved delivery of medications have resulted in a median life expectancy older than 40 years for this disorder once characterized as a pediatric illness. A recent Lancet article published online summarizes new therapies, that target CFTR, deemed effective in improving lung function and reducing exacerbations, as well as current research in small molecule and gene-based therapies. Link to Lancet article abstract (04/29/2016)
For adults only All posts in the For adults only category What you should know about hair dye allergies Published January 7, 2018 by teacher dahl ladies colored hairs When someone has an allergy to hair dye, they are most likely allergic to one of the chemicals in the dye rather than the entire product. The most common cause of these allergic reactions is para-phenylenediamine, also called PPD. PPD is found in most commercially produced hair dyes. The PPD is usually mixed with peroxide in the dye to alter the hair color. What happens before this reaction is fully complete also makes the PPD more likely to interact with the skin and cause an allergic reaction. PPD can be found in commercial hair dyes under many alternative names. These include names such as PPDA, 1,4-Benzenediamine, and Phenylenediamine base. Another common chemical found in hair dye is para-toluenediamine (PTD), which can be tolerated better than PPD but may still cause an allergic reaction in many people. Fast facts on hair dye allergy: The most common symptom of a hair dye allergy is contact dermatitis. A quick reaction to the first signs of a hair dye allergy can make all the difference. Gentle moisturizers may help relieve symptoms of dry or itchy skin. Hair dye allergy symptoms PPD may be the most common cause of allergic reactions to hair dye. Allergic contact dermatitis is a reaction caused by the skin being touched by something it is allergic to. Once sensitized, the affected skin will usually become inflamed and red when exposed to the offending allergen. The scalp, ears, beard, or neck may become red and inflamed. The eyes also may itch, and the eyelids may swell as the reaction develops. Most contact dermatitis from a hair dye allergy is classified as type 4 hypersensitivity, and it usually takes hours or more for symptoms to occur upon exposure. Hives may also show up after a hair dye application. The symptoms of these are red, raised, and itchy patches on the body. Someone may experience difficulty swallowing and respiratory problems, such as wheezing and sneezing. Anaphylactic shock It is also possible, but far less common, for someone to have an immediate, anaphylactic allergic reaction or type 1 hypersensitivity to hair dye, leading up to anaphylactic shock. Symptoms may include hives, swelling of the face and airways, shortness of breath, and a drop in blood pressure with a fast heart rate and possibly loss of consciousness. Anaphylactic shock can be fatal, and anyone experiencing these symptoms needs immediate medical attention. One of the difficulties in identifying a reaction to PPD is that symptoms typically will not show up until after the second usage of the product. The body becomes allergically sensitized to an invading substance the first time it is used. Once it is applied a second time, reactions will often start to appear. Reactions may also get worse with more applications of the product. Hair dye intolerance contact derm Non-allergic contact dermatitis may affect people who are not allergic to hair dye. It is also possible for people who are not allergic to hair dye to react when using it, leading to non-allergic contact dermatitis or other symptoms. Some skin types are more sensitive to chemicals, including PPD. This type of reaction may be more common when someone switches brands with different dye formulations. Most people will find that their skin may become dry, stretched, or cracked. The scalp may tighten or feel as if it is burning. Symptoms of irritation will usually appear within 48 hours. At the same time, many people with a hair dye intolerance may have an almost immediate reaction to PPD or other hair dye components. Treatment for hair dye allergy If any symptoms of a hair dye allergy show up, the hair should be washed immediately. The excess dye can be removed through multiple gentle washes with a mild soap and plenty of rinses with clean water. Hydrogen peroxide It may also help to rinse the hair with a solution of 2 percent hydrogen peroxide after washing the excess out. This helps to oxidize the PPD fully and make it non-reactive. This step has mixed results, and it should be avoided if it makes symptoms worse. Steroid creams may be used to reduce inflammation with swelling and irritation in cases of stronger allergic reactions. Some over-the-counter steroid creams may work well enough to manage symptoms if they are less severe. However, more severe allergic reactions may require a prescription steroid cream or possibly oral steroid therapy. How long do symptoms last? Symptoms of hypersensitivity to hair dye may last anywhere from a few days to a week or more, depending on the severity of the reaction. Synthetic and natural alternatives to PPD Many alternatives to PPD-containing hair dyes are on the market, though color options may be more limited. They are PPD-related chemicals, such as hydroxyethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (HPPS), or they do not contain PPD at all, and they work by getting deep into the hair and staining it. Some of these alternative dyes are only available in limited ranges of color, so they may not work for everyone. Henna is another option for people looking to avoid irritating PPD. True henna is made from crushed plant matter. Henna usually ranges from an orangish to red-brown color, depending on the other ingredients in it and how it is prepared before it is applied. Henna is considered to be more allergy-friendly, though there is still the possibility of reacting. A patch test should be used for any henna-containing dye if someone wants to be sure. It is also crucial to be certain the henna is in fact true henna. Many companies add PPD or its derivatives to their henna-containing hair dyes and market it as henna. These may still cause a PPD-related reaction. Semi-permanent and lead-containing dyes Some people can tolerate semi-permanent hair dyes or lead-based hair dyes, though these options may not be right for everyone. A dermatologist can help determine any chemicals that may be right for every individual they test. Avoiding a reaction Avoiding a reaction to hair dyes is easy if a few steps are followed. Any or all of these methods can be used to help test for reactions or avoid them General precautions Using gloves for hair dye allergy It is recommended to use gloves when handling hair dye. The instructions for each particular dye should be followed closely to help prevent any reactions caused by incorrect usage. It is important not to leave hair dye in for longer than recommended. While most chemicals in hair dye are considered safe to use, leaving the chemicals on the scalp for too long can be irritating for most people. Gloves should be worn whenever handling or applying hair dye. Typically, for permanent dye, the hair and scalp should be washed thoroughly after the application is complete. Poor washing and rinsing leave bits of dye on the hair and scalp. This could cause irritation if the unnecessary dye is left reacting on the scalp longer than necessary. Additional washes and rinses may be required to be certain all the extra dye is washed off the hair and scalp. Patch tests Patch tests are done by a doctor and involve putting small, precise amounts of allergen substances in chambers on a small portion of the skin, usually the upper back, to check for allergic reactions. With oxidizing hair dyes, a person can do an at-home test in a similar way, using the hair dye mixture. One of the simplest places to test is just behind the ear. Following the dye’s instructions on what to do after applying the dye is the best way to ensure a proper test. Any irritation, reaction, or feeling of being unwell is a sign that the rest of a person’s scalp will have a bad reaction to the product. The product should be avoided in favor of another kind of dye. Allergy clinics If home patch testing or hair dyeing become a regular necessity, many people choose to go to an allergy clinic. Allergy clinics can do their own patch test to help determine what chemicals a person is intolerant of or allergic to. The list of possible irritants can then be checked against the ingredients of hair dyes to find the best one for their use. Any potentially irritating chemicals should be avoided. A person should be tested to ensure they are not allergic to a chemical or chemicals in hair dye to prevent a reaction. Avoiding further use of the product is key to preventing the recurrence of an allergic reaction. Top 10 sex positions for mind-blowing orgasms Published February 22, 2013 by teacher dahl O yes!! I always thought it was a myth that there are certain sex positions that can help a woman climax faster and better. Say it isn’t so? If this is true, why haven’t we been schooling our men? I took my inquiry to the sex-perts and uncovered that there are, in fact, such positions. Obviously, I’m going to share them with you — that way, we can all be having the best sex of our lives! Read on for the top 10 sex positions for achieving mind-blowing orgasms. 1. The butterfly position or modified missionary “With the woman on her back and her hips on the edge of the bed, the man penetrates her while standing. She then puts her legs over his shoulders and tilts her hips slightly upwards. This gives a wonderful angle for cervical stimulation with deep penetration that can produce some intense vaginal and uterine orgasms. With more shallow penetration, a man can stimulate the anterior vaginal wall to hit the G-spot.” –Dr. Madeleine M. Castellanos, a psychiatrist who specializes in sex therapy 2. Modified coital alignment technique “A couple starts off in missionary position. Once a man penetrates a woman deeply, he allows her to bring her legs together between his. He then shifts his weight slightly forward so that the shaft of his erection is producing firm pressure and friction on her clitoris as he moves. This works very well for women that prefer to have clitoral stimulation during penetration to reach a very powerful orgasm.”–Dr. Castellanos 3. Baring the scepter “Either partner can perform this technique, although the bottom person’s hands may be more able to pull it off. Form a ring with thumb and forefinger around the base of the penis. Then, pull down so the skin on the shaft is taut. This exposes more nerve endings and increases the penis’ sensitivity — it can also help maintain his erection. Engage in intercourse with your hand still encircling the base to send his pleasure soaring.” –Jaiya, new world sex educator and author of “Red Hot Touch” 4. The counter top “This is my favorite. It’s when the woman is laying on her back on the counter or table while he enters standing. It’s rough. There’s pushing aside of papers, pepper shakers which add to the sense of urgency and inappropriateness. It’s easy to maneuver and move the woman to slide along the counter. There is still contact. He goes deep and feels in control. It works all the way around. The keys are clothing, stuff in the way, and being in an open space. Still allows for connection while feeling dirty. It just works on so many levels. It’s not about acrobats. It’s about context.” –Margaret Wagner, sex expert and founder of Bedroom Matters 5.The seated scissors “This position allows the woman to have the control in order to determine the Depth and angle of penetration, as well as how much clitoral stimulation she gets. With the man laying flat on his back and his knees bent, she straddles him with one leg to the side of his hip, and the other leg between his legs. The woman can then find just the right spot to grind against his pubic bone with him inside her. She controls the pace, the depth, and the amount of pressure and friction she receives. This is definitely a prescription for mind-blowing sex!” –Dr. Castellanos 6. Get off, stand up “I’m no [pro], but whenever I’ve had sex standing up and holding my partner in the air or up against the wall, it’s been mind-blowing for both of us. I suspect it taps into some of our innate gender differences: the strong man and the small woman, which in turn heightens the sexual experience. It also forces us to be in a full embrace, which furthers the emotional connection, as well as our physical one. It’s physically demanding and not for all couples but for those that can, it’s highly recommended.” –Jim, an experienced heterosexual male 7. Uncloaking the clit Image“Given a woman’s clitoris is buried under the clitoral hood and cushiony mons pubis surrounding it, it’s no wonder this tiny nub rarely receives enough stimulation during intercourse to catch the O-train. Your hands, though, can help change that. Form a ‘V’ with your index and middle finger and point your fingers toward your feet. Press this V onto the mons pubis, with a finger to each side of the clitoris. Then, pull up, moving the skin with your hand. This should unveil the hard-to-reach clit in all its glory, exposing this little love button to a lot more action.” 8. Shake ‘n’ bake If you’re craving a quick-but-stimulating break from intercourse, this move is the perfect titillating timeout. To do it, the man withdraws and rests the tip of his penis on the clitoris. Then, hold the base of the penis and shake it quickly from side to side so that the head hits the clitoris with every wiggle. In doing so, you’ll be stimulating both heads at once — that of the clitoris and the penis — which should send you both into paroxysms of pleasure.” 9. Pushing tush Image“If your guy enjoys having his back door explored, reach around with both hands and grab both cheeks. From there, you can do ‘Butt Yoga’ (a technique whereby you spread the cheeks apart, then together, one up one down then vice versa) or ‘Anal Yoga’ (a technique whereby you place your middle fingers to the sides of the anus then spread them apart, then diagonally, then up and down). If that gets him hankering for more, feel free to delve deeper.” 10.Happy scissorsImage “Heating up hot spots aren’t your hands-only talents. They’re also great at moving body parts where you want them, and this technique is a prime opportunity. During intercourse, raise your legs, then have your man hold an ankle in each hand. From there, you can spread her legs apart, hold them together, part them at 80 degrees, the options are endless. And since the tendons of the legs pivot deep in the pelvic cavity, moving them around will subtly alter the below-the-belt sensations for you both. Talk about getting a leg up on a little variety!” source : %d bloggers like this:
Personal and Family Life Hadrian Saravia was one of three translators born outside of England, the others being John Perin and Richard "Dutch" Thomson. Saravia was born in early January 1532 in Hesdin, Artois, France. His father was Christopher de Saravia, a native of Spain and his mother was Elizabeth Boulengier from Artois. Hadrian was religiously inclined as a youth and became attached to the friars of the Franciscan Order at St. Omer. There he became acquainted with Protestants, finally leaving the Franciscans in 1557 through the influence of the Calvinist, Jacques Toffin. His first trip to England occurred in early 1554. He stayed only a few months and was back in the Netherlands by July. Two years later in 1561 he married Catherine d'Olsey. Catherine was from St. Omer where Hadrian had lived with the Franciscans. Her father was a Protestant religious martyr. Together they had a son, Thomas and a number of daughters. Thomas died before his parents in 1588. Hadrian Saravia had maintained his contacts in both England and moved to Southampton in 1571, his parents and family accompanying him. By the summer of 1578 he had left Southampton for the Netherlands where he spent the next ten years. He returned to England in 1588 and remained there for the balance of his life. In 1606 his wife, Catherine died and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral where her husband was a canon. Within the year Saravia had married Marguerite Wiits, the daughter of John Wiits. Hadrian died on 15 January 1613 at Canterbury and was buried in the cathedral. Marguerite later married Robert Hill. Hadrian Saravia's first formal training was likely with the Franciscan friars in St. Omer. Leaving the friary in 1557, he came under the informal tutelage of many of the Protestant reformers of his day, both in England and on the Continent. Although Saravia had already served as a schoolmaster and was recognized as a scholar and churchman, he resumed his studies at the University of Leiden in 1583, and was appointed a professor of theology there before a year's time. He received his D.D. at the University of Leiden and was incorporated D.D. at Oxford in 1590. Hadrian Saravia's first ecclesiastical position came in 1562 as minister to the Wallon congregation in Antwerp, Belgium. Thereafter, he founded the Wallon Church in Brussels. A year later he assumed the post of headmaster at Elizabeth College on the Isle of Guernsey. He also was an assistant minister there. In 1568 when the Protestant William of Orange mounted an attack on the Netherlands to wrest it back from Spanish control, Saravia became William's chaplain following the successful campaign. Hadrian returned to England in 1571 and became headmaster of the King Edward VI School in Southampton. In 1578 he resigned to return to the Continent where he served as an inspector of the newly founded theological school at Ghent. While there he also chaired the provincial synod and served as a minister. He was very active in all kinds of Protestant church activities and, as mentioned, became a faculty member and "rector magnificus" of the University of Leiden in 1584. In 1586 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and Queen Elizabeth's close friend, led a military expedition to the Netherlands. He was accompanied by his chaplain and Translator to be, Thomas Holland. They were greeted by Saravia, who by this time was an advisor to Dudley on church issues. While still occupying his professorship at the university, Saravia was suspected of aiding Dudley in capturing Leiden. For his alleged role he was sentenced to death, but was able to escape to England where he stayed for the rest of his life. Arriving in England he received a series of church appointments including rector of Tatonhill, Staffordshire (1588), prebendary of Gloucester (1591) and Canterbury (1595) Cathedrals, vicar of Lewisham (1595), and rector of Great Chart, Kent (1610). In addition to his other duties, he worked on various theological projects until his death. Hadrian Saravia and the Translation Saravia, like his fellow Translator from Kent, Richard Clerke, was selected to be part of Lancelot Andrewes' First Westminster Company responsible for translating the Old Testament books of Genesis through 2 Kings. At 73 he was the oldest man in his company and the senior of all the King James Bible Translators. He brought to the task of translation a lifetime of scholarship and experiences which must have been an enormous contribution to his company. Bio Bits In 1606 when Hadrian Saravia's wife, Catharine died, they had been married for forty-four years. Marguerite, the wife of Hadrian's second marriage was much younger, only thirty years old. They had six years together before Hadrian's death. In tribute to her husband Marguerite erected a monument to Hadrian at Canterbury Cathedral, which still can be seen on the wall in the north aisle of the nave, with the following inscription: To Hadrianus de Saravia, a beloved husband, Margareta Wiits, surviving to the present, whom he married as his second wife and with whom he lived piously and happily for six years, arranged for this memorial to be set up as an, albeit small, but sincere token of her love. Whilst he lived he was a distinguished Doctor of Theology, a most worthy prebendary of this cathedral church, an outstanding man in all branches of letters, remarkable for the piety, uprighteous sobriety and sweetness of his conduct, renowned for his writing, full of faith and abounding richly in good works. He was a native of the Netherlands, born in Hesdin in Artois. Sometimes rector of Leiden, he first came to England at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth of blessed memory. Doctor, first of Leiden, and afterwards incorporated at Oxford, the righteous man will be remembered forever. 1612
History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons History of Thrones is our series that examines important historical events and people from the complex and controversial past of Westeros. Now that HBO has announced their first Game of Thrones spin-off pilot will take place thousands of years earlier, during the Age of Heroes, we’re turning our third raven eye to that mythical that began to shape the Seven Kingdoms into what we know it as today. If you think legends reveal too much about the truth, you might consider them spoilers. When the First Men stopped fighting with the Children of the Forest they began warring with one another, and during the Age of Heroes small clans and factions became small kingdoms. Many rose, and almost as many fell, as certain houses gained more and more power as others swore fealty to them. The Starks eventually came to rule the North as the Kings of Winter for thousands and thousands of years, but only after defeating (or marrying with) their many rivals, including their greatest and deadliest foe who stood against them, House Bolton. However as Robb Stark learned in his final moments, some enemies never truly relent, they simply wait for the right moment to strike. But just because Sansa and Jon Snow made it so the Boltons would never again stand against their family, it doesn’t mean the Starks don’t have one last Bolton king to defeat. And he might rule over the army of the dead. History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons_1 House Stark’s founder is the legendary Bran the Builder, who is said to have built both Winterfell and The Wall after the first Long Night, which is considered the end of the Age of Heroes. If true, then the Starks only built their kingdom by defeating their enemies after the White Walkers were defeated. But the actual timeline of when all of these events took place, which happened entirely before recorded history in Westeros began, is more guesswork than fact, and the more you try to piece the time period together with what happened before, during, and after the Age of Heroes, the more it all looks more compressed than the old stories would have us believe. The battle for ultimate supremacy following the signing of the Pact led to numerous kingdoms all descended from the First Men. The Starks, who became known as the Kings of Winter after defeating many other Houses, ultimately unseated the Barrow Kings of the barrowlands to their south. The Barrow Kings were said to descend directly from the First King of the First Men, and legend says it took the Starks 1,000 years to defeat the Barrow Kings. However the few remaining runes from the era indicate the war lasted only 200 years. The Starks fight against the Red Kings of House Bolton to their east definitely lasted a lot longer. History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons_3 The Red Kings might not have been the only challengers to House Starks’s rule, but they were the most notorious since no other enemy was said to flay Stark lords and wear their skins as cloaks. (Surely just a Bolton tall tale to strike fear in their enemies. Surely.) Two Bolton kings, Royce II and Royce IV, are said to have burned down Winterfell, and for (supposedly) nearly four thousands years, until right before the Andal Invasion when the last Red King Rogar the Huntsman finally bent the knee and swore fealty to the Starks, the Boltons were the greatest threat to the Kings of Winter. That capitulation wasn’t the end of their battles though. At least twice House Bolton rose up in rebellion against Winterfell. Once they aligned with House Greystark, a branch of the Starks themselves. The Greystarks were completely wiped out for their role in the uprising, yet the Boltons were allowed to bend the knee again. It didn’t last, and the Boltons were forced to again swear fealty after the Starks stopped another rebellion. Anyone who suffered through the Red Wedding knows the Boltons–who some say never truly gave up flaying their enemies and merely hid their ancient practice deep in the bowels of the Dreadfort away from the Starks’ eyes–never stopped fighting their war for Northern supremacy, they simply waited for the right moment to attack. That opportunity seemingly came when Lord Roose Bolton sent Robb Stark the Lannisters’ regards. History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons_5 Jon Snow and Sansa Stark exacted total and complete revenge on their greatest threats on Game of Thrones (the Boltons still rule Winterfell in the books…for now), seemingly the final chapter in a war that lasted millennia, but House Stark might not realize the greatest fight with a Bolton still lies ahead of them, because when they look out on the army of the dead the Night King might also be the last Red King. We don’t know the actual timeline of the Age of Heroes, so we don’t definitively know who defeated the army of the dead or when they did it. We don’t even know the truth about who the original Night King was–or is. One infamous legend says the “Night’s King” was the 13th Lord Commander of the Night’s Watch who fell in love with a female White Walker and ruled from the Nightfort on the Wall before being defeated. Is the real story of the Long Night a single story blurring different events into one, or vice versa? Who led the White Walkers during their invasion? Was it the “Night’s King” who history erroneously places years after the Great War ended? Is that who leads them now against Jon Snow? Is it that very same Lord Commander? And if it is, what does it have to do with House Bolton? History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons_7 The identity of that infamous leader of the Night’s Watch is lost to time, but some believe he was a member of House Bolton itself. Of course some say it was a member of House Stark so we don’t know, but there is another legend those ever skeptical maesters also dismiss that we can’t so easily brush away, because in Westeros old legends have a habit of proving true. They say when the 13th Lord Commander looked out beyond the Wall, he saw a woman with blue eyes and white skin as cold as ice, and he gave her both his seed and his soul. Who was she though? A female White Walker? A pale wildling woman who the myths have turned into a beautiful monster? Or was she a corpse raised by a White Walker? Or, as some say, was she a daughter of a Barrow King, the other great kingdom the Starks defeated to rule the North. Is the very same Night King Jon Snow must stop now the son born of the “Night’s King” and his bride? A child of death birthed from the unholy union of the Starks greatest enemies who never truly gave up the fight? History of Thrones: The War Between the Starks and the Boltons_9 House Bolton might be gone, but they might still have one last descendant who traded the crown of the Red Kings for one made of ice. What do you think? Is the greatest enemy of the living a member of the House who have always been the Starks greatest enemy? Share your best theories in the comments below. You can find all other History of Thrones entries here, including the event that started the Age of Heroes, The Pact between the First Men and the Children of the Forest, as well as the war with the army of the dead that ended it, the first Long Night. Images: HBO
The Fundamentals of Supercritical CO2 Hop Extract and Hop Oil Monday, September 30, 2019 7 min Crafts beers now account for nearly one-quarter of the beer market in the United States, and this figure is only expected to increase in the years ahead. The Hop Wars continue as microbreweries and macro breweries alike both look to enhance the flavor profiles of their products, while also streamlining production and maximizing brew kettle efficiency. With this in mind, it’s important to realize that whole leaf dried hops, due to their natural absorbency, can result in an estimated brew kettle volume loss of approximately 25 percent. Hop extract, on the other hand, allows operations of all sizes, from homebrew maestros to brewery behemoths, a convenient, clean, and affordable way to minimize product loss without sacrificing the aromatics and flavor bouquet of the final product. At one point in time, supercritical CO2 hop extract was seen as a cost-saving measure feasible only for large-scale operations, but that is certainly no longer the case. Supercritical CO2 extraction was first introduced into the craft brewery scene nearly two decades ago. Not long after Russian River Brewing Company announced that it had used CO2 hop extract rather than traditional pellets in its Pliny the Elder beer, other small-batch breweries soon followed suit. So, what is hop extract, and how is it extracted? Let’s take a look… The Basics: What Is Hop Oil? What Is Hop Extract? As any beer connoisseur, or even the most casual of quaffers, is probably aware, hops are the cone-shaped flowers of the hop plant. These flowers are used to brew many popular varieties of beer. Hops are incorporated during the brewing process in two main forms: whole hops and pellets. Whole hops, also known as raw hops, are exactly what they sound like: the whole conical hop flower. Pellets, also known as “hop plugs,” are made of hop flowers that have been ground and then compressed. Many brewers choose to use these dense pellets to save valuable space in their brewing operations, thereby making more room for beer storage. Either whole leaf hops or hop pellets can be used to produce hop extract. Hop extract retains the α-acids, β-acids and hop oils of the whole flower. Hop oils are responsible for creating beer’s unique aromas, bitterness, and diverse flavor profiles. The most prominent hop oils include myrcene, caryophyllene, humulene, and farnesene. Once a brewer decides to start using hop extract and hop oil, there are myriad production methods to consider. Which extraction method will work best for a given operation depends on several factors, including operational limitations and the desired final product. How to Extract Hop Oil There are several popular ways to produce hop extract and hop oil from plant material, ranging from steam distillation to supercritical CO2 extraction. During steam distillation, steam is allowed to pass through a chamber or container holding the plant material (in this case, hops). As the steam moves through the plant material, the essential hop oils are vaporized. Next, the vapor and remaining steam are collected in a separate container to cool. Once adequately cooled, the essential oils and water can be easily separated. Solvent-based extraction methods are also popular in many areas of the food and beverage industry, including brewing. However, while solvents such as butane can be used to create hop extract, these more volatile solvents come with their own set of risks and considerations, including the challenge of purging them completely from the extract to produce a safe final product. This is why supercritical CO2 extraction has become the industry standard for premium hop extract and hop oil. Photo of hops Supercritical CO2 Hop Extract: What Is Supercritical Extraction? Supercritical extraction has been a staple tool of the food and beverage industry for years. Nontoxic supercritical CO2 is also widely used to produce hop extract and hop oil, due to the relative safety, ease, and environmental friendliness of the extraction process. Before diving into the details of how to make hop oil extract, it’s helpful to understand the basics of supercritical CO2 extraction. This process is possible because supercritical CO2 is tunable, meaning it can be modified to focus on extracting a particular product, such as hop oil. It takes the perfect balance of temperature and pressure to tune the CO2 to achieve maximum extraction efficiency, and this perfect balance varies depending on the compound being extracted. As tricky as that might sound, CO2 hop extraction starts with a relatively simple setup. The SuperC utilizes an extraction vessel and dual syringe piston compressor to bring CO2 to its supercritical state and apply it to the hops or other desired source material. First, the plant material (in this case whole leaf hops or hop pellets) is placed in an extraction column. Then, in a separate compartment, an internal compressor and heating element are used to increase both the pressure and the heat. This allows the CO2 to reach its supercritical state, in which the CO2 maintains many properties of both a liquid and a gas. Supercritical CO2 has the ability to pass through the plant material like a gas while also dissolving materials like a liquid. Next, the supercritical CO2 hop extract mixture flows into a collection jar, where a sudden reduction in pressure from the material column to the collection jar causes the hop extract to separate from the CO2. Benefits of CO2 Hop Extract and Hop Oil It’s important to remember that each extraction method comes with its own advantages and disadvantages to consider. Some of the major benefits of using CO2 hop extract, as opposed to whole leaf hops or pellets, come down to quality control and space efficiency. CO2 hop extract has a shelf life years longer than that of whole leaf hops or hop pellets, and it does not require refrigeration during storage. This combination of factors makes CO2 hop extract an enticing brewing option for both small and large-scale operations looking for low-maintenance storage solutions. Of course, there is a cost to the extraction process. However, as Jeremy Kosmicki, a representative of Founders Brewing, explains in a recent interview with Imbibe Magazine, the amount of space saved in the brew kettle as a result of using CO2 hop extract will easily absorb these costs and then some, by allowing brewers to brew more beer per batch. Photo of hops Historically, both the craft market and the high-end market have been averse to using anything other than traditional hops or hop pellets during the brewing process. The fear is that hop extracts may alter the aroma and flavor profiles of the end product, and this does seem to be the case with steam distillation. However, Kosmicki notes that Founders Brewing, for one, has invested in various sensory panels to determine whether even the most refined pallets could sniff out the difference between a product created using whole leaf hops and one made with CO2 hop extract. Results suggest that, from a flavor profile perspective, products using hop extracts are virtually “indistinguishablefrom whole cone products. As small microbreweries and homebrewers look to improve their products and reduce waste, hop extracts are no longer reserved for the macro breweries of the world. Hop extract offers operators an efficient way to tune the aromatics and flavor profiles of their products without skimping on quality. Today, supercritical CO2 extraction remains the optimal method of yielding the purest hop resin and hop extract. For brewers in the market for an affordable, efficient tabletop extraction machine engineered to give operators maximum control and acute precision with every extraction, look no further than OCO Labs Modular Tabletop Extractors. Our Modular Tabletop Extractors are designed to be easy-to-use and safe for any operation, providing you with precise control over every run. With our hop extraction products, you can cater confidently to the craft beer market and more! We update our blog regularly so stay tuned for the latest on CO2 hop oil extraction and supercritical co2 hop extract and much more!
5.4.1. NormUnbalance test('NormUnbalance', tol, iter, pFlag=0, nType=2, maxIncr=maxIncr) Create a NormUnbalance test, which uses the norm of the right hand side of the matrix equation to determine if convergence has been reached. tol (float) Tolerance criteria used to check for convergence. iter (int) Max number of iterations to check pFlag (int) Print flag (optional): • 0 print nothing. • 1 print information on norms each time test() is invoked. • 2 print information on norms and number of iterations at end of successful test. • 4 at each step it will print the norms and also the $\Delta U$ and $R(U)$ vectors. • 5 if it fails to converge at end of numIter it will print an error message but return a successfull test. nType (int) Type of norm, (0 = max-norm, 1 = 1-norm, 2 = 2-norm). (optional) maxIncr (int) Maximum times of error increasing. (optional) When using the Penalty method additional large forces to enforce the penalty functions exist on the right hand side, making convergence using this test usually impossible (even though solution might have converged).
A Laundry Bag to Reduce Microplastic Waste How to reduce waste we often never even notice, one load at a time. Bobbie R. Byrd S'wellContent supported by S'well According to a study by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, by 2050 there will be more plastic mass in the oceans than fish. It isn't just the discarded one-use plastic products that endanger the oceans, however. Just running a load of laundry presents a danger to marine life and water quality. A study by the University of Plymouth found doing a load of laundry in a common washing machine releases more than 700,000 microscopic fibers into the wastewater. These tiny fibers break loose when textiles containing synthetics such as polyester and acrylic go through a typical wash cycle. Many of these microfibers then get through water treatment systems and find their way into marine environments. They then work their way up the food chain, eventually ending up on our dinner plates. There may be a new way to prevent this while still having clean clothes. The Guppyfriend washing bag catches the tiniest of microfibers floating in washing waste water. It's easy to use: simply place synthetic textiles into the Guppyfriend, then close the bag. Toss in the wash as usual. Remove the clean laundry when done. The Guppyfriend bag captures hazardous microfibers, reducing the number of microfibers pulled from clothing during a normal wash cycle and released into wastewater. Just like cleaning a dryer filter, remove the microfibers that accumulate inside the bag and dispose of them in the household trash. The laundry is clean, the wastewater contain less microplastic pollution, and the fish in the ocean can breathe a little easier.
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Partisan impeachment-in which one branch of government attacks anotherhas played a central role in three of the four great confrontations between or among branches of the federal government: (1) the struggle, in the first decade of the nineteenth century, between the Federalist-dominated judiciary on one hand and the Jeffersonian administration and Congress on the other; (2) the confrontation from 1865 to 1869 over Reconstruction between President Andrew Johnson and a Congress run by Radical Republicans; (3) the conflict that reached a peak in 1937 between the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Supreme Court that repeatedly struck down New Deal legislation as unconstitutional (in which impeachment did not play a role); and (4) the struggle, which began in 1968 and has continued intermittently since then in and between the two elected branches on several issues but most particularly over the composition of the Supreme Court. In the last of these, the Republican Party has used impeachment and threatened impeachment as a weapon beginning with the campaign to oust Justice Fortas in 1969 and the subsequent campaigns against Justice Douglas and President Clinton. Until they lost their Congressional majorities in 2006, Republicans continued to threaten other people with impeachment. This article compares the role of impeachment in each of these confrontations as well as other, nonpartisan uses of impeachment. The article explains how, from the first impeachment in 1797 through the trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868, impeachments were based on reasoning and rhetoric very much like those expressed and acted upon by Republicans since the Fortas episode. The article also explains how, after 1868, a parallel tradition of nonpartisan and bipartisan impeachment evolved through mundane procedures for removing corrupt judges. The article concludes that, despite its superficial strategic appeal, partisan political impeachment for the most part fails to produce the results its advocates seek. Some aspects of the Clinton impeachment have not commonly been understood. For example, the procedural safeguards observed by the House Judiciary Committee and the special prosecutors to prevent partisanship in the impeachment of President Nixon were ignored during the Clinton impeachment. The evidence of a right-wing campaign to destroy the Clinton presidencybeginning almost immediately after his inauguration in 1993 and culminating in impeachment in 1998-is abundant, much of it becoming available only after Clinton left office. And the evidence that Justice Thomas committed perjury during his confirmation hearings appears to be as persuasive as the perjury case against Clinton.

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